Solution Manual for SOC Canadian 3rd Edition Witt Hermiston

1259088502 9781259088506
Full download link at:
Sokution manual: https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-soc-canadian-3rd-edition-witt-hermiston-1259088502-
9781259088506/
Test bank: https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-soc-canadian-3rd-edition-witt-hermiston-1259088502-9781259088506/

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is
false.

1) Edwin Sutherland coined the term white-collar crime.

Answer: True False

2) Control theory reminds us that while the media may focus on crime and disorder, most members of
most societies conform to and obey basic norms.
Answer: True False

3) Edwin Sutherland coined the term stigma to describe the labels society uses to devalue members of
certain social groups.
Answer: True False

4) Aboriginal Canadians are incarcerated a nine times the rate of non-Aboriginal Canadians.
Answer: True False

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

5) Read carefully through the statement below, and decide which of the following options is correct.
An important aspect of labelling theory is the recognition that some individuals or groups have the
power to define labels and apply them to others. This view ties into the functionalist perspective's
emphasis on the social significance of power.
A) "labelling theory" should be replaced with "anomie theory"
B) "social significance of power should be replaced with "social significance of deviance"
C) "some" should be replaced with "all"
D) "functionalist" should be replaced with "conflict"
Answer: D

6) Which of the following is NOT an example of deviance?

A) A student cheats on her first sociology exam.
B) A student studies hard for a test and gets an A.
C) A student sits in the middle of the front row in your sociology class and picks his nose
throughout the class period.
D) A student walks into your sociology class naked because it is hot outside.
Answer: B

7) A man with a wife and two children loses $50,000 in an unlicensed gambling den. What type of
crime has he committed?
A) spousal abuse B) a property crime
1
 C) a victimless crime D) a white-collar crime
Answer: C

2
8) Which of the following would be an example of anomie?
A) An individual takes a shortcut to school and gets lost.
B) A man switches from the Anglican to the Presbyterian church.
C) A man loses his job, his fortune, and his family during the Great Depression of the 1930s.
D) A woman wins a lottery and gives a considerable amount of her winnings to several charities
that are important to her.
Answer: C

9) According to Robert Merton, an innovator is an individual who has done which of the following?
A) Withdrawn from the goals and means of society.
B) Accepted the goals of society, but pursues them with means regarded as improper.
C) Abandoned the goal of material success and become compulsively committed to the
institutional means.
D) Accepted both the socially desired goals and the legitimate means of attaining them.
Answer: B

10) According to Robert Merton, a retreatist is an individual who has done which of the following?
A) Accepted both the goals of society and the legitimate means of attaining them.
B) Accepted the goals of society, but pursues them with means regarded as improper.
C) Abandoned the goal of material success and become compulsively committed to the
institutional means.
D) Withdrawn from the goals and means of society.
Answer: D

11) Being arrested for murder would be an example of which of the following?
A) an informal sanction B) a norm
C) a formal sanction D) a value
Answer: C

12) Clyde is arrested for graffiti writing. Of what is the arrest an example?
A) a value B) a norm
C) an informal sanction D) a formal sanction
Answer: D

13) An employee at a welfare office is so concerned with paperwork that he doesn't have time to
administer to the needs of the poor, hungry, and homeless individuals who seek assistance.
According to Merton's theory, this welfare worker would be an example of what?
A) a rebel B) a ritualist C) an innovator D) a retreatist
Answer: B

14) Which theory of deviance suggests that members of a society may conform or deviate from the
culturally prescribed goals and the means of attaining those goals?
A) control theory B) anomie theory
C) labelling theory D) differential association
Answer: B

3
15) An unemployed young adult wants a stereo, but he doesn't have the money or the means of earning
the money needed to buy it. His desire for the stereo overwhelms him, and he steals one from a local
store. This incident illustrates which theory of deviance?
A) anomie theory of deviance B) labelling theory
C) conflict theory D) cultural transmission theory
Answer: A

16) When individuals experience a loss of direction in a society, the society's social control becomes
ineffective, often leading to increases in crime and deviance. This statement is supported by which
of the following?
A) anomie theory of deviance
B) societal-reaction approach
C) the concept of differential justice and labelling theory
D) social disorganization theory and the concept of anomie
Answer: D

17) Which of the following is unlikely to be stigmatizing?

A) Being homeless.
B) A stay in a mental hospital.
C) Getting a B in sociology.
D) A conviction for possession of child pornography.
Answer: C

18) Which theoretical perspective would argue that those with less power and influence, such as

Aboriginal Canadians, are more likely to find themselves incarcerated than members of the dominant group?
A) conflict theory perspective B) symbolic interactionist perspective
C) functionalist perspective D) anomie theory perspective
Answer: A

19) According to Robert Merton, members of revolutionary political organizations such as the Irish
Republican Army (IRA) would typically be classified as which of the following?
A) ritualists B) conformists C) rebels D) innovators
Answer: C

20) Which of the following theories offers a view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our
connection to members of society leads us to conform systematically to society's norms?
A) control theory B) labelling theory
C) theory of differential association D) anomie theory of deviance
Answer: A

4
21) Crime is a violation of which of the following?
A) law for which formal penalties are applied by some governmental authority
B) criminal law that goes unnoticed by authorities
C) societal standards and is punished with informal sanctions
D) folkways
Answer: A

22) On a typical day, which country imprisons 751 of every 100,000 adults?
A) United States B) Cuba C) Russia D) Mexico
Answer: A

23) Which term is used in the sociological literature to describe a loss of direction felt in a society when
social control of individual behaviour has become ineffective?
A) anomie B) disobedience
C) cultural transmission D) neutralization
Answer: A

24) A sociologist studies how a teacher's attitude toward particular students affects students'
performance. Students of similar abilities who are "teacher's pets" perform at a high level, and
students who are viewed as "troublemakers" perform poorly. This would illustrate which
explanation of deviance?
A) cultural transmission B) anomie theory
C) labelling theory D) differential association
Answer: C

25) When Reena returns to school after summer break, she notices that all of her friends have begun to
wear makeup, so she asks her mother if she can wear makeup too. What kind of behaviour is Reena
displaying?
A) conformity B) deviance C) sanctioning D) obedience
Answer: A

26) Which of the following terms refers to going along with one's peers (individuals of a person's own
status who have no special right to direct that person's behaviour)?
A) deviance B) labelling C) obedience D) conformity
Answer: D

27) The managing editor of a newspaper, acting on an order from the publisher, fires three editors, one
of whom is an old friend. Of what is this an example?
A) neutralization B) conformity C) deviance D) obedience
Answer: D

5
28) Bob works as a cashier in a supermarket. His boss instructs him to include the price of a new broom
which Bob's boss has deceptively placed near the register-on everyone's bill. Bob's boss also
encourages him to change the dates on expired food items so the items can continue to be sold.
Eventually, Bob begins to develop his own deceptive sales practices. Of what is this an example?
A) labelling B) dramaturgy
C) anomie D) differential association
Answer: D

29) What is the term for differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups?
A) differential justice B) racial profiling
C) labelling theory D) deviance
Answer: A

30) Which of the following is NOT a social control measure instituted after the 2001 terrorist attacks on
the United States?
A) Encouragement by governments and police agencies to report the potentially suspicious
activities of others.
B) Stricter identification requirements for Canadians wishing to enter the United States.
C) Having to take your shoes off to pass through airport security.
D) Mandatory fingerprinting of newborns in Canada.
Answer: D

31) The participantswho acted as "teachers" in Milgram's classic social control experiment obeying the
experimenter's orders to shock the "learner" were described by Milgram as acting obediently,
because they were accustomed to submitting to impersonal authority figures in the social world.
Which sociological perspective explains the organization of North American society in this way?
A) symbolic interactionists B) functionalists
C) conflict theorists D) feminists
Answer: B

32) Sarita is
attending a business luncheon with several corporate executives. At one point during the
meal, she reaches in front of another executive for a saltshaker and hits the executive's arm as he is
about to put a spoonful of soup in his mouth. The soup spills on his shirt, and he glares at Sarita. Of
what is the glare an example?
A) norm B) folkway
C) informal sanction D) formal sanction
Answer: C

33) Binge drinking on college campuses both shows conformity to the peer culture as well as
representing the standards of conduct expected of those in an academic context.
A) informal social control of B) adherence to
C) formal social control of D) deviance from
Answer: D

6
34) According to Edwin Sutherland, people will act in a deviant manner under which of the following
conditions?
A) If they learn deviant behaviour, motives, techniques and rationales from important people
around them.
B) If they are chronically deprived of the basic necessities of life.
C) If their society is in transition or flux, and there is no clear social consensus on norms and
values.
D) If others come to view them as deviant.
Answer: A

35) According to a study by Stanley Milgram, individuals will do which of the following?
A) Obey the commands of people viewed as legitimate authority figures, even if the behaviour
may harm another individual.
B) Not conform to the attitudes and behaviour of their peers if racism is expected.
C) Conform to the attitudes and behaviours of their peers even if such attitudes and behaviours are
racist.
D) In most instances, disobey the commands of people viewed as legitimate authority figures if the
behaviour may harm another individual.
Answer: A

36) According to Émile Durkheim, to what are our understandings of crime and deviance linked?
A) social roles B) social solidarity
C) incarceration rates D) social prosperity
Answer: B

37) What term is used to refer to crimes committed by individuals in the course of their daily business
activities?
A) organized crime B) index crimes
C) white-collar crimes D) professional crime
Answer: C

38) What is the term for social control carried out casually by people through such means as laughter,
smiles, and ridicule?
A) conformity B) formal social control
C) neutralization D) informal social control
Answer: D

39) What is the term for social control carried out by authorized agents such as police officers, judges,
school administrators, and employers?
A) informal social control B) formal social control
C) neutralization D) conformity
Answer: B

7
40) In Robert Merton's terms, people who overzealously and cruelly enforce bureaucratic regulations
can be classified as which of the following?
A) innovators B) ritualists C) rebels D) retreatists
Answer: B

41) Which of the following is true of deviance?

A) It is always anomic.
B) It violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.
C) It is always illegal.
D) It always violates the laws of a society.
Answer: B

42) In a city in central Canada, organized crime was dominated by an Italian "family", but they were
eventually displaced by Chinese Canadians. Of what is this an example?
A) ethnic succession B) labelling
C) assimilation D) differential association
Answer: A

43) Monica, a new student at Valley High School, becomes friends with a group of teenagers who use
marijuana and remain seated during the singing of O Canada. Although Monica had never used
marijuana and used to sing the anthem, she begins to engage in the same behaviour as her new
friends. Of what is this an example?
A) control theory B) differential association
C) positive sanctions D) labelling
Answer: B

44) What is the other name for the societal-reaction approach?

A) The anomie theory of deviance. B) The dramaturgical approach.
C) The human relations approach. D) Labelling theory.
Answer: D

45) Which of the following statements about crime statistics is NOT true?
A) Members of racial and ethnic minority groups often distrust law enforcement agencies and
refrain from contacting the police when they are victimized.
B) Many women do not report rape or spousal abuse for fear of being blamed for the crime.
C) The self-reporting rate of violent victimization among the gay and lesbian population is more
than twice the rate for heterosexuals.
D) Aboriginal Canadians are less likely to report being a victim of a violent crime than
non-Aboriginal Canadians.
Answer: D

8
46) A student was asked the following question: "Briefly list and explain the basic forms of adaptation
in Merton's anomie theory of deviance". As an answer, the student wrote the following: Merton
argued that conformity to social norms involves acceptance of both the overall societal goal and the
approved means to acquire the goal; the innovator accepts the goals of society but pursues them
with means that are regarded as improper; the ritualist has abandoned the goal of material success
and become compulsively committed to the institutional means; and finally the retreatist who feels
alienated from the dominant means and goals and may seek a very different social order.

How would you judge this student's answer?

A) Good (all stages are correct in the right order, but the explanations are not as clear as they
should be)
B) Mediocre (one or two stages are missing, or the stages are in the wrong order, or the
explanations are not clear, or the explanations are irrelevant)
C) Excellent (all stages are correct in the right order with clear and correct explanations)
D) Unacceptable (more than two stages are missing and the order is incorrect and the explanations
are not clear and/or they are irrelevant)
Answer: B

47) Which of the following is true of white-collar crime?

A) It is less costly to society than most other types of crime.
B) Most cases are heard in municipal courts.
C) The offender is more likely to receive a prison sentence than a fine.
D) Conviction generally does not harm the person's reputation or career aspirations as much as
conviction for a street crime would.
Answer: D

48) Feminist theorists of crime and deviance have noted which of the following?
A) Rape is a crime that cannot be perpetrated by a woman on a man.
B) As women make gains in the workplace and achieve higher positions, they are also becoming
better positioned to engage in white-collar crime.
C) A woman's sexual history is more relevant to prosecutions of sexual abuse and assault than a
man's is.
D) Most women report domestic violence.
Answer: B

49) Which type of crime is unlikely to be reported in victimization surveys?

A) motor vehicle theft B) fraud
C) burglary D) aggravated assault
Answer: B

50) A college student interrupts the instructor during a seminar; the instructor responds with an angry
glare. Of what is this an example?
A) positive sanctions B) formal social control
C) neutralization D) informal social control
Answer: D

9
51) A college student is caught cheating on an exam and is brought before a college-wide disciplinary
committee, which decides to expel the student from the school. Of what is the committee's action an
example?
A) neutralization B) informal social control
C) enforcement of regulatory law D) formal social control
Answer: D

52) Entrenched interests seek to maintain the status quo and use their power over which of the following
to do so?
A) values B) sanctions C) culture D) norms
Answer: B

53) In his anomie theory of deviance, Robert Merton does which of the following?
A) Describes five types of deviance.
B) Suggests that conformists tend to ignore societal goals.
C) Creates a typology to explain the adaptations people make.
D) Notes that people will always follow one of the five modes of adaptation and maintain that
mode for an extended period of time.
Answer: C

54) A corporate vice president is convicted of attempting to bribe a deputy minister. What is the term
for this type of crime?
A) white-collar crime B) professional crime
C) an index crime D) organized crime
Answer: A

55) What is the term for the work of a group that regulates relations between various criminal
enterprises involved in the smuggling and sale of drugs, prostitution, gambling, and other illegal
activities?
A) routine activities crime B) white-collar crime
C) organized crime D) victimless crime
Answer: C

56) What is the term for crime that occurs across multiple national borders?
A) white-collar crime B) global crime
C) organized crime D) transnational crime
Answer: D

57) To what does obedience refer?

A) Using initiative in order to achieve an organization's goals.
B) Going along with one's peers, who have no special right to direct that person's behaviour.
C) Compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.
D) Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
Answer: C

1
0
58) In Émile Durkheim's view, which of the following is true?
A) People accept or reject the goals of a society and/or the socially approved means to fulfill their
aspirations.
B) People become deviant by associating with those of like persuasion.
C) Labelling an individual is the most crucial stage in that person becoming a deviant.
D) There is nothing inherently deviant or criminal in any act; the key is how society responds to
the act.
Answer: D

59) Which of the following was illustrated by William Chambliss' study of the Saints and the
Roughnecks?
A) the activity, and not the actor, is what provokes a sanctioning response.
B) perceptions of the actor influence responses to the act.
C) athletic high school-aged males tend to be troublemakers.
D) neither the act nor the actor are as significant to the outcome as the rule structure governing
sanctions.
Answer: B

60) Which of the following is NOT an activity likely to be engaged in by organized crime?
A) Bringing young women into the country on false pretences and forcing them into prostitution.
B) Creation of computer viruses that allow third parties to send spam to your contacts list.
C) Producing, importing and distributing illegal drugs.
D) Running unlicensed gambling locations.
Answer: B

61) More than 50 women, mostly poor, Aboriginal, and substance-addicted, disappeared from
Vancouver's downtown east side over a little more than a decade. For a long time, police
investigations of these disappearances were cursory. Critics charge that this would not have been the
case if these women were white, university-educated and middle-class. Of what could this be
considered an example?
A) police brutality B) differential justice
C) differential association D) racial profiling
Answer: B

62) Arnold gets an A on his organic chemistry exam because he copies most of his answers from
Stanley, the class brain who is sitting next to him. According to Merton's anomie theory of deviance,
how would Arnold be classified?
A) rebel B) retreatist C) innovator D) ritualist
Answer: C

63) What is the most common adaptation in Robert Merton's anomie theory of deviance?
A) ritualism B) rebellion C) innovation D) conformity
Answer: D

10
64) Which of the following individuals would most likely be the focus of labelling theorists who are
researching the power of some individuals or groups to define labels?
A) victims of crime B) sexual predators and prostitutes
C) regulators of social control D) gamblers and money
Answer: C

65) An alcoholic who has lost his job and left his family to live on the street is considered to be
practicing which of the following forms of adaptation as described by sociologist Robert Merton?
A) ritualist B) acceptance C) retreatist D) rebel
Answer: C

66) Which of the following examined obedience by conducting an experiment that required subjects to
administer "painful" shocks to subjects in an analysis of "learning"?
A) Robert Merton B) Max Weber C) Stanley Milgram D) Erving Goffman
Answer: C

67) How are sanctions defined?

A) A loss of direction when the social control of individual behaviour has become ineffective.
B) Justifications for deviant behaviour.
C) Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
D) Rules made by a government.
Answer: C

68) Feministsociologists contend that the so-called victimless crime of prostitution, as well as the more
disturbing aspects of pornography, do what?
A) Demystify the culture of violence against women.
B) Should be criminalized only for younger women.
C) Reinforce the misconception that women can be treated as "toys".
D) Serve a vital deterrent function for all of society.
Answer: C

69) Since the overthrow of Communist Party rule in Russia, what has crime done?
A) precipitously declined B) skyrocketed
C) slightly declined D) slightly increased
Answer: B

70) Which theory was used by Edwin Sutherland to emphasize that criminal behaviour is learned
through social interactions with others?
A) cultural transmission B) societal-reaction approach
C) techniques of neutralization D) labelling theory
Answer: A

11
71) What term do sociologists use to describe the labels society uses to devalue members of certain
groups?
A) stigmata B) deviance C) stigma D) crime
Answer: C

72) Towhat does the term social control refer?

A) Techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behaviour in any society.
B) Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
C) Behaviour that violates the norms of a group.
D) Justifications for deviant behaviour.
Answer: A

73) The conflictperspective closely ties into which other sociological explanation of deviance?
A) labelling theory B) the anomie theory of deviance
C) routine activities theory D) the theory of differential association
Answer: A

74) Which of the following is NOT an example of social control?

A) Taking a number and waiting in line at the meat counter.
B) The code of conduct at your school.
C) The directions on a box of cold medication.
D) A police officer in an intersection, directing traffic.
Answer: C

75) Which of the following statements about crime in Canada is correct?

A) The highest crime rate is found in small urban areas.
B) Almost half of the crimes reported in Canada fall into the category of violent crimes.
C) Rural areas have higher rates of property crime than do large urban areas.
D) In 2007, the national crime rate reached its highest level in 30 years.
Answer: A

76) Towhat does the term ethnic succession, as used by Daniel Bell, refer?
A) The migration of immigrant groups to suburbia.
B) The migration of immigrant groups into communities previously occupied by other immigrant
groups.
C) The process during which the leadership of organized crime is passed from one ethnic group to
another.
D) The process during which the membership of law enforcement agencies is passed from one
ethnic group to another.
Answer: C

12
77) In his study of the Saints and the Roughnecks, William Chambliss concluded that a key factor in the
varying fortunes of the two groups was the difference in which of the following?
A) their political views B) their ages
C) their religion D) their social class standing
Answer: D

78) Which of the following is NOT true of laws?

A) They arise out of a social process.
B) They are created because of a perceived need for formal social control.
C) They reflect continually changing standards of right and wrong.
D) They represent a universal consensus on appropriate sanctions.
Answer: D

79) What was the motivation behind Stanley Milgram's experimental study of obedience?
A) To develop more effective means to ensure soldiers follow orders.
B) To better understand German involvement in the annihilation of Jews in World War II.
C) To understand how self-esteem issues in subjects affect their treatment of others.
D) To better understand the deterrence factor of the death penalty.
Answer: B

80) What does control theory state?

A) We are bonded to our family members, friends, and peers in a way that leads us to follow the
mores and folkways of our society.
B) We are bonded to members of our subculture, and if they engage in deviant behaviour, we use
them as role models and act in the same manner.
C) We act in a conforming manner because of self-control.
D) We are "convinced" to act in a law-abiding manner because of the "control" that law
enforcement agencies have over our lives.
Answer: A

81) Which of the following is true?

A) The Unites States has an imprisonment rate more than 6 times greater than that of Canada.
B) Western European countries have higher violent crime rates than the United States.
C) Rates of car theft are higher in the United States than in Italy.
D) The United States has lower homicide rates than Scandinavian countries do.
Answer: A

82) Dave, the president of a small corporation, has a wild weekend. He spends a night with a prostitute,
gambles illegally, drinks excessively, and uses drugs. Some would suggest he has committed which
of the following?
A) white-collar crimes B) corporate crimes
C) organized crimes D) victimless crimes
Answer: D

13
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

83) Discuss the various components of social control. Identify and describe how sanctions may be used
to control the expectations of society regarding people's actions and behaviours.
Answer: Answers will vary.

Social control refers to the institutions and procedures that make sure members of society conf
the rules of expected and approved behaviour. Formal social control comprises those authorized
procedures that define how specific people, such as police officers, customs inspectors and soc
workers, will enforce the rules and laws of society. Informal social control is the maintenance of
order through gossip, praise, blame or other officially unauthorized but tacitly condoned forms
of sanction. Sanctions help to preserve social order and to regulate expectations. For most
people, the desire for acceptance and approval causes them to wish to avoid negative
sanctions, and they therefore conform to socially accepted behaviours.

84) Describe the similarities

and differences between conformity and obedience, according to Stanley
Milgram. Give examples to support both concepts.
Answer: Answers will vary.

Conformity is the term used to designate 'going along' with peers - individuals of our own statu
have no special right to direct our behaviour. So, for example, if your friends shoplift, and encourage y
to do so as well, and you do, you are engaging in conformity. Obedience is compliance with hi
authorities in a hierarchical structure. So if your boss tells you to 'lose' the expense report of one
of his other employees because he is trying to set that person up for disciplinary action, and
you do it, you are obedient. The main similarity is that in both cases, you can be influenced to
act in ways you otherwise would not. The difference is that in the case of obedience, there is a
power differential between you and the person exercising the influence, whereas in
conformity, there is not.

14
85) Discuss why the definitions of deviance and social stigma are dependent on cultural variations and
socially accepted norms. Give examples of how people are stigmatized for behaviours they may no
longer engage in.
Answer: Answers will vary.

Deviance is a departure from social norms, and social norms vary across space and time. Therefore,
what is considered deviant will similarly vary. Stigma is a concept articulated by Erving Goffm
said it was a powerfully negative social label that radically changes a person's self-concept and
self-identity. Goffman asserts that stigma is not inherent in a quality or attribute - it is resident in
a set of relationships. It is contextual. A stigmatized individual is one who is disqualified from
full social acceptance due to the possession of a characteristic or attribute, or their
performance of a behaviour, that produces a discrepancy between their virtual social identity
(that which is expected of persons holding that status) and their actual social identity
(constituted by the characteristics they in fact possess). Again, the content of these
expectations will vary culturally. Stigmatization tends to be 'sticky', and labels may persist
even after the behaviour that produced them has stopped. Take mental patients, for example.
You never really 'recover' from mental illness - you are either a 'former mental patient' or you
are 'in remission' - indicating that the underlying illness is still present, but latent. So even
though you are no longer displaying symptoms, the stigma remains.

86) Discuss the relationship between cultural transmission and differential association in explaining
deviance or criminal acts. Give an illustration of how a person would likely become criminal using
the differential association process.
Answer: Answers will vary.

Cultural transmission theory states that the culture of deviance, the norms, values, techniques a
rationalizations that characterize it, are learned through socialization, in the same way that we learn all
other forms of culture. Differential association, a theory developed by Edwin Sutherland, argue
more that you associate with deviants, the more likely it is that you will come to act in a deviant
fashion. Essentially, Sutherland is making claims about an individual's reference groups, those
groups with which a person is most likely to identify with and compare himself to. Let's look
at an example of a high school student: Ann-Marie was a fine student throughout elementary
school, but when she got to high school, she fell in with what her mother described as 'the
wrong crowd'. Ann-Marie started staying out past curfew, smoking, and doing drugs. Her
mother thinks that she may be turning a few tricks to help her buy drugs. Now, Ann-Marie has
been picked up in a stolen car with a bunch of her friends, after they inadvertently ran it into a
tree. The differential association perspective would argue that Ann-Marie is learning deviant
behaviours from her friends -- which she is conforming to the norms of her new reference
group. The way to help eliminate this new socialization would be to put Ann-Marie into an
overt resocialization environment - detox to get her off the drugs, probably in another city,
where she would not have access either to her friends or to familiar streets with johns and
dealers, then therapy to help understand why she sought out this group of acquaintances, and
then behaviour modification techniques and follow-up support to encourage her not to simply
return to her life and fall in with the same 'bad crowd'.

15
87) Whatis differential justice? Give an example and explain how each of the four theoretical
perspectives (functionalist, conflict, symbolic interactionist and feminist) might view it.
Answer: Answers will vary.

Differential justice is a term for the way in which social control is exercised differently over different
groups. So, for example, Aboriginal Canadians are over-represented in prisons. How might eac
perspective explain this? A functionalist would tend to look at this as a natural result of the high levels
crime in many aboriginal communities. Most of the communities lack the resources to treat
offenders in the community, and therefore, it is appropriate that offenders end up in penal
institutions. A conflict theorist would look at this disproportionate representation as part of the
overall oppression of Aboriginals as a marginal group. As a result of their having very little
power on all of Weber's three dimensions.
Aboriginals find themselves imprisoned at higher rates than members of the dominant group. S
feminist theorists are also likely to approach this from the standpoint of Aboriginals being a
marginalized group, but they are likely to focus on the particular circumstances facing Aboriginal
women, who are imprisoned at rates disproportionately higher even than Aboriginal men. A
symbolic interactionist is likely to look at how the interactions between Aboriginals and the
justice system tend to produce conditions in which Aboriginals are more likely than
non-Aboriginals to be imprisoned. For example, we view eye contact as a measure of
truthfulness; in many Aboriginal cultures, it is disrespectful to look an elder or an authority
figure straight in the eye. Aboriginal offenders may have more difficulty understanding the
language of the court, and more trouble communicating with their lawyer. These are elements
of interaction that can contribute to different outcomes for Aboriginals and non-Aboriginals
facing the same charges.

16
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED24

1) TRUE
2) TRUE
3) FALSE
4) TRUE
5) D
6) B
7) C
8) C
9) B
10) D
11) C
12) D
13) B
14) B
15) A
16) D
17) C
18) A
19) C
20) A
21) A
22) A
23) A
24) C
25) A
26) D
27) D
28) D
29) A
30) D
31) B
32) C
33) D
34) A
35) A
36) B
37) C
38) D
39) B
40) B
41) B
42) A
43) B
44) D
45) D
46) B
47) D
48) B
49) B
50) D

17
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED24

51) D
52) B
53) C
54) A
55) C
56) D
57) C
58) D
59) B
60) B
61) B
62) C
63) D
64) C
65) C
66) C
67) C
68) C
69) B
70) A
71) C
72) A
73) A
74) C
75) A
76) C
77) D
78) D
79) B
80) A
81) A
82) D
83) Answers will vary.

Social control refers to the institutions and procedures that make sure members of society conform to the rules of
expected and approved behaviour. Formal social control comprises those authorized procedures that define
specific people, such as police officers, customs inspectors and social workers, will enforce the rules and laws of
society. Informal social control is the maintenance of order through gossip, praise, blame or other
officially unauthorized but tacitly condoned forms of sanction. Sanctions help to preserve social order and
to regulate expectations. For most people, the desire for acceptance and approval causes them to wish to
avoid negative sanctions, and they therefore conform to socially accepted behaviours.

18
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED24

84) Answers will vary.

Conformity is the term used to designate 'going along' with peers - individuals of our own status that have no speci
right to direct our behaviour. So, for example, if your friends shoplift, and encourage you to do so as well,
you are engaging in conformity. Obedience is compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure. So if
your boss tells you to 'lose' the expense report of one of his other employees because he is trying to set that
person up for disciplinary action, and you do it, you are obedient. The main similarity is that in both cases,
you can be influenced to act in ways you otherwise would not. The difference is that in the case of
obedience, there is a power differential between you and the person exercising the influence, whereas in
conformity, there is not.
85) Answers will vary.

Deviance is a departure from social norms, and social norms vary across space and time. Therefore, what is
considered deviant will similarly vary. Stigma is a concept articulated by Erving Goffman, who said it was
powerfully negative social label that radically changes a person's self-concept and self-identity. Goffman asserts
that stigma is not inherent in a quality or attribute - it is resident in a set of relationships. It is contextual. A
stigmatized individual is one who is disqualified from full social acceptance due to the possession of a
characteristic or attribute, or their performance of a behaviour, that produces a discrepancy between their
virtual social identity (that which is expected of persons holding that status) and their actual social identity
(constituted by the characteristics they in fact possess). Again, the content of these expectations will vary
culturally. Stigmatization tends to be 'sticky', and labels may persist even after the behaviour that produced
them has stopped. Take mental patients, for example. You never really 'recover' from mental illness - you
are either a 'former mental patient' or you are 'in remission' - indicating that the underlying illness is still
present, but latent. So even though you are no longer displaying symptoms, the stigma remains.

19
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED24

86) Answers will vary.

Cultural transmission theory states that the culture of deviance, the norms, values, techniques and rationalizations
that characterize it, are learned through socialization, in the same way that we learn all other forms of cultu
Differential association, a theory developed by Edwin Sutherland, argues that the more that you associate with
deviants, the more likely it is that you will come to act in a deviant fashion. Essentially, Sutherland is
making claims about an individual's reference groups, those groups with which a person is most likely to
identify with and compare himself to. Let's look at an example of a high school student: Ann-Marie was a
fine student throughout elementary school, but when she got to high school, she fell in with what her
mother described as 'the wrong crowd'. Ann-Marie started staying out past curfew, smoking, and doing
drugs. Her mother thinks that she may be turning a few tricks to help her buy drugs. Now, Ann-Marie has
been picked up in a stolen car with a bunch of her friends, after they inadvertently ran it into a tree. The
differential association perspective would argue that Ann-Marie is learning deviant behaviours from her
friends -- which she is conforming to the norms of her new reference group. The way to help eliminate this
new socialization would be to put Ann-Marie into an overt resocialization environment - detox to get her
off the drugs, probably in another city, where she would not have access either to her friends or to familiar
streets with johns and dealers, then therapy to help understand why she sought out this group of
acquaintances, and then behaviour modification techniques and follow-up support to encourage her not to
simply return to her life and fall in with the same 'bad crowd'.
87) Answers will vary.

Differential justice is a term for the way in which social control is exercised differently over different groups. So, f
example, Aboriginal Canadians are over-represented in prisons. How might each perspective explain this?
functionalist would tend to look at this as a natural result of the high levels of crime in many aboriginal
communities. Most of the communities lack the resources to treat offenders in the community, and
therefore, it is appropriate that offenders end up in penal institutions. A conflict theorist would look at this
disproportionate representation as part of the overall oppression of Aboriginals as a marginal group. As a
result of their having very little power on all of Weber's three dimensions.
Aboriginals find themselves imprisoned at higher rates than members of the dominant group. Similarly, feminist
theorists are also likely to approach this from the standpoint of Aboriginals being a marginalized group, bu
likely to focus on the particular circumstances facing Aboriginal women, who are imprisoned at rates
disproportionately higher even than Aboriginal men. A symbolic interactionist is likely to look at how the
interactions between Aboriginals and the justice system tend to produce conditions in which Aboriginals
are more likely than non-Aboriginals to be imprisoned. For example, we view eye contact as a measure of
truthfulness; in many Aboriginal cultures, it is disrespectful to look an elder or an authority figure straight
in the eye. Aboriginal offenders may have more difficulty understanding the language of the court, and
more trouble communicating with their lawyer. These are elements of interaction that can contribute to
different outcomes for Aboriginals and non-Aboriginals facing the same charges.

20