UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO ART APPRECIATION intended to be appreciated for their beauty or emotional

What is Humanities? power.

 academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and Three Classical Branches of Art
culture.  painting
 In the Renaissance, the term contrasted with divinity and  sculpture
referred to what is now called classics, the main area of  architecture
secular study in universities at the time. -Music, theater, film, dance and other performing arts as well as
 use methods that are primarily critical, or speculative, and literature and other media such as interactive media, are included
have a significant historical element as distinguished from the in a broader definition of the arts.
mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences, yet, -Until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was
unlike the sciences, it has no central discipline. not differentiated from crafts or sciences.
 include the study of ancient and modern languages, - In modern usage after the 17th century, where aesthetic
literature, philosophy, history, archeology, anthropology, considerations are paramount, fine arts are separated and
human geography, law, politics, religion and art. distinguished from acquired skills in general, such as the
decorative or applied arts.
Humanists
 describes the philosophical position of humanism, which Aesthetics
some "anti-humanist" scholars in the humanities reject.  nature of art and related concepts, such as creativity and
 Scholars in the humanities are "humanity scholars" interpretation, are explored in a branch of philosophy
 Renaissance scholars and artists were also called humanists.
 Some secondary schools offer humanities classes usually Nature of the Arts
consisting of literature, global studies and art. 1. Art constitutes one of the oldest and most important means
of expression developed by man.
Human disciplines like history, folkloristics, and cultural 2. It refers to the skillful arrangement or composition of some
anthropology study subject matters that the manipulative common but significant qualities of nature such as sounds,
experimental method does not apply to—and instead mainly use colors, lines, movements, words, stone and wood to express
the comparative method and comparative research. feelings, thoughts, imaginations and dreams in an amazing,
The study of humanities may also be attributed to the meaningful and enjoyable way. (Adams, 2002)
symmetry and balance discussed by the art piece known as the 3. Art is subjective as it employs the use of perception, insights,
Vitruvian Man of Leonardo da Vinci. feelings and Intuition
4. It is the heightened expression of human dignity and
Vitruvian Man of Leonardo da Vinci weaknesses felt and shared so powerfully in a world
 demonstrates the blend of mathematics and art during the increasingly aware of its successes and failures
Renaissance and demonstrates Leonardo's deep 5. It is man’s expression of himself as an individual and how he
understanding of proportions and his attempts to relate man views his existence
to nature. 6. Art also provides enjoyment and stimulation specially when
people understand them.
Why Study Humanities?
 humanities came from the Latin “humanus” which means FUNCTIONS OF ART
human, cultured and refined, man is taught to be as what the  Express freely oneself
term exactly means: being cultured and refined;  Socially express his need for display, celebration and
 Humans have the characteristics of rationality, benevolence communication
and care, he is cultured and refined as shown by good tastes  Physically express the need for utility of functional objects.
and manner indicative of good and proper education.
 Humanities contains the records of man’s quest for answers Functional Art Forms
to the fundamental questions he asks himself and about the  those which may benefit the cause of man’s existence.
world we live in.  give people sustenance as to need for life to be better.
 Humanities studies man and the manner in which he conducts (ex:architecture,weaving,furniture-making)
himself from the time of his existence to the present (Martin  generally applied art - art created for use, not necessarily
& Jacobus, 2004). everyday use, but designed to serve a purpose and with an
 Humanities studies how people process and document the aesthetic in mind.
human experience using philosophy, religion, literature, art Non-functional art forms
and history as their way of understanding and recording the  art that serves no utilitarian purpose. It is in direct contrast
world and how the way of documenting these forms a with functional art, which has both an aesthetic value and a
connection between and among humans of the past, present utilitarian purpose.
and future.  encompasses paintings, sculptures and all manner of fine art
 usually seek to engage with the viewer on an intellectual,
Principles of Humanities emotional or aesthetic level.
1. Human nature is inherently good.
2. Individuals are free and are capable of making choices. LESSON 2 - ARTS AND PHILOSOPHY
3. Human potential for growth and development is virtually Philosophy
unlimited.  field of discipline which has attempted to explain almost all
4. Self-concept plays an important role in growth and aspects of human existence.
development.  study of general and fundamental questions about existence,
5. Individuals have an urge for self-actualization. knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.
6. Reality is defined by each person  The term was probably coined by Pythagoras.
7. Individuals have a responsibility to both themselves and to
others. Art or Aesthetics
 branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and
Art taste, as well as the philosophy of art. It examines subjective
 is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual, and sensori-emotional values, or sometimes called
auditory or performing artifacts (artworks), expressing the judgments of sentiment and taste.
author's imaginative, conceptual ideas, or technical skill,
Philosophy of art poetry, and prose), and performing arts (including dance, music
 is the study of the nature of art, including concepts such as and theater), culinary arts (including cooking, chocolate making
interpretation, representation and expression, and form. and winemaking).
 closely related to aesthetics, the philosophical study of beauty  Some art forms combine a visual element with performance
and taste. (e.g. cinematography), or artwork with the written word (e.g.
comics).
THE ARTISTIC PHILOSOPHERS  art serves as a vessel for storytelling and conveying
1. Plato ( 428 – 347 BC)- is a philosopher of Ancient Greece humankind's relationship with the environment.
who is known for his Dialogues together with Socrates.
 Plato was seen as a good literary stylist and great story teller THE FOLLOWING ITEMS BELOW ARE THE ART FORMS WHICH
and considered the arts as threatening. ONE MAY USE IN ORDER TO EXPRESS HIS ARTISTIC
 He believed that “ though arts can be used to train citizens to INCLINATIONS:
have an ideal society, using arts to accomplish this should be 1. Architecture art form that reflects how we present ourselves
strictly controlled”. across the earth’s landscape, and, like other expressive
 He also explained that the physical world is a copy of a mediums, it changes with styles, technologies and cultural
perfect, rational, eternal and changeless original which he adaptations.
called FORMS. -considered as the most functional of all the art forms.
Plato’s Ideas of the Arts 2. Sculpture - an artistic form in which hard or plastic
 Art is imitation materials are worked into three-dimensional art objects.
 Art is dangerous. 3. Painting - is the application of pigments to a support surface
-Beauty, Justice, and The Circle are all examples of what Plato that establishes an image, design or decoration. In art the
called Forms or Ideas. He called them "the Really Real". term “painting” describes both the act and the result.
4. Dance- is the movement of the body in a rhythmic way,
2. Aristotle ( 384 – 322 BC) was a student of Plato who first usually to music and within a given space, for the purpose of
distinguished between “what is good and what is beautiful''. expressing an idea or emotion, releasing energy, or simply
 For him, the universal elements of beauty are manifested by taking delight in the movement itself.
order, symmetry and definiteness. As exemplified in his 5. Music - is an art form, and cultural activity, whose
Poetics, he stated that physical manifestation of beauty is medium is sound.
affected by SIZE. 6. Theatre or theater - is a collaborative form of performing art
 He considered art as imitation or a representation of nature that uses live performers, typically actors or actresses, to
and his emphasis of the art is on POETRY which for him is present the experience of a real or imagined event before a
more philosophical than Philosophy itself. live audience in a specific place, often a stage.
7. Literature - most generically, is anybody or collection of
Poets imitated the following according to Aristotle: written work. It also refers to writing considered to be an art
 Things and events which have been or still are; form or any single writing deemed to have artistic or
 Things which are said to be seen and are probable intellectual value, and sometimes deploys language in ways
 Things which essentially are. that differ from ordinary usage.
 may be in any form such as poetry, novel, short story,
3. Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804) was a German, essay, epic and legends among others. Literature
Enlightenment philosopher who wrote a treatise on Aesthetics: may be oral or written and are also sometimes
Observations on the Feelings of the Beautiful and the Sublime. meant to be performed before an audience.
 His main interest was not on art but on BEAUTY that it is a
matter of TASTE. Kant explained that TASTE can be both The art forms may be classified as visual arts and
SUBJECTIVE and UNIVERSAL. For KANT, beauty is a question performing arts.
of form and color is NOT IMPORTANT.  Visual arts are those which are
felt by the senses which includes sculpture,
The Kinds of Aesthetic Responses according to Kant painting and architecture. Music, Dance and
1. Beauty results in pleasure if there is order, harmony and Theater are under the performance arts category.
symmetry; and
2. Beauty leads to a response of awe that overwhelms the At present, there are other emerging art forms that have evolved.
viewers of the art These art forms are Digital arts which includes photography and
installation arts.
ARTISTS vs ARTISANS
Artist POINTERS AS TO HOW ART APPRECIATION MAY
 A person engaged in an activity related to creating art, BE APPLIED BY A LEARNER OF THE COURSE
practicing the arts, or demonstrating an art.
 The term is often used in the entertainment business, 1. Give a good physical description of the artwork based on their
especially in a business context, for musicians and other knowledge of art elements and materials
performers (less often for actors). 2. Analyze the artwork in terms of what the artist wants his work
to represent and the learner’s subjective reaction to the
Artisan (from French: artisan, Italian: artigiano) works which includes their thoughts and feelings;
 Is a skilled craft worker who makes or creates things by hand 3. Perceive the art work in the context of its history. This would
that may be functional or strictly decorative, for example enlighten the learners of the artist’s intention in doing the
furniture, decorative arts, sculptures, clothing, jewelry, etc. work and add to the understanding of the meaning the work
is supposed to convey;
THE ART FORMS 4. Give meaning to the artwork based on its description, analysis
The arts refers to the theory, human application and and context; and
physical expression of creativity found in human cultures and 5. Judge the artwork as to whether it is good or bad based on
societies through skills and imagination in order to produce the learner’s perception of it and its aesthetic and cultural
objects, environments and experiences. value.
Major constituents of the arts include visual arts
(including architecture, ceramics, drawing, filmmaking, painting,
photography and sculpting), literature (including fiction, drama,
UNIT 2: SUBJECT AND CONTENT B. Elongation-is when the art subject is lengthened, protracted or
LESSON 1 – THE SUBJECT OF AN ARTWORK extended.
C. Mangling - Artists show the subject as cut, lacerated, mutilated
-Subject in arts refers to the main idea that is represented in the or hacked with repeated blows
artwork. D. Cubism - This is the presentation of abstract figures through the
-In artwork, the subject matter would be what the artist has use of a cone, cylinder, sphere, triangle, square, cube and circle in
chosen to paint, draw or sculpt. place of real pictorial elements.
-The subject matter or topic is entirely up to the artist. Art is really 4. Symbolism - This is the use of a visible sign of an idea to convey
liberating in that sense. to the viewers, readers or audiences the message of his work.
5. Fauvism- is the name applied to the work produced by a group
REPRESENTATIONAL ART OR OBJECTIVE ART. of artists (which included Henri Matisse and André Derain) from
- The art pieces which use a specific subject .It is art which is clearly around 1905 to 1910, which is characterized by strong colors and
identifiable as something which already exists in life. fierce brushwork.
-Representational Art depicts any identifiable object or series of 6. Dadaism is a protest movement in the art that is playful and
objects and their physical appearance in reality. It is also referred experimental. “Dada” means a “hobby horse”. Dadaism is most
to as Figurative Art, being that it is derived from real object often nonsensical. Marcel Duchamp is the famous painter using
sources. this method.
7. Futurism - This was developed in Italy about the same time as
NON-REPRESENTATIONAL cubism appeared in France. Futurist painters wanted their works
-While those that have no subjects to capture the mechanical energy of modern life.
- refers to compositions which do not rely on representation or 8. Surrealism - This method mirrors the evils of the present
mimesis to any extent. society. Surrealism means super realism, influenced by Freudian
-is highly subjective and can be difficult to define. psychology which emphasizes the activities of the subconscious
-the meaning will always be personal to the viewer unless the state of the mind.
artist has made a statement about his or her intentions. 9. Expressionism. This features art works describing pathos,
morbidity, chaos or even defeat and was introduced in Germany
LESSON 2 – THE SOURCES OF SUBJECT from 1900 – 1910. Expressionists believe that man needs spiritual
-As art is a way of man in expressing himself, an artist’s choice of rebirth for him to correct defects that ruin the society.
subject or the source of his inspiration only explains his inner
world and his personality in general. UNIT 3: THE ARTIST AND HIS MEDIUM
LESSON 1 – THE PROCESS OF ART PRODUCTION
1. Nature- refers to the phenomena of the physical world, and also Production is at the heart of making art. It can be the process of
to life in general. It is considered the most used source of art. bringing a song or musical to life or honing that work to perfection.
2. People - They are considered the most interesting subject of an Medium- When an artist is ready to express himself in art and to
artwork which may be real or imagined. give shape to his vision, his first thought would be on what
3. History - It is the depiction of factual events that occurred in the
medium to use.
past whose purpose is either to remember important events of
The Technique- shows the level of familiarity with the medium
long ago or to teach the learners about the lessons.
4. Legends - Artworks based on legends present to viewers of the being manipulated.
art something tangible even when unverified. Art brings life to Curation Derived from the word “curare” which means to take
these stories. care. It is a process that involves managing, overseeing and
5. Religion - Religion has played an enormous role in inspiring assembling or putting together a presentation or exhibit for some
works of visual arts, music, architecture and literature through type of artistic collection.
ages. Artists used as inspiration the religious texts as the Bible,
Quran and Torah in conveying their ideas and beliefs through their LESSON 2 - THE DIFFERENT MEDIA OF THE VISUAL ARTS
art works. I.GRAPHIC OR TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARTS
6. Mythology - These are sources of subjects that come from the The fundamental skill needed in the visual arts.
stories of gods and goddesses. a. Different Media for Drawing:
7. Dreams and Fantasy - The wonder of the unconscious is what is
1. Pencils- Made of graphite which comes in different hardness
being expressed by art works under this subject source.
from soft to hard or thickness from thick to needle-like.
8. Technology - The modernity of the present is also an inspiration
Shading Techniques:
being used by artists as a source of subject.
Hatching- A series of thin parallel lines that run in the same
LESSON 3– WAYS OF PRESENTING THE SUBJECT direction.
Cross-hatching- A series of thin parallel lines and criss-crossing it
Some of the methods or ways on how an artist presents his with another set of tin parallel lines.
subject to his audience: Stippling- Uses the sharp point of the pencil to make dot patterns
1. Naturalism - refers to the depiction of realistic objects in a in some parts of the drawing.
natural setting. Blending- gradually change the tone from dark to light.
- Naturalism began in the early Renaissance. Ink- one of the oldest materials for drawing that is still in use.
- Artworks in naturalism always depict pieces showing the Pastel- composed of dry pigment held together by a gum binder
idealized human form. and compressed into sticks.
2. Realism - Realism in the arts is generally the attempt to
represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and
3 KINDS OF PASTEL
avoiding speculative fiction and supernatural elements.
- In the visual arts, illusionistic realism is the accurate depiction of ✔ Soft Pastel ✔ Hard Pastel ✔ Oil Pastel
lifeforms, perspective, and the details of light and colour.
3. Abstraction - Abstraction finds its roots in ‘intuition’ (of the II. PASTEL TECHNIQUES:
artist) and ‘freedom’ (for the artist as well as for the viewer). It is Stippling- Using pastel of different colors to produce small marks,
the capability of the artist to use their imagination to look beyond thus, creating a pattern.
what we can physically see and translate intangible emotions onto Feathering- parallel strokes creating a feather-like effect.
the canvas. Scumbling- It is like layering but using pastel. Pastel is lightly
-In fact, a very simple way to understand the essence of abstract drawn on top of an existing color but still making the color of the
art is to think of it as a visual opposite of realistic art. While realism first layer visible.
pays attention to every tiny fold or wrinkle,
Impasto- thickly applying the pastel by pressing it hard on the
paper creating an opaque effect.
Abstraction may be in these forms:
A. Distortion- is the alteration of the original shape (or another
characteristic) of something.
Sgraffito- Technique that applies a thick deposit of pastel on the B. Additive Process - The process involve the construction of a
support then using a blunt pen, scrapes it off to reveal the figure by putting together bits of the material or by welding
underlying color. together metal parts to create figures.
Charcoal- An organic medium that comes from burnt wood. C. Process of Substitution - This process is also known as casting.
This method involves using a mold to produce a 3D figure in
2 Kinds of Charcoal: another material.
Compressed Charcoal- The vine charcoal which comes in thin D. DIFFERENT MEDIA OF SCULPTURE:
sticks that is easy to blend and erase. a. Stone - A natural medium. Hard and relatively permanent.
Manufactured Charcoal- Made from loose charcoal mixed with a b. Wood - Also a natural medium. It varies in hardness and
binder and pressed into sticks. durability depending on
Paper- The most common surface used in two-dimensional art. c. Metal - It has three unique qualities: tensile strength, ductility
and malleability depending on the kind of tree it came from.
3 Types of Paper: d. Plaster - It is finely ground gypsum mixed with water and
✔ Hot-pressed Paper- Smooth poured into mold.
✔ Cold-pressed Paper- Has moderate texture. e. Terra cotta (cooked earth)- Baked clay or clay fired in a kiln at a
✔ Rough Paper- Has the most texture (tooth). relatively high temperature.
Painting- It is the process of applying paint onto a smooth surface. f. Glass- Made by heating and cooling a combination of sand and
Pigment- Part of the paint that gives color. soda lime.
g. Plastic- Synthetic medium made from organic polymers.
B. Different Media for Painting:
Watercolor- Pigments are mixed with water and applied to paper. LESSON 4 – ARCHITECTURE
Gouache- The pigment has been mixed with water and added with ARCHITECTURE - Art of designing buildings and other structures
a chalk-like material to give it an opaque effect. which will serve a definite function.
Oil Paints- Pigments are mixed with oil as its binder. It is a dense CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES
painting medium and gives rich, beautiful colors. a. Post and Lintel- Makes use of two vertical supports (post) and
Tempera- Pigment is mixed with egg yolk (sometimes with the spanned by a horizontal beam (lintel). It was invented by the
white) as binder. Greeks.
Fresco- Pigment is mixed with water and applied on a portion of b. Arch- A Roman invention that consists of separate pieces of
the wall with wet plaster. It is used for mural paintings. wedge-shaped blocks called voussoirs arranged in a semi-circle.
Acrylic- Modern medium with synthetic paint using acrylic Structures that can be built from the Principle of Arch:
emulsion as binder. ✔ Barrel Vault- A succession of arches.
C. MOSAIC- Wall or floor decorations made of small tiles or ✔ Groin Vault- A structure that is formed by intersecting arches
irregularly cut pieces of colored stones or glass called tesserae. resulting in four openings.
D. COLLAGE- Derived from a French word “coller” which means to ✔ Dome- Structure with the shape of an inverted cup.
stick. This is a technique of making art by gluing or pasting on firm
support materials or found objects. TYPES OF DOME
E. PRINTMAKING - Process used for making reproductions of c. Truss- System of triangular forms assembled to form a rigid
graphic works. Allows for the repeated transfer of a master image framework.
from a printing plate (matrix) onto a surface. d. Cantilever - A structure that makes use of a beam or slab that
extends horizontally into space beyond its supporting post.
A. PRINTMAKING TECHNIQUES: e. Buttress - A structure that is built as a support for the wall.
1. Relief Printing (Raised)- The oldest method of printmaking. The
technique involves cutting away certain parts of the surface and LESSON 5 - MEDIA OF ARCHITECTURE
leaving the ‘raised’ part to produce the image. A. Compressive Strength- Refers to those materials that can
2. Intaglio Printing (Depressed)- Instead of the surface of the plate support heavy weights without crumbling or breaking down.
for the image, the lines of the image are cut or incised to a metal B. Materials that are used for Creating Building and
plate. Infrastructures:
3. Surface Printing (Flat)- Includes all processes in which printing a. Stones and Bricks- Stones are favored over other materials for
is done from a flat surface. its durability, adaptability to sculptural treatment and its use for
building simple structures in its natural state.
II. PLASTIC OR THREE-DIMENSIONAL ARTS b. Lumber (wood)- All parts of a building can be constructed using
Sculpture Originated from the Latin word “sculpere” which means wood except the foundations.
to carve. It is defined as the art or practice of creating three- c. Iron and Steel- Provide stronger and taller structures with less
dimensional forms or figures. use of material when compared to stone or wood.
d. Concrete- Mixture of cement and water, with aggregates of
3 KINDS OF SCULPTURES: sand and gravel.
1. Freestanding- Sculptures which can be viewed from all sides.
2. Relief- Sculptures in which the figures project from a LESSON 6 - LITERATURE AND THE COMBINED ARTS
background. A. Literature - Art of combining spoken or written words and their
meanings into forms which have artistic and emotional appeal.
TWO VARIATIONS OF RELIEF SCULPTURE: B. TYPES OF LITERATURE
✔ Low Relief (bas relief)- Figures are slightly raised/projected a. Poetry- It used to follow strict rules to the number and length
from its background. of lines and stanzas but in recent years they have become more
✔ High Relief- Almost half of the figures project from its free-flowing
background, more shadows are created. b. Fiction- Written work that is not real and which uses elaborate
4. Kinetic (mobile)- A sculpture that is capable of movement by figurative language.
wind, water or other forms of energy. c. Non-fiction- Subject matter comes from real life.
d.Drama- Includes all plays or any written works that are meant to
LESSON 3 - THE PROCESS OF CREATING SCULPTURES be performed.
A. Subtractive Process - Involves removing or cutting away pieces
of the material to form the figure. LESSON 7 - MUSIC, MEDIA IN MUSIC, SOME GENRES OF MUSIC
A. Music- Defined as the art of combining and regulating sounds
of varying pitch to produce compositions that express various c. Ballet- Originated in the royal courts of the Medieval era. An
ideas and feelings. artistic dance form performed to music using precise and highly
formalized set steps and gestures.
MEDIA IN MUSIC D.Musical Comedy (musicale)- Refers to those dances performed
a. Vocal Medium- The oldest and most popular medium for music by one dancer or a group of dancers.
is the human voice
Classification of Human Voice (Komien,2008): LESSON 9 - DRAMA AND THEATRE AND GENRES OF DRAMA
✔ Soprano- Highest female singing voice. A. Drama - Genre of literature that is intended to be acted out or
✔ Contralto- Female singing voice that is low and rich in quality. performed on stage in front of an audience.
✔ Tenor- Highest adult male singing voice. B. Theatre- Combined art that includes music, dance, painting,
sculpture, and architecture.
✔ Bass- Male singing voice that is low and rich in quality.
C. Genres of Drama (DiYanni, 2000):
✔ Baritone- Male singing voice that is between tenor and bass.
a. Tragedy- literature’s greatest dramatic genre.
b. Melodrama- Emphasizes the never ending battle between good
B. Traditional Instruments of Music:
and evil wherein good always wins.
✔ String Instruments-Provide basic orchestral sounds.
c. Comedy- Exact opposite of tragedy.
Two kinds are: Bowed strings that produce tones by means of a
d. Satire- Portrays human weakness and criticized human
bow of horse hair and Plucked strings that produce tones by
behavior to pave the path to some form of salvation for human
plucking the strings with a finger. or with a plectrum held in one’s
actions.
hand.
e. Farce- Light humorous play in which the emphasis is on the
✔ Woodwind Instruments- Create sounds by blowing into them. jokes, humorous physical action, exaggerated situations and
✔ Brass Instruments- Have cup-shaped mouthpieces and expands improbable characters.
into a bell-shaped end.
✔PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS- makes sound by hitting them. LESSON 10 - CINEMA, GENRES OF MOTION PICTURES AND
✔ Keyboard instruments- make sound by means of a keyboard PEOPLE BEHIND MOTION PICTURES
which consist of a series of black and white keys. A. Cinema- Series of images that are projected onto a screen to
create the illusion of motion.
C. Some Genres of Music: B. Genres of Motion Pictures:
a. Classical Music- European tradition that covered the years of a. Feature Films- Commonly shown in movie theaters.
1750 to 1830. Forms such as the symphony and concerto were b. Animated movies- Use images created by artists/ animators.
standardized. Refers to the formal musical tradition of the c. Documentary movies- deal primarily with facts, not fiction.
Western world, considered to be distinct from Western folk music d. Experimental films- Sequence of images, literal or abstract,
or popular music traditions. which do not necessarily form a narrative.
b. Folk Music- Originated in the traditional popular culture or is e. Educational Films- Specifically intended to facilitate learning at
written in such a style. home or classrooms.
Traditional folk music is often old music by unknown songwriters. C. People Behind a Motion Picture
Usually, this folk music has been passed down for generations. a. Actors- Play the roles of the characters.
Contemporary folk music is made by acoustic instruments and b. Producer- handles finances.
meaningful lyrics. Often, these songs reflect the social changes c. Screenwriter- develops stories and ideas for the screen or
taking place at the time they’re written. adapts interesting written pieces of work as motion pictures.
c. Pop Music- Began in the 1950s and is inspired in the tradition of d. Director- Studies the script, plans and visualizes how the film
rock and roll. should be portrayed and guides the actors and the production
d. Jazz- Originated in the African-American communities in the crew as they carry out the project.
late 19th and early 20th centuries.
e. Blues- Originated from the African Americans in the deep South Unit 4 Elements and Principles of Art
of the United States in the late 19th Century. Blues incorporated Lesson 1 - Line and Kinds of Line
spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed A line can be defined in several ways: It is a path made by a moving
simple narrative ballads. point; a series of dots; a prolongation of points or according to
f. Rock Music- Form of popular music that evolved from rock and Paul Klee is a dot that went for a walk.
roll and pop music. One definition of a line, however, that captures its essence in the
g. Alternative Music- A style of rock music that emerged from the visual arts is it being an intended mark made by the artist to
independent music of the 1980s and gained popularity in the convey meaning beyond its physical description.
1990s. music that is produced by performers who are outside the
musical mainstream, that is typically regarded as more eclectic, Kinds of Lines
original, or challenging than most popular music (such as Straight lines are geometric, impersonal and differ in the direction
conventional rock, pop, or country), and that is often distributed that they take. The straight lines may move from left to right, start
by independent record labels. from the top going down, slant or move up and down forming
angles. Whatever is the direction, each kind indicates a specific
LESSON 8 - DANCE, TYPES OF DANCE type of emotion.
A. Dance - Is said to be the oldest of the arts. It is the man’s Horizontal lines - move from left to right or vice versa. It is a line
gestures that express emotions through rhythmic movements. that appears to be laying down.
-They suggest width, distance, calmness, and stability.
B. Types of Dance: Vertical Line - start from bottom to top or vice versa. It is a line
a. Ethnologic (ethnic)- Includes folk dances associated with that appears to be standing.
national and/or cultural groups. -They suggest height and strength because they extend towards
-Ethnic dance is any dance form which can be identified as the sky and seem unshakeable.
originating with an ethnic culture and expressing the movement Diagonal lines - are slanting lines. In the visual art, diagonals
aesthetics of that culture. suggest two meanings, a positive and a negative one. On the
b. Social dancing- Type of dancing that are generally performed in positive diagonals indicate action and movement i.e. to move
pairs. Social dancing is a non-competitive version of ballroom and forward and act. On the negative, it conveys a feeling of
latin dancing. uncertainty, stress and defeat.
-they suggest movement or lack of stability.
Zigzag lines - Are angular lines that resulted in abrupt change in Intensity - denotes the brightness or dullness of a color. It gives
the direction of a straight line thus forming angles. The lines are color its strength. Colors differ in intensity or vividness.
unpleasant and harsh which portrays tension, conflict, chaos, or Hues become less intense (dull) when white is added because
violence. color becomes lighter in value.
-They can convey action and excitement, as well as restlessness The hues’ intensity diminishes when black is added and as the
and anxiety. value darkens.
Curved lines - are technically curvilinear lines. Curve lines suggest If gray is added, the result will be a variation in intensity without
grace, movement and flexibility indicative of life and energy. any change in value.
When a curve line moves continuously in opposite directions, it How Colors Relate
forms a wavy line which shows fluidity because of the gradual  Color harmony is one method of establishing color quality in
change in direction. a composition. There are several ways of creating harmony
-Such lines convey the feelings of comfort and ease, as well as that an artist can use. The most common are the following:
sensual quality as they remind us of the human body.  Monochromatic harmony - When a single color in the
composition is varied in intensity and value by adding white
Length in lines can be long (tall, strong, far) or short (small, cute, or black.
close). Complementary Harmony - results when two colors that are
Width in lines goes from thin (delicate, slim, lightweight) to opposite each other in the color wheel are placed side by side.
thick (strength, weight, power).  Analogous harmony - results when hues that are adjacent or
Weight in lines means the continuous change of width. By varying beside each other in the color wheel is used in a composition.
the weight, one can capture energy, movement and even suggest  Color temperature - refers to the relative warmth or coolness
when one object is in front of the other. of a color. Warm colors are colors that have YELLOW as its
Texture in lines defines how smooth or rough it is. Varying it can dominant component while cool colors have blue as their
simply mean changing your working medium (for example, going dominant component.
from marker to charcoal or changing your digital brush). Light and Shadow (Value)
Style of lines refers to continuous, dotted, dashed or implied lines. Light and shadow focuses on what is known as achromatic
Continuous or implied lines are great for leading the eye of the value. This refers to the changes in the amount of reflected
viewer in the direction you want them to go. Dashed or dotted light which ranges from black to gray to white and vice versa.
lines are great for patterns, energy and calling for attention.  An artist who has mastered the manipulation of achromatic
If we combine all of these variations into one, we get a unique value in a composition gives his work the illusion of depth and
looking line that serves a purpose. form.
Lines can possess a variety of characteristics, depending on shape,  Chiaroscuro is the technique of manipulating light and
density, rhythm, angularity, and the material that have produced shadow in painting. Masters who have perfected the use of
them. Lines may be short or long, fine or thick, heavy or light, wavy this technique are Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Rembrandt, and
or jagged, straight or curved. No matter what type of line it is, it Caravaggio. Rembrandt and Caravaggio went a step further
always has direction. and exaggerated the use of shadows to an extreme called
tenebrism or “dark manner”.
Lesson 2 - Properties of Color and How Colors Relate and Light  In the local scene, Fernando Amorsolo, also mastered
and Shadow chiaroscuro, but his focus was more on the manipulation of
Color - The significance of color as an element of the visual arts light rather than shadow.
cannot be over emphasized. People see and perceive the world as Lesson 3 - Shape and Classification of Shapes
a multitude of colors. Also the materials used by the artists Shapes - In visual arts, a shape is formed when two ends of a
possess characteristics of color. Color adds beauty and meaning to line meet to enclose an area. The area may stand out from the
all forms of art. The world would be a gloomy place if it is devoid surface because of a difference in color, value or texture. They
of color. may also present themselves as flat or two-dimensional and
Color is the property of light. So when light goes out, color goes solid or three dimensional on a picture plane.
with it. Color is composed of a series of wavelengths which strike Picture plane - any flat surface onto which the artwork is
the retina of the eyes. created.
A ray of light contains all the colors of the visible spectrum- red,  All shapes can be described as either positive or negative:
orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet (ROYGBIV). The 1. Positive shapes are the shapes of actual objects.
visible spectrum was discovered by sir Isaac Newton when light 2. Negative shapes are the areas between these objects
was allowed to pass through a glass prism. Passing white light Classification of Shapes
through a prism breaks it into a band of the visible colors (just like  Natural or organic shapes - those are seen in nature like the
a rainbow). shape of leaves, animals, mountains, flowers and seashells.
Properties of Color
 Abstract shapes - those that have little or no resemblance to
Hue - It is the name given to the color, for example; red, green,
natural objects.
violet and blue.
 Biomorphic shapes: Shapes that we see in nature like flowers,
For pigments, RED, YELLOW and BLUE are called primary hues.
animals, and clouds. They usually have curved lines and
They are considered primary because these hues cannot be
irregular angles.
produced from combining any hues.
Geometric shapes - these are triangles, rectangles, squares,
cylinders, cubes.
When two primary hues are mixed in equal amounts, secondary
TYPES OF POETRY
hues are produced. These are ORANGE, GREEN and VIOLET.
Lyric poetry- it applies in every type of poetry
Mixing equal amounts of the primary and secondary hues
Types: Sonnets
produces intermediate hues which are RED ORANGE, BLUE GREEN
Shakespearian sonnet 14 lines
and BLUE VIOLET.
Pattern: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG
Combining in equal mixture any two secondary hues produces
1 Quatrains= 4 lines
the tertiary hues.
Petrarchan Sonnets Pattern: ABBA ABBA CDE CDE
Value - refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. The value of
First 8 lines are called octave
any hues can be changed by adding a neutral such as black or
And the next 6 lines are called sixtet
white. This results in changing the quantity of light the hue
Sub types of Lyric
reflects.
Elegy and Ode-( victories)
 Shade - When black is combined with hue.
Narrative- tells a story.
 Tint - When white is added with hue.
Types of Narrative decreased/increased in size. This gives the impression of
Epic- journey story movement in a stationary two dimensional art.
Ballad- set of music that tells a story LESSON 5 - ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
Special of poetry  Rhythm - is a movement or pattern with uniform recurrence
Haiku- 575 and 757- other writer use it because of language of accented and accented beat
Limerick- a five line poem and single stanza  Melody - is the succession of tones arranged in such a way as
Pattern- AABBA to give it a musical sense. It may also refer to the rising and
falling of the tune in time.
UNIT 4: LESSON 4- TEXTURE, METHODS OF CREATING SPACE AND  Harmony - is the sounding of a series of groups of tones in
MOVEMENT the same time. It may also refer to the pleasing sound that is
Texture - refers to the feel or tactile quality of the surface of an produced when two or more notes are played together.
object. It has to do with the characteristic of the surface, whether Concordance results when the combination of sounds are in
it is rough or smooth, fine or coarse, polished or dull, plain or agreement which makes it sound good while dissonance
irregular. They also add richness and vitality in paintings. results when the combination is not pleasant to hear.
Visual texture - in such cases where touching the artwork is not  Timbre - is tonal quality or the character of the tone that is
allowed, textured can be perceived by the eyes. produced by an instrument or by the human voice. Timbre
Space - An illusion in the graphic arts. allows the listener to distinguish the sound between a guitar
It is created by techniques that add depth and distance to two- and a violin for example. In the same way, people can be
dimensional art. In sculpture and architecture, however, space is identified by their voices. A man’s voice sounds different from
actually present. a woman’s voice and an old person’s voice is different from
that of a child.
METHODS OF CREATING SPACE  Form - is the structure or the framework of a composition.
Overlapping planes (interposition) - create space when an object
covers a part of another object which is behind it. VOCAL FORMS
Relative size - objects that appear large/big indicate nearness and  Opera is a drama set to music complete with actions,
small-sized objects as distant. Aside from creating the illusion of costumes and scenery
space, this can also be interpreted as power and import.  Cantata is a religious story told in music without actions
Position on the picture plane (relative height) - In some paintings,  Moro-moro is a Philippine drama set to music which depicts
spatial representation is based upon the position of objects the conflict between the Christians and the Muslims.
relative to the bottom of the frame. INSTRUMENTAL FORMS
Those objects found at the bottom of the frame will appear closer  Sonata is a long composition for solo instruments (piano,
to the viewer. Farther distances are indicated by the positions of Violin)
the objects higher on the picture plane.
 Symphony is a sonata for the orchestra
 The point of reference is the horizon line which is the line at
 Dynamics - is the loudness and softness of the sound in music
the eye level. A picture plane can be divided into three parts;
indicated by symbols to regulate the volume of the sound.
 Foreground - the bottom part.
 pp pianissimo - very soft
 Middle ground - where the horizon is.
 p piano - soft
 Background - the topmost part.
 mp mezo piano - half soft
Color is also used to give the illusion of distance. Warm colors
 ff fortissimo - very loud
advance and make objects look closer while cool colors recede
 crescendo - gradually becoming louder
making objects look farther away.
 decrescendo - gradually becoming softer
Perspective- deals with the effect of disease on the appearance
of the objects. It enables the viewer to perceive distance and to
ELEMENTS OF DANCE
see the position of objects in space.
 Music plays an important role in the dance to which it is
Linear perspective- give the perception distance by means of
closely related. It should be melodic and harmonious and fits
converging lines. It has to do with the direction of the lines and
into the movements of the dance. Music motivates the
with the size of objects.
dancers to move in tune with its rhythm. The background
Aerial perspective (gradient) - the effect of haze, mist or
music of the dance functions to captivate the interest and
atmosphere on the object. Near objects are seen in detail with the
awe of the audience.
full intensity of color and as objects recede, details are lost and
 Movement is how the dancers use their bodies to move and
objects appear grayer.
create organized patterns. Dancers also use gestures which
Space in sculpture may be viewed in two ways:
express specific emotions or ideas in sign language.
 it may be considered a single solid object or an assemblage of
 Choreography refers to how the steps and movements are
solids that exhibits space;
connected for it to be performed in an organized manner. The
 or space may be perceived as it enters into relations with its
choreography guides the dancers’ movements for them to
surroundings extending into it, enveloping it, or relating
perform the movement, convey the message and tell the
across it.
story through body language.
Space in architecture is created and defined by the shape,
 Technique is the skill of the dancer in executing the
position, and the materials employed by the architect.
movements. A good dancer has complete control over the
Movement
muscles of the body thus creating grace and fluidity of
Over the years, artists of the visual arts have manipulated the
movements.
medium and elements in order to portray motion in their
artworks. They have also experimented on which techniques to  Theme is the content or the main ingredient of the dance. It
employ to be able to incorporate in their works the perception of tells what the dance is trying to convey. It has something to
movement. do with the message of the dance.
TWO WAYS TO PRESENT MOTION OR MOVEMENT IN THEIR ART  Design is the planned organization or patterns of movement
 Actual movement - in art, specifically in sculptures results in in time and space. Pattern in time, is provided by rhythm to
kinetic art. Actual movements may be achieved naturally be executed in space on a stage or dance floor.
using wind and water or mechanically through some energy  Costume. The type of dance performed and the costumes
source (batteries or electricity). worn relate closely to the customs, beliefs, and environment
 Implied movement - results when a variety of lines are used of the people. Costumes enhance the effect of the dance.
together, repeated, change in position, or
LESSON 6 - ELEMENTS OF DRAMA
Drama is basically one of the genres of literature that is written the special effects technician is indispensable in
primarily to be performed. The performance is done by actors on cinematography. They decide on the use of masking, the
stage before a live audience. choice of lens, the camera angle and the control of camera
movements.
Plot is the overall structure of the play. It is concerned about what LESSON 9 - PRINCIPLES OF ART
the story is all about. Traditional plots have a beginning, a middle, Form refers to how specific elements in the artwork are
and an ending. The Plot progresses through the following: organized to produce a unified whole. Form is further
Exposition is the part that familiarizes the audience with the classified into:
characters and the situation they are in. Primary Features. This is how the artwork appears to the
Complication happens in the middle part of the play which viewers. Its physical attributes in terms of medium, color,
develops the conflict that was started in the exposition. texture and size.
Resolution is also called the anticlimax or the part where Secondary Features. This is how the primary features of the
conditions in the story are normalized and the situation becomes artwork relate to one another. Particularly, this refers to
stable. balance, proportion, unity and harmony that are used to
Setting is the locale and period in which the story takes place. It create the whole composition.
includes the scenery, props and costumes used in staging. It is the Content refers to the message the artist wants to convey
background of the play that informs the audience where and when through his art. The levels of content are:
the story will take place. ■ Factual is the literal interpretation of the work, its images,
Characters are the persons involved in the story. They may seem attributes, actions and poses.
real to the audience depending on how the playwright structures ■ Conventional level takes into consideration the basic
the dialogues to make the characters come to life. Characters can genres and the figurative meanings usually indicated by
be the protagonist or the antagonist. Protagonist is the character familiar signs and symbols and the quality of work.
from which the story revolves around while the antagonist is the ■ Subjective level takes into consideration the effect of form
person who challenges the role of the protagonist. and content on the viewers of the art.
Dialogue refers to the words uttered by the characters in the Context refers to the various circumstances that influence
story. It what the characters use when conversing with each other how a work of art was produced and interpreted. The two
or when expressing his thoughts and emotions. Dialogues let the types of context are:
audience know the kind of character that the actor is portraying. ■ Primary context pertains to the characteristic of the artist,
There are, however, plays with no dialogues. Pantomimes rely his personality, beliefs, interests and values.
heavily on actions, gestures, facial expression and sound effects. ■ Secondary context pertains to the setting. The historical
 Theme is what the story means. It is how the individual period, time in which the work was produced. Included here
elements are put together to give the story significance and are the functions served by the art work, its religious and
perspective. It relates something about life that is presented philosophical conviction, socio political and economical
in its totality. The theme may be directly or indirectly stated. undertones, climate and geography.

LESSON 7 - ELEMENTS OF THEATER LESSON 10 - PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN

 Theater art is performed live. Its performance is immediate The principles of design describe the ways in which an artist
and once performed cannot be undone. Its magic begins has used or can use the elements of art to create beautiful
when the curtains are raised and the stage lights go on. compositions. (Grieder 1996)
The Playwright’s role is to work out the plot in terms of the actual Balance is the distribution of the visual weight of objects,
actions to be performed and dialogue to be spoken by actors color, texture and space. The use of these elements should be
within the limited facilities of the stage. balanced to make the viewers see and feel design as stable.
The Performers are the ones who portray the characters in a play. Three types of balance:
The Director works with the playwright to present which is ■ Symmetrical balance results when the elements used on
interpreted and translated into dramatic action. one side of the design are similar to those on the other side.
Production Design includes the scenery, props, make-up, Asymmetrical balance is when the sides of the composition
costumes, lights, music, sound and all other special effects used in are different but still looked balanced.
a theater production. ■ Radial balance is achieved when the elements are arranged
around a central point. Elements may exhibit similarities as they
LESSON 8 - ELEMENTS OF CINEMA (MOTION PICTURE) spread around the central point.
 Acting and the Stars. Acting is the art of portraying or  Emphasis is the part of the design that catches the viewer's
impersonating a character in the story. A performer during attention. The artist will usually make one area stand out by
filming should embody the character he is portraying. The contrasting it with other areas.
actor’s portrayal must be perfect and complete.  Movement is the path the viewer's eye takes when looking
 Set and Directors should know the setting of the story and through the work of art. Such movement can be implied along
build artificial sets. lines edges, shape, and color within the work of art.
 Music and Musical Director. Music is indispensable in motion Pattern is the repetition of objects, shapes, lines, or symbols
pictures. The musical director is in charge of selecting, all over the space or picture plane.
composing new songs, writing orchestration, preparing Proportion is the feeling of unity created when all parts relate
background music, creating musical scores and supervising all well with each other.
recording. Repetition works with patterns to make the work seem
 Color in the movies is an innovation in cinematography. It active. The repetition of elements of design creates unity
costs twice as much as the black and white films. Most films within the artwork.
are now shown in high definition (HD) color.  Rhythm is created when one or more elements of design are
 Make-up, Hair and Costume Design. These people are used repeatedly to produce a feeling of organized,
responsible for applying the specific type of make-up, continuous, sometimes flowing movement. To keep rhythm
hairstyle and costume to the actors before they face the exciting and active, variety is important.
camera.  Variety is the use of several elements of design that adds
 Sound, Camera and Special Effects Technicians. Sound interest in order to hold the viewer's attention and guide the
technicians are responsible for making the dialogue clear and viewer’s eye through and around the work of art.
music of fine quality. They make sure that there is no Unity is the feeling of harmony between and among the parts
background noise. The use of cameras and the functions of of the work of art, which creates a feeling of completeness in
the composition.
 LESSON 11 - THE RULE OF THIRDS AND THE SEVEN DA
VINCIAN PRINCIPLES
 The Rule of Thirds is used by visual artists (painters, digital
artists, and photographers) to create compositions that meet
the requirements for a good design.
 Most artists today, however, do not use this rule, they opt for
free flowing composition that is more of their individual
expression rather than of works limited or bounded by basic
rules.
 The point of this discussion is to encourage artists to first be
aware of the basic rules before they start venturing to
unorthodox techniques in expressing their art.
 The surface with two equally spaced vertical lines and two
equally spaced horizontal lines.
 These lines divide the picture plane into nine equal parts with
four intersecting points.
 Based on studies, placing an object in one of the intersecting
points results in a pleasing composition.
 Balance is achieved by placing another object at the point
opposite the first one.
 The major function of the Rule of Thirds is to serve as a guide
for visual artists on the proper placement of their subjects on
the picture plane to achieve a more interesting composition.
 Placing the subject at the center does not provide enough
interest for viewers to be able to appreciate the work.

THE SEVEN DA VINCIAN PRINCIPLES

Leonardo da Vinci was more than an artist. He was also an
architect, scientist, inventor, anatomist, geologist, historian and
writer. Through the centuries, Da Vinci influenced various areas in
many disciplines. Based on the research conducted by Michael J.
Gleb (born 1952), specifically, in his book “How to Think like
Leonardo da Vinci” (1998), da Vinci’s genius was based on 7
principles which he called the seven da Vincian Principles.

1. Curiosita is approaching life with a heightened level of wonder

and continuous search to know and learn more.
2. Dimostrazione is the commitment to test knowledge and to
persist in this task, which includes experiencing both success and
failures in undertaking.
3. Sensazione is experiencing life through refinement of the
senses. For example, the eyes should do more than see, it should
be able to distinguish between the beauty of various colors, note
minute details and savor the physicality of everything the world
has to offer.
4. Sfumato literally translates to “going up in smoke”. It is
accepting life’s paradoxes and uncertainties. It is knowing and
realizing that not everything is cause and effect and that events
happen that even logic can explain.
5. Arte/Scienza is finding a balance between art and science or
logic and imagination. This relates to the concept of a whole brain
thinking (not just the left and right brain).