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Production of Wood Adhesive From Locally Sourced Material (0) (١)
Production of Wood Adhesive From Locally Sourced Material (0) (١)
This research work produced adhesive that could adequately be utilized by the wood and paper
industry. From the analysis, it is observed that working properties of the wood adhesives
produced fall within standard values. The wood adhesives are cheap and it is equally known as
water resistance adhesive because it cannot be separated by water. Most of the raw materials
were sourced locally. Polyvinyl acetate (PVA) is the major component and contributes more of
the adhesive composition. Wood adhesives have joining properties of high strength with
moderate moisture resistance (water resistance), but fair resistance to heat and chemicals. The
working life of adhesive produced in this research work is less than that of the synthetic based
adhesive. Areas of application of wood adhesives are packaging materials, binding of papers for
Introduction
The earliest use of adhesive was discovered in central Italy when two stones flakes partially
covered with birch-bark tar and a third uncovered stone from the middle Pleistocene era (Cieca
200000 years ago) were found and this is thought to be the oldest discovered human use of tar-
hafted stones (Mazza et al. 2006). History made known that Egyptians used starch and cassava
during Pharaoh’s era, the claims was attested to the discoveries of glued cedre-wood chest and
other glued objects found in the thumb of Tutankhamun 1356 BC (Ebnesajjad, 2010).
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Man’s growing desire to hold two or more substance together by surface attachment so that they
can be used as a single piece coupled with the technological advancement has given birth to a
broad range of adhesive production to serve this purpose. The first commercial glue plant was
founded in Holland in 1690, that casein glues appear to have been manufactured in Germany and
Switzerland in the early nineteenth century, and that the first U.S Patent Number 183,024 on a
casein glue was issued in 1876. He mentioned that starch adhesive were used on postage stamps
when they were first issued in 1840, and that of the first U.S Patent Number 61991 on a dextrin
adhesive was issued in 1867 ( John, 1947). Before the advent of synthetic resin adhesives, semi
synthetic cellulosic materials were developed but when they were first dissolved in solvents and
used as an adhesive is not clear from literature. Historically, the first thermoplastic synthetic
adhesive (only partly synthetic) was the cellulose ester, cellulose nitrate, often called
nitrocellulose, and it is still one of the most important. Later, other esters such as the acetate were
developed as well as certain mixed esters (John, 1947). The aim of this study is to synthesize
wood adhesive from locally sourced raw materials with the views of using it in furniture work
and to achieve self and economic reliance by depleting our dependence on imported varieties of
foreign adhesives based on the growing need for adhesive in our industries.
Materials
1. Calcium Carbonate
2. Surfactant
3. Antifoam
4. Water
5. Polyvinyl acetate (P.V.A)
6. Nitrosol Cellulose
7. Formaldehyde
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8. Starch
9. Sodium hydroxide
Methods
Extraction of Starch from Cassava: The cassava tubers were bought from Jattu market Uzairue,
Edo State. Before use, the cassava tubers were peeled and washed. The peeled cassava was
soaked in water for two hours (120 minutes) for hydration. The cassava tubers were ground with
grinding machine, in order to increase the surface area and reduce the starch granules. This
breaks the plant cell and thus releases the starch. After grinding, fine cassava was obtained which
was soaked in water and left for about four hours. Just to allow the cassava fine particles to
settle. The fine cassava particles were screen with 100 micrometer baft. More water was addled
as the cassava slurry was rubbed on top of the sieve to achieve proper separation of the chaff or
fibre from the main starch. As separation continues, the starch and water escapes through small
pores while chaff and cell debris are retained on the surface of the screen. The starch and water
was allowed to stay overnight in order for it to settle down. Then the water was slowly decanted
and the surface of the starch was washed with water remove dirt and non- starch which has
settled with the starch. The starch was sprayed on a clean tray and thoroughly sun-dried, so that
it could be stored and preserved. 20 tubers of cassava which weighed 8.0kg, after processing
Production of Wood Adhesive from Cassava Starch: 600g of cassava flour, two formulations
with different wood adhesive properties based on different additives combination were made.
The scheme for the formulation labeled A and B is given below in table 5 and 6
Table 1: Material Formulation
Starch 90 g
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Water 290 ml
Sodium Hydroxide 20 g
Calcium Carbonate 2 g
Surfactant 2 g
Anti-foamier 2 g
Nitrosol cellulose 2 g
Formaldehyde 2 g
72.5ml of water was introduced into a reaction pot, but the total quantity water required for the
production was 145ml, 1g surfactant were added to the reaction pot already containing water, to
ensure even mixing of the materials. To avoid foaming 1g of Anti-foamier was added to the
reaction pot contains water and surfactant. 50g of starch was dissolved in cold water, mixing of
the starch and alkali solution was done to enable the starch gel. In the course of gelatinization the
content of the amorphous areas of the granules is dispersed first, followed by the swelling of the
The starch is then transferred to the reaction pot, after which it was left for a while to enable
proper mixing of starch and1g of calcium carbonate when this was done. 115g and 100g of
polyvinyl Acetic were introduced. A little quantity of the thickener was dissolved in a little water
from the remaining 72.5ml of water and then was added to the reaction pot. Bit by bit the 1g
Nitrosol cellulose was dissolved, the mixture was well stirred before pouring into the pot. Not
more than 1g was used in dissolving the thickener. 1g of formaldehyde was added for
preservation that is to free the glue from germs that might contaminate it.
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Analytical Test: Analytical tests were conducted to ascertain the behavior of the formulation in
relation to the standard produce from foreign materials. It also created the avenue to determine
the best optimum formulation for a better yield and quality. Some of these analytical tests carried
out are:
Bonding Strength Determination: Two pieces of wood, rectangular in shape to be rough in some
used. Some glue was smeared on a surface of each piece of wood before joining. Then the two
surfaces were left in contact for a night. The next morning force was applied to separate two
piece of wood.
Melting Point Determination: The wood adhesive produced were subjected to a test, they were
applied on the surface of hard wood cut to equal 3 by 3cm and then adhered to a light metal
sheet. The adhered hard wood and light wood sheet were allowed to set for 24 hours. After set up
they were placed in a water bath so that the metal piece can float inside the water bath. The
temperature of the water in the water bath was gradually increased. Care was taken not to the
water bath, so that water was not introduced into the joint as metal piece was floating on the
water in the water bath. There was thermometer that reads the temperature of the water bath. The
temperature at which the first slide movement of paper was read using a spatula corresponding to
the melting point of the adhesive. This method despite approximate is very effective and has
Spread Ability Test: The rate of flow of wood adhesive is very essential and it is the aim of
spread ability test. Wood adhesive are semi-fluid form so that they can wet the surface and
subsequently possess the adhesive properties of chemical binding of the materials together.
Circles of 0.5m part were drawn on a glass plate and numbered from 1 to 10. The number written
on each circle determines the spread ability factor. A hollow cylindrical tube of height 3cm and
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diameter equal to circle number 1, was filled with the wood adhesive under test and dropped on
the on the number 1 circle. The tube was slowly removed and the adhesive spread to its fullest.
At full spread, (5 minutes) the spread ability number was determined from the rate of flow of the
Solid Content Determination: The solid content tells the quantity of solid present in a wood
adhesive. This was determined by weighing out sample of the adhesive under test in a Petri-dish
and kept it in an oven at 120 0C for 30 min. After 30minutes, the sample was weighed again. The
solid content of the sample was then determined using the expression below,
pH Determination: pH meter was used for this test. The pH probe was rinsed with distilled water
before dipping it made inside the sample to ensure accurate measurement. It is known that pH of
any sample ranges from 1 to 14 when the pH probe was dipped in the sample, the pH of the
sample was read from the pH meter screen. A pH paper can also be used for the experiment.
Moisture Content Determination: The procedure used for the solid content determination is used.
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Shelf Life Tests: Here a long-term is carried out on adhesive samples to determine the life span.
This was accomplished by observing the change in spreading characteristics. The end of the
working life was observed as when the adhesive could no longer spread to provide uniform film.
Viscosity Test: The instrument used for this analysis is viscometer, which is used to compare the
viscosity of a sample with that of the distilled water. A tube was dry cleaned and clamped to
retort stand. The tube was filled with a distilled water of a known viscosity. A pendulum ball was
dropped into the liquid and was allowed to fall freer using a stop watch, the time taken by the
ball to fall to bottom of the tube was recorded. The tube was then raised and the procedure
Tack Time Determination: A 4 by 4cm cardboard paper was divided into 2 units, it was 20 and
40 minutes etc. a uniform smear of the formulation under test was made on the papers, and then
the papers were placed on the board. Pressure was applied over the surface to ensure and
penetration of the adhesive into the adherents. An increment was observed at the applied force.
Results
Starch 50 g
Water 145 ml
Sodium Hydrogen 10 g
Calcium carbonate 1 g
Surfactant 1 g
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Antifoam 1 g
Nitrosol cellulose 1 g
Formaldehyde 1 g
Discussions
The aim of this research work is to produce wood adhesive that can be used as adhesive in wood
makers industry and paper adhesive industry. In this study, two (2) different formulations of
adhesives were produced and the product was analyzed. Sample A from the formulation A with
more quantity of materials was applied on two pieces of paper. The two pieces of paper were
allowed to stay overnight, the next morning it was joined and adhered strongly. Formulation A
spread the least, the spread ability of adhesive varies with starch water ratio. The second sample
B from formulation B, with little quantity of materials was applied to the surface of the two
planks and allowed to stay overnight. The next morning the joining was seen to be smooth and
strong. The effect of Nitrosol cellulose was effectively determined from the results of the tests
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done on the formulations. This is because, it act as a thickener supplement to the bonding nature
of cassava starch, and not a prime initiator of any working property of the wood adhesive.
Hence, increase in viscosity is proportional to the starch concentrations. This corresponds to the
relation available from literature. Also increase in temperature increases the gelatinization
strength until the gelatinization temperature is exceeded. The starch concentration temperature
increases the temperature and leads to decrease the gelatinization strength, the product obtained
from the wood adhesive formulation produced in this research work is of small scale commercial
grade, and this was proved by trial adhesion on wood and paper. From the analysis, it was
observed that the project could earn a good yearly turnover, if it were to embark upon a large
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