Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Goof Proof Spelling
Goof Proof Spelling
SPELLING
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p roof
-
f
goo
SPELLING
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Felice Primeau Devine
N E W Y O R K
Copyright © 2002 Learning Express, LLC.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Devine, Felice Primeau.
Goof-proof spelling / Felice Primeau Devine.—1st ed.
p. cm.
ISBN 1-57685-426-4 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. English language—Orthography and spelling—Problems, exercises,
etc. I. Title.
PE1145.2 .D44 2002
428.21—dc21
2002006252
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
First Edition
ISBN 1-57685-426-4
Or visit us at:
www.learnatest.com
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
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CONTENTS
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Introduction
Pretest
xi
xv
S E C T I O N T W O : S P E L L I N G S T R AT E G I E S 13
Learn the Goof-Proof Rules 13
Use Mnemonics 14
Sound Words Out 14
Think about Meaning 16
viii g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
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#9 Pesky Plurals 33
#10 The Funky F— Making Words Plural 35
When They End in F or Fe
#11 When to Drop a Final E 37
#12 When to Keep a Final Y—When to 39
Change It to I
#13 Adding Endings to Words that End 41
with a C
#14 Apostrophes—The Attraction of 43
Contractions
#15 Apostrophes—The Politics of Possessives 45
#16 Abbreviations 48
#17 Heavy-Handed with Hyphens 50
#18 Creating Compound Words— 52
Adding a Word to a Word
#19 Past Tense 54
#20 Commonly Confused Words 57
contents ix
Answer Key 81
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INTRODUCTION
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We have all done it—and if you’ve picked up this
book you’ve certainly done it—the Big Spelling Goof-Up. Maybe
it occurred in your resume or cover letter that you sent in appli-
cation for the job of your dreams. Or maybe it was an important
report for your new boss, an end-of-semester research paper, your
restaurant menu, company brochure, or the splashy ad you
placed in the newspaper to announce your new company. What-
ever the situation, you know that the Big Spelling Goof-Up can
be extremely embarrassing and, often, costly.
You also know that it isn’t just the big mistake that is embar-
rassing. Sometimes, it is the repeated misspelling of simple words
in your e-mails, memos, letters, reports, or anything else you write
in your daily life. Those misspellings can make you appear care-
less, lazy, and not very intelligent.
Luckily, both the Big Spelling Goof-Ups and the everyday
errors are easily corrected. “But I’m a dreadful speller,” you say.
“I’m never going to become an excellent speller because I just
don’t have the ability!” Your protestation will be ignored. Anyone
can become a better speller. It simply takes a little time and a lit-
tle creativity in your thinking.
xii g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
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As a secratary, she regularly used a spreadsheet pro-
gram.
(See the Answer Key on page 81 for the answers to these and
the Goof-Proof quizzes throughout the book.)
The book also contains a list of troublesome words that are
frequently misspelled. These are words such as succeed (not
suceed), pronunciation (not pronounciation), and liaison (not
liason). By becoming aware of the troublesome words, especially
your specific troublesome words, you will be able to stave off a
goof-up well before it happens.
In addition, technology, business, literary, legal, and foreign
language words are also covered. The section on these words
may be the most useful for improving your spelling in the
workplace.
This book also gives you a brief overview of some word fun-
damentals, with the key word being brief. Goof-Proof Spelling
does not cover word basics in detail. If you are looking for an
extensive primer on language, there are many books available
i n t ro d u c t i o n xiii
and several of those are listed in the Resources section at the end
of this book.
Ready to goof-proof your spelling? Then let’s get started.
The first order of business is the pretest to find out where
your spelling strengths and weaknesses lie. Then, it’s on to goof-
proofing your goof-ups!
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PRETEST
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Mark each word below as spelled correctly or incor-
rectly with a check. When you are finished you can check your
answers in the Answer Key on page 81.
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30.
31.
32.
catagory
harrass
fundemental
____
____
____
____
____
____
33. stopped ____ ____
34. cheap ____ ____
35. referance ____ ____
36. balance ____ ____
37. jewelery ____ ____
38. committee ____ ____
39. intermural ____ ____
40. thinking ____ ____
41. correction ____ ____
42. survivel ____ ____
43. simultaneous ____ ____
44. punctuate ____ ____
45. leveling ____ ____
46. alot ____ ____
47. existance ____ ____
48. proclaim ____ ____
49. generate ____ ____
50. anonymos ____ ____
goof-proof
SPELLING
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section ONE
WORD BASICS
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Goof-Proofing your spelling skills won’t require
you to spend days studying synonyms and suffixes. But, under-
standing word basics will help you to become a better speller. For
example, you will understand words better by understanding their
parts. Learning about roots, prefixes, and suffixes will explain why
words made up of those parts are spelled the way they are. By
brushing up on the key word basics, you will be boosting the
foundation on which your enhanced spelling skills will be built.
This section will provide you with an overview of word parts
(roots, prefixes, and suffixes), syllables, and homophones. These
important word basics will be the most useful to you in your
quest to quickly goof-proof your spelling.
● WORD PARTS ●
A word is a word, right? Well, yes. But a word also can consist of
parts. These are roots, prefixes, and suffixes. They comprise almost
all words in the English language. The root is the part of a word
that holds the meaning. Most roots come from ancient Greek and
2 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
Latin words (like dem, meaning people, for example), and many
have become quite common in the English language.
Prefixes and suffixes can be thought of as root add-ons. They
change or enhance the meaning of the root (which may or may
not be able to stand on its own as a word). A prefix, as the prefix
pre- suggests, is a part placed at the beginning of a word. A suf-
fix, on the other hand, is placed at the end of a word. A suffix will
often signify how the word is being used and its part of speech.
Common roots, prefixes, and suffixes are outlined in the follow-
ing tables. Use these tables as references to help improve your
understanding of word basics.
● Roots
This list is provided to help you become familiar with the com-
mon roots—so don’t let it intimidate you! You might look at the
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list and think, “This is too long, I will never learn all of these
roots.” Fear not! You don’t need to learn them all, you just need
to start to recognize the most common roots. Once you’ve done
that, you can begin to build upon that knowledge.
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tan / tac / tig
ten
tract
touch
hold
draw, pull
tactile, tangent
tenacity, pretend
attract, detract
trib to give tribute, attribute
urb city suburban, urbane
ver truth veracity, verify
vid see evidence, vivid
viv life survival, vivacious
[ QUIZ I ]
Match the root with the correct meaning.
1. agon a. love
2. tract b. to oppose
3. greg c. life
4. bio d. wisdom
5. ten e. to throw
6. contra f. draw
7. ject g. struggle
4 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
8. phil h. people
9. dem i. crowd
10. soph j. to hold
[ QUIZ II ]
Circle the root in the following words.
1. credential
2. tributary
3. impediment
4. bibliophile
5. auditory
6. contract
7. phobia
8. benefit
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10.
simultaneous
video
● Prefixes
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ps!
oo
Goof-Proof Activity
Test yourself! Write out at least three words—that aren’t included
on the prefix list—for each of the following prefixes.
anti
bi
con
sub
tri
mal
pre
ex
inter
dis
[ QUIZ ]
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Circle the correct prefix used in each of the following sentences.
● Suffixes
NOUN ENDINGS
SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE
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ADJECTIVE ENDINGS
SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE
VERB ENDINGS
SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE
[ QUIZ ]
Circle the correct part of speech for each suffix.
www.IELTS4U.blogfa.com ● SYLLABLES ●
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Aug / ust
● HOMOPHONES ●
This is the tricky group. Homophones are words that sound alike,
but have different meanings. For many people, homophones can
be a huge source of spelling errors. This is especially true if you
rely on a spell-checker to correct your spelling for you. A spell-
checker will not notify you when you are misusing too instead of
two, because both words are spelled correctly. With homophones,
you need to be aware of your word usage. Learn the common
homophones and their meanings. Then, pay attention when you
use a word that has a homophone. Every time you write one,
double-check yourself to make sure you are using the correct
word.
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die, dye
dual, duel
faux, foe
sleigh, slay
soar, sore
spade, spayed
heal, heel some, sum
knight, night team, teem
know, no their, there, they’re
led, lead tied, tide
male, mail to, too, two
mall, maul vale, veil
minor, miner vane, vein
wail, whale which, witch
wave, waive weak, week
w o rd b a s i c s 11
[ QUIZ ]
Complete the sentences by circling the correct homophone.
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bread.
10. Tom carried the pail / pale of water for two miles.
SPELLING STRATEGIES
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Employing a few simple strategies will shorten the
amount of time it will take you to goof-proof your spelling. Think
about these strategies as you would think about any plan—they
are steps for you to take to reach your ultimate goal.
● USE MNEMONICS ●
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of A LOT. That image has helped me to avoid using the incorrect
alot in my writing. The image may not make a lot of sense to you,
but it works, in part because it is odd.
There are many mnemonics that apply to spelling. For exam-
ple, “I before E, except after C,” a rhyme to help you remember
when to use IE or EI. You can create your own mnemonics to
learn specific words or spelling rules.
Here are some tips on creating mnemonics that will be easy to
remember and, therefore, useful (if you can’t even remember your
mnemonic, it won’t help you to remember your spelling!):
sounding words out can benefit you. The first is sounding out
unfamiliar or tricky words when you read them. If you are read-
ing a memo or newspaper article and you notice a word that you
have spelled incorrectly in the past, or have never had occasion
to spell, sound it out. Break the word into syllables, saying each
one aloud as you read it. Once you have each of the syllables
down, string them together and say the whole word, thinking
about how the sound of the word and its spelling are related.
For example, if you read the word tranquility you would break
it down into four syllables like this: tran, quil, i, ty. Say each syl-
lable slowly, committing the spelling to memory.
The second technique is to exaggerate the way a word is
spelled, the way it sounds, or some part of the word. The Eng-
lish language has hundreds of words that are not spelled the way
they sound, with silent letters and letter combinations throwing
even the best spellers for a loop. But, exaggerating these idio-
syncrasies can make the spelling stick in your mind.
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Here are some examples:
ps!
oo
When you write a word, you should know what it means. Know-
ing the meaning of your words is particularly important for
homonyms. It can save you from writing their when you really
mean there, or compliment when you want to say complement.
Thinking about the meaning of the words you are writing will also
help you with frequently confused similar words and word forms.
For example:
lose / loss
access / assess
instinct / extinct
internet / intranet
incredible / incredulous
obtuse / abstruse
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These word pairs have only subtle sound and spelling differ-
ences, but they have very different meanings. Being aware of the
meaning of your words will help you to avoid embarrassing
errors. If you don’t know what each word means, take the time
now to look up their definitions in your dictionary.
You might feel silly using flash cards, but once you notice that
you are no longer making careless spelling mistakes, chances are,
you won’t mind being a bit silly. Flash cards are easy and con-
venient to use. All you need is a pack of index cards and a pen.
Here are some ways in which you can use flash cards to your
advantage:
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you will find crossword puzzles, quizzes, dictionaries, and
other fun stuff all in one site.
www.say-it-in-english.com/SpellHome.html—Absolutely
Ridiculous English Spelling.
www.sentex.net/~mmcadams/spelling.html—This site has a
tricky online spelling test that is worth taking.
www.spelling.hemscott.net/—Useful advice on how to improve
your spelling.
www.spellingbee.com/index.shtml—The Scripps Howard
National Spelling Bee site contains “Carolyn’s Corner” with
weekly tips and information on spelling.
www.spellweb.com—This site will help you to pick the correct
spelling of two versions of a word or phrase.
www.wsu.edu/~brians/errors/index.html—Paul Brians’
“Common Errors in English” site. You will find a substantial
amount of information about the English language that will
help you to avoid spelling errors.
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section THREE
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20 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
THE GOOF-UP
RULE #1: When to Use IE and EI
GOOF-PROOF!
You’ve heard the rhyme, “I before E except after C, or when sound-
ing like A as in neighbor or weigh.” It’s an old rhyme and one you
should learn because it works.
[ QUIZ ]
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Circle the words below that are spelled correctly. Turn to the
Answer Key to see how you performed.
THE GOOF-UP
RULE #2: When to Use IA and AI
GOOF-PROOF!
This one is simple: Use AI when the vowel combination makes the
sound “uh,” like the word villain. Use IA when each vowel is pro-
nounced separately, like the word median.
[ QUIZ ]
Choose AI or IA to complete the following words.
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3. fount
4. famil r
n 12. guard
13. mount
n
THE GOOF-UP
RULE #3: Overwhelming Vowel Combinations
GOOF-PROOF!
Another grade-school rhyme will help you here: “When two vow-
els go walking, the first one does the talking.” This holds true most
of the time.
Let’s break down the rhyme to fully understand it. “When two
vowels go walking” refers to a two-vowel combination in a word.
For example, abstain, cheap, foe, and ruin. “The first one does the
talking” is stating that in the two-vowel combinations, only the
first vowel is pronounced, and the second one is silent. In the
case of our examples, you hear the long a in abstain, but not the
i. In cheap, you hear the long e but not the a. Similarly, in foe you
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hear the long o but not the e, and in ruin, you hear the long u
but not the i.
Here are some more examples of words that follow the two-
vowels rule:
plead float
woe repeat
boat gear
treat suit
steal read
chaise lead
moat heat
t h e g o o f - p ro o f r u l e s 23
[ QUIZ ]
Test yourself by circling the correctly spelled words.
1. piasley / paisley
2. juice / jiuce
3. nuisance / niusance
4. concael / conceal
5. prevail / previal
6. refrian / refrain
7. menial / menail
8. certain / certian
9. dreary / draery
10. mountain / mountian
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24 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
THE GOOF-UP
RULE #4: Doubling Final Consonants
GOOF-PROOF!
When adding an ending to a word that ends in a consonant, you
double the consonant if:
Some endings that begin with vowels include: -ing, -ed, -age, -er,
-ence, -ance, -al; thus stop becomes stopping, stopped, stoppage, or
stopper. The final consonant, p, is doubled before adding the end-
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ings because stop has only one syllable (so it is accented), and it
ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel.
The word occur becomes occurring, occurred, or occurrence.
The final consonant here, r, is doubled because the last syllable
in occur is accented, and it ends in a single consonant preceded
by a single vowel.
Here are some other examples of words that meet the doubling
requirements:
run—running, runner
slam—slamming, slammed
nag—nagged, nagging
incur—incurred, incurring
kid—kidding, kidder
plan—planned, planning, planner
begin—beginning, beginner
set—setting
transmit—transmitting, transmittal, transmitted
t h e g o o f - p ro o f r u l e s 25
ps!
oo
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[ ]
QUIZ
Mark the words yes or no with a checkmark that follow the rules
for doubling consonants before adding an ending that begins with
a vowel.
YES NO
THE GOOF-UP
RULE #5: Sneaky Silent Consonants
GOOF-PROOF!
This is a case for memory tricks! There are no rules to define when
silent consonants are used. You simply have to learn the words that
contain them.
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debt
feign
ghost
knowledge
light
mnemonics
subtle
through
Wednesday
gnat psalm wrestle
gnaw pseudonym write
THE GOOF-UP
RULE #6: The Hard and Soft Sides
of the Letter C
GOOF-PROOF!
A soft c sounds like an s; a hard c sounds like a k. A hard c is fol-
lowed by all letters except e, i, or y.
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Hard C (sounds like k):
case
cousin
current
cloud
carton
clamor
cry
cringe
28 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
[ QUIZ ]
Add the missing letters to the words in these sentences.
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t h e g o o f - p ro o f r u l e s 29
THE GOOF-UP
RULE #7: “G” Whiz! G Can Be Soft or Hard, Too!
GOOF-PROOF!
Like c, g can be soft or hard. A soft g sounds like a j; a hard g
sounds like guh , or the g in goof. A hard G is followed by all let-
ters except e, i, or y.
Soft G:
genius
giant
gym
gentlemen
generous
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Hard G:
gamble
gone
gumption
guess
girl
[ QUIZ ]
Add the missing letters to the words in these sentences.
● PLURALS PRETEST ●
1. child
2. stereo
3. tomato
4. gulf
5. computer
6. pantry
7. medium
8. syllabus
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9.
10.
11.
sweater
decoy
knife
12. man
13. self
14. piano
15. parenthesis
16. lunch
17. stress
18. rally
19. apex
20. curriculum
How did you do? Take a look at the Answer Key on page 89 to
check your answers. Poor pluralizing is one of the most common
spelling mistakes. To goof-proof yourself against these problems
with plurals, keep reading . . .
t h e g o o f - p ro o f r u l e s 31
THE GOOF-UP
RULE #8: Regular Plurals—When to
Just Add -s and When to Add -es
GOOF-PROOF!
Add just an -s to most words to make them plural unless they end
with x, s, ss, z, sh, or ch. Then, add -es. If a word ends in o pre-
ceded by a consonant, add -es. Otherwise, just add -s.
The words that take -es (those that end in -x, -s, -sh, or -ch)
have similar sounds. They are hissing-type sounds. Grouping the
exceptions this way may help you to remember that “hiss” words
take -es instead of just -s to form the plural.
For words that end in o, remember that if the ending is a vowel
followed by an o, add -s , like cameo, or rodeo. If the word ends
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in a consonant followed by an o, add -es. Examples of this would
be mess, or confess.
ps!
oo
[ QUIZ ]
Write the correct plural form of the following words.
1. box
2. watch
3. radio
4. sandwich
5. dress
6. television
7. calendar
8. potato
9. cookie
10. guess
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t h e g o o f - p ro o f r u l e s 33
THE GOOF-UP
RULE #9: Pesky Plurals
GOOF-PROOF!
Some plurals are not formed by adding -s or -es. Often, these are
words that have come into the English language from other lan-
guages, such as Latin or Greek. You can become familiar with
these words by looking for patterns in the way their plurals are
formed.
curriculum—curricula
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datum—data
medium—media
stratum—strata
analysis—analyses
axis—axes
basis—bases
hypothesis—hypotheses
oasis—oases
parenthesis—parentheses
thesis—theses
alumnus—alumni
fungus—fungi
syllabus—syllabi
thesaurus—thesauri
34 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
appendix—appendices
index—indices
apex—apices
child—children
man—men
ox—oxen
woman—women
[ QUIZ ]
Form plurals of the following words.
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2.
phenomenon
focus
3. stimulus
4. child
5. oasis
6. alumnus
7. woman
8. analysis
9. bacterium
10. ellipsis
t h e g o o f - p ro o f r u l e s 35
THE GOOF-UP
RULE #10: The Funky F — Making Words
Plural When They End in F or Fe
GOOF-PROOF!
Words that end in f sometimes change to v before adding -s or -es
to make a plural. Put your memorization skills to work for this
group of words.
belief—beliefs
chef—chefs
chief—chiefs
cuff—cuffs
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goof—goofs
gulf—gulfs
kerchief—kerchiefs
proof—proofs
elf—elves
hoof—hooves
knife—knives
leaf—leaves
loaf—loaves
self—selves
shelf—shelves
thief—thieves
wife—wives
wolf—wolves
36 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
[ QUIZ ]
Circle the correct plural form of the words below.
SINGULAR PLURAL
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t h e g o o f - p ro o f r u l e s 37
THE GOOF-UP
RULE #11: When to Drop a Final E
GOOF-PROOF!
Drop a final e before adding any ending that begins with a vowel.
Keep it when adding endings that begin with consonants.
There are a few exceptions to this rule. You keep a final e when
adding an ending that begins with a vowel if:
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You will drop a final e when adding an ending that begins with
a consonant if:
The e follows a u or w.
38 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
[ QUIZ ]
Complete the words below by deciding when to keep and when
to drop the final e.
1. true + ly =
2. browse + ed =
3. peace + able =
4. change + ing =
5. opportune + ity =
6. surprise + ing =
7. argue + able =
8. encourage + ing =
9. able + ly =
10. fake + ed =
11. tie + ing =
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13.
14.
advance + ing =
bake + ing =
singe + ing =
15. grace + ful =
t h e g o o f - p ro o f r u l e s 39
THE GOOF-UP
RULE #12: When to Keep a Final Y—
When to Change It to I
GOOF-PROOF!
Change y to i when adding any ending except -ing, when the final
y follows a consonant. When the y follows a vowel, it does not
change. This rule applies to all endings, even plurals.
Change the y to an i:
early—earlier
fly—flier, flies
party—partied, partier, parties
weary—wearied, wearies
sorry—sorrier
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pretty—prettier, prettiness
worry—worried, worrier, worries
try—tried, tries
fly—flying
party—partying
weary—wearying
worry—worrying
try—trying
[ QUIZ ]
Complete the words below by deciding when to change the final
y to an i.
1. holy + ness =
2. study + ing =
3. comply + s =
4. sully + ed =
5. carry + ing =
6. destroy + ed =
7. say + ing =
8. drowsy + ness =
9. funny + er =
10. queasy + ness =
11. likely + er =
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13.
14.
decay + s =
tidy + er =
runny + ness =
15. spy + ing =
t h e g o o f - p ro o f r u l e s 41
THE GOOF-UP
RULE #13: Adding Endings to Words
that End With a C
GOOF-PROOF!
Add a k after a final c before any ending that begins with e, i,
or y. All other endings do not require a k.
For example:
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panic—panicking, panicked, panicky
mimic—mimicking, mimicked, mimicker
picnic—picnicking, picnicked, picnicker
42 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
[ QUIZ ]
Circle the correctly spelled words in the sentences below.
THE GOOF-UP
RULE #14: Apostrophes—The Attraction
of Contractions
GOOF-PROOF!
The apostrophe is one of the most commonly misused punctuation
marks, but there are only two uses for apostrophes— to show pos-
session and to make a contraction. Never ever use an apostrophe
to make a word plural. About contractions . . .
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Here is a list of common contractions, with the most frequently
goofed contractions listed in bold:
I will = I’ll
I am = I’m
she will = she’ll
he is = he’s
we will = we’ll
we are = we’re
they are = they’re (not the homophone there)
you are = you’re (not the homophone your)
do not = don’t
will not = won’t
should not = shouldn’t
would not = wouldn’t
could not = couldn’t
cannot = can’t
does not = doesn’t
have not = haven’t
it is = it’s (not the homophone its)
44 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
[ QUIZ ]
Circle the word that is spelled correctly.
www.IELTS4U.blogfa.com 7.
8.
Harriet doesn’t / does’nt like fish and chips.
Take off your / you’re boots if you’ve / youv’e been
outside.
9. I won’t / willn’t eat liver.
10. I wouldn’t / wont go to Sylvia’s if you paid me!
t h e g o o f - p ro o f r u l e s 45
THE GOOF-UP
RULE #15: Apostrophes—The
Politics of Possessives
GOOF-PROOF!
Besides being used for contractions, apostrophes are also used to
show possession. Remember, do not use an apostrophe to make a
word plural!
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The cat’s scratching post.
The boy’s bedroom.
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That is the sergeant-at-arms’ post.
● A NOTE ON PLURALS ●
[ QUIZ ]
Circle the word that is spelled correctly.
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her appointments.
2. We decided to order the hot turkey sandwiches /
sandwich’s on rye.
3. The bus’s / buses parked in front of the school in
the afternoon.
4. Those are the hostess’s / hostesses favorite candles.
5. Did Rudy’s / Rudys cat climb up the tree?
6. The lion bared its / it’s huge, sharp teeth.
7. The magistrate’s /magistrates daughter was lovely.
8. Jones / Jones’s mother looked younger than her
years.
9. The puppy’s / puppies were so tiny; they could all
fit in a shoebox.
10. We knew nothing about the waitress’ / waitresses
past.
48 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
THE GOOF-UP
RULE #16: Abbreviations
GOOF-PROOF!
Abbreviations are followed by periods except in these cases:
ps!
oo
● Common Abbreviations
[ QUIZ ]
Write out the correct abbreviations for the following words.
1. Massachusetts
2. General Electric
3. October
4. Sunday
5. Lieutenant
6. California
7. Doctor
8. Captain
9. Junior
10. Tuesday
11. New Jersey
12. Mister
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13.
14.
15.
versus
public relations
United States of America
50 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
THE GOOF-UP
RULE #17: Heavy-Handed with Hyphens
GOOF-PROOF!
Prefixes are generally joined directly to words without the need for
hyphens. Joining two or more words, however, often calls for
hyphen use, especially if the created phrase will act as an adjective.
There are several quick rules for using hyphens below.
Use a hyphen:
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self-employed, ex-husband, Vice-Chancellor
• When joining a prefix to a capitalized word
Mid-Atlantic, post-World War I, un-American
• To make compound numbers of fractions
one-half, two-thirds, eighty-three
• To combine numbers with nouns
three-year-olds, fifty-cent ride, four-year term
• When forming an adjective that will appear before a noun,
but not after
first-rate hotel, five-star restaurant, well-built house
• To form ethnic designations
Chinese-American, Indo-European
t h e g o o f - p ro o f r u l e s 51
[ QUIZ ]
Circle the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence.
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the field trip to the museum.
8. I am still friendly with my exsupervisor / ex-
supervisor.
9. The editor-in-chief / editor in chief nixed my sub-
mission.
10. The chances of that are highly unlikely / un-likely.
52 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
THE GOOF-UP
GOOF-PROOF!
Putting two words together is often as simple as adding one word
to the other. When determining whether or not two individual
words in succession can be combined into one compound word,
ask yourself if the combination creates one idea or item. If not, the
words should always stay separate. For information on adding
prefixes and suffixes to words, review Section One.
As you learned in the rule about the use of hyphens, there are
specific instances where hyphens are used in combining words.
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Hyphens are used when forming adjectives that appear before a
noun, for example. In creating compound words, hyphens are not
used. In most cases, you will merge the two words with their
spelling intact.
[ QUIZ ]
Circle the correct word or words to complete each sentence.
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7. Do you know the secret catch phrase / catch-
phrase?
8. The plane will not leave until we are all onboard
/ on board.
9. I’d like to save the paper clips / paperclips of my
articles to CD-ROM.
10. If Vanessa’s roommate / room mate decides to
move out, I plan to move in.
54 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
THE GOOF-UP
RULE #19: Past Tense
GOOF-PROOF!
It seems simple enough—the past tense represents action that hap-
pened in the past. Often, -ed is added to a verb and, voila! Your
word is now in the past tense. There are exceptions galore, how-
ever, and special nuances that you will need to learn.
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Past progressive:
verb.
Represents a continuing action in the
past. Add a helping verb (like was or
were) before the progressive (-ing)
form of a verb.
Past perfect: Represents an action completed in
the past. Add the helping verb, had
before the past participle form of a
verb.
Past perfect progressive: Represents a continuing action that
began in the past. Add the helping
verb had been before the progressive
(-ing) of a verb.
For example:
To form the past tense of a verb, you will most often add -ed
to the end. In some cases, however, the past tense will appear to
be a completely different word. It is your challenge to learn those
words and their past tense forms.
live—lived
talk—talked
decide—decided
dress—dressed
move—moved
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count—counted
print—printed
create—created
open—opened
run—ran
drink—drank
write—wrote
win—won
begin—began
spit—spat
know—knew
ride—rode
56 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
think—thought
buy—bought
seek—sought
pay—paid
lay—laid
say—said
go—went
build—built
make—made
feel—felt
spend—spent
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[ ] QUIZ
THE GOOF-UP
RULE #20: Commonly Confused Words
GOOF-PROOF!
Pay attention to the meaning of every word that you use in your
writing. If you are unsure that the word you are using is correct,
look it up in your dictionary (or refer to the list below of commonly
confused words).
When you misuse words, your writing suffers. One wrong word—
using illicit when you mean elicit, for example—can completely
change the meaning of an otherwise well-written letter. If your
incorrect usage appears in a resume or cover letter you sent in an
application for a new job, you could ruin your chance for employ-
ment with that company.
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The list provided here contains some of the most commonly
confused words, along with a brief definition of each. Some of the
words below are homophones, which you read about in Section
One. Do yourself a favor and learn all the words below, as well
as the homophone list in Section One, and practice using them
correctly. As you read through the lists, ask yourself if you are
guilty of incorrectly using any of the words. If you are, make a list
of your personal confusing words. Spend extra time learning the
words on your list (flash cards will come in handy here, too!).
accept recognize
except excluding
access means of approaching
excess extra
adapt to adjust
adopt to take as one’s own
affect to influence
effect (noun) result
effect (verb) to bring about
58 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
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besides
bibliography
biography
in addition to
list of writings
a life story
breath respiration
breathe to inhale and exhale
breadth width
capital (noun) money
capital (adjective) most important
capitol government building
complement match
compliment praise
continual constantly
continuous uninterrupted
decent well-mannered
descent decline, fall
disburse to pay
disperse to spread out
disinterested no strong opinion either way
uninterested don’t care
elicit to stir up
illicit illegal
t h e g o o f - p ro o f r u l e s 59
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maybe
overdo
overdue
perhaps
do too much
late
persecute to mistreat
prosecute to take legal action
personal individual
personnel employees
precede go before
proceed continue
proceeds profits
principal (adjective) main
principal (noun) person in charge
principle standard
stationary still, not moving
stationery writing material
than in contrast to
then next
their belonging to them
there in a place
they’re they are
60 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
weather climate
whether if
who substitute for he, she, or they
whom substitute for him, her, or them
your belonging to you
you’re you are
[ QUIZ ]
Circle the correct word to complete each sentence.
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2. I had to pay $1.65 in fines for my overdue / overdo
library books.
3. Louise emigrated / immigrated to Canada when
she was seven.
4. He had the ring apprised / appraised for insurance
purposes.
5. She selected the heavy stock for her stationary /
stationery.
6. I assured / ensured Rebecca that her new hairstyle
was attractive.
7. There / Their sofa was delivered this morning.
8. The yellow dress fits better then / than the red one.
9. The personal / personnel office is in the back of the
building.
10. He alluded / eluded the police for thirteen days
before being caught.
t h e g o o f - p ro o f r u l e s 61
THE GOOF-UP
RULE #21: Mon Dieu! Foreign Language
Words Buck All the Rules!
GOOF-PROOF!
Aside from learning the foreign languages of the words that con-
fuse you, your best bet for improving your spelling of often-used
foreign language words is to practice, practice, practice, and com-
mit the spelling of your chosen words to memory.
You may shy away from using words from other languages in
your writing because you fear spelling them incorrectly. It is an
understandable fear, but one that you can overcome. If you
choose a few select words to learn, you can use them with great
impact. And that is why words from other languages have found
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their way into English—because they make an impact that an
English word simply cannot.
Starting with the words provided here, you can begin to fash-
ion a list of your own high-impact foreign language words. If you
are unfamiliar with these words, look them up in your dictionary.
[ QUIZ ]
Circle the correctly spelled word in each of the following sen-
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tences.
THE GOOF-UP
RULE #22: Learning Legal Terms
GOOF-PROOF!
Don’t be intimidated by legal terms. If you adopt the attitude that
you can learn them, you will. Then, do so by studying the list pro-
vided here, and using legal resources to familiarize yourself with
the terms.
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you just learned. After you’ve become more familiar with the
meaning of the legal terms, you can begin to focus on learning
how to spell them. Employ the mnemonics techniques outlined
in Section Two, or use flash cards, for example.
Here is a list of commonly used legal terms to get you started.
Read through the terms and then find each one in your diction-
ary. Write out the meaning so you can learn what the words
mean, along with how to spell them.
[ QUIZ ]
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Circle the correctly spelled term in the following sentences.
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66 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
THE GOOF-UP
RULE #23: Bumbling over Business Terms
GOOF-PROOF!
If you do not know how to spell a word that you are using in busi-
ness correspondence, stop immediately and pick up your diction-
ary. Misspellings in the workplace are a quick way to make a poor
impression. You can improve your spelling of business terms by
learning the list in this section and by reading business journals,
magazines, books, and checking out websites.
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ing the proper usage and spelling of buzzwords can be quite ben-
eficial to your career.
There are hundreds, if not thousands, of business sites on the
Internet. Here is a short list to get you started:
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deduction Single d in second syllable
disclosure ure ending
discrimination Single consonants throughout
entitlement Don’t forget the second e
equity ity not aty
exempt Don’t forget the p
financial Ending is -ial
fiscal Single s, single c
forecast Don’t forget the e
franchise Ending is -ise not -ize
harassment Single r, double s
jargon Ending is -on not -en
liability Ending is -ity not ~-aty
nepotism Second syllable is po not pa
organization z not s
perquisite per not pur or pre
prospectus Ending is -us
revenue Second syllable is ve
subsidy Second syllable is si
tenure Single n, single r
68 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
[ QUIZ ]
Mark the following words as correct or incorrect with a check.
CORRECT INCORRECT
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11.
12.
13.
equaty
subsidies
financial
____
____
____
____
____
____
14. comerrcial ____ ____
15. nepitism ____ ____
t h e g o o f - p ro o f r u l e s 69
THE GOOF-UP
RULE #24: Tripping over Technology Terms
GOOF-PROOF!
The technology sector has added many new words to the English
language. To become more comfortable spelling these words, you
will need to first become familiar with them. Approach this task the
same way you approached learning foreign language and busi-
ness terms.
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Fast Company Magazine Online: www.fastcompany.com
Government Technology: www.govtech.net
Information Technology Association of America:
www.itaa.org
Internet.com—The IT Resource: www.internet.com
National Institute of Standards and Technology:
www.nist.gov
Tech Web—The Business Technology Network:
www.techweb.com
Technology & Learning: www.techlearning.com
Technology Review (MIT): www.techreview.com
Web Services Community Portal: www.webservices.org
Webmonkey: www.hotwired.lycos.com/webmonkey
(especially the glossary)
Webopedia—Online Dictionary for Computer and Internet
Terms: www.pcwebopaedia.com/
Women in Technology International: www.witi.org
70 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
applet One t
application Double p
bandwidth One word
bitmap One t
browser One s
cache Don’t forget the e
cursor Ending is -or not -er
database One word
development No e after the p
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domain No final e
embedded Not imbedded
encryption Don’t forget the p
frequency Ending is -ency
function Don’t forget the c
hardware One word
implementation Starts with Im not In
interactive No hyphen
interface No hyphen
Internet Always capitalized
intranet Don’t confuse it with Internet
keyword One word
monitor Ending is -or
multimedia No hyphen
programming Double m
research Vowel combination is ea
rollover One word
server Ending is -er not -or
software One word
style sheet One word
t h e g o o f - p ro o f r u l e s 71
[ QUIZ ]
Find the misspelled words in the passage.
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work with a new client, we perform extensive
research to learn all aspects of their business. We will
investigate your server environment, bandwith limita-
tions, data validation requirements, and other soft-ware
or hard-ware needs.
Our designers have created exciting user innerfaces
for companies small and large. We are adept at devel-
oping fun applets, splashy roll-overs, and other funtions
that will keep visitors coming to your site again and
again. If you are looking for a secure site, we have pro-
gramers who specialize in encryption. Let Smith, Inc. be
your interactive resource!
72 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
THE GOOF-UP
RULE #25: Literary Terms—
Not Just for English 101!
GOOF-PROOF!
Yes, you’ll use literary terms to discuss the new book you read for
your monthly book club. But you also can use many literary terms
in your everyday writing and speaking. Using these terms can
enrich your correspondence—both personal and business. How-
ever, if you use the terms and misspell them, watch out!
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realm of literature and language. Using them well, and spelling
them correctly, will enhance your writing and enable you to con-
vey a greater degree of meaning with every sentence.
You can easily expand your knowledge of literary terms by
reading study guides for popular literary fiction, journals dedi-
cated to the study of literary theory, or anthologies that include
study guides or lessons. Read the book reviews in your local
newspaper or your favorite magazines to pick up a few new
words. There also are several websites geared toward literature,
language, and literary theory. A few sites that you might consider
visiting include:
allusion Double l
analogy Ending is -ogy
anthropomorphism Break it down—this one is tough!
canon Single n
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conceit Ending is -eit not -ete
conflict Don’t forget the t
connotation Double n
epistolary Starts with e not a
foreshadowing Not forshadowing
genre Ending is -re not -er
hyperbole Ending is -e not -y
infer Single r
invective Not invictive
irony Spelled like it sounds
metaphor ph not f
motif Ends in a single f
nemesis Second syllable is me not mi
oxymoron No hyphen
paradox Ends in dox not docs
parody paro- not para-
personify Ends in -ify not -ofy
perspective per- not pr-
pseudonym Begins with a p
rhetoric Don’t forget the h
74 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
[ QUIZ ]
Find the misspelled italicized words in the passage.
RESOURCES
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● PUZZLES, ACTIVITIES, AND RESOURCES
TO FURTHER IMPROVE
YOUR SPELLING
●
Read—The more you read, the more you will recognize words
spelled properly. Read the newspaper, magazines, books, or comics.
Anything you read will help make you a better speller.
76 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
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speller.
● BOOKS ●
There are many other guidebooks that can help you to continue
to refine your spelling skills. Consider buying or taking out of the
library one or more of the following:
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● TROUBLESOME WORDS ●
The following list represents 150 words that are often misspelled.
Each word presented is spelled correctly. As you read through this
list, you may find yourself surprised at the spelling. There are peo-
ple who have been writing calandar, jewelery, or millenium for
years and they are quite shocked when they see the correct
spelling!
You can goof-proof yourself against misspelling these trouble-
some words by becoming familiar with their correct spelling. First,
read through the list and check each word that has surprising
spelling. Then, write out each of those words that you think you
regularly misspell. Look over your list and think about the Goof-
Proof rules that apply to each word. Notice any patterns? Do you
have a tough time with double consonants? Are plurals your
weakness? If you see patterns emerge, spend some extra time on
the Goof-Proof rules that apply.
78 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
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18.
19.
20.
calendar
canceled
cannot
56.
57.
58.
fulfill
grateful
grievance
21. cemetery 59. guarantee
22. coincidence 60. guidance
23. collectible 61. harass
24. committee 62. hindrance
25. comparative 63. ideally
26. completely 64. implement
27. condemn 65. independence
28. congratulations 66. indispensable
29. conscientious 67. inoculate
30. consistent 68. insufficient
31. convenient 69. interference
32. correspondence 70. interrupt
33. deceive 71. jealousy
34. definitely 72. jewelry
35. dependent 73. judgment
36. depot 74. leisure
37. descend 75. length
38. desperate 76. lenient
re s o u rc e s 79
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94.
95.
96.
opportunity
outrageous
pamphlet
131.
132.
133.
scissors
secretary
separate
97. parallel 134. souvenir
98. perceive 135. specifically
99. permanent 136. sufficient
100. perseverance 137. supersede
101. personnel 138. temperament
102. possess 139. temperature
103. potato 140. truly
104. precede 141. twelfth
105. preferred 142. ubiquitous
106. prejudice 143. unanimous
107. prevalent 144. usually
108. privilege 145. usurp
109. procedure 146. vacuum
110. proceed 147. vengeance
111. prominent 148. visible
112. pronunciation 149. Wednesday
113. quandary 150. wherever
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ANSWER KEY
www.IELTS4U.blogfa.com ● INTRODUCTION
● PRETEST ●
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28.
29.
30.
Perceive was spelled correctly.
Liaison was spelled correctly.
Incorrect. The correct spelling is category.
31. Incorrect. The correct spelling is harass.
32. Incorrect. The correct spelling is fundamental.
33. Stopped was spelled correctly.
34. Cheap was spelled correctly.
35. Incorrect. The correct spelling is reference.
36. Balance was spelled correctly.
37. Incorrect. The correct spelling is jewelry.
38. Committee was spelled correctly.
39. Incorrect. The correct spelling is intramural.
40. Thinking was spelled correctly.
41. Correction was spelled correctly.
42. Incorrect. The correct spelling is survival.
43. Simultaneous was spelled correctly.
44. Punctuate was spelled correctly.
45. Incorrect. The correct spelling is leveling.
46. Incorrect. The correct spelling is a lot.
47. Incorrect. The correct spelling is existence.
48. Proclaim was spelled correctly.
answer key 83
● SECTION ONE ●
● Roots
Quiz I
Match the root with the correct meaning.
1. agon = g, to struggle.
Agony is a personal struggle.
2. tract = f, draw.
When you are attracted to something, you are drawn to it.
3. greg = i, crowd.
A gregarious person is usually very sociable; he likes to be
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part of the crowd.
4. bio = c, life.
Biology is the science of life.
5. ten = j, to hold
A tenacious person holds fast to a belief or goal.
6. contra = b, to oppose.
To contradict is to support an opposing view or stance on
an issue.
7. ject = e, to throw.
The ejection seat throws a pilot out of a plane (with a para-
chute!) in an emergency.
8. phil = a, love.
Philanthropy is a love for humanity.
9. dem = h, people
A democracy is a type government ruled by the people.
10. soph = d, wisdom.
Philosophers spend their lives in the pursuit of wisdom.
84 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
Quiz II
Circle the root in the following words.
1. cred ential
2. trib utary
3. im ped iment
4. biblio phile
5. aud itory
6. con tract
7. phob ia
8. ben efit
9. simul taneous
10. vid eo
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● Prefixes
Quiz
Circle the correct prefix used in each of the following sen-
tences.
● Suffixes
Quiz
Circle the correct part of speech for each suffix.
-ist noun
-ify verb
-ology noun
-ile adjective
-tion noun
-able adjective
-ious adjective
-less adjective
-ize verb
-ism noun
-ic adjective
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● Homophones
Quiz
Complete the sentences by circling the correct homophone.
● SECTION TWO ●
● Rule #1
When to use IE and EI
Your circled words should match the circled words here. The mis-
spelled words in the exercise are corrected below.
1. friend
2. receipt
3. sleigh
4. conceit
5. receive
6. sleight
7. weight
8. achieve
9. seize
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10.
11.
12.
believe
grievous
heinous
13. mischievous
14. piece
15. relief
16. yield
17. chief
18. perceive
● Rule #2
When to Use IA and AI
1. menial
2. certain
3. fountain
4. familiar
5. Britain
6. alleviate
7. judicial
answer key 87
8. Martian
9. Indian
10. curtain
11. auxiliary
12. guardian
13. mountain
14. substantial
15. captain
16. immediately
17. controversial
18. artificial
● Rule #3
Overwhelming Vowel Combinations
1. paisley
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2.
3.
4.
juice
nuisance
conceal
5. prevail
6. refrain
7. menial
8. certain
9. dreary
10. mountain
88 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
● Rule #4
Doubling Final Consonants
YES NO
1. meet ✔
2. mop ✔
3. look ✔
4. seal ✔
5. drink ✔
6. bet ✔
7. discover ✔
8. clap ✔
9. pump ✔
10. walk ✔
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Rule #6
●
● Rule #7
“G” Whiz! G Can Be Soft or Hard, Too!
● Plurals Pretest
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3.
4.
5.
tomato = tomatoes
gulf = gulfs
computer = computers
Rule
Rule
Rule
#8: Regular Plurals
#10: Funky F
#8: Regular Plurals
6. pantry = pantries Rule #12: Final Y
7. medium = media Rule #9: Pesky Plurals
8. syllabus = syllabi Rule #9: Pesky Plurals
9. sweater = sweaters Rule #8: Regular Plurals
10. decoy = decoys Rule #12: Final Y
11. knife = knives Rule #10: Funky F
12. man = men Rule #9: Pesky Plurals
13. self = selves Rule #10: Funky F
14. piano = pianos Rule #8: Regular Plurals
15. parenthesis = parentheses Rule #9: Pesky Plurals
16. lunch = lunches Rule #8: Regular Plurals
17. stress = stresses Rule #8: Regular Plurals
18. rally = rallies Rule #12: Final Y
19. apex = apices Rule #9: Pesky Plurals
20. curriculum = curricula Rule #9: Pesky Plurals
90 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
● Rule #8
Regular Plurals—When to Just Add -s
and When to Add -es
SINGULAR PLURAL
1. box boxes
2. watch watches
3. radio radios
4. sandwich sandwiches
5. dress dresses
6. television televisions
7. calendar calendars
8. potato potatoes
9. cookie cookies
10. guess guesses
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● Rule #9
Pesky Plurals
SINGULAR PLURAL
1. phenomenon phenomena
2. focus foci
3. stimulus stimuli
4. child children
5. oasis oases
6. alumnus alumni
7. woman women
8. analysis analyses
9. bacterium bacteria
10. ellipsis ellipses
answer key 91
● Rule #10
The Funky F— Making Words Plural
When They End in f or fe
SINGULAR PLURAL
1. self selves
2. hoof hooves
3. wolf wolves
4. thief thieves
5. chef chefs
6. gulf gulfs
7. wife wives
8. elf elves
9. belief beliefs
10. loaf loaves
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● Rule #11
When to Drop a Final E
1. true + ly = truly
2. browse + ed = browsed
3. peace + able = peaceable
4. change + ing = changing
5. opportune + ity = opportunity
6. surprise + ing = surprising
7. argue + able = arguable
8. encourage + ing = encouraging
9. able + ly = ably
10. fake + ed = faked
11. tie + ing = tying
12. advance + ing = advancing
13. bake + ing = baking
14. singe + ing = singeing
15. grace + ful =graceful
92 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
● Rule #12
When to Keep a Final Y—When to Change It to I
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16. spy + ing = spying
● Rule #13
Adding Endings to Words that End with a C
● Rule #14
Apostrophes—The Attraction of Contractions
● Rule #15
Apostrophes—The Politics of Possessives
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1. Linda’s calendar was too small to fit all of her appoint-
ments.
2. We decided to order the hot turkey sandwiches on rye.
3. The buses parked in front of the school in the afternoon.
4. Those are the hostess’s favorite candles.
5. Did Rudy’s cat climb up the tree?
6. The lion bared its huge, sharp teeth.
7. The magistrate’s daughter was lovely.
8. Jones’s mother looked younger than her years.
9. The puppies were so tiny; they could all fit in a shoebox.
10. We knew nothing about the waitress’ past.
94 g o o f - p ro o f SPELLING
● Rule #16
Abbreviations
1. Massachusetts MA
2. General Electric GE
3. October Oct.
4. Sunday Sun.
5. Lieutenant Lieut.
6. California CA
7. Doctor Dr.
8. Captain Capt.
9. Junior Jr.
10. Tuesday Tues.
11. New Jersey NJ
12. Mister Mr.
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13.
14.
15.
versus
public relations
United States of America
vs.
P.R.
USA
● Rule #17
Heavy-Handed with Hyphens
● Rule #18
Creating Compound Words—
Adding a Word to a Word
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10. If Vanessa’s roommate decides to move out, I plan to move
in.
● Rule #19
Past Tense
● Rule #20
Commonly Confused Words
● Rule #21
Mon Dieu! Foreign Language Words
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Buck All the Rules!
● Rule #22
Learning Legal Terms
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● Rule #23
Bumbling over Business Terms
● Rule #24
Tripping over Technology Terms
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15.
16.
17.
Incorrect. The correct spelling is functions.
Incorrect. The correct spelling is programmers.
Encryption was spelled correctly.
18. Interactive was spelled correctly.
● Rule #25
Literary Terms—Not Just for English 101!