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Effects of Breastfeeding and Sensorial Saturation On Physiological
Effects of Breastfeeding and Sensorial Saturation On Physiological
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Original Article (Pages: 6365-6373)
Abstract
Background: Vaccination is the most common painful procedure throughout infancy. Therefore,
vaccination pain management in infants may prevent short-term and long-term physical and mental
consequences in them. As a result, this study aimed to determine and investigate the effect of
breastfeeding and sensorial saturation on physiological parameters of infants after administration of
pentavalent vaccine at four and six months of age.
Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled field trial was conducted on 171 four-month-old
infants. The infants were randomized into three groups. The first group was breastfed for two minutes
before vaccination (Breastfeeding group =55 infants). In the second group, the five senses of the
infants were stimulated for two minutes before vaccination (Sensorial Saturation group =57 infants).
The third group did not receive any intervention (Control group = 59 infants). In all groups,
physiological parameters of the infants at four and six months of age were measured and recorded one
minute after the vaccination. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS
version 21.0 software.
Results: Results showed no significant difference was observed in demographic variables of research
samples including gender and weight at four and six months of age, and statistically significant
between groups difference in three physiological parameters (respiratory rate, heart rate, and
peripheral oxygen saturation) of the infants at four and six months of age (p=0.001). Although
sensorial saturation was more effective than breastfeeding, this difference was not statistically
significant; whereas, these interventions were significantly more effective than the control.
Conclusion: Both breastfeeding and sensorial saturation practices resulted in the stability of
physiological parameters of the infants after vaccination at four and six months of age; however, no
significant within-group difference was observed after vaccination at four and six months of age in
these two groups and both methods had identical effects.
Key Words: Breastfeeding, Sensorial Saturation, Pain, Infant, Vaccination.
*Please cite this article as: Karimi Z, Kazemi Karani N, Momeni E, Afrasiabifar A. Effects of Breastfeeding and
Sensorial Saturation on Physiological Parameters of Infants after Administration of Pentavalent Vaccine at Four
and Six Months of Age: A Field Trial. Int J Pediatr 2017; 5(10): 6365-73. DOI:
10.22038/ijp.2017.24960.2122
*Corresponding Author:
Narges Kazemi Karani, Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Yasuj University of Medical
Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
Email: [email protected]
Received date: Jun.25, 2017; Accepted date: Aug.22, 2017
of pentavalent, and (4) The lack of study in using a pulse oximeter (Zyklus med Model
Iran on the degree of pain from CONTEC08A, China), which had been
administration of pentavalent (at four and compared with pulse oximeter Masimo Set
six months of age). Rainbow (Pooyandegan Rah Saadat Co.,
Iran) in terms of accuracy and precision.
2- MATERIALS AND METHODS
2-3. Intervention
2-1. Study design and population
In the Breastfeeding group, breastfeeding
This randomized controlled field trial was performed for two minutes and then
was conducted on 171 four-month-old the infant vaccination was administered
infants, visiting Shahid Dastgheib Health immediately after the breastfeeding was
Center in Yasuj city, Kohgiluyeh and stopped. In the Sensorial Saturation group,
Boyerahmad province-Iran, for inoculation following stages were done by the
pentavalent vaccine in 2016. In the researcher two minutes before giving
beginning of the study, 194 infants were vaccination: Infant was placed lateral on
enrolled; out of which 14 were removed the vaccination bed and his/her legs and
because they did not meet the inclusion arms were flexed but free to move. Only
criteria. Finally, the remaining 180 infants, the movement of the vaccinated organ was
aged four months, were randomized into limited. Then, 2 ml of dextrose solution
the three study groups. Due to the sample 50% was slowly dropped on the infant's
loss (one sample because of withdrawal of tongue with a needle-free syringe. To
legal guardian, one because of stimulate the sense of smell, two drops of
immigration, one because of lavender extract (Zardband Company;
hospitalization due to having fever in the approved by the Ministry of Health,
two-month interval between the two Treatment and Medical Education of Iran,
intervention stages, one because of licensed for supplement products under the
developing bloody diarrhea and registration code 70069006810002 and
hospitalization, and five samples because factory standard 65.81.00001), were
of not referring for routine vaccinations at poured onto sterile gas pieces and placed
6 months of age according to 30 cm away from the infant's head. The
immunization schedule) during the next senses of sight, hearing, and touch of the
two months (at six months of age), data of infant were stimulated by keeping eye
remaining 171 infants was ultimately contact, speaking softly and continuously
analyzed (55 infants in the Breastfeeding with the infant, and giving face and back
group, 57 in the Sensorial Saturation massage, respectively (22). In the Control
group, and 59 in the Control group). group, the routine protocol of the health
2-2. Measuring tools: validity and center was administered, based on which
reliability the mother kept the infant's leg firm during
the injection. In all three groups, the
The checklist of physiological parameters infants were laid down on the vaccination
of infants included respiratory rate per bed and injection was done by a
minute, heart rate per minute and vaccinator. After the injection, the infant
peripheral oxygen saturation. The number was returned to mother's arms, and his/her
of breaths for one minute was counted by physiological parameters (respiratory rate,
the researcher. To assess the reliability of heart rate, and peripheral oxygen
respiratory rate counting by the researcher, saturation) were measured and recorded by
the inter observer method was employed. the researcher during the first minute after
The heart rate (per second) and peripheral the injection. In all groups, administration
oxygen saturation (percent) were measured of pentavalent vaccine 0.5 ml was carried
Table- 2: Physiological parameters at four and six months of age in Breastfeeding group, Sensorial
Saturation group, and Control group
Breastfeeding group Sensorial Saturation Control group
Outcomes (n= 55) group (n=57) (n=59) P-value
Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD
Four
36±3 35.8±3 44.7±4.7 0.001
months
Respiratory rate
Six
36±4.1 35.4±2.9 46.8±5.7 0.001
months
Four
139.3±5.1 137.6±3.1 153.3±8.5 0.001
months
Heart rate
Six
138.4±7.4 137.6±4.9 157±9.7 0.001
months
Four
95.3±2.1 96.9±1.2 91±2 0.001
Peripheral months
oxygen saturation Six
95.5±1.7 96.3±1.8 90.2±1.6 0.001
months
SD: Standard deviation.
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