DOI [email protected] - Eastern North American Climate in Phase With Fall Insolation Throughout The Last Three Glacial-Interglacial Cycles
DOI [email protected] - Eastern North American Climate in Phase With Fall Insolation Throughout The Last Three Glacial-Interglacial Cycles
DOI [email protected] - Eastern North American Climate in Phase With Fall Insolation Throughout The Last Three Glacial-Interglacial Cycles
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: The nature and controls of orbital-scale climate variability in North America (NA) are subjects of
Received 21 December 2018 ongoing debates. On the basis of previous cave records from Southwestern United States, two mutually
Received in revised form 1 June 2019 incompatible hypotheses have been proposed. One links NA orbital-scale climate variability to Northern
Accepted 20 June 2019
Hemisphere (NH) summer insolation forcing in a manner analogous to low-latitude monsoon systems,
Available online 9 July 2019
Editor: I. Halevy
while the other suggests that it is not causally tied to either changes in global ice-volumes or NH summer
insolation. Here we report new cave oxygen isotope (δ 18 O) records from Buckeye Creek Cave (BCC), West
Keywords: Virginia, east central North America, covering most of the past three glacial-interglacial periods (∼335 to
isotope geochemistry 45 kyr ago). The BCC δ 18 O record exhibits a strong precession-band cycle, which is in-phase with changes
U-series chronology in global ice-volumes (i.e., sea level), sea surface temperatures in the NE Gulf of Mexico and is consistent
paleoclimate with the results from published cave records from Nevada and Devils Hole. As with global ice-volume,
North America the BCC records lag summer insolation at 65◦ N by ∼5000 yr, which stands in contrast with records of
Pleistocene
low-latitude monsoon variability in South America and Asia, which are in phase and out-of-phase with
changes in summer insolation and sea level, respectively. Provided the degree of lag to summer insolation
provides a measure of competing forcing from global ice-volume and summer insolation, our data suggest
that NA orbital-scale climate variability is dominantly driven by ice-volume forcing. In addition, the sea
surface temperatures in the NE Gulf of Mexico and changes in northern high-latitude cryosphere may
be also important in explaining the unusually low δ 18 O values at times of the intermediate ice-volume
periods in BCC and other NA cave records.
© 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.06.029
0012-821X/© 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
126 H. Cheng et al. / Earth and Planetary Science Letters 522 (2019) 125–134
Fig. 3. Seasonal variance of air parcel trajectories to BCC site. The trajectory analysis results for BCC location are obtained using TrajStat (Wang et al., 2009), a free software
plugin of MeteoInfo software (Wang, 2014), combined with trajectory calculation module of HYSPLIT (Draxler and Hess, 1998). Detailed methods are described in TrajStat
Help documentation. Monthly NCEP/NCAR reanalysis meteorological datasets from 1966 to 1976 are obtained from website ftp://arlftp.arlhq.noaa.gov/pub/archives/reanalysis.
We computed backward (120 h) (sampled four times daily at UTC 00, 06, 12 and 18) trajectory ensembles and clusters of four seasons (DJF, MAM, JJA, SON) respectively,
which initialized at 1500 m above ground level (corresponding to ∼850 hPa).
tation are less likely to provide a strong control on δ 18 Oc (Hardt et al., 2010), to interpret cave δ 18 Oc as reflecting changes in the
et al., 2010). δ 18 Op and temperature at Coshocton exhibit a sig- annual balance of precipitation between summer and winter. Anal-
nificant correlation (p < 0.001) based on monthly measurements, ysis of the seasonal variability of the moisture trajectory in the
but with a slope of only +0.27h/◦ C, far less than what has cave site support our interpretation: during the warm period of
been observed in multi-station analyses (Rozanski et al., 1993; the year (late spring to early autumn), significant moisture in the
Yurtsever, 1975). It is unlikely that temperature provides a sub- site is derived from the GoM (Figs. 1B and 3A-C) or continent with
stantial role in determining modern δ 18 Oc values because oxygen heavier δ 18 Op . Conversely, during the cold period of year (late au-
isotope fractionation between water and calcite is of similar mag- tumn to next early spring), moisture derived mostly from Pacific
nitude but opposite sign (−0.24h/◦ C) (Kim and O’Neil, 1997). with lighter δ 18 Op via the jet-stream (IAEA/WMO, 2006; Figs. 1B
The cave δ 18 Oc record is also a function of changes in seawater and 3D).
δ 18 O (δ 18 Osw ), which is enriched (depleted) during periods of ice The moisture ratio between the warm and cold times may
sheet expansion (retreat). Therefore, the true signal in our record then be a dominant factor controlling mean annual δ 18 Op values
would be approximately 1h larger than what is recorded by the via changing moisture source and trajectory (Figs. 1 and 3). More
speleothems. To first order, we removed this seawater effect from broadly, analogous to the seasonal variability, during a warm (cold)
our BCC records on the basis of a recent stacked sea level dataset interglacial/interstadial (glacial/stadial) period, more (less) mois-
(Spratt and Lisiecki, 2016) (Fig. 2). ture from the Gulf of Mexico and less (more) moisture from the
Coshocton precipitation totals exhibit a statistically non-signifi- Pacific/continent may explain the observed higher (lower) δ 18 O
cant positive correlation (p = 0.78) with δ 18 Op , the opposite re- proxy values in the continental interior of NA, such as is observed
lationship predicted by the ‘amount effect’ (Hardt et al., 2010). in the modern due to seasonal differences in air parcel trajecto-
Therefore, we follow the reasoning in our previous study (Hardt ries and moisture sources (Fig. 3). Conceptually, larger (smaller)
H. Cheng et al. / Earth and Planetary Science Letters 522 (2019) 125–134 129
Fig. 4. Comparison of the BCC δ 18 O records to other climate records. (A) BCC records (BCC-10, olive; BCC-09, teal; and BCC-30, dark blue) and September 21 insolation at
38◦ N (grey, Laskar et al., 2004). BCC records show strong precession cycles that are in-phase with September insolation changes. 38◦ N was chosen as it is the approximate
latitude for our study site. (B) BCC records and sea level change (red, Spratt and Lisiecki, 2016). (C) BCC records and SST record from NE GoM (orange, Nürnberg et al., 2008).
(D) BCC records and Devils Hole records (pink, Winograd et al., 2006 and dark red, Moseley et al., 2016). (E) BCC records and Arctic Paleoclimate Index (grey, Marzen et al.,
2016). (F) BCC records and Nevada cave records (purple, Lachniet et al., 2014).
Laurentide Ice Sheet (Fig. 1A) would lead to stronger (weaker) periods, displaying prominent precession cycles (Figs. 2 and 4),
glacial anticyclone over NA, lower (higher) GoM SST, and weaker which are in-phase and positively correlated with September 21
(stronger) Bermuda High, resulting in less (more) moisture trans- insolation at the latitude of BCC (38◦ N) (Fig. 5). Comparisons with
ported into NA continental interior from the GoM (Fig. 1B) (e.g., other proxy records suggest the BCC records are remarkably similar
Peixóto and Oort, 1983), and thus heavier (lighter) δ 18 Op and in to the sea level or global ice-volume (Fig. 6, r = 0.70, p < 0.001)
turn heavier (lighter) cave δ 18 Oc values. This interpretation is con- (Spratt and Lisiecki, 2016), Devils Hole vein calcite δ 18 O records
sistent with a previous notion that explains the millennial-scale (Moseley et al., 2016) (Fig. S3, r = 0.58, p < 0.001), sea surface
climate variability in southwestern USA (Asmerom et al., 2010; temperature (SST) of Northeast GoM (Nürnberg et al., 2008) (Fig.
Wagner et al., 2010). S4, r = 0.43, p < 0.001), and the Arctic Paleoclimate Index (a sea
ice proxy, Marzen et al., 2016) (Fig. S5, r = 0.51, p < 0.001). The
4. Results and discussion BCC δ 18 Oc records also correlate well with the portion (∼70 to 127
kyr ago) of the Great Basin composite speleothem record on the
4.1. Orbital-scale variability “Leviathan chronology” (Fig. S6) (Lachniet et al., 2014), although
the correlation with entire composite record is rather complicated
The combined BCC δ 18 Oc records have an overall amplitude of possibly because of the significant (∼3h) latitude effect on the
∼2h and cover approximately the past three glacial-interglacial cave δ 18 Oc values at three different cave locations and gaps in
130 H. Cheng et al. / Earth and Planetary Science Letters 522 (2019) 125–134
Fig. 5. Phase relation of BCC records with other records at precession band. (A) Cross-correlations were performed between linear interpolated BCC speleothem δ 18 O records
and local insolation. (B) The phase relations show the precession phase of BCC records relative to Devils Hole δ 18 O (orange), GoM SST (olive), sea level (blue) and June 21
insolation at 65◦ N (Laskar et al., 2004) on precession band, respectively. The time series were linearly interpolated on common, even timescales.
Fig. 6. Correlations of BCC records with sea level. Significant correlations of sea level (Spratt and Lisiecki, 2016) with BCC results. Sea level versus (A) BCC-10 (r = 0.830,
p < 0.001), (B) BCC-09 (r = 0.744, p < 0.001), (C) BCC-30 (r = 0.817, p < 0.001) and (D) all BCC (r = 0.703, p < 0.001) records, respectively.
other portions of the record (Lachniet et al., 2014). Notably, all of The phase analysis of common and significant precession cy-
aforementioned proxy records have significant powers in eccen- cle among NHSI, sea level, cave records from NA, suggests that
tricity (∼100 kyr), obliquity (∼41 kyr) and precession (∼23 kyr) the BCC δ 18 Oc record contains the most prominent precession
bands (Fig. 7). variability (Fig. 7). The BCC record significantly lags NHSI and is
H. Cheng et al. / Earth and Planetary Science Letters 522 (2019) 125–134 131
the large decreases of the BBC δ 18 Oc at ∼110, 190 and 290 kyr
BP are coherent with the increases (decrease) of the ice-volume
(sea level) (Fig. 4B), regarding absolute value, these prominent low
δ 18 Oc excursions occurred at times of the intermediate ice-volume.
Similar features were also noted in Nevada cave records (Lachniet
et al., 2014, 2017). These observations cannot be simply attributed
to the ice-volume forcing, and instead, a better explanation may
involve changes in NE GoM SST (Nürnberg et al., 2008) and/or
northern high-latitude sea ice (Marzen et al., 2016) (both correlat-
ing significantly with the BCC record, Figs. S4 and S5). In addition,
the relatively low MIS 9 δ 18 Oc value compared with ice-volume
around 330 kyr BP in our records (Fig. 4C) may be also explained
by more extensive Arctic sea ice during the period inferred by rel-
atively low Arctic Paleoclimate Index (Fig. 4E), thus suggesting an
additional forcing of sea ice or cryosphere (Lachniet et al., 2017).
In contrast, the cave δ 18 Oc records from the west-central Asia,
Asian and South American Monsoon systems, as well as atmo-
sphere methane (CH4 ) follow summer insolation (Cruz et al., 2005;
Cheng et al., 2012, 2013b, 2016a, 2016b). Previously, Cheng et al.
(2016a) demonstrated a prominent precession cycle from a long
Asian Monsoon δ 18 Oc record spanning the past 640 kyr, which
is in-phase with July insolation. Furthermore, a number of cave
δ 18 Oc records from South America demonstrate that variations in
the South American Monsoon region track changes in Southern
Hemisphere summer insolation on orbital timescale with a strong
precession periodicity in-phase with 30◦ S January insolation (e.g.,
Cruz et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2007; Cheng et al., 2013b).
Fig. 8. Comparison of the BCC δ 18 O records to additional climate records. (a) Greenland ice core (NGRIP) δ 18 O record (Wolff et al., 2010). (b) BCC records (this study) using
color scheme in Fig. 4 and September 21 insolation (grey, Laskar et al., 2004). (c) Antarctic temperature anomaly (dark purple, Jouzel et al., 2007). (d) Composite Asian
Monsoon record (Cheng et al., 2016a). (e) North Atlantic marine core (ODP 980) ice rafted debris (IRD) record (dark orange, McManus et al., 1999) and sea level record (red,
Spratt and Lisiecki, 2016). Gray bars, corresponding to Greenland cooling, Antarctic warming, weak Asian Monsoon, North Atlantic IRD, and sea level rising events, mark the
prominent millennial-scale events.
of the same sign, including McLean and Moaning (Oster et al., to bring in more (less) Pacific moisture to Spring Valley Cave site
2014, 2015), Oregon cave (OCNM) (Ersek et al., 2012), Lehman, in northern United States and resulting in a lighter (heavier) δ 18 Oc
Leviathan and Pinnacle (Lachniet et al., 2014), Crevice (Dorale et values as observed in the cave record. This mechanism may explain
al., 1998), and BCC caves. In contrast, a speleothem δ 18 Oc dataset the lower amplitude δ 18 Oc variations during the millennial events
from a further north cave (Spring Valley Cave) show the millen- as observed in BCC and other cave records in adjacent regions,
nial variability in an opposite sign to aforementioned cave records such as Crevice Cave (CV in Fig. 1). This is because geographically
(Nissen et al., 2016). these caves locate along a transition area between aforementioned
Asmerom et al. (2010) proposed a mechanism to interpret two different regimes at north and south respectively (Fig. 1). As
the large-amplitude millennial events in their Fort Stanton record such the Pacific component of δ 18 Op in these cave sites might
during the last glacial period: during warm episodes, the pole- not change dramatically during the climate swing between warm
to-Equator temperature gradient decreases, shifting the polar jet and cold modes on millennial-scale, thus dampening the signals
stream further north, and vice versa (Fig. 1). To first order, this from millennial events. In short, recent cave data appear to rein-
would then change the moisture trajectory/source in the southern- force the previously proposed mechanism (Asmerom et al., 2010;
southwestern United States, reducing (during warm mode) Pacific Lachniet et al., 2017) that the polar jet shifts northward (south-
moisture characterized with lighter δ 18 O, and thus resulting in the ward) during warm (cold) climate mode predominantly control the
observed heavier δ 18 O excursion in cave records in the region. The climate variation on millennial-scale across NA (Fig. 1). Mechanis-
opposite would happen during cold swings (Fig. 1). Contrastingly, tically, this interpretation is in line with a recent hypothesis that
during warm (cold) episodes, the polar jet-stream would expect the cryospheric forcing (high-latitude sea ice and snow cover) is
H. Cheng et al. / Earth and Planetary Science Letters 522 (2019) 125–134 133
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Author contributions
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G.S., H.C., R.L.E. and B.H. designed the research and experi- Draxler, R.R., Hess, G.D., 1998. An overview of the hysplit-4 modeling system for
ments. H.C. and G.S. led the writing and revision of the manuscript. trajectories. Aust. Meteorol. Mag. 47, 295–308.
Edwards, R.L., Chen, J.H., Ku, T.-L., Wasserburg, G.J., 1987. Precise timing of the last
G.S. did the fieldwork and collected the samples. H.C., R.L.E., B.H.,
interglacial period from mass spectrometric determination of thorium-230 in
and Y.T. did the 230 Th dating work. H.R. and Y.T., Y.N. and H.C. did corals. Science 236, 1547–1553.
oxygen isotope measurements. L.Y., A.S., H.L., X.L. and H.C. did sta- Ersek, V., Clark, P.U., Mix, A.C., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., 2012. Holocene winter cli-
tistical and moisture trajectory analyses. All authors discussed the mate variability in mid-latitude western North America. Nat. Commun. 3, 1219.
results and provided input on the manuscript. Feng, W., Hardt, B.F., Banner, J.L., Meyer, K.J., James, E.W., Musgrove, M., Edwards,
R.L., Cheng, H., Min, A., 2014. Changing amounts and sources of moisture in the
U.S. southwest since the Last Glacial Maximum in response to global climate
Acknowledgements change. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 401, 47–56.
Grayson, D., 2011. The Great Basin: A Natural Prehistory. University of California
This work is supported by grants from National Natural Science Press.
Hardt, B., Rowe, H.D., Springer, G.S., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., 2010. The seasonality
Foundation of China to H.C. (NSFC 41888101 and 41731174) and of east central North American precipitation based on three coeval Holocene
US National Science Foundation to R.L.E. and H.C. (1702816). speleothems from southern West Virginia. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 295, 342–348.
Hendy, C.H., 1971. The isotopic geochemistry of speleothems, I: the calculation
Appendix A. Supplementary material of the effects of different modes of formation on the isotopic composition of
speleothems and their applicability as palaeoclimatic indicators. Geochim. Cos-
mochim. Acta 35, 801–824.
Supplementary material related to this article can be found on- Howell, P., Pisias, N., Ballance, J., Baughman, J., Ochs, L., 2006. ARAND Time-Series
line at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.06.029. Analysis Software. Brown University, Providence, RI.
IAEA/WMO, 2006. Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation.
Imbrie, J., Hays, J.D., Martinson, D.G., McIntyre, A., Mix, A.C., Morley, J.J., Pisias, N.G.,
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