M.L Aggarwal 2
M.L Aggarwal 2
RELATIONS AND
FUNCTIONS
INTRODUCTION
In daily life, we come across many relations such as Teacher and Student, Mother and Daughter,
Book and Cost. In mathematics also, we come across many relations such as
(i) number x is square of number y
(ii) line l is perpendicular to line m
(iii) set A is a proper subset of set B
(iv) area of a circle with radius r is πr2.
In each of these, we notice that a relation involves pairs of objects in a certain order. In this
chapter, we will learn how to connect pairs of objects from two sets and then introduce relation
between two objects of the pair. Finally, we shall learn about special type of relations called
functions. From the beginning of modern mathematics in the 17th century, the concept of
function has been at the very centre of mathematical thought. It gives the mathematical rule by
which one quantity corresponds to another quantity.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1. If the ordered pairs (x – 1, y + 3) and (2, x + 4) are equal, find x and y.
Solution. (x – 1, y + 3) = (2, x + 4)
⇒ x – 1 = 2 and y + 3 = x + 4
⇒ x = 3 and y = x + 1
⇒ x = 3 and y = 3 + 1 = 4.
Hence x = 3 and y = 4.
Example 2. If P = {a, b, c} and Q = {d}, form the sets P × Q and Q × P. Are these two cartesian
products equal? (NCERT)
Solution. Given P = {a, b, c} and Q = {d}, by definition of certesian product, we get
P × Q = {(a, d), (b, d), (c, d)}
and Q × P = {(d, a), (d, b), (d, c)}.
By definition of equality of ordered pairs, the pair (a, d) is not equal to the pair (d, a),
therefore, P × Q ≠ Q × P.
Example 3. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and x, y ∈ A, form the set of all ordered pairs (x, y) such that x is
a divisor of y.
Solution. Given A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and x, y ∈ A.
The set of all ordered pairs (x, y) such that x is a divisor of y
= {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 2), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 4)}.
Example 4. Express {(x , y) : y + 2x = 5, x , y ∈ W} as the set of ordered pairs.
Solution. Since y + 2x = 5 and x , y ∈ W,
put x = 0, y + 0 = 5 ⇒ y = 5,
x = 1, y + 2 × 1 = 5 ⇒ y = 3,
x = 2, y + 2 × 2 = 5 ⇒ y = 1.
For all other values of x ∈ W, we do not get y ∈ W.
Hence the required set of ordered pairs is {(0, 5), (1, 3), (2, 1)}.
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 51
Example 5. If A = {1, 5}, B = {2, 6}, C = {2, 4}, find A × (B ∪ C).
Solution. Given A = {1, 5}, B = {2, 6}, C = {2, 4},
then B ∪ C = {2, 4, 6}.
∴ A × (B ∪ C) = {(1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (5, 2), (5, 4), (5, 6)}.
Example 6. If A = {x | x ∈ W, x < 3}, B = {x | x ∈ N, 2 ≤ x < 4} and C = {3, 4}, then verify that
(A ∪ B) × C = (A × C) ∪ (B × C).
Solution. Given A = {x | x ∈ W, x < 3} = {0, 1, 2}
B = {x | x ∈ N, 2 ≤ x < 4} = {2, 3} and C = {3, 4}
⇒ A ∪B = {0, 1, 2, 3}.
∴ (A ∪ B) × C = {(0, 3), (0, 4), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)} …(i)
A × C = {(0, 3), (0, 4), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)} and
B × C = {(2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)}.
∴ (A × C) ∪ (B × C) = {(0, 3), (0, 4), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)} …(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we find that
(A ∪ B) × C = (A × C) ∪ (B × C).
Example 7. If A = {1, 2}, B = {2, 3} and C = {0}, form the set A × B × C.
Solution. Given A = {1, 2}, B = {2, 3} and C = {0}, by def.,
A × B × C = {(1, 2, 0), (1, 3, 0), (2, 2, 0), (2, 3, 0)}.
Example 8. If A = {– 1, 1}, form the set A × A × A. (NCERT)
Solution. Given A = {– 1, 1}, by def.,
A × A × A = {(– 1, – 1, – 1), (– 1, – 1, 1), (– 1, 1, – 1), (– 1, 1, 1),
(1, – 1, – 1), (1, – 1, 1), (1, 1, – 1), (1, 1, 1)}.
Example 9. If R is the set of all real numbers, what do the cartesian products R × R and
R × R × R represent? (NCERT)
Solution. The cartesian product R × R represents the set {(x, y) : x, y ∈ R} which represents
the co-ordinates of all points in two dimensional space.
The cartesian product R × R × R represents the set {(x, y, z) : x, y, z ∈ R} which represents
the co-ordinates of all points in three dimensional space.
Example 10. If A × B = {(0, 2), (3, – 1), (4, 2), (0, – 1), (3, 2), (4, – 1)}, then find B × A.
Solution. Clearly, B × A can be obtained from A × B by interchanging the components of
ordered pairs in A × B.
∴ B × A = {(2, 0), (– 1, 3), (2, 4), (– 1, 0), (2, 3), (– 1, 4)}.
Example 11. If A × B = {(a, p), (b, q), (c, p), (a, q), (b, p), (c, q)}, find A and B.
Solution. A = set of first components of A × B = {a, b, c},
B = set of second components of A × B = {p, q}.
Example 12. Let A and B be two sets such that n (A) = 5 and n (B) = 2. If (a, 1), (b, 5), (c, 5),
(d, 1), (e, 5) are in A × B, find A and B, where a, b, c, d, e are distinct elements. Also write the remaining
elements of A × B.
Solution. Since a, b, c, d, e are distinct elements and (a, 1), (b, 5), (c, 5), (d, 1), (e, 5) are elements
of A × B, therefore,
a, b, c, d, e ∈ A and 1, 5 ∈ B.
But n (A) = 5 and n (B) = 2,
∴ A = {a, b, c, d, e} and B = {1, 5}.
The remaining elements of A × B are (a, 5), (b, 1), (c, 1), (d, 5), (e, 1).
52 MATHEMATICS – XI
Example 13. The cartesian product A × A has 9 elements among which are found (– 1, 0) and (0, 1).
Find the set A and the remaining elements of A × A. (NCERT)
Solution. Let n (A) = m.
Given n (A × A) = 9 ⇒ n (A). n (A) = 9
⇒ m . m = 9 ⇒ m2 = 9 ⇒ m = 3 ( Q m > 0)
Given (– 1, 0) ∈ A × A ⇒ – 1 ∈ A and 0 ∈ A.
Also (0, 1) ∈ A × A ⇒ 0 ∈ A and 1 ∈ A.
Thus, – 1, 0, 1 ∈ A but n (A) = 3.
Therefore, A = {– 1, 0, 1}.
The remaining elements of A × A are (– 1, – 1), (– 1, 1), (0, – 1), (0, 0), (1, – 1), (1, 0), (1, 1).
EXERCISE 2.1
Very short answer type questions (1 to 19) :
1. Find a and b if
(ii) ⎛ + 1, b − ⎞ = ⎛ , ⎞
a 2 5 1
(i) (a + 1, b – 2) = (3, 1) (NCERT)
⎝3 3⎠ ⎝3 3⎠
2.3 RELATIONS
In everyday life, we frequently speak of relations between two or more objects. To learn the
concept properly, consider the following examples :
(i) Let A = {1, 2, 3, 5} and B = {2, 4}, then
A × B = {(1, 2), (1, 4), (2, 2), (2, 4), (3, 2), (3, 4), (5, 2), (5, 4)}.
We can obtain a subset of A × B by introducing a relation ‘is less than’ between the elements
of the sets A and B.
If we write R for the relation ‘is less than’, then we get
A B
1 R 2, 1 R 4, 2 R 4, 3 R 4. 1• >• 2
Omitting the letter R between the above pairs of
2• >
numbers and writing these pairs of numbers as ordered >•4
>
pairs, the above information can be written as a set of 3•
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1. If A and B are finite sets such that n(A) = m and n(B) = k, find the number of relations
from A to B.
Solution. Given n(A) = m and n(B) = k
∴ n(A × B) = n(A) × n(B) = mk.
∴ The number of subsets of A × B = 2mk
( Q if n (A) = m, then the number of subsets of A = 2m)
Since every subset of A × B is a relation from A to B, therefore, the number of relations from
A to B = 2mk.
Example 2. If a relation R = {(0, 0), (2, 4), (– 1, – 2), (3, 6), (1, 2)}, then
(i) write domain of R. (ii) write range of R.
(iii) write R in the builder form. (iv) represent R by an arrow diagram.
Solution. Given R = {(0, 0), (2, 4), (– 1, – 2), (3, 6), (1, 2)}.
A B
(i) Domain of R = {0, 2, – 1, 3, 1}. R
0• >• 0
(ii) Range of R = {0, 4, – 2, 6, 2}. 2• >• 4
3• >• 6
R = {(x, y) : x ∈ I, – 1 ≤ x ≤ 3, y = 2x}.
1• >• 2
(iv) The relation R can be represented by
Fig. 2.3.
the arrow diagram, shown in fig. 2.3.
56 MATHEMATICS – XI
Example 3. If A = {– 1, 2, 5, 8}, B = {0, 1, 3, 6, 7} and R be the relation ‘is one less than’ from A
to B, then
(i) find R as a set of ordered pairs. (ii) find domain and range of R.
Solution. (i) Given A = {–1, 2, 5, 8}, B = {0, 1, 3, 6, 7} and R is the relation ‘is one less than’
from A to B, therefore,
R = {(– 1, 0), (2, 3), (5, 6)}.
(ii) Domain of R = {– 1, 2, 5} and range of R = {0, 3, 6}.
Example 4. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4} and R = {(x, y): (x, y) ∈ A × B, y = x + 1}, then
(i) find A × B. (ii) write R in roster form.
(iii) write domain and range of R. (iv) represent R by an arrow diagram.
B
Solution. (i) {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 2), A R •1
(2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4)}. ⎯• ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯
1
⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→
•2
(ii) R = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)}. 2⎯• ⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯→• 3
(iii) Domain of R = {1, 2, 3} and range of R = {2, 3, 4}. 3⎯• ⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯→• 4
(iv) The relation R can be represented by the arrow
diagram shown in fig. 2.4. Fig. 2.4.
R = {(4, 2), (4, – 2), (9, 3), (9, – 3), (25, 5), (25, – 5)} Fig. 2.6.
(ii) In set builder form, R = {(x, y) : x = y2, x ∈ P, y ∈ Q}
Domain of this relation = {4, 9, 25} and its range = {2, – 2, 3, – 3, 5, – 5}.
Example 7. Find the domain and the range of the relation R defined by
R = {(x + 1, x + 3) : x ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}}.
Solution. Given x ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5},
put x = 0, x + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1 and x + 3 = 0 + 3 = 3,
x = 1, x + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2 and x + 3 = 1 + 3 = 4,
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 57
x = 2, x + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3 and x + 3 = 2 + 3 = 5,
x = 3, x + 1 = 3 + 1 = 4 and x + 3 = 3 + 3 = 6,
x = 4, x + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5 and x + 3 = 4 + 3 = 7,
x = 5, x + 1 = 5 + 1 = 6 and x + 3 = 5 + 3 = 8,
Hence R = {(1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 5), (4, 6), (5, 7), (6, 8)}.
∴ Domain of R = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and range of R = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}.
Example 8. If R = {(x, y) : x, y ∈ W, 2x + y = 8}, then
(i) find the domain and the range of R.
(ii) write R as a set of ordered pairs.
Solution. (i) Given 2x + y = 8 and x, y ∈ W,
put x = 0, 2 × 0 + y = 8 ⇒ y = 8,
x = 1, 2 × 1 + y = 8 ⇒ y = 6,
x = 2, 2 × 2 + y = 8 ⇒ y = 4,
x = 3, 2 × 3 + y = 8 ⇒ y = 2,
x = 4, 2 × 4 + y = 8 ⇒ y = 0.
For all other values of x ∈ W, we do not get y ∈ W.
∴ Domain of R = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} and range of R = {8, 6, 4, 2, 0}.
(ii) R as a set of ordered pairs can be written as
R = {(0, 8), (1, 6), (2, 4), (3, 2), (4, 0)}.
Example 9. Find the domain and the range of the relation R given by
6
R = {(x, y) : y = x + , where x, y ∈ N and x < 6} (NCERT Examplar Problems)
x
6
Solution. Given y = x + , x, y ∈ N and x < 6.
x
6
When x = 1, y = 1 + = 7 and 7 ∈ N, so (1, 7) ∈ R;
1
6
when x = 2, y = 2 + = 5 and 5 ∈ N, so (2, 5) ∈ R;
2
6
when x = 3, y = 3 + = 5 and 5 ∈ N, so (3, 5) ∈ R;
3
6
when x = 4, y = 4 + ∉ N, and
4
6
when x = 5, y = 5 + ∉N
5
∴ R = {(1, 7), (2, 5), (3, 5)}.
Domain of R = {1, 2, 3} and range of R = {7, 5}.
Example 10. Find the linear relation between the components of the ordered pairs of the relation R
where R = {(2, 1), (4, 7), (1, – 2), …}.
Solution. Given R = {(2, 1), (4, 7), (1, – 2), …}.
Let y = ax + b be the linear relation between the components of R.
Since (2, 1) ∈ R, ∴ y = ax + b ⇒ 1 = 2 a + b …(i)
Also (4, 7) ∈ R, ∴ y = ax + b ⇒ 7 = 4 a + b …(ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get 2 a = 6 ⇒ a = 3.
Substituting a = 3 in (i), we get 1 = 6 + b ⇒ b = – 5.
Substituting these values of a and b in y = ax + b, we get y = 3x – 5, which is the required
linear relation between the components of the given relation.
58 MATHEMATICS – XI
1• >>• 4
>
2• >
>•6
>
(ii) The relation R can be represented by the arrow 3•
diagram shown in fig 2.7. 5• > •9
Fig. 2.7.
Example 12. Let A = {3, 5} and B = {7, 11}. Let R = {(a, b) : a ∈ A, b ∈ B, a – b is odd}. Show
that R is an empty relation from A to B.
Solution. Here A × B = {(3, 7), (3, 11), (5, 7), (5, 11)}. Since none of the numbers 3 – 7, 3 – 11,
5 – 7, 5 – 11 is an odd number, therefore, none of pairs (3, 7), (3, 11), (5, 7) and (5, 11) belongs
to R.
Hence R is an empty relation.
Example 13. If A = {2, 4, 6, 9}, B = {4, 6, 18, 27, 54} and a relation R from A to B is defined by
R = {(a, b) : a ∈ A, b ∈ B, a is a factor of b and a < b}, then find R in Roster form. Also find its domain
and range. (NCERT Examplar Problems)
Solution. Given A = {2, 4, 6, 9}, B = {4, 6, 18, 27, 54} and
R = {(a, b) : a ∈ A, b ∈ B, a is a factor of b and a < b}.
Since 2 is a factor of 4 and 2 < 4, so (2, 4) ∈ R.
Similarly, (2, 6), (2, 18), (2, 54) ∈ R.
Also (6, 18), (6, 54), (9, 18), (9, 27), (9, 54) ∈ R.
∴ R = {(2, 4), (2, 6), (2, 18), (2, 54), (6, 18), (6, 54), (9, 18), (9, 27), (9, 54)}.
Domain of R = {2, 6, 9}, range of R = {4, 6, 18, 27, 54}.
EXERCISE 2.2
Very short answer type questions (1 to 10) :
1. If A and B are two sets such that n (A) = 2 and n (B) = 3, find the number of relations
from
(i) A to B (ii) B to A (iii) A to A.
2. Let A = {1, 2} and B = {3, 4}. Find
(i) A × B (ii) number of relations from A to B. (NCERT)
3. Let A = {1, 2} and B = {x, y, z}, find the number of relations from
(i) A to A (ii) A to B (iii) B to A (iv) B to B.
4. If a relation R = {(– 2, 1), (0, 2), (3, 1), (0, – 1), (4, 2), (5, 1)}, then write its domain and range.
5. If A = {2, 3, 5}, B = {2, 4, 6} and R is the relation from A to B defined by
R = {(x, y) : x ∈ A, y ∈ B and x < y}, then write R in the roster form.
6. If A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 8} and B = {2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10} and R be the relation ‘is one less than’ from
A to B, then write R in the roster form.
7. If A = {2, 3, 4}, B = {4, 6, 9, 10} and
R = {(x, y) : (x, y) ∈ A × B such that x is a factor of y}, then write R in roster form.
8. If A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and R is a relation from A to A defined by
R = {(x, y) : y = x + 1, x, y ∈ A}, then list the elements of R.
9. If A = {1, 2, 3, …, 17} and R is a relation on A defined by R = {(x, y) : 3x – y = 0, x, y ∈ A},
then write R in the roster form.
10. Write the following relations in the roster form:
(i) R = {(x, x3 ) : x is a prime number less than 10} (NCERT)
(ii) R = {(x – 2, x2 ) : x is a prime number less than 10}.
11. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {x, y, z}. Let R be a relation from A to B defined by
R = {(1, x), (1, z), (3, x), (4, y)}.
(i) Find the domain and range of R. (ii) Represent R by an arrow diagram.
12. Let a relation R = {(1, – 1), (2, 0), (3, 1), (4, 2), (5, 3)}, then
(i) write the domain and the range of R. (ii) write R in the builder form.
13. Let A = {2, 4, 6}, B = {4, 6, 18} and R be the relation ‘is a factor of ’ from A to B. Find R
as a set of ordered pairs and represent it by an arrow diagram.
14. Given R = {(x, y) ; y = x – 3, x, y ∈ Z}. State which of the ordered pairs belong to the
given relation :
(i) (5, 2) (ii) (1, 2) (iii) (0, – 3) (iv) (7, – 4) (v) (– 4, 1).
15. Given A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and R = {(x, y) : x ∈ A, y ∈ A}. Find the set of ordered pairs which
satisfy the conditions given below :
(i) x + y = 5 (ii) x + y < 5 (iii) x + y > 8. (NCERT Examplar Problems)
16. (i) If R = {(x, y) : x, y ∈ W, x2 + y2 = 25}, then find the domain and the range of R. Also
write R in Roster form. (NCERT Examplar Problems)
(ii) If R = {(x, y) : x, y ∈ Z, x2 + y2 = 64}, then write R in Roster form.
(NCERT Examplar Problems)
60 MATHEMATICS – XI
Fig. 2.8.
62 MATHEMATICS – XI
X Y
(ii) the rule depicted by the adjoining arrow diagram a• > •p
represents a function from X to Y because each element of •q
b•
X has a unique image in Y. > •r
c• >
Range of the function = {p, r, s}. > •s
d•
Note that the elements a and d of X have the same •t
image s in Y. Fig. 2.9.
X Y
>
>• p
a•
(iii) the rule depicted by the adjoining arrow diagram >• q
b•
does not represent a function from X to Y because the >• r
element a of X has two different images p and r in Y. c•
•s
d• >• t
Fig. 2.10.
X Y
a• •p
>• q
(iv) the rule depicted by the adjoining arrow diagram b•
>• r
does not represent a function from X to Y because the c•
>• s
element c of X has no image in Y.
d•
•t
Fig. 2.11.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1. Which of the following relations are functions? Give reasons.
(i) R = {(2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 2)} (ii) R = {(2, 2), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 4)}
(iii) R = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6), (6, 7)}. (NCERT)
Solution. (i) Domain of R = {2, 3, 4}. We note that each element of the domain of R has a
unique image, therefore, the relation R is a function.
(ii) Domain of R = {2, 3, 4}. We note that the element 2 of the domain of R has two different
images 2 and 4, therefore, the relation R is not a function.
(iii) Domain of R = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. We note that each element of the domain of R has a unique
image, therefore, the relation R is a function.
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 63
Example 2. If A = {1, 2, 3} and f, g, h and s are relations corresponding to the subsets of A × A
indicated against them, which of f, g, h and s are functions ? In case of a function, find its domain and
range.
(i) f = {(2, 1), (3, 3)} (ii) g = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 1)}
(iii) h = {(1, 3), (2, 1), (3, 2)} (iv) s = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 1)}.
Solution. (i) f is not a function because the element 1 of A does not appear as the first
component of ordered pairs of f, so 1 has no image in A.
(ii) g is not a function because the different pairs (1, 2) and (1, 3) of g have same first
component i.e. the element 1 of A has two different images in A.
(iii) h is a function because each element of A has a unique image in A.
Domain of h = {1, 2, 3} = A and range of h = {3, 1, 2} = A.
(iv) s is a function because each element of A has a unique image in A.
Domain of s = {1, 2, 3} = A and range of s = {2, 1}.
Example 3. Consider the following diagrams carefully and state whether they represent functions.
Give reasons for your answer. In case of a function, write its domain and range.
X Y X Y
> •g 2• > •1
a•
•2
b• > >
•f 3• •7
> >
c•
•4
d• > >• m > •5
4•
(i) (ii)
Fig. 2.12.
Solution. (i) The given diagram represents a function because each element of the set
{a, b, c, d} has a unique image in the set { g, f, m}.
Its domain = {a, b, c, d} and range = { g, f, m}.
(ii) The given diagram does not represent a function because the element 3 of the set
{2, 3, 4} has two different images 2 and 4 in the set {1, 2, 4, 5, 7}.
Example 4. Let N be the set of natural numbers and the relation R be defined on N by
R = {(x, y) : y = 2x, x, y ∈ N}.
What is the domain, codomain and range of R ? Is this relation a function ? (NCERT)
Solution. Given R = {(x, y) : y = 2x, x, y ∈ N}.
∴ Domain of R = N, codomain of R = N
and range of R is the set of even natural numbers.
Since every natural number x has a unique image 2x, therefore, the relation R is a function.
Example 5. A relation ‘f ’ is defined by f : x → x2 – 2, where x ∈ {– 1, – 2, 0, 2}.
(i) List the elements of f. (ii) Is f a function?
Solution. Relation f is defined by f : x → x2 – 2 i.e. f (x) = x2 – 2, where x ∈ [– 1, – 2, 0, 2]
(i) f (– 1) = (– 1)2 – 2 = 1 – 2 = – 1,
f (– 2) = (– 2)2 – 2 = 4 – 2 = 2,
f (0) = 02 – 2 = 0 – 2 = – 2,
f (2) = 22 – 2 = 4 – 2 = 2.
∴ f = {(– 1, – 1), (– 2, 2), (0, – 2), (2, 2)}
(ii) We note that each element of the domain of f has a unique image, therefore, the relation
f is a function.
88 MATHEMATICS – XI
ANSWERS
EXERCISE 2.1
1. (i) a = 2, b = 3 (ii) a = 2, b = 1 (iii) a = 3, b = – 1 (iv) a = 8, b = – 1
2. (i) x = 2, y = – 2 (ii) x = 8, y = 2
11 2
(iii) x = ,y= (iv) x = 3, y = 2
3 3
3. a = 1, b = 7
4. P × Q = {(7, 5), (7, 4), (7, 2), (8, 5), (8, 4), (8, 2)} and
Q × P = {(5, 7), (5, 8), (4, 7), (4, 8), (2, 7), (2, 8)}
5. (i) {(– 1, 3), (– 1, 5), (0, 3), (0, 5), (1, 3), (1, 5)}
(ii) {(3, – 1), (3, 0), (3, 1), (5, – 1), (5, 0), (5, 1)}
(iii) {(3, 3), (3, 5), (5, 3), (5, 5)}
6. 6 7. 9 8. (i) 20 (ii) 20 (iii) 16 (iv) 25
9. 16 10. {(2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 6), (5, 6)}
11. {(– 1, 6), (2, 3), (5, 0)} 12. {(2, 4), (2, 6), (2, 10), (3, 6), (3, 9), (4, 4)}
13. (i) False; P × Q = {(m, n), (m, m), (n, n), (n, m)}
(ii) False; if A and B are non-empty sets, then A × B is a non-empty set of ordered pairs
(x, y) such that x ∈ A and y ∈ B
(iii) True.
14. S = {(– 1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 0), (2, 0), (3, 0)} 15. A = {p, m} and B = {q, r}
16. A = {– 1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2} 17. A = {x, y, z} and B = {1, 2}
18. B = {1, 2} 19. B × A = {(1, x), (2, y), (3, x), (3, y), (1, y), (2, x)}
20. (i) {(2, 0), (2, 1), (3, 0), (3, 1), (4, 0), (4, 1)}
(ii) {(0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 4), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4)}
(iii) {(2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4)}
(iv) {(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0), (1, 1)}
(v) 6 (vi) 6 (vii) 9 (viii) 4 ; No
21. (i) {(1, 5), (1, 7), (1, 9), (2, 5), (2, 7), (2, 9), (3, 5), (3, 7), (3, 9), (4, 5), (4, 7), (4, 9)}
(ii) {(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (7, 1), (7, 2), (7, 3), (7, 4), (9, 1), (9, 2), (9, 3), (9, 4)}
(iii) No (iv) Yes
22. [(0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)}
23. (i) {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)} (ii) {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}
(iii) {(1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}
(iv) {(1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}
25. (i) {(0, 3), (1, 3)}
(ii) {(0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 4), (0, 5), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5)}
27. A × B = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}; 16;
φ, {(1, 3)}, {(1, 4)}, {(2, 3)}, {(2, 4)}, {(1, 3), (1, 4)}, {(1, 3), (2, 3)}, {(1, 3),
(2, 4)}, {(1, 4), (2, 3)}, {(1, 4), (2, 4)}, {(2, 3), (2, 4)}, {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3)},
{(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 4)}, {(1, 3), (2, 3), (2, 4)}, {(1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}, A × B.
28. {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 2), (1, 2, 1), (1, 2, 2), (2, 1, 1), (2, 1, 2), (2, 2, 1), (2, 2, 2)}
29. B = {p, q}; (a, q), (b, p), (c, q)
30. A × B = {(– 1, 2), (– 1, 3), (2, 2), (2, 3), (4, 2), (4, 3)},
B × A = {(2, – 1), (3, – 1), (2, 2), (3, 2), (2, 4), (3, 4)}
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 89
31. A = {– 2, 0, 1}, A × A = {(– 2, – 2), (– 2, 0), (– 2, 1), (0, – 2), (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, – 2), (1, 0), (1, 1)}
32. A = {a, b, c} ; (a, 3), (a, 5), (b, 2), (b, 5), (c, 2), (c, 3)
EXERCISE 2.2
1. (i) 64 (ii) 64 (iii) 16 2. {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}; 16
3. (i) 16 (ii) 64 (iii) 64 (iv) 512 4. Domain = {– 2, 0, 3, 4, 5} and range = {1, 2, – 1}
5. R = {(2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 6), (5, 6)} 6. R = {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8)}
7. R = {(2, 4), (2, 6), (2, 10), (3, 6), (3, 9), (4, 4)} 8. {(2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6)}
9. R = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12), (5, 15)}
10. (i) R = {(2, 8), (3, 27), (5, 125), (7, 343)} (ii) R = {(0, 4), (1, 9), (3, 25), (5, 49)}
11. (i) Domain = {1, 3, 4} and range = {x, y, z}
(ii) A B
1• >• x
>
2•
>• y
3•
>
4• •z
4• >•6
>
>
6• > • 18