Electrical Trade Theory N2: National Certificate

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE
ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N2

(11041872)
5 August 2021 (X-paper)

09:00–12:00
Drawing instruments and nonprogrammable calculators may be used.
This question paper consists of 6 pages and a formula sheet of 2 pages.
201Q1G2105
Copyright reserved Please turn over

(11041872) -2-
DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND TRAINING

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
TIME: 3 HOURS
MARKS: 100
INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION
1. Answer all the questions.
2. Read all the questions carefully.
3. Number the answers according to the numbering system used in this

question paper.
4. Where applicable, answers must be in accordance with the SABS (SANS)

Code of Practice SANS 10142-1:2003 for the Wiring of Premises.
5. Sketches must be neat, labelled and large enough to show the required detail.
6. Answers must be rounded to THREE decimals.
7. No mark will be allocated for incorrect SI units.
8. Work neatly.

(11041872) -3-
QUESTION 1: ALTERNATING-CURRENT THEORY
1.1 Define the following terms:
1.1.1 RMS value ⭓

1.1.2 Instantaneous value
(2 × 2) (4)
1.2 A waveform is represented by the equation e = 200 sin 314,28 t.
Calculate each of the following:
1.2.1 RMS value
1.2.2 Average value
⭓
1.2.3 Frequency
1.2.4 Form factor

(4 × 2) (8)
[12]
QUESTION 2: CONDUCTO
RS, INSULATORS AND CABLES
2.1 Indicate whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE by writing only
'True' or 'False' next to the question number (2.1.1–2.1.3) in the
ANSWER BOOK.
2.1.1 Armouring is used to provide mechanical protection for the cable and
also to serve as an earth continuity conductor.
2.1.2 Copper is the most commonly used insulator in the electrical
⭓
industry.
2.1.3 It is allowable for cables to carry current above the maximum rating
for long periods of time
(3 × 1) (3)
2.2 State the use of each of the following insulating materials:
2.2.1 Mica
2.2.2 Bakelite
2.2.3 Porcelain
⭓ (3 × 1) (3)
2.3 Draw a neat, labelled diagram of a PILCSWA cable. (6)

[12]

(11041872) -4-
QUESTION 3: SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTIVE DEVICES
3.1 What is the difference between a disconnector and switch disconnector? (2)
3.2 Name ONE protective device that can be used to protect the circuit against
each the following fault conditions:
3.2.1 Overload ⭓
3.2.2 Earth-fault current
3.2.3 Voltage surge

(3 × 1) (3)
3.3 Which part of a relay is connected to the control circuit? (1)
3.4 Briefly explain the following circuit-breaker ratings: ⭓

3.4.1 Overload rating
3.4.2 Short-circuit rating

(2 × 2) (4)
[10]
QUESTION 4: BATTERIES
4.1 List FIVE factors influencing the capacity of lead/acid batteries. (5)
4.2 Name TWO applications of gel batteries. ⭓ (2)
4.3 Briefly describe each of the following components of lithium/ion batteries:
4.3.1 Cathode
4.3.2 Anode
⭓
4.3.3 Electrolyte
(3 × 1) (3)
[10]

(11041872) -5-
QUESTION 5: DC MACHINES
5.1 State what is meant by armature reaction. (2)
5.2 Name TWO methods that can be used to improve commutation.

⭓ (2)
5.3 Draw TWO circuit diagrams to show how a change in direction of rotation of a
series motor is achieved. The first diagram must represent forward rotation and
the second the reverse rotation. Indicate the supply polarity as well as the
current flow in both circuits. (2 × 3) (6)
[10]
QUESTION 6: AC MACHINES
6.1 Give TWO advantages of three-phase motors compared to single-phase
6.2
motors.
⭓
Explain the construction of a squirrel-cage rotor.
(2)
(3)
6.3 Draw a circuit diagram of a capacitor-start induction-run AC motor. (3)

[8]
QUESTION 7: TRANSFORMERS
7.1 A three-phase transformer has a delta-connected primary and a star-connected

secondary. The transformer is connected to a 1,1-kV supply. The secondary
phase voltage is 220 V.
⭓
Calculate each of the following:
7.1.1 Secondary line voltage (1)
7.1.2 Primary phase current when transformer draws a full-load current of

120A from the supply (2)
7.1.3 Transformer rating in kVA (2)
7.2 State the function of a transformer.

⭓ (2)
7.3 State THREE common three-phase transformers configurations. (3)

[10]

(11041872) -6-
QUESTION 8: EARTHING
8.1 State FOUR measures to protect people, animals and property from harmful
⭓
earth-fault currents. (4)
8.2 Give the main function of each of the following:
8.2.1 Earth-tag washer
8.2.2 Cable gland

(2 × 2) (4)
8.3 Define touch voltage. (2)

[10]
QUESTION 9: MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

⭓
9.1 Name THREE disadvantages of digital measuring instruments. (3)
9.2 Choose an item from COLUMN B that matches a description in COLUMN A.

Write only the letter (A–D) next to the question number (9.2.1–9.2.3) in the
ANSWER BOOK.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
9.2.1 Measures highest average value of A power-factor meter
power during certain time interval
B maximum demand
9.2.2 Determines ratio of true power to meter
apparent power of an alternating-
9.2.3
current circuit
⭓ C watt-hour meter
Measures total energy used during D frequency meter

a certain time interval
(3 × 1) (3)
[6]
QUESTION 10: RENEWABLE ENERGY AND RETICULATION
10.1 Name FOUR types of nonrenewable energy sources. (4)
10.2 Name FOUR types of power stations. ⭓ (4)
10.3 Define electrical reticulation network. (2)
10.4 Why is there no neutral conductor in a high-voltage transmission line? (2)

[12]
TOTAL: 100
Copyright reserved
(11041872) -1-
FORMULA SHEET
Any other applicable formula may also be used.
AC THEORY 𝑒 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝑒 = 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin 𝜃
𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin 𝜃
1
𝑇=
𝑓
𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 0,637𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0,707𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑟 =
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
1
𝑋𝑐 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
𝑉
𝐼=
𝑍
𝑅
cos 𝜃 =
𝑍
STAR VL = 3 VPH
I L = I PH
DELTA VL = VPH
I L = 3 I PH
TRANSFORMER V1 N1 I 2 E1
= = =
V2 N 2 I1 E2

(11041872) -2-
SINGLE-PHASE:
Apparent power S = VI
True power P = VI cosø
Reactive power: Q = VI sinø
THREE-PHASE:
Apparent power: S = 3 VL I L
True power: P = 3 VL I L cosø
Reactive power: Q = 3 VL I L sinø
CIF  A
Fault current: Ifc =
t
Copyright reserved
MARKING GUIDELINE
5 August 2021
This marking guideline consists of 8 pages.

MARKING GUIDELINE -2-
QUESTION 1: ALTERNATING CURRENT THEORY
1.1.1 RMS value: value of an alternating quantity producing the same

heat energy as direct quantity when applied t same resistance.
1.1.2 Instantaneous value of alternating quantities: are smaller values

occurring at specific instant before or after the maximum value of a
wave.
(2 x 2) (4)
1.2 1.2.1 𝐸𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 0,707𝐸𝑀

= 0,707 × 200
= 141,4 V
1.2.2 𝐸𝐴𝑉𝐸 = 0,637𝐸𝑀

= 0,637 × 200
= 127,4 V
1.2.3 2𝜋𝑓𝑡 = 314,28𝑡

314,28𝑡
f = 2𝜋 
= 50Hz
1.2.4 𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝐴𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
141,4
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 127,4
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1,11 

(4 × 2) (8)
[12]
QUESTION 2: CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS AND CABLES
2.1 2.1.1 True

2.1.2 False
2.1.3 False
(3 × 1) (3)
2.2 2.2.1 Thermal insulation

Electrical insulator in electronic appliance
Insulation between commutator segment of DC machine
(Any one)
2.2.2 Used to manufacture various components including telephone

casing, kitchenware, circuit-breaker casing, children's toys
2.2.3 Used in overhead line insulators

(3 × 1) (3)

2.3
(ONE mark for each correct labelling) (6)

[12]
QUESTION 3: SWITCHGEAR, CONTACTORS AND RELAYS
3.1 A disconnector is an off-load isolator whilst a switch disconnector is an on-

load isolator. (2)
3.2 3.2.1 Circuit breaker

3.2.2 Earth-leakage unit
3.2.3 Surge arrestor
(3 × 1) (3)
3.3 Coil (1)
3.4 3.4.1 Maximum current that will be able to flow through a circuit breaker
before it opens the circuit.
3.4.2 Maximum fault current that a circuit breaker is capable of

interrupting or capable of withstanding
(2 × 2) (4)
[10]
4.1  Size of plates

 Rate of discharge
 Number of plates
 Quantity of active materials
 Temperature (5 x 1) (5)
4.2  Motor cycles

 Marine equipment
 Wheelchairs
 Camcorders
 Telecommunication industry (2 x 1) (2)

4.3 4.3.1 Positive electrode

4.3.2 Negative electrode
4.3.3 Medium transport of lithium ions from the cathode to the anode or
vice versa
(3 × 1) (3)
[10]
5.1 Distortion of the main magnetic field entering and leaving the armature
caused by the magnetic field of the armature. (2)
5.2  Shifting brushes

 Increasing brush contact resistance
 Increasing field flux
 Interpoles (Any 2 × 1) (2)
5.3
Or

Supply ONE mark for each sketch

Reversing of field winding ONE mark for each sketch
Direction of current ONE mark for each sketch
(3 × 2) (6)
[10]
6.1  Simple construction

 Self-starting
 Higher starting torque for same output
 More efficient
 Available in various sizes
 Cheaper for same output
 Small physical size for same output (Any 2 × 1) (2)
6.2  Consists of steel laminations, with aluminium or copper conductors

embedded in its surface
 The conductor bars are inserted from one end of the rotor and as one bar
in each slot.
 The rotor bars are then short-circuited at the ends with end rings. (3)
Copyright reserved
6.3
Running
winding
½ mark for each correct label (3)

[8]
7.1 7.1.1 𝑉𝐿2 = √3 𝑉𝑃2
𝑉𝐿2 = √3 × 220
𝑉𝐿2 = 381,051 𝑉  (1)
7.1.2 𝐼𝐿1
𝐼𝑃1 =
√3
120
= 
√3
= 69, 282 𝐴  (2)
7.1.3 𝑆 = √3 𝑉𝐿1 𝐼𝐿1 OR 𝑆 = 3 𝑉𝑃1 𝐼𝑃1
𝑆 = √3 × 1100 × 120  𝑆 = 3 × 1100 × 69,282
= 228, 631 𝑘𝑉𝐴  = 228, 631 𝑘𝑉𝐴 (2)
7.2 A transformer transfers AC electrical power from one electric circuit to another
through the process of electromagnetic induction, converting one voltage to
another. (2)
7.3  Star-star connection

 Delta-star connection
 Star-Delta connection
 Delta-delta connection (Any 3 × 1) (3)
[10]

8.1  Electrically separate high voltage from user (isolating transformer)

 Earth conductive parts
 Enclose equipment operating with high voltage (e.g. fencing)
 Double-insulate electric equipment
 Install earth leakage protection
 Bond all to common earth to ensure electrical earth continuity
(Any relevant 4 × 1) (4)
8.2 8.2.1 Connecting earth continuity conductor to cable armouring or steel

enclosure
8.2.2 Fixing (Tightening) cable and electrically connect armouring to

equipment. (2 × 2) (4)
8.3 Voltage which, during insulation fault, appears between simultaneously

accessible conductive parts (2)
[10]
QUESTION 9: MEASURING INSTRUMENT
9.1  Relatively expensive

 Can be affected by ambient temperature
 Voltage limitations
 Battery operated LCD display (Any 3 × 1) (3)
9.2 9.2.1 B
9.2.2 A
9.2.3 C
(3 × 1) (3)
[6]
QUESTION 10: RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ELECTRICAL RETICULATION
10.1  Solar
 Wind
 Biomass
 Ocean
 Water
 Geothermal
 Hydrogen

10.2  Gas turbine power station
 Solar power station
 Wind turbine power station
 Hydroelectric power station
 Nuclear power station
 Coal fired power station
10.3 Infrastructure and conductors ensuring delivery of electrical energy from all
points of generation to all points of consumption (2)
10.4 The electrical power is transmitted in delta (in delta connection neutral point
does not exist) (2)
[12]
TOTAL: 100


(11041872)
11 February 2022 (X-paper)
09:00–12:00
Drawing instruments and nonprogrammable calculators may be used.
223Q1E2211

(11041872) -2-

TIME: 3 HOURS
MARKS: 100

question paper.
4. Where applicable, answers must be in accordance with the

SABS (SANS) Code of Practice SANS 10142-1:2003 for the Wiring of
Premises.
6. Answer must be given to TWO decimals.
7. No marks will be allocated for incorrect SI units.
8. Start each question on a new page.
9. Only use a black or blue pen.
10. Write neatly and legibly.

(11041872) -3-
1.1 Define the following:
1.1.1 Average value
1.1.2 Form Factor ◩ (2 × 2) (4)
1.2 Name TWO effects of low a power factor. (2)
1.3 A conductor of length 85 mm rotates through a magnetic field at a velocity of

25 m/s.
The flux density of the field is 0,9 tesla (T).
Calculate:
◩
1.3.1 Maximum EMF induced in the conductor
1.3.2 The instantaneous EMF when the conductor is 60° to the plane of
the magnetic field.
(2 × 3) (6)
[12]
2.1 Cables are usually joined by using splicing kits. ◩

State SIX steps to be followed when making a cable joint. (6)
2.2 Calculate the maximum fault current that a 10 mm2 cable can carry for a period
of 4 s. The cable has aluminium conductors with XLPE insulation. (3)
◩
2.3 State THREE factors that will influence the choice of a cable for a particular
application. (3)
[12]

(11041872) -4-
ANSWER BOOK.
3.1.1
◩
Tungsten is the best conductor of electricity.
3.1.2 A circuit breaker may be used as a local switch disconnector, if it

complies with the standards of a disconnector.
3.1.3 The overcurrent protection device protecting a three-phase motor

must allow the motor to continue running if single phase occurs.
3.1.4 Overload current is defined as the current that flows when a short
circuit occurs.
◩ (4 × 1) (4)
3.2 Explain the operation of a thermal magnetic type circuit breaker under a
short-circuit condition. (4)
3.3 State the function of a day-night switch. (2)

[10]
4.1 List FIVE factors to be considered regarding the care of lead acid batteries. (5)
4.2 Briefly explain the term relative density.

◩ (2)
4.3 State THREE disadvantages of lithium ion batteries. (3)

[10]
5.1 Explain the purpose of the following components found in a face-plate starter
used to start DC motors:
5.1.1 The NVR (no voltage relay)
5.1.2 The OLR (overload relay)

(2 × 2) (4)
◩
5.2 With the aid of TWO circuit diagrams, show how a change in the direction of
rotation of a shunt motor is achieved.
Indicate the current flow in both circuits. (2 × 3) (6)

[10]

(11041872) -5-
6.1 A wound-rotor induction motor is widely used to drive large mechanical loads.
6.1.1 State how the rotor windings of these motors are connected. (1)
6.1.2 How are the large starting currents limited? ◩ (2)
6.2 Show by means of a circuit diagram how the stator windings of a three-phase
induction motor are connected in delta. (3)
6.3 Name TWO applications of capacitor-start and capacitor-run induction motors. (2)
[8]
7.1 Briefly explain the difference between the magnetising component and core-
loss component of the no-load current of a transformer. (4)
◩
7.2 The secondary voltage of a 100 kVA single-phase ideal transformer is 220 V
when the supply to the transformer is 11 kV.
Calculate the following: ◩

7.2.1 Turns ratio
7.2.2 Value of the primary current at full load
7.2.3 Maximum secondary current

(3 × 2) (6)
[10]
8.1 Briefly explain what you understand by a floating earth. (2)
8.2 What does SANS 10142 stipulate with regards to:
8.2.1 Wire armouring of a cable as an earth continuity conductor
8.2.2 Bonding of a hot and cold-water system
8.2.3 Leakage currents

(3 × 2) (6)
◩
8.3 How is earthing done for overhead lines? (2)
[10]

(11041872) -6-
9.1 With the aid of a circuit diagram, show how a wattmeter is connected to a high-
voltage circuit. (3)
9.2 A galvanometer with an internal resistance of 50 Ω gives full-scale deflection

when 10 mA (milliamperes) flows the meter.
◩
Calculate the value of a shunt resistor to be used with the meter so that it will
be able to measure a current of 1,5 A (amperes). (3)
[6]
10.1 Name FOUR types of non-renewable energy sources. (4)
10.2 An electrical reticulation network is divided into four sections.
Name them. ◩ (4)
10.3 Choose a term from COLUMN B that matches a description in COLUMN A.

Write only the letter (A–F) next to the question number (10.3.1–10.3.4) in the
ANSWER BOOK.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
10.3.1 The conversion of energy from A feeder
flowing water into electricity ◩
B prime mover
10.3.2 The carrying of electricity from
transmission to consumers C hydroelectric
10.3.3 An electrical power line that transfers D distribution

electrical energy from a distribution
substation to the distribution
transformers
E radial
◩
F photovoltaic
10.3.4 A mechanical source of angular
motion
(4 × 1) (4)
[12]
TOTAL: 100

(11041872) -1-
FORMULA SHEET
Any applicable formula may also be used.
AC Theory: 𝑒 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
1
𝑇=
𝑓
1
𝑋𝑐 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
𝑍 = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
𝑉
𝐼=
𝑍
𝑅
cos 𝜃 =
𝑍
Star: VL  3 VPH
I L  I PH
Delta: VL  VPH
I L  3 I PH
Transformer: V1 N1 I 2 E1
  
V2 N 2 I1 E2
Single-phase
Apparent power: S = VI
True power: P = VIcosø
Reactive power: Q = VIsinø

(11041872) -2-
Three-phase
Apparent power: S  3 VL I L
True power: P  3 VL I L cosø
Reactive power: Q  3 VL I L sinø
CIF  A
Fault current: Ifc 
t
Copyright reserved
MARKING GUIDELINE
11 February 2022

1.1 1.1.1 The average of all instantaneous values over one cycle.
1.1.2 The ratio of the rms value of the wave to its average value.
(2 × 2) (4)
1.2  Increased copper losses

 It reduces the efficiency of the plant
 Thicker cables are required
 It costs consumers more for the same load
 It limits the output of both generators and transformers
 It draws more current from the supply (Any 2 × 1) (2)
1.3 Data
l = 85 mm = 0,085 m ß = 0,9 tesla
V = 25 m/s θ = 60°
1.3.1 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 =ßlv sinƟ

= 0,9 × 0,085 × 25 × sin 90° 
= 1,913 V
1.3.2 e = 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ

= 1,913 × sin 60° 
= 1,657 V 
(2 x 3) (6)
[12]
2.1  Ensure that cables are isolated.

 Prepare the ends for joining.
 Join the conductors using crimped ferrules.
 Insulate each conductor.
 Reshield.
 Rejacket.
(6 x 1) (6)
2.2 𝐶𝐼𝐹 × 𝐴
𝐼𝑓𝑐 =
√𝑡
92 ×16
𝐼𝑓𝑐 = 
√4
1472
= 2 
= 736 𝐴  (3)
Copyright reserved
2.3 The circuit protection used, cable length, maximum load, the minimum
power factor, the potential short-circuit current, exposure to the elements, the
permissible voltage drop. (Any 3 x 1) (3)
[12]
3.1 3.1.1 False

3.1.2 True
3.1.3 False
3.1.4 False
(4 x 1) (4)
3.2 The large fault current turns the solenoid into a strong electromagnet, 
attracting the iron armature, pushing a non-conductive link against the switch
to the circuit.  Tripping will take place before the large fault current reaches
the bimetal strip.  (4)
3.3 To automatically switch on lights at dusk, keep the lights on during the night
and then switch off the lights at dawn.  (2)
[10]
4.1  The level of the electrolyte must be checked regularly and kept above the
plates by topping up the battery with distilled water
 Caution must be exercised due to highly explosive hydrogen gas given off
during charging
 Remove terminal conductors when storing batteries
 Keep terminals clean
 Keep temperature below 40 °C
 Do not add acid to the battery
 Keep vent holes in the filler plugs open (Any 5 × 1) (5)
4.2 Relative density is the ratio of the density of an electrolyte to the density of
the same volume of water. (2)
4.3  Sensitive to overcharging

 Expensive
 Safety concerns – explodes when overheated
 Sensitive to high temperatures
 Transport challenges – limited quantities by air travel
(Any 3 x 1) (3)
[10]

5.1 5.1.1 The NVR (no voltage relay) automatically disconnects the motor
from the supply if the supply voltage drops below the rated value.

5.1.2 The OLR (overload relay) automatically disconnects the motor from
the supply if there is an overload or a short circuit. 
(2 × 2) (4)
5.2
Supply 1 mark
Direction of current 1 mark
Reversing of field winding 1 mark
Supply 1 mark
Direction of current 1 mark
Reversing of armature 1 mark (6)
[10]

6.1 6.1.1 Star connected (1)
6.1.2 By adding resistors in series with the rotor windings to produce a

high starting torque, and to control the speed of the motor.  (2)
6.2 OR
(3)
6.3  Washing machine

 Lawn mower
 Swimming pool pumps (Any 2 × 1) (2)
[8]
7.1 Magnetising component is 90 out of phase with respect to the applied primary
voltage and the function is to produce the magnetic flux, whereas the core-
loss component is in phase with the applied voltage and its function is to supply
the iron loss (constant loss) as well as the small copper loss occurring in the
primary winding.  (4)
7.2 7.2.1 𝑉𝑃1

𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑉𝑃2
11 000
= 
220
= 50 ∶ 1  (2)
7.2.2 𝑆 = 𝑉𝐼
100 000
𝐼1 = 
11 000
= 9,091 𝐴  (2)

7.2.3 𝑆 = 𝑉𝐼
100 000
𝐼2 = 
220
= 454,545 𝐴 
(2)
[10]
8.1 Floating earth results when there is no electrical connection between a portable
electrical appliance and the earthing system of the supply.  (2)
8.2 8.2.1 The wire armouring of an armoured cable may be used as an earth-
continuity conductor as longas it complies with the requirements of
SANS 10142. 
8.2.2 Hot and cold-water system shall be bonded together and also be
bonded to the earth continuity conductor system. 
8.2.3 People, animals and property shall be protected against harmful

earth fault currents  by protective measures such as the use of
earth leakage protection for socket outlet circuits. 
(3 × 2) (6)
8.3 By installing a bare earth conductor above the overhead lines, which is
grounded. (2)
[10]
QUESTION9: MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

9.1

(3)
9.2 𝐼𝑆𝐻 = 𝐼𝑇 − 𝐼𝑚
𝐼𝑆𝐻 = 1,5 − 0,01 = 1,49 A 
𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑚
𝑅𝑆𝐻 =
𝐼𝑆𝐻
0,01 ×50
= 
1,49
= 0,336 Ω  (3)
[6]
10.1  Coal
 Natural gas
 Oil
 Nuclear energy (4)
10.2  Generation
 Transmission
 Distribution
 Utilization (4)
10.3 10.3.1 C
10.3.2 D
10.3.3 A
Copyright reserved
10.3.4 B
(4 × 1) (4)
[12]
TOTAL: 100
Copyright reserved

(11041872)
8 July 2022 (X-paper)

09:00–12:00
195Q1A2208

(11041872) -2-

TIME: 3 HOURS
MARKS: 100

question paper.
4. Where applicable, answers must be in accordance with the SABS (SANS) code
of practice SANS 10142-1: 2003 for the wiring of premises.
6. Answers must be given to three decimal places.
7. Marks will not be allocated for incorrect SI units.
8. Write neatly and legibly.

(11041872) -3-
QUESTION 1: ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUIT THEORY
1.1 Define the following terms:
1.1.1
1.1.2
Instantaneous value
Average value
▩ (2)
(2)
1.1.3 Power factor (1)
1.2 A three-phase delta connected motor draws 35 A from a 400-V supply at a

power factor of 0,8 lagging. Determine the following:
1.2.1 The reactive power (3)
1.2.2 The apparent power (2)
1.2.3 The phase current (2)

[12]
QUESTION 2: CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS AND CABLES ▩

2.1 Choose an item from COLUMN B that matches a sentence in COLUMN A.
Write only the letter ( A–E) next to the question number (2.1.1–2.1.5) in the
ANSWER BOOK.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
2.1.1 The most commonly used insulation, A asbestos
especially for conductors and cables is ….
B silicone
2.1.2 Silicon is used to insulate conductors
exposed to relatively high temperatures C PVC
in ….
D electric stoves
2.1.3 An insulator that does not react to and heaters
chemicals.
E ceramics
2.1.4 An excellent insulator for high-voltage
components, transformers and other
electrical machines working at extreme
2.1.5
temperatures is known as ….
Good insulator that can withstand high

▩
temperatures.
(5 × 1) (5)

(11041872) -4-
2.2 A 220V single-phase supply is connected to a load that draws 5A. If the total
resistance of the conductors is 0,8Ω, calculate the following:
2.2.1 The voltage drop between supply and load.
2.2.2 The voltage across the load.

▩ (2 x 2) (4)
2.3 State THREE disadvantages of installing cables in ducts. (3)

[12]
3.1 Switchgears are used in an electric power system to control, to protect and to
isolate electrical equipment from abnormal conditions in an electric circuit.
Name TWO switchgears used for the following functions:
3.1.1 Isolating
3.1.2 Control ▩ (2 × 2) (4)
3.2 Name the protective device used to protect against the harmful effects of the
following faults:
3.2.1 Phase imbalance
3.2.2 High voltage surges
3.2.3 Short circuits ▩

(3 × 1) (3)
3.3 Explain the operation of a relay. (3)

[10]
4.1 State THREE advantages of lead-acid batteries. (3)
4.2 Briefly explain how a gel battery is charged during fast mode. (3)
4.3 List FOUR aspects to consider concerning the care and maintenance of lithium-
ion batteries. (4)
[10]
▩

(11041872) -5-
5.1 State the functions of the following DC machines in terms of energy conversion:
5.1.1 DC generator
5.1.2 DC motor ▩ (2 × 1) (2)
5.2 Briefly explain the concept, back EMF as applicable to DC motors. (2)
5.3 State the function of a faceplate starter. (2)
5.4 Draw a circuit diagram showing how the armature and field coils of a long shunt
compound motor are connected to the supply. (4)
[10]
6.1 List TWO applications of universal motors (2)
6.2 Explain how the direction of rotation of a single-phase (split-phase) motor can
be reversed. (2)
6.3 Draw a neat, fully labelled circuit diagram of a capacitor start capacitor run
single-phase motor. (4)
[8]
7.1 A single-phase transformer has a supply of 220 V. The turns ratio is 1:8. The
secondary current is 2 A and the secondary coil has 200 turns. Calculate the
following:
7.1.1 The primary current (2)
7.1.2 The secondary voltage

▩ (2)
7.1.3 The transformer rating (1)
7.2 State why transformers are rated in kVA and not in kW. (2)
7.3 Draw a neat labelled vector diagram of a transformer working at no-load. (3)
[10]

(11041872) -6-
8.1 Explain the following concepts.
8.1.1 Leakage current
8.1.2 Bonding to earth

▩ (2 × 2) (4)
8.2 State the function of an earthing chain. (2)
ANSWER BOOK.
8.3.1 Wire armouring in underground cables offers protection against

mechanical damage.
8.3.2 Wire armouring and lead-sheathed cables have a separate core that
can serve as the earth continuity conductor.
8.3.3 During the process of joining lead-sheathed cable, it is easy to repair

and restore the lead sheath.
8.3.4 The function of the sheath is to keep electromagnetic radiation in

while keeping water or moisture out.
(4 x 1) (4)
▩ [10]
9.1 A moving-coil instrument with an internal resistance of 120 ohms gives a full-
scale deflection when a current of 0,04A flows through it. Determine the value
of the additional component required to enable the instrument to be used as a
voltmeter, reading 0 – 50 V. (3)
9.2 List THREE advantages of a digital multi meter. (3)
▩ [6]
QUESTION 10: ELECTRICAL RETICULATION AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
10.1 Name FOUR different types of power stations found in South Africa (4)
10.2 List TWO advantages and disadvantages of a radial feeder system. (4)
10.3 With the aid of a neat, labelled layout diagram, illustrate how a prime mover
can be operated by a source of renewable energy. (4)
[12]
▩
Copyright reserved
TOTAL:
Please turn over
100
(11041872) -7-
FORMULA SHEET
Any applicable formula may also be used.
AC Theory: 𝑒 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
1
𝑇=
𝑓
1
𝑋𝑐 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
𝑉
𝐼=
𝑍
𝑅
cos 𝜃 =
𝑍
Star: VL = 3 VPH
I L = I PH
Delta: VL = VPH
I L = 3 I PH
Transformer: V1 N1 I 2 E1
= = =
V2 N 2 I1 E2
Single-phase
Apparent power: S = VI
True power: P = VIcosø
Reactive power: Q = VIsinø

(11041872) -8-
Three-phase
Apparent power: S = 3 VL I L
True power: P = 3 VL I L cosø
Reactive power: Q = 3 VL I L sinø
CIF  A
Fault current: Ifc =
t

MARKING GUIDELINE
8 July 2022

QUESTION 1: ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUIT THEORY
1.1 1.1.1 Smaller values occurring at specific instants before or after the
maximum value of a wave. (2)
1.1.2 Average values of all instantaneous values during one cycle of a

sine wave.
OR
The average value of the waveform represents the average values

of all mid-ordinates taken over half a cycle of a sine wave. (2)
1.1.3 Ratio of true power to apparent power. (1)
1.2 1.2.1 𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 (0,8) = 36,87° ✓

𝑄 = √3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 sin 𝜃
∴ = √3 × 400 × 35 sin 36,87° ✓
= 1459,261 𝑉𝐴𝑟 𝑜𝑟 = 14,549 𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑟 ✓ (3)
1.2.2 𝑆 = √3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿
∴= √3 × 400 × 35✓
= 24248,711 𝑉𝐴 𝑜𝑟 = 24,249𝑘𝑉𝐴✓ (2)
1.2.3 𝐼𝐿
𝐼𝑝 =
√3
35
∴= ✓
√3
= 20,207 𝐴✓ (2)
[12]
2.1 2.1.1 C
2.1.2 D
2.1.3 E
2.1.4 B
2.1.5 A
(5 x 1) (5)
2.2 2.2.1 𝑉𝐷𝑅𝑂𝑃 = 𝐼 𝑅𝑇

= 5 × 0,8 ✓
= 4𝑉 ✓
2.2.2 𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐴𝐷 = 𝑉𝑆 − 𝑉𝐷𝑅𝑂𝑃

= 220 − 4 ✓
= 216 𝑉 ✓
(2 x 2) (4)

2.3 2.3.1 Ducts are expensive.

2.3.2 It is time-consuming process to install ducts.
2.3.3 Ducts do not always allow for effective heat dissipation.
(3 x 1) (3)
[12]
QUESTION 3: SWITCHGEAR, CONTACTORS AND RELAYS
3.1 3.1.1 • Disconnector

• Switch disconnector (2)
3.1.2 • Relays
• Contactors
• Timers
• Day-night switches (Any 2 × 1) (2)
3.2 3.2.1 Phase balance protection relays
3.2.2 Lightning arrestors
3.2.3 Circuit breakers or fuses (3 x 1) (3)
3.3 When the relay coil is magnetised,✓ it attracts an iron armature.✓ This
movement closes or opens contacts.✓ (3)
[10]
4.1 • Relatively cheap.

• Reliable.
• Robust.
• Low internal resistance.
• Deliver high currents.
• Available in various sizes.
• Easily available.
(Any 3 x 1) (3)
4.2 At the start of charging in fast mode, the full current of the charger flows into
the battery as the voltage builds up to a pre-set value.✓ Once the voltage
reaches this desired value, the battery is fully charged✓ and the current begins
tapering down.✓ (3)
4.3 • Do not leave batteries unused for long periods of time.

• Check the battery’s charge status regularly.
• Always follow the instructions of the manufacturer with regard to
charging.
• Carefully monitor batteries which are reaching the end of their
lifespan.
• Remove batteries from devices and then store.

• Charge or discharge a battery to +/- 50% of capacity before

storage
• Do not disassemble, crush or puncture batteries.
• Do not dispose of batteries in fire or water.
(Any 4 x 1) (4)
[10]
5.1 5.1.1 A DC generator is used to convert mechanical energy into

electrical energy.
5.1.2 A DC motor is used to convert electrical input energy into mechanical

energy.
(2 × 1) (2)
5.2 The emf induced in the rotating armature conductors of a DC motor, which
opposes the applied voltage. (2)
5.3 It is to limit the high starting current of a DC motor by introducing additional

resistance into the armature circuit for starting purposes only. (2)
5.4
Mark Allocation:
Shunt field winding connection 1 mark
Series field winding connection 1 mark
Armature connection 1 mark
Supply 1 mark (4)
[10]

QUESTION 6
6.1 • Portable drilling machines

• Angle grinders
• Vacuum cleaners
• Sewing machines
• Food mixers
• Blenders (Any 2 × 1) (2)
6.2 The direction of a single-phase (split-phase) motor is reversed by simply

changing the polarity across the main or auxiliary winding,✓ but not both at the
same time.✓ (2)
6.3
Mark Allocation
Correctness of rotor 1 mark
Connection of running winding and auxiliary winding ½ mark
Running capacitor connected with switch in series 1 mark
Starting capacitor connected parallel with running and switch 1 mark
Supply ½ mark (4)
[8]
7.1 7.1.1 𝐼2 𝑁1
=
𝐼1 𝑁2
8×2
∴ 𝐼1 = ✓
1
= 16𝐴 ✓
(2)

7.1.2 𝑉 1 𝑁1 Alternative:
=
𝑉 2 𝑁2
𝐼2 𝑉1
8×220 =
∴ 𝑉2 = ✓ 𝐼1 𝑉2
1
220 × 16
∴ 𝑉2 =
= 1 760 𝑉 ✓ 2
= 1 760 𝑉 (2)
7.1.3 𝑆 = 𝑉2 𝐼2 Alternative:
= 1760 × 2 = 3 520 𝑉𝐴 ✓ 𝑆 = 𝑉1 𝐼1
= 220 × 16 = 3 520 𝑉𝐴 (1)
7.2 The losses occurring in the transformers are independent of the power factor. (2)
7.3
Mark Allocation
(V1 and E2) 1 mark
(𝐼𝑚 and 𝐼𝑜 ) 1 mark
(𝜃𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜑) 1 mark (3)
[10]
8.1 8.1.1 The flow of electric current to earth as a result of deterioration of or

damage to the insulation of cables, appliances or other connected
equipment, which is extremely hazardous.
8.1.2 Electrically connecting to earth all non-current carrying conductive

parts of an electrical installation.
(2 × 2) (4)

8.2 Is to provide a path to ground from all parts of an electrical installation for any
harmful energy such as leakage current, static charges and lightning
discharges. (2)
8.3 8.3.1 True
8.3.2 False
8.3.3 False
8.3.4 True
(4 × 1) (4)
[10]
9.1 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝑚 + 𝑉𝑠𝑒
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑚 + 𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑠𝑒
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐼𝑚 (𝑅𝑚 + 𝑅𝑠𝑒 )
𝑉
∴ 𝑅𝑠𝑒 = − 𝑅𝑚 ✓
𝐼𝑚
50
= − 120 ✓
0,04
= 1130 Ω ✓ (3)
9.2 • They are more accurate than analogue multimeters

• They reduce reading and interpolation errors
• Parallax errors are eliminated
• No zero adjustment is necessary
• They are available in smaller sizes
• They are very robust
• Can also be used to test continuity, capacitors, diodes and some can
measure frequency. (Any 3 × 1) (3)
[6]

QUESTION 10: ELECTRICAL RETICULATION AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
10.1 • Coal-fired power stations

• Nuclear power stations
• Gas turbine power stations
• Solar power stations
• Hydroelectric power stations or pump storage power stations
• Wind turbine power stations
(Any 4 x 1) (4)
10.2 Advantages:
• It is the simplest method of energy distribution
• The initial costs are low
• Minimum cabling is required
• Less maintenance is required (Any 2 × 1)
Disadvantages:
• A fault will result in the loss of supply to a number of consumers
• Regions closest to the transformer get heavily loaded
• Consumers furthest away experience serious voltage drops that
lead to fluctuations in the supply voltage (Any 2 × 1)
(4)
10.3
Mark Allocation
Any relevant correct layout diagram 2 marks
Any FOUR correct labels ½ mark each (4)
[12]
TOTAL: 100
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Electrical Trade Theory N2: National Certificate

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NATIONAL CERTIFICATE

ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N2

5 August 2021 (X-paper)

This question paper consists of 6 pages and a formula sheet of 2 pages.

Copyright reserved Please turn over

DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND TRAINING

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. Answer all the questions.

2. Read all the questions carefully.

3. Number the answers according to the numbering system used in this

4. Where applicable, answers must be in accordance with the SABS (SANS)

6. Answers must be rounded to THREE decimals.

7. No mark will be allocated for incorrect SI units.

Copyright reserved Please turn over

QUESTION 1: ALTERNATING-CURRENT THEORY

1.1 Define the following terms:

1.1.1 RMS value ⭓

1.2 A waveform is represented by the equation e = 200 sin 314,28 t.

Calculate each of the following:

1.2.1 RMS value

1.2.2 Average value

1.2.4 Form factor

2.1.2 Copper is the most commonly used insulator in the electrical

2.2 State the use of each of the following insulating materials:

2.3 Draw a neat, labelled diagram of a PILCSWA cable. (6)

Copyright reserved Please turn over

QUESTION 3: SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTIVE DEVICES

3.2.3 Voltage surge

3.3 Which part of a relay is connected to the control circuit? (1)

3.4 Briefly explain the following circuit-breaker ratings: ⭓

3.4.2 Short-circuit rating

4.2 Name TWO applications of gel batteries. ⭓ (2)

4.3 Briefly describe each of the following components of lithium/ion batteries:

Copyright reserved Please turn over

5.1 State what is meant by armature reaction. (2)

5.2 Name TWO methods that can be used to improve commutation.

6.1 Give TWO advantages of three-phase motors compared to single-phase

6.3 Draw a circuit diagram of a capacitor-start induction-run AC motor. (3)

7.1 A three-phase transformer has a delta-connected primary and a star-connected

7.1.1 Secondary line voltage (1)

7.1.2 Primary phase current when transformer draws a full-load current of

7.1.3 Transformer rating in kVA (2)

7.2 State the function of a transformer.

7.3 State THREE common three-phase transformers configurations. (3)

Copyright reserved Please turn over

8.2 Give the main function of each of the following:

8.2.1 Earth-tag washer

8.2.2 Cable gland

8.3 Define touch voltage. (2)

QUESTION 9: MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

9.2 Choose an item from COLUMN B that matches a description in COLUMN A.

Measures total energy used during D frequency meter

QUESTION 10: RENEWABLE ENERGY AND RETICULATION

10.1 Name FOUR types of nonrenewable energy sources. (4)

10.2 Name FOUR types of power stations. ⭓ (4)

10.3 Define electrical reticulation network. (2)

10.4 Why is there no neutral conductor in a high-voltage transmission line? (2)

ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N2

Any other applicable formula may also be used.

Copyright reserved Please turn over

True power P = VI cosø

Reactive power: Q = VI sinø

True power: P = 3 VL I L cosø