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Electrical Trade Theory N2: National Certificate
Electrical Trade Theory N2: National Certificate
201Q1G2105
5. Sketches must be neat, labelled and large enough to show the required detail.
8. Work neatly.
⭓
1.2.3 Frequency
QUESTION 2: CONDUCTO
RS, INSULATORS AND CABLES
2.1 Indicate whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE by writing only
'True' or 'False' next to the question number (2.1.1–2.1.3) in the
ANSWER BOOK.
2.1.1 Armouring is used to provide mechanical protection for the cable and
also to serve as an earth continuity conductor.
⭓
industry.
2.1.3 It is allowable for cables to carry current above the maximum rating
for long periods of time
(3 × 1) (3)
2.2.1 Mica
2.2.2 Bakelite
2.2.3 Porcelain
⭓ (3 × 1) (3)
3.1 What is the difference between a disconnector and switch disconnector? (2)
3.2 Name ONE protective device that can be used to protect the circuit against
each the following fault conditions:
3.2.1 Overload ⭓
3.2.2 Earth-fault current
QUESTION 4: BATTERIES
4.1 List FIVE factors influencing the capacity of lead/acid batteries. (5)
4.3.1 Cathode
4.3.2 Anode
⭓
4.3.3 Electrolyte
(3 × 1) (3)
[10]
QUESTION 5: DC MACHINES
5.3 Draw TWO circuit diagrams to show how a change in direction of rotation of a
series motor is achieved. The first diagram must represent forward rotation and
the second the reverse rotation. Indicate the supply polarity as well as the
current flow in both circuits. (2 × 3) (6)
[10]
QUESTION 6: AC MACHINES
6.2
motors.
⭓
Explain the construction of a squirrel-cage rotor.
(2)
(3)
QUESTION 7: TRANSFORMERS
QUESTION 8: EARTHING
8.1 State FOUR measures to protect people, animals and property from harmful
⭓
earth-fault currents. (4)
COLUMN A COLUMN B
9.2.1 Measures highest average value of A power-factor meter
power during certain time interval
B maximum demand
9.2.2 Determines ratio of true power to meter
apparent power of an alternating-
9.2.3
current circuit
⭓ C watt-hour meter
TOTAL: 100
Copyright reserved
(11041872) -1-
FORMULA SHEET
AC THEORY 𝑒 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝑒 = 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin 𝜃
𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin 𝜃
1
𝑇=
𝑓
𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 0,637𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0,707𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑟 =
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
1
𝑋𝑐 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
𝑉
𝐼=
𝑍
𝑅
cos 𝜃 =
𝑍
STAR VL = 3 VPH
I L = I PH
DELTA VL = VPH
I L = 3 I PH
TRANSFORMER V1 N1 I 2 E1
= = =
V2 N 2 I1 E2
SINGLE-PHASE:
Apparent power S = VI
THREE-PHASE:
Apparent power: S = 3 VL I L
CIF A
Fault current: Ifc =
t
Copyright reserved
MARKING GUIDELINE
NATIONAL CERTIFICATE
5 August 2021
2.3
3.4 3.4.1 Maximum current that will be able to flow through a circuit breaker
before it opens the circuit.
QUESTION 4: BATTERIES
QUESTION 5: DC MACHINES
5.1 Distortion of the main magnetic field entering and leaving the armature
caused by the magnetic field of the armature. (2)
5.3
Or
QUESTION 6: AC MACHINES
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MARKING GUIDELINE -6-
ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3
6.3
Running
winding
QUESTION 7: TRANSFORMERS
𝑉𝐿2 = √3 × 220
7.1.2 𝐼𝐿1
𝐼𝑃1 =
√3
120
=
√3
7.2 A transformer transfers AC electrical power from one electric circuit to another
through the process of electromagnetic induction, converting one voltage to
another. (2)
9.2 9.2.1 B
9.2.2 A
9.2.3 C
(3 × 1) (3)
[6]
10.1 Solar
Wind
Biomass
Ocean
Water
Geothermal
Hydrogen
(Any relevant 4 × 1) (4)
10.3 Infrastructure and conductors ensuring delivery of electrical energy from all
points of generation to all points of consumption (2)
10.4 The electrical power is transmitted in delta (in delta connection neutral point
does not exist) (2)
[12]
TOTAL: 100
223Q1E2211
5. Sketches must be neat, labelled and large enough to show the required detail.
Calculate:
◩
1.3.1 Maximum EMF induced in the conductor
1.3.2 The instantaneous EMF when the conductor is 60° to the plane of
the magnetic field.
(2 × 3) (6)
[12]
2.2 Calculate the maximum fault current that a 10 mm2 cable can carry for a period
of 4 s. The cable has aluminium conductors with XLPE insulation. (3)
◩
2.3 State THREE factors that will influence the choice of a cable for a particular
application. (3)
[12]
3.1 Indicate whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE by writing only
'True' or 'False' next to the question number (3.1.1–3.1.4) in the
ANSWER BOOK.
3.1.1
◩
Tungsten is the best conductor of electricity.
3.1.4 Overload current is defined as the current that flows when a short
circuit occurs.
◩ (4 × 1) (4)
3.2 Explain the operation of a thermal magnetic type circuit breaker under a
short-circuit condition. (4)
QUESTION 4: BATTERIES
4.1 List FIVE factors to be considered regarding the care of lead acid batteries. (5)
QUESTION 5: DC MACHINES
5.1 Explain the purpose of the following components found in a face-plate starter
used to start DC motors:
QUESTION 6: AC MACHINES
6.1 A wound-rotor induction motor is widely used to drive large mechanical loads.
6.1.1 State how the rotor windings of these motors are connected. (1)
6.2 Show by means of a circuit diagram how the stator windings of a three-phase
induction motor are connected in delta. (3)
6.3 Name TWO applications of capacitor-start and capacitor-run induction motors. (2)
[8]
QUESTION 7: TRANSFORMERS
7.1 Briefly explain the difference between the magnetising component and core-
loss component of the no-load current of a transformer. (4)
◩
7.2 The secondary voltage of a 100 kVA single-phase ideal transformer is 220 V
when the supply to the transformer is 11 kV.
QUESTION 8: EARTHING
9.1 With the aid of a circuit diagram, show how a wattmeter is connected to a high-
voltage circuit. (3)
COLUMN A COLUMN B
10.3.1 The conversion of energy from A feeder
flowing water into electricity ◩
B prime mover
10.3.2 The carrying of electricity from
transmission to consumers C hydroelectric
TOTAL: 100
FORMULA SHEET
AC Theory: 𝑒 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝑒 = 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin 𝜃
𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin 𝜃
1
𝑇=
𝑓
𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 0,637𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0,707𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑟 =
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
1
𝑋𝑐 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
𝑍 = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
𝑉
𝐼=
𝑍
𝑅
cos 𝜃 =
𝑍
Star: VL 3 VPH
I L I PH
Delta: VL VPH
I L 3 I PH
Transformer: V1 N1 I 2 E1
V2 N 2 I1 E2
Single-phase
Apparent power: S = VI
Three-phase
Apparent power: S 3 VL I L
CIF A
Fault current: Ifc
t
Copyright reserved
MARKING GUIDELINE
NATIONAL CERTIFICATE
11 February 2022
1.1 1.1.1 The average of all instantaneous values over one cycle.
1.1.2 The ratio of the rms value of the wave to its average value.
(2 × 2) (4)
1.3 Data
l = 85 mm = 0,085 m ß = 0,9 tesla
V = 25 m/s θ = 60°
2.2 𝐶𝐼𝐹 × 𝐴
𝐼𝑓𝑐 =
√𝑡
92 ×16
𝐼𝑓𝑐 =
√4
1472
= 2
= 736 𝐴 (3)
Copyright reserved
2.3 The circuit protection used, cable length, maximum load, the minimum
power factor, the potential short-circuit current, exposure to the elements, the
permissible voltage drop. (Any 3 x 1) (3)
[12]
3.2 The large fault current turns the solenoid into a strong electromagnet,
attracting the iron armature, pushing a non-conductive link against the switch
to the circuit. Tripping will take place before the large fault current reaches
the bimetal strip. (4)
3.3 To automatically switch on lights at dusk, keep the lights on during the night
and then switch off the lights at dawn. (2)
[10]
QUESTION 4: BATTERIES
4.1 The level of the electrolyte must be checked regularly and kept above the
plates by topping up the battery with distilled water
Caution must be exercised due to highly explosive hydrogen gas given off
during charging
Remove terminal conductors when storing batteries
Keep terminals clean
Keep temperature below 40 °C
Do not add acid to the battery
Keep vent holes in the filler plugs open (Any 5 × 1) (5)
4.2 Relative density is the ratio of the density of an electrolyte to the density of
the same volume of water. (2)
5.1 5.1.1 The NVR (no voltage relay) automatically disconnects the motor
from the supply if the supply voltage drops below the rated value.
5.1.2 The OLR (overload relay) automatically disconnects the motor from
the supply if there is an overload or a short circuit.
(2 × 2) (4)
5.2
Supply 1 mark
Direction of current 1 mark
Reversing of field winding 1 mark
Supply 1 mark
Direction of current 1 mark
Reversing of armature 1 mark (6)
[10]
6.2 OR
(3)
QUESTION 7: TRANSFORMERS
7.1 Magnetising component is 90 out of phase with respect to the applied primary
voltage and the function is to produce the magnetic flux, whereas the core-
loss component is in phase with the applied voltage and its function is to supply
the iron loss (constant loss) as well as the small copper loss occurring in the
primary winding. (4)
= 50 ∶ 1 (2)
7.2.2 𝑆 = 𝑉𝐼
100 000
𝐼1 =
11 000
= 9,091 𝐴 (2)
= 454,545 𝐴
(2)
[10]
QUESTION 8: EARTHING
8.1 Floating earth results when there is no electrical connection between a portable
electrical appliance and the earthing system of the supply. (2)
8.2 8.2.1 The wire armouring of an armoured cable may be used as an earth-
continuity conductor as longas it complies with the requirements of
SANS 10142.
8.2.2 Hot and cold-water system shall be bonded together and also be
bonded to the earth continuity conductor system.
8.3 By installing a bare earth conductor above the overhead lines, which is
grounded. (2)
[10]
(3)
9.2 𝐼𝑆𝐻 = 𝐼𝑇 − 𝐼𝑚
𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑚
𝑅𝑆𝐻 =
𝐼𝑆𝐻
0,01 ×50
=
1,49
= 0,336 Ω (3)
[6]
10.1 Coal
Natural gas
Oil
Nuclear energy (4)
10.2 Generation
Transmission
Distribution
Utilization (4)
10.3 10.3.1 C
10.3.2 D
10.3.3 A
Copyright reserved
10.3.4 B
(4 × 1) (4)
[12]
TOTAL: 100
Copyright reserved
NATIONAL CERTIFICATE
195Q1A2208
4. Where applicable, answers must be in accordance with the SABS (SANS) code
of practice SANS 10142-1: 2003 for the wiring of premises.
5. Sketches must be neat, labelled and large enough to show the required detail.
1.1.1
1.1.2
Instantaneous value
Average value
▩ (2)
(2)
COLUMN A COLUMN B
2.1.1 The most commonly used insulation, A asbestos
especially for conductors and cables is ….
B silicone
2.1.2 Silicon is used to insulate conductors
exposed to relatively high temperatures C PVC
in ….
D electric stoves
2.1.3 An insulator that does not react to and heaters
chemicals.
E ceramics
2.1.4 An excellent insulator for high-voltage
components, transformers and other
electrical machines working at extreme
2.1.5
temperatures is known as ….
2.2 A 220V single-phase supply is connected to a load that draws 5A. If the total
resistance of the conductors is 0,8Ω, calculate the following:
3.1 Switchgears are used in an electric power system to control, to protect and to
isolate electrical equipment from abnormal conditions in an electric circuit.
3.1.1 Isolating
3.2 Name the protective device used to protect against the harmful effects of the
following faults:
QUESTION 4: BATTERIES
4.2 Briefly explain how a gel battery is charged during fast mode. (3)
4.3 List FOUR aspects to consider concerning the care and maintenance of lithium-
ion batteries. (4)
[10]
▩
QUESTION 5: DC MACHINES
5.1 State the functions of the following DC machines in terms of energy conversion:
5.1.1 DC generator
5.2 Briefly explain the concept, back EMF as applicable to DC motors. (2)
5.4 Draw a circuit diagram showing how the armature and field coils of a long shunt
compound motor are connected to the supply. (4)
[10]
QUESTION 6: AC MACHINES
6.2 Explain how the direction of rotation of a single-phase (split-phase) motor can
be reversed. (2)
6.3 Draw a neat, fully labelled circuit diagram of a capacitor start capacitor run
single-phase motor. (4)
[8]
QUESTION 7: TRANSFORMERS
7.1 A single-phase transformer has a supply of 220 V. The turns ratio is 1:8. The
secondary current is 2 A and the secondary coil has 200 turns. Calculate the
following:
7.2 State why transformers are rated in kVA and not in kW. (2)
7.3 Draw a neat labelled vector diagram of a transformer working at no-load. (3)
[10]
QUESTION 8: EARTHING
8.3 Indicate whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE by writing only
'True' or 'False' next to the question number (8.3.1–8.3.4) in the
ANSWER BOOK.
8.3.2 Wire armouring and lead-sheathed cables have a separate core that
can serve as the earth continuity conductor.
▩ [10]
9.1 A moving-coil instrument with an internal resistance of 120 ohms gives a full-
scale deflection when a current of 0,04A flows through it. Determine the value
of the additional component required to enable the instrument to be used as a
voltmeter, reading 0 – 50 V. (3)
▩ [6]
10.1 Name FOUR different types of power stations found in South Africa (4)
10.2 List TWO advantages and disadvantages of a radial feeder system. (4)
10.3 With the aid of a neat, labelled layout diagram, illustrate how a prime mover
can be operated by a source of renewable energy. (4)
[12]
▩
Copyright reserved
TOTAL:
Please turn over
100
(11041872) -7-
FORMULA SHEET
AC Theory: 𝑒 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝑒 = 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin 𝜃
𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin 𝜃
1
𝑇=
𝑓
𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 0,637𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0,707𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑟 =
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
1
𝑋𝑐 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
𝑉
𝐼=
𝑍
𝑅
cos 𝜃 =
𝑍
Star: VL = 3 VPH
I L = I PH
Delta: VL = VPH
I L = 3 I PH
Transformer: V1 N1 I 2 E1
= = =
V2 N 2 I1 E2
Single-phase
Apparent power: S = VI
Three-phase
Apparent power: S = 3 VL I L
CIF A
Fault current: Ifc =
t
8 July 2022
1.1 1.1.1 Smaller values occurring at specific instants before or after the
maximum value of a wave. (2)
1.2.2 𝑆 = √3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿
∴= √3 × 400 × 35✓
= 24248,711 𝑉𝐴 𝑜𝑟 = 24,249𝑘𝑉𝐴✓ (2)
1.2.3 𝐼𝐿
𝐼𝑝 =
√3
35
∴= ✓
√3
= 20,207 𝐴✓ (2)
[12]
2.1 2.1.1 C
2.1.2 D
2.1.3 E
2.1.4 B
2.1.5 A
(5 x 1) (5)
3.1.2 • Relays
• Contactors
• Timers
• Day-night switches (Any 2 × 1) (2)
3.3 When the relay coil is magnetised,✓ it attracts an iron armature.✓ This
movement closes or opens contacts.✓ (3)
[10]
QUESTION 4: BATTERIES
4.2 At the start of charging in fast mode, the full current of the charger flows into
the battery as the voltage builds up to a pre-set value.✓ Once the voltage
reaches this desired value, the battery is fully charged✓ and the current begins
tapering down.✓ (3)
QUESTION 5: DC MACHINES
5.2 The emf induced in the rotating armature conductors of a DC motor, which
opposes the applied voltage. (2)
5.4
Mark Allocation:
Shunt field winding connection 1 mark
Series field winding connection 1 mark
Armature connection 1 mark
Supply 1 mark (4)
[10]
QUESTION 6
6.3
Mark Allocation
Correctness of rotor 1 mark
Connection of running winding and auxiliary winding ½ mark
Running capacitor connected with switch in series 1 mark
Starting capacitor connected parallel with running and switch 1 mark
Supply ½ mark (4)
[8]
QUESTION 7: TRANSFORMERS
7.1 7.1.1 𝐼2 𝑁1
=
𝐼1 𝑁2
8×2
∴ 𝐼1 = ✓
1
= 16𝐴 ✓
(2)
7.1.2 𝑉 1 𝑁1 Alternative:
=
𝑉 2 𝑁2
𝐼2 𝑉1
8×220 =
∴ 𝑉2 = ✓ 𝐼1 𝑉2
1
220 × 16
∴ 𝑉2 =
= 1 760 𝑉 ✓ 2
= 1 760 𝑉 (2)
7.1.3 𝑆 = 𝑉2 𝐼2 Alternative:
= 1760 × 2 = 3 520 𝑉𝐴 ✓ 𝑆 = 𝑉1 𝐼1
7.2 The losses occurring in the transformers are independent of the power factor. (2)
7.3
Mark Allocation
(V1 and E2) 1 mark
(𝐼𝑚 and 𝐼𝑜 ) 1 mark
(𝜃𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜑) 1 mark (3)
[10]
QUESTION 8: EARTHING
8.2 Is to provide a path to ground from all parts of an electrical installation for any
harmful energy such as leakage current, static charges and lightning
discharges. (2)
8.3.2 False
8.3.3 False
8.3.4 True
(4 × 1) (4)
[10]
9.1 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝑚 + 𝑉𝑠𝑒
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑚 + 𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑠𝑒
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐼𝑚 (𝑅𝑚 + 𝑅𝑠𝑒 )
𝑉
∴ 𝑅𝑠𝑒 = − 𝑅𝑚 ✓
𝐼𝑚
50
= − 120 ✓
0,04
= 1130 Ω ✓ (3)
10.2 Advantages:
• It is the simplest method of energy distribution
• The initial costs are low
• Minimum cabling is required
• Less maintenance is required (Any 2 × 1)
Disadvantages:
• A fault will result in the loss of supply to a number of consumers
• Regions closest to the transformer get heavily loaded
• Consumers furthest away experience serious voltage drops that
lead to fluctuations in the supply voltage (Any 2 × 1)
(4)
10.3
Mark Allocation
Any relevant correct layout diagram 2 marks
Any FOUR correct labels ½ mark each (4)
[12]
TOTAL: 100
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