Sk1OZ1S

Levels I, II, aziA III

MetAod
Gtipplement to
BecorrtrriertcfoA f'rcictice
I'to. SMW-WC-lXt
Book I
This publication contains suggested questions and answers in the visual and optical testing method for use in
conjunction with Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-IA, available from ASNT.

Published by
The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
1711 Arlingate Lane
PO Box 28518
Columbus, OH 43228 0fi 18

Copyright fi 1999 by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ASNT is not responsible for the
authenticity or accuracy of information herein. Published opinions and statements do not necessarily reflect the
opinion of ASNT. Products or services that are advertised or mentioned do not carry the endorsement or
recommendation of ASNT.
IRRSP, NDT Handbook, The NDT Technician and www.asnt.org are trademarks of The American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ACCP, ASNT, Level III Study Guide, Materials Evaluation, Nondestructive Testing
Handbook, Research in Nondestructive Evaluation and RNDE ate registered tr‘ademarks of The American Society
for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.

ASNT exists to create a safer world by promoting the profession and technol 8ies of nondestructive testing.

ISBN-13: 978 1 57117 072 9

ISBN-10: 1-57117—072-3

Printed in the United States of America

first printing 02/99

second printing, with revisions 10/02
third printing, with revisions 07/06
fourth printing, with revisions 04/09

2
 Table of Contents

References...........................................................................5

Level II..............................................................................17
Q u e s ti ons •• • • •• • •• • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7

Answers •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 27
 Recommended Training References
Visual and Optical Testing

The following references were used in formulating the questions contained in this book.

A.* ASM Hoiidbook, rñnth edition, Volume 17, Nondestructive Evaluation arid Quality Coritro1, Metals Park, OH:
ASM International, 1989.

B Hobart Institute of Wefdirig Technolo g y lUeldin g Guide, Troy, OH, Hobart Institute of Welding Technology,
1995.

C.* Nondestructive Testing Handbook, first edition, Robert C. McMaster, ed. Columbus, OH, The American
Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc., 1959.

D V i ral Examination Technol 82 Competenc y A,rea 101 (Level I) Practica 'Specific, Charlotte, NC, EPRI NDE
Center, December, 1996.

E. * Nondestructive Testing Handbook, second edition. Volume 8, Visual and Optical Testing, Michael Allgaier,
Stanley Ness, technical eds., Paul McIntire and Patrick O. Moore, eds., Columbus, OH, The American Society
for Nondestructive Testing, Inc., 1993.

F. Visual Examination TeChn ! 8 Conipetenc y Area 102 (Level II) Germ rol, Charlotte, NC, EPRI NDE Center,
December, 1996.

G. Welding Handbook.- Welding Teclin olog5, Volume 1, eighth edition, Miami, FL. American Welding Society,
1987.

* Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.

Each question found in this book contains bold letter(s) and page number(s) immediately following the answers. for
example,

6.A discontinuity associated with metal overflow during

forging is called a:

a. seam.
b. flake. c.lap. d.lamination.

In this example, the letter “A” refers to Reference A in the list provided above and “493” is the specific page range in
Reference A where the answer to the question can be found. Always select the “most correct” answer.

5
 Reference Usage List

Reference A: Total = 8 Reference E: Total = 168

Level I (4) Level I (39)
Level II (4) Level II (44)
Level III (0) Level III (85)

Reference B: Total = 2 Reference F: Total = 32

Level I (0) Level I (7)
Level II (2) Level II (26)
Level HI (0) Level III (0)

Reference C: Total = 7 Reference G: Total = 27

Level I (4) Level I (5)
Level II (3) Level II (22)
Level III (0) Level III (0)

Reference D: Total = 40
Level I (29)
Level II (11)
Level III (0)

6
 Level I Questions
Visual and Optical Testing Method

Steel mill products may have: 6. A jagged, nonintegrally bonded piece of metal that
leaves a depression in another metal after it is
a. stress cracks. removed, is called a:
b. die bums.
c. arc drags. a. seam.
d. laminations. b. blister.
A.549 c. scab.
d. gouge.
2. A high-intensity source of light may cause an A.549 and 568
inspection problem because:
7. The physical characteristics of color are:
a. it produces excessive glare.
b. it produces considerable heat. a. hue, purity, and brightness.
c. it has a short bulb life. b. wavelength, spectrum, and contrast.
d. the lamp head cannot be adjusted. c. acuity, perception, and distance.
E.54-55 d. none of the above.
C.10-2
3. A common inspection instrument that is used to
visually inspect internal bore surfaces is a: 8. When scale is partially rolled into the surface of a
steel plate it is called:
a. magnifying glass.
b. borescope. a. scabs.
c. phototube. b. rolled in-scale.
d. microscope. c. pits.
C.11-12 d. tears.
F.226
4. Glare can be reduced on an inspection surface by
using: 9. A valve that provides linear motion during operation
is called:
a. visible light.
b. spectral light. a. a gate valve.
c. screens. b. a ball valve.
d. polarized light. c. a butterfly valve.
C.10-3 d. all of the above.
D.3PS:4/20
5. A discontinuity associated with metal overflow
during forging is called a: 1fi. An attachment to a component that is welded, cast,
or forged is called:
a. seam.
b. flake. a. a nonintegral attachment.
c. lap. b. an integral attachment.
d. lamination. c. a restraint.
A.493 d. a clamp.
D.5PS:5/27

7
 Visual and Optical 1’estirig Method, Level I

11. Devices that restrict the movement of hanger springs 18. The two major categories of pumps are:
and prevent damage during installation are called:
a. static and friction head.
a. clips. b. dynamic and displacement.
b. travel stops. c. single stage and multi-stage.
c. shims. d. turbine and condensate.
d. grout. D.4PS:7/12
D.ars i6/i9
19. A mechanical device that raises, transfers, or
12. The combined static and friction head pressurizes fluids is:
(vertical difference in elevation) is called:
a. a valve.
a. pump head. b. a snubber.
b. total head. c. an electric motor.
c. brake horse power. d. a pump.
d. maximum head. D.4PS:3/12
D.4PS:10/12
20. A discontinuity that is not associated with welds is:
13. Wear due to erosion/corrosion on a valve is
typically found in: a. undercut.
b. overlap.
a. the valve body. c. laminations.
b. the valve seating area. d. underfill.
c. the valve disk. D.1PS:7/10
d. all of the above.
D.3PS 21. During an examination of a groove weld, which of
the following dimensions is normally measured?
14. Which of the following is a type of component
support? a. The root opening.
b. Weld reinforcerrrent.
a. Plate and shell. c. Base material thickness.
b. Linear. d. All of the above.
c. Component support standards. D.IPS:6/10
d. AU of the above.
D.5PS:8/27 22. A welding symbol over the reference line refers to:

15. A valve is a mechanical device that: a. the area on the arrow side.
b. the area near the end of the arrow.
a. moves fluids or gases. c. the area opposite of the arrow.
b. controls flow'. d. a field weld.
c. is rarely used in a nuclear power plant. D.irs.4/io
d. is always welded into a system.
D.3PS: 3/2fi 23. A valve that uses linear motion, which is used to
regulate flow, is called a:
16. Devices that limit or allow no motion in one or more
directions are called: a. butterfly valve.
b. globe valve.
a. hangers. c. swing check valve.
b. supports. d. ball valve.
c. restraints. D.3PS:4/20
d. clamps.
D.5PS:8/27 24. A device that restricts mo›'ement during an abnormal
or seismic event is called a:
17. Bolting failures typically occur at:
a. restraint.
a. the thread root area. b. snubber.
b. the head to shank area. c. hanger.
c. nicks or gouges. d. support.
d. all of the above. D.5PS:8/27
D.2PS

8
 Visuol and Optical Testing Method, Level I

25. A centrifugal pump is classified as: 32. A valve subassembly that is considered to be part of
the pressure vessel assembly is called the:
a. a dynamic pump.
b. a reciprocating pump. a. drive.
c. a displacement pump. b. stem.
d. all of the above. c. body.
D.4PS:7/12 d. disk.
D.3PS:6/20
26.
The device in a pump that moves or compresses
fluid is called: 33 A device that raises, transfers, or pressurizes fluids
by pressing, forcing, or throwing the fluid through
a. a pump casing. apertures or pipes is called a:
b. a packing gland.
c. adik. a. valve.
d. an impeller. b. pump.
D.4PS:8/12 c. snubber.
d. bolt.
27.
The closure element of a diaphragm valve is called: D.4PS:3/12

a. the weir. 34. Valves that use rotational motion to make a seal are
b. a flexible elastomer. called:
c. the bonnet.
d. the disk. a. ball valves.
D.3PS:15/20 b. gate valves.
c. globe valves.
28.
Component supports are divided into groups. Which d. all of the above.
of the following is not considered to be a group of D.3PS:16/20
component supports?
35. Service-induced discontinuities can be the result of:
a. Hangers.
b. Supports. a. vibration.
c. Integral attachments. b. stress risers.
d. Snubbers. C. CONTO S1011.
D.5PS:5/27 d. all of the ab‹ ve.
D.2PS:9/15
29.
During a visual examination, a welding discontinuity
that could not tae detected Would be: 36. A device that is typically installed vertically with II+e
support member in compr ession is called a:
a. undercut.
b. underfill. a. support.
c. cracks. b. hanger.
d. side wall lack of fusion. c. snubber.
D.1PS:7/10 d. spring can.
D.5PS:7/27
30. For component supports, the principal movement
axis is: 37. Typical reportable discontinuities for component
supports include:
a. the horizontal axis.
b. the vertical axis. a. drawing anomalies.
c. the longitudinal axis. b. workmanship.
d. all of the above. c. operational.
D.5PS:4/27 d. all of the above.
D.mrs:12/2i
3 t. A device that is typically installed vertically with the
support member in tension is called a:

a. support.
b. restraint.
c. snubber.
d. hanger.
D.5PS:6/27

9
 Visitor and Optical testing Methad, Level I

38. A physical attribute that cannot be visually inspected 44. Porosity is:
during welding is:
a. material used during the welding process.
a. the welding process. b. gas entrapped below the suJace of a material.
b. the acceptability of the weld, with regard to c. gas entrapped below or at the surface of a
its appearance. material.
c. alignment and fit-up. d. foreign crystallized material entrapped below
d. joint preparation. the surface of a material.
A.469 F.4G:10/11

39. An inherent discontinuity in forgings that cannot be 45. A visual examiner could expect to find a crater
detected using visual testing is: crack:

a. bursts. a. at the beginning of the weld.

b. cracks. b. somewhere between the beginning and the end
c. seams. of the weld.
d. laps. c. at either the beginning or the end of the weld.
E.274-275; F.4G:5/11 d. at the end of the weld.
G.368
40 Every inspector is affected differently by
perception, fatigue, and attitude. In visual 46. A discontinuity with a small star-shaped pattern
inspection, these factors are classified as: where a weld starts or stops is usually an
indication of:
a. physiological factors.
b. uncontrolled factors. a. surface porosity.
c. production factors. b. undercut.
d. classic distress factors. c. a crater crack.
E.57-62 d. slag.
F.6G:14/18
41.
To examine areas around bends inside a pipe section,
the visual examiner uses a: 47. During the visual examination of a full penetration
double bevel weld joint. visual examination
a. telescope. cannot locate:
b. fiberoptic borescope.
c. borescope. a. undercut.
d. microscope. b. underfill.
F.3G:8/19 c. crater cracks.
d. insufficient penetration.
42.
On a thickness gage, twenty thousandths ot an F.6G
inch is represented by:
48. The initiation of a fatigue crack could occur
a. 0.2 at:
b. 0.02
c. 0.002 a. weld toes.
d. 0.0002 b. notches.
c. section changes.
43.
In a casting, a visual examiner could expect to find: d. thread roots.
e. all of the above. F.7G
a. laminations.
b. stringers.
c. bursts. 49. A welding discontinuity typically referred to
d. hot tears. as distortion is caused by:
E.276 a the use of a tungsten electrode in the GTAW
welding process.
b the uncontrolled heating and cooling of the
weld metal.
c exposure to radiation and other NDE
techniques. d the excess amount of porosity in the
weld metal.
G.241 and 261
 Visual and Optical Testing Method, Level I

50. When measuring plate thickness, the most accurate 56. An instrument that can be equipped with forz'ard
reading is given by a: oblique, right angle, or retrospective visual systems
is called:
a. steel ruler.
b. steel tape. a. an angulated borescope.
c. mechanical gage (microineter). b. a microscope.
d. feeler gage. c. a panoramic borescope.
F.3G:17/19 d. a stereoscope.
E.82-91
51. When choosing a magnifier, major consideration
should be given to: 57. The use of chemical solutions to attack material
surfaces in order to improve the visibility of
a. power or magnification. disconHnuities for visual inspection at normal and
b. working distance. low power magnification is called:
c. field of view.
d. all of the above. a. microetching.
C.11-1 b. macroetching.
c. replication.
52. Visual inspection is the most extensively used d. vibroetching.
inspection method on weldments because: E.118-123

a. it is simple and relatively inexpensive. 58 A “charged coupled device chip” is used with:
b. it does not normally require special equipment.
c. it gives important information about conformity to a. a fiberoptic borescope.
specifications. b. an angulated borescope.
d. all of the above. c. a video imaging device.
G.469 d. a profile gage.
E.128 130
53. In order to render valid results, visual examination
must include a: 59. Cracks, suckback, undercut, and overlap are
discontinuities found in:
a. trained operator.
b. procedure for conducting the tests. a. castings.
c. standard for interpreting and reporting the results. b. forgings.
d. all of the above. c. extrusions.
G.469 d. weldments.
1..128-130
54. 4 he maximum diameter of a borescope that can be
used for the test is determined by: 60. In welding, weld metal protrusion beyond the tusion
line at the 'eld toe is called:
a. object depth.
b. entry port size. a. overlap.
c. objective distance. b. undercut.
d. direction of view. c. reinforcement.
E.74-75 d. incomplete tusion.
E.163-i 7S
55. A device that provides the means for comparing a
test surface to a standard surface finish is called a: 61. In accordance with SNT-TC-IA, certification of
visual NDT personnel is the responsibility of:
a. measuring inagnifier.
b. surface calibrator. a. ASNT.
c. surface comparator. b. the employer.
d. surface iiiagnifier. c. the NDE“ Level III.
E.76-81 d. an outside a geney.
E.181-157

11
Visual and Optical Testing Method, Level I

62. The ability of metal to return to its original size and 69. Radiant energy that excites the retina and produces a
shape after being loaded and unloaded is called: visual sensation is called:

a. plastic deformation. a. vision.

b. elastic deformation. b. light.
c. tensile strength. c. spectrum.
d. stress-strain deformation. d. color.
E.194 E.30

63. Cracking under the combined action of corrosion and 70.

The visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
tensile stress is referred to as:
extends from:
a. fatigue cracking.
a. 100-400 nm.
b. creep cracking.
b. 210-370 rim.
c. stress corrosion cracking.
c. 380-770 nm.
d. tensile stress cracking.
d. 570-891 nm.
E.209
E.30
64. A groove formed at the toe or root of a weld when 71.
Photometers used to measure the reflectance of
the base metal is melted away and left unfilled by
materials or surfaces in specialized ways are called:
weld metal is referred to as:
a. radiometers.
a. underfill.
b. glossmeters.
b. cold lap. c. spectrophotometer.
c. crack.
d. reflectometers.
d. undercut.
E.30
E.260
72. The portion of the eye that regulates the quantity of
65. Excessive clearance in pumps will result in: light admitted is called the:

a. accelerated corrosion. a. iris.

b. increased cavitation. b. pupil.
c. reduction in pump efficiency. c. retina.
d. increased impeller wear. d. cones.
E.269 E.fi0

66 A mechanical device that control s flow into, inside 73. In general, the total magnification of borescopes is in
of, or out of a piping system is called a: the range of:
a. blind flange. a. 3x-4x.
b. pump. b. 2x 8x.
c. valve. c. 4x- l0x.
d. flow controller. d. 5s-15s.
E.270 E.88
67. Hot tears, inclusions, poros ity, and cold shuts are: 74. A method used for copying the topography of a
surface that cannot be moved or one that would be
a. forging discontinuities. damaged in transferal is called:
b. casting discontinuities.
c. welding discontinuities. a. NDT.
d. processing discontinuities. b. in-situ NDT.
E.276 c. replication.
d. surface metallography.
68. The distance a magnifier can be moved toward or E.t08
away from a subject while keeping it in good focus
is called:

a. depth of field.
b. field of view.
c. focal spot.
d. magnification distance. ‘
E.292-300

12
 Metal and Optical Teshng Method, Le eel I

75. Replication is used for: 81.

The undesirable removal of material from contacting
surfaces by mechanical action is referred to as:
a. the analysis of fracture surfaces and
rnjcrostructure. a. corrosion.
b. the evaluation of yield and tensile strengths of b. erosion.
metals. c. wear.
c. the evaluation of corrosion damage and wear. d. grinding.
d. both a and c above.
E.105
E197
82 The deterioration of a metal resulting from
76. Temperature indicating materials can take the form electrochemical reactions with environment is
of: referred to as:
a. sticks. a. erosion.
b. pellets. b. corrosion.
c. liquids. c. wear.
d. all of the abo›'e. d. fatigue.
E.114 U.206

77. As related to photographic techniques for recording 83. All of the following are weld joints except:
visual testing results, the range of distance over
which a camera gives satisfactory definition when its a. a butt joint.
lens is in the best focus for a certain specific di.stance b. an edge joint.
is referred to as: c. a groove joint.
d. a lap joint.
a. depth of vision.
E.247
b. depth of field.
c. depth of focus. 84.
Joint penetration in which the weld metal fills the
d. field of vision. groove and is fused to the base metal throughout its
E.142 thickness is referred to as:

78. Cameras used in video pipe testing may be a. complete penetration.

transported inside the pipe by: b. partial penetration.
c. incomplete penetration.
a. pushing. d. complete fusion.
b. pulling. E.247
c. carrying.
d. all of the above. A process in which iriaterials are joined by heating
E.149 them to a suitable temperature and by using a filler
metal, which liquifies above 449 °C (840 °F) and
79. In general, visual well inspection is performed: below the solidus of the base metal, is called:

a. before welding. a. welding.

b. during weld Ing. b. soldering.
c. after welding. c. brazing.
d. all of the above. d. solid state welding.
E156 E.249

80. The testing of certain nu in bers less than the total in a 86. In a typical groove weld, the angle formed between
production run is called: the prepared edge of a member and a plane
perpendicular to the surface of the member is called:
a. random sampling.
b. partial sampling. a. groove angle.
c. specified sampling. b. bevel angle.
d. random specified sampling. c. angle of preparation.
E.160 d. w eld angle.
E.254

13
T'isua/ and Optical Testing Method, Level I

87. Bursts, laps, and cracks are discontinuities that are 88. The science of obtaining quantitative
found in: measurements of physical objects through
processes of recording, measuring, and
a. castings. interpreting photographic images is called:
b. welds.
c. forgings. a. photography.
d. extrusions. b. photometry.
E.274 c. photogrammetry.
d. stereophotography.
E.314

14
 Level I Answers
Visual and Optical Testing Method

1. d 23. b 45. c 67. b

2. a 24. b 46. c 68. a
3. b 25. c 47. d 69. b
4. d 26. d 48. e 70. c
5. c 27. b 49. b 71. d
6. c 28. c 50. c 72. a
7. a 29. d 51. d 73. b
8. b 30. d 52. d 74. c
9. a 31. d 53. d 75. d
10. b 32. c 54. b 76. d
11. b 33. b 55. c 77. b
12. b 34. a 56. a 78. d
13. d 35. d 57. b 79. d
14. d 36. a 58. c 80. b
IS. b 37. d 59. d 81. c
16. c 38. b 60. a 82. b
17. d 39. c 61. b 83. c
18. b 40. a 62. b 84. a
19. d 41. b 63. c 85. c
20. c 42. b 04. d 86. b
21. d 43. d 65. c 87. c
22. c 44. c 66. c 88. c

15
 Level II Questions
Visual and Optical Testing Method

1. Localized reduction in an area of a bolt that is under 6.

A convex weld surface:
overload conditions is referred to as:
a. curves in\vard.
a. sizing.
b. curves outward.
b. necking down.
c. contains a hollow.
c. erosion.
d. does both a and c above.
d. elongation.
E.258
E.274
7. During the solidification of metal, a hole produced
2. The least common location for fastener failure is: due to escaping gases is called a:

a. in the head to shank fillet. a. burst.

b. throughout the first thread inside the nut on b. cold shut.
threaded fasteners. c. flaking.
c. in the midgrip. d. blow hole.
d. at the transition from the thread to the shank. A.514
E.273
8. Weldments might contain:
3 Discontinuities that are produced during the hot or
cold working of the ingot into rod or bar to make a. shrinkage.
studs are called: b. incomplete penetration.
c. seams.
a. inherent discontinuities. d. laps.
b. primary processing discontinuities. F.fiC
c. secondary processing discontinuities.
d. service-induced discontinuities. 9. A discontinuity typicall y found in forgings is:
E.fi73
a. shrinkage.
4. Service-induced discontinuities in bolting systems b. bleed-out.
may be produced by: c. laps.
d. undercut.
a. vibration. E.274
b. over-tensioning.
C. C0 ITOS1011. 10. Embrittlement, caused by a physical or chemical
d. all of the above. change in the metal, is a reduction in:
E.273
a. ductility.
5 The fillet weld size is based on the: b. hardness.
c. hydrogen.
a. effective fillet weld throat. d. all of the above.
b. length of fillet weld. F.7G:10/21
c. theoretical throat.
d. length of fillet weld leg.
E.163

17
Visyal and Optical Testing Method, Level II

11. The deterioration of a metal by chemical or 17. The portion of base metal that has not been
electrochernical reaction with its environment melted but where mechanical properties or
is called:
microstructure have been altered by the heat of
welding is defined as:
a. corrosion.
b. erosion. a. the fusion zone.
c. IGSCC.
b. the heat-affected zone.
d. none of the above.
c. both a and b above.
E.206 d. none of the above.
G.108-111
12.
The roughest surface finish is indicated by a
measurement of: 18. The difference between discontinuities and defects
is that:
a. 64 pin.
b. 150 pin. a. a defect is a rejectable discontinuity.
c. 250 pin. b. discontinuities affect the base metal,
d. 380 pin. whereas defects affect the weld metal.
c. there should be no distinction
13.
A basic metallurgical joint configuration that is between discontinuities and defects.
used for complete joint penetration is called: d. a discontinuity is a rejectable defect.
E.342
a. a butt joint.
b. a fillet joint. 19. The gage that provides measurements of
c. a lap joint. internal misalignment on 76 mm (3 in.)
d. none of the above. diameter pipe is:
E.247
a. a Cambridge gage.
b. a fillet weld gage.
14. The welding process that is sometimes referred to as c. a hi-lo welding gage.
“stick welding” is: d. both a and b above.
E.255
a. SAW.
b. SMAW. 20. In a borescope, the image is brought to the
c. GMAW. eyepiece by:
d. GTAW.
E.250 a. an objective lens.
b. relay lenses.
The welding process in which there is a higher c. an eyepiece lens.
dcgree of probability of entrapping slag is: d. all of the above.
E.83
a. GMAW.
b. GTAW. 21. In welding, temperature indicating sticks are used
c. SMAW. to monitor:
d. all of the above.
E.251 a. preheat temperatures.
b. postheat temperatures.
16. Tungsten inclusions are found during: c. interpass temperatures.
d. all of the above.
a. GMAW. E.117
b. GTAW.
c. SMAW. 22. To measure the diameter of a 76 mm (3 in.)
d. none of the above. stud most accurately, use:
E.251 252
a. a 51 76 mm (2-3 in.) inside mechanical
gage (micrometer).
b. an outside caliper.
c. a 152 mm (6 in.) dial caliper.
d. mechanical (micrometer) depth gage.
F.3G

18
 Visual and Optical Testing Method, Level II

23. A discontinuity that appears as a series of remelted 29. The bracing process is commonly defined as a liquid-
dots beside a weld, resembling a trail left in striking solid phase joining method accomplished at a
a match is called: temperature above:
a. linear porosity. a. 232 °C (450 °F).
b. arc strikes. b. 343 °C (650 °P).
c. undercut. c. 449 °C (840 °F).
d. slag. d. 504 °C (940 °F).
E.362 G.23
24. A protrusion or rollover of weld metal beyond the 30. To be acceptable, a concave fillet weld must have an
toe or root is called: actual leg dimension that is:
a. overlap. a. longer than the size.
b. undercut. b. shorter than the size.
c. reinforcement. c. equal to the size.
d. overfill. d. equal to the throat.
E.164 E.163
25. Chevrons may occur in: The melting and fusing of the filler metal and base
metal into a straight continuous weld pass is called a:
a. plates.
b. weldments. a. multipass weld.
c. bar stock. b. depressed bead.
d. valve castings. c. stringer bead.
A.550 d. weave pattern.
E.253
A discontinuity that is found in bars and forgings,
which is caused by the rupture of metal forged at 32. A depression on the face of a fillet weld that reduces
either too low or too high temperatures, is called: the cross section of the weld when measured at the
depression is called:
a. pipe.
b. seam. a. depressed bead.
c. cupping. b. excessive convexity.
d. internal burst. c. insufficient throat.
E.341 d. insufficient leg.
E.164
27. A cause for undercut that occurs during the welding
process is ca}Ied: 33.
When visually examining an arc strike, the inspector
should inspect for:
a. exce.ssive voltage or current.
b. slow travel speed. a. lack of fusion.
c. excessive travel speed. b. craters.
d. both a and c above. c. whiskers.
G.359 d. cracks.
E.261
28. When the weld is to be placed on the arrow side of
the joint, the weld symbol in the drawing will be: 34. Pitting is one type of:

a. below the line. a. occluded cell corrosion.

b. above the line. b. stress corrosion.
c. in the tail. c. general corrosion.
d. at the end of the arrow. d. galvanic corrosion.
G.196 F.7G:18/21

Joint profiles of finished welds are controlled by:

a. acceptance standards.
b. workmanship standards.
c. design requirements.
d. all of the above.
E.275

19
Yisiiof and Optical Testing Method, Level II

36 Which of the following weld symbols represents a 41. Horizontal indications on the edge of a 76 mm (3
fillet weld? in.) plate are on several levels and do not extend
a. along the whole edge. The most likely cause of these
visual indications is:

b. a. pipe.
b. poor burning practice.
c. laminations.
d. porosity.
E.275

42 A process that uses a filler metal with a liquidus

state that does not exceed 449 °C (840 ‘F) and that
B.5; G.195 does not melt the base material is:

37. Which of the following weld symbols represents a. SMAW.

a “U Joint?” b. brazing.
c. soldering.
a. d. resistance welding.
E.249
b. 43 The angle(s) for the fore-oblique direction of
view borescope is/are:

a. 0 degrees.
b. 1-89 degrees.
c. 90 degrees.
d. d. 91-110 degrees.
F.3G:12/19
B.5;
G.195 44. The mechanism for soldering and bracing is:
38. Electronic aids to vision are based primarily on: a. wetting.
b. alloying.
a. photosynthetic devices. c. capillary action.
b. photothermal devices. d. all of the above.
c. photoelectric devices. E.248-249
d. photostat devices.
C.11-25

39. In order to obtain light of a specific wavelength, use › 45. A i ounded discontinuity that occurs in the weld and
is then distributed in line, para11e1 with the weld is
a. filters. called:
b. shades.
c. reflectors. a. melt—through.
d. diffractive screens. b. linear porosity.
C.10-4 c. cluster porosity.
d. a crack.
40. The three physical characteristics of color include: G.355

a. saturation, brightness, and glare. 46. A wide angle of view for a borescope pi ovides.
b. hue, saturation, and brightness.
c. reflective index, spectral range, and hue. a. illumination.
d. tone, shade, and hue. b. high magnification.
C.10-2 c. shorter depth of field.
d. greater depth of field.
F.3G:11/19

20
 Visual and Optical Testing Method, Le vel II

47. An optical aid used in visual examination that brings 53. A reducdon in ductility due to in-service or pre-
the image to the eyepiece by a lens train is called: service environments is called:
a. a fiberoptic borescope. a. embrittlement.
b. a borescope. b. hydrogen fatigue cracking.
c. a mirror. c. thermal fatigue.
d. an image guide. d. intergranular stress corrosion cracking.
E.82 F.7G:10/21

48. A remote visual examination aid that is used for 54.

Metals that become weaker- due to continuing
viewing around corners with a flexible distal end is deformation under steady stress at elevated
called:
temperatures demonstrate:
a. an optiscope. a. thermal fatigue.
b. a fiberoptic borescope. b. stress corrosion cracking.
c. a mirror. c. corrosion reduction.
d. an image guide.
d. creep.
E.82
F.7G:19/21
49. An inherent discontinuity associated with the 55.
Which of the following is a basic joint
original solidification of metal in the ingot is called: configuration?
a. a seam. a. A tee joint.
b, thermal fatigue. b. A single V joint.
c. a hot tear. c. A single I joint.
d. porosity. d. All of the above.
F.4G:9/11 E.247

50. A narrow angle of view in a borescope is required

A nonfusion discontinuity that is located at the root
area of a welded joint is called:
5C. for:
a. pot‘osity.
a. high magnification. b. a hot tear.
b. low magnification. c. incomplete joint penetration.
c. a greater depth of field. d. all of the above.
d. greater reflectivity. E.261
F.3G:11/19
In the casting process. a chaplet is:
51. Discontinuities associated with the casting process ñ7.
are: a. a device that su laports the core material.
b. a device that is used as a heat sink.
a. inclusions c. a ragged, irregularly shaped discontinuity.
b. hot tears d. all of the above.
c. porosity. r.4G:io/ii
d. all of the above.
F.4G:9/11
58. The three stages to fatigue are:
52. Which of the follow ing is a primary processing
method? a. initiation, propagation. and failure.
b. initiation, branching, and expansion.
a. Forging. c. stress, temper ature, and propagation.
b. Machining. d. none of the above.
c. Heat treating. F.7G:5/21
d. All of the above.
r.4G:4/11 59. Discontinuities that originate during the melting and
original solidification of the metal in the ingot are
categorized as:

a. forming discontinuities.
b. inherent discontinuities.
c. process discontinuities.
d. service-induced discontinuities.
F.4G:3/11

21
Visual and Optical Testiiig Method, Leuel II

60. A welding process in which shielding is provided by 67. Repeated fluctuating stress having a maximum value
the electrode covering is called: less than the tensile strength of the material is
called:

a. SMAW. a. a crack.
b. GTAW. b. mechanical fatigue.
c. GMAW. c. thermal fatigue.
d. brazing. d, stress corrosion cracking.
G.4-5 F.7G:5/21
61. A slag-type discontinuity is produced 68. Cracks can occur in:
by:
a. forgings.
a. SMAW. b. castings.
b. GTAW. c. welds.
c. GMAW. d. all of the above.
d. bracing. G.365 F.4G and 6G

62. Weld metal that completely fills the groove and is 69. The structure or shape of mechanical fatigue type
fused to the base metal throughout its total thickness cracking is best described as:
is called:
a. multiple indications or brazing.
a. partial joint penetration. b. relatively straight and non-branched.
b. plate thickness. c. multiple intergranular indications.
c. theoretical throat. d. all of the above.
d. complete joint penetration. F.7G:8/21
G.153,
585 70. The fundamental reason that a
bimetallic
63. All casting discontinuities are considered to be: thermometer operates is.

a. inherent. a. that metals change volume as

b. primary processing. temperature changes.
c. secondary processing. b. that metals have the same coefficients
d. service-induced. of expansion.
F.4G:3/11 c. that thin strips of metal with different
coefficients of expansion are placed next to each
64. A disadvantage of the GMAW process is: other.
d. all of the above.
a. that slag removal is required. F.3G:17/19
b. that there is an excessive amount of {most-weld
cleaning. 71. Recording information from a visual examination
c. that shielding gas must be protected from drafts. is accomplished using:
d. all of the above.
G.7 a. a videotape recording of the examination area.
b. photographs.
65. A condition of excessive offset of the inside c. a subjective report.
diameter surface is called: d. all of the above.
F.3G:16/19
a. underfill.
b. misalignment. 72. One of the principal characteristics of a hanger is
c. overlap. that the:
d. excessive reinforcement.
a. support member is in compression.
E.168 b. component is supported from below.
c. support member is in tension.
66. Failure to adequately penetrate the weld root of d. component weight is lateral to the hanger.
a groove weld is called: D.5PS:7/27

a. lack of fusion.
b. excessive penetration.
c. incomplete joint penetration.
d. undercut.
G.359
22
 Visual and Optical Testing Method, Level II

73. On a welding symbol, the flag symbol indicates: 80 A mechanical device that controls flow is called:
a. a shop weld.
b. a repair weld. a. a pump.
c. a field weld. b. a valve.
c. a snubber.
d. weld-all-around.
d. all of the above.
G.196
E.270

74. A crater crack is formed: 81 A visual examination of a swing check valve would
include:
a. at the junction between weld beads.
b. at the start and stop of a weld bead. a. an examination of the hinge pin.
c. in the base material during the rolling process. b. an examination for wear on the disc.
d. in the base material during the forging process. c. an examination for wear on the seat.
G.360 d. all of the above.
E.271-272
75. A visual examination of the rubber elastomer seating
material is performed on: 52. The component support that allows normal thermal
movement but restrains movement during a seismic
a. a gate valve. event is called a:
b. a check valve.
c. a diaphragm valve a. hanger.
d. all of the above. b. support.
D.3PS:15/20 c. snubber
d. restraint.
76. The leg of a concave fillet weld is: D.7PS:3/28

a. the same as the size of a concave fillet weld. 83. An employer shall establish a qualification and
b. larger than the size of a concave fillet weld. certification program based on:
c. equal to the actual throat dimension.
d. not applicable to a fillet weld. a. education and experience.
F.SG b. training and testing.
c. evaluation.
77. An overload condition of a component support is d. all of the above.
indicated by: e. both a and b above.
E.254
a. twisted, elongated, or benl parts.
b. improperly torqued bolts. 84. The naos t common location for fastener failure is:
c. missing parts.
d. di.scolored or burned parts. a. at the head to shank fillet.
D.8PS:7/21; P.2G b. at the shank to thread transition.
c. an axial crack that runs the length of the bolt.
78. A common processing discontinuity for a bolt is: d. all of the above.
e. at both a and b above.
a. a burst. E.273
b. porosity.
c. necking down. 85. On a welding symbol, the horizontal line connecting
d. all of the above. the arrow and the tail is called the:
E.273
a. main line.
79. The type of con‘osion that occurs when dissimilar b. reference line.
metals are in contact or are electrically connected in c. symbol line.
a corrosive medium is called: d. AWS line.

a. selective leachin8 corrosion. G.195

b. galvanic corrosion.
c. crevice corrosion. 86. Operation all y, valves are categorized as linear and:
d. stress corrosion.
a. rotational.
E.207 b. stop/start.
c. regulatory.
d. unidirectional.
D.3PS:4/20

23
 fis izal and Optical Testing Method, Levet II

87. A destructive force that occurs in components is: 94. The gage that is typically used to measure the face
reinforcement of a butt joint is:
a. water hammer.
b. vibration.
a. a Cambridge gage.
c. corrosion.
b. a Tempil gage.
d. all of the above.
c. a fillet weld gage.
e. both b and c above.
d. all of the above.
D.8PS:14/21 E.256
88. The formation and collapse of gas bubbles in fluids 95.
Primarily, piping leaks occur at components such as:
is called:
a. integral attachments.
a. water hammer.
b. bolted connections.
b. corrosion. c. valves.
c. cavitation. d. all of the above.
d. erosion. e. both b and c above.
F.7G:17/21 D.2PS and 3PS

89. A restraint: 96. A hanger assembly that is attached to a pipe with a

pipe clamp is considered to be:
a. allows only expansive movement.
b. allows for only thermal movement. a. a class 1 component support.
c. allows limited or no motion in one or more b. an integral attachment.
directions. c. a restraint assembly.
d. does all of the above. d. a nonintegral attachment.
D.6PS:3/19 D.6PS:6/19

90. A typical inadequate construction practice involving 97. The theoretical throat dimension for a 10 mm
component supports involves: (0.4 in.) leg fillet weld is:
a. the use of different or wrongly sized parts. a. 5 mm (0.2 in.).
b. elongated bolt holes. b. 7 mm (0.3 in.).
c. corrosion.
d. stress corrosion cracking. c. 10 mm (0.4 in.).
d. IN mm (0.5 in.).
D.8rs: ui G.155

91. Excessive clearance in gate valve guide i ibs may 98. Overlap is a weld profile condition where the angle
lead to: formed at the junction beta een the weld and base
material is:
b. misalignment. a. less the 90 degrees from the plate surface.
c. wear. b. equal to 90 degrees from the plate surface.
d. all of the above. c. greater than 90 degrees from the plate surface.
E.27ti-271 d. an internal flaw only detectable with ultrasonic
testing.
92. For a given size weld, the theoretical throat for a G.358-359
concave fillet weld is:
99. A service-induced failure for a component support
a. the same for a convex fillet weld. could be caused by:
b. larger for a convex fillet weld.
c. smaller for a convex fillet weld. a. cracking or chipped concrete.
d. equal to the effective throat. b. loose nuts or improper thread engagement.
G.55 c. bent or deformed bolts.
d. damage resulting from overloading.
93. A device that transmits the load from a piping e. all of the above.
system to the building structure is called: F.7G

a. a pipe clamp.
b. a riser clamp.
c. a component support.
d. an integral attachment.
D.6PS

24
 Visual and Optical Testing Method, Level II

100. Visual inspection is easy to apply, quick and

106. When an ingot is rolled, a lamination can result if it
relatively inexpensive, and requires no contains piping or:
special equipment other than:
a. inclusions.
a. a clean work area.
b. seams.
b. 25x magnification.
c. glass.
c. good eyesight.
d. arc strikes.
d. 2152 lx (200 ftc) of illumination.
E.275
G.469
107. During the visual examination of a forging, a folded
101. The human eye cannot always distinguish clearly thin flap of metal was observed. This is typically
the fine differences between contact angles and called:
states of wetting when inspecting soldered joints. To
improve the inspector’s ability to distinguish these a. forging porosity.
differences, it is recommended that the inspector use b. a cold shut.
magnification in the range of: c. a crack.
d. a surface lap.
a. 200x-300x. E.275
b. 300x-400x.
c. No more than 10x. 108. Arc strikes are typically caused by:
d. 100x-200x.
A.605 a. molten particles splashed that are splashed out
of the molten puddle.
102. Direct visual examination is possible when the b. excessive heat during the welding process.
eye can be placed within: c. the use of improper or wet electrodes.
d. welding operator error.
a. 305 mm (12 in.) of the inspection surface. G.555
b. 381 mm (15 in.) of the inspection surface.
c. 610 mm (24 in.) of the inspection surface. 109. The heat-affected zone is the portion of the;
d. 762 mm (30 in.) of the inspection surface.
a. metal that is added to produce the weld joint.
A.647 b. base metal that has been melted and solidified.
103. During the performance of a visual examination. c. base metal that has not been melted but where
the borescope is used to: properties have been altered by the welding
heat.
a. determine inside pipe diameter dimensions. d. original metal that is welded.
b. examine external parts of welds. G.108-111
c. determine outside diameter dimensions.
d. examine internal parts of pipes and components. 110. The inos t critical part of any we}d is:
E.86›
a. the weld
104. During the typical operation of a reinforcement. 1 . correct
fiberoptic borescope, adequate lighting: heat input.
c. polarity.
a. is about the same as for reading. d. the root pass.
b. is often enhanced by mirrors. G.471
c. must be provided by artificial means.
d. is not a problem since most worm spaces
generally have adequate illumination.
F.3G:8/19

105. Visual examination tools that use flexible glass

strands to transfer the image are called:

a. telescopes.
b. fiberoptic borescopes.
c. borescopes.
d. binoculars.
E.82

25
 Level II Answers
Visual and Optical Testing Method

1 b 29. c 57. a 85. b

2 c 30. a 58. a 86 a
3. b 31. c 59. b 87. d
4. d 32. c 60. a 88. c
5. d 35. d 61. a 89. c
6. b 34. a 62. d 90. a
7. d 35. d 63. a 91. d
8. b 36. d 64. c 92. a
9. c 37. a 65. b 93. a
10 a 38. c 66. c 94. a
11. a 39. a 67. b 95. e
12. d 40. b 68. d 96. d
13. a 41. c 69. b 97. b
14. b 42. c 70. a 98. a
15. c 43. b 71. d 99. e
16. b 44. d 72. c 100. c
17. b 4J. b 73. c 101. c
18. a 46. d 74. b 102. c
19. c 47. b 75. c 103. d
20. d 48. b 76. b 104. c
21. d 49. d 77. a 105. b
22. c 50. a 78. a 106. a
23. b 51. d 79. b 107. d
24. a 52. a 80. b 108. d
25. c 53. a 81. d 109. c
26. d 54. d 82. c 110. d
27. d 55. a 83 d
28. a 56. c 84. e

27
 Level HI Questions
Visual and Optical Testing Method

1. Luminous energy tests are primarily for testing 5.

The light from common sources, particularly light
exposed or accessible surfaces of opaque test objects from incandescent lamps, is often compared with
and for: light from a theoretical source. This theoretical
source is called a:
a. testing interior of transparent test objects.
b. testing interior of test objects. a. graybody.
c. verifying the adequacy of available light source. b. photometer.
d. verifying the capability of a system to detect small c. blackbody.
discontinuities. d. light comparator.
E.2 E.31
2. A device that uses synchronized pulses of high- 6 The simultaneous comparison of a standard lamp and
intensity light to permit viewing of objects moving an unknown light source is called:
with a rapid periodic motion is called:
a. absolute photometry.
a. stereophotometer. b. relative photometry.
b. stereoscope. c. direct photometry.
c. stroboscope. d. substitution photometry.
d. spectrophotometer. E.38
E.2
7. The measurement of radiant energy in the visible
3. The intensity of florescence in relation to the spectrum, based on a standard observer response, i.s
intensity of the ultraviolet radiation that excites it is: called:
a. in yerself proportional to the intensity of the a. photometry.
ultraviolet radiation.
b. spectrometry.
b. di rectly proportional to the intensity of the
c. genioinetry.
ultraviolet radiation. d. spectrodiometry.
c. directly proportional to the square of the intensity
E.36, 39
of ultraviolet radiation.
d. not dependent upon the ultraviolet radiation.
8. The term used for dark adaptation vision using only
E.21
the rods in the retina when differences in brightness
can be detected but differences in the hue cannot is
4. The principal biological efiect of infrared radiation
called:

a. photopic vision.
a. thermal fatigue. b. mesopic vision.
b. hyperthermia. c. scotopic vision.
c. blue hazard. d. fovea vision.
d. ultraviolet hazard.
E.36
E.23

29
Visual and Optical Testing Method, Level III

9. The illumination at a point on a surface in relation to 15.

Variable(s) other than lighting and target size that
the luminous intensity of the source and the distance
affect vision acuity include:
between the source and the point varies directly with
the intensity and: a. inspector attitude.
b. target movement and target angle.
a. the distance.
c. target angle.
b. inversely with the distance.
d. target movement and brightness.
c. inversely with the square of the distance.
E.64
d. the square of the distance.
E.37 16.
The ability of the eye and brain to work together to
discriminate patterns from the background is called:
10. According to the Illuminating Engineering Society,
the minimum light required for critical work a. near vision acuity.
should be:
b. neural acuity.
c. vision acuity.
a. 500 lx (46 ftc).
d. pattern recognition.
b. 1100 lx (102 ftc).
c. 2152 lx (200 ftc). E.69
d. 5382 lx (500 ftc). 17. In visual testing, using borescopes with a narrow
E.55
field of view produces:

11. The restriction on the angle between the eye and the a. high magnification and greater depth of field.
test suJace for general visual testing should be:
b. low magnification and greater depth of field.
c. high magnification and shallow depth of field.
a. less than 60 degrees.
d. low magnification and shallow depth of field.
b. more than 60 degrees.
c. more than 30 degrees. E.75
d. less than 30 degrees.
18. In visual testing, using borescopes with a wide field
E.56
of view:

t2. The function of daylight vision for color and detail is a. reduces magnification (smaller depth of field).
performed by the:
b. reduces magnification (greater depth of field).
a. rods. c. increases magnification (greater depth of field).
d. increases magnification (smaller depth of field).
b. cones.
E.75
c. fovea.
d. retina.
19. A laboratory microscope equipped with top or
E.61 vertical illumination to permit viewing of
opaque materials is called:
13. The element of light related to the characteristics
of tone, purity, and brightness are called: a. metallographic microscope.
b. phase contract microscope.
a. vision. c. metallurgical microscope.
b. daylight vision. d. shop microscope.
c. color. E.79
d. illumination.
E.61 20. Magnification of a borescope optical system depends
on the:
14. The brightness of a diffusely reflecting
colored
surface depends on the quantity of incident light a. middle lens and ocular.
and: b. object lens.
c. object lens and ocular.
a. the reflecting factor. d. object lens, middle lens, and
b. the quality of incident light. ocular. E.88
c. light intensity.
d. the amount of reflected glare.
E.62
30
 Metal and Optical Testing Method, Level III

21.
When performing the etching process, surface finish 27.
requirements are determined by the: Documents having significant influence on public
health and safety are sometimes accepted by
a. etchant and its strength. legislative bodies or Federal regulation agencies. In
b. material to be tested and etchant strength. those jurisdictions, such documents become law and
are referred to as:
c. discontinuities to be found and etched material.
d. etchant, its strength, material, and discontinuities.
a. standards.
E.119 b. practices.
c. codes.
22. Pipe crawlers are not considered to be robotic
systems because they: d. specifications.
E.178

a. are transported to a given location 28. When particles in a fluid or other carrier slide and
without operator intervention. roll at relatively high velocity against a surface, it is
b. operate on open loop control logic and respond called:
to input from an outside source.
c. have closed loop control logic and respond to a. gouging wear.
the environment in which they operate. b. grinding wear.
d. are pushed and pulled manually by an operator. c. erosion wear.
E.128 d. abrasive wear.
E.198
23. High speed film requires:
29. When high temperature alloys cannot tolerate
a. less light but can produce less graiiiiness. contact with liquid metal because high temperatures
b. more light but can produce more cause the precipitation of chromium carbide in the
graininess. grain boundaries, the condition is called:
c. less light but can produce more graininess.
d. more light but can produce less graininess. E.144 a. sensitization.
b. carburization.
24.
Camera systems used in a remote internal video c. thermal fatigue.
test of pipe are available for black and white or d. erosion.
color viewing. In comparison, black and white E.214
systems:
The surface roughness of cold rolled steel
a. have higher resolution and require lower light 30. determines:
levels than color systems.
b. have Io;'er resolution and require higher light
levels than color s5'stems. a. glossiness, weldability, and coating properties.
c. have higher resolution and require higher light b. plating, weldability, and workability.
levels than color systems. c. coating, weldability, and plating.
d. and color systems have the same resolution and d. glossiness, coating, plating properties,
require same light levels. and workability.
E.149 E.236

25. In planning for visual testing, a particular frequency 31. A condition that is caused by unintentional rapid
or sequence of sample selection is prescribed, such heating of the base metal or weld metal and
as the selection of every fifth unit starting with the subsequent rapid cooling of the molten material,
fifth unit. This system is referred to as: which results in extremely high heat input and
causes localized hardness and cracking, is called:
a. partial sampling.
b. i andom sampling. a. undercut.
c. specified partial sampling. b. ark strike.
d. random partial sampling. c. weld shatter.
E.160 d. overlap.
E.261
20. Discontinuities associated with welds may be
classified as:

a. dimensional, process, and mechanical.

b. process, mechanical, and base metal.
c. mechanical, dimensional, and process.
d. dimensional, process, mechanical, and base metal.
E.163
Visual and Optical Testing Method, Level III

32. During the visual inspection of impeller vanes, it was 37.

Magnification of a single lens (in inches) is
noted that the vanes are exhibiting abnormal wear
determined by:
and are porous. This condition is most likely due to:
a. multiplying the focal distance of the lens by ten.
a. corrosion.
b. the focal distance of the lens.
b. erosion.
c. dividing ten by the focal length of the lens.
c. cavitation.
d. multiplying the magnification power by the
d. carburization.
focal length.
E.269
E.292
33. In a gate valve, the most likely place for erosion and 38.
wear are: The accuracy of distance measurerrrents
from photogrammetry is related to:
a. downstream seat of wedge and upstream
a. camera internal orientation.
body seat.
b. lens distortion, focal length, and object-to-
b. upstream seat of wedge and downstream body lens distance.
seat.
c. photographic base length and precision of
c. upstream seat of wedge and upstream body seat.
plotting method.
d. downstream seat of wedge and downstream
body seat. d. all of the above.
E.270 E.316
39. Visual testing of low stress applications, such as the
34. Corrosion of a metal caused by the concentration of sheets of composite material bonded to a
dissolved salts, metal ions, oxygen, or other gasses, honeycomb core, may reveal:
which occurs in pockets remote from the principal
fluid stream with a resulting build up of differential a. cracks and voids.
cells that ultimately cause deep pitting, is called: b. cracks and delamination.
c. large voids and delamination.
a. crevice corrosion. d. cracks, large voids, and delamination.
b. erosion corrosion. E.330
c. galvanic corrosion.
d. sLtess corrosson. 40 To detemiine the maximum percent defect that for
E.274 the purpose of sampling test can be
considered satisfactory as a process average,
use the:
35. F'olds of metal forced into the surface of the
component during forging, which can vary from a a. acceptable quality 1e›'e1.
tight straight linear discontinuity to a wide U-shaped b. acceptable outgoing quality
indication, are called: level.
c. control chart curve.
a. bursts. rl. operating process curve. E.340
b. seams.
c. laps. 41. When the point of focus is beyond the plane of the
d. flakes. retina, this condition is called:
E.275
a. astigmatism.
36. During the visual inspection of castings, chills b. nearsightedness.
and chaplets appear as: c. scotopic vision.
d. farsightedness.
a. rounded indications. E.11
b. U shaped indications.
c. chills appear as rounded indications but chaplets 42. To determine the maximum percent defective for the
will appear as C/ shaped. tolerance of an outgoing lot of parts, use:
d. no definite description of these discontinuities is
possible. a. process control variables.
E.276 b. acceptable outgoing level.
c. average outgoing quality
level.
d. acceptable quality level. E.1fil

32
 Visual and Optical Testing Method, Level III

43.
Compact arc sources, metal vapor, and florescent 50.
The condition when the point of focus is short of the
lamps are sources of: retina is called:

a. ultraviolet hazards. a. farsightedness.

b. infrared hazards. b. scotopic vision,
c. electromagnetic hazards.
c. nearsightedness.
d. visible hazards.
d. astigmatism.
E.23 E.11
44.
When a flexible fiber optic is bent at an angle greater 51.
than approximately 45 degrees, the image produced: When a primary color is mistaken for another
primary color, this is an error in:
a. remains round and sharp.
b. becomes elliptical. a. discrimination.
c. becomes obliterated. b. perception.
d. softens but remains round. c. color vision.
E.4 d. sensation.
E.15
45.
Erosive wear is caused by: 52. Exposure to high frequency visible light at intensities
and durations that may damage the retina, and does
a. sliding one surface against one another.
not elevate retinal temperatures enough to cause
b. high-pressure particle movement. thermal hazard is called:
c. particles that adhere under pressure and heat.
d. particles that are in motion and in fluid. a, hyperthermia.
E.198 b. thermal shock.
c. blue hazard.
46. Visible light is defined as that portion of the d. birefringence.
electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths between:
E.26
a. 280 nm and 560 nm. 53. The temperature at which a blackbody must be
b. 320 nm and 650 nm.
operated, so that it’s output is the closest
c. 325 rim and 780 rim.
approximation to a perfect color match with the
d. 380 nm and 770 nm.
output of the selective radiator is called:
E.36
a. blackbody temperature.
47. Most color deficiencies are hereditary and occur in: b. correlated teirrperature.
c. selective temperature.
a. the brown-green range. d. color teiriperatu re.
b. the red green range. E.32
c. the blue-yellow range.
d. the blue-green range. 54.
The instrument used to measure radiation r wer of
E.14 specified frequencies is called a:

48. Color deficiencies can be hereditary and/or acquired.

a. radiometer.
Acquired color deficiencies can include:
b. pliotometer.
c. raster.
a. trichromatism (three colors).
d. spectrophotometer.
b. protanopia (red lacking).
E.43-44, 350
c. tritanopia (blue lacking).
d. protan-deuton (red-yellow). 55.
The angle of vision and the distance of the eye from
E.15 the test surface determine the minimum angular
separation of two points resolvable by the eye. This
49. To form reliable images, the lens of the eye focuses is known as the eye’s:
light rays onto the:
a. sensitivity.
a. retina. b. resolving power.
b. optic nerve. c. vision power.
c. sclera. d. discrimination.
d. cornea. E.56
E.11

33
 Metal and Optical Testing Method, Level III

56. A tool that uses the wavelength of light as a unit to 62. A type of corrosion caused by the electrochemical
measure the surface contour is called: differences between contacting metals or a metal and
its environment is called:
a. surface comparator.
b. metallurgical microscope. a. galvanic corrosion.
c. interference microscope. b. uniform corrosion.
d. polarized microscope. c. crevice corrosion.
E.81 d. stress corrosion.
E.207
57. The principle of solid state image devices is based
on: 63. The depletion of chromium from the grain
boundaries of metals due to the rapid combination of
a. photoelectric effect and the free electrons that are carbon with chromium is called:
created in a region of silicon illuminated by
photons. a. sensitization.
b. generation of a train of electrical pulses that b. carburization.
represent light intensities present in an optical c. corrosion-erosion.
image. d. creep.
c. the amount of charge in each packet that stays E.213
substantially the same.
d. an electron beam that is used to scan a 64. Gradual and permanent change of shape in a metal
photoconductive target. under constant load, usually at elevated temperature
E.95 is called:

58. The ratio between stress and strain in a material a. thermal fatigue.
deformed within its elastic range is called: b. carburization.
c. creep.
a. the yield point. d. plastic deformation.
b. yield stress. E.211-212, 342
c. the modulus of elasticity.
d. the monochromator. 65. In the steel industry, the term “surface measurement”
E.I94•195, 348

59. When a metal is at an elevated temperature, the: a. gloss and reflectance.

b. dimensional measurement.
a. modulus of elasticity is decreased. c. surface roughness and properties related to
b. modulus of elasticity is increased. roughness.
c. yield and tensile strength are increased. d. both a and c abo e.
d. stiffness of the metal increases. E.236
E.196
66.
For concave fillet welds, the size of the weld as
60. Erosive z'ear of materials can be recognized by: compared to the leg of the weld is:

a. the general removal of soft surface coating on a. equal to the leg.

iiiaterial. b. larger than the leg.
b. grooving or channeling of the material. c. smaller than the leg.
c. the rounding of comers. d. not related to the leg.
d. all of the above. E.253
E.198
67. In convex fillet welds, the shortest distance from the
61. A form of pitting caused by vibration and movement root of the weld to the face of the weld is called:
in a liquid environment is called:
a. actual throat.
a. subcase fatigue. b. theoretical throat.
b. cavitation fatigue. c. effective throat.
c. spalling fatigue. d. throat.
d. subsurface fatigue. E.253
E.205

34
 Visual and Optical Testing Method, Le veI III

68. A typical location for fastener failures is: 74. When visual inspection of finished weldments is
required, the inspector should:
a. in the head-to-shank fillet.
b. through the first thread inside the nut on thread a. examine the weld with a low powered magnifier.
fasteners. b. examine the weld with liquid penetrant.
c. at the transition from the thread to the shank.
c. verify the qualification of the welder.
d. all of the above.
d. visually examine the weld with sufficient
E.273 illumination.
E.156
69.
Machine vision technology is used in the automobile
industry to: 75. When visually accepting a finished weld, the
following factor(s) should be considered:
a. verify colors.
b. calibrate speedometers. a. weld appearance.
c. design lighting systems. b. welder’s stencil mark.
d. all of the above. c. dimensional conformance to specification.
E.279 d. both a and b above.
e. both a and c above.
70. The gage used in the visual testing of threads in oi1 E.157
country tubular goods is called:
76. An indication of a crater crack at the start-stop of a
a. an LC gage. z'eld was observed. This condition:
b. a thread gage.
c. a profile gage. a. would be cause for rejection of the weld.
d. a pin gage. b. is acceptable for all weldments when the length is
E.325 less than 4 mm (0.15 in.).
c. may be acceptable if allowed by specification.
71. One of the main principles of visual and optical d. may be acceptable if reviewed by an owner’s
testing is described by: representative.
E.173
a. access, contact, or preparation.
b. indication or recording method. 77. The actual size of a groove weld is:
c. process control applications.
d. dimension and metrology. a. one-half of the cap width dimension.
E.52 b. 0.7 of the short leg dimension.
c. the a erage width of the weld.
72. When documenting the results of a visual d. the groove prep plvs penetration.
examination, reducing the aperture opening o n a F..163
photographic lens results in:
78 The visual inspector evaluating the welding process
a. an increase in depth of field. should consider the following factor(s):
b. a decrease in depth of field.
c. no change in depth of field. a. preheat temperatures.
d. a decrease in field resolution. b. filler metal control and handling.
E.143 c. joint fit-up and bevel angle.
d. all of the above.
73. Several factors can reduce image contrast of a E.179
display (cathode ray tube). A source of this
interference could be: 79 Visual surface condition for the final acceptance of
weldments:
a. fogg'ing.
b. photoconduction. a. is the only item to be considered.
c. halitation. b. may not indicate the actual condition of the weld.
d. refraction. c. is based on mechanical testing of the weld.
E.140 d. none of the above.
E.159

35
Visual and Optical Testing Method, Leyel III

80. A material that emits light n'hen excited by

83. A type of wear caused by high-pressure impact
illuminated areas of a test obj'ect is said to
that lifts large fragments from a metal surface is
be.
called:
a. photovoltaic.
a. abrasive wear.
b. lnminescent.
b. erosive wear.
c. photoresistant.
c. grinding wear.
d. radiescent. d. gouging wear.
E.13
2 E.200

81. Two aspects of a display (cathode ray tube) that are 84.
A type of wear that frequently occurs in stationary
most important to visual interpretation are:
joints that are fixed from shrinking or pressing by
interference fits or bolts, pius, rivets, or other
a. habitation and reflections.
mechanisms and also at various contact points in
b. fluorescence and refractions.
antifriction or rolling elements known as:
c. brightness and contrast.
d. hue and color. a. adhesive wear.
E.140 b. fretting wear.
c. gouging wear.
82. A type of corrosion that occurs under fasteners d. erosive wear.
such as bolted or riveted joints if moisture can E.201
penetrate and remain is called:
85. Devices such as phototubes or multiplier
a. galvanic corrosion. phototubes that emit electrons under the influence
b. crevice corrosion. of light are called:
c. creep corrosion.
d. uniform corrosion. a. photoelectric.
E.208 b. photoemissive.
c. photocathode.
d. photovoltaic.
E.131

36
 Level III Answers
Visual and Optical Testing Method

1. a 23. c 45. d 67. a

2. c 24. a 46. d 68. d
3. b 25. c 47. b 69. d
4. b 26. d 48. d 70. c
5. c 27. c 49. a 71. b
6. c 28. c 50. c 72. a
7. a 29. a 51. b 73. c
8. c 30. d 52. c 74. d
9. c 31. b 53. d 75. e
10 b 32. c 54. a 76. c
11. c 33. b 55. b 77. d
12. b 34. a 56. c 78. d
13. c 35. c 57. a 79. b
14. a 36. d 58. c 80. b
15. b 37. c 59. a 81. c
16. b 38. d 60. d 82. b
17. c 39. c 61. b 83. d
18. b 40. a 62. a 84 fl
19. c 41. d 63, b 85. b
20. d 42. c 64. c
21. d 43. a €5. d
22. b 44. c 66. c

37