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Ap: Lab-Related Ap Exam Essays Lab 1. Osmosis and Diffusion
Ap: Lab-Related Ap Exam Essays Lab 1. Osmosis and Diffusion
1 of 16 2004-2005
Name __________________________________
AP Biology
a. How do (1) temperature and (2) pH affect the activity of this enzyme? In your answer, include a discussion of the relationship between the structure and the function of this enzyme, as well as a discussion of how structure and function of enzymes are affected by temperature and pH. b. Describe a controlled experiment that could have produced the data shown for either temperature or pH. Be sure to state the hypothesis that was tested here.
2 of 16 2004-2005
Name __________________________________
AP Biology
ESSAY 2004 Meiosis reduces chromosome number and rearranges genetic information. a. Explain how the reduction and rearrangement are accomplished in meiosis. b. Several human disorders occur as a result of defects in the meiotic process. Identify ONE such chromosomal abnormality; what effects does it have on the phenotype of people with the disorder? Describe how this abnormality could result from a defect in meiosis. c. Production of offspring by parthenogenesis or cloning bypasses the typical meiotic process. Describe either parthenogenesis or cloning and compare the genomes of the offspring with those of the parents.
3 of 16 2004-2005
Name __________________________________
AP Biology
Sample 2 chloroplast suspension surrounded by foil wrap to provide a dark environment + DPIP Sample 3 chloroplast suspension that has been boiled + DPIP Light, Unboiled % transmittance Sample 1 28.8 48.7 57.8 62.5 66.7 Dark, Unboiled % transmittance Sample 2 29.2 30.1 31.2 32.4 31.8 Light, Boiled % transmittance Sample 3 28.8 29.2 29.4 28.7 28.5
Time (min)
0 5 10 15 20
a. Construct and label a graph showing the results for the three samples. b. Identify and explain the control or controls for this experiment. c. The differences in the curves of the graphed data indicate that there were differences in the number of electrons produced in the three samples during the experiment. Discuss how electrons are generated in photosynthesis and why the three samples gave different transmittance results.
4 of 16 2004-2005
Name __________________________________
AP Biology
5 of 16 2004-2005
Name __________________________________
AP Biology
Cumulative Oxygen Consumed (mL) Time (minutes) Germinating seeds 22C Dry Seeds (non-germinating) 22C Germinating Seeds 10C Dry Seeds (non-germinating) 10C
a. Plot the results for the germinating seeds at 22C and 10C. b. Calculate the rate of oxygen consumption for the germinating seeds at 22C, using the time interval between 10 and 20 minutes. c. Account for the differences in oxygen consumption observed between: germinating seeds at 22C and at 10C germinating seeds and dry seeds.
d. Describe the essential features of an experimental apparatus that could be used to measure oxygen consumption by a small organism. Explain why each of these features is necessary.
6 of 16 2004-2005
Name __________________________________
AP Biology
400
500
a. Explain how the principles of gel electrophoresis allow for the separation of DNA fragments b. Describe the results you would expect from electrophoretic separation of fragments from the following treatments of the DNA segment above. Assume that the digestion occurred under appropriate conditions and went to completion. I. DNA digested with only enzyme X
II. DNA digested with only enzyme Y III. DNA digested with enzyme X and enzyme Y combined IV. Undigested DNA c. Explain both of the following: 1. The mechanism of action of restriction enzymes 2. The different results you would expect if a mutation occurred at the recognition site for enzyme Y.
7 of 16 2004-2005
Name __________________________________
AP Biology
b. All humans are nearly identical genetically in coding sequences and have many proteins that are identical in structure and function. Nevertheless, each human has a unique DNA fingerprint. Explain this apparent contradiction.
8 of 16 2004-2005
Name __________________________________
AP Biology
The wild-type and white-eyed individuals from the F1 generation were then crossed to produce the following offspring. Wild-Type Male F2 23 Wild-Type Female 31 White-eyed Male 22 White-Eyed Female 24 Brown-Eyed Female 0
a. Determine the genotypes of the original parents (P generation) and explain your reasoning. You may use Punnett squares to enhance your description, but the results from the Punnett squares must be discussed in your answer. b. Use a Chi-squared test on the F2 generation data to analyze your prediction of the parental genotypes. Show all your work and explain the importance of your final answer. c. The brown-eyed female of the F1 generation resulted from a mutational change. Explain what a mutation is, and discuss two types of mutations that might have produced the brown-eyed female in the F1 generation.
9 of 16 2004-2005
Name __________________________________
AP Biology
10 of 16 2004-2005
Name __________________________________
AP Biology
LAB 9. TRANSPIRATION
ESSAY 1991 A group of students designed an experiment to measure transpiration rates in a particular species of herbaceous plant. Plants were divided into four groups and were exposed to the following conditions. Group I: Group II: Room conditions (light, low humidity, 20C, little air movement.) Room conditions with increased humidity.
Group III: Room conditions with increased air movement (fan) Group IV: Room conditions with additional light
The cumulative water loss due to transpiration of water from each plant was measured at 10minute intervals for 30 minutes. Water loss was expressed as milliliters of water per square centimeter of leaf surface area. The data for all plants in Group I (room conditions) were averaged. The average cumulative water loss by the plants in Group I is presented in the table below.
Average Cumulative Water Loss by the Plants in Group I Time (minutes) 10 20 30 Average Cumulative Water Loss (mL H2O/cm2) 3.5 x 10-4 7.7 x 10-4 10.6 x 10-4
1. Construct and label a graph using the data for Group I. Using the same set of axes, draw and label three additional lines representing the results that you would predict for Groups II, III, and IV. 2. Explain how biological and physical processes are responsible for the difference between each of your predictions and the data for Group I. 3. Explain how the concept of water potential is used to account for the movement of water from the plant stem to the atmosphere during transpiration.
11 of 16 2004-2005
Name __________________________________
AP Biology
12 of 16 2004-2005
Name __________________________________
AP Biology
4am 8.9
8am 44.8
12 noon 174.0
4pm 350.5
8pm 60.5
12 mid 8.0
a. For the data above, provide information on each of the following: Summarize the pattern. Identify three physiological or environmental variables that could cause the slugs to vary their distance from each other. Explain how each variable could bring about the observed pattern of distribution.
b. Choose one of the variables that you identified and design a controlled experiment to test your hypothetical explanation. Describe results that would support or refute your hypothesis.
13 of 16 2004-2005
Name __________________________________
AP Biology
a. Describe the cycle of activity for the bombats. Discuss how three of the following factors might affect the physiology and/or behavior of the bombats to result in this pattern of activity. temperature food availability presence of predators social behavior
b. Propose a hypothesis regarding the effect of light on the cycle of activity in bombats. Describe a controlled experiment that could be performed to test this hypothesis, and the results you would expect.
14 of 16 2004-2005
Name __________________________________
AP Biology
a. Using the graph paper provided, plot the results that were obtained. Then, using the same set of axes, draw and label an additional line/curve representing the results that you would predict had the day been heavily overcast. b. Explain the biological processes that are operating in the lake to produce the observed data. Explain also how these processes would account for your prediction of results for a heavily overcast day. c. Describe how the introduction of high levels of nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates into the lake would affect subsequent observations. Explain your predictions.
15 of 16 2004-2005
Name __________________________________
AP Biology
16 of 16 2004-2005