Educational Psychology-Basic Concepts
Educational Psychology-Basic Concepts
Educational psychology has been influenced by a Jean Piaget: A Swiss psychologist who is
number of philosophers, psychologists, and known for his highly influential theory of
educators. Some thinkers who had a significant cognitive development, Jean Piaget's
influence include William James, Alfred Binet, influence on educational psychology is still
John Dewey, Jean Piaget, and Benjamin Bloom evident today.
Reinforcement
Features of Classical Conditioning Reinforcement is a key element to explain how
and why learning occurs.
1. Stimulus Generalization – process by which the The principle of reinforcement says that there is
conditioned response transfers to other stimuli an increase or decrease in the frequency of a
that are similar that are similar to the original response when a certain consequence
conditioned stimulus. immediately follows it.
2. Stimulus Discrimination – a process by which one A reinforcer is an event that increases or
learns not to respond to similar stimuli in an decreases the frequency of behavior. A reinforcer
identical manner because of previous is most effective when applied to specific
experiences. This is the opposite of behaviors.
generalization.
3. Extinction – a process by which a conditioned
response is lost.
4. Spontaneous recovery- the reappearance of the
conditioned response after a rest period or period
of lessened response. If the conditioned
stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are no
longer associated, extinction will occur very
rapidly after a spontaneous recovery
LESSON 5
Cognitive Theories COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES
objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students should
be able to: Cognitive learning theories deal on nob-
a. Discuss the nature and basic concepts of the observable behavior in the study of learning.;
cognitive theories of learning. hence, the theories focus on thought and
b. Identify and explain the five features of cognitive information processing systems. Information
science. processing refers to the ways in which the
c. Discuss how cognitive psychology has evolved as a sensory input (learning material) is transformed,
learning perspective. reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered and used.
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Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive psychology is the study of the structure
and components of processing of information’
Cognitive psychologists believe learning can be
studied by dealing on non-observable behavior
such as thoughts in a scientific manner.
Cognitive psychology is based on the framework
of Gestalt Psychologists like Max Wertheimer,
Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Koffka who gave
emphasis on perception in the study of human
behavior. 1. FIELD THEORY (KURT LEWIN)
The word “Gestalt” means form, pattern, Lewin claimed that behavior is influenced by
configuration or organized whole. Gestalt forces (valences) and by the direction of
psychologists were interested on how organisms these forces (vectors).
perceive relationships among ideas and the effect Lewin proposed of the concept of the “Life
those relationships have on learning. Space”. The life space of an individual consists
Gestalt psychologists believe that “the whole is of everything one needs to know about a
greater than the sum of its parts.” person in order to understand his/her
behavior in a specific psychological 3. MEANINGFUL LEARNING DAVID AUSUBEL)
environment at a specific time. Ausubel made a distinction between the
The concept of the life space call attention to following in his analysis of learning:
the fact that it is not always possible to draw a. Reception vs. Discovery Learning
accurate conclusion simply by observing overt b. Roles and Meaningful learning
behavior. The first distinction (reception vs. discovery)
is important because most of the students’
learning, both in and out of school, is
reception. But reception learning need not be
rote, it can be quite meaningful to students.
In reception learning, materials may become
meaningful as students internalize them.
In discovery learning, students learn and then
the students rearrange the learned material
to integrate it with the existing cognitive
structures.
Ausubel define meaningful learning as the
acquisition of new meanings. This definition
implies that the material to be learned must
be potentially meaningful, that is, it is
appropriate to the student and that the
2. INSIGHT LEARNING: PROBLEM SOLVING BY student can turn potentially meaningful
INSIGHT (WOLFGANG Kohler) material into actual meaningfulness.
Kohler conducted an experiment called the Meaningful learning occurs when the
“Aha Experiment “to demonstrate how insight material to be learned is related to what
develops and how it is used in learning and students already know.
problem solving featuring a chimpanzee
named Sultan.
Insight means awareness and understanding
of the relationships among things in the 4. DISCOVERY LEARNING (JEROME BRUNER)
environment and how understanding of these
relationship enable one to learn and solve
problems.
The more intelligent and experienced an
individual is, the more he is capable of
gaining insight.
B. THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
Example:
Item SD D U A SA
1. Educational psychology is an
interesting subject.
2. Educational psychology is a
worthwhile and necessary
subject for psychology majors
3. I like attending my
educational psychological class
4. I feel nervous in my class in
educational psychology
assessment. *
Reverse Scoring
LESSON 8
CRITICAL and CREATIVE THINKING