Final It

CHAPTER 2
SITE NO:1
1.RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
2.1.1.Front elevation of residential building

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
1.1.LOCATION OF THE PROJECT
The proposed project site is in Ernakulam town. The Soil nature observed
is silty sand.
2.1.2.Roof of residential building
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING GPTC MEENANGADI

1.2.DRAWINGS
Figure 2.2.1.Ground level plan of the project

Figure 2.2.2.Ground level roof leyout plan.
Figure 2.2.3.Section AA
Figure 2.2.4.Section CC

1.3. PROGRAM CHART OF THE PROJECT

2.TYPE OF FOUNDATION USED IN THE PROJECT
Figure 2.3.1.Brief guide on pile foundation design
2.1. PILE FOUNDATION

Pile foundations consist of piles that are dug into soil till a layer of stable soil is
reached. Pile foundations transfer building load to the bearing ground with the greater
bearing capacity. Pile foundations are useful in regions with unstable upper soil that may
erode, or for large structures. Pile foundations are often required to resist lateral loading.
Lateral loads come from a varietyof sources including wind, earthquakes, waves, and ship
impacts.The lateral capacity of a pile isusually much smaller than the axial capacity and as a
result groups of piles are often installed toincrease the lateral capacity of the entire
foundation system. When vertical or plumb pile groups donot provide sufficient lateral

resistance the piles can be battered in order to mobilize some of thehigher axial capacity to
resist the lateral load.
Fig.2.3.2.Pile foundation
2.2.FACTORS INFLUENCING CHOICE OF PILE
1-Location and type of structure
2-Ground conditions
3- Durability
4- Cost
There are many factors that can affect the choice of a piled foundation. All factors need to
be considered and their relative importance taken into account before reaching a afinal
decision.
2.3.NECESSITY OF PILE FOUNDATION

 The load of the super-structure is heavy and its distribution is uneven
 The top soil has poor bearing capacity.
 The subsoil water is high so that pumping of water from the open trenches for the
shallow foundation is difficult and Uneconomical
 Large fluctuation in subsoil water level.
 The structure is situated on sea shore or river bed, where there is danger of scouring
action of water.
 Canal or deep drainage line exist near the foundation.
 The top soil is of expansive nature.
 For foundation of transmission towers and off-shore platforms Which are subjected
to uplift forces.
3.PLINTH BEAM
A plinth beam is the type of beam that is provided at the plinth level of the
structure.It refers to the horizontal structural element provided at the plinth level that
connects the columns thereby preventing the buckling of the column.
3.1.The objectives of providing the plinth beam:

a. To prevent the ingress of dampness in the structure.
b. To prevent the development and propagation of cracks due to differential settlement.

c. To transfer the incoming load from the superstructure evenly to the foundation
below.
It has also been found that the plinth beams tend to reduce the length of the columns and
thus reduce their slenderness ratio and the effective length.
3.2.DESIGN OF PLINTH
The process of plinth beam design involves an intensive process of determining the
appropriate dimension of the beam (size of the beam) such that the beam with adequate
strength can be constructed economically.
3.3.THE CONSIDERED LOADS DURING THE DESIGN

a. Load from the wall above the plinth level.
b. Passive pressure exerted by the soil below the plinth beam to be constructed.
c. Load that may be imposed in case of differential settlement of the foundation.
3.4.THE GENERAL STEPS INVOLVED IN DESIGN PROCESS

a. Determination of the Cross-Sectional Dimension:
 The suitable cross-sectional area of the plinth beam is selected based on the deflection requirements
of the code and the loading conditions.
 It is desirable to select the width of the plinth beam in accordance with the wall to be constructed
above it or the width of the supporting column.
 In no case, the width of the plinth beam must be less than the width of the final course of the
foundation.
 The depth of the plinth beam must be at least 20cm or more.
b. Determination of the Reinforcement/Steel Bar required:

 While designing the reinforcement/ steel bar, it must be ensured that the ultimate moment of
resistance is equal to or more than the factored moment.
 The area of the tensile steel bars required can be easily calculated from the formula given in the
code IS 456:2000 or equivalent.
c. Determination of the Shear Reinforcement required :
 During the designing of the plinth beam, in no case, the shear force exerted on the section must be
greater than the maximum permissible shear stress for the particular grade of concrete as specified
in table 20 of IS 456:2000 code.
 The spacing for the shear reinforcements or the stirrup can be calculated from the formula given in
the code.
 In no case, the calculated spacing shall be greater than 30cm
3.5.PLINTH BEAM REINFORCEMENT

Two reinforcement (steel bars) with a diameter not less than 10mm shall be provided on the top. A
concrete cover not less than 25mm thick must be provided to the reinforcement bars. Stirrups must be
provided at a spacing of 15cm and the diameter of the stirrups shall not be less than 6mm.

Fig.2.5.1.plinth beam layout

3.6.ABSTRACT ESTIMATION
Total amount of the project=1027465.08


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CHAPTER 2

2.1.1.Front elevation of residential building

1.1.LOCATION OF THE PROJECT

2.1.2.Roof of residential building

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING GPTC MEENANGADI

Figure 2.2.1.Ground level plan of the project

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING GPTC MEENANGADI

Figure 2.2.2.Ground level roof leyout plan.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING GPTC MEENANGADI

1.3. PROGRAM CHART OF THE PROJECT

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING GPTC MEENANGADI

2.TYPE OF FOUNDATION USED IN THE PROJECT

Figure 2.3.1.Brief guide on pile foundation design

2.1. PILE FOUNDATION

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING GPTC MEENANGADI

2.2.FACTORS INFLUENCING CHOICE OF PILE

1-Location and type of structure

2.3.NECESSITY OF PILE FOUNDATION

3.1.The objectives of providing the plinth beam:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING GPTC MEENANGADI

3.3.THE CONSIDERED LOADS DURING THE DESIGN

c. Load that may be imposed in case of differential settlement of the foundation.

3.4.THE GENERAL STEPS INVOLVED IN DESIGN PROCESS

b. Determination of the Reinforcement/Steel Bar required:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING GPTC MEENANGADI

c. Determination of the Shear Reinforcement required :

3.5.PLINTH BEAM REINFORCEMENT

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING GPTC MEENANGADI

Fig.2.5.1.plinth beam layout

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING GPTC MEENANGADI

Total amount of the project=1027465.08

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING GPTC MEENANGADI

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING GPTC MEENANGADI

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