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    This document discusses key aspects of conducting effective research, including: 1) How to write an effective introduction by providing context from global to local perspectives and stating the research problem and aim. 2) The benefits of an extensive literature review, such as identifying gaps and informing methodological approaches. Strategies for locating relevant literature are also presented. 3) An overview of important research paradigms like positivism, constructivism, and pragmatism, and how they influence ontology, epistemology, and methodology. The philosophical basis and appropriate methods are important to research quality.

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    This document discusses key aspects of conducting effective research, including: 1) How to write an effective introduction by providing context from global to local perspectives and stating the research problem and aim. 2) The benefits of an extensive literature review, such as identifying gaps and informing methodological approaches. Strategies for locating relevant literature are also presented. 3) An overview of important research paradigms like positivism, constructivism, and pragmatism, and how they influence ontology, epistemology, and methodology. The philosophical basis and appropriate methods are important to research quality.

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    24 views43 pages

    RES1 - Lesson 2 - Introduction Literature Digging and Research Paradigm 1

    Uploaded by

    Marco joshua Ilao
    This document discusses key aspects of conducting effective research, including: 1) How to write an effective introduction by providing context from global to local perspectives and stating the research problem and aim. 2) The benefits of an extensive literature review, such as identifying gaps and informing methodological approaches. Strategies for locating relevant literature are also presented. 3) An overview of important research paradigms like positivism, constructivism, and pragmatism, and how they influence ontology, epistemology, and methodology. The philosophical basis and appropriate methods are important to research quality.

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    of 43

    RES 1

    Lesson 2: Writing Effective


    Introduction, Literature
    Digging and Research
    Paradigm

    Presented by: Mr. Vincent Anthony de Vera


    Discussion Points

    Initial Routine Team Worksheet


    01 Checking of attendance,
    Mindfulness Activities
    02 Collaborative Discussion

    Discussion Discussion
    03 How to Write an Effective
    Introduction
    04 Literature Digging
    Research Paradigm
    Mindfulness
    Let’s kick start our day by
    participating in this mindfulness
    activity.
    Discussion
    Team
    Worksheet
    How to Write an
    Effective
    Introduction
    How to Write an Effective Introduction?
    1. Look into what the global landscape is saying about the
    topic.
    2. From the global perspective, connect how it is being
    seen from the national perspective.
    3. From the national perspective, how it is in the research
    locale
    4. From the research locale, state why there is a pressing
    need to have the study conducted. This is where you will
    write your research gap/problem of the paper.
    5. And with that problem in mind, what is now the aim of
    your paper? Put it in this part.
    6. Finally, present your topic and briefly discuss its
    perceived significance.
    Literature Digging
    As a researcher, what
    do you think are the
    benefits of literature
    review in your
    research?
    As a researcher, you
    should ultimately know
    the literature related to
    your topic very, very
    well. An extensive
    literature review has
    many benefits:
    It can help you ascertain whether
    other researchers have already
    addressed and answered your
    research problem or at least
    some of its subproblems
    It can offer new ideas,
    perspectives, and
    approaches that may
    not have occurred to
    you.
    It can inform you about other
    individuals who conduct work
    in this area. Individuals whom
    you may wish to contact for
    advice or feedback.
    It can alert you to controversial
    issues and gaps in
    understanding that not yet been
    resolved. Issues and gaps you
    might address on your own
    work.
    It can show you how others
    have handled
    methodological and design
    issues in studies similar to
    your own.
    It can reveal sources of
    data you may not have
    known existed.
    It can introduce you to
    measurement tools that
    other researchers have
    developed and effectively
    used.
    It can bolster your confidence
    that your topic is one worth
    studying, because you will find
    that others have invested
    considerable time, effort and
    resources in studying it.
    Strategies for
    Locating Literature
    You might find literature related to
    your topic in a number of
    places—for instance, in books,
    journals, newspapers, government
    publications, conference
    presentations, and Internet
    websites.
    A good way to start is to identify
    one or more keywords—words or
    short phrases summarizing your
    research topic—that can point you
    toward potentially useful resources.
    A prime source of such keywords is
    your statement of your research
    problem.
    Research
    Paradigms
    Research Paradigm
    A research paradigm is a philosophical framework
    that your research is based on. It offers a pattern
    of beliefs and understandings from which the
    theories and practices of your research study
    operate. A research paradigm consists of ontology,
    epistemology, and research methodology.
    Ontology
    Answers the question: “What is
    reality? That is, does a single
    reality within your research?
    Epistemology
    Epistemology is the study of knowledge. It
    answers the question: “How is it possible to
    know reality?”. Epistemology incorporates
    the validity, parameters, and methods of
    acquiring knowledge.
    Research
    Methodology
    Answers the question: “How do we go about
    discovering the answer or reality?. This includes
    the process of data collection and analysis.
    Research methodology should outline how you
    conduct your research and demonstrate that
    the findings are valid.
    Why are research
    paradigms
    important?
    Research paradigms are important because
    they form the philosophical basis of a
    research project. Research paradigms
    influence how different schools of learning
    undertake research. Once a research
    philosophy has been determined, an
    appropriate methodology can be chosen.
    Furthermore, a knowledge of the
    philosophical foundation of your research
    will increase its quality and improve your
    performance in any analysis you may have
    to undergo.
    Common
    Examples of
    Research
    Paradigms
    1. Positivism
    Positivists believe that there’s a single reality
    that’s possible to measure and understand.
    Because of this they likely to use quantitative
    methods in their research. Typically, positivists
    propose a hypothesis that can be proved or
    disproved using statistical data analysis.
    1. Positivism
    Positivism tends to investigate the
    existence of relationship between two
    variables rather than the reason
    behind it.
    2. Constructivism
    Constructivists believe that there’s no
    single reality or truth, but rather multiple
    realities. They devote themselves to
    understanding and interpreting the
    meaning attached to an action.
    2. Constructivism
    For this reason, constructivists tend to
    use qualitative research methods, such
    as interviews or case studies, which
    focus on providing different
    perspectives.
    2. Constructivism
    Constructivism aims to provide the answer to
    “why” for example, asking “why do 25 percent of
    the employees of an organization regularly
    arrive late to work?” rather than merely
    establishing the relationship between the two
    variables (e.g time of arrival at work and
    availability of nearby parking).
    3. Pragmatism
    Pragmatists believe that reality is continually
    interpreted and renegotiated against the
    backdrop of new and unpredictable
    situations. Because of this, the philosophy
    they apply in research methods depends on
    the research question itself.
    3. Pragmatism
    Pragmatists often combine positivist and
    constructivist principles in the same research
    project, using both qualitative and quantitative
    methods to investigate different components of
    a research problem. They believe that the
    optimal research method are those that most
    successfully answer the research question.
    Thanks!

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