Lecture-7-Part 1-Strength of Materials - Bending Stresses
Lecture-7-Part 1-Strength of Materials - Bending Stresses
Strength of Materials
Second Class
2015 – 2016
prepared by
Professor Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati
Structural Engineering Branch
Bending Stresses in Beams
The applied loads are exerted in the plane of symmetry, see Fig. 7.3. Under
these limitations we will analyze stresses in members subjected to bending
and subsequently discuss the design of straight prismatic beams.
/ F = 0 or # dA = 0 ...(7.1a)
x x
/ M = 0 or # z dA = 0 ...(7.1b)
y x
/ M = M(x) or # - y dA = M(x)
z x ...(7.1c)
Mr =- #y x dA … (7.2)
area
Figure 7.8
Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture -7-Part-1 (Bending Stresses in Beams) 5
The shearing stress τ on plane a-a is related to the resisting shear Vr as follows (see Figure 7.8):
Vr = # dA … (7.3)
area
= OL = - y =-
y
(starin varies linearly) … (7.4)
x
L
The negative sign is due to the fact that we have assumed the bending
moment to be positive and thus, the beam to be concave upward. The
longitudinal strain x varies linearly with distance from the neutral surface.
It is only natural that the strain x reaches its absolute maximum value at
the furthest distance from the neutral surface ymax = c thus we get
y max
max = = c or = c ... (7.5) substituting int o eq. (7.4)
max
y
` x =- ... (7.6) see Figure &&
c max
x
For a linearly elastic material, (stress varies linearly): E =
x
y y
x = E x =- E =- max ...(7.7) see Figure &&
c max
c
Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture -7-Part-1 (Bending Stresses in Beams) 8
substitute for x into the first relation (7.1a) and get
/F x = 0 or # x dA = # - cy max dA =-
c
max
# ydA = 0
The last equation shows that the first moment must be equal zero
# ydA = 0
in the sense of statics, that the neutral axis passes through the center of the cross-section.
Substitute for x into the first relation (7.1c) and get
y
M(x) = # - y x dA = # - y(- max)dA =
max
# y2 dA
c c
The integral # y2 dA represents the second moment of inerta (I) with respect to the neutral axis,
that coincides with the z axis.
max
` M(x) = I ... (7.8)
c
M(x) . c
or max = ... (7.9)
I
y
from eq.(7.7) x =- max or max =- c x
c y
Substitute for max into Eq. (7.9) we get:
M(x) c
a max = c =-
I y x
M(x) y
` =- ... (7.10)
x
I
Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture -7-Part-1 (Bending Stresses in Beams) 9
This equation (7.9) shows that for positive bending moment “M” and positive “y” the normal stress x
are compressive, for negative “y” the normal stress x are tensile
ymax = c
M(x) * c
max = , = T. R
I max
J
M: Normal or resisting bending moment (kN.m.), (lb.in.)
I : Moment of inertia about centroid (mm4, in4, or m4)
y : Distance from the neutral axis of the beam to a point on a section where the stress x is required,
(mm, in), when it reach its maximum value it correspond to (c)
Returning to equation (7.8), the ratio I/c depends upon the geometry of the cross-section, thus this can
be any other cross-sectional characteristic which is known as the section modulus S:
I
S= (elastic section modulus) ...(7.11)
c
The maximum normal stress due to bending, ` max = M ...(7.12)
S
A beam section with a larger section modulus will have a lower maximum stress
Consider a rectangular beam cross section, with the same cross sectional area
1
I bh3
S= = 12 = 1 bh3 = 1 Ah Beam (1) : A = 24 in2, S = 1/6*(24)*6 = 24 in3
c h 6 6
2 Beam (2) : A = 24 in2, S = 1/6*(24)*8 = 32 in3
The beam with the greater depth will be more effective in resisting bending.
Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture -7-Part-1 (Bending Stresses in Beams) 10
Structural steel beams are designed to have a large section modulus.
In the design of rectangular beams of known depth, we determine width requirement for the layer
subjected to maximum bending stress and the same width is maintained over the entire depth, but
the stress is not same over the entire depth. Stress is more near top and bottom and less near neutral
axis. Providing the same width over the entire depth in rectangular beam leads to wastage of
material and increased self weight. In case of an I-section, more width is provided near top and
bottom (width of Flange) and less width is provided near Neutral Axis (Thickness of web). This
leads to saving of material and reduced self weight. Therefore I-section beams are preferred over
rectangular beams.
Note:
If the section is symmetric about neutral axis maximum tensile stress = maximum compression stress
A 6m x B
Section x-x
. Example 7.3: An simply supported beam 300mm × 400mm in section carries UDL of intensity
18 kN/m over the entire span. Determine the maximum, span that can be allowable if allowable
stress is 10 N/mm2
W=18kN/m x
Solution:
A L x B
Example 7-4 :A steel bar of 0.8 X 2.5-in. rectangular cross section is subjected to two equal and
opposite couples acting in the vertical plane of symmetry of the bar (shown in Figure). Determine the
value of the bending moment M that causes the bar to yield. Assume yield = 36ksi.
Solution:
Since the neutral axis must pass through the centroid
C of the cross section, we have c = 1.25 in.
3
bh = 1 (0.8) (2.5) 3 = 1.042in4
I=
12 12
4
M.c I 1.042 in
yield = &M= = (36ksi)
I c yield 1.25 in
` M = 30 kip, in
Solution:
Since this side of the rod faces away from the center of curvature, the stress obtained is a tensile stress.
The maximum compressive stress occurs on the flat side of the rod. Using the fact that the stress is
proportional to the distance from the neutral axis
ten
y' c
comp =- tension =- 5.093mm (193.4MPa) =- 142.6MPa N.A.
c 6.907mm y’
comp
Solution: P=20kN
W=10kN/m x
3m x B
A
6m
Section x-x
Section x-x
Example 7-8: A simply supported beam 15mm × 20 mm is 1.5m long and it fails if a consequence
load of 425 N is applied at its center. Deflection what UDL can break a cantilever beam of same
material (50mm × 110 mm) in section and 2m long.
A x
B
2m
Section x-x
Example 7-9: A cast-iron machine part is acted upon by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = 165 GPa and
neglecting the effects of fillets, determine (a) the maximum tensile and compressive stresses, (b) the
radius of curvature.
Step 1: Based on the cross section geometry, calculate the location of the
section centroid and moment of inertia.
Y=
/ ylA Ixl = / (I l + Ad2)
/A
Step 2: Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses, eq. (7.9)
M(x). c
max =
I
Step 3: Calculate the curvature, eq.(7.13):
1 = M(x)
EI
Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture -7-Part-1 (Bending Stresses in Beams) 22
Solution:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate the location of the section centroid and moment of
inertia.
Area, mm2 y’, mm y’A, mm3
1 20*90 =1800 50 90000
2 40*30 = 1200 20 24000
∑A = 3000 ∑y’A=114000
Y=
/ ylA = 114000 = 38mm
/A 3000
1
Ixl = / (I l + Ad2) = / ( bh3 + Ad2)
12
1 1
Ixl = ( * 90 * 203 + 1800 * 122) + ( * 30 * 403 + 1200 * 182)
12 12
Ixl = 319200 + 548800 = 868000mm4
Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
M(x). c Where: M(x’) = 3kN.m = 3*106N.mm, cA = 22mm, cB = 38mm,
max =
I I = 868*103mm4.
M(xl ). cA 3 * 106 (N.mm) * 22(mm)
A = = 3 4 = 76.037N/mm2 & A = 76.0 MPa (tension)
I 868 * 10 (mm )
Example 7-10: The rectangular tube shown is extruded from an aluminum alloy for which (yield =
40ksi, (ultimate = 60 ksi, and E = 10.6 * 106 psi. Neglecting the effect of fillets, determine (a) the bending
moment M for which the factor of safety will be 3.00, (b) the corresponding radius of curvature of the
tube.
Solution:
1 1
I= (3.25)(5) 3 - (2.75)(4.5) 3 = 12.97 in4
12 12
Alternative Solution: Since we know that the maximum stress is (all = 20 ksi), we can determine
the maximum strain max (Hooke's law for uniaxial stress applies).
3
20ksi
max * 10 = 1.877 * 10-3 in./in.
max = = 6
E 10.6 * 10 psi
and then use Eq.(7.5)
1 4*1 = 4 0.5 2
2 1*8 = 8 5 40
∑A = 12 ∑y’A= 42 A 7ft x 3ft B
Y=
/ ylA = 42 = 3.5 in. 4in 4in
/ A 12 1in 1in
y’ y’=3.5 3.5-0.5=3in
1
IN.A. = / (I l + Ad ) = / ( bh3 + Ad2)
2
12 N.A.
5.5-8/2=1.5
1 1 8in
IN.A. = ( * 4 * 13 + (4 * 1) * 32) + ( * 1 * 83 + (1 * 8) * 1.52)
12 12 8/2=4
IN.A. = 36.333 + 60.666 = 97in 4 5.5
1in 1in
( )
all tension = = 3000 = 2000psi
ult
Section x-x Section x-x
F.S 1.5
6000 =
( all) compression = ult = 4000psi
F.S 1.5
B.M.D.
F
Case (2): Load upward
7ft=84in 3ft=36in
M.c
max =
I 120in RB=84/120F
RA=36/120F
(25.2F) * 3.5
Tension: 2000 = & F3 = 2200 lb. (+) 0.7F
97
(25.2F) * 5.5 -0.3F (-)
Compression: 4000 = =
& F4 2799 lb. S.F.D.
97
(0.3F)*84=25.2F (-)
B.M.D.
Prof. Dr. Nabeel Al-Bayati Lecture -7-Part-1 (Bending Stresses in Beams) 28
Example 7-13:For loaded simply supported beam, find flange width (w) for inversed T-section with
maximum compressive stress 15000psi and maximum tensile stress 5000psi and determine the
ultimate moment of the section. 1in
Y=
/ yl A = 0.5W + 4.5 = 1 in.
/A W+3
0.5W + 4.5 = W + 3
4.5 - 3 = W - 0.5W
1.5 = 0.5W &` W = 3 in.
1 3+ 2
IN.A. = / (I l + Ad2) = / ( bh Ad )
12
1 1
IN.A. = ( * 1 * 33 + (1 * 3) * 1.52) + ( * 3 * 13 + (1 * 3) * 0.52)
12 12
IN.A. = 9 + 0.875 = 9.875in 4
100mm
100mm
300mm A 3m x B
300mm 300mm
100mm
Sec. A 200mm 100mm
Sec. B Sec. C
Solution:
VA
VB
VA = 50kN, VB = 50 + 20*3 = 50 + 60 = 110kN
S.F.D.
MA = 0,
MB (critical section) = 50*3 + 20*3*1.5 = 150 + 90 = 240kN-m MA
MB (critical section) = 240*106 N-mm
MB
B.M.D.
(+)
(-)
End section Mid-span section
1 S.F.D.
Maximum bending moment at any point at distance x
60 = y (+) (+)
& y = 0.06x
1000 x RA=P/2 x B.M.D. RB=P/2
` h = 40 + y = 40 + 0.06x 1
40mm
bh 3
40 (40 + 0.06x) 3
IN.A. = =
12 12 40mm 1000mm 40 c
h 40 + 0.06x h
ymax = c = = 100
2 2 y
P 60
M (x) = * x x
2
comp=77MPa
Solution: A B E 4m C 1m D
1m
RA = RB = (2P + 10P)/2 = 6P RB=6P 2m x RC=6P
VA = - P
VBA = - P
+5P Mid-span
VBC = 6P – P = 5P
MA = 0 +P +P
0
MBA = - P *1 = P
-P -P
MEB = - P*3 + 6P*2 – 5P * (2/1) = 4P = Mmax
S.F.D.
For Positive Moment: Mmax=+4P - 5P
6
M.c1 4P * 10 * 200
c = 70 = = & P = 4.375kN
I 5 * 107
M.c2 4P * 10 6
* 100 0 0
t = 20 = = & P = 2.5kN
I 5 * 107 -P
B.M.D.
-P
For Negative Moment:
6
M.c 2 P * 10 * 100 c1=200mm
c = 70 = = & P = 35kN N.A.
I 5 * 107
M.c P * 10 6
* 200 c2=100mm
1
t = 20 = = & P = 5kN
I 5 * 107 IN.A.=5*107 mm4
` Pmax allowable = 2.5kN Section x-x
8mm