Occupational Health Course

Basics Occupational Health

By

Khaled Yousry
 About the Instructor
 Khaled Yousry ,CSP, CRSP,MSc, CMIOSH , CSM , PMP, STS,
 NEBOSH I Dip in OHS, UK
 IASP Authorized trainer , USA
 OSHA Academy Authorized Trainer , USA
 Rig Pass Instructor
 Certified Scaffolding trainer , STI USA
 Certified Safety Trainer , IASP USA
 OSHA general & construction certified
 NEBOSH IGC certified (Distinction) , UK
 Authorized trainer from IASP/NASP , USA
 More than 20 years experience in OH&S
 Professional Member in ASSE , USA
 Chartered IOSH member , UK
 OHSAS 18001 Lead Auditor , UK
 ISO 14001:2015 Lead Auditor , UK
 ISO 45001:2018 Lead Auditor , BSI UK
Domestic Arrangements
 Course Aim

 To provide an introduction to the methodologies &

technology available to control workplace exposures &
reduce risk to health from exposure to hazardous
substances

 This course is aim for HSE practitioners and whom working

in and exposure to health hazards worksites .
Learning Outcomes - Course Objectives
On completion of this course , you should be able to
demonstrate understanding of the content through the
application of knowledge to your work station. In particular you
should be able to:

❑ Explain the purpose and importance of Occupational health

practices
❑Demonstrate understanding of different categories of
occupational health hazards in the workplace and target organs
❑Outline the different control measures strategies for
controlling the occupational health hazards in the workplace
 Course Contents
All sessions are linked and related to each other .

 Session I : Introduction to the occupational Health

history

 Session II : Different Types and range of the Health

Hazards in the Workplace & Strategies to exposure

control to the Chemical, Biological , physical &
ergonomic hazards
Assessment for the training program
For all sessions the assessment will be as following :
1- Initial assessment of the learning through asking
questions to the participants to know the level of knowledge
of Occupational Health
2- Formative assessment of learning in the middle of the
sessions by : exercises and workshops
3- Summative assessment of learning by end of the course
by a short multi-choice exam .
Session I : Introduction to the occupational Health history

The following will be covered in this session :

- Importance of occupational health and hygiene

- Definitions in Occupational Hygiene

- Occupational Health work stages : Anticipation- Recognition –

Evaluation & Control

- Routes of entry for hazardous substances

Session I : Introduction to the occupational Health history

Importance of Occupational Health and Hygiene

The World Health Organisation estimates that globally there

are:
• 2,000,000 work-related deaths per year.
• WHO estimates that around 7 million people die every year from
exposure to fine particles in polluted air that lead to diseases such as
stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary
diseases and respiratory infections, including pneumonia.
• More than 150,000 death per year from carcinogens in the workplace
• 37% of Lower Back Pain is attributed to occupation.
 The Importance of Occupational Hygiene

Fact
That means approximately 228 people have died
from work related injury or ill health since we
started an hour ago.
 Occupational Health and
Hygiene
Definition:

The Science and art devoted to the anticipation,

recognition, evaluation, and control of those
workplace environmental factors which may cause
sickness, impaired health and well-being, or
significant discomfort and inefficiency among
workers or among citizens of the community
 Occupational Health and
Hygiene
What is Occupational Hygiene?
The International Occupational Hygiene Association
(IOHA) defines Occupational Hygiene as:

'The discipline of anticipating, recognizing,

evaluating and controlling health hazards in the
working environment with the objective of protecting
worker health and well-being and safeguarding the
community at large.'
 Introduction

What is Occupational Health and Hygiene

Work Activity

Occupational
Exposure
Hygiene
Occupational
Health
Occupational
Disease
Medicine
 Introduction

Industrial Hygiene – the science of protecting

the health and safety of workers through:

• Anticipation,
• Recognition,
• Evaluation, and
• Control.
 Introduction

• this involves identifying potential

ANTICIPATION hazards in the workplace before they
are introduced.

• this involves identifying the potential

hazard that a chemical, physical or
RECOGNITION biological agent - or an adverse
ergonomic situation - poses to health.
 Introduction

• chemical hazards,
• physical or
• biological agents (or adverse ergonomic situation)
in the workplace.
EVALUATION This often involves measurement of the personal
exposure of a worker to the hazard/agent in the
the extent of exposure: workplace, particularly at the relevant interface
between the environment and the body, e.g.
breathing zone, hearing zone, and assessment of
the data in terms of recommended occupational
exposure limits (OELs), where such criteria exist.
 Introduction

• Physical or Biological agent - or

CONTROL of • Adverse ergonomic situation,
by procedural, engineering or other
the chemical means where the evaluation indicates
that this is necessary.
 Routes of Entry

Exposure entry routes:

Breathed in
Inhalation: (most common route)

Swallowing via eating

Ingestion:
or drinking

Drawn through skin or

Absorption: eye surface

Penetration through the

Injection: skin
 Session II : Different Types and range of the Health
Hazards in the Workplace

The following will be covered in this session :

- The different types and range of health hazards and target organs .
- Occupational Exposure limits to hazardous substances and legal obligations.
- Control of health hazards in the workplace .
❑ Chemical hazards and control
❑ Biological Hazards and controls
❑ Physical Hazards and controls
❑ Ergonomic Hazards and Controls
 HEALTH HAZARDS

Gases, vapours, solids, fibres, liquids,

Chemical agents
dusts, mists, fumes, etc.
Noise and vibration
Physical agents Heat and cold
Electromagnetic fields, lighting etc.

Biological agents Bacteria, fungi, etc.

Ergonomic factors Lifting, stretching, and repetitive motion

Psychosocial factors Stress, workload and work organisation

 Human Body Target Organs

Effect of exposures

Safety Risks
Fire Explosion Corrosion
 SKIN
 Skin - The skin is the outer covering of the body, also known as the
epidermis.
 Skin performs multiple functions:
 Protection: an anatomical barrier from pathogens and damage
between the internal and external environment in bodily defense.
 Sensation: contains a variety of nerve endings that react to heat,
cold, touch, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury.
 Heat regulation: the skin contains a blood supply far greater than
its requirements which allows precise control of energy loss by
radiation, convection and conduction. Dilated blood vessels
increase perfusion and heat loss while constricted vessels
greatly reduce cutaneous blood flow and conserve heat.
 SKIN
 Control of evaporation: the skin provides a relatively dry and impermeable
barrier to fluid loss. Loss of this function contributes to the massive fluid loss
in burns.
 Storage and synthesis: acts as a storage center for lipids and water, as well
as a means of synthesis of vitamin D.
 Excretion: sweat contains urea, however its concentration is 1/130th that of
urine, hence excretion by sweating is at most a secondary function to
temperature regulation.
 Absorption: While skin acts as a barrier some chemicals are readily absorbed
through it.
 Water resistance: The skin acts as a water resistant barrier so essential
nutrients aren't washed out of the body.
 The skin can be affected by chemical, physical and biological agents and
skin disorders account for a substantial proportion of industrial diseases. The
types of effect can be classified into; dermatitis, physical damage, cancer,
biological and other effects.
SKIN
 SKIN

Dermatitis showing reddening of skin

 SKIN

Dermatitis showing crusting and thickening of skin

 THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
 The musculoskeletal system provides form, stability,
and movement to the human body.
 It is made up of the body's bones the skeleton,
muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and joints. The
musculoskeletal system's primary functions include
supporting the body, allowing motion, and protecting
vital organs.
 The skeletal portion of the system serves as the main
storage system for calcium and phosphorus and
contains critical components involved in the production
of blood.
THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
 The nervous system is a network of specialized cells
that communicate information about our bodies
surroundings and ourselves. It processes this
information and causes reactions in other parts of the
body.
 The nervous system is divided broadly into two
categories:
 The central nervous system (CNS) is the largest part of the
nervous system, and includes the brain and spinal cord.
 The peripheral nervous system is a term for the collective
nervous structures that do not lie in the CNS.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
BLOOD
 BLOOD
 Damage to the blood – e.g. production of
haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying red pigment in
red cells, is inhibited by inorganic lead interfering
with enzyme systems.

 Failure of Oxygen transport:

 Simple asphyxia
 Chemical asphyxia
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 The major function of the respiratory system is gas exchanged between the
external environment and the circulatory system.
 Like the skin and the eye, the lungs are affected by irritants and allergens.
 They also respond in the forms of fibrotic pneumoconiosis and malignant
disease to a variety of industrial agents.
 Irritation caused by gases and fumes produce inflammation of the
respiratory tract and the symptoms tend to be acute or delayed, depending
on the solubility of the toxic agent.
 Allergic reactions to substances can cause occupational asthma.
 Pneumoconiosis is the reaction of the lungs to inhaled mineral dust and the
resultant alteration in their structure.
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to chronic bronchitis
and emphysema.
 Lung Cancer.
THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
 THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

 The gastrointestinal tract is the system used by the body to

take in, break down and absorb nutrients as well as to excrete
waste products.
 Ingestion as a toxic route of entry in industry is unlikely
unless people are allowed to eat or smoke at their work
station
 Both vomiting and diarrhea are natural defense mechanisms
 Absorption of toxins is relatively less efficient than via
inhalation.
THE LIVER
 THE LIVER
 The liver is a major metabolic organ which is used to
process nutrients which have been absorbed into the
blood from the gastrointestinal tract or via other routes
such as inhalation.
 The fact that it is used to break down materials means that
is particularly susceptible to any toxins within the body.
 Liver cells can regenerate after toxic damage, the most
common cause of which is alcohol. However, continued
absorption can overtake the regeneration process and
cause permanent liver damage. Pre-existing liver disease
makes this more likely.
THE URINARY SYSTEM

1. Kidneys, 2. Ureter, 3. Bladder, 4. Urethra

 THE URINARY SYSTEM
 The kidney plays an important role in the maintenance
of fluid and electrolyte balance by filtration and selective
re-absorption of them into the blood.
 It excretes (via urine) unwanted waste products
(including toxins), made water-soluble by metabolism in
the liver.
 THE EYE
 Fragile, particularly susceptible to injury.
 Penetrating wounds can lead to corneal damage
 Acids and alkalis will burn the cornea.
 Any irritant gases, like sulphur dioxide and ammonia can cause
conjunctivitis (characterised by redness, discomfort and watering of the
eyes).
 Allergens like plants and dyes sometimes produce a similar reaction.
An extremely painful conjunctivitis including photophobia (unwillingness
to look at light) follows a few hours after exposure to ultra-violet
radiation used in welding.
THE EYE
 Hygiene Standards or Occupational
Exposure Limits (OELs)
 They are not an index of toxicity
 They do not represent a fine demarcation between good and bad practice.
 They are based on the current best available information and are liable to
change.
 If there is not a hygiene standard set for a chemical substance, it does not
mean that substance is safe.
 Good occupational hygiene practice is to keep airborne contaminants to as
low a level as possible, not to just below the relevant hygiene standard(s).
 They apply to occupational exposure of adults. They are not applicable to
environmental exposure where more susceptible groups exist e.g. pregnant
women, children, infirm.
 For chemicals they generally relate to airborne concentrations i.e. they only
take into account the inhalation route of entry.
 They generally refer to single substances, although some guidance may be
given on mixed exposures.
 Setting of Hygiene Standards and
Exposure Limits
There are three main types of hygiene standards:-

 Chemical agents such as gases, vapours, fumes,

mists, dusts and aerosols.

 Physical agents such as noise, vibration, heat, cold

and radiation (ionising and non-ionising)

 Biological exposure indices.

 Setting of Hygiene Standards and
Exposure Limits
When setting hygiene standards for hazardous agents, the
effects the agents might have on the body have to be
considered namely:-
 Contact
 Local toxic effects at the site of contact (skin, eye, respiratory tract etc.)
 Absorption
 Transport, Metabolism, Storage
 Systemic toxic effects, remote from the site of contact (any organ system
e.g. blood, bone, nervous system, kidney etc.)
 Excretion
 Acute toxicity i.e. the adverse effects occur within a short time of exposure
to a single dose, or to multiple doses over 24 hours or less e.g. irritation,
asphyxiation, narcosis
 Chronic toxicity.
 Hygiene Standards for Chemical Agents
Only a few countries have organisations with the appropriate resources for setting
limits. Most countries base limits on the following:

Limit Country / Union

TLV – Threshold Limit Value USA

MAK - Maximale Arbeitsplatz-Konzentration Germany

MAC Russia

WEL – Workplace Exposure Limit United Kingdom

IOELVs (Indicative Occupational Exposure Limit Value) Europe

WES – Workplace Exposure Standards Australia

WES – Workplace Exposure Standards New Zealand

 Categories of Exposure Limits
 Long Term Exposure Limits are expressed as a Time Weighted Average
(TWA) normally over an eight hour period. This allows for exposures to vary
through the working day so long as the average exposure does not exceed the
limit.

 Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) normally over a 15 minute period are
used when exposure for short periods of time occurs.

 Ceiling Limits are sometimes used and are concentrations that should not be
exceeded during any part of the working exposure.

 "Skin" Notation - Substances can have a contributing exposure effect by the

cutaneous route (including mucous membranes and eyes).
 Effects of Mixed Exposures
 Synergistic substances: known cases of synergism are considerably
less common than the other types of behaviour in mixed exposures.

 Additive substances: where there is reason to believe that the

effects of the constituents are additive, and where the WELS are
based on the same health effects, the mixed exposure should be
assessed using a formula.

 Independent substances: where no synergistic or additive effects

are known or considered likely, the constituents can be regarded as
acting independently and the measures needed to achieve adequate
control assessed for each separately.
 Occupational Exposure Limits

Exposure limits:
• TWA = Time Weighted Average
(8hours in a day shift; 40 hours in a week of 5 working
days)
• Levels vary over the shift duration
• These limits protect from chronic diseases

This represents an employee’s real-time exposure to a substance with a PEL of 10ppm .

Since the PEL is 10ppm, is this employee overexposed?” No. The TWA would be less than 10ppm.
 Occupational Exposure Limits

“C” = ceiling limit:

• Level never to be exceeded during the work shift
• Protect from acute disease or health effects

60
Ceiling

50

40 Ceiling limits protect workers from acute

or immediate health reactions.
Exposure

30

20 Ceiling limits protect us from death,

PEL
losing consciousness, inability to think
10
clearly, and other instant reactions.
0
Time
In this example the Ceiling value has
been exceeded.
 Legal Requirements & International
Standards
• Kuwait Environmental Public Authority (K-EPA) Law
number 42 for 2014 and related ministerial decrees .

• Appendices for Occupational Exposure limits in the

K-EPA law number 21 for 1995

• Kuwait Labor Law number 6 for 2010 and its

amendments .
 Chemical Hazards and Controls

Potential Chemical Exposure:

• Dust, mist, smoke in the air

• Accumulation of particulates (dust) on surfaces

• Unusual tastes and/or smells

• Eye, nose, throat, upper respiratory, and/or skin

irritation
 Chemical Hazards and Controls

Examples of chemical exposure symptoms:

• Eye, nose, throat, upper respiratory, skin irritation
• Flu-like symptoms
• Difficulty breathing
• Fatigue
• Loss of coordination
• Memory difficulties
• Sleeplessness
• Mental confusion
 Chemical Hazards and Controls

Effects of air contaminants on the body

Agent What they do Example
Irritants Inflame or irritate tissue they Ammonia, Sulfur dioxide,
come into contact with( eyes, Nitrogen dioxide
nose, throat)
Asphyxiating agents • Displace Oxygen •Nitrogen, CO2, Methane
• Deprive tissue of •CO, HCN,H2S
oxygen
Lung damaging •Cause fibrosis •Asbestos, silica, coal dust
agents •Cause allergic •Wood dust, fungi
responses
Carcinogens Cause cancer •Benzene ,Asbestos,Vinyl
chloride, Nickel
 Chemical Hazards and Controls
What is Toxicology
Uses the power of science to predict what, and how
chemicals may cause harm and then shares that
information to protect public health. When talking about
toxicology it is important to keep a few things in mind.
Not everyone will respond to substances in exactly the
same way
 Chemical Hazards and Controls

Toxic effects:
• Dose
1. Concentration –
amount
2. Duration of Exposure –
time
Chemical Hazards and Controls

Types of health effects

Chemical Hazards and Controls

Disrupt the normal functions of the body.

Effects can be:
 Chemical Hazards and Controls

Local (direct) effects:

• Irritation (dryness, redness, cracking) - fiberglass
• Corrosion (chemical burn) - acid
• Upper Respiratory Track Infection – inhaling
particles
 Chemical Hazards and Controls

Systemic effects:
• Hepatotoxins
• Cause liver damage
• Carbon tetrachloride, nitrosamines
• Nephrotoxins
• Cause kidney damage
• Uranium, halogenated hydrocarbons
• Neurotoxins
• Cause nerve damage
• Mercury, lead, carbon disulfide
 Chemical Hazards and Controls

• Hematotoxins

– Cause blood system damage

– Carbon monoxide, cyanides

• Anesthetics

– Depress nervous system

– Hydrocarbons, propane
 Chemical Hazards and Controls

Hexavalent Toxic form of chromium;

chromium:
Known to cause cancer

Compounds are man-made and widely used

targets the respiratory system, kidneys, liver, skin and

eyes

Major source of exposure during “hotwork” on stainless

steel and other alloy steels containing Cr(VI)
 Chemical Hazards and Controls

Mineral fibers – chrysotile, amosie, crocidolite, tremolite, anthophylite,

Asbestos: actinolite, and chemically treated/altered forms

Resistant to heat and corrosion

(Known carcinogen)
Can cause chronic lung disease, as well as lung and other cancers

Used in numerous building materials and vehicle products

Exposure potential during construction and

Ship repair; as well as manufacturing of products containing asbestos

There is no "safe" level of asbestos exposure for any type of asbestos fiber.
Exposures as short in duration as a few days have caused mesothelioma in humans
 Chemical Hazards and Controls

Silica: Important industrial material found abundantly in

the earth’s crust; most common form is quartz

Can cause lung diseases, including silicosis and lung cancer, as

well as kidney disease

Inhalation of small particles

in air
Exposure to
respirable Common with operations
crystalline silica such as cutting, sawing, hydraulic
fracturing for gas and oil, and
abrasive blasting operations
and drilling
 Chemical Hazards and Controls

Welding Content depends on components of

fumes: base metal, coatings, and/or filler
materials; and welding temperatures

Acute exposure: eye, nose, and

Potential throat irritation; dizziness; nausea

Health Prolonged exposure: lung damage;

various types of cancer, including lung,
Effects larynx, and urinary tract

Health effects from certain fumes may include

metal fume fever, stomach ulcers, kidney
damage and nervous system damage.
Prolonged exposure to manganese fume can
cause Parkinson’s–like symptoms.
 Chemical Hazards and Controls

Factors form and innate chemical activity

affecting dosage, especially dose-time relationship
exposures: exposure route
age
sex
ability of chemical to be absorbed
metabolism
distribution within the body
excretion
presence of other chemicals
Chemical Risk Controls
Chemical Risk Controls
 Chemical Risk Controls

 Administrative controls
 Establish written
programs & policies
 Training
 Monitor/measure exposure levels
 Inspections and maintenance
 Restricted area signage
 Develop SOPs
 Chemical Risk Controls

 PPE
 Respirators
 Gloves
 Safety glasses
 Long clothing
 Chemical Risk Controls

Components of substance specific

standards: (in general)

Control of
exposure
• Engineering
Air Medical Record Worker
• Work
monitoring practices surveillance keeping Training
• Respiratory
protection
 Biological Hazards and Controls

Insects Animals Contaminated Soil

Poisonous Plants Water/Sewage Bloodborne Pathogens

 Biological Hazards and Controls

Possible effects of
exposure to
biological hazards:
Mild, allergic
reactions

Serious
Death medical
conditions
 Biological Hazards and Controls

Protection against biological hazards:

• Practice universal precaution with:
– Blood
– Bodily fluids

• Practice personal hygiene

• Provide proper first aid
– Cuts/Scratches
• Vaccinations
• Wear proper PPE/clothing
 Biological Hazards and Controls

Practice precaution Provide proper

with: ventilation or other
Use insect repellent appropriate
• Animals environmental
• Insects controls
 Biological Hazards and Controls

The best way to protect yourself

Certain species of fruit bats are
from Zika, as well as other mosquito-
thought to be the natural reservoir
borne illnesses, is to prevent
for Ebola virus. EHF outbreaks are
mosquito bites by using insect
believed to start as a result of
repellent, wearing long sleeves and
contact with infected animals or
pants, and reducing mosquito
animal carcasses.
breeding grounds, such as standing
water.
 Biological Hazards and Controls

More information
Source Disease agent Health Effects Source
Viruses Influenza virus, Respiratory infection, Human hosts
HIV,Hep-B Liver,Immune effects

Bacteria Legionella, Inhalation fever, Cooling towers,Hot

Mycobacterium Hypersensitive water systems,Human
tuberculosis pneumonitis (HP) hosts

Fungi Aflatoxin, Histoplasma HP, Asthma, Rhinitis, Bird droppings, Damp

capsulatum Liver cancer surfaces, Mold

Pollen Allergens Asthma, Rhintis Outdoor air

Anthropods Allergens Asthma, Rhinitis House dust

Birds Pigeon allergens HP,Asthma Droppings,Nest

 Physical Hazards and Controls

Effects of exposure to physical hazards

Temperature
• Rash, Cramps
• Exhaustion
• Stroke
• Frostbite

Radiation
• Burns
• Sickness
• Aging
• Cancer, DNA Mutation
 Physical Hazards and Controls

Effects of exposure to physical hazards

Vibration
• Fatigue
• Strains
• Carpal tunnel (medical condition to the waist)
• Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)
• Raynaud’s (blood vessels in your fingers and toes temporarily
overreact to cold temperatures or stress

Noise
• Stress
• Tinnitus
• Headache
• Hearing Loss
 Physical Hazards and Controls

Effects of exposure to physical hazards

Health Effects Cause Symptoms

Red cluster of bumps/blisters; Muscle

Rash; Cramps Heavy sweating
pains or spasms
Dizziness, light-headedness, weakness,
Loss of body
Exhaustion heavy sweating, pale skin, sick to
fluids/salts
stomach

Rapid body ≥104F body temperature. Red, hot, dry

Stroke
temperature rise skin; dizziness; confusion; unconscious
 Physical Hazards and Controls

Protection against heat

Engineering Administrative PPE
• Air conditioning • Emergency plan • Insulated PPE, in
• Ventilation • Acclimatization some work places
• Cooling fans • Adequate water • Thermal clothing
• Local exhaust • Work/rest cycles (cool vests)
ventilation • Avoid hottest times;
• Reflective shields adjust work demands
• Insulation • Rotate job functions
• Eliminate steam • Buddy system
leaks • Monitoring
 Physical Hazards and Controls

Exposure to Cold

Health
Cause Symptoms
Effects
Uncontrolled shivering; slurred
Body temperature
Hypothermia speech; memory loss; blue/purple
drops ≤95F
skin
Pale, cold, waxy-white skin; tingling;
Frostbite Exposed to ≤0F air
stinging
 Physical Hazards and Controls

Protection against Cold

Engineering Administrative PPE

• Heaters • Warm liquids • Layered clothing
• Shield work areas • Adjust work schedule • Hat or hood, face
(windbreaks) • Buddy system cover, gloves
• Monitoring • Clothing out of fabric
• Frequent breaks in that retains insulation
warm areas even when wet
• Acclimatization • Insulated and
waterproof boots
 Physical Hazards and Controls

Exposure to Radiation
 Physical Hazards and Controls

Protection against Radiation

Engineering Administrative PPE
• Enclose/Shield work • Clearly mark • RF/MW protective
areas to minimize stray controlled spaces suits, including head
radiation • Minimize exposure and eye protection
• Interlocked doors on times • Safety glasses,
devices that can • Location/ installation goggles, welding
produce acute thermal of devices helmets, or welding
injuries • Proper maintenance face shields with
• Remote operation of appropriate filter
radiation-producing lenses
devices
 Physical Hazards and Controls

Exposure to Vibration
Early Signs and Later Signs and
Health Effects
Symptoms Symptoms
• Circulatory • Intermittent tingling • Loss of sense of touch;
disturbances, of one or more numbness
such as HAVS fingers • Blanching of entire fingers
• Sensory nerve • Blanching of • Loss of grip strength
damage fingertips • Sever pain
• Muscle, bone, • Pain in fingers • Carpal tunnel syndrome
and joint injury • Pain and loss of strength in
arms
• Loss of finger dexterity or
coordination
 Physical Hazards and Controls

Protection against Vibration

Engineering Administrative PPE

• Vibration reduction • Proper positioning and • Anti-vibration
equipment grip; let the machine do gloves
• Vibration dampeners or the work
shields to isolate source • Job rotation
of vibration from • Limit duration of task
employee • Proper maintenance
 Physical Hazards and Controls

Exposure to Noise

Health Effects Signs and Symptoms

• Tinnitus • Ears feel stuffed up

• Permanent • Ringing in the ears
hearing loss • Limited ability to hear high
• Physical stress frequency sounds,
• Psychological understand speech, and
stress communicate
 Physical Hazards and Controls

Protection against Noise

Engineering Administrative PPE
• Use low-noise tools and • Increase distance • Ear plugs
machinery between source and • Ear muffs
• Place a barrier between worker • Hearing bands
noise source and worker • Alter work schedule
• Enclose or isolate noise • Limit time of noise
• Weld parts rather than rivet exposure
• Use acoustical materials • Provide quiet areas
• Install silencers, mufflers, for breaks
or baffles
 Physical Hazards and Controls

Decibels
Level
Chart
Ergonomic Hazards and Controls
Ergonomic Hazards and Controls

Effects of Musculoskeletal Disorders

exposure to (MSDs)
ergonomic Exposure to ergonomic risk factors for
hazards: MSDs increases a worker's risk of injury
• High force/ Overexertion
• Repetitive tasks
• Awkward posture/positions
• Localized pressure
• Cold temperatures
• Vibration
• Combined exposure
 Ergonomic Hazards and Controls
Protection Use ergonomically
against designed tools
ergonomic
hazards: Use correct work Proper lifting techniques
practices

Ask for help when Heavy loads

handling: Bulky/Awkward materials

Properly fitting PPE

 Summary
• Realising the importance of implementing Occupational Health and
Hygiene practices.

• Able to identify the range of health hazards encountered in the

workplace.

• Where and what are the sources and potential routes of

occupational exposure.

• Applying various effective Hazard recognition techniques.

• Introducing the most appropriate methods of controlling various of

exposure.