STUDY GUIDE

IN

METHODS OF RESEARCH

2023
MODULE 1

EVALUATION: Chunk #1

1. State your own definition of research?

 the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order
to establish facts and reach new conclusions.

2. As a researcher, what is the principal purpose and goal of conducting a

research?
  The purpose of research is to enhance society by advancing knowledge
through scientific theories, concepts and ideas. A research purpose is met
through forming hypotheses, collecting data, analyzing. Three of the most
influential and common purposes of research are exploration, description
and explanation. Exploration involves familiarizing a researcher with a
topic. Exploration satisfies the researcher's curiosity and desire for improved
understanding.

3. List at least (10) characteristics of a good researcher.

 Systematic
 Controlled
 Empirical
 Analytical
 Objective
 Employs hypothesis
 Employs quantitative and qualitative methods
 Original work
 Done by an expert
 Patient and unhurried activity

4. Differentiate research problem from a mere problem- solving.

 Research is concerned with broad problems, recurrent phenomena, and wide

application through generalization. It is concerned with defining and
outlining the properties of phenomena, with forecasting future occurrences
so that they may be predicted and controlled, and with describing the
relationship or phenomena by explaining how and why certain events
occurred or could have occurred. In this process, research also generates
more problems to explore. However, a problem- solving is concerned with
specific problem and once the problem is solved that is the end of it.

EVALUATION: Chunk #2

1. How do you define research?

 Research in this age and time means searching for theory, for testing theory,
or for solving problem. It means a problem that exists and has been
identified and that the solution of the problem is necessary. It is also the
systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to
establish facts and reach new conclusions.

2. What are the purposes and goals of research?

 The purpose of research is to enhance society by advancing knowledge
through scientific theories, concepts and ideas. A research purpose is met
through forming hypotheses, collecting data, analyzing. Three of the most
influential and common purposes of research are exploration, description
and explanation. Exploration involves familiarizing a researcher with a
topic. Exploration satisfies the researcher's curiosity and desire for improved
understanding.

3. How do we characterize a good research?

 Good research is replicable, reproducible, and transparent. Replicability,

reproducibility, and transparency are some of the most important
characteristics of research. The replicability of a research study is important
because this allows other researchers to test the study's findings.

4. How are research and problem-solving differentiated?

 Research is concerned with broad problems, recurrent phenomena, and wide

application through generalization. It is concerned with defining and
outlining the properties of phenomena, with forecasting future occurrences
so that they may be predicted and controlled, and with describing the
relationship or phenomena by explaining how and why certain events
occurred or could have occurred. In this process, research also generates
more problems to explore. However, a problem- solving is concerned with
specific problem and once the problem is solved that is the end of it.

5. How is research classified according to the following?

 Purpose- research is classified according to purpose though the three

different kinds of research, namely, predictive, directive, and
illuminated.

 Goal- research may be classified as basic or pure research and applied

research

 Levels of investigation- French categorizes research according to the

levels of investigation into exploratory research, descriptive research,
and experimental research.
 Types of analysis- Weiss classified research into analytic research and
holistic research.

 Scope- Under this category is action research.

 Choice of answers to problems- Ackoff divides research that is

concerned with finding answer to problems into evaluation and
developmental research.

 Statistical content- Under this type may be mentioned quantitative

research and non-quantitative research.

 Time element- Best classifies research as historical, descriptive, and

experimental.
 MODULE 2

EVALUATION: Chunk #1

1. What is a research problem?

 Research problem is an issue or concern that an investigator

presents and justifies in a research study.
 Research problem involves areas of concerns to researchers for
condition they want to improve, difficulties they want to eliminate,
and questions for which they want to seek answers.

2. What is the difference between a thesis and a dissertation?

  A thesis or dissertation is a document submitted in support of
candidature degree of professional qualification presenting the
author’s research and findings.
 Thesis is also referring to the general claim of an essay or similar
work.
 In some countries/universities, the word “thesis” or a cognate is
used as a part of a bachelor’s or master’s course, while
“dissertation” is normally applied to a doctorate, while in others,
reverse is true.
 Dissertation can be at times be used to describe a treatise without
relation to obtaining an academic degree.

3. List at least four (4) possible sources of problems.

 Interview
 Work experience
 Deductions from Theory
 Relevant Literature

4. Enumerate at least four (4) characteristics of a good problem.

 A good problem is possessing novelty

 A good problem is one which invites more complex designing
 A good problem can be completed in the alloyed time desired
 A good problem does not carry ethical or moral impediments.

5. Why is it that a good problem must be of great interest to the researcher?

 This factor is considered important because if you are really interested in

the problem you wish to work on, it will be easy for you to surmount any
impending problems that may come along the way.

6. What are the different considerations of presenting a good title?

 The statement of a good problem can be expressed either general or

specific. Basically, every research starts with a problem or problems. On
the other hand, after selecting a theme or topic to write on, the researcher
considers the title of the research and criterion measurers exist for
presenting a good one.
 EVALUATION: Chunk #2

1. What are meaning of thesis?

 A thesis or dissertation is a document submitted in support of candidature

degree of professional qualification presenting the author’s research and
findings.

2. What are different sources of problems?

 Problems may raise anywhere, there are so many problems around us,
some problems are easy to solve but problems in research require time and
intensive effort. The following sources are;
 Interview
  Work experience

3. What are different characteristics of a good problem?

 A good problem is possessing novelty

 A good problem is one which invites more complex designing
 A good problem can be completed in the alloyed time desired
 A good problem does not carry ethical or moral impediments

4. How do we state the problem of research report?

 The statement of the problem can be stated generally or specifically.

5. How can we make the research problem specific?

 After the selection of the theme or topic to write on, the researcher considers
the title of the research and what criterion measures exist for presenting a
good one.

6. What are the different considerations in writing a good title of the research?

 After writing the title of the research based on criterion measures, it is

necessary to formulate the hypothesis of our research or thesis.

7. What is the difference of hypothesis to an assumption?

 A hypothesis is an educated guess about the answer to a scientific question.

A researcher trying to discover the relationship between two variables must
believe that the relationship between the two variables exists and can be
discovered. This belief is called research assumption. The most basic
assumption in research is that everything in this world works under a certain
system. It is the job of a researcher, therefore, to discover the system
believed to exist. That system can be predicted in advance based on theory
or logical common sense. That prediction is called research hypothesis.
Research hypothesis is of at least three kinds, each of which should not be
confused.
Module 3

EVALUATION: Chunk #1

1. What are the three parts of methods of research that involve in a research
proposal?

 Method of research proposal consists of three parts- subjects, procedures,

and data analysis. The subject section describes the population from which
the investigation will select the sample. The variables that are usually
considered include the chronological age, gender, age level, sex, socio-
economic status, mental age, and other pertinent attributes of the target
population. The number of subjects described from population and how they
will be selected are also indicated in this part of research proposal. The
 procedure part describes the research plan the researcher will undertake the
investigation, what are needed and what data- gathering instruments will be
employed. The methodology of data analysis should be described clearly and
be specific so that the reader will know precisely what is planned.

2. What are categories of methods of research?

 The categories of methods of research are qualitative methods are free- data.
These are the methods used in the following:
 Usually researches with data from non- probability samples,
 Researches that do not seek samples,
 Researches that do not concern with interfering the characteristics of
the population,
 Used for special kinds of researches or studies such as the following:
- Ethnographic
- Phenomenological
- Apprehensive inquiry
- Historical research
 Quantitative methods of research refer to the methods that deal with:
 Researches that are not free- data, using all types of sampling
techniques,
 Researches that aim for generalization,
 Usually use probability sampling,
 Infer the characteristics of the population,
 Concerned with descriptive methods and experimental methods.

3. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative methods of

research?

 Qualitative research is multimethod in focus, involving an interpretative,

naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative
researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense
of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them.
However, quantitative research is the process of collecting and analyzing
numerical data. It can be used to find patterns and averages, make
predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize results to wider
populations.

4. What does historical method of research involve?

 Historical research methods primarily involve collecting information from

primary and secondary sources. While differences exist between these
sources, organizations and institutions can use both types of sources to
assess historical events and provide proper context comprehensively. In
addition, research in history involves developing an understanding of the
past through the examination and interpretation of evidence. Evidence may
 exist in the form of texts, physical remains of historic sites, recorded data,
pictures, maps, artifacts, and so on.

5. What are different types of research that use the descriptive method?

 The different types of research that use the descriptive methods involves,
description, recording, analysis, and interpretation of the present nature,
composition or processes of phenomena. The focus is on prevailing
conditions, or how a person, group, or thing behave or functions in the
present. It often involves some type of comparison or contrast. Below are
types of research that uses descriptive method:
 Case study
 Survey
 Developmental studies
 Follow-up studies
 Documentary analysis
 Trend analysis
 Correlation studies

6. How does an experimental method imply?

 The experimental method involves manipulating one variable to determine if

this causes changes in another variable. This method relies on controlled
research methods and random assignment of study subjects to test a
hypothesis. The scientific method forms the basis of the experimental
method. The goal of the experimental method is to provide more definitive
conclusions about the causal relationships among the variables in a research
hypothesis than what is available from correlational research. Experiments
are designed to test hypotheses, or specific statements about the relationship
between variables.
7. What is an ex- post facto research and how does it differ from other types of
research methods?

 Ex post facto design is considered a quasi-experimental type of study, which

means that participants are not randomly assigned, but rather grouped
together based upon specific characteristics or traits they share. Ex post facto
research focuses on how actions that have already occurred can predict
certain causes. It differs from other research because it has already occurred,
both the effects and the alleged causes have already occurred, and hence are
studied in retrospect, that is why casual comparative research is often called
ex- post facto research.

8. Why is it that an ex- post facto research is often types address as casual
comparative research?

 Because both the effect(s) and the alleged cause(s) have already occurred,
and hence are studied in retrospect, causal-comparative research is also
 referred to sometimes as ex post facto (from the Latin for “after the fact”)
research. The basic casual- comparative approach, therefore, is to begin with
a noted difference between two groups and to look for possible causes for, or
consequences of, this difference.

9. What is an action research?

 Action research is a philosophy and methodology of research generally

applied in the social sciences. It seeks transformative change through the
simultaneous process of acting and doing research, which are linked together
by critical reflection.in addition, action research is a form of investigation
designed for use by teachers to. attempt to solve problems and improve
professional practices in their own. classrooms. It involves systematic
observations and data collection which. can be then used by the practitioner-
researcher in reflection, decision.

EVALUATION: Chunk #2

1. Why are methods and procedures important in research?

 The selection of an appropriate research method is very much essential as it

has a significant influence on the outcome. The reliability and validity of the
research are also based on a method used for performing an investigation on
a specific topic. Procedures provides systematic and scientific and orderly
work plan to complete the research. There are certain techniques and
methods too to accomplish the job of good research. A methodology will
give you that path. And choosing a wholly suitable and sound method that is
right for your research project will give you the path to help you succeed. A
methodology will give you the guidelines to make your project manageable,
smooth and effective.
2. What are the methodologies of historical research?

 The most commonly recognized historical methodologies include:

Paleography (study of historical handwriting), diplomatic, the study of
documents, records and archives, chronology (establishing the dates of past
events), the study of publications, epigraphy (study of ancient inscriptions).

3. What is the value of historical research education?

 Historical research offers an essential context for understanding our modern

society. It can inform global concepts, such as foreign policy development or
international relations. The study of historical events can help leaders make
informed decisions that impact society, culture, and the economy.

4. What is descriptive research and what are the different types of methods
under the descriptive method of research?

 A descriptive study is one that is designed to describe the distribution of one

or more variables, without regard to any causal or other hypothesis.
Descriptive, or qualitative, methods include the case study, naturalistic
observation, surveys, archival research, longitudinal research, and cross-
sectional research.

5. What is an experimental method of research and how it differs from other

research methods?

 The experimental method involves manipulating one variable to determine if

this causes changes in another variable. This method relies on controlled
research methods and random assignment of study subjects to test a
hypothesis. The scientific method forms the basis of the experimental
method. The goal of the experimental method is to provide more definitive
conclusions about the causal relationships among the variables in a research
hypothesis than what is available from correlational research. Experiments
are designed to test hypotheses, or specific statements about the relationship
between variables.

6. What is an ex- post factor casual comparative method research?

 Ex post facto design is considered a quasi-experimental type of study, which

means that participants are not randomly assigned, but rather grouped
together based upon specific characteristics or traits they share. Ex post facto
research focuses on how actions that have already occurred can predict
certain causes. It differs from other research because it has already occurred,
both the effects and the alleged causes have already occurred, and hence are
studied in retrospect, that is why casual comparative research is often called
ex- post facto research.

7. What is an action research?

 Action research is a philosophy and methodology of research generally
applied in the social sciences. It seeks transformative change through the
simultaneous process of acting and doing research, which are linked together
by critical reflection.in addition, action research is a form of investigation
designed for use by teachers to. attempt to solve problems and improve
professional practices in their own. classrooms. It involves systematic
observations and data collection which. can be then used by the practitioner-
researcher in reflection, decision.

8. What are the characteristics and steps involve in action research?

 Action research is a collaborative approach to working in schools by

teachers committed to improving their teaching for the benefit of all
students. For our purpose action research has these three key
elements: operational or technical, collaboration, and critical reflection. Here
are some steps in action research:
 identify a problem to be studied.
 Collect data on the problem.
 Organize, analyze, and interpret the data.
 Develop a plan to address the problem.
 Implement the plan.
 Evaluate the results of the actions taken.
 Identify a new problem.
 Repeat the process.

9. What are the reasons why some researchers choose the alternative methods
of research?

 There are enough reasons and many inevitable forces which demand for
these alternative methods:
 Research tend to forget that subjects in social research are human
beings who are asked to give their reaction, thoughts, and feelings to
the unnatural conditions provoked by the standardized methods the
researcher use,
 Imported procedures, instruments, research designs and models may
yield finding which are not relevant to the people’s experiences and
which may also be beyond their resources.

10.What are the types research methods under alternative research methods?

 Participatory research method

 Indigenous research method-
 Ethnographic research method

11.How will you determine or select the method of research to be used in a

particular research?
  The selection of a research design is also based on the nature of the research
problem or issue being addressed, the researchers' personal experiences, and
the audiences for the study. In this book, three types of designs are
advanced: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. Also, choose a topic
that you are interested in! The research process is more relevant if you care
about your topic. Narrow your topic to something manageable. If your topic
is too broad, you will find too much information and not be able to focus.

Module 4

EVALUATION: Chunk #1

1. What is theory?

 A theory is a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something,

especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be
explained. Also, theory is a carefully thought-out explanation for
observations of the natural world that has been constructed using the
scientific method, and which brings together many facts and hypotheses.

2. What are the functions of a theory in a research investigation?

 Theories are usually used to help design a research question, guide the
selection of relevant data, interpret the data, and propose explanations of the
underlying causes or influences of observed phenomena. Theories are
formulated to explain, predict, and understand phenomena and, in many
cases, to challenge and extend existing knowledge within the limits of
critical bounding assumptions. The theoretical framework is the structure
that can hold or support a theory of a research study.

3. What do you mean by a framework?

 A conceptual framework is a tool researcher use to guide their inquiry; it is a

set of ideas used to structure the research, a sort of map that may include the
research question, the literature review, methods and data analysis.
Researchers use a conceptual framework to guide their data collection and
analysis. The theoretical framework is the structure that can hold or support
a theory of a research study. The theoretical framework introduces and
describes the theory which explains why the research problem under study
exists.

4. In most cases, where can you find reliable theories that will support your
present study?

 If you're not sure where to start, exploring encyclopedia entries can be a

good place to discover theories in your area, and gain background
information on the theory and related theorists. Use an encyclopedia's
Reader's Guide, Table of Contents, or Index to find information on theories
and theorists. You can also search in article databases to find articles using a
particular theoretical approach for a study. You can either use the name of
the theory as a search term, or use the database's subject terms or thesaurus
to search on a relevant subject heading.

5. What is the difference between a theoretical framework from a conceptual

framework of the study?

 The theoretical framework is the structure that can hold or support a theory
of a research study. The theoretical framework introduces and describes the
theory which explains why the research problem under study exists.
However, a conceptual framework includes one or more formal theories (in
part or whole) as well as other concepts and empirical findings from the
literature. It is used to show relationships among these ideas and how they
relate to the research study.
EVALUATION: Chunk #2

1. What is the function of the theory in writing the research study or thesis?

 Theory plays a vital role in research. Theory provides explanation,

understanding and meaningfulness to research. Theory helps to predict facts
and to identify unexplored areas/research areas. Research without theory is
less emphatic to establish the relationship among attributes, variables or
data. Theories are usually used to help design a research question, guide the
selection of relevant data, interpret the data, and propose explanations of the
underlying causes or influences of observed phenomena. Can theories be
used to predict research findings and generate hypotheses?

2. What is meant by conceptual framework and what is the function of it in a

research study?
  A conceptual framework includes one or more formal theories (in part or
whole) as well as other concepts and empirical findings from the literature. It
is used to show relationships among these ideas and how they relate to the
research study. The function of conceptual framework helps to first identify
and then clarify what you know, care about, and value as central aspects of a
study and then to connect these with the various other aspects of and
influences on your research.

3. What is/ are the function (s) of the review of related literature and studies in
writing the thesis?

 Identify need for additional research (justifying your research) Identify the
relationship of works in context of its contribution to the topic and to other
works. Place your own research within the context of existing literature
making a case for why further study is needed. Conducting a literature
review establishes your familiarity with and understanding of current
research in a particular field before carrying out a new investigation. After
doing a literature review, you should know what research has already been
done and be able to identify what is unknown within your topic.

4. Differentiate conceptual definition from operational definition of terms.

 Conceptual research is defined as a methodology wherein research is

conducted by observing and analyzing already present information on a
given topic. Conceptual research doesn't involve conducting any practical
experiments. It is related to abstract concepts or ideas. However, an
operational definition, in Kerlinger's words, is a definition. "that assigns
meaning to a construct or variable by specifying the. activities or '
operations' necessary to measure the construct or variable.

MODULE 5

EVALUATION: Chunk #1

1. What is the difference between sample to a population?

 A population is the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about. A
sample is the specific group that you will collect data from. The size of the
sample is always less than the total size of the population. All the people
who have the ID proofs is the population and a group of people who only
have voter id with them is the sample. All the students in the class are
population whereas the top 10 students in the class are the sample.
 2. Why do we need a sample rather than a population?

 Samples are used to make inferences about populations. Samples are easier

to collect data from because they are practical, cost-effective, convenient,
and manageable. When are populations used in research? Populations are
used when a research question requires data from every member of the
population.

3. What are the different techniques used in selecting a sample?

 There are five types or different techniques of sampling namely: 

 Random,
 Systematic,
 Convenience,
 Cluster, and
 Stratified.

4. What is the best sampling procedure to be used when we wish to give equal
opportunity of your population to be part of the sample size?

 In a simple random sample, every member of the population has an equal

chance of being selected. Your sampling frame should include the whole
population. To conduct this type of sampling, you can use tools like random
number generators or other techniques that are based entirely on chance.

5. What particular sampling technique is commonly referred as fishbowl

technique by Fox?

 A Random Sampling. In a fishbowl discussion, a facilitator lays ground,

ground rules and then orchestrates a question-and-answer session between
social groups. The groups sit in two concentric circles — a “fishbowl” —
with the outside circle asking questions and the inside circle discussing the
answers.

EVALUATION: Chunk #2

1. What is meant by sampling?

 Sampling means selecting the group that you will actually collect data from
in your research. For example, if you are researching the opinions of
students in your university, you could survey a sample of 100 students. In
statistics, sampling allows you to test a hypothesis about the characteristics
of a population.

2. What is random sampling and what are the principles behind this sampling
technique?

 Random sampling, also known as probability sampling, is a sampling

method that allows for the randomization of sample selection. It is essential
to keep in mind that samples do not always produce an accurate
 representation of a population in its entirety; hence, any variations are
referred to as sampling errors.

3. What is the use of the table of random numbers?

 Random number tables have been used in statistics for tasks such as selected
random samples. This was much more effective than manually selecting the
random samples (with dice, cards, etc.). Nowadays, tables of random
numbers have been replaced by computational random number generators. A
random number table is used to select a sample of the population randomly
and fairly.

4. What are the steps in constructing a table of random numbers?

 To create a simple random sample using a random number table just follow
these steps.
 Number each member of the population 1 to N.
 Determine the population size and sample size.
 Select a starting point on the random number table. ...
 Choose a direction in which to read (up to down, left to right, or right
to left).

5. What are the steps employed in lottery sampling?

 Using the lottery method is one of the oldest ways and is a mechanical
example of random sampling. In this method, the researcher gives each
member of the population a number. Researchers draw numbers from the
box randomly to choose samples.
 How to perform simple random sampling:
 Define the population
 Decide on the sample size
 Randomly select your sample
 Collect data from your sample.

6. How will you illustrate the process involved in systematic sampling?

 There are three key steps in systematic sampling:

 Define and list your population, ensuring that it is not ordered in a
cyclical or periodic order.
 Decide on your sample size and calculate your interval, k, by dividing
your population by your target sample size.
 Choose every kth member of the population as your sample.

7. How will you determine the samples using stratified sampling technique?

 In stratified sampling, researchers divide subjects into subgroups called

strata based on characteristics that they share (e.g., race, gender, educational
attainment). Once divided, each subgroup is randomly sampled using
another probability sampling method.
 8. When do you use cluster in getting the sample population?

 Cluster sampling is a method of probability sampling that is often used to

study large populations, particularly those that are widely geographically
dispersed. Researchers usually use pre-existing units such as schools or
cities as their clusters.

MODULE 6

EVALUATION: Chunk #1

1. What do you call this data collection devices and procedures?

 hat are data collection tools? The term "data collecting tools" refers to the
tools/devices used to gather data, such as a paper questionnaire or a system
for computer-assisted interviews. Tools used to gather data include case
studies, checklists, interviews, occasionally observation, surveys, and
questionnaires.
 Data collection procedures are:
 Identify issues and/or opportunities for collecting data;
 Select issue(s) and/or opportunity(ies) and set goals;
  Plan an approach and methods;
 Collect data;
 Analyze and interpret data; and
 Act on results.

2. Under the clerical tools, what are the different instrument to be used?

 The questionnaire method

 The interview method
 The empirical observation method
 The registration method
 The testing method
 The experimental method
 The library method

3. Cite example of mechanical devices that might be helpful in collecting data

for the research at hand?

 Mechanical devices are sometimes used to measure the physiological

responses of research participants to product attributes or advertisements.
Generally, what is measured is interest or emotions in response to what is
seen, heard, felt, or smelled. Mechanical devices used in primary research
data collection include Galvanometers, eye cameras, eye gaze recorders,
audiometers, and tachistoscopes that show an image or ad for a brief flash.

4. What could be most effective instruments when you are conducting a survey
research?

 Survey research may use a variety of data collection methods with the most
common being questionnaires and interviews. Questionnaires may be self-
administered or administered by a professional, may be administered
individually or in a group, and typically include a series of items reflecting
the research aims. Questionnaires may include demographic questions in
addition to valid and reliable research instruments. It is helpful to the reader
when authors describe the contents of the survey questionnaire so that the
reader can interpret and evaluate the potential for errors of validity (e.g.,
items or instruments that do not measure what they are intended to measure)
and reliability (e.g., items or instruments that do not measure a construct
consistently). Helpful examples of articles that describe the survey
instruments exist in the literature. Questionnaires may be in paper form and
mailed to participants, delivered in an electronic format via email or an
Internet-based program such as SurveyMonkey, or a combination of both,
giving the participant the option to choose which method is preferred.

5. What are the different library or computer techniques that might be very
helpful in gathering data for your search.

 Clearly define your search need;

 Start your search;
 Carefully select your search terms;
 Carefully and accurately record your findings;
 Critically evaluate the information you find;
 Get help whenever you need it.
EVALUATION: Chunk #2

1. What is the importance of data presentation?

 Data Presentation could be both can be a deal maker or deal breaker based
on the delivery of the content in the context of visual depiction.

 Data Presentation tools are powerful communication tools that can simplify
the data by making it easily understandable & readable at the same time
while attracting & keeping the interest of its readers and effectively
showcase large amounts of complex data in a simplified manner.

 If the user can create an insightful presentation of the data in hand with the
same sets of facts and figures, then the results promise to be impressive.
 There have been situations where the user has had a great amount of data
and vision for expansion but the presentation drowned his/her vision.

 To impress the higher management and top brass of a firm, effective

presentation of data is needed.

 Data Presentation helps the clients or the audience to not spend time
grasping the concept and the future alternatives of the business and to
convince them to invest in the company & turn it profitable both for the
investors & the company.

2. What are the three types of data presentation?

 Presentation of data refers to an exhibition or putting up data in an attractive

and useful manner such that it can be easily interpreted. The three main
forms of presentation of data are: Textual presentation. Data
tables. Diagrammatic presentation.

3. Why do we need to document all our citations from other personalities?

 Citations are not used simply to avoid plagiarism; they have other important
roles too. Referencing allows you to acknowledge the contribution of
other writers and researchers in your work. Any university assignments
that draw on the ideas, words or research of other writers must contain
citations.

4. What is the difference between a footnote to an endnote?

 Footnotes appear on the bottom of the page that contains the sentence to

which it refers. However, endnotes are listed at the end of the paper on
separate pages. On the top of the first page, the title “Notes” is centered one
inch from the top of the page. Endnote pages are placed before the
bibliography.

5. Enumerate the different kinds of footnotes.

 There are two types of footnotes: content footnotes, used to format

digressive details, and copyright permission footnotes, used to prevent
plagiarism.

6. Enumerate the different standard footnote abbreviation and their meaning.

Appendix app.

Article art.

Chapter chap.
 Division div.

Editor, Edited by, Edition ed.

Editors eds.

et alii, et aliae (and others) et al.

- from Latin

Manuscript MS

No date of publication n.d.

Number(s) no. (nos.)

No place n.p.

Page(s) p. (pp.)

Paragraph para.

Part pt.

Revised rev.

Section sec.

Series ser.

sub verso (under the word) s.v.

- from Latin

Supplement Suppl.

Translator(s) trans.

Volume  vol.

EVALUATION:/ STUDY GUIDE

1. What is the meaning of data and where can you find these data?

 Research data is any information that has been collected, observed,

generated or created to validate original research findings. Although usually
digital, research data also includes non-digital formats such as laboratory
notebooks and diaries.
 Finding research data are as follows:
  Use your network. Publishing datasets is not yet as common as
publishing articles, and many researchers still keep their
datasets to themselves;
 Search the literature. Many articles you read are likely based on
data;
 Search repositories; and
 Search indexes of datasets.

2. What is meant by primary, secondary, and tertiary sources of information?

 A primary source is an original document/image, the results of an

experiment, statistical data, first-hand account, or creative work. 
A secondary source is something written about or using primary sources. 
A teritary source is a collection of primary and secondary sources.

3. What are the different methods or techniques in data collection?

 The Different Methods of Data Collection?

 Surveys.
 Transactional Tracking.
 Interviews and Focus Groups.
 Observation.
 Online Tracking.
 Forms.
 Social Media Monitoring.

4. Enumerate the different types of data presentation and give a short

description of these types of data presentation used in research.

Textual Presentation
 It is a vague and raw format of the data. The data is mentioned in the text
form, which is usually written in a paragraph. The textual presentation of
data is used when the data is not large and can be easily comprehended by
the reader just when he reads the paragraph.
Tabular Presentation
 It is a table that helps to represent even a large amount of data in an
engaging, easy to read, and coordinated manner. The data is arranged in
rows and columns. This is one of the most popularly used forms of
presentation of data as data tables are simple to prepare and read.
Diagrammatic Presentation
 It is a technique of presenting numeric data through pictograms, cartograms,
bar diagrams, and pie diagrams. It is the most attractive and appealing way
to represent statistical data. Diagrams help in visual comparison and they
have a bird's eye view.

5. What is the purpose of “documentation” in a research undertaken?

  Documenting means showing where you got source information that's not
your own. Remember, a research paper blends your ideas with ideas and
information from other sources. Documentation shows the reader what ideas
are yours and what information and ideas you've taken from a source to
support your point of view.
 By correctly documenting, you establish your credibility as a writer and
researcher. You're letting your reader know that you've consulted experts
whose ideas and information back up your own thoughts and ideas.
Consequently, you make your viewpoint or argument more believable.
 When you don't document correctly, your academic integrity can be called
into question, because it may seem as though you're passing off others' ideas
as your own.
 If you don't document, you could inadvertently plagiarize, which is grounds
for dismissal from college.

6. Enumerate the different types of documentation and give a brief discussion

in each type.

 The two most common types of documentation used in research are note

citations and parenthetical citations (Winkler & McCuen-Metherell, 2008, p.
4). You might also see terms like “footnotes,” “endnotes,” or “references”
when learning about documentation practices. If you put all your notes
together at the end of your paper in one list, they’re called endnotes. If you
put each note at the bottom of the page where its text number appears,
they’re called footnotes. Endnotes and footnotes are exactly the same except
for where you put them.

MODULE 7

EVALUATION: Chunk #1

1. What is bibliography?
  A bibliography is a list of works on a subject or by an author that were used
or consulted to write a research paper, book or article. It can also be referred
to as a list of works cited. It is usually found at the end of a book, article or
research paper. In addition, it is a list of books and other source material that
you have used in preparing a research paper. Sometimes these lists will
include works that you consulted but did not cite specifically in your
assignment.

2. What is the purpose of making bibliography in your research?

 The main purpose of a bibliography entry is to give credit to authors whose
work you've consulted in your research. It also makes it easy for a reader to
find out more about your topic by delving into the research that you used to
write your paper. A bibliographer’s work, particularly, the results of
analytical and historical studies resulting in descriptive details and
systematic listing and recording is of great value to scholars in the areas of
linguistics, literature, history, and other human studies. It also provides the
basis for textual criticism. But this kind of high levels of investigation and
intellectual pursuits is not warranted in the case of practical applications of
knowledge as in social sciences and in pure sciences.

3. What are the different rules in research to the writing of the bibliography?

 There are some basic bibliography rules you'll follow across the board:
 Start on a separate page. This will be after your endnotes, if
applicable.
 Center the title at the top of the page.
 Alphabetize the author's names.
 Left-align the citations.
 Use a hanging indent for any citations that go over one line.

4. In writing a bibliography what comes first?

 A bibliography is a complete list of the references used in a piece of

academic writing. The sources should be listed in alphabetical order by
surname of the author or editors name. Where there are more than one
author or editor, the name of the first should be used to place the work.

5. When using the internet source, what particular format most researcher
follows?

 APA website citations usually include the author, the publication date, the
title of the page or article, the website name, and the URL. If there is no
author, start the citation with the title of the article. If the page is likely to
change over time, add a retrieval date.

EVALUATION: Chunk #2

1. What do you mean by quotation?

 Quoting is when you use the exact words from a source. You will need to
put quotation marks around the words that are not your own and cite where
 they came from. Basic Usage. In research writing, a student needs to use
quoted material carefully. Both quotation and ellipsis marks help the writer
to indicate clearly what specific information is borrowed and quoted directly
from outside resources.

2. What are the rules in handling quotations?

 Direct quotations involve incorporating another person's exact words into

your own writing. Quotation marks always come in pairs. Do not open a
quotation and fail to close it at the end of the quoted material. Capitalize the
first letter of a direct quote when the quoted material is a complete sentence.

3. When do we usually place the reference list in your essay or research report?

 Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the
information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite
in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in
your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in
your text.

4. What is the importance of indicating the reference list in your paper?

 Referencing allows you to acknowledge the contribution of other writers and

researchers in your work. Any university assignments that draw on the ideas,
words or research of other writers must contain citations. Referencing is also
a way to give credit to the writers from whom you have borrowed words and
ideas.

5. What is the difference between direct quotations to an indirect one?

 A direct quote (or direct quotation) is the exact words taken from an original
source and used in a second piece of writing. An indirect quote (or indirect
quotation) is the idea or fact taken from an outside source and used in a
second piece of writing.

EVALUATION: Chunk #3

1. What are the basic qualities of a good researcher?

 The characteristics of a good researcher:

 Curiosity.
  Analytical ability and foresight.
 Determination.
 Collaboration.
 Communication.

2. What could be the effect if a researcher is done honestly?

 Honesty plays a key role in the search for knowledge and in promoting
cooperation and trust among researchers. Few scientists or scholars dispute
the importance of honesty and most people understand what it means to
fabricate or falsify information pertaining to research.

3. What could be the main reason why a researcher should share his work?

 Data sharing allows researchers to build upon the work of others rather than
repeat already existing research. Sharing data also enables researchers to
perform meta-analyses on the current research topic. Meta-analyses are
important for gathering larger trends over a wider regional or topic area.

4. What do we mean by this phrase: “A good researcher is not just born

overnight”.

 A good researcher is not just born overnight. Be ready with your diligence
and patience. A time when the data seem to be not reliable, the methods do
not seem to work, and other irritating difficulties encountered in doing
research.

5. What are the different things to be considered in evaluating the research

report?

 it is important to evaluate each source to determine the quality of the

information provided within it. Common evaluation criteria include: purpose
and intended audience, authority and credibility, accuracy and reliability,
currency and timeliness, and objectivity or bias.

MODULE 8

EVALUATION: Chunk #2

1. What are the things that you need to write or include in the research
methodology?
 Research Methodology is a systematic framework used to solve the research
problem by using the best and most feasible methods to conduct the research
while aligning with the aim and objectives of your research. The research
methodology includes answering the what, why, and how of your research. 
 What- What is your research method, what tools you will use to
collect and analyze the data, what would be your sample size, and so
on.
 Why- Why you are choosing what you have planned to choose.
 How- How do you intend to make use of the methods and tools to
solve your research problem and carry out the research.

2. What are the different devices that you may use to maximize the lucidity of
the presentation of data and findings?

 Presenting data in PowerPoint in visual and effective ways

 Consider your options. First, it's important just to know what your
options are for presenting data.
 Go beyond PowerPoint
 Mix it up
 Keep it simple
 Be original
 Use images
 Highlight the important stuff.

3. As a researcher, why do you think that writing or drawing the conclusions is

one of the most difficult parts of the research report?

 Because research generates further research, the conclusions you draw from
your research are important. To test the validity of your conclusions, you
will have to review both the content of your paper and the way in which you
arrived at the content.

4. In what particular manner does the recommendations allow for free

thinking?

 Simplicity, conciseness, and straight forwardness are main characteristics, of

scientific writing. Too much verbosity is wasted words and may lead you
into intimidating yourself uselessly. In fact, you should stop, find out what
you want to say, write it, and then stop again to find out what you have said.
Your sentences should be brief since long ones direct the reader into other
ideas, not usually what you want to say.

5. What are the things you need to consider in writing the summary of the
research report?

 A summary is simply a brief overview of the main points of a research

paper. It should not include any new information or arguments, but
 simply, concisely state the main points. The summary should be placed at
the beginning of the research paper, after the title and abstract.
Things you need to consider in writing summary of a research report:
 Read and understand the text carefully.
 Think about the purpose of the text. Ask what the author's purpose is
in writing the text,
 Select the relevant information,
 Find the main ideas - what is important,
 Change the structure of the text,
 Rewrite the main ideas in complete sentences, and
 Check your work.

MODULE 9

EVALUATION: Chunk #1

1. What do you mean by a research proposal?

 A research proposal is a concise and coherent summary of your proposed
research. It sets out the central issues or questions that you intend to address.
It outlines the general area of study within which your research falls,
referring to the current state of knowledge and any recent debates on the
topic.

2. Why is it that a thorough and complete review is very important in writing

the research proposal?

 Provide foundation of knowledge on topic. Identify areas of prior

scholarship to prevent duplication and give credit to other researchers.
Identify inconstancies: gaps in research, conflicts in previous studies, open
questions left from other research. Identify need for additional research It
gives the background of the research. Portrays the scientific manuscript plan
of examining the research result. Illuminates on how the knowledge has
changed within the field. Highlights what has already been done in a
particular field.

3. What will happen if the review of related literature in a research proposal

done haphazardly?

 Before you write a proposal, you should have a thorough and complete
review of literature related to your topic. If this process is done haphazardly,
it will be difficult for you to present a good proposal. While you are
surveying the literature, it is expected of you to be writing down notes on
cards with complete bibliography entries. The theory that you gather from a
related literature will assist you a great deal in writing a proposal.

4. In case there is no readily available instrument to be used in collecting data,

what should be done by the researcher?

 Whenever the researcher is confronted with the lack of instruments for

measuring the phenomenon of interest, it is possible to follow at least one of
these leads:

 Ultimately, review the research question and replace it with one

that does not involve the assessment of the phenomenon for
which there are no measurement tools available;
 Develop an ancillary research program, whose main objective is
to perform a cross-cultural adaptation of a measurement
instrument to the context in which the investigation will be
conducted. In this case, one must consider the need to postpone
the original study until the adapted version of the instrument is
available - something that takes in the most optimistic
prediction, two to three years; or
 Temporarily suspend the research initiative, waiting until other
researchers have provided an adapted version of the selected
instrument, making it possible to execute the study in a similar
sociocultural context.

5. What is the difference by a research report to a research proposal?

  A research report is a document prepared by an analyst or strategist who is a
part of the investment research team in a stock brokerage or investment
bank. A research report may focus on a specific stock or industry sector, a
currency, commodity or fixed-income instrument, or on a geographic region
or country. However, a research proposal is a concise and coherent summary
of your proposed research. It sets out the central issues or questions that you
intend to address. It outlines the general area of study within which your
research falls, referring to the current state of knowledge and any recent
debates on the topic.

EVALUATION: Chunk #2

1. What do you mean by research abstract?

 An abstract is a short summary of your completed research. It is intended to

describe your work without going into great detail. Abstracts should be self-
contained and concise, explaining your work as briefly and clearly as
possible.
2. What are the different features of a research abstract?

 Different feature of abstract:

 A full citation of the source, preceding the abstract.

 The most important information first.
 The same type and style of language found in the original, including
technical language.
 Key words and phrases that quickly identify the content and focus of the
work.
 Clear, concise, and powerful language.

 Abstracts may include:

 The thesis of the work, usually in the first sentence.

 Background information that places the work in the larger body of literature.
 The same chronological structure as the original work.

3. What are the two types of abstract and how do they differ from each other?

 Descriptive abstracts
 A descriptive abstract indicates the type of information found in
the work. It makes no judgments about the work, nor does it
provide results or conclusions of the research. It does
incorporate key words found in the text and may include the
purpose, methods, and scope of the research. Essentially, the
descriptive abstract describes the work being abstracted. Some
people consider it an outline of the work, rather than a
summary. Descriptive abstracts are usually very short—100
words or less. However
 Informative abstracts
 The majority of abstracts are informative. While they still do
not critique or evaluate a work, they do more than describe it. A
good informative abstract act as a surrogate for the work itself.
That is, the writer presents and explains all the main arguments
and the important results and evidence in the complete
article/paper/book. An informative abstract includes the
information that can be found in a descriptive abstract (purpose,
methods, scope) but also includes the results and conclusions of
the research and the recommendations of the author. The length
varies according to discipline, but an informative abstract is
rarely more than 10% of the length of the entire work. In the
case of a longer work, it may be much less.

4. Where can we usually find the appendices in a research proposal?

 Appendices in an APA Style paper appears right at the end, after the

reference list and after your tables and figures if you've also included these
at the end.

5. What are the things embedded in the appendices?

  Appendices can consist of figures, tables, maps, photographs, raw data,
computer programs, musical examples, interview questions, sample
questionnaires, etc.

EVALUATION: VII

1. What are the things to be remembered or considered in writing the research

proposal?

 Typically, your research proposal should include the following information:

  Title. You should have a clear working title for your research,
made up of key words that are relevant to your project;
 Research overview;
 Research context;
 Research questions;
 Research methods;
 Significance of research;
 References.

2. What is the meaning of an abstract and what is the importance of the

research study?

 An abstract is a concise summary of a research paper or entire thesis. It is an

original work, not an excerpted passage. An abstract must be fully self-
contained and make sense by itself, without further reference to outside
sources or to the actual paper. Abstracts are designed to highlight key points
from major sections of the paper and to explain what the paper includes.
Effective abstracts provide sufficient details to expedite classifying the paper
as relevant (or not) to readers' clinical work or research interests.

3. Cite an example of a short abstract?

 GUNS ON TEXAS CAMPUSES:

The paper reviews recent attempts by Texas Legislators to pass laws that
would allow licensed gun carriers bring firearms onto college campuses.
Dozens of guns bills have been proposed in recent years, but in the most
recent session advocates got closer than ever to loosening gun restrictions.

4. Cite an example of a long abstract and try to compare it with a short abstract.

 An abstract is a short summary of your (published or unpublished) research

paper, usually about a paragraph (c. 6-7 sentences, 150-250 words) long.
However, extended abstracts should be at least three pages, but not more
than five pages in length including the references. Word limit is 1500 - 2,000
words.

5. What is the function or importance of the appendices in a study?

 An appendix contains supplementary material that is not an essential part of
the text itself but which may be helpful in providing a more comprehensive
understanding of the research problem and/or is information which is too
cumbersome to be included in the body of the paper.