CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Police community relation program are very challenging task to all PNP members. Most
of the PNP personel try their best how to boast the morale of Police authority in order to
win the community. PNP members encountered several problems like non-cooperative,
race relation, fear of Police, violence and mistrust.

Police Community Relations is the ongoing and changing relationship between the
police and the community they serve. This include issues of cooperation, race relations,
fear of police ,violence and corruption.It is a process where the entire police department
is engaged with the communities they serve in order to make it a safe and better place
to live(Radalet and Carter, 1994).

According to Joaquin(2005) in her study on police community relations and

effectiveness of PNP in the province of Ilocos Norte the Police force and effectiveness
depends in training and technology available in the organization. It is important to boost
the morale of the police authority by giving them much consideration and equal
treatment on priveleges and opportunities. While on Police-community relations, the
thief police and the members of the local police force must establish a strong
partnership to encourage the community partnership to make that policing system more
efficient and effective.

One of the fundamental keys to successful law enforcement is good police-community

relations, or the relationship between the police and the community they serve. Good
police community relations are imperative for developing trust between the police and
the citizens. Without this trust, police work becomes much less effective. Even if the
police officers are preventing crime, the people may not feel safe because there is no
trust. Other times, officers are fighting an uphill battle trying to get communities to work
with them to fight crime. So, this community need some help improving police-
community relations. The PNP shall enforce the law, prevent and control crimes,
maintain peace and order, and ensure public safety and internal security with the active
support of the community(Cordner and Scarborough, 2007).

The objective of this study is to determine the problem encountered by members of

PNP in the community relations program. Moreover, this study will be conduct at Datu
Paglas Maguindanao Philippine National Police for the school year 2022-2023.
Statement of the Problems
This study aims to determine the problem encountered by members of PNP in
community Relations Program. Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondent in terms of;
a. age
b. sex
c. civil status
d. educational attainment
e. years in service
2. What are the problems encountered by the respondents on community relation
programs?
3. What are their coping mechanism?

Theoretical Framework
The researcher utilized the Detterence Theory where in this theory argues that the criminal acts are
inhibited or dettered because of the punishment that can be associated with crim ( Andanaes
1974,Zimring and Hawkins 1973).Proponents of the Detterence theory believe that people choose to obey
or violent the law after calculating the gains and consequences of their actions. Police community
relations focus to prevent crime through community policing or building relationships with community.
There are seminars conducted by community wherein they discuss to the community and the differenr
kinds of crime prevention programs and also explain to them what would be the punishment once a
person got engaged in riminal activities. Through this the would-be criminals desicion will be influenced.
Achieving such decisive influence requires altering or reinforcing desicions makers perceptions of key
factors they must weigh in deciding whether to act counter to our interest or to exercise restaint (Gen.
Kevin Chilton ,2009).

Evidence that community policing reduces crime is mixed. Early studies showed that crime declined in
Flint, Michigan, as a consequence of foot patrol, but in Newark, New Jersey, crime levels remained
unaffected. In a detailed examination of the implementation of a community-policing program in Chicago
(the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy), the authors concluded that crime went down in those districts
exposed to community policing (Skogan and Hartnett, p. 18). Similarly, after nearly two years of
community-and problem-oriented policing in Joliet, Illinois, the total number of reported index crimes
dropped precipitously (Rosenbaum et al.).

In terms of citizens' fear of crime the evidence is also mixed, but it weighs more heavily in a positive
direction. In both Flint and Newark, foot patrol contributed to increased feelings of neighborhood safety,
and recent studies generally support this conclusion. In Indianapolis, people felt safer in those
neighborhoods where the police and local residents cooperated in problem solving (Mastrofski et al.,
1998). Even though the benefit of fear reduction appears widespread, its impact is inconsistent across
different groups. For instance, in Chicago, in contrast to whites and African Americans, Hispanics did not
appear to experience an increase in perceived public safety (Skogan and Hartnett).

Under community policing the relationship between citizens and the police is supposed to improve. It
does appear that increased cooperation between the police and local residents increases satisfaction with
police services on both sides, although this is not universal. In Flint, residents were so pleased with
neighborhood foot patrols that they agreed to a tax increase in order that the program might continue,
and in St. Petersburg, Florida, 85 percent of those residents who lived in community-policing areas of the
city reported being "very"somewhat" satisfied with their neighborhood police services (Mastrofski et al.,
1999).
Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework consist of the problems encountered by PNP in their community relations
program shall be taken an indipendent variable wherease the coping mechanisms shall be taken as
dependent variable.

Scope and Delimitation

The study shall be only in determining the problems encountered by members of PNP on their
community relations program and their coping mechanisms and their solutions in resolving their
encountered problems.

Significance of the Study

This study is focuses to determine the problems encountered by members of PNP on community
relations program. The findings of this study shall be important to the following.

The PNP Organization. The results of this study shall be beneficial to the members of the PNP organization
service their problems shall be determined and they will be able to device solutions to solve them.

The Community. The community shall be benefit from this study through improve PNP community
relations program.

Future Researcher. This study shall provide guide and reference among future researchers who wish to
study on the same topic.

Operational definition of terms

The following terms were operationalines according how it is used in this study.

Phillipine National Police (PNP) the armed national police force in the Philippines.
Community relations specialist are responsible for developing and implementing community outreach
program including social and community awareness incentives.
Program a set of related goals or activities with a particular long term aim in the attainment of police
objective of maintaining peace and order in the community.
Community Participation the involvement of people in a community in projects to solve their own
problems.
Issues to make something seem more important that it should be centered on police relationship with the
people.
Community policing the system of allocating police officer to the particular areas so that they become
familiar with the local inhabitants.
Strategies a plan of action or policy designed to achieve a major or overall aim of the PNP organization.
Violence behavior involving physical force intended to hurt,damage, or kill somenone or something in the
community.
Police authority the power vested in police officers and the police officers and the police as an institutions
to enforce criminal law and preserve the public peace.
Morale-the confidence, enthusiasm, and discipline of a person or a group at a particular time.
Imperative something that needs to be done or given attention immediately by the PNP
Relationship the way which two or one concept, object ,or people, are connected, or the state of being
connected.
Difficulties it refers to the challenges and problems in the PNP in their community relations program.
Coping Mechanism commonly used coping mechanisms were mostly healthy or at least neutral. The most
commonly used coping mechanisms were “acceptance,” “humor,” and positive reframing.”
 CHAPTER II

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the literature and studies related to this present study.

The duties of a police officer encompass a wide variety of tasks ranging from simple to complex
performed in various situation and environments. Task asked of police officers include but are not limited
to confronting, and possibly arresting suspicious persons ,using force(even deadly force) on cimmunity
members, enforcing traffic laws, mediating disputes, assisting people in emergency situations, writing
incident reports and providing a general level of security to the community(Vila 2010).

Performance evaluation in PNP shall be administered in accordance with the rules and regulations and
standards, and a code of conduct promulgated by the commission for members of the PNP. Performance
evaluation shall administered in such a way as to foster the improvement of individual efficiency and
behavioural discipline as well as the promotion of organizational effectiveness and respect for the
constitutional and human rights of the citizen, democratic principles and ideals and the supremacy of
civilian authority over the military(Breva Jr. n. d) .

Community policing requires a department to create structures and processes that offer real access to the
public that are genuinely open to the publics primary concerns and its views on what should and should
not be done to address them, and that require the police to account to the public for its policies,
strategies, programmes ,and effects. There is also little evidence available on changes in the use of
community constables over the last decade (Bennett 1994a:110)

Strong relationships of mutual trust between police agencies and the communities they serve are critical
to maintaining public safety and effective policing police officials rely on the cooperation of community
members to provide information about crime in their neighborhoods, and to work with the police to
devise solutions to crime and disorder problems. Similarly community members willingness to trust the
police depends on whether they beleive that police actions reflect community values and incorporate the
principle of procedural justice and legitimacy (Mentel 2012).

According to community policing to reduce and prevent violence against women community policing is an
organization wide philosophy and management approach that promote partnerships, proactive problem
solving, and community issues (Police executive Research Forum 2008).

It is process by which crime control is shared ,or co-produuced with the public and a means of developing
the communication with the public thus enhancing he quality of life of local communities and building
police legitmacy (Coquilhat, 2008).

The community policing characterized by community partnership, which means adopting a policing
perspective that exceeds the standard law enforcement
(Skogan, 2008)

According to Varona(2009)community relationship between police and the community is a good way to
improve the programs of the police organization and police; however policemen nowadays are having
hard times in gaining the trust and good relationship with the community.

Drug dealing was the most commonly cited problem, but

many of the other most prominent issues involved disorder-type problems . . .
Based on the issues that arose in specific neighborhoods, police and residents engaged in a multitude of
approaches to alleviate the problems”
(White, 2007, pp. 109–110).

The notion of community policing as public relations can be interpreted

in three ways: the characterization of community policing as public relations, its causes, and effects. This
section of the chapter is structured around
these three processes and concludes with a series of recommendations for
change (Ross, 1995b).

According to Manning (1984), “If a community police scheme is to be

successful it will require: structural and legal change, changes in habits of
dispute settlement and definition, in organizational structure, performance
evaluation and in reward structures within the police” (p. 224). These suggestions are necessary to help
community policing become a concrete reality, but are not in and of themselves sufficient. As formulated,
these proposed
changes do not minimize the problems and their unflattering effects on
community policing.

Even though community policing has a series of laudable goals, and

in some contexts has solved a number of community problems, many police,
academics, politicians, and community organizations have overstated the
success of this approach. Moreover, there has been a disproportionate
emphasis on public relations programs in support of community policing
initiatives in lieu of implementing community policing as its originators
(Manning, 1988; Klockars, 1988).

Manwong and Foronda (2009) in their book emphasize the relationship of thepolice and the community
established and maintained through police communitycooperation. The police enlist the support of the
community to prevent the commissionof crime, to eradicate drugs, and to arrest suspects and criminals.
The prompt solutionof crime and the immediate arrest of criminals are achieved through strong and
healthypolice
community partnership.The establishment of community based anti-crimegroups in the locality through
police community partnership helps enhanced andsustained public safety undertakings.

Kappeler and Gaines (2012) introduces the Ten Principles of CommunityPolicing. Community policing is a
philosophy and organizational strategy that expandsthe traditional police mandate of fighting crime to
include forming partnerships withcitizenry and endorsing mutual support and participation. It also
introduces to thisprogressive approach, and include the most current developments in the field such
ashow the current climate of suspicion associated with terrorism threats affects the trustso necessary for
community policing, and how the newest technologies can beharnessed to facilitate police interactions
with citizens. Additionally, it explores thefragmentation of authority and emphasizes the importance of
partnerships among thenumerous law enforcement agencies, government agencies, and private social
serviceagencies.

Levinson (2004),stated that the patrol exercise is not only limited to crime control but also to reduce the
fear within the neighborhood".This build stronger relationship between police and community and wins
the reaident trust. Therefore, patrolling is one way of securing, protecting, preserving, and life and
property and assuring the safety of the people in the community.

Research suggest that targeted preventive activities in strategic zones where the majority of crimes
occur ,or when treatments driven by specific policies or practices aimed at meeting strategically defined
goals are utilized, is far more effective in reducing crime (Sherman & Weisburd, 1995).
The success of a positive police/community partnership, as with most community oriented
initiatives, hinges on the involvement of each stakeholder. This includes, but is not limited to,
businesses, schools, churches, city agencies, and individual community members. Researchalso suggests
an important step when forming community-based partnerships is to take intoaccount cultural influences
within the community. Official statistics demonstrate minoritiesand members of disadvantaged classes are
overrepresented in arrest, conviction, aincarceration statistics(Payne & Button, 2009, pg.528).

Tuando (2003) made a study on the effectiveness of the police- community partnership and the crime
incidence in the province of Siquijor. The law enforcement and police administration role was given a big
emphasis to establish participation from the community in all of the programs of local police authorities.
The community coordination is important to gain partnership and make the crime incidence lesser and
easy to resolve.The study is conducted by hodalgo (2008) found out that residents of lucena city did not
encounter problems in the implementation of the PCR Programs in lucena citypolice . it was supported by
the data obtained on the extent of implementation of PCRPrograms where it was assessed as
implementation and the police officers of lucena city PNP did their job well in the community that they are
serving.
COP is developed through organizational change within law enforcement to allow community
participation. To this end, technology and community resources are being used to facilitate this integration
and adapt to the differing needs of each community (Morabito, 2010, p. 565). Some police agencies are
developing websites to create a stronger bond between the police and the community. Benefits of using
websites are an increased perception of openness and accessibility to police departments, increased
community trust, and the increased ability to inform the public about crime (Rosenbaum, Graziano,
Stephens, & Schuck, 2011, p.26).

In addition, law enforcement agencies attempting to engage in regional data sharing with other agencies
often use data collection systems such as Community Mapping, Planning, and Analysis for Safety
Strategies (COMPASS) programs funded by the National Institute of Justice to collaboratively solve regional
problems. COMPASS allows agencies to collect and share data in a more systematic fashion by utilizing
geographic information systems (GIS) technology (Bobaet al, 2009, pp.24- 25).

Sexual assault task forces attempt to coordinate sexual assault victim responses by law
enforcement officers, medical system personnel, victim advocates and community service
organizations. Methods to promote this partnership include creating formal letters of agreement between
these agencies, appointing Sexual Assault Response Team (SART) coordinators to oversee operations at
each site, and promoting a collaborative relationship between hospitals treating sexual assault victims in a
given area (Cole, 2011, pp.363-364).

Protecting children is a vital and necessary goal for any community-policing program. In
England, partnerships between police agencies and child protective services were created to
provide children with care and support after being involved in domestic violence situations
(Stanley et al, 2011, p.2373)

Many community policing efforts focus on reducing juvenile delinquency by addressing various issues. The
goals of truancy reduction programs include establishing strong student/teacher relationships that
encourage attendance and increasing students’ scholastic performance.Providing students access to
school-based health care and free medical services is one way a school district can achieve this goal
(Dembo & Gulledge, 2009, p.444).

To help build collective efficacy, communication must exist with both residents and police providing a clear
message that their neighborhoodsdo not accept violence as a norm (Mazerolle, Wickes, & McBroom,
2010,p.6).
The amount of information exchanged between police agencies and citizens is
important to the success of any community policing program and the public’s willingness to
cooperate is evident by the amount of information citizens are giving police officers regarding
crimes occurring within their neighborhoods (Wells, Schafer, Varano, & Bynum, 2006, p.525).

Cordner (2005) examined the practice in 60 police departments. He looked at seven basic elements. There
appeared to be some decreases in crime, fear of crime, disorder, and calls for service, but
theseimprovements were either mixed or not across the board. Similarly, there were some moderate
improvements in community relations, police officer
attitudes, and police officer behavior.Adoption of community policing can backfire (Oliver and Meier,
2001)

The notion of community policing as public relations can be interpreted

in three ways: the characterization of community policing as public relations, its causes, and effects. This
section of the chapter is structured around these three processes and concludes with a series of
recommendations for change (Ross, 1995b).

Community service can provide a public relations benefit. Frequently the words and expressions public
relations and community relations are used interchangeably. But in reality, there is a difference between
the two. Although public relations was defined earlier in this book, a community relations program is best
seen as “a long-range, full scale effort to acquaint the police and the community with each other’s
problems and to stimulate action aimed at solving those problems” (Radalet and Carter, 1994, p. 31).

Strong relationships of mutual trust between police agencies and the communities they
serve are critical to maintaining public safety and effective policing. Police officials rely on the
cooperation of community members to provide information about crime in their neighborhoods and work
with the police to devise solutions to crime and disorder problems. Similarly,community members’
willingness to trust the police depends on whether they believe that police actions reflect community
values and incorporate the principles of procedural justice and legitimacy (US Department of Justice, 2015,
p. 1).

Grunig and Grunig (1992) conclude that most organizations do not practice the model that
would best serve them; organizations sometimes mix the communication models that they
practice. Given the nature of their work, police organizations operate within a hazardous
environment, making it difficult for those within the organization who wish to move toward the
development of two-way symmetric communications.

Giles (2002) concludes that the parallels between two-way symmetric communications and community
policing are substantial. Building strong and mutually beneficial relationships with community members
and community groups is a core element of community policing. Two-way symmetric communication
helps to facilitate the practice of community policing where police organizations and the public, both
active and inactive, engage in meaningful dialogue and change.Nevertheless, the practical challenges
associated with such communications in policing will have to be carefully considered for those efforts to
be successful.

Wehrman & DeAngelis (2011), suggest the underlying goals of police-community partnerships
should be seeking out ways for police departments to build stronger relationships with their
communities. This can be done through gaining residents’ confidence in the police, which will in turn
create more willingness to work with police in anticrime initiatives. Some of the anticrime initiatives
include: foot, bike, and Segway patrols. These initiatives take officers out from inside their vehicles, which
many have historically been seen as a barrier between the community and law enforcement, and places
them in position for more personal contact with citizens.

METHODOLOGY

this chapter present the methodology present shall be used in research design, respondent of the study,
locale of the study, sampling method, research instrument, data gathering procedure and statistical tool.

Research Design
The study will use the descriptive method of design to determine the problems encountered by
members of PNP on community relations program at Datu Paglas Philippine National Police.

Locale of the Study

The study will be conduct at Datu Paglas Philippine National Police, located along the highway, Poblacion
Datu Paglas Maguindanao.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study will be the members of PNP at Datu Paglas Maguindanao currently work
for the year 2021-2022.

Sampling Method
The study will use the purposive sampling to determine the target respondents.

Research Instruments
There will use a structured survey questionaire where it will be divided into 3 parts; part I-for the profile
of the respondents, part II shall be on the problems encountered by PNP organization on their community
relations program, and part III shall be devoted on their coping mechanisms.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher will seak permission to conduct the study from the dean of the college and referral letter
shall be taken from the Researcher Chairman to formally introduce the researcher to the covered local
government units four questionnaire shall be launched intentionally among the respondents and shall be
retrieved as soon as the respondents filled-out the same.

Statistical Tool
The simple statistics such as the frequency court percentage distributions, the mean and the grand mean
shall be used in the interpretation and anlysis of data.
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY MEMBERS OF PNP IN COMMUNITY RELATIONS PROGRAM

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear Respondent

Below are profile questions and indicators for you to answer and rate, please rate them as honestly as
you to make this study valid. Rest asorred that the information you shall provide shall be kept confidential
and shall be used for this study only.

Part I. Profile of the Respondents

Direction: Please put a check mark(√)on your answer choice om the space provided for.

A. Sex
( ) Male
( )Female

B. Age
( ) 25 years old and below
( ) 26-30 years old
( ) 31-35 years old
( ) 36-40 years old
( ) 41-45 years old
( ) 46-50 years old
( ) 51 years old and above

C. Degree
( ) BS. Crim
( ) other courses

Please specify

D. Civil Status
( ) single
( ) married
( ) divorced/separated
( ) widow/er

E.Length of service
( ) 5 years and below
( ) 6-10 yea
( ) 11-15 years
( ) 16-20 years
( ) 21 years old and above
Part II: Problems, Challenging, and Issues on PNP community relations program.

Below are indicators of experience that you might have experienced. Using a 3-point likert's scale as
follow. Agree(A) ,Undecided(UN),Disagree(D).

Indicators A UN D
(3) (2) (1)
1.Bribery
2.Retention and Recruitment
3.Lack of respect
4.Lack of participation in decision-making process
5.Police corruption
6.Policing terrorism
7.Police accountability
8.Community building
9.Misplaced priorities
10.Ethnic violence

Part III: Coping Mechanism of PNP members to cope with their problems and etc.

Indicators A UN D
(3) (2) (1)
1.Update anti-bribery policies
2.Leaders experiment with new police retention and recruitment
strategies
3.Treat all citizens with respect
4.Create and implemented accessibility strategies
5.Expose corrupt activities and risk that otherwise remain hidden
6.The goverenment-led multi agency prevent programme aims to stop
individuals becoming terrorists and police play a key role.

7.Creating an accountable police force start by implementing policies

that make them directly responsible to the people they serve.
8.Creating opportunities four educational exchanges such as citizens
police academies.
9.though secure communities have merely contact with local law
enforcement and have not committed serious crimes.
10.Sub-national boundaries aligned with natural communities can
reduce ethnic tensions and prevent violence.