Anatomy All Notes
Anatomy All Notes
Brachial plexus
1) Roots
2) Trunk
3) Division
4) Cords
5) Branches
Trunk
Brachail plexes
Divisions:- all the trunk divides into anterior and posterior divisions
1) Lateral cords
2) Posterior cords
3) Middle cords
Note :- roots and trunks are supraclavicular division /cords. branches are infraclavicular
The names of the cords are given upset to second part of axillary artery.
Root values
Medial cord:- C8,T1 Except ulnar because ulnar gets additional value for C7
Posterior cord:-
1) Upper scapula
2) Lower scapula C5,C6
3) Axillary
Klumpkes palsy
1) Injury to lower trunk of bracheal plexus
2) Root involves C8T1
3) Nerve involve ulnar nerve and median nerve
4) Cause –hyperabduction of arm
5) Deformity-claw hand
6) Hyperextension at metacarpal phalangeal joint
7) Flexion at interphalangeal joint
Abduction of arm
⚫ 0°-15°-supraspinatous muscle
⚫ 15°-90°- deltoid muscle
⚫ 90°-180°- Trapezius and serrutus anterior →over head abduction
Quadrangular space
⚫ Boundaries
① Superiorly -T. Minor
② Inferiorly - T. Major
③ Medially - Long head of triceps
④ Lateral - surgical neck of humerus
⚫ Structures passing
① Axillary nerve
② Posterior circumflex of humeral artery
Lower triangular space
⚫ Boundaries
① Superiorly - T. Major
② Medially - Long head of triceps
③ Lateral - shaft of humerus
⚫ structure passing
① Radial nerve
② Profunda branchial artery
Thenar Hypothenar
1. flexor pollicis brevis 1. abductor digiti minimi
2. abductor pollicis brevis 2. flexor digiti minimi
3. opponens pollicis 3. opponens digiti minimi
4. adductor pollicis 4. Palmaris brevis
Median nerve
⚫ Labourers muscle
⚫ Eye of hand
⚫ Origin lateral cord and medial cord of brachial plexus
⚫ Supplies to
① Arm - no supply
② Forearm -all muscle of anterior compartment except medial 1/2 muscle
⚫ muscles of hand - 5
① flexor pollicis brevis
② abductor pollicis brevis
③ opponens pollicis
④ L1,L2
Radial nerve
⚫ Origin -posterior cord of branchail plexus
⚫ Supplies to
① posterior compartment of arm
a) Long head
b) Lateral head
c) Medial head
② Posterior compartment of forearm - all extensor
Sensory supply
Cubital fossa
⚫ it is a triangular depression in front of elbow joint
⚫ Lateral -brachioradialis
⚫ Medial -pronator teres
⚫ Floor- brachialis muscle and supinator muscle
⚫
Type of joint
Fibrous joint cartilaginous synovial
1. Suture 1. 1°Cartilaginous / 1. Ball and socket
2. Gomphosis -between synchondrosis 2. Hinge
tooth and socket 2. 2°Cartilaginous 3. Condylar
3. Syndesmosis /symphysis 4. Bicondylar
5. Saddle
6. Ellipsoid
7. Plane
8. Pivot
Carpal bone
(Lateral to medial )
1. Scaphoid
2. Lunate
3. Triquetrum
4. Pisiform
5. Trapezium
6. Trapezoid
7. Capitate
8. Hamate
Boundaries
• superficial border (roof): flexor retinaculum
• deep border (floor): carpal bones
Contents
• flexor digitorum superficialis tendons (four)
• median nerve (laterally)
• flexor pollicis longus tendon (laterally)
• flexordigitorum profundus tendons (four)
Nervous system
CNS PNS
⚫ Brain ⚫ cranial Nerve - 12 pairs
⚫ Spinal cord ⚫ Spinal nerve - 31 pairs
⚫ Cervical spinal nerve- 8 pair
⚫ Thoracic spinal nerve- 12 pairs
⚫ Lumber spinal nerve - 5 pairs
⚫ Sacral spinal nerve - 5 pairs
⚫ Cocygeal spinal nerve - 1 pairs
Ventricle of brain
Formation of CSF
➢ Formation- choroid plexus (network of capillaries)
➢ Volume- 150ml
➢ Formed per day - 500-600ml/day
Lateral ventricle
foramen of monro
3rd ventricle
Aqueduct of sylvius
4th ventricle
Formen of luschka/megenda
Subarachnoid space
arachnoid villi
Dural venous sinus
Spinal cord
➢ extend - C1-L1 (lower border of L1 )-adult
C1-L3 (upper border of L3 ) - child
➢ length-45cm male and 42 male
➢ Shape -cylindrical
Transverse section of spinal cord
The gray matter is made up of neuroglia cells and neuron cell bodies. The white
matter is made up of neuron axons, mostly but not all myelinated.
Grey matter
⚫ Collection of cell bodies in CNS
① Cerebral cortex
② Basal ganglia
Association fiber
Short Association fiber long Association fiber
1. Arcute fasiculus 1. Superior longitudinal fasiculus
2. Inferior longitudinal fasiculus
3. Uniciate fasiculus
4. Cingulum
Commissure fiber
Descending tract
Pyramidal tract
⚫ Aka corticospinal tract
⚫ Origin -beginning from superiolateral surface
⚫
Dorsal column
⚫ Fine touch
⚫ Vibration
⚫ Stregnosis - ability to understand the things ,by touching without seeing
⚫ Proprioceptio- awareness of limb
Cerebral cortex
⚫ Brodman areas
1. Primary visual area: 17
2. Visual Association area: 18,19
3. Primary motor area: 4
4. Pre motor are -6
5. Primary somatosensory area-3,1,2
6. Somatosensory Association area- 5,7
7. Broca’s speech area -44,45 (motor)
8. Wernicke’s speech area -22,39,40 (sensory)
9. Primary auditory area-41,42
10. Auditory Association area -22
Basal ganglion
1. Corpus striatum - telencephalon
a) Caudate nucleus
b) Lentiform nucleus
i. Putamen
ii. Globus pallidum
2. Subthalamic nucleus - diencephalon
3. Substantia nigra - mesencephalon
Brain stem
① Mid brain
② Pons
③ Medulla
Cranial nerve
Longest - X
Shortest -I Olfactory Nerve
Largest - V
Smallest - IV
Thickest - V
Thinnest - IV
Longest intracranial course -IV
Longest intradural course-VI
Longest intrapsseous course -VII
Dorsal origin -IV
M/c involved in increase ICP-VI
M/C involved in intracranial aneurysm- III
Largest distribution - X
Cerebellum- 6 lobes
➢ cerebral hemisphere
Cerebellar cortex
➢ 3 layer -5 type of cells
➢ Outer -stellate cells, basket cells
➢ Middle-purkinjie cells
➢ inner - golgi cells, granular cells
Deep nuclei
➢ dentrate nucleus-largest nucleus
➢ Emboliform nucleus
➢ Fastigial nucleus-medial most
➢ Globose nuclus
Circle of willis
Muscle of mastication
① Masster -elevation of mandible
② Temporalis -eleven of mandible
③ Lateral pterygoid -depression of mandible/opening jaw
④ Medial pterygoid -elevation of mandible
⚫ Nerve Supply-mandibular nerve
⚫ Accessory muscle mastication -buccinator
Accessory nerve XI
⚫ Accessory nerve pass through foramen magnum, jugular foramen
⚫ Supplies to SCM,trapezius
Tongue
Muscle of tongue
Intrinsic 4 pairs extrinsic 4 pair
⚫ superior longitudinal muscle ⚫ genioglossus (largest muscle)-
⚫ Inferior longitudinal muscle safety musccle
⚫ Transverse muscle ⚫ Styloglossus
⚫ Vertical muscle ⚫ Paletoglossus (not a true muscle
of tongue)
⚫ Hyoglossus
Pharyngeal arches
Pharyngeal arches Nerve Derivation
1 V3 ⚫ Malleus
⚫ Incus
⚫ Anterior ligament of malleus
⚫ Sphenomandibular ligament
⚫ Mandible
⚫ Maxilla
Muscle
① Muscle of mastication
② TVP
③ Tensor tympani
④ Anterior belly of
digastric
⑤ Mylohyoid
2 VIII ⚫ stapes
⚫ Styloid process
⚫ Lesser horn and upper part of
body pf hyoid bone
Muscle
1. Muscle of facial expressions
a) Buccinator
b) Platysma
c) Auricular
d) Occipitalis
2. Posterior belly of digastric
3. Stylohyoid muscle
4. Stapedius muscle
3 IX ⚫ Greter horn and lower part of
body of hyoid bone
Muscle- stylopharyngeous
muscle
4 SLN ⚫ All catilagenous of larynx
Muscle
5 RLN
⚫ Muscle of larynx ,pharynx ,
plate
Facial artery
⚫ Branch of external carotid artery
⚫ In face
① angular
② Lateral nasal
③ Superior labial artery
④ Inferior labial artery
⚫ In neck
① Submental artery
② Tonsilar artery
③ Ascending paltine
④ Grandular
Veins of face
Nerve supply of face
Motor sensory
⚫ all muscle of facial expressions- VII ⚫ Trigeminal nerve 3 branches
Expect LPS-III ⚫ Except skin over angle of mandible
great auricle nerve
Carotid sheath
⚫ Contents
① CCA
② ICA
③ ECA
④ IJV
⑤ Vagus nerve
Maxillary artery
⚫ Branch of external carotid artery
⚫ Divided into 3 parts by lateral pterygoid muscle
Branches
1st part
① accessory meningeal artery- fossa ovale
② Anterior tympanic artery
③ Deep auricular artery
④ Middle meningeal artery
⑤ Inferior alveolar artery- fossa spinosum
2nd part
① 2 deep temporal artery
② Artery to masseter
③ Artery to medial pterygoid
④ Artery to lateral pterygoid
3rd part
① Posterior superior alveolar artery
② Inferior orbital artery
③ Greater palatine artery
④ Pharyngeal artery
⑤ Artery to pterygoid canal
⑥ Sphemopalatine artery- largest
Cavernous sinus
⚫ Paired
⚫ Either side of body of sphenoid bone
⚫ Passing through lateral wall of cavernous sinus-CN III ,IV ,V1 ,V2
⚫ Passing inside the cavernous sinus -ICA and VI
General embryology
Spermatogenesis
⚫ Site of spermatogenesis -semiferous tubules
⚫ Duration of spermatogenesis- 72-74 days
Spermatogonium
mitosis
Primary spermatocyte(2n)
meiosis-1
Secondary spermatocyte(n)
meiosis-2
Spermatid
spermeogenesis
Spermatozoa
spermiation
Release pf spermatozoa from sertoli cells into lumen pf seminiferous tubules
migrate
Epididymis(storage,maturation,motility)
Oogenesis
Oogonium
mitosis
Primary oocyte (2n)
meiosis-1
Arrested in prophase -1
Ovaries are inactive
complete meiosis 1
Secondary oocyte
meiosis-2
Arrested in metaphase 2
It complete meiosis 2, only if fertilization occur
2nd week
⚫ Formation of bilaminar germ disc
3rd week-gastrulation
⚫ Primitive streak forms all 3 germ layers
⚫ The first germ layer to be formed is endoderm
⚫ Sequence of formation = endoderm→mesoderm→ectoderm
⚫ Perimitive knot forma notochord
Intermediate mesoderm
⚫ Urogenital system
Thorax
Thoracic wall
⚫ Anteriorly -sternum
⚫ Posteriorly -thoracic vertebrae(12)
⚫ Lateral -Ribs (12 pairs)
Sternum
⚫ Flat bone
⚫ 3 parts -manubrium,body, xiphoid process
Ribs
1. True (1-7)
2. False (8-12)
a) Vertebrovhondral - 8,9,10
b) Floating ribs- 11,12
Inter-coastal space
1. Intercostal muscle
a) External intercostal muscle
b) Internal intercostal muscle
c) Inner most intercostal muscle
i. Sternocostalis muscle
ii. Subcostalis muscle
iii. Intercostalis intimis muscle
2. Neuro vascular bundle is between internal and inner most intercostal muscle
3. Arrangements
a) Vein ,artery,nerve (above downwards) Except 1st intercostal space
Nerve,artery, vein
➢ Applied aspect - pleural Tap,the needle has to be inserted just above the
lower rib
Intercostal artery
Posterior intercostal artery Anterior intercostal artery
total 11 total 9
⚫ Superior intercostal artery -upper 2 ⚫ Internal thoracis artery- upper 6
⚫ Aorta -lower 9 ⚫ Superior epigastric artery -rectus
sheath
⚫ Musculophrenic artery -7,8,9
anterior intercostal artery
Intercostal vein
Intercostal
nerve
LUNG
⚫ Pleura
① Inner -visceral pleura
② Outer -parietal pleura
Right lung - 2 fissure and 3 lobes
Left lungs - 1 fissure and 2 lobes
Root of lungs
Root of right lung (above downward) Root of left lung (above downward)
Bronchopulmonary segments(BPS)
⚫ A segment aevated by tertiary bronchus
⚫ Shapes -pyramidal
⚫ Number -10 BPS /each lung
Organ No. of. Segments
lungs 10
liver 8
kidney 5
CVS embryology
Development of heart
⚫ Heart formation begins on 16th day
⚫ Heart beats begin by 4th week
⚫ 1st system to because functional CVS
2. Vitelline veins
⚫ Yolk sac - derivative portal vein
3. Umbilical vein
Before birth
⚫ Right umbilical vein -regress
⚫ Left umbilical-carries oxygenated blood from mother to foetus
After birth
⚫ Left umbilical vein-ligamentum teres
Pericardium
1. Fibrous
2. Serous
a) Parietal
b) Visceral
Coronary circulation
⚫ Coronary arteries
① RCA
② LCA
⚫ Origin -aortic sinuses
① Anterior aortic sinus
a) RCA
② Posterior aortic sinuses
a) Right
b) Left -LCA
⚫ RCA begin form anterior aortic sinus
⚫ LCA begins form left posterior aortic sinus
RCA LCA
PIVA AIVA/LAD artery
Circumflex branch
Posterior interventricular artery
Left anterior descending artery
Blood supply
RCA LCA
1. RA 1. LA
2. RV 2. LV
3. Posterior part of LV 3. Anterior part of RV
4. posterior part of i/v septum 4. Anterior part of I/V septum
5. SA node and AV node 5. LBB
6. LBB (left bundle branch) 6. RBB
Cardiac dominance
⚫ Right cardiacs dominance 65%
⚫ Left cardiac dominance-10%
⚫ 25% combined cardiac dominance
Lower limb
Lumbo sacral plexus
Major nerve
anterior compartment femoral nerve
Thigh
medial compartment obturator nerve
posterior compartments tibial nerve
Tibial nerve
⚫ origin- anterior division of L4-L5
⚫ It is a part of sciatic nerve (TN+CPN)
⚫ Supply -posterior compartment of thigh
1. Semitendinosus
2. Semi membranosus
3. Biceps femoris
a) Long head- tibial nerve
b) Short head -common peroneal nerve
4. Adductor magnum-hybrid
a) Adductor part supplied by Obuturator nerve
b) Hamstring part -tibial nerve
Supply
⚫ Posterior compartment of leg
① Medoal and lateral head of gastronemis
② Soleus
③ Tibialis posterior
④ FHL
⑤ FDL
⑥ Plantaris
⑦ Popliteal
note
➢ peripheral heart -soleus muscle
➢ Longest tendon -plantaris muscle
Muscle of foot
⚫ Supplied by medial and lateral plantar nerve
Cutaneous supply
1. Planter nerve
a) Lateral 1½
b) Medial 3½
2. Sural nerve
a) Skin on lateral side of leg and foot
b) Branch of tibial nerve
Femoral nerve
⚫ Origin -posterior division of L2L3L4
⚫ Supply-all muscle in anterior compartment of thigh
1. Sartorius /tailor’s muscle/honeymoon muscle - longest muscle
2. Quadriceps femoris
a) Vastus lateralis
b) Vastus intermediated
c) Rectus femoris
d) Vastus medialis
3. Pectineus muscle - lateral half
Cutaneous supply
1. Medial cutaneous nerve of thigh
2. Intermediate cutaneous nerve of thigh
3. Saphenous nerve- skin on medial side of leg and foot
Obturator nerve
⚫ Origin - anterior division of L2L3L4
⚫ Supplies -medial compartment of thigh
① Adductor longus
② Adductor brevis
③ Adductor magnum
④ Pectineus (medial half)
⑤ Gracilis muscle -anti rape muscle
Minor branches
⚫ L1 - iliohypogastric ,ilioinguinal nerve
⚫ L1,L2 - genitofemoral nerve
⚫ L2,L3 - lateral cutaneous of thigh
Femoral triangle
⚫ It is a triangle depression in upper 1\3 of anterior aspect of thigh
Content
① FA
② FV
③ FN
④ Lymph nodes
⚫ Medial to lateral - vein →artery→nerve(VAN)
Femoral sheath
⚫ funnel shaped
Femoral sheath
lateral intermediate medial
⚫ femoral artery ⚫ femoral vein aka femoral canal
⚫ Femoral branch of ⚫ Consists of lymph
genitofemoral muscle node of
cloquet/Rosenmuller
Femoral ring
Boundaries
① Posterior-pectinealliz
② Medially- lacunar ligament
③ Anterior-inguinal ligament
Gluteal region
Muscle Nerve supply Action
1. Gluteus maximum inferior gluteal nerve extension at hip joint
2. Gluteus medius Superior gluteal nerve Abduction at hip joint
3. Gluteus minimus and stabilize the pelvis
4. Gamellus superior Nerve to obturator
5. Obturator internus internus Lateral at rotation at hip
6. Gamelluus inferior Nerve to Quadrates joint
7. Quadratus femoris femoris
Iliotibial tract
⚫ condensation of facia latum
⚫ Tensor fasia latae is supplied by superior gluteal nerve
Gluteal nerve
superior gluteal nerve L4L5S1 Inferior gluteal nerve L5S1S2
⚫ Gluteal medius ⚫ Gluteus maximus
⚫ Gluteus minimus
⚫ Tensor fascia lata
Below piriformis
⚫ inferior gluteal
⚫ Nerve to obturator internus
⚫ Nerve to quadratus femoris
⚫ Sciatic nerve
⚫ Pudendal nerve
⚫ Internal pudendal artery and vein
Hip joint
⚫ type - synovial joint
⚫ Subtype - ball and socket joint
⚫ bones -head of femur,acetabulum of hip bones
Ligament
① Acetabular labrum
② Ileofemoral ligament - aka ligament of biglow
③ Ischio femora ligament - y shaped
④ Pubofemoral ligament- strongest ligament
Knee joint
⚫ Type -synovial joint
⚫ Subtype
① femur and tibia -bicondylar joint
② Femur and patella - saddle joint
⚫ locking -Quadriceps femoris
⚫ unlocking- popliteus muscle
Popliteal fossa
⚫ diamond shaped depression behind the knee joint
⚫ Boundaries
⚫ Contents
① Politesl artery
② Politeal vein
③ Tibial nerve
④ Common peroneal nerve
Tarsel bones
⚫ 7 bones in each foot
① talus
② calcaneus – largest trasal bone
③ navicular
④ medial cuneiform
⑤ intermediate cuneiform
⑥ lateral cuneiform
⑦ cuboid -lateral side
⚫ Calcaneonavicular ligament -aka spring ligament
⚫ Umbilical cord
① Vitellointestinal duct
② Allantois
③ Wastons jelly
④ Right and left umbilical artery
⑤ Left umbilical vein
Foregut
Development of liver
Development of pancreas
⚫ dorsal pancreatic bud - head,neck,body,tail
⚫ Ventral pancreatic bud -uncinate process
Development of stomach
⚫ Gastrosplenic ligament- derived dorsal mesentery
⚫ Splenorenal ligament - derived from dorsal mesentery
⚫ Spleen develop form dorsal mesentry
⚫ Spleen is mesodermal in origin
Rotation of gut
⚫ foregut -90°(clockwise)
⚫ Midgut-270°(anti-clockwise)
⚫ Hind gut- No
Midgut
⚫ physiological hernia occurs- 6th week
⚫ Reduction of physiological hernia - 10th week
⚫ Failure of reduction of physiological hernia -Omphalocele
Development of kidney
⚫ Metanephric blastoma→secretary part
⚫ Bowman’s capsule
⚫ PCT
⚫ Loop of Henle
⚫ DCT
Mesonephric duct
⚫ Collecting duct
⚫ Renal papillae
⚫ Calyces
⚫ Pelvis
⚫ Ureter
Development of urethra
Male urethra- 20 cm
⚫ Prostatic urethra- endoderm,except posterior wall
⚫ Membranous urethra- endoderm
⚫ Penile urethra- endoderm
Female urethra- 4 cm
⚫ derived from - endoderm,except posterior wall
Wolffian duct
⚫ Aka mesonephric duct
Male Female
1. Ureteric bud and it’s derived 1. Ureteric bud and it’s derived
2. Trigone of urinary bladder 2. Trigone of urinary bladder
3. Posterior wall of prostatic urethra 3. Posterior wall of prostatic urethra
4. Spermatic pathway 4. Gartner’s duct
a) Epididymis
b) Vas deference
c) Seminal vesicle
d) Ejaculatory duct
5. Prostate gland
Mullerian duct
⚫ aka paramesonephric duct
Male Female
1. Appendicular of Testis 1. Fallopian tubes
2. Prostatic urtricle 2. Uterus
3. Upper part of vagina
Muscles
3. External Oblique-
4. Internal Oblique- Conjoint liament
5. Transversus Abdominus
6. Transversalis Fascia
(fibrous)
7. Extraperitoneal Fat
8. Parietal Peritoneum
Inguinal canal
⚫ It extend between deep inguinal ring and superficial inguinal ring
⚫ Location- above and medial to inguinal ligament
⚫ Length-4 cm
Boundaries
2. Female
-round ligament of uterus
-Ilioinguinal nerve
Applied aspect
Inguinal hernia
direct inguinal hernia indirect inguinal hernia
⚫ Via anterior abdominal wall ⚫ Via deep inguinal ring
Hesselbachs triangle
⚫ aka inguinal triangle
Rectus sheath
⚫ it is formed by aponeurosis of EO,ID and TA
⚫ arcuate line- between umbilicus and pubic symphysis
Boundaries
Above arcuate line
⚫
Contents
1. 2 nerve
a) Rectus abdominis nerve
b) Pyramidalis nerve
2. 2 arteries
a) Superior epigastric artery
b) Inferior epigastric artery
3. 2 vein
a) Superior epigastric vein
b) Inferior epigastric vein
4. Nerve - lower 6 thoracic nerve
Stomach
⚫ Related to lesser curvature of stomach-lesser omentum
⚫ Related to greater curvature of stomach
① Greter omentum
② Gastrosplenic ligament
③ Gastrophrenic ligament
Diaphragm
⚫ muscle structures
⚫ Nerve -phrenic nerve (C3,C4,C5)
⚫ Major openings
1. Venacanal opening
⚫ Inferior vena cava
⚫ Right phrenic nerve
2. Esophageal opening
⚫ Oesophageal
⚫ Vagus nerve
3. Aortic opening
⚫ aorta
⚫ Thoracic duct
⚫ Azggous vein
Abdominal aorta
⚫ extend T12-T4
Branches of abdominal aorta
1. Ventral branches
⚫ Coeliac trunk (T12)
⚫ Superior mesenteric artery
⚫ Inferior mesenteric artery
2. Lateral branches
⚫ inferior phrenic artery
⚫ Middle suprarenal artery
⚫ Renal artery
⚫ Gonadal artery
3. Dorsal branches
⚫ 4 pairs of lumber arteries
⚫ 4 median sacral artery
Duodenum
⚫ C shaped
⚫ Extend L1-L3
⚫ Length
① D1 - 2 Inches =5 cm
② D2 - 3 Inch =7.5 cm
③ D3 - 4 inch = 10 cm
④ D4 - 1 inch = 2.5 cm
Liver
⚫ shape wedge
⚫ Weight-1.5 kg
⚫ Anatomical/Division
⚫ Anterior surface
⚫ Posterior surface
Surgical division
⚫ caunard’s classification
⚫ 2 lobes→4 sections →8 segment →based on hepatic vein and portal vein
Arterial supply
① Proper hepatic artery- 20-30%
② Portal vein - 70-80%
Gall bladder
⚫ shape -pear
⚫ Capacity 30-50 ml
⚫ Parts
① Fundus
② Body
③ Neck - hartmann’s pouch
④ Cystic duct - valve of heister
⚫ artery supply- cystic artery
⚫ Vein - cystic vein →portal vein
Pancreas
⚫ both endocrine and exocrine glands
⚫ Extend L1-L2
⚫ Parts
① Head
② Neck
③ Body
④ Tail
⑤ Uncinate process
⚫ Ducts of pancreases
Main pancreatic duct accessory pancreatic duct
⚫ aka wirsung’s duct ⚫ Aka ducts of santorani
⚫ Open in major duodenal papillae ⚫ Opens in minor duodenal papilla
Kidney
⚫ Extend-T12-L3
⚫ Right kidney is lower compare to left kidney Since because of presnce of liver
Note- left suprarenal ,left testis and overian vein drain into left real vein
Pelvic diaphragm
1. Levator ani muscle
a) Iliococcygeus muscle
b) Puboccygeus muscle
2. Ischiococcygeus muscle or coccygeal muscle
Urogenital diaphragm
⚫ Ext. urethral sphincter muscle
⚫ Deep transverse perineal muscle
⚫ Superior fascia
⚫ Inferior fascia /perineal membranes
Perineal body
⚫ 10 muscle
4 paired
① Superficial transverse muscle
② Deep transverse perineal muscle
③ Bulbospongiosus
④ Levator ani
2 unpaired
① External anal sphincter
② Longitudinal muscle anal canal
Perineum
Boundaries
⚫ Perineum is divided into urogenital triangle and and anal triangle
⚫ Urogenital triangle consists of superficial perineal pouch and deep perineal
pouch
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