Lecture 5 - Dam Construction
Lecture 5 - Dam Construction
Lecture 5 - Dam Construction
ADVANCED
CONSTRUCTION
METHODS &
TECHNIQUES
Spillway
MWL
Max. level (inside dam)
NWL
Normal
water level
Free board
Sluice way
Gallery
Heel
Toe
Figure: Typical Cross-section of a Dam
Heel: contact with the ground on the upstream side
Toe: contact on the downstream side
Abutment: Sides of the valley on which the structure of the
dam rest
Galleries: small rooms like structure left within the dam for
checking operations.
Diversion tunnel: Tunnels are constructed for diverting water
before the construction of dam. This helps in keeping the river
bed dry.
Spillways: It is the arrangement near the top to release the
excess water of the reservoir to downstream side
Sluice way: An opening in the dam near the ground level,
which is used to clear the silt accumulation in the reservoir.
Figure: Typical cross-section of concrete gravity dam
Figure: Typical concrete gravity dam plan and elevation
Figure: Typical concrete arch dam cross section
Figure: Typical concrete arch dam plan and elevation
Figure: Concrete arch dam
Figure: Different types of buttress dam
Buttress Dam – Is a
gravity dam
reinforced by
structural supports
Buttress - a support
that transmits a
force from a roof or
wall to another
supporting
structure
Field Compaction
Uncompacted layer thickness (300mm max.)
Compaction equipment is suitable
Moisture content and Maximum dry density
Nuclear Density, sand cone, rubber balloon
Make sure Nuclear density is calibrated
Goal of Compaction
Place loose soil in the field and
compact it to make soil strong as
possible:
Maximum shear strength
Very little settlement
Low hydraulic conductivity
Find soil lowest emin ……highest dry
unit weight.
Knead Clay Chunks
Sheepsfoot roller
Soil Compaction
Measurement
Soil Compaction Measurement
Use dry sand with
known dry density
and specific gravity
Use dry sand to get
volume of hole
Quick and reliable
method
Soil Compaction Measurement
Use radioactive
material to get
moisture content and
soil density.
Quick method.
Reliable if calibrated.
Radioactive device
therefore special
transportation and
rules must be
followed.
Compaction Specification:
Insitu dry unit weigh t
Compaction level (%) x 100
Max. dry unit weigh t (Proctor)
Downstream side(d/s)
Upstream side(u/s)
Downstream side(d/s)
Monitor lateral earth movements in embankment, e.g. detect movement of D/S of earth
fill dam, particularly during impounding. Determine type of shear and zone in
foundation. Monitor stability of U/S slope during and after impounding. Determine depth,
direction, magnitude and rate of movement
Inclinometer:
Embankment:
Upstream side(u/s)
Downstream side(d/s)