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Naveen
Naveen
By
Naveena. P
OF SCIENCE IN NURSING
MARCH 2011
KNOWLEDGE AND PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA AMONG
OF SCIENCE IN NURSING
MARCH 2011
DECLARATION
research work undertaken and carried out by me, under the guidance of
Prof. S. Anigrace Kalaimathi M.Sc (N)., PGDNA., DQA., Ph.D. Principal and
Nursing, MIOT College of Nursing, Chennai. I also declare that the material of this
has not found in any way, the basis for the award of any degree or diploma in this
Ms. Naveena. P.
graduate in Nursing.
dissertation successfully.
motivation timely help and valuable suggestions for completing the study.
MIOT Hospital, Chennai for his valuable suggestions and encouraging and giving
My special thanks are conveyed to Prof. Dr. Amal Raj Antony, M.Sc.,
I thank our librarian Mrs. Buvaneshwari, M.L.I.S for their constant help in
Mr. S. Palani and Mrs. Sworna for their constant support and motivation and I
I thank all the participants in this study for their interest and cooperation.
adolescent girls. A conceptual frame work of the study was developed on the basis
descriptive design was used to achieve the objectives of the study. Stratified
random sampling technique was adopted with a sample size of 120 adolescent
girls.
The findings revealed that majority of them (74.2%) were having mild to
moderate anemia and only 25.8% of them were not anemic. Among the sampled
adolescent girls 45% had moderately adequate knowledge, 26.7% of the girls had
adequate knowledge and 28.3% of the girls had inadequate knowledge regarding
anemia.
and the level of knowledge among adolescent girls at P < 0.05. Hence the research
significant at P<0.05.
variables was highly significant between the age, education, family income and
father, type of the family, family income, food pattern, birth order, source of
knowledge regarding anemia and high prevalence rate 74.20% of anemia. Hence
investigator.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I INTRODUCTION 1-8
Need for the study
Statement of the problem
Objectives of the study
Operational Definition
Hypothesis
Assumptions
Delimitation
Projected outcome
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 9-18
Review related to prevalence of anemia
INTRODUCTION
“We must turn to nature itself to the observations of the body in health
According to WHO health is defined as a state of well being and not merely
an absence of disease or infirmity. Levy (1980) states the Health care and good
increase life expectancy. Health is not only an individual issue, but also a
community issue. Poor health reduces the physical and cognitive capacities of an
Individual. When people identify health problems, their health seeking process is
of health infrastructure.
Adolescence girls has been recognized as a special period in their life cycle that
requires specific and special attention. Adolescence constitute a very vital age
group being an “entrant” population for parenthood. The status of health during
the period is a major determinant of the health and nutrition of her future children.
growth spurt, dramatic alteration in the adolescence body size and proportion
occur.
Health and Nutritional needs of adolescent girls are mostly ignored. The
poor body size, growth and narrow pelvis as they grow into adolescence, making
child bearing a risk. Girls between 13-18 years of age show lower percentage of
iron, and with the onset of menarche become highly susceptible to anemia.
In anemia, a large number of girls from poor households are pushed into
early marriages, which are consummated almost immediately after menarche of the
4.5 million marriages that take place in India every year. Three million marriages
involves girls in the 15-19 years of age group (Glimpses of girlhood in India).
Girls bearing their first baby between the ages of 14-18 years resulting in low birth
The cumulative impact of the low health situation of girls is reflected in the high
maternal mortality rate, the incidence of low birth babies, high perinatal mortality,
WHO (2005) had reported that iron deficiency anemia is the common
nutritional disorder in the word. Globally anemia affected 1.62 billion people
which corresponds to 24.85% of the population. However the population with the
woman.
National nutritional anemia control programme In India implemented
through the primary health centers and sub centers. It aims at decreasing the
Iron deficiency is the most prevalent micro nutrient deficiency and anemia
and most likely lower physical work capacity. Adolescent girls are at risk of
developing iron deficient anemia because of the increased iron requirement for
growth.
adolescent girls of schedule caste community of Punjab. The study concluded that
only 29.43% girls were normal and 70.57% were affected with various grades of
anemia condition among them 30.57% girls were mildly anemic and 27.17%
Shoba (2005) had stated that adolescent girls were particularly vulnerable
group as there requirements of iron as well as its uses from the body are high.
Anemia during adolescence limits growth and delay the onset of menarche, which
in turn may later lead to Cephalo Pelvic disproportion. Every of ten in India, girls
get married and become pregnant even before the growth period is over by making
anemia among reproductive age group & reported that anemia among adolescent
Anemia is defined as a reduction in red cell mass or rather a decline in the number
of red blood cells necessary for our blood to be able to carry oxygen to our tissues.
among adolescent girls. The study concluded that high prevalence of anemia
among adolescent females was found, which was higher in lower economic strata
and among those whose parents were less educated. Anemia affects to overall
among adolescent girls. It reveals that the prevalence of anemia was found to be
59.8%. In unvaried analysis, low socioeconomic status, low iron intake, vegetarian
analysis suggested that strongest predictor of anemia was vegetarian diet followed
infestation. However, age, education, socio economic status, BMI and status of
anemia among adolescent girls was very high (72.6%) in India, with prevalence of
severe anemia among there much higher (21.1%). In adolescent girls, educational
Indian Scenario (2003) had reported that adolescents comprises nearly one
fifth of the total population in the country (21.8%). Female adolescents comprise
47% and male adolescents 53% of the total population. It was estimated that there
were almost 2000 million adolescents in India, and in which 56% of girls were
found to be anemic.
According to national health survey (1998) 65% to 75% adolescent girls are
anemic.
Prevalence
World wide
Anemia afflicts an estimated to one billon people world wide, mostly due to
countries, due to poverty Inadequate diet, certain diseases, pregnancy and lactation
Family health survey 2000 reveals that 12-18 years girls in rural India
District level
reveals that, anemia is prevalent all over the world. District nutrition project
Delhi shows anemia among adolescent girls was high as 50.8% compared to the
In urban areas the adolescent Indian girls ages between 11-18 years the
prevalence rate of anemia is 49%. Agarwal in North East Delhi, reported the
arises as a burning problem due to which people all going to be roped up with great
In olden days when girls attained menarche, they were taken care with
nutritious food like raw eggs, gingely oil, green leaves and vegetables which
strengthen their body and bones. Now-a-days the impact of urbanization, the
menarche of the girl is not that much noticed. So which the girls go to the state of
anemic. It is so wondering-that, though the life style, diet everything has been
Keeping these views in mind the researcher is motivated to do the study the
knowledge and prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls. The purpose of the
study was to find out the adolescent knowledge and prevalence of anemia.
Statement of the problem
Operational definitions
Knowledge: Adolescent girls can able to understand and answer the questions
regarding anemia.
Prevalence: The term prevalence refers to all current cases (Old and New) at a
Adolescent Girls: Refers to the girls between the age group of 13-18 years and
by using the special test strips that are provided with the scale.
Hypothesis
Assumptions
anemia.
De-limitation
Projected outcome
• The result of the study will help the health team members, to motivate the
Hemoglobin.
• Based on the results of the study, the investigator would be able to develop
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
comprehensive and evaluative. Review of literature helps to plan and conduct the
This Chapter deals with the review of published research studies and from
related material for the present study. The review helped the investigator to
develop an insight into the problem area. This helped the investigator in building
the foundation of the study. For the present study literature is reviewed and
participated 157 females and 151 males. It reveals that the overall prevalence of
iron deficiency anemia among adolescent population in female was 78.3% and
male was 52.3% sufficiency or deficiency of iron makes the living of adolescents
of anemia among adolescent girls in Trichy. Random sampling technique was used
and 105 schools going adolescents were selected and blood samples were taken.
Samples were collected and analyzed and a record of one-week dietary recall was
maintained. The result showed that 82% of girls were anemic based on their
dietary intake. The report was concluded that anemia is in emerging problems
among the world population, nearly 2000 million adolescent girls were suffering
consumption of locally available iron rich foods. The result showed that 10% of
the girls were severely anemic, 32% of them were mild anemic and 58% of girls
pregnant women and adolescent girls in 16 districts of India. The study revealed
that the overall prevalence of anemia among adolescents girls was 90.1%.
girls belonged to an urban slum and rural areas. A study reveals that higher
percentage of the rural girls (37.5%). Therefore the prevalence was similar in both
urban and rural girls who had not attend menarche with increasing age, urban girls
concluded that the prevalence of anemia is 53% among adolescent girls and 49% in
pregnant women.
adolescent girls. The study reveals that overall prevalence of anemia among the
adolescent girls of weaker economic group was 96.5%, middle income group was
anemia among adolescent girls. It was concluded that significantly higher among
adolescent girls (25.9%) as compared to boys. Anemia was observed more in rural
anemia among Government school girls. The findings reveals that anemia was
more marked among governmental school attendees and those born to low
educated mothers. Menstruating girls were at around double the risk of being
anemic than non menstruating girls. Anemia was associated with negative impact
on school performance and was more marked among those failed there exams as
14.9 % of students and this habit did not differ by age, sex, body mass index or
social class. At age 12 and over low social class and menstruating girls constitute
anemia among adolescent Nepalse girls and concluded that supervised iron and
folic acid therapy once a week was an effective attentive to daily administration
Iron & Folic acid along with antioxidant like vitamin E and C rich foods .
Bharati P, et al. (2009) conducted a study on burden of anemia and its socio
economic determinants among adolescent girls in India. The study reveals that
and health related factors on the iron status of adolescent girls. He concluded that
iron deficiency is related to the occupation of the mother, family size, auto
scale may improve anemia diagnosis where there was no laboratory. But there was
focused and assesses clinical outcomes. His sensitivity for detecting anemia was
high in most of the studies (75-95%). Sensitivity and specificity were higher for
laboratory based studies compared with more pragmatic real life studies.
Mozaffari, et al. (2010) conducted a study on once weekly low dose iron
treated iron deficiency anemia. There is no need for higher dosage of Iron for
supplementation that may cause adverse effects and bear higher costs.
to iron & Folic acid supplements for treating anemia in adolescent girls. A total
sample of 102 adolescent girls (14-18 yrs) were selected. The study revealed that
leaf concentrate is an effective, and were palatable, alternative to iron and folic
daily dose of sootsheknae Rasa (250 mg) plus sitopaladi chuena (400mg) can
in an urban community of Gulbarga district. The study revealed that 94% had
anemia, 27.6% suffered coronary artery disease while 46% had other health
public health problem, which could be addressed though distribution and intake of
India among adolescent girls. The study reveals that surprised once a week IFA
found to be an effective Intervention to reduce anemia and was scalable with the
system.
Vir Sc, et al. (2008) conducted a study, on weekly iron and folic acid
revealed that weekly iron – folic and supplementation combined with monthly
positive outcomes.
Goudari A, et al. (2008) conducted a study to evaluate the effect of iron
deficiency on intelligence of 11-17 years students. The study revealed that Iron
functioning in young women. The study reveals that Iron status was significant
Coimbatore. One hundred girls in age group of 13 to 15 years were selected and
the selected girls were divided into four groups (A, B, C, D) for supplementation.
Among them group C were fed with 92 gms of sirukeeri poriyal per day. The result
Yadav and Sehagal, (2000) had conducted a study with amaranth and
The ratio of amaranth, spinach, jiggery and bengal gram in the supplement as
2:2:3:2. They also tested its iron availability after blanching and cooking. The
results revealed an increase in the hemoglobin, serum ferritin levels and there was
C rich Guava, citrus fruits and lemon juice. At the end of nine months
interventional trail there was a very significant rise in hemoglobin levels of the
study participants.
CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK
This chapter deals with conceptual framework adopted for this study. A
Phenomena.
adolescent girls to improve their reproductive health the Pender’s health promotion
The Pender’s health promotion model helps to assess the health status of
individual and seeks to increase and individual well being. The model focuses on
Modifying Factors
In this study modifying factors refers to students age, sex, standard, parents
The knowledge of anemia and modifying factors are directly related to the
health promotion activity. The investigator assess the knowledge and estimate the
weight and provide informal teaching to improve the hemoglobin level. The
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
It also deals with the development of data collection tool, blue print of the
tool, validity and reliability, pilot study, procedure for data collection and human
rights protection.
Research Approach
Research design
Secondary School at Chennai. Totally 600 students are studying in the school. In
each class there are 3 sections and each section contains 40 students. The classes
The study population comprised of adolescent girls between the age group
School at Chennai.
Sample
The sample consisted of adolescent girls who were studying in St. Helen’s
Sample size
Sampling technique
Inclusion criteria
investigator.
• The structured interview schedule designed for the study consist of two
sections.
• For the convenience of the data collection procedure, the tool was
Section A : No Scoring.
questions totally each question had only one correct response which carry one
mark and incorrect response no score. The total scoring for overall knowledge was
twenty six.
To interpret the prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls the hemoglobin level
2. Causes 5, 6, 7 3
3. Patho Physiology 8, 9 2
The tool was sent to experts in the field of nursing and medicine for
approving the validity and modifications were made according to the suggestions.
Spilt of method was used for testing the reliability of knowledge questionnaire by
Pilot study
The pilot study was conducted for one week after getting approval from
ethical committee and permission from the principal of St. Hussain’s Government
aided school at Chennai. Before preceding the study, participant consent was
obtained. All information about samples was kept confidential. Probability
stratified random sampling technique was adopted and 12 samples were selected
Government Aided School at Chennai to conduct the study. The purpose of the
study was explained to every respondent to get their full co-operation and consent.
The data was collected 6 weeks. Initially the hemoglobin level was assessed
followed by height and weight. Knowledge questionnaire was given to all the
selected participants and data were collected. About 30 minutes timings was given
The pilot and main study were conducted only after approval of the
research proposal by the college of Nursing and the institutional ethical committee.
Permission was obtained from the Principal of the school prior to the
This chapter describes the analysis of the numerical data collected by the
study instruments and their meaning and relevance. Statistics is a field of study
recommendation, etc.,
The data was collected from 120 adolescent girls and analyzed according to
objectives and hypothesis of the study. This chapter deals with analysis and
interpretation includes both descriptive and inferential statistics the findings of the
adolescent girls.
adolescent girls.
adolescent girls.
This section deals with the description of sample characteristics according to the
basic variables, menstrual history and clinical data
Table 1: distribution of demographic variables among adolescent girls
1. Age
a) 12 - 13 yrs 24 20.0
b) 14 – 15 yrs 35 29.2
c) 16 - 17 yrs 40 33.3
d) 18 yrs 21 17.5
2. Religion
a) Hindu 92 76.7
b) Muslim 6 5.0
c) Christian 22 18.3
3. Education
4. Father’s Education
a) Illiterate 19 15.8
d) Graduate 4 3.3
5. Occupation of Father
a) Business 28 23.3
b) Coolie 60 50.0
6. Type of Family
7. Family Income
8. Food Pattern
a) Vegetarian 29 24.2
9. Birth Order
a) Television 59 49.2
b) Radio 2 1.7
c) Newspaper 8 6.7
a) Yes 18 15.0 %
b) No 102 85.0 %
family. 17.5% of them belonged to joint family and only 1% of them belonged to
extended family.
Table 2: Distribution of menstrual history among adolescent girls
1. Age at Menarche
a) 9 - 10 yrs 2 1.7
b) 11 – 12 yrs 37 30.8
c) 13 – 15 yrs 79 65.8
d) 16 - 17 yrs 2 1.7
a) Stress 6 5.0
4. Days of Menstrual
a) 3 days 29 24.2
b) 4 days 19 15.8
c) 5 days 44 36.7
a) Scanty 9 7.5
b) Normal 75 62.5
c) Excessive 25 20.8
a) Yes 55 45.8
b) No 65 54.2
Table 2 shows that majority of them (65.8%) were attained menarche at the
age of 13-15 years, 30.8% of the adolescent girls attained menarche at the age of
11-12 years and only 1% of the girls were attained at the age of 9-10 years and
16-17 years.
Fig. 1 : Mean and standard deviation of clinical data among adolescent girls
The data presented in the above Figure 1 shows that mean height of the
adolescent girls was M = 152.18, SD = 7.22. The mean weight of the adolescent
girls was M = 44.93, SD = 14.28. The mean and standard deviation of hemoglobin
This section deals knowledge of anemia, mean and standard deviation of overall
Moderately
Inadequate Adequate
Adequate
Knowledge Knowledge
Knowledge Aspects Knowledge
Table 3 reveals that 45% of the girls had moderately adequate knowledge,
26.2% of the girls had adequate knowledge and 28.3% of the girls had inadequate
The table 4 shows that overall means score for knowledge is 62.27 and the
This section deals with the distribution of Hemoglobin value among adolescent girls
The data presented in Figure 2 shows that 74.2% are having mild to
Table 5 shows that there was a significant association between the level of
hemoglobin value and the level of knowledge among adolescent girls at P < 0.05.
SECTION - V
r - value p - value
Hence the research hypothesis H1 was accepted. It shows that constant motivation
1. Age
a) 12 - 13 yrs 12 50.0 12 50.0 0 0.0
χ 2 = 69.081,
b) 14 – 15 yrs 13 37.1 18 51.4 4 11.4
d.f = 6
c) 16 - 17 yrs 8 20.0 24 60.0 8 20.0
P<0.01
d) 18 yrs 1 4.8 0 0.0 20 95.2
2. Religion
a) Hindu 26 28.3 43 46.7 23 25.0 χ 2 = 1.618,
b) Muslim 2 33.3 3 50.0 1 16.7 d.f = 4
c) Christian 6 27.3 8 36.4 8 36.4 P=0.806
(N.S)
3. Education
a) 8th Standard 12 50.0 12 50.0 0 0.0 χ 2 = 93.659,
b) 9th Standard 12 50.0 11 45.8 1 4.2 d.f = 8
c) 10th standard 9 37.0 13 54.2 2 8.3 P<0.01
d) 11thstandard 0 0.0 18 75.0 6 25.0
e) 12th Standard 1 4.2 0 0.0 23 95.8
4. Father’s
Education
a) Illiterate 6 31.6 10 52.6 3 15.8 χ 2 = 9.189,
b)Primary School 13 24.1 23 42.6 18 33.3 d.f = 6
c) Hr. Sec. School 15 34.9 20 46.5 8 18.6 P=0.163
(N.S)
d) Graduate 0 0.0 1 25.0 3 75.0
5. Occupation of
Father
a) Business 8 28.6 13 46.4 7 25.0 χ 2 = 3.669,
b) Coolie 18 30.0 29 48.3 13 21.7 d.f = 6
c) Self Employment 5 23.8 7 33.3 9 42.9 P=0.721
d)Govt. Employee 3 27.3 5 45.5 3 27.3 (N.S)
6. Type of Family
a) Nuclear Family 27 27.6 45 45.9 26 26.5 χ 2 = 1.699,
b) Joint Family 7 33.3 8 38.1 6 28.6 d.f = 4
c) Extended family 0 0.0 1 100.0 0 0.0 P=0.791
(N.S)
7. Family Income
a) Rs. 1000-3000 21 32.3 35 53.8 9 13.8 χ 2 = 14.425,
b) Rs. 3001-5000 10 27.8 10 27.8 16 44.4 d.f = 6
c) Rs. 5001-7000 2 20.0 4 40.0 4 40.0 P<0.01
d) Rs. 7001-10000 1 11.1 5 55.6 3 33.3
8. Food Pattern
a)Vegetarian 10 34.5 13 44.8 6 20.7 χ 2 = 1.022,
b)Non Vegetarian 24 26.4 41 45.1 26 28.6 d.f = 2
P= 0.600
(N.S)
9. Birth Order
a) First Child 9 18.4 22 44.9 18 36.7 χ 2 = 10.768,
b) Second Child 21 40.0 23 44.2 8 15.4 d.f = 6
c) Third Child 4 28.6 6 42.9 4 28.6 P=0.096
d) Fourth Child 0 0.0 3 60.0 2 40.0 (N.S)
10. Source of
Information
a) Television 17 28.8 27 45.8 15 25.4 χ 2 = 16.619,
b) Radio 2 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 d.f =62
c) Newspaper 6 75.0 1 12.5 1 12.5 P<0.01
d)Family Member 9 17.6 26 51.0 16 31.4
11. History of
Anemia χ 2 = 5.597,
a) Yes 8 44.4 9 50.0 1 5.6 d.f = 2
b) No 26 25.5 45 44.1 31 30.4 P=0.061
(N.S)
Table 7 reveals that there was significant association between the age,
birth order and history of anemia of the adolescent girls at p > 0.05.
Table 8: Association between level of knowledge on anemia and menstrual
history among adolescent girls
1. Age at
Menarche
2. Discomfort
a) Stress
2 33.3 1 16.7 3 50.0 χ 2 = 5.594,
b) Lower
14 28.6 19 38.8 16 32.7 d.f = 6
Abdomen Pain
12 26.1 25 54.3 9 19.6 P=0.470 (N.S)
c) Stomach Pain
6 31.6 9 47.4 4 21.1
d) Lack of Interest
3. Duration
5. Grade of Menstrual
Flow
6. Additional Iron
b) No P=0.858 (N.S)
days of menstrual cycle, grade of menstrual flow and additional iron foods.
SECTION – VII
1. Age
2. Religion
3. Education
5. Occupation of Father
6. Type of Family
7. Family Income
10. Source of
Information
Occupation of the Father, Type of the Family, Family Income, Food Pattern, Birth
P>0.05 level. There is highly significant association between age and education of
1. Age at Menarche
a) 9 - 10 yrs 2 100.0 0 0.0 χ 2 = 1.730,
b) 11 – 12 yrs 26 70.3 11 29.7 d.f = 3
c) 13 – 15 yrs 60 75.9 19 24.1 P=0.630 (N.S)
c) 16 - 17 yrs 1 50.0 1 50.0
2. Discomfort
a) Stress 6 100.0 0 0.0 χ 2 = 2.650,
b) Lower Abdomen 35 71.4 14 28.6 d.f = 3
Pain 33 71.7 13 28.3 P=0.449 (N.S)
c) Stomach Pain 15 78.9 4 21.1
d) Lack of Interest
3. Duration
a) Every 28 days 31 72.1 12 27.9 χ 2 = 1.793,
b) Every 30 days 38 73.1 14 26.9 d.f = 3
c) Before 28 days 10 90.9 1 9.1 P=0.616 (N.S)
d) More than 30 days 10 71.4 4 28.6
4. Days of Menstrual
a) 3 days 21 72.4 8 27.6 χ 2 = 0.873,
b) 4 days 15 78.9 4 21.1 d.f = 3
c) 5 days 31 70.5 13 29.5 P=0.832 (N.S)
d) Above 5 days 22 78.6 6 21.4
5. Grade of Menstrual
Flow
a) Scanty 7 77.8 2 22.2 χ 2 = 1.814,
b) Normal 58 77.3 17 22.7 d.f = 3
c) Excessive 16 64.0 9 36.0 P=0.612 (N.S)
d) Not known 8 72.7 3 27.3
Table 10 reveals that there was no significant association between the level
duration, days of menstrual cycle and grade of menstrual flow and additional iron
foods.
CHAPTER V
DISCUSSION
aided school at Chennai. The samples were selected by stratified Random sampling
The result of the study have been discussed based on the objectives stated for the
study.
adolescent girls (81.7%) belonged to nuclear family, 17.5% of the girls belonged to
Joint family and only 0.8% of the girls belonged to extended family. Regarding
history of anemia in the family 85.0% of them had no family history and only
15.0% of them had family history. The study found that majority of the adolescent
adolescent girls.
knowledge, 26.7% of the girls had adequate knowledge and 28.3% of the girls had
adolescent girls.
As per figure 2 reveals that most of the adolescent girls had 74.2% mild to
The finding of the study is consistent with other studies like Gawarikar R.S,
et al. (2002) had conducted a school based survey to find out prevalence of anemia
in adolescent girls of Ujjain city, MP. The study revealed that the mean
hemoglobin was found to be 9.80 gldl. The prevalence of mild, moderate and
severe anemia among adolescent girls was 42.9%, 42.48% and 11% respectively.
This shows that majority of the adolescent girls are anemic. So constant care and
motivation should be given during adolescent period for better reproductive health.
The third objective was to find out the relationship between knowledge
knowledge and hemoglobin value among adolescent girls. The correlation was
prevalence of anemia was high, it might be due to factors like attaining menarche,
with socio demographic variables like age x2 = 69.081 of P< 0.05 level, education
P>0.05, food pattern x2 = 1.022 of P<0.05, birth order x2 = 10.768 of P>0.05 and
history of anemia x2 = 5.597 of P>0.05 level. This shows that as age and education
As per table 10 reveals that there was significant association between age
Emel Guer et al. (2005) stated the overall prevalence of anemia was found to be
27.6% there was no significant relation between the prevalence of anemia and the
RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The focus of the study was to assess the knowledge and prevalence of
Chennai.
Assumptions
anemia.
Hypothesis
model.
Research Design
The findings revealed that majority of them 74.2% were having mild to
moderate anemia and only 25.8% of them are not anemic. The overall percentage
knowledge, 26.7% of the girls had adequate knowledge and 28.3% of the girls had
inadequate knowledge.
value and the level of knowledge among adolescent girls at P < 0.05. Hence the
between knowledge and hemoglobin level. The correlation was found statistically
significant at P<0.05.
variables was highly significant between the age, education, family income and
variables such as religion, father’s education, occupation of the father, type of the
family, family income, food pattern, birth order, source of information and history
Conclusion
The study concluded that majority 74.02% of them are having mild to
moderate anemia and only 25.8% of them are not anemic. Regarding knowledge of
anemia 45% of them had moderately adequate knowledge, 26.7% had adequate
education is required for the adolescent school girls for preventing anemia and
Limitations
• The study was limited to adolescent girls between the age group of 13-18
years.
The investigator had drawn the following implications from the study
Nursing practice
of intake of iron rich sources and other preventive sources should be stressed. The
nurse should train the teachers to identify the anemia among adolescent girls by the
clinical signs and to act as a liaison between the adolescent girls and the Health
Care agency.
The nurse should create awareness among the teachers and the adolescent
girls regarding the programmes available to prevent and could non deficiency and
other such as National Anemia control programme. The result of the study will
Nursing Education
among adolescent girls. It helps the students to understand that the students to
understand the anemia is the commonest one among adolescent girls which may
lead to public health problems like MMR. It helps them to know that simple
measures like diet, hygiene and healthy practices can drastically make a change in
the indicators of the health followed promptly by the people. Educators can
encourage the nurse to bring about innovative and creative ideas pertaining to the
Nursing Administration
preventive measures by deworming and supplying iron and folic acid tablets and
They should involve in distributing the health education materials like flash
cards, pamphlets, leaflets, etc., The study can create awareness regarding anemia
and the importance of health education to prevent and control through from
information booklets.
Nursing Research
evolving profession. The result of the study can be developed on insight into the
complications.
Recommendations
anemia.
A comparative study can be conducted among rural and urban school girls.
private schools.
Abha Choudhary et. al. (2006) prevalence of anemia in both India. Tropical Doctor
Abalkhail B et. al. (2002). Prevalence of anemia in school students. The Royal
Ahemed et. al. (2000), Anemia and non deficiency among adolescent girls.
Akramipour et. al. (2008). Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among adolescent
Aloaf. (2009). Education and improved iron intakes for treatment of mild iron
Baral KP et. al. (2009). Prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls. Nepal
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http: www.adolescenthealth.
http: www.colourscaleforhemoglobin.
http:anemia in adolescent.
APPENDIX-A
APPENDIX-B
Dear Participant,
in selected Government Aided School at Chennai. The findings of the study will be
Please be frank and honest in your response. The information collected will be kept
Place :
RESEARCH TOOLS
Demographic Variables
3. Religion
4. Standard
School
d) Graduate
Employee
7. Type of Family
9. Food Pattern
a) Vegetarian b) Non Vegetarian
10. Birth Order
Clinical Data :
Purpose :
Instruction :
13. Weight in kg :
14. Height in kg :
MENSTRUAL HISTORY
Definition:
1) Anemia is
a) Hematological disorder b) Metabolic disorder
Causes
Patho Physiology
Diagnostic Evaluation
a) Hemoglobin test b) Sputum test (c) Blood Test (d) Urine Test
Management
adolescent girls is
DIETARY MANAGEMENT
PREVENTION
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APPENDIX - D
DEFINITION:
• Congenital anemia.
TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION:
• Nutritional anemia
• Hemoglobin anemia
• Vitamin C
• Gastric Acidity
INHIBITOR:
• Tea
• Coffee
• Alkalinity
• Oxalic acid
CLINICAL FEATURES:
• Dyspnea
• Tachycardia
• Weak
• Fatigue
• Less Immunity
• Odema
• Retarded Growth
• Irritablity
• Dizziness
• Decreased attentions
• Hemoglobin test
• CBC Count
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT:
ORAL THERPY:
The dose of elemental iron is 3-6 g per kg in divided dose. The most
economic and most easily available one is simple ferrous sulphate, containing 20%
iron and available as 200 mg tablets, oral iron caused gastric irritation if given in
excess dose.
SIDE EFFECTS:
of treatment where is from 3 to 6 months. Therapy must continue in the same dose
for another 6 months. Hemoglobin rise following oral therapy is account 0.4 g / dl
per day.
PARENTAL THERAPY:
anemia is very severe and has associated symptoms warranting a rapid rise in
complication.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES:
Iron rich foods includes Green vegetables, leafs, dolls should be taken
infestations.