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EPBD IEQ Guidance
EPBD IEQ Guidance
New indoor environmental quality (IEQ) provisions added to Article 11 and 11a by the
Commission's and Parliament's initiative, represent an important step forward to assure
healthy and comfortable IEQ in buildings. This document suggests minor, but important
changes in the text of Article 11a to make its implementation technically and economically
feasible. The document also presents guidelines and examples how to implement the
requirements of Article 11 and 11a on national level.
Guidelines are based on European framework for sustainable buildings LEVEL(s), focusing on
implementation indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort requirements in national
regulation, with specific instructions for continuous monitoring of the main parameters.
This version of the guidance document follows EPBD proposal March 14, 2023, and it will be
updated when approved EPBD will be available.
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Table of content
Articles 11 and 11a - Indoor environmental quality, EPBD draft 14.3.2023 ........................ 2
Article 11.................................................................................................. 2
Article 11a - Indoor environmental quality ........................................................ 2
Guidelines for implementing EPBD Indoor Environmental Quality requirements in national
regulations ........................................................................................................ 4
1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 4
2 Indoor air quality (IAQ) .............................................................................. 5
2.1 Indoor air quality and ventilation in non-residential buildings ........................ 6
2.2 Ventilation and IAQ in residential buildings ............................................... 7
3 Thermal comfort ...................................................................................... 8
3.1 Thermal comfort range ......................................................................... 8
3.2 Relative humidity (RH) ......................................................................... 9
Article 11
‘3. Member States shall require the installation of measuring and control devices for the
monitoring and regulation of indoor environmental quality at relevant unit level and,
where technically and economically feasible, in the following buildings:
(a) zero emission buildings;
…’
Justification of proposed minor changes:
• It is proposed to add ‘indoor’ to clarify that environmental quality in the building is
meant.
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Guidelines for implementing EPBD Indoor Environmental Quality
requirements in national regulations
1 Introduction
EPBD draft1 March 14, 2023 has established an ambitious target in Article 11a that ‘Member
States shall set requirements for the implementation of adequate indoor environmental
quality standards in buildings in order to maintain a healthy indoor climate’. These apply
for new buildings and major renovations and include a list of measurable indicators.
Additionally, Article 11 requires ‘the installation of measuring and control devices for the
monitoring and regulation of indoor environmental quality at relevant unit level’.
EPBD Article 2 uses the following definitions for indoor environmental quality (IEQ):
57g. ‘indoor environmental quality’ means a set of parameters relating to a building,
including indoor air quality, thermal comfort, lighting, and acoustic affecting the health
and wellbeing of its occupants;
57h. ‘healthy indoor climate’ means the indoor environment of a building, which optimises
the health, comfort and well-being of occupants in line with specific performance levels,
including those related to daylight, indoor air quality and thermal comfort, such as
mitigating overheating and enhancing acoustic quality.
Therefore, minimum requirements in these four IEQ domains (indoor air quality, thermal
comfort, lighting, and acoustic) are to be set in the regulation or building code for new
buildings and major renovations. EPBD article 11a states that requirements shall be set
according to measurable indicators based on to those of the LEVEL(s) framework. Level(s)
is European framework for sustainable buildings2, providing IEQ indicators in User Manual 3,
under Macro-Objective 4: Healthy and comfortable spaces, where indicators 4.1 to 4.4 can
be found for IAQ, thermal comfort, lighting and acoustics. Regarding to numeric values,
LEVEL(s) indicators 4.13 and 4.24 (IAQ and thermal comfort) refer to EN 16798-1:2019
standard which uses Categories I to IV to describe IEQ level. For daylight in buildings,
LEVEL(s) 4.3 refers to EN 17037:2018 specifying parameters which are categorised as
Minimum, Medium and High. As EPBD refers to ‘healthy indoor climate’ and ‘optimising
health’, it is proposed to use the normal level of Category II specified in EN 16798-1:2019
which values will not only ensure avoiding adverse health effects but also improve comfort
and well-being of occupants clearly above the minimum acceptable level.
Indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort depend on parameters which are continuously
controlled with building technical HVAC systems, therefore acceptable ranges and
deviations must be set in the requirements to enable verification as elaborated in separate
sections below.
Acoustics’ parameters may be verified by discontinuous measurements typically conducted
in the commissioning phase. The same applies for artificial lighting, however, in the
operation, energy efficient lighting is controlled based on daylight and occupancy. Daylight
1 https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2023-0068_EN.html
2 https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/circular-economy/levels_en
3 Dodd N., Donatello S. & Cordella.M., 2021. Level(s) indicator 4.1: Indoor air quality user manual: introductory briefing,
instructions and guidance (Publication version 1.1)
4 Dodd N., Donatello S., & Cordella M., 2021. Level(s) indicator 4.2: Time outside of thermal comfort range user manual:
introductory briefing, instructions and guidance (Publication version 1.1)
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requirements are mostly verified during design phase by considering geometry, window
types, orientation and shading. Some of the parameters are in practice difficult to measure
as they require specific sky conditions and sun angles as well as receiver positions as for the
daylight glare discomfort, verification which has to be assessed also for the artificial lighting
glare according to EN 12464-1 specification and procedure. Some guidance on the
formulation of minimum requirements for acoustics and lighting parameters are provided in
EN 16798-1:2019 and EN 17037:2018.
In the following we focus on specification of requirements for IAQ and thermal comfort.
The guideline is prepared to satisfy EPBD requirements so that only parameters which can
be implemented in practice cost effectively are included. Monitoring is limited to those
parameters which are useful and cost effective. As there are more cost-effective, indirect
means than monitoring to control IAQ, such as filtration of ventilation air and reducing
indoor pollutants by using low emission materials, requirements for air filtration and
building materials are included to ensure achievement of IAQ target values and to avoid
excessive air change rates which may otherwise be needed. Numeric values given in this
guideline, following good indoor climate Category II, can be modified based on national
conditions and culture.
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needed. The following minimum requirements are to be established to control IAQ:
1. Source control must be applied for pollution sources from building materials and interior
design through the use of low polluting building materials as defined in EN 16798-1:2019;
2. Ventilation rates to maintain an acceptable level of pollutants in the indoor environment
are to specified according to EN 16798-1:2019 requirements;
3. To control particulate matter, ventilation with filters is one way of meeting the
requirements in areas where the WHO limits for outdoor air are exceeded. For non-
residential buildings filters are specified in EN 16798-3. If no ventilation with filters is
used, other measures need to be considered. ;
As EPBD requires in Article 11 the installation of measuring and control devices for the
monitoring and regulation of indoor environmental quality at relevant unit level and, where
technically and economically feasible, this requirement shall be included to national
regulation. By this requirement it is ensured that minimum requirements of ventilation
rates, discussed in the following sections, can be treated as nominal (design) ventilation
rates. During the operation, ventilation rates based on demand can be used according to
CO2, temperature and relative humidity control.
It is not specified in EPBD in how many spaces and which space categories these parameters
must be monitored. However, the wording ‘at relevant unit level’ guides to monitor these
parameters in all continuously occupied spaces, such as classrooms, offices, meeting rooms,
restaurants, kitchens, shops, gyms, etc. The parameters to be monitored are CO2,
temperature, relative humidity and PM2.5. In residential buildings, it would be meaningful
to monitor CO2, temperature and PM2.5 in living rooms and bedrooms, and relative humidity
in wet rooms such as toilets and bathrooms.
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It should be noted that Equation 1 with provided L/s per person and L/s per floor area values
can be set as ventilation requirement in the regulation, but the numeric values will depend
on occupant density. Thus, it can be recommended to refer to standards or guidelines where
default occupant density values can be found for straightforward and transparent
application.
In the case of specific pollutants, the design ventilation rates shall be calculated based on
a mass balance equation for the substance concentration in the space, taking into account
the outdoor concentration (6.3.2.3 Method 2 using criteria for individual substances). This
method is not discussed in this document because it is used only very rarely as the data on
emission rate of pollutants is not available.
As an alternative to ventilation airflow rates, IAQ and ventilation requirements can be set
with CO2 values. Threshold CO2 concentrations can be calculated with ventilation rates
defined by Equation 1 and metabolic CO2 generation (typically 20 L/(h person)) from CO2
volume balance.
As these CO2 concentration values depend considerably on the occupant density, it is an
option to use in the regulation the following values where occupancy is fixed (absolute
values, outdoor concentration 400 ppm):
• 900 ppm in rooms where floor area is >6 m2 per person;
• 1000 ppm in classrooms;
• 1200 ppm in other rooms where floor area is <3 m2 per person.
From these values, 900 ppm and occupant density >6 m2 per person refers to typical offices.
If occupant density is higher, i.e., <3 m2 per person, that is the situation for instance in
meeting rooms, auditoriums and restaurants, per floor area component in Equation 1
provides smaller addition to total airflow rate calculated per person, that increases CO2
value. Classrooms belong to spaces with high occupant density (typically 2 m2 per person),
but the lower CO2 generation rate of 18 L/(h person) reduces CO2 value to 1000 ppm.
Regardless of the application and other factors, the objective should be not to exceed the
CO2 concentration threshold of 1200 ppm.
It should be noted that CO2 values provided, represent steady state (long term occupancy)
and in the ventilation control, lower values must be used as setpoints because it takes time
while the concentration builds up. During occupied hours, minimum ventilation rate cannot
be smaller than needed to remove emissions from building. These technical details should
be provided either in regulatory or in technical guidance documents.
The above CO2 values may be used also in the monitoring of IAQ by continuous measurement.
In the assessment of compliance with IAQ requirements, acceptable deviation from these
values shall be no more than 5% during occupancy hours.
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Table 1. Minimum airflow rates in residences.
Supply airflow Extract airflow rate
rate L/s L/s
WC 10
Bathroom 15
Bathroom in one room apartment 10
Utility room 8
Wardrobe and storage room 6
Kitchen2 8
Kitchen2, one room apartment 6
Kitchen3, cooker hood in operation 25
Average airflow rate of a whole
0.42
residence L/(s m2)
Staircase of an apartment building, ACH 0.5
1Transfer air from bedrooms can be used as a part of supply air but 12 L/s is minimum
outdoor air rate
2
Airflow rate in the kitchen when cooker hood is not in operation
3
Requirements of national regulations including fire regulations are to be followed
The ventilation supply airflows to the bedrooms and living rooms are expressed as an outdoor
airflow rates which shall be supplied primarily to living rooms and bedrooms. The ventilation
air for the kitchen, bathroom and toilet has to be transfer air from the bedrooms and living
rooms. Doors or specific openings must allow transfer air flows without significant pressure
loss. From wet rooms extract airflows shall be used to remove pollutants and humidity.
In residential buildings, monitoring and regulation of all IAQ parameters is not economically
feasible. The parameters that should be monitored and controlled are CO2 in living rooms
and bedrooms, and relative humidity in wet rooms. Demand controlled ventilation systems
regulating the air flow to maintain acceptable CO2 and humidity levels are recommended.
It is possible to locate CO2 and relative humidity sensors in the rooms or alternatively, inside
the ventilation unit or extract ductwork. The latter option enables to detect occupancy and
for instance to operate ventilation unit in ‘at home’/’out of the home’ mode.
3 Thermal comfort
3.1 Thermal comfort range
Indoor environmental parameters for thermal comfort are specified in EN 16798-1:2019
standard. These include parameters for general thermal comfort and local thermal
discomfort (draught, radiant temperature asymmetry, floor temperatures, vertical air
temperature differences). The minimum requirements in the regulation shall include at
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least room temperature10 ranges for sedentary activities (1.2 met). Requirements may be
split between non-residential and residential buildings where higher adaptation is possible
(Category III temperature values in summer) in residences as shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Room temperature requirements, an example following Category II values
(Category III values in summer in residential) and applicable for heating dominated climates
Cooling
Heating season, season,
Building Category (1.0 clo) °C
(0.5 clo) °C
Non-residential buildings 20.0 - 24.0 23.0 - 26.0
Residential buildings 20.0 - 25.0 22.0 - 27.0
Values in Table 2 work for establishing design values for dimensioning of heating and cooling
systems by using the lower value in heating season for the heating system and the upper
value in cooling season for the cooling system. Heating season is defined when the outside
running mean temperature is below 10 C and cooling season when it is above 15 C. Between
10 C and 15 C running mean temperature, room temperature may lie in between the
heating and cooling season values.
Acceptable deviation from the specified range in Table 2 is maximum 5% of the occupancy
time. In residential buildings, additionally 150 Kh (Kelvin hours) above 27 C may be used as
acceptable excess in heating dominated climates.
10In EN 16798-1:2019 room temperature is specified as operative temperature that is calculated based on air
temperature, mean radiant temperature and air velocity. In new and deeply renovated buildings, the operative
temperature is almost equal to the air temperature.
11 Dodd N., Donatello S. & Cordella.M., 2021. Level(s) indicator 4.1: Indoor air quality user manual: introductory briefing,
instructions and guidance (Publication version 1.1)
12Kurnitski J, Wargocki P, Aganovic A. Relative humidity effects on viruses and human responses. REHVA Journal, December
2021 https://www.rehva.eu/rehva-journal/chapter/relative-humidity-effects-on-viruses-and-human-responses
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already specified national values in EN 16798-1 Annex A. The upper limit can be relevant in
summer in southern humid climates where a requirement can be set following EN 16798-1
values. If requirements leading to humidification will be used it should be noted that the
humidifier itself can be a source of pollution (microbial and chemical) if not properly
maintained.
If the lower limit requirement of RH are set, they should be specified by the use of the
building/building type.
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Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations
(REHVA)
https://www.rehva.eu/
REHVA, founded in 1963, is a European professional federation that joins national associations
of building services engineers. Today REHVA represents more than 120.000 HVAC designers,
engineers, technicians, and experts from 26 European countries. REHVA is dedicated to the
improvement of health, comfort, energy efficiency in all buildings and communities. REHVA
provides its members with a platform for international networking and knowledge exchange,
contributes to technical and professional development, follows EU policy developments, and
represents the interests of its members in Europe and in the world. REHVA’s mission is to
promote energy efficient, safe and healthy technologies for mechanical services of buildings by
disseminating knowledge among professionals and practitioners in Europe and beyond.
Nordic Ventilation Group, founded in 1972, is a group of academics sharing the same interest
and concerns regarding the indoor climate and ventilation. The objective of the Nordic
Ventilation Group (NVG) is to develop Nordic ventilation technologies and services for good and
healthy indoor environment with an energy efficient and environmentally friendly way. The
work is 100% voluntary and free from commercial interest. Possible outcomes of the work can
be published through various channels with the common agreement of the group.
EUROVENT
https://eurovent.eu/
Eurovent is Europe’s Industry Association for Indoor Climate (HVAC), Process Cooling, and Food
Cold Chain Technologies. Its members from throughout Europe represent more than 1.000
companies, the majority small and medium-sized manufacturers. Based on objective and
verifiable data, these account for a combined annual turnover of more than 30bn EUR, employing
around 150.000 people within the association’s geographic area. This makes Eurovent one of the
largest cross-regional industry committees of its kind. The organisation’s activities are based on
highly valued democratic decision-making principles, ensuring a level playing field for the entire
industry independent from organisation sizes or membership fees.
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