Ul0Ft: Siff !)

ul0ft
sIff !)
g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/
k|sfzs
g]kfn ;/sf/
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/
© ;jf{lwsf/ kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|
978-9937-601- -
o; kf7\ok':ts;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/df lglxt

/x]sf] 5 . kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|sf] lnlvt :jLs[ltlagf Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf nflu o;sf] k'/}
jf cf+lzs efu x'ax' k|sfzg ug{, kl/jt{g u/]/ k|sfzg ug{, s'g} ljB'tLo ;fwg jf cGo
k|ljlwaf6 /]s8{ ug{ / k|ltlnlk lgsfNg kfOg] 5}g .
k|yd ;+:s/0f M lj=;= @)*)
kf7\ok':ts;DaGwL kf7sx¿sf s'g} klg k|sf/sf ;¬´fjx¿ ePdf kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|,
;dGjo tyf k|sfzg zfvfdf k7fOlbg'x'g cg'/f]w 5 . kf7sx¿af6 cfpg] ;¬´fjx¿nfO{
s]Gb| xflb{s :jfut ub{5 .
xfd|f] egfO
kf7\oj|md lzIf0f l;sfOsf] d"n cfwf/ xf] . kf7\ok':ts ljBfyL{df ck]lIft bIftf ljsf; ug]{ Ps
d'Vo ;fwg xf] . o; kIfnfO{ b[li6ut ub} kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] ljBfno lzIffnfO{ Jofjxfl/s,
;do;fk]If / u'0f:t/Lo agfpg] p2]Zon] kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\ok':tssf] ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g sfo{nfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . cfwf/e"t lzIffn] afnaflnsfdf cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf, ul0ftLo cjwf/0ff /
l;k Pjd\ hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] ljsf;sf ;fy} JolStut :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO;DaGwL afgLsf] ljsf;
ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ug{'k5{ . cfwf/e"t lzIffsf dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfx¿n] k|fs[lts tyf ;fdflhs
jftfj/0fk|lt ;r]t eO{ cg'zf;g, ;bfrf/ / :jfjnDag h:tf ;fdflhs Pjd\ rfl/lqs u'0fsf] ljsf;
ug'{k5{ . o;n] lj1fg, jftfj/0f / ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL cfwf/e"t 1fgsf] ljsf; u/fO{ snf tyf
;f}Gbo{k|lt cle?lr hufpg'k5{ . zf/Ll/s tGb'?:tL, :jf:Yos/ afgL Pjd\ l;h{gfTdstfsf] ljsf;
tyf hfthflt, wd{, efiff, ;+:s[lt, If]qk|lt ;Ddfg / ;defjsf] ljsf; klg cfwf/e"t lzIffsf ck]lIft
kIf x'g\ . b]zk|]d, /fli6«o Pstf, nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotf tyf ;+:sf/ l;sL Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf
k|of]u ug'{, ;fdflhs u'0fsf] ljsf; tyf gful/s st{Jok|lt ;hutf ckgfpg', / b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg]{
Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofsf] klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf pkfosf] vf]hL ug'{ klg dfWolds txsf] lzIffsf cfjZos
kIf x'g\ . o; kIfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿k, @)&^ sf] dd{cg'¿k
sIff !) sf] ul0ft ljifosf] kf7\oj|mdcg'¿k of] k':ts ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] .
o; kf7\ok':tsf] n]vg >L g/xl/ cfrfo{, >L zlSt k|;fb cfrfo{, >L ;'lzn vgfn, >L /fdrGb| 9sfn /
>L huGgfy clwsf/Laf6 ePsf] xf] . kf7\ok':tsnfO{ o; ¿kdf Nofpg] sfo{df o; s]Gb|sf dxflgb]{zs
>L j}s'07k|;fb cof{n, k|f=8f= xl/k|;fb pkfWofo, >L k|ldnf avtL, >L 1fg]Gb| jg, >L gjLg kf}8]n,
>L cg'kdf zdf{, >L ;Togf/fo0f dxh{g, >L l/t' >]i7 / >L /fh'sfGt cfrfo{sf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .
o;sf] efiff ;Dkfbg >L lrgfs'df/L lg/f}nfaf6 / n]cfp6 l8hfOg >L gj/fh k'/Laf6 ePsf] xf] . o;sf]
ljsf;df ;+nUg ;Dk"0f{k|lt s]Gb| xflb{s s[t1tf k|s6 ub{5 .
o; kf7\ok':tsn] ljBfyL{df lgwf{l/t ;Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xof]u ug{] 5 . o;n]
ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ / cfwf/e"t ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf sIff lj|mofsnfkaf6
x'g] l;sfOnfO{ dha't agfpg ;xof]u ug{] 5 . To;}n] of] lzIfssf] l;sfO lj|mofsnfksf] of]hgf geO{
ljBfyL{sf l;sfOnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;fdu|L xf] . kf7\ok':tsnfO{ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]
Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ cfwf/sf ¿kdf afns]lGb|t, l;sfOs]lGb|t, cg'ejs]lGb|t, p2]Zod"ns, k|of]ud'vL /
lj|mofsnfkdf cfwfl/t agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . l;sfO / ljBfyL{sf] hLjGt cg'ejlar tfbfTDo sfod
ub}{ o;sf] ;xh k|of]u ug{ lzIfssf] ;xhstf{, pTk|]/s, k|jw{s / vf]hstf{sf ¿kdf e"ldsfsf] ck]Iff
ul/Psf] 5 . o; k':tsnfO{ c´ kl/is[t kfg{sf nflu lzIfs, ljBfyL{, cleefjs, a'l4hLjL Pjd\ ;Dk"0f{
kf7sx¿sf] ;d]t ljz]if e"ldsf /xg] x'Fbf ;Da4 ;a}sf] /rgfTds ;'´fjsf nflu kf7\oj|md ljsf;
s]Gb| xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/
lj= ;= @)*) kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|
ljifo;"rL
kf7 zLif{s k[i7;ª\Vof
! ;d"x (Sets) ! – @%
@ rj|mLo Aofh (Compound Interest) @^ – $^
# j[l4 / x|f; (Growth and Depreciation) $& – ^%
$ d'b|f / ljlgdo b/ (Currency and Exchange Rate) ^^ – &(
% If]qkmn / cfotg (Area and Volume) *) – !@(
^ cg'j|md / >]0fL (Sequence and Series) !#) – !%!
& ju{ ;dLs/0f (Quadratic Equation) !%@ – !&@
* aLhLo leGg (Algebraic Fraction) !&# – !*)
( 3ftfª\s (Indices) !*! – !(#
!) lqe'h / rt'e'{hx¿ (Triangle and Quadrilaterals) !($ – @)(
!! /rgf (Construction) @!) – @@)
!@ j[Q (Circle) @@! – @#*
!# tYofª\s zf:q (Statistics) @#( – @&)
!$ ;DefJotf (Probability) @&! – @(#
!% lqsf]0fldlt (Trigonometry) @($ – #)%
kf7
1 ;d"x (Sets)
1.0 k'g/jnf]sg (Review)

sIff 10 sf /f]n gDa/ 1 b]lv 15 ;Ddsf ljBfyL{nfO{{ ul0ft dg k5{ ls lj1fg dg k5{
egL Pp6f ;j]{If0f ul/Psf] lyof] . ;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt ePsf] hfgsf/LnfO{{ /f]n gDa/cg';f/
e]glrqdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
e]glrq x]/]/ To;sf cfwf/df tnsf k|Zgdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ ul0ft dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;d"xnfO{{ ;"rLs/0f U
ljlwaf6 n]Vg'xf];\ . pSt ;d"xsf] ;b:o ;ª\Vof ul0ft lj1fg
n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ ul0ft dfq dg k5{ eGg] ljBfyL{sf] ;d"xnfO{{ 1 3 2 5 6
;"rLs/0f ljlwaf6 n]Vg'xf];\ . pSt ;d"xsf] 4 11 8 7 10
;b:o ;ª\Vof n]Vg'xf];\ . 15 12
13
-u_ lj1fg dg k5{ eGg] ljBfyL{sf] ;d"xnfO{{
;"rLs/0f ljlwaf6 n]Vg'xf];\ . pSt ;d"xsf] 9 14
;b:o ;ª\Vof n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ lj1fg dfq dg k5{ eGg] ljBfyL{sf] ;d"xnfO{{ ;"rLs/0f ljlwaf6 n]Vg'xf];\ . pSt
;d"xsf] ;b:o ;ª\Vof n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ ul0ft / lj1fg b'j} dg k5{ eGg] ljBfyL{sf] ;d"xnfO{{ ;"rLs/0f ljlwaf6
n]Vg'xf];\ . pSt ;d"xsf] ;b:o ;ª\Vof n]Vg'xf];\ .
-r_ ul0ft jf lj1fgdWo] s'g} klg dg kb}{g eGg] ljBfyL{ ;d"xnfO{{ ;"rLs/0f ljlwaf6
n]Vg'xf];\ . pSt ;d"xsf] ;b:o ;ª\Vof n]Vg'xf];\ .
-5_ ;j]{If0fdf hDdf slt hgf ljBfyL{ ;xefuL /x]5g\ <
1.1 b'O{ ;d"xsf] u0fgfTdstf (Cardinality of the two Sets)
lj|mofsnfk 1
sIff 10 sf ljBfyL{nfO{{ skmL / lrofdWo] s'g dg k5{ egL ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgdf lgDgfg';f/sf]
hfgsf/L k|fKt eof] M
-s_ skmL dg k5{ eGg] ljBfyL{ 15 hgf
-v_ lrof dg k5{ eGg] ljBfyL{ 10 hgf
-u_ lrof / skmL b'j} dg k5{ eGg] ljBfyL{ 6 hgf
-3_ lrof jf skmL b'j} dg kb}{g eGg] ljBfyL{ 5 hgf
ul0ft, sIff !) 1
dflysf] hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df lgDglnlvt k|Zgdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ lbOPsf] hfgsf/LnfO{{ e]glrqdf s;/L k|:t't ug]{ xf]nf <
-v_ skmL dfq dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{ slt hgf /x]5g\ <
-u_ lrof dfq dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{ slt hgf /x]5g\ <
-3_ To; sIffdf hDdf slt hgf ljBfyL{ /x]5g\ <
oxfF n(C) skmL dg k/fpg], n(T) lrof dg k/fpg]x¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{{ hgfpF5 . To;} u/L no(T)
/ no(C) n] j|mdzM lrof dfq / skmL dfq dg k/fpg] U
;ª\VofnfO{{ hgfpF5 . C T
ca o;nfO{{ e]glrqdf b]vfpFbf,
b'j} dg k/fpg]sf] ;ª\Vof n(C∩T) nfO{{ hgfpg] x'Fbf, 4
9 6
;j{k|yd To;nfO{{ e]glrqdf e/f}F .
To;kl5 skmL dg k/fpg]sf] ;ª\Vof eGgfn] no(C)
+ n(C∩T) x'g] x'Fbf skmL dfq dg k/fpg]sf] ;ª\Vof 5
no(C) = n(C) – n(C∩T) x'G5
no(C) = 15 – 6 = 9
To:t} lrof dg k/fpg]sf] ;Gbe{df,
lrof dfq dg k/fpg]sf] ;ª\Vof no(T) = 10 – 6 = 4 e/f}F .
ca lrof jf skmL b'j} dg gk/fpg]sf] ;ª\Vof
n(C∪T) = 5 e/f}F .
o;k|sf/ ;f] sIffdf ePsf hDdf ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof n(U) = 9 + 6 + 4 + 5 = 24 hgf
olb A / B b'O{cf]6f vlK6Psf ;d"x 5g\ eg],
(i) b'j} ;d"xsf] hDdf ;ª\Vof n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A∩B)
(ii) A df dfq ePsf] ;ª\Vof no(A) = n(A) – n(A∩B)
(iii) B df dfq ePsf] ;ª\Vof no(B) = n(B) – n(A∩B)
(iv) A / B b'j} ;d"xdf ePsf] ;ª\Vof n(A∪B) = no(A) + no(B) + n(A∩B)
(v) olb A / B cnlUuPsf ;d"x eP n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B)
(vi) olb U leq A / B sf dfq ;b:o eP n(U) = n (A∪B) x'G5 .
(vii) U leq A / B sf ;b:oafx]s cGo ;b:o eP n(U) = n (A∪B) + n(A∪B ) x'G5 .
cGo s]xL zAbfjnLx¿
sDtLdf Pp6fdf kg]{ (at least one) : n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A∩B)
Or, n(A∪B) = no(A) + no(B) + n(A∩B)
a9Ldf Pp6fdf kg]{ (at most one) : n(A∩B ) = n(U) – n(A∩B)
Pp6fdf dfq kg]{ (exactly one) : no(A) + no(B) = n(A) + n(B) – 2 × n (A∩B)
2 ul0ft, sIff !)
pbfx/0f 1
Pp6f ;d'bfosf 300 hgf dflg;df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fcg';f/ 175 hgfn] lj|ms]6 / 150 hgfn] km'6an
dg k/fP t/ 25 hgfn] s'g} klg v]n dg gk/fPsf] kfOof] . o;sf cfwf/df tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ dflysf] tYonfO{{ e]glrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ b'j} v]n dg k/fpg] dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\
-u_ Pp6f dfq v]n dg k/fpg] dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
dfgf}F, C / F n] j|mdzM lj|ms]6 / km'6an v]n dg U
k/fpg] dflg;sf] ;d"xnfO{{ hgfpF5g\\ . To:t} U n] hDdf C F
dflg;sf] ;d"xnfO{{ hgfpF5 .
k|Zgcg';f/
175 – x x 150 – x
n(U) = 300, n(C) = 175, n(F) = 150 / n(C∪F ) = 25
dfgf}F, n(C∩F) = x
25
-s_ k|fKt hfgsf/LnfO{{ e]glrqdf bfofF efudf k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .
-v_ e]glrqaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/LnfO{{ o;/L n]Vg ;lsG5,
n(U) = no(C) + n(C∩F) + no(F) + n(C∪F )
300 = (175 – x) + x + (150 – x) + 25
or, 300 = 175 – x + x + 150 – x + 25
or, 300 = 350 – x
or, x = 350 – 300
⸫ x = 50
or, n(C∩F) = 50
To;}n] lj|ms]6 / km'6an b'j} v]n dg k/fpg] dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof hDdf 50 /x]5 .
km]l/,
-u_ lj|ms]6 v]n dfq dg k/fpg] dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof no(C) = 175 – 50 = 125
km'6an v]n dfq dg k/fpg] dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof no(F) = 150 – 50 = 100
To;}n] Ps dfq v]n dg k/fpg] dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof no(C) + no(F) = 125 + 100 = 225 /x]5 .
ul0ft, sIff !) 3
pbfx/0f 2
s'g} Pp6f ljBfnosf] sIff 10 sf 120 hgf ljBfyL{df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt glthf o;k|sf/ 5 M
30 hgfn] ul0ft dfq dg k/fpF5g\ .
40 hgfn] cª\u|]hL dfq dg k/fpF5g\ .
10 hgf ljBfyL{n] ul0ft jf cª\u|]hLdWo] s'g} klg dg k/fpFb}gg\ .
o;sf cfwf/df tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-v_ b'j} ljifo dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ sDtLdf Ps ljifo dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
dfgf}F, M / E n] j|mdzM ul0ft / cª\u|]hL dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;d"x hgfpF5g\\ . To:t} U n] hDdf
ljBfyL{sf] ;d"x hgfpF5 .
k|Zgcg';f/,
n(U) = 120, no(M) = 30, no(E) = 40 / n(M∪E ) = 10
dfgf}F, n(M∩E) = x
-s_ k|fKt hfgsf/LnfO{{ e]glrqdf bfofF efudf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
U
-v_ e]glrqaf6, M E
30 + x + 40 + 10 = 120
or, 80 + x = 120
30 x 40
or, x = 120 – 80 = 40
⸫ x = 40
or, n(M∩E) = 40 10
To;}n] ul0ft / cª\u|]hL b'j} dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof hDdf 40 /x]5 .

-u_ sDtLdf Ps ljifo dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof n(M∪E) = 30 + 40 + 40 = 110
/x]5 .
4 ul0ft, sIff !)
pbfx/0f 3
s'g} Pp6f ljBfnodf P;OO{{ lbP/ a;]sf s]xL ljBfyL{df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fcg';f/ 75% n] lj1fg k9\g],
55% n] :6fkm g;{ k9\g] ?lr b]vfP5g\ t/ 5% n] s'g} klg ljifo k9\g] ?lrsf] hfgsf/L u/fPgg\
hxfF 21 hgf ljBfyL{n] lj1fg / :6fkm g;{ b'j} k9\g] s'/fdf ?lr b]vfP5g\ . o;sf cfwf/df tnsf
k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-v_ ;j]{If0fdf ;xefuL hDdf ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ :6fkm g;{ dfq k9\g ?lr b]vfpg]] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
dfgf}F, S / N n] j|mdzM lj1fg / :6fkm g;{ k9\g ?lr U
S N
b]vfpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;d"x hgfpF5g\\ . To:t} U n] hDdf
ljBfyL{sf] ;d"x hgfpF5 . 21
k|Zgcg';f/, –
5x 1
0.
7 21 –2
.55
x
dfgf}F, n(U) = x, 0
n(S) = x sf] 75% = 0.75x,
n(N) = x sf] 55% = 0.55x, 0.05x
n(S N) = 21 / n(S∪N) = x sf] 5% = 0.05x,

-s_ k|fKt hfgsf/LnfO{{ e]glrqdf bfofF efudf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
-v_ ca e]glrqaf6,
(0.75x – 21) + 21 + (0.55x – 21) + 0.05x = x
or, 1.35x – 21 = x
or, 1.35x – x = 21
or, 0.35x = 21
21
or, x = 0.35 = 60
⸫ x = 60
or, n(U) = 60
To;}n] ;j]{If0fdf ;xefuL ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof hDdf 60 /x]5 .
ul0ft, sIff !) 5
-u_ e]glrqaf6,
:6fkm g;{ dfq k9\g ?lr b]vfpg]] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof
= 0.55x – 21
= 0.55 × 60 – 21
= 33 – 21
= 12
To;}n] :6fkm g;{ dfq k9\g ?lr b]vfpg]] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof hDdf 12 /x]5 .
pbfx/0f 4
g]kfn e|d0fsf nflu cfPsf 300 hgf ljb]zLdf ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fdf kf]v/f e|d0f ug]{ / n'lDagL e|d0f
ug]{ ko{6ssf] cg'kft 2:3 kfOof], h;dWo] 90 hgfn] b'j} 7fpF e|d0f u/]sf /x]5g\ t/ 60 hgfn]
kf]v/f jf n'lDagL s'g} klg 7fpF e|d0f u/]sf /x]g5g\ . o;sf cfwf/df tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-v_ Pp6f dfq 7fpF e|d0f u/]sf ko{6ssf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ sDtLdf Ps 7fpF e|d0f u/]sf ko{6ssf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
Dffgf}F, P / L n] j|mdzM kf]v/f / n'lDagL e|d0f u/]sf ko{6ssf] ;d"x hgfpF5g\ .
To:t} U n] hDdf ko{6ssf] ;d"x hgfpF5 .
U
k|Zgcg';f/, P L
n(U) = 300, n(P∩L) = 90 / n(P∪L )= 60
dfgf}F, n(P) = 2x, n(L) = 3x
-s_ k|fKt hfgsf/LnfO{{ e]glrqdf bfofF efudf k|:t't 2x – 90 90 3x – 90
ul/Psf] 5 .
-v_ ca e]glrqaf6,
60
(2x – 90) + 90 + (3x – 90) + 60 = 300
or, 5x – 30 = 300
or, 5x = 300 + 30
or, 5x = 330
330
or, x = 5
⸫ x = 66
t;y{ no(P) = 2 × 66 – 90 = 42 / no(L) = 3 × 66 – 90 = 108
To;}n] Pp6f dfq e|d0f ug]{ ko{6ssf] ;ª\Vof = 42 + 108 = 150
-u_ sDtLdf Ps 7fpF e|d0f ug]{ ko{6ssf] ;ª\Vof = 300 – 60 = 240
6 ul0ft, sIff !)
pbfx/0f 5
sIff !) df cWoog/t 200 hgf ljBfyL{df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fdf ul0ft dfq dg k/fpg] / cª\u|]hL dfq
dg k/fpg]sf] cg'kft 2:3 kfOof], h;dWo] hDdf ljBfyL{sf] 30% n] b'j} ljifo dg k/fP t/ 15% n]
ul0ft jf cª\u|]hL b'j} ljifo dg k/fPgg\ . o;sf cfwf/df tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-v_ ul0ft dg k/fpg] / cª\u|]hL dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{larsf] km/s slt 5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
dfgf}F, M / E n] j|mdzM ul0ft / cª\u|]hL ljifo dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;d"xnfO{{ hgfpF5g\ . To:t}
U n] hDdf ljBfyL{sf] ;d"xnfO{{ hgfpF5 .
U
k|Zgcg';f/, E
M
n(U) = 200, n(M∩E) = 200 sf] 30% = 60 /
n(M∪E) = 200 sf] 15% = 30
2x 60 3x
dfgf}F, no(M) = 2x, no(E) = 3x
-s_ k|fKt hfgsf/LnfO{{ e]glrqdf bfofF efudf k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 . 30
-v_ e]glrqaf6,
2x + 60 + 3x + 30 = 200
or, 90 + 5x = 200
or, 5x = 200 – 90
or, 5x = 110
110
or, x = 5
∴ x = 22
To;}n]
ul0ft ljifo dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof n(M) = 2x + 60 = 2 × 22 + 60 = 104 hgf /x]5 .
cª\u|]hL ljifo dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof n(E) = 3x + 60 = 3 × 22 + 60 = 126 hgf /x]5 .
t;y{ ul0ft / cª\u|]hL ljifo dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{larsf] km/s = 126 – 104 = 22 hgf /x]5 .
ul0ft, sIff !) 7
cEof; 1.1
1. -s_ ;d"xsf] u0fgfTdstfnfO{{ pbfx/0f;lxt k|:t't ug'{xf];\ / lzIfsnfO{{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ olb ;d"x A / B df A⸦B eP n(A∪B) / n(A∩B) sf] dfg slt
x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ olb ;d"x A / B Ps cfk;df vlK6Psf ;d"x eP n(A∪B) sf] ;"q pNn]v
ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ ;d"x A / B df j|mdzM 12 / 8 ;b:o 5g\ eg] ;d"x A∪B df 36Ldf slt ;b:o
x'g ;S5g\, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
2. lbOPsf] e]glrqdf M ;d"xdf 80 hgf, E ;d"xdf 90 hgf / b'j} ;d"xdf gk/]sf 30 hgf ;b:o
U
eP tnsf ;d"xsf] u0fgfTdstf kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
M E
-s_ no(M) -v_ no(E)
-u_ n(M) -3_ n(E)
20 60 30
-ª_ n(M∪E) -r_ n(M∩E)
-5_ n(M∪E ) -h_ n(U)
3. -s_ olb n(U) = 200, no(M) = 2x, no(E) = 3x, 15
n(M∪E) = 60 / n(M∪E ) = 40 eP x sf]
dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ olb n(U) = 350, n(A) = 200, n(B) = 220 / n(A∩B) = 120 eP n(A∪B) /
n(A∪B ) sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ olb n(A) = 35 / n(A̅ ) = 25 eP n(U) sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ b'O{cf]6f ;d"x P / Q dWo] P df 40 cf]6f, (P∪Q) df 60 cf]6f / (P∩Q) df 10
cf]6f ;b:o 5g\ eg] ;d"x Q df hDdf slt ;b:o 5g, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
4. -s_ s'g} ljBfnosf] 180 hgf ljBfyL{df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fcg';f/ 45 hgfn] g]kfnL dfq / 60
hgfn] cª\u|]hL dfq dg k/fpF5g\ t/ 15 hgfn]] s'g} klg ljifo dg k/fpFb}gg\ . To;sf
cfwf/df tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-c_ dflysf] tYonfO{{ e]glrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-cf_ b'j} ljifo dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ sDtLdf klg Ps ljifo dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
8 ul0ft, sIff !)
-v_ Pp6f ljBfnosf 1200 hgf ljBfyL{df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fcg';f/ 100 hgfn] ul0ft dfq /
200 hgfn] lj1fg dfq dg k/fpF5g\ t/ 700 hgfn]] s'g} klg ljifo dg k/fpFb}gg\ . To;sf
-cf_ b'j} ljifo dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ sDtLdf Ps ljifo dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ 60 hgf ljBfyL{df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fdf 10 hgfn] km'6an dfq / 20 hgfn] elnan dfq
v]Ng] /x]5g\ t/ 12 hgfn]] s'g} klg v]n v]Ng] /x]g5g\ . To;sf cfwf/df tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf]
pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-cf_ b'j} v]n v]Ng] ljBfyL{{sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ sDtLdf Ps v]n v]Ng] ljBfyL{{sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
5. -s_ Pp6f ;d'bfosf 900 hgf dflg;df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fcg';f/ 525 hgf dw'ks{ /
450 hgf o'jfd~r k9\g] /x]5g\ t/ 75 hgf s'g} klg kqklqsf k9\g] /x]g5g\ . To;sf
-cf_ b'j} kqklqsf k9\g] dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ Pp6f dfq kqklqsf k9\g] dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ 150 hgf dlg;sf] ;d"xdf ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fcg';f/ 90 hgf cfw'lgs / 70 hgf nf]sbf]xf]/L
uLt dg k/fpF5g\ t/ 30 hgf s'g} klg uLt dg k/fpFb}gg\ . To;sf cfwf/df tn ;f]lwPsf
-cf_ b'j} uLt dg k/fpg] dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ cfw'lgs uLt dfq dg k/fpg] dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ Pp6f ;d'bfosf 360 hgf v]nf8Ldf ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fdf 210 hgf elnan v]Ng / 180 hgf
km'6an v]Ng dg k/fpF5g\ t/ 30 hgf s'g} klg v]n v]Ng dg k/fpFb}gg\ . To;sf cfwf/df tn
;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-cf_ b'j} v]n v]Ng]] v]nf8Lsf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ Pp6f dfq v]n v]Ng] v]nf8Lsf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 9
6. -s_ Pp6f k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt ljBfyL{dWo] 70% cª\u|]hLdf ptL0f{ eP, 60% ul0ftdf ptL0f{
eP t/ 20% b'j} ljifodf cg'tL0f{ eP / 550 hgf ljBfyL{ b'j} ljifodf ptL0f{ ePsf]
kfOof] . o;sf cfwf/df tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-cf_ k/LIffdf ;xefuL hDdf ljBfyL{{sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ cª\u|]hL dfq ptL0f{ x'g] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ sIff 10 sf] k/LIff lbP/ a;]sf s]xL ljBfyL{df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fcg';f/ 60% n] lj1fg
k9\g], 70% n] Joj:yfkg k9\g] ?lr b]vfP5g\ t/ 10% n] lj1fg / Joj:yfkg b'j}dWo] s'g}
klg ?lrsf] hfgsf/L u/fPgg\, hxfF 400 hgfn] lj1fg / Joj:yfkg b'j} k9\g] s'/fdf ?lr
b]vfP5g\ . o;sf cfwf/df tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-cf_ ;j]{If0fdf hDdf slt ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutf /x]5 kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ lj1fg k9\g dfq ?lr b]vfpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ Pp6f ;d'bfosf dflg;df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fcg';f/ 65% n] df]6/;fOsn rnfpg] 35% n]
:s'6/ rnfpg] t/ 20% n] b'j} rnfpg] /x]5g\ . hxfF 200 hgfn] df]6/;fOsn / :s'6/ b'j}
rnfpg] /x]5g\ . o;sf cfwf/df tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-cf_ ;j]{If0fdf ;xefuL hDdf dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ df]6/;fOsn dfq rnfpg] dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
7. -s_ Pp6f ;d'bfosf 95 dflg;df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fcg';f/ lrof lkpg] / skmL lkpg] dflg;sf]
cg'kft 4:5 kfOof], h;dWo] 10 hgfn] b'j} lkpg] /x]5g\ t/ 15 hgfn] lrof jf skmL b'j} lkpg]
/x]g5g\ . o;sf cfwf/df tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-cf_ lrof jf skmLdWo] Pp6f dfq lkpg] dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ lrof jf skmLdWo] sDtLdf Pp6f lkpg] dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ Pp6f sIffsf 64 hgf ljBfyL{df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fcg';f/ b'w dfq dg k/fpg] / bxL dfq dg
k/fpg]sf] cg'kft 2:1 / 16 hgfn] b'j} dg k/fpg] kfOof] . To;sf cfwf/df tn ;f]lwPsf
-cf_ b'w dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ Pp6f dfq lrh dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
10 ul0ft, sIff !)
-u_ Pp6f ;df/f]xdf ;xefuL 320 hgf dflg;df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fcg';f/ 60 hgfn] uLt ufpg]
dfq /x]5g\ . 100 hgfn] gfRg] dfq /x]5g\ . olb oL b'O{ ljwfdWo] s'g} klg gug]{ dflg;sf]
;ª\Vof b'j} sfd ug]{ dflg;sf] ;ª\VofeGbf tLg u'0ff a9L 5 . o;sf cfwf/df tn ;f]lwPsf
-cf_ s'g} klg ljwf gug]{ dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ a9Ldf Pp6f ljwf k|of]u ug]{ dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
8. Pp6f ;d'bfosf 200 dflg;df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fcg';f/ Nofk6k dfq k|of]u ug]{ /
df]afOn dfq k|of]u ug]{sf] cg'kft 2:3 kfOof], h;dWo] hDdf dflg;sf] 30% n] b'j} k|of]u
ug]{ /x]5g\ t/ 15% n] b'j} k|of]u gug]{ /x]5g\ . o;sf cfwf/df tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/
lbg'xf];\ M
-v_ Nofk6k k|of]u ug]{ dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ a9Ldf Pp6f ;fwg k|of]u ug]{ dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
9. Pp6f ;j]{If0fdf ;xefuL 300 v]nf8LdWo] PsltxfO v]nf8L elnan dfq v]N5g\\ .
To;dWo] afFsL /x]sf v]nf8Lsf] 60% km'6an dfq v]N5g\\ . t/ 60 hgf v]nf8Ln] b'j}
v]n v]Nb}gg\ eg] e]glrqsf dfWodaf6 elnan v]Ng] / km'6an v]Ng] v]nf8Lsf] cg'kft
kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
10. Pp6f ;j]{If0fdf ;xefuL 65 v]nf8LdWo] 11 hgf v]nf8L elnan dfq / 33 hgf
v]nf8L lj|ms]6 dfq v]N5g\ . olb lj|ms]6 v]Ng] v]nf8Lsf] ;ª\Vof elnan v]Ng] v]nf8Lsf]
;ª\VofeGbf bf]Aa/ 5 eg] e]glrqsf dfWodaf6 b'j} v]n v]Ng] / b'j} v]n gv]Ng]
v]nf8Lsf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
11. 80 hgf dflg;df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fcg';f/ 60 hgfn] ;'Gtnf dfq dg k/fPsf] / 10 hgfn]
;'Gtnf / :ofp b'j} dg k/fPsf] kfOof] . ;'Gtnf dg k/fpg] dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof :ofp dg
k/fpg] dflg;sf] ;ª\VofeGbf 5 u'0ff a9L 5 . e]glrq k|of]u u/L :ofpdfq dg k/fpg]
/ b'j}dWo] s'g} klg kmnkm"n dg gk/fpg] dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
kfFr kfFr hgf ljBfyL{sf]] ;d"x lgdf{0f u/L ;a} ;d"xn] cfk\mgf] ljBfnosf km/s km/s
sIffdf uO{ k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{{ tn lbOPsf k|Zg ;f]wL pQ/ ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ M
tkfO{FnfO{{ s'g v]n v]Ng dg k5{ < -s_ lj|ms]6 -v_ km'6an -u_ lj|ms]6 / km'6an b'j}
-3_ cGo
dflysf k|Zgsf] pQ/ k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 pSt tYofª\snfO{{ e]glrqdf k|:t't u/L k|fKt
glthfnfO{{ sIffsf]7fdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 11
pQ/
1. -s_ lzIfsnfO{{ b]vfpg'xf];\ . -v_ n(B), n(A)
-u_ n(A) + n(B) – n(A∩B) cyjf n0(A) + n0(B) + n(A∩B) -3_ 12
2. -s_ 20 -v_ 30 -u_ 80 -3_ 90 -ª_ 110 -r_ 60 -5_ 15 -h_ 125
3. -s_ 20 -v_ 300, 50 -u_ 60 -3_ 30
4. -s_ -cf_ 60, -O_ 165 -v_ -cf_ 200 -O_ 500 -u_ -cf_ 18 -O_ 48
5. -s_ -cf_ 150 -O_ 675 -v_ -cf_ 40 -O_ 50 -u_ -cf_ 60 -O_ 270
6. -s_ -cf_ 1100 -O_ 220 -v_ -cf_ 1000
-O_ 200 -u_-cf_ 1000 -O_ 450
7. -s_ -cf_ 70 -O_ 80 -v_ -cf_ 48 -O_ 48
-u_-cf_ 120 -O_ 280
8. -cf_ 104 -O_ 140
9. 6:7 10. 11, 10
11. 4, 6 12. 6
12 ul0ft, sIff !)
1.2 tLgcf]6f ;d"xsf] u0fgfTdstf (Cardinality of Three Sets)
lj|mofsnfk 2
tn lbOPsf b'O{cf]6f e]glrqdf A, B, C sf ;b:onfO{{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . o;sf cfwf/df ;f]lwPsf
k|Zgdfly 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
U U
A B A B
1 5 1 5
9 9
3 7 3 7
6 6
4 8 4
8
2 2
C 10
lrq g= 1 lrq g= 2
-s_ lrq g= 1 / lrq g= 2 cjnf]sg u/L A, B / C sf ;b:onfO{{ ;"rLs/0f ljlwaf6
n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ lrq g= 1 df ;d"x A, B / C sf]] u0fgfTdstf slt slt x'G5 <
-u_ lrq g= 2 df ;d"x A, B / C sf]] u0fgfTdstf slt slt x'G5 <
-3_ lrq g= 1 af6 n(A∪B∪C) / n(U) sf]] dfg slt slt x'G5 <
-ª_ lrq g= 2 af6 n(A∪B∪C) / n(U) sf]] dfg slt slt x'G5 <
;fyLx¿sf] 5nkmaf6 k|fKt lgisif{nfO{{ lgDgfg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 M
lrq g= 1 lrq g= 2
A = {1, 3, 4, 6, 9} ⸫ n(A) = 5 A = {1, 3, 4, 6, 9} ⸫ n(A) = 5
B = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9} ⸫ n(B) = 5 B = {5, 6, 7, 9} ⸫ n(B) = 4
C = {2, 4, 6, 8} ⸫ n(C) = 4 C = {2, 4, 6} ⸫ n(C) = 3
A∪B∪C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} A∪B∪C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9}
⸫ n(A∪B∪C) = 9 ⸫ n(A∪B∪C) = 8
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} ⸫ n(U) = 9 U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
⸫ n(U) = 10
dflysf] tflnsfaf6
lrq g= 1 / lrq g= 2 df n(A∪B∪C) / n(U) larsf] ;DaGw s:tf] 5, lsg <
ul0ft, sIff !) 13
lj|mofsnfk 3
s'g} sIffdf ePsf ljBfyL{df ;j]{If0f ubf{ 40 hgfn] ;'Gtnf, 35 hgfn] cfFk / 50 hgfn] s]/f dg
k/fpg] kfOof] . ;fy} 15 hgfn] ;'Gtnf / cfFk, 20 hgfn] cfFk / s]/f tyf 25 hgfn] ;'Gtnf / s]/f dg
k/fpg], 5 hgfn] tLgcf]6} kmnkm"n dg k/fpg] / 30 hgfn] s'g} klg kmnkm"n dg gk/fpg] klg kfOof] .
o;sf cfwf/df e]glrqsf dfWodaf6 ;j]{If0fdf ;xefuLsf] ;ª\Vof s;/L kQf nufpg] xf]nf <
oxfF O, M / B n] j|mdzM ;'Gtnf, cfFk / s]/f dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;d"xnfO{{ hgfpF5 .
oxfF b]vfOPsf] e]glrqdf ;'?df tLgcf]6} kmnkm"n dg U
O M
k/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof n(O∩M∩B) = 5 / s'g} klg
10
dg gk/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof n(O∪M∪B) = 30 e/f}F . 5 5
To;kl5 b'O{cf]6f dfq dg k/fpg] 7fpFdf e/f}F, 5

;'Gtnf / cfFk dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof n(O∩M) = 15 20 15
5g\ . 5 hgf tLgcf]6}df cfO;s]sfn] ;'Gtnf / cfFk dfq 10
dg k/fpg]sf] ;ª\Vof no(O∩M) = 15 – 5 = 10 hgf 30
/fvf}F . o;}u/L cfFk / s]/f dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof B
n(M∩B) = 20 5g\ . 5 hgf tLgcf]6}df cfO;s]sfn] cfFk
/ s]/f dfq dg k/fpg]sf] ;ª\Vof no(M∩B) = 20 – 5 = 15 hgf tyf ;'Gtnf / s]/f dfq dg
k/fpg]sf] ;ª\Vof no(O∩B) = 25 – 5 = 20 hgf /fvf}F .
o:t} u/L,
40 hgfn] ;'Gtnf dg k/fpF5g\ t/ 5 hgfn] ;'Gtnf, cfFk / s]/f tLgcf]6} kmnkm"n, 10 hgfn]
;'Gtnf / cfFk dfq tyf 20 hgfn] ;'Gtnf / s]/f dfq dg k/fpF5g\ .
t;y{ ;'Gtnf dfq dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof no(O) = 40 – (5 + 10 + 20) = 5 x'G5 .
35 hgfn] cfFk dg k/fpF5g\ t/ 5 hgfn] ;'Gtnf, cfFk / s]/f tLgcf]6} kmnkm"n, 10 hgfn]
;'Gtnf / cfFk dfq tyf 15 hgfn] cfFk / s]/f dfq dg k/fpF5g\ .
t;y{ cfFk dfq dg k/fpg]sf] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof no(M) = 35 – (5 + 10 + 15) = 5 x'G5 .
50 hgfn] s]/f dg k/fpF5g\ t/ 5 hgfn] ;'Gtnf, cfFk / s]/f tLgcf]6} kmnkm"n, 15 hgfn] s]/f
/ cfFk dfq tyf 20 hgfn] ;'Gtnf / s]/f dfq dg k/fpF5g\ .
t;y{ s]/f dfq dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof no(B) = 50 – (5 + 15 + 20) = 10 x'G5 .
ca hDdf ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof n(U) = 5 + 10 + 5 + 5 + 20 + 15 + 10 + 30 = 100
t;y{ hDdf ;xefuLsf] ;ª\Vof 100 /x]5 .
14 ul0ft, sIff !)
olb A, B / C vlK6Psf ;d"x x'g\ eg] ;Fu} lbOPsf] lrqaf6 lgDglnlvt ;DaGw n]Vg ;lsG5 M
no(A∩B)
U
-s_ no(A∩B) = n(A∩B) – n(A∩B∩C) A B
n(A) n(B)
-v_ no(A∩C) = n(A∩C) – n(A∩B∩C) no(A) no(B)
-u_ no(B∩C) = n(B∩C) – n(A∩B∩C) n(A∩B∩C)
no(A∩C) no(B∩C)
no(C)
C
n(A∪B∪C)
-3_ n(A) = no(A) + no(A∩B) + no(A∩C) + n(A∩B∩C) n(C)
-ª_ n(B) = no(B) + no(A∩B) + no(B∩C) + n(A∩B∩C)
-r_ n(C) = no(C) + no(A∩C) + no(B∩C) + n(A∩B∩C)
-5_ n(U) = no(A) + no(B) + no(C) + no(A∩B) + no(B∩C) + no(A∩C) + n(A∩B∩C)
+ n(A∪B∪C)
or, n(U) = n(A∪B∪C) + n(A∪B∪C) hxfF,

n(A∪B∪C) = no(A) + no(B) + no(C) + no(A∩B) + no(B∩C) + no(A∩C) + n(A∩B∩C)
x'G5 .
tLgcf]6f ;d"x ;lDdlnt e]glrqaf6 lgDgfg';f/sf] ;DaGw klg n]Vg ;lsG5 M
olb A, B / C cfk;df vlK6Psf ;d"x (Overlapping sets) x'g\ eg],
n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A∩B) x'G5 .
To;}n],
n(A∪B∪C) = n{(A∪B)∪C}
= n (A∪B) + n(C) – n{(A∪B)∩C}
= n(A) + n(B) – n(A∩B) + n(C) – n{(A∩C) ∪ (B∩C)}
= n(A) + n(B) – n(A∩B) + n(C) – [n(A∩C) + n(B∩C) – n{(A∩C)∩(B∩C)}]
= n(A) + n(B) – n(A∩B)+n(C) – n(A∩ C) – n(B∩C) + n(A∩B∩C)
= n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A∩B) – n(A∩C) – n(B∩C) + n(A∩B∩C)
⸫ n(A∪B∪C ) = n (A) + n(B) + n(C) – n (A∩B) – n(B∩C) – n(A∩C) + n(A∩B∩C)
olb ;d"x cnlUuPsf ;d"x (Disjoint sets) ePdf,
n(A∪B∪C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) x'G5 .
ul0ft, sIff !) 15
pbfx/0f 1
olb n(U) = 120, n(A) = 48, n(B) = 51, n(C) = 40, n(A∩B) = 11, n(B∩C) = 10,
n(A∩C) = 9, / n(A∩B∩C) = 4 eP n(A∪B∪C) / n(A∪B∪C) sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
pSt hfgsf/LnfO{{ e]glrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF lbOPsf],
n(U) = 120, n(A) = 48, n(B) = 51, n(C) = 40, n(A∩B) = 11, n(B∩C) = 10,
n(A∩C) = 9, / n(A∩B∩C) = 4 U
A B
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5
n(A∪B∪C ) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A∩B) 34
32 7
– n(B∩C) – n(A∩C) + n(A∩B∩C)
= 48 + 51 + 40 – 11 – 10 – 9 + 4 4
5 6
= 113
km]l/, 25
C
n(U) = n(A∪B∪C) + n(A∪B∪C)
7
or, 120 = 113 + n(A∪B∪C)
or, n(A∪B∪C) = 120 – 113
⸫ n(A∪B∪C) = 7
k|fKt hfgsf/LnfO{{ bfofF efudf e]glrqdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0f 2
g]kfn dfWoflds ljBfnosf 2071 sf] P;Pn;L= k/LIffdf ;xefuL hDdf 180 hgf ljBfyL{dWo] 86
hgf lj1fgdf, 80 hgf ul0ftdf / 76 hgf g]kfnLdf pQL0f{ eP5g\ . h;dWo] 26 hgf lj1fg /
ul0ftdf, 36 hgf ul0ft / g]kfnLdf / 32 hgf lj1fg / g]kfnLdf pQL0f{ eP5g\\ t/ 20 hgf s'g}
ljifodf klg pQL0f{ ePg5g\ eg],
-s_ lbOPsf] hfgsf/LnfO{{ e]glrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ tLgcf]6} ljifodf pQL0f{ x'g] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF U, M, S, / N n] j|mdzM hDdf ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof, ul0ftdf pQL0f{ ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof, lj1fgdf
pQL0f{ ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof / g]kfnLdf pQL0f{ ljBfyL{ ;ª\VofnfO{{ hgfpF5g\ .
16 ul0ft, sIff !)
oxfF,
hDdf ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof n(U) = 180
lj1fgdf pQL0f{ x'g] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof n(S) = 86
ul0ftdf pQL0f{ x'g] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof n(M) = 80
g]kfnLdf pQL0f{ x'g] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof n(N) = 76
lj1fg / ul0ftdf pQL0f{ x'g] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof n(S∩M) = 26
ul0ft / g]kfnLdf pQL0f{ x'g] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof n(M∩N) = 36
lj1fg / g]kfnLdf pQL0f{ x'g] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof n(S∩N) = 32
;a} ljifodf pQL0f{ gx'g] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof n(M∪N∪S) = 20
-s_ xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5,
n(U) = n(S) + n(M) + n(N) – n(S∩M) – n(M∩N) – n(S∩N) + n(S∩M∩N) +
n(S∪M∪N)
or, 180 = 86 + 80 + 76 – 26 – 36 – 32 + 20 + n(S∩M∩N)
or, 180 = 168 + n(A∩B∩C)
or, n(S∩M∩N) =180 – 168
or, n(S∩M∩N)= 12
t;y{ tLgcf]6} ljifodf pQL0f{ x'g] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof hDdf 12 /x]5 .
-v_ e]glrqdf b]vfpFbf,
U
S M
40 14 30
12
20 24
20 20
N
ul0ft, sIff !) 17
j}slNks tl/sf
;a} ljifodf pQL0f{ x'g] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof n(M∩N∩S) = x dfgf}F
k|fKt hfgsf/LnfO{{ e]glrqdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .
e]glrqaf6,
{86 – (26 –x) – x – (32 – x)} + (26 – x) + (32 – x) U
S M
+ x + (36 – x) + {80 – (26 – x) – x – (36 – x)} + 80
x – ( – (2
{76 – (36 – x) – x – (32 – x)} + 20 = 180 )– 36 6
x)
–x –x – x
26
(26–
– ( ) ) )–
or, (28 + x) + 94 – 2x + (18 + x) + (8 + x) + 20 86 32 –x x
– ( x
= 180
(32 – x) (36 – x)
or, 168 + x = 180
76 – (26 – x) – x 20
or, x = 180 – 168 – (32 –x)
⸫ x = 12 N
t;y{ tLgcf]6} ljifodf pQL0f{ x'g] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof hDdf 12 /x]5 .
pbfx/0f 3
ljBfnon] s'g} Ps k|lt:kwf{df ljleGg ljwfdf ljBfyL{nfO{{ d]8n ljt/0f u/]sf] lyof], h;cg';f/ 36
hgfn] g[Todf, 12 hgfn] gf6sdf / 18 hgfn] ;ª\uLtdf d]8n kfP . olb tL d]8n 45 hgfn] dfq
kfPsf lyP / 4 hgfn] tLgcf]6} ljwfdf d]8n kfPsf lyP eg] b'O{cf]6f ljwfdf dfq} d]8n kfpg] slt
hgf lyP kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF A, B / C n] g[Todf, gf6sdf / ;ª\uLtdf d]8n kfpg] ljBfyL{ ;ª\VofnfO{{ hgfpF5 .
g[Todf d]8n kfpg], n(A) = 36
gf6sdf d]8n kfpg], n(B) = 12
;ª\uLtdf d]8n kfpg], n(C) = 18
sDtLdf Pp6f ljwfdf d]8n kfpg], n(A∪B∪C) = 45
tLgcf]6} ljwfdf d]8n kfpg], n(A∩B∩C) = 4
b'O{cf]6f ljwfdf dfq d]8n kfpg] hDdf ljBfyL{]sf] ;d"x
no(A∩B) + no(B∩C) + no(A∩C) = ?
18 ul0ft, sIff !)
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5,
n(A∪B∪C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A∩B) – n(B∩C) – n(A∩C) + n(A∩B∩C)
or, 45 = 36 + 12 + 18 – n(A∩B) – n(B∩C) – n(A∩C) + 4
or, 45 = 70 – n(A∩B) – n(B∩C) – n(A∩C)
or, n(A∩B) + n(B∩C) + n(A∩C) = 70 – 45
⸫ n(A∩B) + n(B∩C) + n(A∩C) = 25
ca,
no(A∩B) + no(B∩C) + no(A∩C)
= n(A∩B) – n(A∩B∩C) + n(B∩C) – n(A∩B∩C) + n(A∩C) – n(A∩B∩C)
= n(A∩B) + n(B∩C) + n(A∩C) – 4 – 4 – 4
= 25 – 12
= 13
j}slNks tl/sf
dfgf}F, n0(A∩B) = a, n0(B∩C) = b, n0(A∩C) = C
xfdLnfO{{ rflxPsf] M a + b + c =?
k|fKt hfgsf/LnfO{{ bfofF efudf e]glrqdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
e]glrqaf6, U
A B
{36 – (4 + a + c)} + a + 4 + b + c + {12 – (4 + a
+ b)} + {18 – (4 + b + c))} = 45
36 –(4+a+c) a
12 –(4+a+b)
or, (32 – a – c) + 4 + a + b + c + (8 – a – b)
4
+ (14 – b – c) = 45
c b
or, 58 – a – b – c = 45
20
or, a + b + c = 58 – 45 18 –(4+b+c)
⸫ a + b + c = 13
t;y{ b'O{cf]6f ljwfdf dfq d]8n kfpg] hDdf ljBfyL{ C
;ª\Vof 13 /x]5 .
ul0ft, sIff !) 19
cEof; 1.2
1. lbOPsf] e]glrqdf P, Q / R sf ;b:onfO{{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . o;sf cfwf/df tnsf ;d"xsf] dfg
kQf nufpg'xf];\ . U
P Q
-s_ n(P) -v_ n(Q) 3 5
1
-u_ n(P∪Q∪R -3_ no(P) 18 9 13
-ª_ no(R) -r_ n(P∩R) 2 15

6
-5_ n(P∪Q∪R) -h_ no(P∩Q) 4 12
-em_ n(P∩Q∩R) 11 17
2. olb U = {30 eGbf ;fgf wgfTds k"0ff{ª\sx¿}
16
P = {2 sf 30 eGbf ;fgf ckjTo{x¿} 10
R
Q = {3 sf 30 eGbf ;fgf ckjTo{x¿}
R = {5 sf 30 eGbf ;fgf ckjTo{x¿} ePdf
P, Q, R sf] ;DaGwnfO{{ e]glrqdf k|:tt' u/L tnsf ;DaGwx¿ k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ n(P∪Q) = n(P) + n(Q) – n(P∩Q)
-v_ n(P∪Q∪R) = n(P) + n(Q) + n(R) – n(P∩Q) – n(Q∩R) – n(R∩P) +
n(P∩Q∩R)
-u_ n(P∪Q∪R) = n(P – Q) + n(Q – R) + n(R – P) + n(P∩Q∩R)
3. -s_ olb n(U) = 100, n(M) = 45, n(E) = 50, n(S) = 35, n(M∩E) = 20,
n(E∩S) = 20, n(S∩M) = 15 / n(M∩E∩S) = 5 eP n(M∪E∪S) sf] dfg kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ olb n(U) = 105, n(A) = 40, n(B) = 35, n(C) = 30, n(A∩B) = 15,
n(B∩C) = 12, n(A∩B∩C) = 6 / n(A∪B∪C) = 30 eP n(A∩C) sf] dfg kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ olb n(U) = 120, n(M) = 50, n(E) = 40, n(S) = 45, n(M∩E) = 15,
n(E∩S) = 15, n(S∩M) = 15 / n(M∪E∪S) = 15 eP n(M∩E∩S) sf] dfg
kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ olb n(A∪B∪C) = 105, no(A) = 25, no(B) = 25, no(C) = 15, no(A∩B) = 15,
no(A∩C) = 10 / n(A∩B∩C) = 10 eP no(B∩C) sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
4. -s_ s'g} k/LIffdf ;xefuL hDdf 90 hgf ljBfyL{dWo] 43 hgf lj1fgdf, 40 hgf ul0ftdf /
38 hgf g]kfnLdf pQL0f{ eP5g\ . h;dWo] 13 hgf lj1fg / ul0ftdf, 18 hgf ul0ft /
g]kfnLdf / 16 hgf lj1fg / g]kfnLdf pQL0f{ eP5g\ / 6 hgf tLgcf]6} ljifodf pQL0f{
eP5g\\ . To;sf cfwf/df tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
20 ul0ft, sIff !)
-cf_ s'g} klg ljifodf pQL0f{ gx'g] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ Pp6f ;d"xdf ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fcg';f/ lrof dg k/fpg] 60 hgf, skmL dg k/fpg] 45 hgf,
b'w dg k/fpg] 30 hgf, skmL / lrof b'j} dg k/fpg] 25 hgf, b'w / lrof b'j} dg k/fpg]
20 hgf, skmL / b'w b'j} dg k/fpg] 15 hgf / tLgcf]6} dg k/fpg] dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof 10 5 .
To;sf cfwf/df ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-cf_ slt hgf dflg;df ;j]{If0f ul/Psf] /x]5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ 60 hgf ljBfyL{df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fdf 23 hgfn] elnan, 15 hgfn] af:s]6an / 20 hgfn]
lj|ms]6 v]Ng] /x]5g\ . 7 hgfn] elnan / af:s]6an, 5 hgfn] af:s]6an / lj|ms]6, 4 hgfn]
elnan / lj|ms]6 v]Ng] /x]5g\ t/ 15 hgfn] oLdWo] s'g} klg v]n v]Ng] /x]g5g\ . To;sf
-cf_ slt hgf ljBfyL{n] tLgcf]6} v]n v]Ng] /x]5g\, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ slt hgfn] lj|ms]6 / elnan dfq v]Ng] /x]5g\ <
5. s'g} k/LIffdf ;xefuL hDdf ljBfyL{dWo] 40% lj1fgdf, 45% ul0ftdf / 50% g]kfnLdf
pQL0f{ eP5g\ . To;} u/L 10% lj1fg / ul0ftdf, 20% ul0ft / g]kfnLdf / 15% lj1fg
/ g]kfnLdf pQL0f{ eP5g\ . olb 5% tLgj6} ljifodf km]n eP5g\\ . To;sf cfwf/df tn
;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ tLgj6} ljifodf pQL0f{ x'g] ljBfyL{sf] k|ltzt kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ Pp6f dfq ljifodf pQL0f{ x'g] ljBfyL{sf] k|ltzt kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ b'O{cf]6f dfq ljifodf pQL0f{ x'g] ljBfyL{sf] k|ltzt kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ sDtLdf Pp6f ljifodf pQL0f{ x'g] ljBfyL{sf] k|ltzt kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-ª_ dflysf] tYonfO{{ e]glrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
6. tkfO{F o'jfd~r, dw'ks{ / d'gfdWo] s'g klqsf k9\g'x'G5 egL Pp6f ;d'bfosf s]xL dflg;df
ul/Psf] ;j]{If0faf6 lgDgfg';f/sf] hfgsf/L kfOof] M
30 hgfn] o'jfd~r, 25 hgfn] dw'ks{, 15 hgfn] o'jfd~r / d'gf b'j} k9\5g\, 12 hgfn]
o'jfd~r / dw'ks{ b'j} k9\5g\, 9 hgfn] dw'ks{ dfq k9\5g\, 11 hgfn] d'gf dfq k9\5g\,
5 hgfn] o'jfd~r / dw'ks{ dfq k9\5g\ t/ 10 hgfn] s'g} klg klqsf k9\b}gg\ . o;sf
-v_ ;j]{If0fdf ;xefuL hDdf dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 21
-u_ b'O{ k|sf/sf dfq klqsf k9\g] dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ d'gf klqsf k9\g] dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
7. 90 hgf dflg;nfO{{ pgLx¿n] s'g efiffsf] rnlrq dg k/fpF5g\ eGg] ljifodf ;j]{If0f ubf{ 48
hgfn] g]kfnL, 40 hgfn] cª\u|]hL, 31 hgfn] lxGbL, 24 hgfn] g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL, 19 hgfn]
lxGbL / cª\u|]hL, 6 hgfn] ;a} -tLg}_ efiffsf] / 21 hgfn] rnlrq g} x]g{ dg gk/fpg] kfOP5
eg],
-s_ lxGbL rnlrq slt hgfn] dg gk/fpFbf /x]5g\ <
-v_ g]kfnL / lxGbL b'j} rnlrq dg gk/fpg] slt hgf /x]5g\ <
kl/of]hgf sfo{
ljBfnon] cfof]hgf ug{ nfu]sf] z}lIfs e|d0fsf af/]df pko'St e|d0f :yfgsf] 5gf]6
;DaGwdf lgSof]{n ug'{kg]{ lhDd]jf/L tkfOF{sf] sIffaf6 x'g] s'/f ljBfno k|zf;gaf6
hfgsf/L eof] . To;sf nflu cfkm\gf] sIffsf ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{ ;xefuL x'g] u/L kfFr kfFr hgf
ljBfyL{sf]] ;d"x lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ . ;a} ;d"xn] cfk\mgf ljBfnosf km/s km/s sIffdf uO{
k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{{ tn lbOPsf k|Zg ;f]wL pQ/ ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ M
tkfO{FnfO{{ z}lIfs e|d0fdf hfgsf nflu s'g 7fpF dg k5{ <
-s_ kf]v/f -v_ n'lDagL -u_ sf7df8f}F -3_ kf]v/f / n'lDagL -ª_ n'lDagL / sf7df8f}F
-r_ kf]v/f / sf7df8f}F -5_ kf]v/f, n'lDagL / sf7df8f}F -h_ oLafx]s cGo 7fpF
;a} ljBfyL{sf] pQ/ ;ª\sng u/]/ k|fKt tYonfO{{ e]glrqdf k|:t't u/L Pp6f dfq 7fpF
e|d0f ug{ dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ / ;d"xsf sfo{nfO{{ kfn}kfnf] sIffdf
k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
pQ/
1. -s_ 7 -v_ 6 -u_ 14 -3_ 4 -ª_ 3
-r_ 2 -5_ 4 -h_ 1 -em_ 1
3. -s_ 20 -v_ 9 -u_ 15 -3_ 5
4. -s_ -cf_ 10 -v_ -cf_ 85 -u_ -cf_ 3 -O_ 1
5. -s_ 5% -v_ 60% -u_ 30%, -3_ 95%
6. -v_ 64 -u_ 17 -3_ 30
7. -s_ 59 -v_ 13
22 ul0ft, sIff !)
ldl>t cEof;
1. bfofF efudf b]vfOPsf] e]glrqdf b'O{cf]6f U
vlK6Psf ;d"x A / B 5g\, hxfF no(A) B

A
= 16 + x, no(B) = 5x, n(A∩B) = y /
n(A∪B ) = x 5 . To;sf cfwf/df tnsf k|Zgsf]
hjfkm lbg'xf];\ .
-s_ dfflysf] hfgsf/LnfO{{ e]glrq agfO{
eg'{xf];\ .
-v_ olb n(A) = n(B) eP n(A∪B ) sf] dfg slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ olb n(U) = 50 eP n(A∩B) / n(A∪B ) sf] cg'kft slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
2. ;j{Jofks ;d"x U sf pk;d"x A / B b'O{cf]6f ;d"x 5g\, hxfF n(U) = 100, n(A – B) =
32 + x, n(B – A) = 5x, n(A∩B) = x / n(A∪B) = y 5 .
-s_ Dfflysf] hfgsf/LnfO{{ e]glrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ olb n(A) = n(B) eP n(A∩B) sf] dfg slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ n(A∪B) sf] dfg slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ n(A∩B) / n(A∪B) df n(A∩B) eGbf (AUB) slt k|ltztn] 36L jf a9L
5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
3. Pp6f ;d'bfodf /x]sf 93 hgf dlxnfsf] ;d"xdf ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fcg';f/ s[lifdf ;xefuL
dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof 80 / l;nfO a'gfO ug]{ dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof 71 5 eg] oL b'j} sfo{afx]s cGo
sfo{df ;xefuL dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof 10 5 .
-s_ ;d"xsf] u0fgfTdstf kQf nufO{ e]glrqdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
-v_ s[lif / l;nfO a'gfO b'j}df ;xefuL dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof slt 5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ s[lif sfo{df dfq ;xefuL dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof l;nfO a'gfO sfo{dfq ug]{ dlxnfsf]
;ª\VofeGbf slt u'0ff a9L 5 < u0fgf u/L n]Vg'xf];\ .
4. Pp6f ;d'bfodf /x]sf 1000 hgf s[ifssf] ;d"xdf ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fcg';f/ cfn' v]tL ug]{
s[ifssf] ;ª\Vof 800 hgf, uf]ne]F8f v]tL ug]{ s[ifssf] ;ª\Vof 500 hgf /x]5g\ . t/ 50 hgf
s[ifsn] cfn' jf uf]ne]F8fafx]s c¿ g} v]tL ubf{ /x]5g\ .
-s_ ;d"xsf] u0fgfTds kQf nufO{ e]glrqdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
-v_ b'j} v]tL ug]{ s[ifssf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ cfn' v]tL dfq ug]{ / uf]ne]F8f v]tL dfq ug]{ dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof cg'kftdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 23
5. Pp6f ;d'bfosf 400 dflg;df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fcg';f/ df]6/;fOsnsf] dfq nfO;]G; x'g] /
sf/sf] dfq nfO;]G; x'g]sf] cg'kft 5:3 kfOof] . h;dWo] hDdf dflg;sf] Ps rf}yfO;Fu b'j}sf]
nfO;]G; ePsf] t/ 60 hgf;Fu s'g}sf] klg nfO;]G; gePsf] kfOof] M
-v_ dflysf] hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df df]6/;fOsn / sf/sf] nfO;]G; x'g] slt slt hgf
/x]5g\ <
-u_ df]6/;fOsnsf] nfO;]G; x'g] dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
6. s'g} Ps ljBfnodf ePsf ljBfyL{df km'6an, elnan / lj|ms]6 v]ndf s'g v]n dg k5{ egL
;f]w]sf] k|Zgdf k|fKt hfgsf/L o;k|sf/ 5 M
– 100 hgf km'6an, 80 hgf elnan / 120 hgf lj|ms]6 dg k/fpF5g\ .
– km'6an / elnan 30 hgf, elnan / lj|ms]6 20 hgf tyf km'6an / lj|ms]6 35
hgf dg k/fpF5g\ .
– km'6an, elnan / lj|ms]6 tLgcf]6} 10 hgf dg k/fpF5g t/ 5 hgf tLgcf]6}
v]n dg k/fpFb}gg\ .
-s_ lbOPsf] hfgsf/LnfO{{ ;d"xsf] u0fgfTdstfsf ¿kdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\
-v_ lbOPsf] hfgsf/LnfO{{ e]glrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ To; ljBfnodf ePsf hDdf ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ km'6an dfq dgk/fpg] ljBfyL{ slt k|ltzt /x]5g\ .
7. Pp6f ;d'bfodf /x]sf ljljw efiffefifL af]Ng] 45 hgf dflg;df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0faf6
lgDgfg';f/sf] hfgsf/L kfOof] M
25 hgfn] g]kfn efiff af]N5g\\, 23 hgfn] tfdfª efiff af]N5g\\, 15 hgfn] d}lynL efiff
af]N5g\ . 12 hgfn] g]kfn efiff / tfdfª efiff af]N5g\, 5 hgfn] g]kfn efiff / d}lynL efiff
af]N5g\, 10 hgfn] tfdfª / d}lynL efiff af]N5g\ . 4 hgf tLgcf]6} efiff af]N5g\ .
o;sf cfwf/df tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ dflysf] tYonfO{{ e]g lrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ slt hgf dflg; g]kfn efiff, tfdfª / d}lynLafx]s cGo efiff af]Nbf
/x]5g\, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ Pp6f dfq efiff af]Ng] dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof slt /x]5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ g]kfn efiff / tfdfª efiff af]Ng] t/ d}lynL efiff gaf]Ng] dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof slt
/x]5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
24 ul0ft, sIff !)
pQ/
1. -v_ 4 -u_ 3:2
2. -v_ 8 -u_ 12 -3_ 50% a9L
3. -v_ 68 -u_ 4
4. -v_ 350 -u_ 3:1
5. -s_ 250 / 190 hgf -u_ 150 hgf
6. -u_ 240 hgf -3_ 22.92%
7. -v_ 5 -u_ 21 -3_ 8
ul0ft, sIff !) 25
kf7
2 rj|mLo Aofh (Compound Interest)

tnsf k|Zgdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ / k|fKt lgisif{nfO{{ sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ M
Ps JolStn] Joj;fo ug{ ?= 10,00,000 jfl0fHo a}ª\saf6 C0f lnP .
-s_ jflif{s 8% jflif{s Aofh b/n] 2 jif{kl5 pgn] a}ª\snfO{{ slt ?lkofF Aofh
ltg'{k5{ <
-v_ pSt JolStn] 2 jif{kl5 hDdf slt /sd a}ª\snfO{{ ltg'{k5{ < pSt /sdnfO{{
s] elgG5 <
-u_ 5 jif{sf nflu C0f lnPsf] eP oxL Aofh b/df slt /sd Aofh jfkt ltg'{k5{ <
5nkmnaf6 k|fKt lgisif{nfO{{ oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
Psd'i6 ¿kdf jflif{s 8% Aofh b/df 2 jif{sf] cGTodf a}ª\snfO{{ lt/]sf] /sdnfO{{ ;fwf/0f
Aofh elgG5 . a}ª\sdf C0f lnPsf] /sd / Aofh ykL lbOPsf] /sdnfO{{ ld>wg elgG5 .
;fwf/0f Aofh kQf nufpg lgDgfg';f/ ;"q k|of]u ul/G5 M
PTR
;fwf/0f Aofh (SI) = 100
2.1. rj|mLo Aofhsf] kl/ro (Introduction of Compound Interest)

2.1.1 jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh (Compound Interest compounded Annually)
lj|mofsnfk 1
Ps lzIfsn] sdl;{on a}ª\saf6 jflif{s 12% Aofh b/df 2 jif{sf nflu jflif{s ¿kdf
Aofh a'emfpg] u/L ?= 5,00,000 C0f lnP . pgn] klxnf] jif{sf] cGTodf ltg'{kg]{ Aofh ltg{
;s]gg\ kmn:j¿k klxnf] jif{sf] Aofhsf] ;d]t bf];|f] jif{df Aofh ltg'{kg]{ eof] . o; cj:yfdf tn
;f]lwPsf k|Zgdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ / k|fKt lgisif{nfO{{ sIffdf k|:t't ug'xf];\ M
-s_ klxnf] jif{df ltg'[{kg]{ Aofh /sd slt x'g cfpF5 <
-v_ bf];|f] jif{sf nflu C0fsf] d"nwg slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ bf];|f] jif{sf] Aofh /sd slt ltg'{kg]{ eof] <
5nkmnaf6 k|fKt lgisif{nfO{{ oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
lzIfsn] klxnf] jif{df ltg'[{kg]{ Aofh (I1) = 100 = 5,00,000100× 1 × 12
PTR
= ?= 60,000 eof] .
26 ul0ft, sIff !)
klxnf] jif{sf] cGTodf ltg'{kg]{ Aofh ltg{ g;s]kl5,
bf];|f] jif{sf nflu d"nwg (P1) = P + I1 = ?= 5,00,000 + ?= 6,0000 = ?= 5,60,000 x'G5 .
= 5,60,000100× 1 × 12 = ?= 67,200 eof] .
P 1T R
t;y{ bf];|f] jif{sf Aofh (I2) = 100
To;sf/0f lzIfsn] ltg'{kg]{ hDdf Aofh = ?= 60,000 + ?= 67,200 = ?= 1,27,200
klxnf] jif{ / bf];|f] jif{sf Aofhdf lsg km/s b]lvof] <
s'g} d"nwgsf] k|To]s jif{ jf lglZrt ;do cjlw -jflif{s, cw{jflif{s jf q}dfl;s_ kZrft\
Aofh u0fgf u/L AofhnfO{ d"nwgdf hf]8]/ k'gM Aofh u0fgf ul/G5 eg] o;/L k|fKt AofhnfO{{
rj|mLo Aofh (compound interest) elgG5 . rj|mLo Aofh / d"nwgsf] of]ukmnnfO{{ rj|mLo
ld>wg (compound amount) elgG5 .
lj|mofsnfk 2
Pp6f a}ª\saf6 ljzfnn] ;fwf/0f Aofh / ab|Ln] rj|mLo Aofh ltg]{ ;t{df 3 jif{sf nflu
k|ltjif{ 10% Aofhsf b/n] ?= 30,000 C0f lnP5g\ . o;sf cfwf/df tn lbOPsf k|Zgdf
5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ ljzfnn] hDdf slt Aofh ltg'{k5{ <
-v_ ab|Ln] hDdf slt Aofh ltg'{k5{ <
-u_ s;n] a9L Aofh ltg'{k5{ <
ljzfnn] ltg'{kg]{ -;fwf/0f Aofh_ ab|Ln] ltg'{kg]{ -rj|mLo Aofh_
klxnf] jif{sf nflu klxnf] jif{sf nflu
d"nwg (P1) = ?= 30,000 d"nwg (P1) = ?= 30,000
Aofh b/ (R) = 10% ;do (T1) = 1 jif{ Aofh b/ (R) = 10% ;do (T1) = 1 jif{
Aofh (I1) = 30,000100
× 10 × 1
= ?= 3,000 Aofh (I1) =
30,000 × 10 × 1
100
= ?= 3,000
bf];|f] jif{sf nflu bf];|f] jif{sf nflu
d"nwg (P2) = 30,000, Aofh b/ (R) = 10% d"nwg (P2) = ?= 30,000 + 3,000 = 33,000
;do (T2) = 1 jif{ Aofh b/ (R) = 10%, ;do (T2) = 1 jif{
Aofh (I2) = 30,000100
× 10 × 1
= ?= 3,000 Aofh (I2) =
33,000 × 10 × 1
100
= ?= 33,00
ul0ft, sIff !) 27
t];|f] jif{sf nflu t];|f] jif{sf nflu
d"nwg (P1) = ?= 30,000 d"nwg (P3) = ?= 33,000 + 3,300 = 36,300
Aofh b/ (R) = 10% Aofh b/ (R) = 10%, ;do (T3) = 1 jif{
;do (T3) = 1 jif{
30,000 × 10 × 1
Aofh (I3) = 36,300100
× 10 × 1
= ?= 3,330
Aofh (I3) = 100
= ?= 3,000
hDdf Aofh (I) = I1 + I2 + I3
hDdf Aofh (I) = I1 + I2 + I3 = 3000 + 3300 + 3630
= 3000 + 3000 + 3000
= ?= 9,000 = ?= 9,930
P Û Pp6} Aofh b/df klg

;fwf/0f AofheGbf rj|mLo Aofhdf a9L Aofh
cfpg] /x]5 . rj|mLo Aofhdf k|To]s jif{ d"nwg sfod ubf{
cluNnf] jif{sf] d"nwgdf Aofh hf]l8F bf]/x]5 . o;df
t Aofhsf] klg Aofh nfUbf] /x]5 .
;fwf/0f Aofh u0fgf ubf{ k|To]s jif{sf nflu d"nwg /sd Pp6} x'G5 . t/ rj|mLo Aofh
u0fgf ubf{ k|To]s jif{ d"nwg /sd kl/jt{g -bf];|f] jif{sf d"nwg /sd klxnf] jif{sf] ld>wg,
To:t} t];|f] jif{sf ;fjfF /sd eg]sf] bf];|f] jif{sf ld>wg cflb_ x'G5 . Pp6} ;fjfFsf] a/fa/
Aofh b/ / ;dodf ;fwf/0f AofhdfeGbf rj|mLo Aofhdf w]/} Aofh cfpg] /x]5 .
lj|mofsnfk 3
jflif{s R% Aofh b/df, T jif{sf nflu s'g} a}ª\sdf hDdf u/]sf] d"nwg (P) 5 eg] tnsf
k|Zgdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ Ps jif{sf] cGTodf x'g] Aofh slt x'G5 <
-v_ b'O{ jif{sf] cGTodf x'g] Aofh slt x'G5 <
-u_ To;} u/L tLg jif{sf] cGTodf x'g] Aofh slt x'G5 <
-3_ cGTodf T jif{df x'g] Aofh slt x'G5 <
P ×T × R P ×1 × R PR
Ps jif{sf] cGTodf x'g] Aofh (I1) = 100 = 100 = 100
PR R
Ps jif{sf] cGTodf x'g] ld>wg (A1) = P1 + I1= P + 100 = P 1 + 100
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5,
Ps jif{sf] cGTodf x'g] ld>wg = bf];|f] jif{sf] d"nwg x'G5 .
28 ul0ft, sIff !)
R
To;}n] bf];|f] jif{sf] d"nwg (P2) = P 1 + 100
R
P 1 + 100 × T × R
bf];|f] jif{sf] Aofh (I2) =
100
R
P 1 + 100 × 1 × R R R
= = P 1 + 100 × 100
100
R R R
bf];|f] jif{sf cGTodf x'g] ld>wg (A2) = P 1 + 100 + P 1 + 100 × 100
R R
= P 1 + 100 1 + 100
2
R
= P 1 + 100
To;} u/L bf];|f] jif{sf] cGTodf x'g] ld>wg = t];|f] jif{sf nflu d"nwg
2
R
To;}n] t];|f] jif{sf] nflu d"nwg (P3) = P 1 + 100
R 2
P 1 + 100 × 1 × R
t];|f] jif{sf] Aofh (I3) = P3×T×R =
100 100
2
R R
= P 1 + 100 × 100
t];|f] jif{sf] cGTodf x'g] ld>wg (A3) = P3 + I3
2 2
R R R
= P 1 + 100 + 1 + 100 × 100
2 3
R R R
= P 1 + 100 1 + 100 = P 1 + 100
dflysf] u0fgfaf6 T jif{sf] cGtdf x'g] rj|mLo ld>wg (CA) slt x'G5 <
T
R
ctM T jif{sf] cGTodf x'g] rj|mLo ld>wg (CA) = P 1 + 100 x'G5 .
To;} u/L rj|mLo Aofh (CI) = ld>wg (CA) – d"nwg (P)
T
R
CI = P 1 + 100 – P
T
R
CI = P 1 + 100 – 1 x'G5 .
ul0ft, sIff !) 29
lj|mofsnfk 4
tnsf cj:yfdf rj|mLo Aofh / ld>wg s;/L u0fgf ug]{ xf]nf <
-c_ k|To]s jif{ Aofh b/ km/s km/s ePdf
-cf_ ;do T jif{ / M dlxgf ePdf
-O_ cw{jflif{s ¿kdf Aofh u0fgf ug'{kg]{ ePdf
-O{_ q}dfl;s ¿kdf Aofh u0fgf ug'{kg]{ ePdf
-c_ k|To]s jif{ Aofh b/ km/s km/s ePdf
3 jif{df Aofhsf] b/ klxnf] jif{sf] R1%, bf];|f] jif{sf R2%, t];|f] jif{sf R3% ePdf rj|mLo Aofh
/ rj|mLo ld>wg s;/L kQf nufpg ;lsG5 <
R1 R R
rj|mLo ld>wg (CA) = P 1 + 100 1 + 1002 1 + 1003 /
R R R
rj|mLo Aofh (CI) = P 1 + 100 1 + 1002 1 + 1003 – 1
-cf_ ;do 'T' jif{ / 'M' dlxgfdf lbOPsf] 5 eg] rj|mLo Aofh / rj|mLo ld>wg s;/L kQf
nufpg ;lsG5 <
R T MR
rj|mLo ld>wg (CA) = P 1 + 100 1 + 1200
R
T MR
rj|mLo Aofh (CI) = P 1 + 100 1 + 1200 –1
-O_ cw{jflif{s ¿kdf Aofh u0fgf ubf{

R
AofhnfO{{ cw{jflif{s ¿kdf u0fgf ubf{, Aofh b/ R% k|ltjif{nfO{{ 2 % k|lt cw{jflif{s,
;do (T) nfO{{ 2 × T = 2T ul/G5 .
2T 2T
R R
ca rj|mLo ld>wg (CA) = P 1 + 2 × 100
= P 1 + 200 x'G5 .
2T 2T
R R
rj|mLo Aofh CI = P 1 + 2 × 100
–P=P 1 + 200 –1 x'G5 .
s'g} ljQLo ;+:yfn] cfk\mgf] art vftfdf hDdf x'g cfPsf] /sddf jflif{s R% sf b/n]
Aofh lbG5 / k|To]s jif{sf] 2 k6s >fj0f 1 ut] / df3 1 ut] vftfdf Aofh yKg] sfd u5{ .
o;/L klxnf] 6 dlxgfdf ;fjfFsf] Aofh / csf]{ 6 dlxgfsf nflu ;fjfFdf / km]l/ Aofh
hf]8]kl5sf] /sdnfO{{ ;fjfF dfg]/ Aofhsf] u0fgf ul/G5 . o:tf] AofhnfO{{ cw{jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh
30 ul0ft, sIff !)
elgG5 .
jflif{s / cw{jflif{s rj|mLo Aofhdf s] slt leGgtf 5, 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
-O{_ q}dfl;s -3 dlxgfdf_ Aofh u0fgf ubf{
s'g} a}ª\sdf hDdf u/]sf] d"nwg / Aofh q}dfl;s u0fgf ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 eg] Aofh b/ R%
R
nfO{{ 4 % k|lt Ps rf}yfO jif{ / ;do T nfO{{ 4T Ps rf}yfO jif{ n]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf,
4T 4T
R R
rj|mLo ld>wg (CA) = P 1 + 4 × 100
= P 1 + 400
4T 4T
R R
rj|mLo Aofh (CI) = P 1 + 4 × 100
–P=P 1+ 400
–1 x'G5 .
jfli{fs / cw{jflif{s ¿kdf Aofh u0fgf u/] h;/L g} q}dfl;s klg u0fgf ul/G5 .
lj|mofsnfk 5
tkfO{Fsf] sfsfn] cfkm";Fu ePsf] ?= 1,00,000 sf] 15% k|ltjif{ Aofh b/df 1 jif{sf nflu
rj|mLo Aofhdf nufgL ug]{ ;f]r agfpg' eP5 . jflif{s Aofh, cw{jflif{s Aofh jf q}dfl;s
AofhdWo] s'g ljsNkaf6 nufgL ubf{ kmfObf xf]nf egL ;f]lr/xg'ePsf] 5 . pxfFnfO{{ s'g
ljsNkcg';f/ nufgL ug{ ;'emfj lbg'x'G5, lsg < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
ljsNk
-s_ jflif{s Aofh -v_ cw{jflif{s Aofh -u_ q}dfl;s Aofh

kfpg] u/L kfpg] u/L kfpg] u/L
oxfF d"nwg (P) = ?= 100,000 Aofh b/ (R) = 15% ;do (T) = 1 jif{
-s_ klxnf] ljsNkcg';f/,
1
15
rj|mLo Aofh (CI) = 100000 1 + 100 –1
115
= 100000 100
–1 = ?= 15,000
-v_ bf];|f] ljsNkcg';f/,

15 ×
2 1
rj|mLo Aofh (CI) = 100000 1 + 200 –1 = ?= 15,562.50
-u_ t];|f] ljsNkcg';f/,
15 ×
4 1
rj|mLo Aofh (CI) = 100000 1 + 400 –1 = ?= 15,865.04
ul0ft, sIff !) 31
oL tLg ljsNkdWo] t];|f] ljsNkcg';f/ nufgL ug{ ;'emfj lbG5' lsgls of] ljsNkaf6 1
jif{kl5 kfpg] Aofh c¿ b'O{ ljsNkaf6 kfpg] AofheGbf w]/} 5 . h;cg';f/ klxnf] ljsNkeGbf
?= 865.04 / bf];|f] ljsNkeGbf ?= 562.50 n] rj|mLo Aofh a9L k|fKt x'G5 .
Pp6} d"nwgsf] pxL Aofh b/ / pxL ;dodf u0fgf ubf{ Ps rf}yfO jfli{fs rj|mLo Aofh >
cw{jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh > jfli{fs rj|mLo Aofh x'G5 .
pbfx/0f 1
?= 2,000 sf] jflif{s 12% Aofh b/df 2 jif{kl5 rj|mLo Aofh / rj|mLo ld>wg slt x'G5 < rj|mLo
Aofh kQf nufpg'xf];\ . -;"q k|of]u gu/L_
;dfwfg
oxfF,
d"nwg (P1) = ?= 2,000
Aofh b/ (R) = 12% k|ltjif{
;do (T) = 2 jif{
2000 × 1 × 12
klxnf] jif{sf] cGTodf Aofh (I1) = P1100
TR
= 100
= ?= 240
bf];|f] jif{sf d"nwg (P2) = klxnf] jif{sf] cGTosf] ld>wg = P1 + I1 = ?= (2000 + 240)
= ?= 2,240
km]l/ bf];|f] jif{sf Aofh (I2) = 2240 100
× 1 × 12
= ?= 268.8
ctM b'O{ jif{kl5sf] rj|mLo Aofh (CI) = I1 + I2 = 240 + 268.8= ?= 508.8
rj|mLo ld>wg (CA) = P1 + CI = 2000 + 508.8 = ?= 2,508.8
pbfx/0f 2
jflif{s rj|mLo Aofhcg';f/ 12% k|lt jif{ Aofh b/n] 3 jif{sf nflu ?= 25,000 ;fk6L lnP/ l7s 3
jif{kl5 a'emfpFbf x'g cfpg] rj|mLo Aofh / rj|mLo ld>wg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF d"nwg (P) = ?= 25,000
;do (T) = 3 jif{
32 ul0ft, sIff !)
rj|mLo Aofh / ld>wg = ?
T
R
;"qfg';f/ rj|mLo Aofh (CI) = 1 + 100 –1
3
12
= 25,000 1 + 100 –1
3
112
= 25,000 100
–1
= 25,000 [1.404928 – 1]
= 25,000 × 0.404928
= 10123.20
km]l/ rj|mLo ld>wg (CA) = d"nwg (P) + rj|mLo Aofh (CI)
= ?= 25000 + ?= 10123.20 = ?= 35,123.20
pbfx/0f 3
Ps hgf dflg;n] cfk\mgf] ;fyLaf6 jflif{s 12.5% ;fwf/0f Aofh b/n] ?= 32,000 C0f lnP5 .
p;n] ;f]xL Aofh b/n] rj|mLo Aofh kfpg] u/L C0fdf lnPsf] ;Dk"0f{ /sd Ps hgf k;n]nfO{{ ;fk6L
lbP5 . 3 jif{kl5 p;n] slt /sd a9L kfpF5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF,
d"nwg (P) = ?= 32,000
Aofh b/ (R) = 12.5% k|ltjif{
;do (T) = 3 jif{
;fwf/0f Aofh (SI) = ?
rj|mLo Aofh (CI) = ?
klxnf] cj:yfcg';f/ ;fwf/0f Aofh (SI) = P100
T R 32000 × 3 × 12.5
=
100
= ?= 12,000
T
R
bf];|f] cj:yfcg';f/ rj|mLo Aofh (CI) = P 1 + 100 –1
ul0ft, sIff !) 33
3
12.5
= 32,000 1 + 100 –1
3
112.5
= 32,000 100
–1
= 32,000 [1.423828125 – 1]
= 32,000 × 0.423828125
= ?= 13562.50
pSt dflg;n] a9L kfpg] /sd = CI – SI = 13562.50 – 12000 = ?=1562.50
pbfx/0f 4
;ld/n] ?= 5,000 jflif{s 8% sf b/n] 2 jif{sf nflu nufgL ug]{ lgwf] u/] . To;sf nflu pgL;Fu 2
cf]6f ;'/lIft ljsNk 5g\ . klxnf] ljsNk cw{jflif{s ¿kdf Aofh kfpg] / bf];|f] ljsNk jflif{s ¿kdf
Aofh kfpg] 5 . olb tkfO{Fn] ;'emfj lbg'k¥of] eg] s'g ljsNkdf hfg] ;'emfj lbg'xG5 < sf/0f;lxt
n]Vg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF,
d"nwg (P) = ?= 5,000
;do (T) = 2 jif{
-s_ klxnf] ljsNkcg';f/,
2T
R
cw{jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh (CI1) = P 1 + 200 –1
8 ×
2 2
= 5,000 1 + 200 –1
208 ×
2 2
= 5,000 200
–1
= 5,000[ 1.16985856 – 1]
= 5,000 × 0.16985856
= ?= 849.29
34 ul0ft, sIff !)
-v_ bf];|f] ljsNkcg';f/, T
R
jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh (CI2) = P 1 + 100 –1
2
8
= 5000 1 + 100 –1
2
108
= 5000 100
–1
2
= 5000[ (1.08) – 1]
= 5000 (1.1664 – 1)
= 5000 × 0.1664
= ?= 832
cw{jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh / jflif{s rj|mLo Aofhdf km/s,
CI1 – CI2 = ?= 849.29 – ?= 832 = ?= 17.29
ctM cw{jflif{s rj|mLo Aofhcg';f/ ?= 17.29 a9L k|fKt x'g] x'gfn] lbOPsf] klxnf] ljsNkcg';f/
nufgL ug{ ;'emfj lbG5' .
pbfx/0f 5
sIff 12 k9\b} u/]sf] ljBfyL{n] ?= 10,000 jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh b/df 2 jif{sf nflu nufgL u/]5g\ .
Ps jif{sf] cGTodf rj|mLo ld>wg ?= 11,200 x'G5 eg],
-s_ jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh b/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ bf];|f] jif{sf cGTodf rj|mLo ld>wg slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF -s_ d"nwg (P) = ?= 10,000
klxnf] jif{sf] cGTodf rj|mLo ld>wg (CA) = ?= 11,200
;do (T1) = 1 jif{
T
R
;"qfg';f/ (CA) = P 1 + 100
1
R
or, 11200 = 10000 1 + 100
11200 R
or, 10000 = 1 + 100
R
or, 1.12 = 1 + 100
or, 0.12 ×100 = R
or, R = 12%
ctM jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh b/ (R) = 12%
ul0ft, sIff !) 35
-v_ bf];|f] jif{sf cGTodf ld>wg (CA) = ?
hDdf ;do (T) = 2 jif{
T
R
rj|mLo ld>wg (CA) = P 1 + 100
2
12
= 10,000 1 + 100
2
112
= 10,000 100
= ?= 12,544
ctM bf];|f] jif{sf clGtddf x'g] rj|mLo ld>wg = ?= 12,544
pbfx/0f 6
?= 2,00,000 nfO{{ klxnf] jif{sf nflu 8% k|ltjif{ bf];|f] jif{sf nflu 10% k|ltjif{ / t];|f] jif{sf nflu
12% k|ltjif{ Aofh b/ lgwf{/0f u/L nufgL ubf{ tLg jif{kl5sf] rj|mLo ld>wg / rj|mLo Aofh kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxf‘ d"nwg (P) = ?= 2,00,000
;do (T) = 3 jif{
klxnf] jif{sf] Aofh b/ (R1) = 8% k|ltjif{
bf];|f] jif{sf Aofh b/ (R2) = 10% k|ltjif{
t];|f] jif{sf] Aofh b/ (R3) = 12% k|ltjif{
rj|mLo ld>wg (CA) = ?
rj|mLo Aofh (CI) = ?
R1 R2 R3
ca ;"qfg';f/ rj|mLo ld>wg (CA.) = P 1 + 100 1 + 100 1 + 100
8 10 12
= 200000 1 + 100 1 + 100 1 + 100
108 110 112

= 200000 100 100 100
= ?= 2,66,112
rj|mLo Aofh (CI) = rj|mLo ld>wg (CA) – d"nwg (P)
t;y{ rj|mLo Aofh (CI) = ?= 2,66,112 – ?= 200000
= ?= 66,112
36 ul0ft, sIff !)
pbfx/0f 7
lglZrt jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh b/n] s'g} wgsf] ld>wg 2 jif{df ?= 14,520 / 3 jif{df ?= 15,972 x'G5
eg],
-s_ Aofh b/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ d"nwg slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF dfgf}F Aofh b/ (R) = R%, d"nwg (P) =Rs. x
klxnf] cj:yfcg';f/,
rj|mLo ld>wg (CA1) = ?= 14,520
;do (T) = 2 jif{
T
R
;"qfg';f/ rj|mLo ld>wg (CA1) =P 1 + 100
2
R
?= 14,520 = x 1 + 100
............................. .............(i)
bf];|f] cj:yfcg';f/,
rj|mLo ld>wg (CA2) = ?= 15,972
;do (T) = 3 jif{
T
R
km]l/ (CA2) =P 1 + 100
3
R
?= 15,972 = x 1 + 100
...........................(ii)
;dLs/0f (ii) nfO{{ (i) n] efu ubf{,
3
R
x 1 + 100
15,972
or, 14,520 = 2
R
x 1 + 100
R
or, 1.10 = 1 + 100
R
or, 1.10 – 1 = 100
or, 0.10 × 100 = R
or, R = 10%
t;y{ Aofh b/ R = 10% k|ltjif{
ul0ft, sIff !) 37
km]l/ R = 10% ;dLs/0f (i) df /fVbf
2
R
14520 = x 1 + 100
2
10
or, 14520 = x 1 + 100
or, 14520 = x × 1.21

or, 14520 = x
1.21
x = 12000
ctM d"nwg (P) = x = ?= 12,000
j}slNks tl/sf
2 jif{sf] ld>wg (CA1) = ?= 14,520
2
R
cyjf, P 1 + 100
= ?= 14,520
2
R
x 1 + 100 = ?= 14,520 ...................(i)
km]l/ 3 jif{sf] ld>wg (CA2) = ?= 15,972
3
R
or, P 1 + 100 = ?= 15,972
3
R
or, x 1 + 100 = 15,972 ...................(ii)
;dLs/0f (i) / (ii) af6

2
R R
or, x 1 + 100 1 + 100 = 15,972
R
14,520 1 + 100 = 15,972 [ ;dLs/0f (i) af6]
R 15,972
or, 1 + 100 = 14,520
R
or, 1 + 100 = 1.10
R
or, 100 = 1.10 – 1
or, R = 0.10 × 100

R = 10% k|ltjif{
38 ul0ft, sIff !)
R sf] dfg ;dLs/0f (i) df /fVbf
2
10
x 1 + 100 = ?= 14,520
2
110
or, x 100 = 14,520
or, x × 1. 21 = 14,520
14,520
or, x = 1.21
ct M d"nwg (P) = ?= 12,000
pbfx/0f 8
Ps hgf JolStn], ljsf; a}ª\sdf ?= 2,00,000 b'O{ jif{sf nflu k|lt jif{ 10% sf] b/df kfPsf]
Aofhdf 5% s/ s6\6L x'g] u/L cw{jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh kfpg] u/L hDdf u/]5g\ . t/ l7s Ps jif{kl5
a}ª\sn] gLlt kl/jt{g u/L ;f]xL Aofh b/df q}dfl;s rj|mLo Aofh lbg] lg0f{o u/]5 eg]
-s_ s/ s6\6L u/L klxnf] jif{sf] Aofh /sd kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ s/ s6\6L u/L bf];|f] jif{sf Aofh /sd slt xf]nf <
-u_ s/ s6\6L u/L klxnf] / bf];|f] jif{sf Aofh /sddf slt km/s 5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ s/ s6\6L u/L klxnf] jif{sf / bf];|f] jif{sf Aofh /sddf slt k|ltztn] km/s
k/]5 < lx;fa u/L u0fgf ug'{xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF d"nwg (P) = ?= 2,00,000
Aofh b/ (R) =10% k|ltjif{
-s_ klxnf] jif{sf nflu, cw{jflif{s rj|mLo Aofhcg';f/
2T
R
CI1 = P 1 + 200 –1
10 ×
2 T
= 200000 1 + 200 –1
210 ×
2 1
= 2,00,000 200
–1
= 2,00,000 [1.1025 – 1]
= 2,00,000 × 0.1025 = ?= 20,500
ul0ft, sIff !) 39
5
5% s/ s6\6L u/L ;s]]kl5sf], CI1 = ?= 20,500 — ?= 20,500 × 100
= ?= 20500 – ?= 1025 = ?= 19,475
s/ s6\6L u/L klxnf] jif{sf] Aofh /sd ?= 19,475
-v_ Ps jif{kl5sf] rj|mLo ld>wg (CA) = ?= 2,00,000 + ?= 19,475 = ?= 2,19,475

ca bf];|f] jif{sf nflu d"nwg (P) = Ps jif{kl5sf] rj|mLo ld>wg = ?= 2,19,475
4T
R
Ps rf}yfO jflif{s rj|mLo Aofhcg';f/, (CI2) = P 1 + 400 –1
10
4 1 ×
Ö 2,19,475 1 + 400 –1
Ö 2,19,475 [0.1038128906]
Ö 22,784.33
Ö 22,784.33
5
km]l/ 5%s/ s6\6L ul/;s]]kl5sf] Aofh /sd CI2 = 22,784.33 – 22,784.33 × 100
Ö 22,784.33 – 1,139.21
Ö ?= 21,645.12
⸫ s/ s6\6Lkl5 bf];|f] jif{sf Aofh /sd ?= 21,645.12
-u_ Aofh /sddf km/s Ö CI2 – CI1 = 21,645.12 – 19,475

= ?= 2170.12
CI2 – CI1
-3_ Aofh /sdsf] km/s -k|ltztdf_ Ö CI1
× 100%
2170.12
= 19475 × 100% = 11.14%
ctM klxnf] jif{sf] AofheGbf bf];|f] jif{sf Aofh 11.14% n] a9L kfpg] /x]5 .
40 ul0ft, sIff !)
pbfx/0f 9
jfl0fHo a}ª\sn] ?= 52,500 afa'nfn / hLjgnfnnfO{{ jflif{s 10% rj|mLo Aofh b/df C0f k|jfx
u/]5 afa'nfnn] 2 jif{kl5 a}ª\snfO{{ a'emfPsf] rj|mLo ld>wg / hLjnfnn] 3 jif{kl5 a'emfPsf] rj|mLo
ld>wg a/fa/ /x]5 eg] pgLx¿n] a}ª\saf6 slt slt /sd C0f lnPsf /x]5g\ <
;dfwfg
dfgf}F afa'nfnn] C0f lnPsf] /sd (P1) = ?= x
hLjnfnn] C0f lnPsf] /sd (P2) = ?= (52,500 – x)
oxfF afa'nfnn] 2 jif{kl5 a'emfpg' kg]{ rj|mLo ld>wg
T
R
CA1 = P1 1 + 100
2
10
= x 1 + 100
2
110
= x 100
= 1.21x
To:t} hLjnfnn] 3 jif{kl5 a'emfpg'kg]{ rj|mLo ld>wg
T
R
CA2 = P2 1 + 100
3
10
= (52500 – x) 1 + 100
3
110
= (52500 – x) 100
= (52500 – x) 1.331
= 69877.5 – 1.331x
ca k|Zgcg';f/,
CA1 = CA2
1.21x = 69877.5 – 1.331x
or, 1.21x + 1.331x= 69877.5
or, 2.541x = 69877.5
⸫ x = 27,500
ctM afa'nfnn] ?= 27,500 / hLjnfnn] ?= (52,500 – 27,500) = ?= 25,000 lnPsf /x]5g\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 41
cEof; 2.1
1. kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh
-v_ cw{ jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh
-u_ q}dfl;s rj|mLo Aofh
2. -s_ jflif{s rj|mLo Aofhcg';f/, d"nwg (P) jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh b/ (R) / ;do (T)
eP rj|mLo d"nwg (CA) kQf nufpg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ s'g} wg P sf] T jif{df jflif{s R% sf] b/n] rj|mLo Aofh (CA) x'G5 eg] P, T, R
/ CI sf] ;DaGw n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ sd{rf/L ;~rosf]ifn] b]zsf] cfly{s t/ntfcg';f/ k|ltjif{ Aofh b/df
kl/jt{g ug]{ u5{ . ;f]xLcg';f/ s'g} wg -P_ sf] klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] jif{sf Aofh
b/x¿ j|mdz M R1%, R2%, R3% cg';f/ rj|mLo ld>wg (CA) x'G5 eg] (CA)
kQf nufpg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
3. rj|mLo Aofhsf] ;"q k|of]u gu/L tn lbOPsf] cj:yfdf jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh / rj|mLo ld>wg
kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ d"nwg (P) = ?= 10,000 ;do, (T) = 2 jif{ / Aofh b/ (R) = 6% k|ltjif{
-v_ d"nwg (P) = ?= 64,000 ;do, (T) = 3 jif{ / Aofh b/ (R) = 6% k|ltjif{
-u_ d"nwg (P) = +?= 20,000 ;do, (T) = 2 jif{, klxnf] jif{sf] Aofh b/ (R1) = 10%,
k|ltjif{ / bf];|f] jif{sf Aofh b/ (R2) = 12%, k|ltjif{
4. -s_ slt k|ltzt rj|mLo Aofhsf b/n] ?= 100 sf] 1 jif{sf] rj|mLo Aofh ?= 12 x'G5,
n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ slt k|ltzt rj|mLo Aofhsf b/n] ?= 200 sf] 2 jif{sf] rj|mLo Aofh ?= 42 x'G5,
kQf nufpgxf];\ .
5. -s_ Ps s[ifsn] s'v'/f kfngsf nflu +?= 20,000 Ps ;xsf/Laf6 15% k|ltjif{
Aofh b/df 3 jif{sf nflu shf{ lnP5g\ . 3 jif{kl5sf] jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh / rj|mLo
ld>wg slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ Ps lzIfsn] ?= 50,000 cfk\mgf] 5f]/Lsf] gfddf a}ª\sdf hDdf u/] . olb a}ª\sn]
jflif{s 10% Aofh b/ k|bfg u5{ eg] 3 jif{kl5sf] rj|mLo Aofh / ld>wg slt
-u_ ;ljtfn] ?=1,50,000 a}ª\sdf hDdf ul/g\ . olb a}ª\sn] jflif{s 6% Aofh b/ k|bfg
u5{ eg] 2 jif{ 5 dlxgfkl5sf] pgn] k|fKt ug{],
-c_ rj|mLo ld>wg slt x'G5 <
-cf_ rj|mLo Aofh slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
42 ul0ft, sIff !)
6. -s_ dlgiffn] jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh 8% n] ?= 50,000 a}ª\sdf hDdf ul/g\ . olb a}ª\sn]
cw{jflif{s lx;fan] rj|mLo Aofh lbg] /x]5 eg] 2 jif{kl5 pgn] kfpg] ld>wg /
rj|mLo Aofh kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ Pp6f a}ª\sn] Ps rf}yfO jflif{s lx;fan] rj|mLo Aofh lbG5 . ;'lgnn] ?= 50,00,000
jflif{s 12%, Aofh kfpg] u/L 1 jif{sf nflu hDdf u/] eg] ld>wg / rj|mLo Aofh
kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
7. -s_ sdf{ u'?ªn] jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh 8% sf] b/n] ?= 80,000 Pp6f a}ª\sdf hDdf
u/]5g\ . 2 jif{kl5 ;f] /sdsf] ;fwf/0f Aofh / jflif{s rj|mLo Aofhsf] km/s kQf
nufpgxf];\ .
-v_ ?= 7,500 sf] jflif{s 12% Aofh b/n] 3 jif{df x'g] ;fwf/0f Aofh / jflif{s rj|mLo
Aofhsf] km/s kQf nufpgxf];\ .
8. -s_ l5l/ªn] jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh 6% n] ?= 40,000 Pp6f a}ª\sdf hDdf u/]sf /x]5g\
eg] 2 jif{df ;f]sf] jflif{s / cw{jflif{s rj|mLo Aofhsf] km/s kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ ?= 18,000 sf] 1 jif{df 12% jflif{s Aofh b/n] x'g] cw{jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh / Ps
rf}yfO jflif{s rj|mLo Aofhsf] cGt/ slt x'G5 < kQf nufpgxf];\ .
-u_ tkfO{F 2 jif{sf nflu ?= 60,000 a}ª\sdf hDdf ug{ hfg' ePsf] lyof] . a}ª\ssf] ;"rgf
kf6Ldf ePsf] hfgsf/L tn lbOPsf] 5 M
a}ª\ssf] lgIf]k ;ª\sngsf] Aofh ;DaGwdf ;"rgf
ldlt 2079-01-01 b]lv nfu' x'g] u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf gofF d'2tL vftf ;~rfngdf
cfPsf 5g\ ;dodf d'2tL vftfdf /sd hDdf u/L df}sfsf] kmfObf p7fpg'xf];\ .
d'2tL vftf (P) d'2tL vftf (Q)
cw{ jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh b/ 10% k|ltjif{ jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh b/ 12% k|ltjif{
-c_ d'2tL vftf (P) df 2 jif{df slt Aofh k|fKt x'G5 <
-cf_ d'2tL vftf (Q) af6 2 jif{df slt Aofh k|fKt x'G5 <
-O_ b'j} ljsNkaf6 k|fKt x'g] Aofh yfxf kfO;s]kl5 tkfO{F s'g ljsNkcg';f/ k};f hDdf
ug'{x'G5, lsg <
9. -s_ k|ltjif{ 15% Aofh b/n] 2 jif{df x'g] /sdsf] jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh ;fwf/0f
AofheGbf ?= 180 n] a9L x'g cfpF5 eg] d"nwg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
v_ jflif{s 10% sf b/n] Ps jif{df x'g] wg/flzsf] cw{jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh ;f]xL
cjlwdf pxL b/n] x'g cfpg] jflif{s rj|mLo AofheGbf ?= 40 n] a9L x'G5 eg]
d"nwg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 43
-u_ ;'lk|dn] jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh b/ 10% sf b/n] b'O{ jif{sf nflu s]xL ?lkofF ;fk6L
lnof] / t'?Gt} p;n] cw{jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh b/df ;f]xL b/n] plQg} ;dosf lglDt
;fk6L lbof] . of] l;nl;nfdf p;n] ?= 2019.24 gfkmf u¥of] eg] slt ?lkofF ;fk6L
lnPsf] lyof] xf]nf, kQf nufpgxf];\ .
10. -s_ slt ;dodf jflif{s 10% rj|mLo Aofh b/df d"nwg ?= 1,00,000 sf] ld>wg
?= 1,21,000 x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ jflif{s rj|mLo Aofhcg';f/ k|ltjif{ 5% Aofh b/n] slt ;dodf ?= 8,00,000 sf]
rj|mLo Aofh ?= 12,61,00 xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ slt k|ltzt rj|mLo Aofh b/n] 2 jif{df ?= 700 sf] ld>wg ?= 847 x'G5 xf]nf <
-3_ jflif{s slt k|ltzt rj|mLo Aofh b/n] ?= 3,43,000 sf] 3 jif{df rj|mLo Aofh
?= 1,13,533 x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
11. -s_ jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh b/df s'g} /sd 2 jif{df ?= 6,050 / 3 jif{df ?= 6,655 x'G5
eg],
-c_ rj|mLo Aofh b/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ d"nwg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ s'g} /sdsf] jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh b/n] 2 jif{ / 3 ji{fsf] ld>wg j|mdzM ?= 10,580
/ ?= 12,167 x'G5 eg],
-c_ rj|mLo Aofh b/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ d"nwg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ s'g} /sdsf] jflif{s rj|mLo Aofhcg';f/ Ps jif{ / b'O{ jif{sf] rj|mLo Aofh j|mdzM
?= 1,800 / ?= 3,816 x'G5 eg] rj|mLo Aofh b/ / d"nwg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
12. -s_ Ps hgf JolStn], sdl;{on a}ª\sdf ?= 5,00,000 kfPsf] Aofhdf b'O{ jif{sf
nflu k|lt jif{ 10% sf] b/df cw{jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh kfpg] u/L hDdf u/]5g\ .
lgodcg';f/ kfPsf] Aofhdf 5% s/ nfU5 . t/ l7s Ps jif{kl5 a}ª\sn] gLlt
kl/jt{g u/L ;f]xL Aofh b/df Ps rf}yfO jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh lbg] lg0f{o u/]5 eg],
-c_ s/ s6\6Lkl5 klxnf] jif{sf] Aofh /sd kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ s/ s6\6L ul/;s]kl5 bf];|f] jif{sf] Aofh /sd slt xf]nf <
-O_ s/ s6\6Lkl5 klxnf] / bf];|f] jif{sf] Aofh /sddf slt km/s 5 <
-O{_ s/ s6\6Lkl5 klxnf] jif{sf] / bf];|f] jif{sf Aofh /sddf slt k|ltztn] km/s
k5{, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ Ps hgf JolStn] b'O{ jif{sf nflu s'g} ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf ?= 80,000 k|lt jif{ 15%
sf] b/df kfPsf] Aofhdf 5% s/ s6\6L] ug]{ u/L jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh kfpg] u/L
44 ul0ft, sIff !)
hDdf u/]5g\ . t/ l7s Ps jif{kl5 ;xsf/L ;+:yfn] gLlt kl/jt{g u/L ;f]xL Aofh
b/df cw{jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh lbg] lg0f{o u/]5 . s/ s6\6Lkl5 klxnf] jif{sf] / bf];|f]
jif{sf Aofh /sddf slt k|ltztn] km/s k/]5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
13. -s_ /fdn] ?= 41,000 b'O{ efudf ljefhg u/L cfˆgf b'O{ 5f]/Lsf gfddf jflif{s 5%
rj|mLo Aofh kfpg] u/L 2 jif{ / 3 jif{sf nflu s'g} a}ª\sdf hDdf ul/lbP5g\ .
pgLx¿n] 2 jif{ / 3 jif{kl5 kfpg] ld>wg a/fa/ x'G5 eg] k|To]sn] slt slt /
sd kfPsf /x]5g\, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ ?= 21,000 nfO{{ b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . h;cg';f/ 10% jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh
b/n] klxnf] efusf] 3 jif{sf] ld>wg / bf];|f] efusf] 2 jif{sf] ld>wg a/fa/ x'G5
eg] klxnf] efu / bf];|f] efudf slt slt /sd k5{, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
14. -s_ jflif{s rj|mLo Aofhcg';f/ 1 jif{ / 2 jif{df s'g} /sdsf] rj|mLo Aofh j|mdzM ?=
450 / ?= 945 k'Ub5 eg] Aofh b/ / d"nwg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ s'g} /sdsf] jflif{s rj|mLo Aofhcg';f/ 1 jif{ / 2 jif{sf] rj|mLo Aofh j|mdzM
?= 1800, / ?= 3816 x'G5 eg] rj|mLo Aofh b/ / d"nwg slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
cfˆgf] 6f]nl5d]sdf /x]sf a}ª\s laQLo ;+:yf jf ;xsf/Ldf hfg'xf];\ . tkfO{F uPsf] ;+:yfsf]
k|d'v jf ;"rgf clwsf/L jf hfgsf/L u/fpg] hf] ;'s} JolStnfO{{ e]6L ljleGg lsl;dsf
of]hgfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ . olb ;f] ;+:yfsf] a|f];/ kfpg' eof] eg] To;df ePsf
ljleGg lsl;dsf of]hgfsf] af/]df cWoog ug{'xf];\ . cfˆgf] cfdf a'af jf 3/sf] c¿
sf]xL ;b:on] lglZrt /sd art ug{ vf]Hg' ePsf] 5 eg] s'g rflxF pko'St x'G5 egL
;Nnfx lbg'x'G5 / lsg < cfˆgf ts{ ;d]6L Pp6f l/kf]6{ tof/ ug'{xf];\ . k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L
sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
pQ/
3. -s_ ?=1,236 / ?=11,236 -v_ ?= 12,225.02 / ?= 76,225.02
-u_ ?= 4,640 / ?= 24,640
4. -s_ 12% -v_ 10%
5. -s_ ?= 10,417.50 / ?= 30417.50 -v_ ?= 16,550 / ?= 66,550
-u_ ?= 1,72,753.50 / ?=22,753.50
6. -s_ ?= 58492.93/ ?= 8492.93 -v_ ?= 5627,544.05 / ?= 627, 544.05
7. -s_ ?= 512 -v_ ?= 336.96
ul0ft, sIff !) 45
8. -s_ ?= 76.35 -v_ ?= 34.36 -u_ -c_ ?= 12930.37
-cf_ ?= 15264 -O_ ?= 2333.62 a9L Aofh vftf (Q) df x'G5
9. -s_ ?= 8,000 -v_ ?= 16,000 -u_ ?= 366717.82
10. -s_ 2 jif{ -v_ 3 jif{ -u_ 10% -3_ 10%
11. -s_ -c_ 10% -cf_ ?= 5,000
-v_ -c_ 15% -cf_ ?= 8,000 -u_12% ?= 15,000
12. -s_ -c_ ?= 48,687.5 -cf_ 54112.79
-O_ 5425.2936 -O{_ 11.14% -v_ 18.53%
13. -s_ ?= 21,000 / ?= 20,000 -v_ ?=10,000 / ?=11,000
14. -s_10% / ?= 45,00 -v_12% / ?=15,00
46 ul0ft, sIff !)
kf7
3
j[l4 / x|f;
(Growth and Depreciation)
g]kfndf lj=;= 1968 -;g\ 1911_ ;fnb]lv hgu0fgf ug]{ sfd ;'? ePsf] / To;kl5 nueu
k|To]s 10/10 jif{sf] cGt/df hgu0fgf x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . tn lbOPsf] tflnsfdf lj=;= 1968
;fnb]lv lj=;= 2078 ;fnsf] k|f/lDes hgu0fgfsf] glthfnfO{{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . lbOPsf]
tflnsfsf cfwf/df tnsf k|Zgdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
350
300 292
265
250
s'n hg;ª\Vof -nfvdf_
232
200 185
150
150
116
100 94
82
56 56 55 63
50
0
1968 1977 1987 1998 2009/11 2018 2028 2038 2048 2058 2068 2087 -k|f=_
hgu0fgf jif{ -lj=;=_ ;|f]tM /fli6«o tYofª\s ljefu
-s_ g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof lj=;= 1968 df slt lyof] <

-v_ g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof lj=;= 2078 -k|f/lDes_ df slt k'Uof] <
-u_ dflysf] tflnsfcg';f/ s'g s'g ;fndf slt slt ;ª\Vofn] hg;ª\Vof 36]sf] 5 jf
a9]sf] 5, 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ lj=;= 2068 ;fnsf] hg;ª\VofnfO{{ cfwf/ dfGbf lj=;= 2078 df slt k|ltztn]
hg;ª\Vof j[lå ePsf] /x]5 <
ul0ft, sIff !) 47
-ª_ lj=;= 1977 ;fnsf] hg;ª\VofnfO{{ cfwf/ dfGbf lj=;= 1987 df slt k|ltztn]
hg;ª\Vofdf sld ePsf] /x]5 <
-r_ k|To]s hgu0fgfdf cluNnf] hgu0fgfeGbf sltn] hg;ª\Vof j[l¢ jf sdL ePsf] 5, u0fgf
ug'{xf];\ .
-5_ xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf o:t} j[l¢sf yk pbfx/0f s] s] x'G5g\ < ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
3.1.1 j[l4 (Growth)

lj|mofsnfk 1
lj=;= 2078 ;fnsf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ s'g} gu/kflnsfsf] hg;ª\Vof 25,000 lyof] . olb ;f]
hg;ª\Vof k|To]s jif{ 2% n] j[l4 x'G5 eg],
-s_ lj=;= 2079 ;fndf ;f] gu/kflnsfsf] hg;ª\Vof slt x'G5 <
-v_ lj=;= 2080 ;fndf ;f] gu/kflnsfsf] hg;ª\Vof slt x'G5 <
-u_ s] hg;ª\Vof j[l4 klg rj|mLo Aofhsf] u0fgf k|lj|mof;Fu ;dfg x'G5 <
oxfF lj=;= 2078 ;fnsf] ;f] gu/kflnsfsf] hg;ª\Vof = 25,000
lj=;= 2079 ;fndf ;f] gu/kflnsfsf] hg;ª\Vof = 25,000 + 25,000 sf] 2%
2
= 25,000 + 25,000 × 100 = 25,500
km]l/ lj=;= 2080 ;fndf ;f] gu/kflnsfsf] hg;ª\Vof = 25,500 + 25,500 sf] 2%
2
= 25,500 + 25,500 × 100 = 26,010
lj=;= 2078 sf] hg;ª\Vof (P) = 25,000
hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ (R) = 2% s] dflysf] cj:yfdf rj|mLo
Aofhsf] ;"q k|of]u ug{ ;lsPnf <
;do (T) = 2 jif{
2 jif{kl5sf] hg;ª\Vof (P2) = ?
T
R
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 PT = P 1 + 100
2
2
= 25000 1 + 100
2
51
= 25000 × 50
= 26,010
48 ul0ft, sIff !)
olb aflx/L s'g} cj:yfn] c;/ gu/]df s'g} 7fpFsf] hg;ª\Vof Pp6f lglZrt b/df
al9/x]sf] x'G5 . o;nfO{{ hg;ª\Vofsf] j[l4b/ elgG5 eg] a9]sf] hg;ª\VofnfO{{ j[l4 ePsf]
hg;ª\Vof elgG5 . hg;ª\Vof j[l¢;DaGwLsf ;d:ofnfO{{ rj|mLo Aofh k|0ffnL;Fu t'ngf u/]/
;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
T
R
T jif{kl5sf] hg;ª\Vof (PT) = P 1 + 100
T
R
T jif{kl5sf] a9]sf] hg;ª\Vof = P 1 + 100 –1
oxfF P = ;'?sf] jif{sf] hg;ª\Vof
R = hg;ª\Vofsf] j[l4b/
T = ;do
t/ rj|mLo Aofhdf,
P n] d"nwgnfO{{, R n] Aofh b/nfO{{ / T n] ;donfO{{ hgfOG5 .
hg;ª\Vof j[l¢nfO{{ a;fOF;/fO / d[To' h:tf s'/fn] c;/ u5{ .
olb k|To]s jif{sf] hg;ª\Vof j[l¢b/ km/s km/s ePdf T jif{kl5sf] hg;ª\Vof,
R R R R
(PT) = P 1 + 1001 1 + 1002 1 + 1003 ...... 1 + 100T x'G5 . hxfF R1, R2,
R3,.........RT n] j|mdzM k|yd jif{, bf];|f] jif{, t];|f] jif{,===========ub}{ T cf}F jif{sf] hg;ª\Vof
j[l¢b/nfO{{ hgfpF5 .
pbfx/0f 1
s'g} Pp6f ;x/sf] lj=;=2078 sf] hg;ª\Vof 50,000 lyof] . olb jflif{s hg;ª\Vof j[l¢b/ 2% k|lt
jif{ lyof] eg] lj=;= 2080 sf] hg;ª\Vof slt xf]nf < u0fgf u/L kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF ;x/sf] ;'?sf] hg;ª\Vof (P) =50,000
Hfg;ª\Vof j[l4 b/ (R) = 2% k|ltjif{
;do (T) = lj=;= 2080 – lj=;= 2078 = 2 jif{
lj=;= 2080 sf] hg;ª\Vof (PT) = <
T
R
2
2
= 50,000 1 + 100
ul0ft, sIff !) 49
2
102
50,000 100 = 50,000 × 1.0404 = 52,020
ctM lj=;= 2080 sf] hg;ª\Vof 52,020 x'G5 .
pbfx/0f 2
b'O{ jif{ cufl8 sf7df8f}Fdf 25 lsnf]u|fdsf] Ps af]/f lh/f dl;gf] rfdnsf] d"No ?= 1,300 kb{Yof] .
jflif{s 5% d"No j[l4 b/ ePdf pSt rfdnsf] d"No clxn] sltn] a9\of], kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF lh/f dl;gf] rfdnsf] ;'?sf] d"No (P) = ?= 1300
d"No j[l4 b/ (R) = 5% k|lt jif{
;do (T) = 2 jif{
a9]sf] d"No = <
T
R
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 a9]sf] d"No = P 1 + 100 –1
2
5
= ?=1300 1 + 100 –1
2
105
= ?=1300 1 + 100 –1
= ?=1300 × 0.1025
= ?=133.25
ctM Ps af]/f lh/f dl;gf] rfdnsf] a9]sf] d"No ?=133.25 /x]5 .
pbfx/0f 3
Pp6f kmf]6f]skL d]l;gsf] d"No 2 jif{df ?= 1,00,000 af6 a9]/ ?= 1,21,000 eof] eg] jflif{s d"No
j[l¢b/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF kmf]6f]skL d]l;gsf] ;'?sf] d"No (P) = ?= 1,00,000
;do (T) = 2 jif{
kmf]6f]skL d]l;gsf]] clxn]sf] d"No (PT) = ?= 1,21,000
d"Noj[l4 b/ (R) = <
50 ul0ft, sIff !)
T
R
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 PT= P 1 + 100
2
R
or, ?= 1,21,000 = ?=1,00,000 1 + 100
121000 R
2
or, 100000 = 1 + 100
2 2
11 R
or, 10
= 1 + 100
11 R
or, 10 = 1 + 100
11 R
or, 10 – 1 = 100
11 – 10 R
or, 10 = 100
1
or, 10 × 100 = R
⸫ R = 10%
ctM d]l;gsf] d"Noj[l4 b/ (R) =10% k|ltjif{ /x]5 .
pbfx/0f 4
Pp6f cfwf/e"t ljBfnosf] xfnsf] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 500 5 . k|To]s jif{ 20% sf] b/n] ljBfyL{
;ª\Vof a9\bf slt jif{df ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 720 k'U5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
clxn]sf] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof (P) = 500
j[l4 b/ (R) = 20% k|ltjif{
;do (T) = T jif{
T jif{kl5sf] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof (PT) = 720
T
R
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 PT= P 1 + 100
T
20
or, 720 = 500 1 + 100
720 20
T
or, 500 = 1 + 100
ul0ft, sIff !) 51
720 120
T
or, 500 = 100
T
36 6
or, 25 = 5
2 T
6 6
or, 5
= 5
⇒ T = 2 [⸪ cfwf/ Pp6} xF'bf 3ftfª\s a/fa/ x'g] ePsfn]]
ctM 2 jif{kl5 ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof a9]/ 720 k'U5 .

pbfx/0f 5
Pp6f hUufsf] xfnsf] d"No ?= 15,97,200 k|ltcfgf /x]sf] 5 . olb pSt hUufsf] jflif{s d"No j[l¢b/
10% eP 3 jif{ cufl8 pSt hUufsf] d"No k|lt /f]kgL slt lyof] xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ . (1 /f]kgL
= 16 cfgf_
;dfwfg
oxfF k|ltcfgf hUufsf] clxn]sf] d"No (PT) = ?= 15,97,200
;do (T) = 3 jif{
d"Noj[l4 b/ (R) = 10% k|ltjif{
3 jif{ klxn]sf] k|ltcfgf hUufsf] d"No (P) =<
T
R
3
10
or, 15,97,200 = P 1 + 100
3
110
or, 15,97,200 = P 100
or, 15,97,200 = P × 1.331

1597200
or, 1.331 = P
⸫ P = ?= 12,00,000
t;y{ 3 jif{ klxn] k|ltcfgf hUufsf] d"No (P) = ?= 12,00,000 lyof] .
xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5, 16 cfgf = 1 /f]kgL
ctM 3 jif{ klxn] 1 /f]kgL hUufsf] d"No = 16 × ?= 12,00,000 = ?= 1,92,00,000
52 ul0ft, sIff !)
pbfx/0f 6
s'g} Pp6f lhNnfaf6 lj=;= 2076 sf] P;OO{df ;fd]n ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 50,000 lyof] . To;kl5sf
3 jif{df j|mdzM 5%, 6% / 4% sf b/n] P;OO{ lbg] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 eP lj=;= 2079 sf]
P;OO{df ;f] lhNnfaf6 slt ljBfyL{ ;fd]n x'G5g\ xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF 3 jif{ cufl8sf] P;OO{ lbg ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof (P) = 50,000
;do (T) = 3 jif{
klxnf] jif{sf] j[l4 b/ (R1) = 5% k|ltjif{, bf];|f] jif{sf j[l4 b/ (R2) = 6% k|ltjif{ / t];|f] jif{sf
j[l4 b/ (R3) = 4% k|ltjif{
3 jif{kl5sf] P;OO{df ;fd]n ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof (P3) = <
R1 R R
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 (P3) = P 1 + 100 1 + 1002 1 + 1003
5 6 4
= 50,000 1 + 100 1 + 100 1 + 100
105 106 104

= 50,000 100 100 100
= 57,876
ctM lj=;= 2079 sf] P;OO{df 57,876 ljBfyL{ pSt lhNnfaf6 ;fd]n x'G5g\ .
pbfx/0f 7
lj=;= 2078 df Pp6f gu/kflnsf] hg;ª\Vof 1,00,000 lyof] . lj=;= 2079 df 8,000 hgf cGoqaf6
a;fOF ;/]/ cfP / ljleGg sf/0faf6 500 hgfsf] d[To' eof] . olb hg;ª\Vof j[l4 b/ 2% k|ltjif{ 5
eg] lj=;= 2081 ;fndf ;f] gu/sf] hg;ª\Vof slt xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\
;dfwfg
oxfF klxnf] cj:yfcg';f/,
lj=;= 2078 sf] hg;ª\Vof (P) = 1,00,000
j[l4 b/ (R) = 2% k|ltjif{
;do (T) = 1 jif{
a;fOF ;/]/ cfPsf] hg;ª\Vof (Min) = 8,000
ul0ft, sIff !) 53
d[To' ePsf] hg;ª\Vof (D) = 500
2079 sf] hg;ª\Vof (P1) = ?
hg;ª\Vof j[l4 b/ 2% x'Fbf,
T
R
1
2
= 1,00,000 1 + 100
1
102
= 1,00,000 100
= 1,02,000
ca 2079 sf] hg;ª\Vof (P1) = 1,02,000 + 8000 – 500 = 1,09,500
km]l/ bf];|f] cj:yfcg';f/,
lj=;=2079 sf] hg;ª\Vof (P2) =1,09,500
;do (T) = 2 jif{
j[l4 b/ (R) = 2% k|ltjif{
lj=;= 2081 sf] hg;ª\Vof (PT) = <
T
R
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 PT = P2 1 + 100
2
2
=1,09,500 1 + 100
2
102
=1,09,500 100
=1,13,924
ctM lj=;= 2081 sf] ;f] gu/kflnsfsf] hg;ª\Vof 1,13,924 k'U5 .
54 ul0ft, sIff !)
cEof; 3.1
1. -s_ s'g} 7fpFsf] ;'?sf] hg;ª\Vof P, T jif{kl5sf] hg;ª\Vof PT / jflif{s hg;ª\Vof
j[l¢b/ R% eP PT kQf nufpg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
v_ lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hdf lj=;= 2079 ;fndf af3sf] ;ª\Vof x, jflif{s af3sf] j[l¢b/
R% k|ltjif{ eP N jif{kl5sf] af3sf] ;ª\Vof slt x'G5, n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ g]kfnaf6 j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] sfdbf/x¿sf] ;ª\Vofsf] j[l¢b/ klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f]
jif{df j|mdzM R1%, R2% / R3% eP 3 jif{kl5sf] sfdbf/ ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg] ;"q
n]Vg'xf];\ .
2. -s_ s'g} b]zsf] hGd b/eGbf d[To' b/ yf]/} ePdf ;f] b]zsf] hg;ª\Vof a9\5 ls 36\5,
n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ Ps jif{ cufl8 ?= 1500 df 25 Kg sf] Ps af]/f rfdn lsGg ;lsGYof] . jflif{s 10%
dxª\uL a9\gfn] clxn] ;f] 25 Kg rfdnsf] af]/fnfO{{ slt k5{ <
3. -s_ ;g\ 2021 sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ Pp6f ;x/sf] hg;ª\Vof 5,18,452 lyof] . olb
;f] hg;ª\Vof j[l4 b/ 4.5% k|ltjif{ eP 3 jif{kl5 pSt ;x/sf] hg;ª\Vof slt
-v_ Pp6f 3/ wgLn] jflif{s 15% k|ltjif{sf b/n] ef8f j[l4 ug]{ ;Demf}tf Jofkf/L;Fu
u/]sf 5g\ . olb pSt ;6/sf] xfnsf] ef8f ?= 10,000 eP 3 jif{kl5 ;f] ;6/sf]
ef8f slt xf]nf <
-u_ bxL hdfpg] AofS6]l/ofsf] j[l4 b/ 10% k|lt306f /x]sf] 5 . olb laxfg 6 ah]
AofS6]l/ofsf] ;ª\Vof 4 × 1011 eP 2 306fkl5 AofS6]l/ofsf] ;ª\Vof slt
4. -s_ Pp6f ufpFkflnsfsf] 2 jif{ klxn]sf] hg;ª\Vof 28,500 lyof] . olb hg;ª\Vof j[l4
b/ 2% k|lt jif{ /x]5 eg] 2 jif{df sltn] j[l4 eof] xf]nf <
-v_ s'g} Pp6f ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] 3 jif{ cufl8 sIff 10 sf] dfl;s z'Ns ?= 6,500
lyof] . ljBfnosf] cfˆgf] ljlgodcg';f/ k|To]s jif{ 10% n] z'Ns j[l4 x'G5 eg] 3
jif{df sltn] z'Ns j[l4 xf]nf <
-u_ Pp6f hUufsf] xfnsf] d"No ?= 6,00,000 /x]sf] 5 . olb pSt hUufsf] jflif{s d"No
j[l4 b/ 10% eP 2 jif{kl5 ;f] hUufsf] d"Nodf slt j[l4 x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
5. -s_ Pp6f ljZjljBfnodf clxn] cWoog/t ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 21,632 5 . 2 jif{ klxn] ;f]
ljZjljBfnodf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof hDdf 20,000 lyof] eg] jflif{s ljBfyL{
j[l4 b/ slt xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 55
-v_ Pp6f ufpFkflnsfsf] hg;ª\Vof O{=;+= 2018 sf] cGTodf 40,000 lyof] . O{=;+= 2020
sf] cGTodf pSt ;ª\Vof a9]/ 44,100 eof] eg] jflif{s hg;ª\Vof j[l4 b/ slt
xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ 3 jif{ cufl8 Ps ln6/ vfg] t]nsf] d"No ?= 125 lyof] . clxn] a9]/ ?= 216 k5{ eg]
t]ndf jflif{s dxª\uL b/ slt eof] xf]nf <
6. -s_ Pp6f ufpFsf] hg;ª\Vof 13,310 5 . ha ls To; ufpFsf] jflif{s hg;ª\Vof j[l4 b/
10% 5 eg] slt jif{ klxn]sf] hg;ª\Vof 10,000 lyof] xf]nf <
-v_ d]jfsf] la?jf j}zfvsf] ;'?df 4 ld6/ lyof] . ;f] d]jfsf] la?jfsf] j[l4 b/ 4%
k|ltdlxgf eg] slt dlxgfkl5 pSt la?jfsf] prfO 4.3264 ld6/ x'G5 <
7. -s_ Pp6f hUufsf] xfnsf] d"No ?= 15,97,200 k|ltcfgf /x]sf] 5 . olb pSt hUufsf]
jflif{s d"No j[l¢b/ 10% eP 3 jif{ cufl8 pSt hUufsf] d"No k|lt /f]kgL slt lyof]
xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ . -1 /f]kgL = 16 cfgf_
-v_ Pp6f hUufsf] xfnsf] d"No ?= 2,66,200 k|ltcfgf /x]sf] 5 . olb pSt hUufsf]
jflif{s d"No j[l¢b/ 10% eP 3 jif{ cufl8 pSt hUufsf] d"No k|lt /f]kgL slt lyof]
8. -s_ laxfg 6 ah] Ps hgf la/fdLsf] k|of]uzfnfdf lk;fa k/LIf0f ubf{ AofS6]l/ofsf]
;ª\Vof 1×105 . To;kl5 laxfgsf] 7 ah], 8 ah] / 9 ah] k/LIf0f ubf{ k|lt3G6f
j[l¢b/ j|mdzM 3%, 4%, / 5%, kfOof] . laxfgsf] 9 ah] hDdf AofS6]l/ofsf] ;ª\Vof
kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ cfheGbf 3 jif{ klxn] Pp6f ;x/sf] hg;ª\Vof 1,50,000 lyof] . To;kl5sf 3 jif{df
j|mdzM 2% klxnf] jif{, 4% bf;|f] jif{ / 5% t];|f] jif{df jflif{s hg;ª\Vof j[l4 ePsf]
5 eg] ;f] ;x/sf] clxn]sf] hg;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
9. -s_ olb 3 jif{ klxn] vf]lnPsf] Pp6f hLjg ladf sDkgLdf b]zel/sf zfvfx¿n] hDdf
1,000 hgfnfO{{ ladf clestf{sf] tflnd lbOPsf] 5 . ahf/sf] k|lt:kwf{cg';f/
laldtsf] ;ª\Vof a9fpFb} nfg'kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n] 3 jif{ klxn]b]lv g} æk|To]s 5 hgf ladf
clestf{sf] Pp6f ;fgf] ;d"xn] k|To]s jif{ 1 hgf gofF clestf{sf] ;ª\Vof yKg'} kg]{Æ
gLlt nfu' u/]/ clestf{sf] ;ª\Vof a9fpFb} nluof] . xfn To; sDkgLdf clestf{sf]
;ª\Vof slt xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ 2078 ;fnsf] ;'?df :yfkgf ePsf] Pp6f ljQLo ;+:yfdf 200 hgf dfq ahf/
k|ltlglwx¿ 5g\ . pSt ;+:yfsf] sf/f]af/ If]q a9fpFb} nu]kl5 x/]s 5 hgf ahf/
k|ltlglwsf] Pp6f ;fgf] ;d"xn] 1 hgf gofF ahf/ k|ltlglwsf] ;ª\Vof k|To]s jif{ yKg}
kg]{ gLlt nfu' u/]/ ahf/ k|ltlglwsf] ;ª\Vof a9fpFb} nu]sf]] 5 . ca 2079 ;fnsf]
cGTodf To; ;+:yfdf ahf/ k|ltlglwsf] ;ª\Vof slt xf]nf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
56 ul0ft, sIff !)
10. Pp6f ufpFkflnsfsf] hg;ª\Vof k|To]s jif{ 10% n] a9\b} hfG5 . olb b'O{ jif{sf]
cGTodf ;f] kflnsfsf] hg;ª\Vof 30,000 k'u]sf] lyof] . olb ;f] 5,800 hgf clGtddf
a;fOF ;/fOsf sf/0fn] ylkPsf lyP eg] ;'?sf] hg;ª\Vof slt lyof] <
11. jflif{s 5% sf b/n] 2 jif{ nuftf/ cd]l/sL 8n/sf] clwd"Nogkl5 ($)1 = ?= 120 eP5
eg] 2 jif{ klxn] cd]l/sL 8n/ ($)1 a/fa/ slt g]kfnL ?lkofF lyof] xf]nf <
12. Pp6f ufpFsf] hg;ª\Vof 2 jif{ cufl8 31,250 lyof] . olb pSt ufpFsf] hg;ª\Vof
j[l¢b/ 6% 5 . Ps jif{ cufl8 625 hgfn] cs}{ 7fpFdf a;fOF ;/]/ uP eg] pSt ufpFsf]
xfnsf] hg;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
13. 3 jif{ cufl8 3,75,000 hg;ª\Vof ePsf] Pp6f lhNnf 5 . olb bf];|f] jif{sf cGTodf
1480 hgf dflg; a;fOF ;/]/ cfP / k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf sf/0f 2,750 hgfsf] d[To'
eof]] . olb jflif{s hg;ª\Vof j[l¢b/ 2% 5 eg] pSt lhNnfsf] xfnsf] hg;ª\Vof kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
14. lj=;= 2075 df dxfgu/sf] ;'?sf] hg;ª\Vof 5,00,000 lyof] . ;f]xL dxfgu/sf]
hg;ª\Vof lj=;= 2077 sf] cGTodf 6,65,500 lyof] .
-s_ ;f] dxfgu/sf] hg;ª\Vof j[l¢b/ slt lyof] <
-v_ oxL k|sf/n] j[l4 x'b} hfFbf lj=;= 2079 sf] cGTodf ;f] gu/sf] hg;ª\Vof slt
kl/of]hgf sfo{
pko'St ;d"x lgdf{0f u/L k|To]s ;d"xn] cfˆgf] j8f sfof{no uP/ clxn]sf] hg;ª\Vof
slt 5 tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ . ufpFkflnsf jf j8f sfof{noaf6 jf cGo lstfa tyf
:dfl/sfx¿ k|of]u u/L lj=;= 2078 ;fnsf] hgu0fgfaf6 k|fKt tYofª\snfO{{ cfwf/ dfgL
cfˆgf] j8fsf] hg;ª\Vof j[l4 slt ePsf] 5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ . slt hgf cGoqaf6
a;fOF ;/]/ cfP, slt hgf cGoq a;fOF ;/]/ uP / slt hgfsf] d[To' eof] ;Dk"0f{ tYofª\s
;ª\sng u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg'{xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
pQ/
k|Zg 1 / 2 sf] pQ/ lzIfsnfO{{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
3. -s_ 5,91,640 -v_ ?= 15,208.75 -u_ 4.84 × 1011
4. -s_ 1152 nueu -v_ ?= 2151.5 -u_ ?= 1,26,000
5. -s_ 4% -v_ 5% -u_ 20% 6. -s_ 3 jif{ -v_ 2 dlxgf
7. -s_ ?= 1,92,00,000 -v_ ?= 32,00,000 8. -s_ 1.1248 × 105
-v_ 1,67,070 9. -s_ 1728 -v_ 288 10. 20,000
11. ($)1 = 108.84 12. 34,450 13. 396,658 14. -s_ 10% -v_ 8,05,255
ul0ft, sIff !) 57
3.2 x|f; (Depreciation)
lj|mofsnfk 1
ljBfyL{ pko'St ;ª\Vofsf ;d"xdf a;L tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ Pp6f ls;fgn] 2 jif{ cufl8 ?= 5,50,000 df lsg]sf] 6\ofS6/ clxn] ?= 3,60,000
df ljj|mL u¥of] eg] d"Nodf lsg sdL eof] xf]nf <
-v_ Pp6f b/fh k'/fgf] ;fdfg ljj|mL ug]{ k;naf6 vl/b ubf{ gofFsf] eGbf ?= 15,000
;:tf]df lsGg kfOof], lsg xf]nf <
-u_ Pp6f kmf]6f]skL d]l;g s]xL jif{ cufl8 ?= 2,10,000 df lslgPsf] lyof] . ;f]
kmf]6f]skL d]l;gsf] k|of]ukl5 xfn o;sf] ljj|mL d"No ?= 1,00,000 5, lsg <
dfly lbOPsf km/s cj:yfcg';f/ -s_ df 6\ofS6/sf] d"No b'O{ jif{kl5 ?= 1,90,000 n]
36]sf] 5 . To:t} -v_ df k'/fgf] ;fdfg vl/b ubf{ s'g} j:t'sf] d"No gofFeGbf s]xL sdLdf kfOG5
eGg] hfgsf/L eof] . -u_ df d]l;g/L ;fdfgnfO{{ k|of]u u/kl5 o;sf] d"Nodf x|f; x'G5 .
s'g} ;fdfu|L lglZrt cjlwsf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] x'G5 . o;sf] Ifdtf klg ;~rfng
cjlw a9\b} hfFbf j|mdzM sfo{ Ifdtf sd x'Fb} hfG5 . t;y{ s'g} klg d]l;g/L ;fdfgsf]
k|of]ukl5 lglZrt ;dofjlwdf lglZrt b/df ltgLx¿sf] d"Nodf lu/fj6 cfpF5 . o;nfO{ g}
d"Nodf ePsf] x|f; elgG5 . o;/L s'g} lglZrt ;do cjlwdf lglZrt b/df 36]sf] d"NonfO{{
ld>x|f; (compound depreciation) elgG5 .
lj|mofsnfk 2
ljBfyL{ pko'St ;ª\Vofsf ;d"xdf a:g'xf];\ .
s'g} j:t'sf] ;'?sf] d"No = VO, To;} u/L, k|ltjif{ x|f;b/ = R%, ;do cjlw = T jif{ lng'xf];\ .
T jif{kl5sf] d"No = VT
o; cj:yfdf T jif{kl5sf] d"No s;/L kQf nufpg ;lsG5 egL cfk;df ul/Psf]
5nkmnkZrft\ Pp6f ;d"xsf] lgisif{ tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
1 jif{kl5sf] d"No (V1) = VO – VO sf] R%
= VO – V O × R
100
R
= VO 1 – 100
58 ul0ft, sIff !)
bf];|f] jif{sf nflu,
R R
2 jif{kl5sf] d"No (V2) = VO 1 – 100 – VO 1 – 100 sf] R%
R R R
= VO 1 – 100 – VO 1 – 100 × 100
R R
= VO 1 – 100 1 – 100
2
R
= VO 1 – 100
3
R
To;} u/L 3 jif{kl5sf] d"No (V3) = VO 1 – 100
;f]xLcg';f/,
T
R
-s_ T jif{kl5sf] d"No (VT) = VO 1 – 100 x'G5 .
-v_ km]l/ x|f; ePsf] d"No s;/L kQf nufpg],
x|f; ePsf] d"No = VT – VO
T
R
= VO 1 – 100 – VO
T
R
= VO 1 + 100 –1 x'G5 .
-u_ s] x/]s jif{ s'g} ;fdfgsf] d"No Pp6} b/df x|f; x'G5, 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
olb R1%, R2% / R3% =============RT% j|mdzM klxnf], bf];|f], t];|f]=========T cf}F
jif{sf] x|f;b/ x'g\ eg],
R R R R
T jif{kl5sf] d"No (VT) = VO 1 – 1001 1 – 1002 1 – 1003 ...... 1 – 100T x'G5 .
j[l4df a9\b} hfG5 eg] x|f;df 36\b} hfg] /x]5 Û

pbfx/0f 1
3 jif{ klxn] k|sflzt ?= 200 kg]{ Pp6f k':tsnfO{{ x/]s jif{ 5% d"No x|f;df k|bz{gLdf ljj|mL ul/Fb}
cfPsf] 5 . o; jif{ pSt k':tssf] d"No slt xf]nf <
;dfwfg
oxfF k':tssf] ;'?sf] d"No (VO) = ?= 200
ld>x|f; b/ (R) = 5% k|ltjif{
;do (T) = 3 jif{
ul0ft, sIff !) 59
k':tssf] clxn]sf] d"No (VT) = <
T
R
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 VT = VO 1 – 100
3
5
= 200 1 – 100
3
95
= 200 100
= 200 × 0.857375
= ?= 171.47
ctM pSt k':tssf] d"No clxn]] ?= 171.47 k5{ .
pbfx/0f 2
;Ldf BBA df egf{ eOg\ . pgn] cfk\mgf] k9fOsf nflu Pp6f sDKo'6/ ?= 40,000 df lsg]sL
lyOg\ . 2 jif{ k|of]u u/]kl5 o;sf] d"Nodf ?= 7,600 n] x|f; eof] eg] x|f;b/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF sDKo'6/sf] ;'?sf] d"No (VO) = ?= 40,000
;do (T) = 2 jif{
x|f; ePsf] d"No = ?= 7,600
ld>x|f; b/ (R) = ?
ca b'O{ jif{kl5sf] d"No (VT) = VO – ?= 7,600 = ?= 40,000 – ?= 7,600 = ?= 32,400
T
R
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 VT= VO 1 – 100
2
R
or, 32,400 = 40,000 1 – 100
2
32400 R
or, 40000 = 1 – 100
2 2
18 R
or, 20
= 1 – 100
18 R
or, 20 = 1 – 100
R 18
or, 100 = 1 – 20
R 2
or, 100 = 20
2
or, R = 20 × 100 = 10%
ctM pSt sDKo'6/sf] jflif{s x|f;b/ 10% 5 .
60 ul0ft, sIff !)
pbfx/0f 3
Pp6f 3/sf] xfnsf] d"No ?= 20,00,000 k5{ . olb o;sf] d"No k|ltjif{ 10% n] 36\b} hfG5 eg] slt
jif{kl5 o;sf] d"No ?= 14,58,000 x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF 3/sf] xfn -;'?_ sf] d"No (VO) = ?= 20,00,000
x|f; b/ (R) = 10%
T jif{kl5sf] d"No (VT) = ?= 14,58,000
;do (T) = ?
T
R
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 VT= VO 1 – 100
T
10
or, 14,58,000 = 20,00,000 1 – 100
T
1458000 90
or, 2000000 = 100
or, 0.729 = (0.9)T

or, (0.9)3 = (0.9)T
⇒ T = 3 jif{
ctM 3 jif{kl5 pSt 3/sf] d"No ?= 14,58,000 x'G5 .
pbfx/0f 4
?= 4 s/f]8 kF'hL nufgL u/L :yfkgf ul/Psf] Pp6f sf/vfgfn] 3 jif{df ?= 75 nfv d'gfkmf sdfP5
t/ To;sf] d"Nodf jflif{s 2.5% sf b/n] x|f; eP5 eg] 3 jif{kl5 ljj|mL ubf{ s] slt gfkmf jf
gf]S;fg x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF sf/vfgfsf] ;'?sf] nufgL d"No (VO) = ?= 4,00,00,000
x|f; b/ (R) = 2.5%
;do (T) = 3 jif{
3 jif{kl5sf] d"No (V3) = ?
T
R
3
2.5
= 4,00,00,000 1 – 100
ul0ft, sIff !) 61
3
97.5
= 4,00,00,000 100
= ?= 3,70,74,375
km]l/ 3 jif{df pSt sf/vfgfn] sdfPsf] d'gfkmf = ?= 75,00,000
sf/vfgfaf6 k|fKt s''n /sd = ?= 3,70,74,375 + ?= 75,00,000 = ?= 4,45,74,375
hDdf nufgL = ?= 4,00,00,000
ctM 3 jif{kl5 sf/vfgf ljj|mL ubf{ x'g] gfkmf = ?= 4,45,74,375 – ?= 4,00,00,000
= ?= 45,74,375
pbfx/0f 5
Pp6f kmfOgfG; sDkgLsf] ;]o/sf] d"Nodf nuftf/ 2 jif{;Dd jflif{s 10% x|f;sf b/n] sdL cfPkl5
;f] ;]o/ ljj|mL ubf{ ?= 25,920 k|fKt eof] eg] pSt kmfOgfG;sf] ?= 100 d"No kg]{ slt lsQf ;]o/ ljj|mL
ePsf] /x]5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF kmfOgfG; sDkgLsf] clxn]sf] ;]o/sf] d"No (VT) = ?= 25,920
x|f; b/ (R) = 10%
;do (T) = 2 jif{
kmfOgfG; sDkgLsf] ;'?sf] ;]o/ d"No (VO) = ?
T
R
2
10
or, 25,920 = VO 1 – 100
2
90
or, 25,920 = VO 100
81
or, 25,920 = VO × 100
or, VO= ?= 25920 × 100

81
or, VO = ?= 32,000
t;y{ 2 jif{ cufl8sf] ;]o/sf] d"No (VO) = ?= 32,000

2 jif{cufl8 1 ;]o/sf] d"No = ?= 100
32000
hDdf ;]o/ ;ª\Vof = 100
= 320
ctM pSt kmfOgfG; sDkgLn] 2 jif{ clu ?= 100 kg]{ 320 lsQf ;]o/ a]r]sf] /x]5 .
62 ul0ft, sIff !)
cEof; 3.2
1. -s_ olb s'g} ;fdfgsf] ;'?sf] d"No ?= P / jflif{s x|f;b/ R% 5 eg] T jif{kl5sf] d"No
kQf nufpg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
T
R
-v_ T jif{kl5sf] d"No VT= VO 1 – 100 df R n] s] hgfpF5, n]Vg'xf];\ .
2. -s_ /fdn] ?= 5,000 kg]{ Pp6f 38L Ps jif{kl5 7% x|f; s6\6L u/L a]Rof] eg] x|f; /sd
slt xf]nf <
-v_ k|ltjif{ 5% x|f; s6\6L u/L Pp6f df]6/;fOsn 1 jif{kl5 ?= 57,000 df a]lrof] eg]
pSt df]6/;fOsn sltdf lslgPsf] lyof] <
3. -s_ ?= 16,800 kg]{ b/fhsf] d"No jflif{s 15% sf b/n] x|f; s6\6f ubf{ 2 jif{kl5 ;f]
b/fhsf] d"No slt xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ ef/tsf] s'g} sDkgLdf pTkflbt 125 ;L=;L=sf] gofF df]6/;fOsnsf] g]kfndf xfnsf]
d"No ?= 2,50,000 5 . olb pSt df]6/;fOsnsf] d"No 4% k|ltjif{sf b/n] 36\b}
hfG5 eg] 3 jif{ k|of]u u/]kl5 o;sf] d"No slt xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
4. -s_ ;ld/n] ?= 30,000 kg]{ Pp6f df]afOn lsg]sf 5g\ . pgnfO{{ 3/fo;L ;d:ofn] ubf{
2 jif{ k|of]u u/L pSt df]afOn jflif{s 30% sf b/n] x|f; s6\6L u/L a]Rg' kg]{ eof]
eg] x|f; s6\6L /sd kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ cgnfO{g sIff ;~rfngsf nflu Nofk6kaf6 ;lhnf] x'g] ePsfn] ?= 96,000 df Ps
ul0ft lzIfsn] gofF Nofk6k lsGg'eof] . x/]s jif{ o;sf] d"Nodf 15% x|f; cfpF5 .
3 jif{ k|of]u u/]kl5 pxfFn] o;nfO{{ a]Rbf slt /sd x|f; eof] kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
5. -s_ 3 jif{ klxn] ?= 12,50,000 df lsg]sf] 4 /f]kgL kxf8sf] hUuf clxn] ljj|mL ubf{
k|lt/f]kgL ?= 1,60,000 df dfq a]rlavg ug{ ;lsG5 . pSt hUufsf] d"Nodf jflif{s
slt k|ltztsf b/n] x|f; eof] kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ Ps hgf dflg;n] ?= 5,000 lt/]/ lsg]sf] Pp6f 38L 3 jif{ k|of]u u/]kl5
ljj|mL ubf{ pgn] ?= 625 dfq kfP eg] pSt 38Lsf] jfifL{s x|f; b/ slt eof]
6. -s_ s]xL jif{ klxn] ?= 4,00,000 df lsg]sf] 5fkfvfgfsf] k|To]s jif{ 30% n] d"Nodf x|f;
cfO{ xfn o;sf] d"No ?= 1,96,000 dfq 5 . pSt 5fkfvfgf slt jif{ klxn] lslgPsf]
/x]5 <
-v_ Pp6f sf/sf] d"No ?= 8,00,000 k5{ . olb o;sf] d"No k|ltjif{ 10% n] 36\b} hfG5
eg] slt jif{kl5 o;sf] d"No ?= 5,83,200 x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 63
7. -s_ jflif{s 5% sf b/n] 2 jif{ nuftf/ cd]l/sL 8n/sf] d"Nodf cjd"Nogkl5 clxn]
cd]l/sL 8n/ ($)1 = ?= 125 eP 2 jif{ cufl8 cd]l/sL 8n/ ($)1 a/fa/ g]kfnL
?lkofF slt lyof] xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 kms]{sf o'jfsf] Ps ;fgf] ;d"xn] 3 jif{ cufl8 ?= 2,80,000
df ufOkfng ;'? u/] . b]zsf] cl:y/ /fhgLlts cj:yfn] ubf{ pSt ufO{ kmf-
d{sf] d"No 5% k|lt jif{ ld>x|f; b/df 36\b} uPdf clxn] ;f] kmfd{sf] d"No slt
8. -s_ Pp6f kmf]6f]skL d]l;gsf] xfnsf] d"No ?= 5,00,000 5 . olb pSt d]l;gsf] d"No
klxnf] jif{ 15% / To;} u/L bf];|f] / t];|f] jif{df j|mdzM 10% / 5% n] x|f; x'Fb}
hfG5 eg] 3 jif{kl5 pSt d]l;gsf] d"No slt xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ Pp6f n]ldg];g d]l;gsf] klxnf] jif{ / bf];|f] jif{df j|mdzM 4% / 5% n] 36\b} uPkl5
pSt d]l;g ?= 24,168 df a]lrof] . 2 jif{ cufl8 ;f] d]l;gsf] j|mo d"No slt lyof]
9. Ps hgf pBf]u Joj;foLn] ?= 48,00,000 nufgL u/L Pp6f dfnafxs 6«s lsg]sf lyP .
pgn] 6«saf6 2 jif{df ?= 6,80,000 sdfP . o;sf] d"Nodf jflif{s 10% sf b/n] x|f;
cfP5 eg] 2 jif{kl5 ljj|mL ubf{ s] slt gfkmf jf 3f6f x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
10. Ps hgf a; Joj;foLn] ?=16,00,000 df Pp6f a; lsg] pgn] 3 jif{;Dd
sf7df8f}F — afUn'ª ?6df rnfpFbf ?= 5,10,000 dfq gfkmf sdfP . o;sf] d"Nodf
jflif{s 5% sf b/n] ld>x|f; eP5 eg] 3 jif{kl5 ljj|mL ubf{ slt gfkmf jf gf]S;fg
eP5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
11. g]kfn ;]o/ dfs]{6df ;"rLs[t eO{ sf/f]af/ ePsf] Pp6f kmfOgfG; sDkgLsf] ;]o/sf]
d"No nuftf/ 2 jif{;Dd 10% jflif{s ld>x|f;sf b/n] 36\b} uPsf] 5 . ;f] sDkgLsf]
;]o/ lsg]sf tkfO{Fsf] l5d]sLn] cfkm";Fu ePsf] ;a} lsQf ;]o/ ?= 28,350 df ljj|mL
u/] . 2 jif{clu pSt kmfOgfG;n] ?= 100 sf b/n] slt lsQf ;]o/ pSt l5d]sLnfO{{ a]r]sf]
/x]5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
12. Pp6f hnljB't\ sDkgLsf] ;]o/ d"No jflif{s 10% sf b/n] x|f; eO/x]sf] 5 . olb zlzn]
cfkm";Fu ePsf] pSt sDkgLsf] ;]o/ a]Rbf o;sf] clxn]sf] d"No ?= 7,10,775 5 eg]
-s_ 2 jif{ cufl8 pgn] lsg]sf] ;]o/sf] d"No slt lyof] <
-v_ cfOlkcf] v'n]sf] a]nfdf ?= 100 sf] b/n] lsGbf 2 jif{ clu slt lsQf ;]o/ lsg]sf
/x]5g\ .
64 ul0ft, sIff !)
13. lglZrt jflif{s ld>x|f;sf] b/n] s'g} ;fdfgsf] d"No 2 jif{kl5 / 3 jif{kl5 j|mdzM ?= 10,240
/ ?= 8,192 x'G5 eg],
-s_ ld>x|f; b/ slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ pSt ;fdfgsf] ;'?sf] d"No slt /x]5 kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
14. lglZrt jflif{s ld>x|f;sf] b/n] s'g} ;fdfgsf] d"No 2 jif{kl5 ?= 5,41,500 / 3 jif{kl5 ?=
5,14,425 x'G5 eg],
-s_ ld>x|f; b/ slt x'G5 <
-v_ pSt ;fdfgsf] ;'?sf] d"No slt /x]5 kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
pko'St ;d"x lgdf{0f u/L k|To]s ;d"xn] k'/fgf ;fdfg ljj|mL ug]{ sDkgL jf k;n jf
cGo ;+:yfx¿Dff hfg'xf];\ . pSt ;+:yfdf k|of]u u/]sf cyjf ePsf ljB'tLo ;fdfg h:t}M
;jf/L ;fwg, kmf]6f]skL d]l;g, kmlg{r/ cflb ;fdfgsf]] j|mo d"No ;f]Wg'xf];\ . pSt ;dfgsf]
k|of]ukl5 clxn]sf] ;dodf a]Rg'kbf{ pSt ;dfgsf]] d"No slt hlt xf]nf < Tof] ;fdfg vl/b
u/]kl5 s] kmfObf jf slt cfDbfgL eof] < oL k|Zgsf] pQ/;lxt pSt ;fdfu|Lsf] d"No slt
k|ltztn] x|f; cfPsf] /x]5 kQf nufpg'xf];\ . pSt ;fdfg ljj|mL ubf{ slt k|ltzt gfkmf jf
gf]S;fg x'G5 < o; af/]df Pp6f k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
pQ/
1. lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ . 2. -s_ ? 350 -v_ ?=60,000
3. -s_ ?= 12,138 -v_ ?= 2,21,184 4. -s_ ?= 15,300 -v_ ?= 37,044
5. -s_ 20% -v_ 50% 6. -s_ 2 jif{ -v_ 3 jif{
7. -s_ $1 = ?= 124.09 -v_ ?= 2,40,065 8. -s_ ?= 3,63,375 -v_ ?= 26,500
9. ?= 2,32,000 3f6f 10. ?= 2,81,800 gfkmf 11. 350 lsQf
12. -s_ ?= 8,77,500 -v_ 8,775 lsQf 13. -s_ 20% -v_ ?= 16,000
14. -s_ 5% -v_ ?= 6,00,000
ul0ft, sIff !) 65
kf7 d'b|f / ljlgdo b/
4 (Currency and Exchange Rate)

pko'St ;ª\Vofsf ;d"xdf a;L tnsf cj:yfsf af/]df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ tkfO{Fx¿ cfk\mgf] ljBfnoaf6 z}lIfs e|d0fsf nflu g]kfn aflx/ hfFb} x'g'x'G5 . s]
ToxfF g]kfnL ?lkofF vr{ u/]/ s]xL ;fdfg lsGg / vfg]s'/f lsg]/ vfg ;Sg'x'G5 <
-v_ ;u'g Ps k|ltli7t Jofkf/L x'g\ . pgn] ljb]zaf6 ;fdfg cfoft u5{g\ . s] pgn]
;fdfgsf] /sd e'StfgL ubf{ g]kfnL ?lkofFdf ug{ ;S5g\ <
-u_ ljb]zdf sfd ug]{ g]kfnLn] sdfPsf] k};f g]kfn k7fpg] u5{g\ . pgLx¿sf]
kl/jf/n] k7fPsf] pSt /sd g]kfnL ?lkofFdf kfpF5g\ . s] cfwf/df pgLx¿n]
ljb]zL k};fsf] g]kfnL ?lkofF kfpF5g\ <
dflysf cj:yfdf h'g b]zdf uOG5 jf h'g b]z;Fu Jofkf/ ul/G5 ToxL b]zsf] d'b|f k|of]u ug]{
ul/G5 . km/s km/s b]zaf6 k};f g]kfn k7fpFbf kl/jf/n] kfpg] /sd g]kfnL d'b|f g} x'g] u5{ .
4.1 d'b|f / ljlgdo b/ (Currency and Exchange Rate)

lj|mofsnfk 1
pko'St ;ª\Vofdf ;d"xdf a;L tn lbOPsf] g]kfn /fi6« a}ª\sn] ldlt 2079 efb| 5 ut]sf nflu
lgwf{/0f u/sf] s]xL /fi6«x¿sf] d'b|fsf] ljlgdo b/ cWoog ug'{xf];\ / tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgdf
5nkmn ug'x{ f];\ M
g]kfn /fi6« a}ª\s
s]Gb|Lo sfof{no,yfkfynL,sf7df8f}F
efb| 5 ut] 2079 (August 21,2022)
b]z d'b|f PsfO vl/b b/ -?=_ ljj|mL b/ -?=_ ;ª\s]t
ef/t ef/tLo ?lkofF 1 160.00 160.15 ₹
cd]l/sf cd]l/sL 8n/ 1 127.35 127.95 $
o'/f]lkog o'lgogdf o'/f] 1 128.13 128.73 €
ePsf b]zx¿
a]nfot kfpG8 :6ln{ª 1 150.94 151.65 £
66 ul0ft, sIff !)
l:jh/NofG8 l:j; km]ª\s 1 133.13 133.76 CHF
c:6«]lnof c:6«]lnog 8n/ 1 87.82 88.23 AUD$
Sofg8f Sofg]l8og 8n/ 1 98.08 98.54 CAD$
l;ª\ufk'/ l;ª\ufk'/ 8n/ 1 91.68 92.11 SGD$
hfkfg hfkfgL o]g 10 9.32 9.37 ¥
rLg lrlgofFF o'cfg 1 18.70 18.79 Y
;fpbL c/a ;fpbL c/laog 1 33.91 34.07 SAR‫﷼‬
l/ofn
stf/ stf/L l/ofn 1 34.82 34.98 QAR‫﷼‬
yfONofG8 yfO ef6 1 3.57 3.59 THB
;+o'St c/a Old/]6\; ;+o'St c/a 1 34.67 34.83 ‫د‬.‫إ‬
Old/]6 lb/fd
dn]l;of dn]l;og l/ª\u]6 1 28.45 28.58 MR
blIf0f sf]l/of blIf0f sf]l/og 100 9.58 9.63 ₩
jg
l:j8]g l:jl8; j|mf]g/ 1 12.07 12.12 SEK kr
8]gdfs{ 8]lg; s|f]g/ 1 17.23 17.31 DKK kr
xªsª xªsª 8n/ 1 16.23 16.31 HKD $
s'j]t s'j]tL lbgf/ 1 414.23 416.18 KD ‫د‬.‫ك‬
ax/fOg ax/fOg lbgf/ 1 337.80 339.39 BD ‫د‬.‫ب‬
-s_ xfd|f] b]zdf d'b|fsf] ljlgdo b/ s;n] lgwf{/0f u5{ <

-v_ cd]l/sfsf] d'b|fnfO{{ 8n/ elgG5 eg] lrgsf] d'b|fnfO{{ s] elgG5 <
-u_ dfly lbOPsf] d'b|fsf] ljlgdo b/cg';f/ vl/b b/eGbf ljj|mL b/ lsg a9L 5 xf]nf <
-3_ vl/b b/ / ljj|mL b/ eg]sf] s] xf], 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
s'g} cfly{s sf/f]af/ ug{sf nflu Ps b]zsf] d'b|fsf] d"No csf]{ b]zdf slt x'g] egL ;/sf/sf]
cflwsfl/s lgsfo jf ;/sf/sf] s]Gb|Lo a}ª\sn] lglZrt b/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] x'G5 . pSt b/nfO{{
g} ljb]zL d'b|f ljlgdo b/ elgG5 . xfd|f] b]zsf] ljlgdo b/ ef/t;Fu l:y/ 5 eg] c¿ b]z;Fu
rnfOdfg 5 . xfd|f] b]zdf d'b|fsf] ljlgdo b/ g]kfn /fi6« a}ª\sn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] x'G5 . a}ª\s
jf ljQLo ;+:yfn] ljb]zL d'b|f vl/b ubf{ lbg] ljlgdo b/nfO{{ vl/b b/ elgG5 . To:f}u/L a}ª\s
jf ljQLo ;+:yfn] ljb]zL d'b|f ljj|mL ubf{ lbg] ljlgdo b/nfO{{ ljj|mL b/ elgG5 .
ul0ft, sIff !) 67
pbfx/0f 1
dfly lbOPsf] ljlgdo b/sf cfwf/df 500 kfpG8 l:6ln{ªsf] vl/b b/ / ljj|mL b/df slt ?lkofF
km/s k5{, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF lbOPsf] kfpG8 l:6ln{ª = 500
ljlgdo b/ tflnsfcg';f/ 1 kfpG8 l:6ln{ªsf] vl/b b/ Ö ?= 150.94
ca 500 kfpG8 l:6ln{ªsf] vl/b d"No = ?= 150.84 × 500 = ?= 75,420
km]l/ ljj|mL b/cg';f/, 1 kfpG8 l:6ln{ªsf] ljj|mL b/ = ?= 151.65
500 kfpG8 l:6ln{ªsf] ljj|mL d"No = ?= 151.65 × 500 = ?= 75,825
t;y{ vl/b d"No / ljj|mL d"Nosf] km/s = ?= 75,825 – ?= 75,420 = ?= 405
pbfx/0f 2
s'g} Ps lbgsf] cd]l/sg 8n/ / g]kfnL ?lkofFsf] ljlgdo b/, $1 = ?= 126.35 5 .
-s_ ?= 85,500 df slt cd]l/sg 8n/ ljlgdo ug{ ;lsG5 <
-v_ $3,000 df slt g]kfnL ?lkofF ljlgdo ug{ ;lsG5 <
;dfwfg
oxfF -s_ $1 = ?= 126.35
or, ?= 126.35 = $1
1
or, ?= 1 = $ 126.35
1
or, ?= 85,500 = $ 126.35 × 85,500 = $676.69
-v_ km]l/ $1 = ?= 126.35

or, $3000 = ?= 126.35 × 3,000 = ?= 3,79,050
pbfx/0f 3
dfly lbOPsf] ljlgdo b/ tflnsfcg';f/ tn lbOPsf d'b|f kl/jt{g ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ 1 Sofg]l8og 8n/nfO{{ hfkfgL o]gdf
-v_ 250 c:6«]lnog 8n/nfO{{ l:j; k|m]ª\sdf
68 ul0ft, sIff !)
;dfwfg
oxfF -s_ 1 Sofg]l8og 8n/ lbFbf = ?= 98.08 kfOG5 .
or, ?= 98.08 =1 Sofg]l8og 8n/ [⸪ vl/b b/cg';f/]
1
or, ?= 1 = 98.08 Sofg]l8og 8n/ ====================(i)
km]l/ 10 hfkfgL o]g lng = ?= 9.37 ltg'{k5{ .
or, ?= 9.37 =10 hfkfgL o]g [⸪ ljqmL b/cg';f/]
10
or, ?= 1 = hfkfgL o]g =============================(ii)
9.37
1 10
98.08 Sofg]l8og 8n/ = 9.37 hfkfgL o]g
1 Sofg]l8og 8n/ = 10 ×9.37
98.08
hfkfgL o]g = 104.67 hfkfgL o]g
ctM 1 Sofg]l8og 8n/ = 104.67 hfkfgL o]g x'G5 .
P Û g]kfnafx]s c¿ b]zsf] d'b|f g]kfndf ;6xL

j}slNks tl/sf ubf{ ;'?df g]kfnL d'b|fdf ;6xL u/]kl5 dfq csf]{
dfgf}F Sofg]l8og $1 = x hfkfgL o]g b]zsf] d'b|f kfOg] /x]5 . xfdL;Fu ePsf] ljb]zL
d'b|fnfO{ a}ª\sn] g]kfnL d'b|f lbFbf vl/b b/df /
ca tn lbOPcg';f/ n]Vg],
xfdL;Fu ePsf] g]kfnL d'b|faf6 k'gM ljb]zL d'b|f
Sofg]l8og $1 = x hfkfgL o]g lbFbf ljj|mL b/df ;6xL ug]{ kf] /x]5 .
10 hfkfgL o]g = g]kfnL ?= 9.37
g]kfnL ?= 98.05 = 1 Sofg]l8og 8n/
x/]s nfOgsf] afofFsf] dfg afofFsf cGo dfgx¿;Fu u'0fg ug]{ . To;} u/L bfofFsf] dfg bfofFsf
cGo dfgx¿;Fu u'0fg ug]{ .
or, 1 × 10 × 98.05 = x × 9.37 × 1
or, 10 × 10 ×9.37
98.05
=x
or, x = 104.67
ctM 1 Sofg]l8og 8n/ = 104.67 hfkfgL o]g x'G5 .
1. klxnf] nfOgsf] afofF Sofg]l8og 8n/af6 ;'? u/L bfofFk6\l6 hfkfgL o]g ePsfn] bf];|f]
nfOgsf] afofF hfkfgL o]gaf6 ;'? ug]]{ .
2. bf];|f] nfOgsf] bfofF efudf g]= ?= ePsfn] t];|f] nfO{{gsf] afofF g]= ?= n]vL bfofF efudf
Sofg]l8og 8n/ n]Vg' k5{ lsgls ;'? Sofg]l8og 8n/af6 ePsf] 5 .
ul0ft, sIff !) 69
-v_ 1 c:6«]lnog 8n/ = ?= 87.82
or, ?= 87.82 =1 c:6«]lnog 8n/
1
or, ?= 1 = 87.82 c:6«]lnog 8n/==========================(i)
km]l/ 1 l:j; k|m]ª\s = ?= 133.76
or, ?= 133.76 =1 l:j; k|m]ª\s
1
or, ?= 1 = 133.76 l:j; k|m]ª\s =============================(ii)
1 1
87.82 c:6«]lnog 8n/ = 133.76 l:j; k|m]ª\s
1 × 87.82
or, 1 c:6«]lnog 8n/ = 133.76 l:j; k|m]ª\s
87.82
or, 250 c:6«]lnog 8n/ = 133.76 × 250 l:j; k|m]ª\s = 164.14 l:j; k|m]ª\s
ctM 250 c:6«]lnog 8n/ = 164.14 l:j; k|m]ª\s
j}slNks tl/sf
dfgf}F, 250 c:6«]lnog 8n/ = x l:j; k|m]ª\s
1 l:j; k|m]ª\s = ?= 133.76
?= 87.82 = 1 c:6«]lnog 8n/
250 × 1 × 87.82 = x × 133.76 x 1
250 x 87.82
x = 133.76
= 164.14 l:j; k|m]ª\s
c1ft r/x¿sf] dfg kQf nufpg P]lss lgod, cg'kft / ;dfg'kftsf] j}slNks tl/sf
Chain rule xf] .
dfgf}F, A, B / C km/s b]zsf d'b|fsf] PsfO x'g\ eg],
olb A = B, B = C / C = A eP,
A×B×C = B×C×A x'G5 .
70 ul0ft, sIff !)
pbfx/0f 4
olb cd]l/sL 8n/ ($) 500 = kfpG8 :6ln{ª (£)390 / g]kfnL ?= 7,547= kfpG8 :6ln{ª (£) 50
5 . g]kfnL ?= 10,308 sf] slt cd]l/sL 8n/ ($) ;f6\g ;lsG5 xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
dfgf}F cd]l/sL $ x = g]kfnL ?= 10,308
clg tn lbOPcg';f/ n]Vg],
or, $500 =£390
£ 50 = ?= 7,547
?= 10,308 = $x
r]g lgodsf] k|of]u u/L,
or, 500 × 50 × 10,308 = 390 × 7547 × x
500 × 50 × 10308
or, 7547 × x =x
or, x = 87.55
ct M ?=10,308 n] cd]l/sL 8n/ ($) 87.55 ;f6\g ;lsG5 .
pbfx/0f 5
Ps hgf Jofkf/Ln] kfpG8 :6ln{ª (£) 1= ?= 150 sf] b/df ?= 8,40,000 sf] kfpG8 :6ln{ª
;f6] . kfFr lbgkl5 g]kfnL d'b|f 5% n] clwd"Nog eof] / pSt lbgdf p;Fu ePsf] kfpG8 :6ln{ª k'gM
g]kfnL d'b|fdf ;f6\bf p;nfO{{ slt gfkmf jf gf]S;fg eof] xf]nf <
;dfwfg
oxfF kfpG8 :6ln{ª (£)1 = ?= 150
Ps hgf Jofkf/Ln] ?= 8,40,000 sf] kfpG8 :6ln{ª ;f6] .
clwd"Nogsf] b/ = 5%,
gfkmf jf gf]S;fg = ?
ca ?= 150 = £1
1
?= 1 = £ 150
1
?= 8,40,000 = £ 150 × 8,40,000 =£ 5,600
kfFr lbgkl5 g]kfnL d'b|f 5% n] clwd"Nog eof] t;y{ kfFr lbgkl5sf] ljlgdo b/
ul0ft, sIff !) 71
5
£1 = 150 –150 sf] 5% = 150 – 150 × 100
= ?= 150 – ?= 7.50 = ?= 142.5
k'gM p;Fu ePsf] kfpG8 :6ln{ª g]kfnL ?lkofFFdf ;f6]
To;}n] £5,600 = ?= 142.5 × 5,600 = ?= 7,98,000
oxfF ?= 7,98,000 < ?= 8,40,000 To;}n] p;nfO{{ gf]S;fg eof] .
t;y{ gf]S;fg /sd = ?= 8,00,000 – ?= 7,98,000 = ?= 2,000
pbfx/0f 6
ga]{df Jofkf/ ug]{ g]kfnL d"nsf Jofkf/Ln] g]kfndf cfPsf a]nf 900 cf]6f g]kfnL kl:dgf ;n
?= 4,000 sf] b/n] sf7df8f}Fdf lsg]5g\ . pgn] lgof{t s/ 5% lt/]/ ga]{ nuL 20% gfkmf u/L
a]Rbf ;a} g]kfnL kl:dgf ;n slt o'/f]df a]Rg' knf{, kQf nufpg'xf];\ . (€1 = ?= 130)
;dfwfg
oxfF 1 cf]6f g]kfnL kl:dgf ;nsf] d"No = ?= 4,000
900 cf]6f g]kfnL kl:dgf ;nsf] d"No = ?= 4,000 × 900 = ?= 36,00,000
5% lgof{t s/;lxtsf] 900 cf]6f g]kfnL kl:dgf ;nsf] j|mo d"No
= ?= 36,00,000 + ?= 36,00,000 sf] 5%
5
= ?= 36,00,000 + ?= 36,00,000 × 100
= ?= 37,80,000
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 €1 = ?= 130
cyf{t\ ,?= 130 = €1
€1
or, ?= 1 = 130
€1 × 37,80,000
or, ?= 37,80,000 = 130
= €29076.92
⸫ hDdf j|mo d"No -o'/f]df_ = €29076.92
20% gfkmf u/L a]Rg' kbf{,
20
km]l/ 900 cf]6f ;nsf] ljj|mo d"No = €29076.92 + €29076.92 × 100
= €29076.92 + 5,815.38
ct M ;a} ;nsf] ljj|mo d"No = €34892.30
72 ul0ft, sIff !)
j}slNks tl/sf
5% lgof{t s/;lxtsf] 900 cf]6f g]kfnL kl:dgf ;nsf] j|mo d"No = ?= 37,80,000
20% gfkmf u/L a]Rg' kbf{,
900 cf]6f ;nsf] ljj|mL d"No = ?= 3780000 + 3780000 sf] 20%
= 3780000 + 756000
= 4536000
ca ?= 130 = € 1 x'G5 .
€1
?= 1 = 130
€1 × 4536000
?= 4536000 = 130
= 34892.30
ct M ;a} ;nsf] ljj|mo d"No = €34892.30
cEof; 4
1. -s_ d'b|f ljlgdo eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
-v_ olb g]kfnL ljBfyL{ cd]l/sf k9\g hfFbf p;n] g]kfnL ?lkofFFnfO{{ cd]l/sL 8n/df
;f6\bf a}ª\n] vl/b b/ jf ljj|mL b/ s'g k|of]u u5{, n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ vl/b b/ / ljj|mL b/nfO{{ kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ .
2. dfly lbOPsf] ljb]zL d'b|f ljlgdosf] vl/b b/ k|of]u u/L ljleGg b]zsf d'b|fnfO{{ g]kfnL
?lkofFFdf ¿kfGt/0f ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ ef/tLo ?lkofF 1425 -v_ cd]l/sL 8n/ 2000
-u_ kfpG8 :6ln{ª 4672 -3_ c:6«]lnog 8n/ 672
-ª_ ;fpbL c/laog l/ofn 1851 -r_ stf/L l/ofn 2225
-5_ blIf0f sf]l/ofnL jg 58,230 -h_ xªsª 8n/ 4512
-em_ dn]l;og l/ª\u]6 6725 -~f_ lrlgofFF o'cfg 3450
3. ljb]zL d'b|f ljlgdosf] ljj|mL b/ k|of]u u/L ?= 2,00,000 nfO{{ lgDg d'b|fdf ¿kfGt/0f ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ c:6«]lnog 8n/ -v_ cd]l/sL 8n/
-u_ o'/f] -3_ ;+o'St c/a Old/]6 lb/fd
ul0ft, sIff !) 73
4. s'g} Ps lbgsf] g]kfn /fi6« a}ª\ssf] d'b|f ljlgdo b/cg';f/ cd]l/sL 8n/ 1 sf] vl/b b/ /
ljj|mL b/ j|mdzM g]kfnL ?= 127.50 / ?= 128 5g\ eg],
-s_ g]kfnL ?= 81,280 ;Fu slt cd]l/sL 8n/ ;f6\g ;lsG5 <
-v_ tkfO{Fn] cd]l/sL 8n/ 600 ;Fu slt g]kfnL ?lkofFF ;f6\g ;Sg'x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
5. 23 cu:6 2022 sf] g]kfn /fi6« a}ª\ssf] d'b|f ljlgdo b/cg';f/ rfOlgh o'cfg 1 sf] vl/b
b/ / ljj|mL b/ j|mdzM g]kfnL ?= 18.64 / ?= 18.73 lyof] eg],
-s_ g]kfnL ?= 37,460 ;Fu slt rfOlgh o'cfg ;f6\g ;lsG5 <
-v_ tkfO{Fn] rfOlgh o'cfg 5000 ;Fu slt g]kfnL ?lkofFF ;f6\g ;Sg'x'G5 <
6. dfly tflnsfdf lbOPsf] d'b|fsf] ljlgdo b/ k|of]u u/L tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ 1 o'/f]sf] slt ;+o'St c/a Old/]6 lb/fd x'G5 <
-v_ 1 stf/L l/ofnsf] slt dn]l;og l/ª\u]6 x'G5 <
-u_ slt Sofg]l8og 8n/sf] 200 cd]l/sg 8n/ x'G5 <
-3_ 200 kfpG8 :6ln{ªsf] slt yfO ef6 x'G5 <
7. g]kfnaf6 pRr lzIff k|flKtsf nflu ;f]latf c:6«]lnof uPsL lyOg\ . cfk\mgf] cWoog k"/f u/L
pgL clxn] ToxfF dfWolds lzIfssf ¿kdf sfd ul5{g\ . pgn] k|lt306f c:6«]lnog 8n/ 37
sdfpFl5g\ . pgL cfOtaf/afx]s xKtfsf] x/]s lbg 5 306fsf] b/n] k9fpFl5g\ . ljlgdo b/
c:6«]lnog 8n/ 1 = ?= 90 eP,
-s_ pgsf] Ps xKtfsf] tna g]kfnL ?lkofFFdf slt x'G5 <
-v_ pgsf] Ps dlxgfsf] tna g]kfnL ?lkofFFdf slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
8. -s_ Ps hgf Jofkf/Ln] cd]l/sg 8n/ 1 = g]kfnL ?= 124 sf] b/df, g]kfnL d'b|f
?= 12,40,000 sf] cd]l/sg 8n/ ;f6]5g\ . Ps xKtfkl5 g]kfnL d'b|f 10% n]
cjd"Nog eof] . ToxL cjd"Nog ePsf] ;dodf p;n] k'gM pSt 8n/ g]kfnL d'b|fdf
;f6\bf slt gfkmf jf gf]S;fg eof] xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ Ps hgf Jofkf/L b;}Fsf] j]nfdf yfONofG8af6 ;fdfg lsG5g\ . To;sf nflu pgn]
yfO ef6 1 = g]kfnL ?= 3.60 sf] b/df g]kfnL d'b|f ?= 7,20,000 sf] yfO ef6
;f6] . Ps lbgkl5 g]kfnL d'b|f 5% n] clwd"Nog eof] . b]zsf] ljifd kl/l:yltn]
ubf{ pgn] ;fdfg yfONofG8af6 glsGg] larf/ u/] . To;}n] clwd"Nog ePs} ;dodf
pSt yfO ef6 k'gM g]kfnL d'b|fdf ;f6\bf pgnfO{{ slt gfkmf jf gf]S;fg eof]
9. -s_ Ps hgf g]kfnL ;+o'St c/a Old/]6 3'Dg uPsf lyP . To; ;dodf pgLx¿n]
75" -OGr_ sf] a|fG8]8 sDkgLsf] 6]lnlehg 10,000 lb/fddf lsg]5g\ . To; lbgsf]
74 ul0ft, sIff !)
ljlgdo b/cg';f/ ;+o'St c/a Old/]6 lb/fd 1 = g]kfnL ?= 34.50 lyof] . 20%
eG;f/ z'Ns / 13% Eof6 lt/]/ g]kfn NofP5g\ . pgLx¿sf cfkmGtn] o;nfO{{
lsGg] rfxgf u/] . gfkmf gx'g] u/L a]Rbf ;f] 6]lnlehgnfO{{ slt g]kfnL ?lkofFFdf j]Rg'
knf{, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ s'g} ;fdfgnfO{{ ef/tLo ?lkofF 21,600 df a]Rbf 20% gfkmf x'G5 . ;f]xL ;fdfgnfO{{
25% gfkmf ug{ slt g]kfnL ?lkofFFdf a]Rg ;lsG5 <
10. -s_ Ps hgf g]kfnL c:6«]lnofdf Jofkf/ u5{g\ . 3/fo;L sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf pgL
g]kfn cfPsf lyP . ca ptf kmls{bf g]kfnaf6 500 cf]6f kl:dgfsf] ;n nfg]larf/
u/] . k|To]ssf] ?= 3,500 sf] b/n] kl:dgfsf ;n lsg] . pgn] lgof{t s/ 5% lt/L
c:6«]lnof k'¥ofP . ToxfFsf] ljdfg:ynaf6 pgL a:g] 7fpFdf k'¥ofpg c:6«]lnog
8n/ 30 9'jfgL vr{ lt/] . Pp6f kl:dgf ;nnfO{{ c:6«]lnog 8n/ 80 sf] b/n]
a]Rbf pgnfO{{ slt k|ltzt gfkmf jf gf]S;fg eof], kQf nufpg'xf];\ . -c:6«]lnog
8n/ 1 = g]kfnL ?= 88.50)
-v_ g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudaf6 sf7df8f}Fb]lv a}ª\ssf] xjfO l6s6 ?= 28,000 k5{ .
km]l/ yfoNofG8af6 l6s6 a'lsª u/fpFbf 8600 yfO ef6 k5{ eg] s'g 7fpFaf6 a'lsª
u/fpFbf slt k|ltztn] ;:tf] k5{, kQf nufpg'xf];\ . -yfO ef6 1 = g]kfnL ?=3.50)
11. -s_ olb 176 cd]l/sL 8n/ = 100 kfpG8 :6ln{ª / 1 kfpG8 :6ln{ª = g]kfnL ?= 151
eP 132 cd]l/sL 8n/;Fu slt g]kfnL ?lkofFF ;f6\g ;lsG5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ olb ₹ 100 (IC) = g]kfnL ?= 160 / 1 cd]l/sL 8n/ = g]kfnL ?= 120 eP ₹ 7500
(IC) a/fa/ slt cd]l/sL 8n/ x'G5 <
-u_ olb lrlgofF o'cfg 1 = ?= 18.70 / ;fpbL c/a l/ofn 1 = ?= 33.91 eP lrlgofF
o'cfg 5612 nfO{{ ;fpbL c/a l/ofndf ¿kfGt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
pko'St ;d"x lgdf{0f u/L k|To]s ;d"xn] kqklqsf jf u'unaf6 vf]h u/L cfhsf] lbgsf]
ljb]zL d'b|f ljlgdo b/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ . b'O{ lbg cufl8 / cfhsf] lbgdf s'g} d'b|f ljlgdo
b/df sltsf] km/s kfpg'x'G5 jf Pp6} kfpg'x'G5 < ;fy} pSt lbgdf cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df
;'g k|lt s]=hL= jf k|lt tf]nf jf k|lt u|fd slt 5 < cd]l/sfdf slt 5 < a]nfotdf slt
5 < c:6«]lnofdf slt 5 < ;+o'St c/a Old/]6df slt 5 < pSt lbgdf s'g b]zsf] s'g
;x/df lsGbf sltn] ;:tf] k5{ < o;af/]df Pp6f k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't
ug'{xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 75
pQ/
2. -s_ ?= 2280 -v_ ?= 254700 -u_ ?= 704724.48
-3_ ?= 59015.04 -ª_ ?= 62767.41 -r_ ?= 77474.5
-5_ ?= 5578.43 -h_ ?= 73229.76
-em_ ?= 191326.25 -~f_ ?= 64515
3. -s_ c:6]«lnog $2266.8 -v_ cd]l/sg $1563.11
-u_ kfpG8 :6ln{ª €1553.63 -3_ lb/fd 5742.17
4. -s_ ($)635 -v_ ?= 76,500
5. -s_ lrlgofF o'cfg 2000 -v_ ?= 93,200
6. -s_ lb/fd 3.68 -v_ dn]l;og l/ª\u]6 1.22
-u_ Sofg]l8og 8n/ 258.47 -3_ yfO ef6 8408.91
7. -s_ 99,900 -v_ 4,99,500
8. -s_ gfkmf ?=1,24,000 -v_ gf]S;fg ?= 36,000
9. -s_ ?= 4,67,820 -v_ g]=?=36,000
10. -s_ gfkmf 92.37% -v_ sf7df8f}F 6.97% ;:tf]
11. -s_ ?=11,325 -v_ 8n/ 100
-u_ ;f=c= l/ofn 3094.79
ldl>t cEof;
1. Pp6f kl/jf/n] sIff 11 k9\g ;'? u/]sf] 17 jif{sf] 5f]/f jf 5f]/Lsf] k9fOdf vr{ ug]{
p2]Zosf ;fy aRrfs} gfddf s'g} a}ª\sdf ?= 4,00,000 hDdf ul/lbg vf]lh/xg'ePsf] 5 .
pgL 19 jif{sf] x'Fbf 12 sIff pQL0f{ ePkl5 ;a} /sd -;fjfF / Aofh_ lemSg] ;t{df pSt
a}ª\sdf k};f hDdf ug'{eof] eg],
-s_ cw{jflif{s rj|mLo Aofhcg';f/ 2 jif{sf] nfuL hDdf u/]sf] ?lkofFdf slt k6s
Aofhsf] u0fgf x'G5, n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ tkfOFn] cfˆgf] afa'cfdfnfO{{ tn lbOPsf dWo] s'g ljsNkcg';f/ k};f hDdf ug{
;Nnfx lbg'x'G5 / lsg < u0fgf u/L sf/0f lbg'xf];\ .
76 ul0ft, sIff !)
lasf; a}ª\s
klxnf] ljsNk bf];|f] ljsNk t];|f] ljsNk

jflif{s rj|mLo Aofhb/ cw{—jflif{s rj|mLo Aofhb/ ;fwf/0f Aofhb/ 20%
19% k|ltjif{ 18% k|ltjif{ k|ltaif
2. jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh b/df s'g} /sdsf] ld>wg 2 jif{ / 3 jif{df j|mdzM ? 12,000 /
?= 13200 k'Ub5 .
-s_ jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh kQf nufpg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ rs|Lo Aofhsf] b/ slt x'g'k5{ <
-u_ d"nwg slt x'g' k5{, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
3. Ps hgf JolStn] lj=;= 2075 j}zfv 25 df Pp6f hUuf ?= 80, 00,000 df lsg] /
ToxL lbg b]vL g} hu yfKg ;'? u/L ?= 2,70,00,000 df 3/ lgdf{0f u/] . olb hUufsf]
d"No k|ltjif{ 20% sf b/n] a9\b} hfG5 eg] 3/sf] d"No 20% n] k|ltjif{ 36\b} hfG5 .
T
R
-s_ T jif{kl5sf] d"No (PT) = P 1 + 100 df R n] s] hgfpF5 .
-v_ 2 jif{kl5 ;f] hUufsf] d"No slt x'G5 <
-u_ 2 jif{kl5 ;f] 3/sf] d"No slt x'G5 <
-3_ s] 2 jif{kl5 hUuf / 3/sf] d"No a/fa/ xG5 t < x'Fb}g eg] slt jif{kl5 hUuf /
3/sf] d"No a/fa/ x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
4. /fdn] cd]l/sg 8n/ ($)1 = g]= ?= 110 sf b/n] s]xL g]kfnL ?lkofFsf] cd]l/sg 8n/ vl/b
u/]5g\ . kfFr lbgkl5 cd]l/sg 8n/sf t'ngfdf g]kfnL ?lkofF 10% n] cjd"Nog eof] / pSt
8n/ km]l/ g]kfnL d'b|fdf ;f6\bf pgnfO{{ ?= 33,000 gfkmf eP5 .
-s_ d'b|f ljlgdo b/ eGgfn] s] a'lemG5, n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ g]kfnL ?lkofF 10% n] cjd"Nog ePkl5 cd]l/sg 8n/ ($)1 a/fa/ slt g]kfnL
?lkofF x'G5 <
-u_ /fdn] ;'?df slt g]kfnL d'b|fsf] cd]l/sg 8n/ vl/b u/]sf /x]5g\, kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ g]kfnL ?lkofF 10% cjd"Nog x'g'sf] ;6\6f 10% n] g} clwd"Nog ePsf] eP p;nfO{{
slt gfkmf jf gf]S;fg x'GYof], kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 77
5. g]kfn a}ª\s lnld6]8sf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lgoldt a}7saf6 jflif{s gLltdf s]xL k/Ljt{g
ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ lg0f{osf] Pp6f a'Fbfdf d'2tL vftfdf tn lbOPsf] b/cg';f/
cw{jflif{s Aofh lbg] lg0f{o sfod ul/Psf] 5 .
hDdf ug]{ ;do Aofhsf] b/ sDtLdf cfjZos /sd
6 dlxgf;Dd 6.75% Rs. 50,000
6 dlxgf b]lv 1 jif{;Dd 7.25% Rs. 50,000
1 jif{b]lv 5 jif{;Dd 7.5% Rs. 75,000
;'lht 7fs'/n] dfly lbOPsf] hfgsf/L lnO;s]kl5 2 jif{df 5% k|ltjif{ ;fwf/0f Aofhb/n]
ltg]{ u/L k|bLk emfaf6 ?= 2,0,000 ;fk6L lnP5g\ / t'?Gt} pSt d"nwg plt g} ;dosf
nflu g]kfn a}ª\ssf] d'2tL vftfdf nu]/ hDdf u/]5g\ .
-s_ ;'lht 7fs'/n] d'2tL vftfdf hDdf ubf{ dflysf] s'g Aofhb/cg';f/ hDdf ug'{k5{ <
-v_ ;'lht 7fs'/n] 2 jif{df k|fKt ug]{ hDdf ld>wg slt xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ k|bLk emfnfO{ 2 jif{kl5 ltg'{kg]{ hDdf /sd slt xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ ;'lht 7fs'/n] 2 jif{df hDdf slt ?lkofF gfkmf u/] xf]nfg\ .
6. clg; ;+o'St c/a Old/]6df 5 jif{ sfd u/L g]kfn kmls{Psf 5g\ . pgn] cfˆgf] ;fydf
;+o'St c/a Old/]6 lb/fd 60,000 lnP/ cfPsf 5g\ . ;+o'St c/a Old/]6 lb/fd 1 a/fa/
g]kfnL ?= 34.83 sf] b/df pgn]] ;a} lb/fd ;f6]5g\ . ;f]xL lbg g]kfn a}ª\s lnld6]8sf] d'2tL
vftfdf tn lbOPsf] b/cg';f/ cw{jflif{s rj|mLoAofh kfpg] u/L 1 jif{sf nflu hDdf u/]5g\ .
hDdf ug]{ ;do Aofhsf] b/ sDtLdf cfjZos /sd
6 dlxgf;Dd 9% Rs. 50,000
6 dlxgf b]lv 1 jif{;Dd 10% Rs. 50,000
1 jif{b]lv 5 jif{;Dd 12% Rs. 75,000
-s_ xfd|f] b]zdf d'b|fsf] ljlgdo b/ s;n] lgwf{/0f u5{ <

-v_ clg;n] ;+o'St c/a Old/]6 lb/fd 60,000 ;6xL ubf{ slt g]kfnL ?lkofF kfP .
-u_ clg;n] s'g ljsNkcg';f/ a}ª\sdf gub hDdf u/] xf]nfg\, sf/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ 1 jif{kl5 clg;n] a}ª\saf6 k|fKt ug]{ hDdf /sd slt xf]nf <
7. O{=;+= 2020 sf] cGTodf sf7df8f}Fdf 4 cfgfsf] Pp6f 38]/Lsf] d"No ?= 60,00,000
/flvPsf] lyof] . O{=;+= 2021 sf] ;'?df hUuf lsGg]sf] cTolws rfkn] ubf{ hUufsf] efp 10%
n] a9]sf] lyof] . t/ O{=;+= 2022 sf] cGTodf b]zdf cfly{s dGbLsf sf/0fn] hUufsf] efp 4%
n] 36fOof] eg],
T
R
-s_ rng rNtLsf] ;ª\s]tcg';f/ P 1 + 100 – P n] s] hgfpF5 .
78 ul0ft, sIff !)
-v_ 2022 sf] cGTodf ;f] 38]/Lsf] d"No slt eP xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ O{=;+= 2022 df 4% n] 36\g'sf] ;f6f] 5% n] 36]sf] eP hUuf a]Rg] dflg;nfO{{ slt
3f6f x'GYof] xf]nf, u0fgf u/L kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
8. s'naxfb'/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] lg0f{o u/L Pp6f ;xsf/L ;+:yfaf6 2 jif{sf nflu
15% k|ltjif{ jflif{s rj|mLo Aofhb/df ?= 2,50,000 C0f lnP . 1 jif{kl5 pgn] cfˆgf]
sdfOaf6 ar]sf] dn]l;og l/ª\u]6 7,000 C0f ltg{sf nflu cfˆgf] 3/df k7fOlbP . dn]l;og
l/ª\u]6 1 = g]kfnL ?lkofF 28.58 sf] b/df pgsf] >LdtLn] ;a} dn]l;og l/ª\u]6 ;f6]/ pSt
;xsf/L ;+:yfaf6 cfˆgf] >Ldfg\ lab]z hfFbf nfu]sf] C0f 36fOg\ . afFsL ;fjfF / Aofh ;f]xL
Aofhb/cg';f/ csf]{ 1 jif{kl5 a'emfpFl5g\ eg],
-s_ jflif{s rj|mLo ld>wg kQf nufpg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ 1 jif{kl5 ltg'{kg]{ hDdf /sd slt ePsf] /x]5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ dn]l;og l/ª\u]6 7,000 a/fa/ slt g]kfnL ?lkofF x'G5 <
-3_ clGtddf ;a} C0f r'Stf ug{ pgn] slt /sd a'emfpg' k5{ <
9. Ps hgf JolStn] jflif{s 10% rj|mLo Aofhb/df ?= 1,50,000 b'O{ jif{sf nflu C0f lnP .
Aofh / C0f sxL sd ug{ pgn]] Ps jif{sf] cGTodf ?= 85,000 lt/]5g\ .
-s_ ca C0f r'Stf ug{ pgn] bf];|f] jif{sf cGTodf slt ?lkofF ltg'{ knf{, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ b'O{ jif{df pgn] lt/]sf] hDdf Aofh kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ olb pgn] lnPsf] C0f /sd bf];|f] jif{sf cGTodf dfq lt/]sf] eP slt Aofh a9L
jf sd ltg'{kYof]{ xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
pQ/
1. -s_ 4 k6s -v_ klxnf] ljsNkcg';f/
T
R
2. -s_ P 1+ 100
–1 v_ 10% -u_ 9917.35
3. -s_ j[l4 b/ -v_ ?= 1,15,20,000 -u_ ?= 1,72,80,000 -3_ xF'b}g, 3 jif{
4. -v_ ?= 121 -u_ ?= 3,30,000 -3_ ?= 36,300 gf]S;fg
5. -s_ 7.5 % -v_ ?= 2,31,125 -u_ ?= 2,20,000 -3_ ?= 31,125
6. -s_ g]kfn /fi6« a}ª\s -v_ 20,89,800 -u_ 10 % -3_ ?= 23,04,004.5
7. -s_ j[l4 -v_ ?= 63,36,000 -u_ ?= 66,000 -3f6f_
8. -v_ ?= 2,87,500 -u_ ?= 2,00,060 -3_ ?= 1,00,556
9. -s_ ?= 88,000 -v_ ?= 23,000 -u_ ?= 8,500 a9L
ul0ft, sIff !) 79
kf7 If]qkmn / cfotg
5 (Area and Volume)

pko'St ;ª\Vofsf ;d"xdf a;L tn lbOPsf h:t} Ps Pscf]6f 7f]; j:t' lng'xf];\ . pSt 7f];
j:t'x¿sf] cjnf]sg u/L tnsf k|Zgdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ M
-c_ -cf_ -O_ -O{_

-s_ lrq -c_ df a]ngfsf] cfwf/sf] cw{Jof; 7 cm / prfO 10 cm eP jj|m ;tx / k"/f
;txsf] If]qkmn slt slt x'G5 <
-v_ lrq -cf_ df lk|Hdsf] cfwf/sf] If]qkmn 24 cm2 / nDafO 8 cm eP pSt lk|Hdsf] cfotg
slt xf]nf <
-u_ lrq -O_ df uf]nfsf] cfotg 616 cm3 eP pSt uf]nfsf] cw{Jof; slt xf]nf <
-3_ lrq -O{_ df cw{uf]nf / lrq -O_ sf] uf]nfsf] cw{Jof; a/fa/ eP uf]nfsf] ;txsf] If]qkmn
/ cw{uf]nfsf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmnsf] cg'kft slt x'G5 <
5.1.1 lk/fld8sf] kl/ro (Introduction of Pyramid)
lj|mofsnfk 1
tn lrqdf ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8sf] hfnL lbOPsf] 5 . sfuhaf6 lk/fld8 s;/L agfpg
;lsPnf <
hf]8Ldf Ps Pscf]6f cfotsf/ sfuh lng'xf];\ .
pSt sfuhdf lbOPsf] lrqdf h:t} u/L ju{ cfwf/
ePsf] lk/fld8sf] hfnL agfpg'xf];\ / s}FrLsf]
;xfotfaf6 sf6]/ lgsfNg'xf];\ . udsf] k|of]u u/L
58\s] ;txx¿nfO{{ Pp6f ;femf zLif{laGb'df hf]8]/
gd'gf ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8 agfpg'xf];\ .
ca tkfO{Fn] agfpg' ePsf] gd'gf ;fdu|L ;fyLnfO{{ lbg'xf];\ / ;fyLnfO{{ cfFvf aGb u/L pSt
gd'gf ;fdu|Lsf ljleGg ;txx¿ 5f]P/ lgDglnlvt k|Zgsf] pQ/ eGg nufpg'xf];\ M
80 ul0ft, sIff !)
-s_ sltcf]6f ;txx¿ /x]5g\ <
-v_ s'g cfsf/sf ;txx¿ /x]5g\ <
-u_ zLif{laGb'x¿ sltcf]6f /x]5g\ <
-3_ ;txx¿ s;/L /x]sf 5g\ <
lj|mofsnfk 2
pko'St ;ª\Vofdf ;d"xdf a;L tn lbOPsf h:t} Ps Pscf]6f sfuhaf6 jf l;;faf6 jf
sf7af6 ag]sf 7f]; j:t'x¿ lng'xf];\ . pSt j:t'x¿sf] cjnf]sg u/L tnsf k|Zgdf 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug'xf];\ .
P P P
S D C Z Y
R Q A B W X
-c_ -cf_ -O_ -O{_

-s_ cfwf/x¿ s'g s'g cfsf/sf 5g\ <
-v_ cfwf/afx]s cGo ;txx¿ klg 5g\ < ltgLx¿ s'g s'g cfsf/df 5g\ <
-u_ sltcf]6f zLif{laGb'x¿ 5g\ <
-3_ s'g s'g ;txx¿ cg'¿k 5g\ <
lbOPsf 7f]; cfs[ltx¿ lk/fld8sf x'g\ . ;a} lk/fld8df cfwf/sf] ;tx ax'e'h 5g\ .
lk/fld8df cfwf/afx]s lqe'hfsf/ 58\s] ;txx¿ (Lateral Surface) x'G5g\ . ;dsf]0fL lgoldt
ax"e'hfsf/ cfwf/ ePsf lk/fld8sf ;txx¿ cfk;df cg'¿k x'G5g\ . 58\s] ;txsf] Pp6f
;femf zLif{laGb' x'G5 . ;fy} 7f8f] prfO cfwf/sf] ;tx;Fu nDa klg x'G5 .
cfwf/ ax'e'h ePsf] / 58\s] ;txx¿sf] Pp6f ;femf zLif{laGb' ePsf] lqcfoflds
(three dimensional) 7f]; j:t'nfO{{ lk/fld8 (pyramid) elgG5 . cfwf/sf] ax'e'hsf]
k|sf/cg';f/ lk/fld8sf] gfdfs/0f ul/G5, h:t}M lqe'h cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8, ju{ cfwf/
ePsf] lk/fld8 .
ul0ft, sIff !) 81
5.1.2 lk/fld8sf ljleGg efux¿ / ltgLx¿larsf] ;DaGw
lj|mofsnfk 3
lrqdf ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8sf] lrq lbOPsf] 5 . lbOPsf] lrqsf] cWoog u/L lgDglnlvt
k|Zgdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
P
-s_ lk/fld8df s'g s'g efux¿
x'G5g\ < lsgf/f (e)
-v_ lk/fld8df 7f8f] prfO 58\s] prfO (l)
eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < D C
7f8f] prfO (h)
-u_ 58\s] prfO s] nfO{{ elgG5 <
-3_ lk/fld8df s] nfO{{ lsgf/f M
O
elgG5 <
-ª_ lsgf/f, 58\s] prfO, 7f8f]
B
prfO / cfwf/sf] e'hfsf] A
nDafOlarsf] s:tf] ;DaGw cfwf/sf] nDafO (a)
x'G5 <
oxfF lsgf/f 'e', 58\s] prfO 'l ', 7f8f] prfO 'h' / cfwf/sf] e'hfsf] nDafO 'a' 5 .
ca lrqaf6,
;dsf]0f ∆POM df
(PM)2 = (PO)2 + (OM)2 [ ⸪ kfOyfuf]/; ;fWocg';f/]
[OM = 12 AB = 12 a]
a 2
l2 = h2 + 2
To;} u/L ;dsf]0f ∆PMC df

(PC)2 = (PM)2 + (MC)2 [⸪ kfOyfuf]/; ;fWocg';f/]
[MC = 12 BC = 12 a]
a 2
e2 = 12 + 2
82 ul0ft, sIff !)
5.1.3 lk/fld8sf] ;txsf] If]qkmn (Surface Area of Pyramid)
lj|mofsnfk 4
lrqdf ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8 / To;nfO{{ vf]Nbf ag]sf] hfnL lbOPsf] 5, h;sf] 58\s] prfO
(l) / cfwf/ e'hfsf] nDafO (a) 5 .
ca lgDglnlvt k|Zgdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
P
-s_ lk/fld8df sltcf]6f lqe'hfsf/
;txx¿ 5g\ <
-v_ s] ;a} lqe'hfsf/ ;txx¿sf]
Z Y
If]qkmn a/fa/ x'G5 <
-u_ lk/fld8df s] s:tf ;txx¿
x'G5g\ / ltgLx¿sf] If]qkmn
slt slt x'G5g\ < W X
lk/fld8 lk/fld8sf] hfnL
oxfF lbOPsf] lk/fld8sf] cfwf/ ju{ ePsf] x'Fbf,
cfwf/sf] If]qkmn = ju{sf] If]qkmn
= -e'hfsf] nDafO_2 = a2
lk/fld8df lqe'hfsf/ 58\s] ;tx x'G5g\ .
1
t;y{ Pp6f 58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn = 2 × cfwf/ × prfO
1 [ ⸪ lk/fld8sf] 58\s] prfO
= 2 ×a×l
lqe'hsf nflu 7f8f] prfO x'G5 ]
lk/fld8df 4 cf]6f lqe'hfsf/ 58\s] ;txx¿ x'G5g\ / tL ;a} lqe'hsf If]qkmn a/fa/ x'G5g\ .
1
t;y{ lk/fld8sf] 58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn = 4 ( 2 × a × l )
= 2al
ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8sf] 58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn (LSA) = 2 a l
k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn (TSA) = cfwf/sf] If]qkmn + 58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn
= (a2 + 2al) = a(a + 2l)
ul0ft, sIff !) 83
pbfx/0f 1
ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] Pp6f lk/fld8sf] cfwf/ e'hfsf] nDafO (a) = 8 cm / 58\s] prfO (l) = 3 cm
5 eg] pSt lk/fld8sf] 58\s] ;tx / k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF cfwf/sf] e'hfsf] nDafO (a) = 8 cm
58\s] prfO (l) = 3 cm
xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 cfwf/sf] If]qkmn = a2 = (8 cm)2 = 64 cm2
58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn (LSA) = 2al = 2 × 8 × 3 = 48 cm2
km]l/ k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn (TSA) = cfwf/sf] If]qkmn + 58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn
= 64 cm2 + 48 cm2 = 112 cm2
t;y{ pSt lk/fld8sf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn 112 cm2 /x]5 .
pbfx/0f 2
ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] Pp6f lk/fld8sf] cfwf/sf] e'hfsf] nDafO 10 cm / lsgf/fsf] nDafO 13 cm
5 . pSt lk/fld8sf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
G
;dfwfg
13 cm
oxfF ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8df,
cfwf/sf] e'hfsf] nDafO (a) = 10 cm S R
lsgf/fsf] nDafO (e) = 13 cm
M
k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn = <
a 2
xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 e2 = l2 + 2 P Q
10 2 10 cm
or, (13)2 = l2 + 2
or, 169 = l2 + 25
or, 169 – 25 = l2
or, 144 = l2
⸫ l = 12 cm
⸫ 58\s] prfO (l) = 12 cm
84 ul0ft, sIff !)
km]l/ xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 cfwf/sf] If]qkmn (A) = a2 = (10)2 = 100 cm2
58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn (LSA) = 2al = 2 × 10 × 12 = 240 cm2
ca k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn (LSA) = cfwf/sf] If]qkmn (A) + 58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn
=100 + 240 = 340 cm2
ct M pSt lk/fld8sf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn 340 cm2 /x]5 .
pbfx/0f 3
ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] Pp6f lk/fld8sf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn 144 cm2 / 58\s] prfO 5 cm 5 eg] pSt
lk/fld8sf] 7f8f] prfO / lsgf/fsf] nDafO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8df, G
k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn (TSA) = 144 cm2

5 cm
58\s] prfO (l) = 5 cm
S R
7f8f] prfO (h)= ?
lsgf/fsf] nDafO (e) = ? M
xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5,
P Q
k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn = a2 + 2al 10 cm
or, 144 = a2 + 2a × 5
or,144 = a2 + 10a
or a2 + 10a – 144 = 0
or, a2 + (18 – 8)a–144 = 0
or, a2 + 18a – 8a – 144 = 0
or, a(a + 18) – 8(a + 18) = 0
or, (a + 18) (a – 8) = 0
either, a + 18 = 0 ⸫ a = –18 [ ⸪ nDafO slxNo} C0ffTds x'Fb}g,
or, a – 8 = 0 ⸫ a = 8 To;}n] a sf] dfg –18 x'g ;Sb}g .]
ctM cfwf/ e'hfsf] nDafO (a) = 8 cm
ul0ft, sIff !) 85
a 2
km]l/ l2 = h2 + 2
8 2
or, 52 = h2 + 2
or, 25 = h2 + 16
or, 25 – 16 = h2
or, 9 = h2
h = 3 cm
⸫ 7f8f] prfO (h) = 3cm
a 2
To:t}, e2 = l2 + 2
8 2
or, e2 = 52 + 2
or, e2 = 25 + 16
or, e2 = 41
⸫ e = 41 cm
ctM pSt lk/fld8sf] 7f8f] prfO (h) = 3 cm / lsgf/fsf] nDafO (e) = 41 cm /x]5 .
pbfx/0f 4
lbOPsf] lrq ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] Pp6f lk/fld8 xf] . pSt lk/fld8sf] cfwf/sf] nDafO 12 cm /
58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn 240 cm2 5 . pSt lk/fld8sf] 58\s] prfO / 7f8f] prfO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg P
oxfF cfwf/sf] nDafO (a) =12 cm

58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn (LSA) = 240 cm2
R S
7f8f] prfO (h) = ?
58\s] prfO (l) = ? O Q
xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5,
U T
58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn = 2al 12 cm
or, 240 = 2 × 12 × l
240
or, 2 × 12 = l
⸫ l = 10 cm
86 ul0ft, sIff !)
a 2
ca l2 = h2 + 2
12 2
or, (10)2 = h2 + 2
or, 100 = h2 + 36
or, 100 – 36 = h2
or, 64 = h2
⸫ h = 8 cm
t;y{ lbOPsf] lk/fld8sf] 58\s] prfO (l) = 10 cm / 7f8f] prfO (h) = 8 cm /x]5 .
5.1.4 lk/fld8sf] cfotg (Volume of Pyramid)

lj|mofsnfk 5
sf8{ k]k/af6 ;dfg prfO / cfwf/sf] If]qkmn a/fa/ ePsf] Pp6f ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8
/ 3g agfpg'xf];\ -lk7f] jf afn'jf e/]/ vGofpg ldNg]_ . pSt lk/fld8df lk7f] jf afn'jf e/]/
3gdf vGofpg] xf] eg] slt k6sdf pSt 3g el/G5 xf]nf, cg'dfg ug'{xf];\ . cg'dfg ldn]
gldn]sf] k/LIf0f u/L lgisif{ sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
oxfF lk/fld8df lk7f] jf afn'jf e/]/ tLg k6s vGofpbf 3g el/of] . o;af6 pSt 3gsf]
cfotg ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8sf] tLg u'0ff x'G5 eGg ;lsG5 .
t;y{ 3 × ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8sf] cfotg = 3gsf] cfotg
1
cyf{t\ ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8sf] cfotg = 3 3gsf] cfotg
1
= 3 cfwf/sf] If]qkmn × prfO
ju{ cfwf/ lk/fld8sf] cfwf/sf] e'hfsf] nDafO 'a' / prfO 'h' eP,
pSt lk/fld8sf] cfotg = 13 cfwf/sf] If]qkmn × prfO
1 1
= 3 × A × h = 3 × a2 × h
ul0ft, sIff !) 87
pbfx/0f 5 G
lrqdf lbOPsf] ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8sf] cfotg kQf nufpg'xf];\ M 6 cm

;dfwfg
cfwf/ e'hfsf] nDafO (a) = 16 cm S R
7f8f] prfO (h) = 6 cm Q

lk/fld8sf] cfotg (V) = ? O
xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 cfwf/sf] If]qkmn (A) = a2 = (16)2 = 256 cm2 P Q

16 cm
ca lk/fld8sf] cfotg (V) = 13 × A × h = 13 × 256 × 6 = 512 cm3
pbfx/0f 6
ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] Pp6f lk/fld8sf] cfotg 384 cm3 / cfwf/ e'hfsf] nDafO 12 cm 5 . ;f]
lk/fld8sf] 58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8df,
lk/fld8sf] cfotg (V) = 384 cm3
cfwf/ e'hfsf] nDafO (a) = 12 cm
58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn = ?
xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 lk/fld8sf] cfotg (V) = 13 × a2 × h
1
or, 384 = 3 × (12 )2 × h
1
or, 384 = 3 × 144 × h
384
or, 144 × 3 = h
⸫ h = 8 cm
a 2
km]l/ l2 = h2 + 2
or, l2 = 82 + 12
2
2
or, l2 = 64 + 36
or, l2 = 100 cm2
⸫ l = 10 cm
km]l/ 58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn (LSA)= 2al = 2 × 12 × 10 = 240 cm2
t;y{ pSt lk/fld8sf] 58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn (LSA) = 240 cm2 /x]5 .
88 ul0ft, sIff !)
pbfx/0f 7
Pp6f ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8sf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn 96 cm2 / cfwf/ e'hfsf] nDafO 6 cm 5 .
pSt lk/fld8sf] cfotg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8df, P
k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn (TSA) = 96 cm2
cfwf/ e'hfsf] nDafO (a) = 6 cm
lk/fld8sf] cfotg (V) = ?
;"qfg';f/,
k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn (TSA) = a2 + 2al A D
or, 96 = 62 + 2 × 6 × l
or, 96 – 36 = 12 × l
N M
or, 60 = 12 × l
60
or, l = 12 C
B 6 cm
⸫ l = 5 cm
a 2
To:t} l2 = h2 + 2
6 2
or, 52 = h2 + 2
or, 25 = h2 + 9
or, 25 – 9 = h2
h2 = 16
⸫ h = 4 cm
1
ca lk/fld8sf] cfotg (V) = 3 cfwf/sf] If]qkmn × prfO
1
= 3 × 62 × 4 = 48 cm3
ctM pSt lk/fld8sf] cfotg (V) = 48 cm3 /x]5 .
ul0ft, sIff !) 89
cEof; 5.1
1. lbOPsf] ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8sf] lrq cWoog u/L tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ GO / GM n] lk/fld8df s] hgfpF5 < G
-v_ olb XY = a cm 5 eg] OM sf] nDafO slt x'G5 <
n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ olb lk/fld8sf] 7f8f] prfO = h, 58\s] prfO
= l / cfwf/sf] e'hf = a eP logLx¿sf] ;DaGwnfO{{ W Z
ul0ftLo ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ lbOPsf] lk/fld8df GZ, GY, GX / GW nfO{{ O M
s] elgG5 < s] logLx¿ Pscfk;df a/fa/ x'G5g\ <
2. -s_ cfwf/ e'hf ‘m’ cm / 58\s] prfO ‘n’ cm ePsf] ju{ X Y
cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8sf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn slt x'G5, a cm
n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ cfwf/ e'hf ‘p’cm / 58\s] prfO ‘q’cm ePsf] ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8sf] 58\s]
;txsf] If]qkmn slt x'G5 <
-u_ ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8sf] cfwf/ e'hfsf] nDafO ‘r’cm / 7f8f] prfO ‘h’cm 5
eg] pSt lk/fld8sf] cfotg r / h sf] ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ Pp6f ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8sf] cfwf/sf] If]qkmn ‘z’ sq. unit / k"/f ;txsf]
If]qkmn ‘y’ sq. unit 5g\ . ;f] lk/fld8sf] lqe'hfsf/ ;txsf] If]qkmn slt
3. -s_ Pp6f ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8sf] cfwf/sf] If]qkmn 64 cm2 / prfO 15 cm eP
To;sf] cfotg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ Pp6f ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8sf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn 285 cm2 / lqe'hfsf/
;txsf] If]qkmn 192 cm2 5g\ . pSt lk/fld8sf] cfwf/sf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ tn ju{ cfwf/ ePsf lk/fld8sf] lrq lbOPsf] 5 M
90 ul0ft, sIff !)
-c_ olb PO = 8 cm / OM = 12 cm eP, -cf_ olb SA = 13 cm / NO = 10 cm eP,
P S
D C M P
M A G
O
A B N O
58\s] prfO / lsgf/sf] nDafO 7f8f] prfO / lsgf/sf] nDafO
slt slt /x]5 < slt slt /x]5 <
4. lbOPsf] gfkcg';f/ ju{ cfwf/ ePsf lk/fld8sf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
-s_ P -v_ S -u_ G
10 cm 12 cm
13 cm
D W Z
C M P
M G O M
O A
A B N O X Y
12 cm 10 cm 10 cm
-3_ -ª_ -r_ P

6 cm
8 cm
17 cm
15 cm
D C
16 cm
16 cm
M
12 cm 16 cm A B
16 cm
5. ;f]lkmof;Fu ePsf] Pp6f efF8fsf] cfwf/ juf{sf/ lk/fld8 cfsf/df 5 . o;df pgn]
cfkm"n] lkpg] kfgL eg'{kg]{ 5 . h;sf] prfO 25 cm / cfwf/sf] nDafO 30 cm 5 eg]
pSt efF8fdf slt ln6/ kfgL c6fpF5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
6. k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn 800 cm2 ePsf] Pp6f ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8sf] cfwf/sf] e'hf
16 cm 5 . pSt lk/fld8sf] lqe'hfsf/ ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
7. ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8 cfsf/df /x]sf] Pp6f PSo'l/odsf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn 400
sq.inch / 58\s] prfO 15 inch 5 eg] pSt PSo'l/odsf] cfotg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 91
8. OlhK6df 3'Dg uPsf] Pp6f ljb]zL ko{6ssf] ;d"x 6'l/:6 ufO8sf] ;xfotfaf6
lk/fld8 ePsf] 7fpFdf k'Uof] . To;kl5 ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8 b]vfpFb} 6'l/:6 ufO8n]
eGof] lsÙ o;sf] cfwf/sf] ;txsf] If]qkmn 3600 m2 / o;sf] prfO 50 m 5 . of]
;'g]kl5 ko{6ssf] ;d"xdf ePsf Ps hgf ul0ft ljifosf lj1n] pSt lk/fld8sf]
k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg' eP5 eg] Tof] slt lyof] xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
9. ljb]zL ko{6ssf] ;d"x /fVgsf nflu Pp6f xf]6nn] ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8 cfsf/sf] 6]G6
lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{ 5 . h;sf] cfwf/sf x/]s e'hf 32 m / prfO 50 m 5g\ .
-s_ of] 6]G6 agfpg slt ju{ld6/ sk8f cfjZos xf]nf <
-v_ Ps ju{ld6/ sk8fsf] ?= 500 sf b/n] pSt 6]G6 agfpg hDdf slt vr{ nfUnf <
10. ;Fu} b]vfOPsf] lrq cfzf/fdsf] hUufdf g]kfn b"/;~rf/
;+:yfgn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] 6]lnkmf]gsf] 6fj/ xf] . juf{sf/ cfwf/
ePsf] pSt 6fj/sf] 58\s] prfO 50 ft / 7f8f] prfO 40 ft
5.
-s_ pSt 6fj/n] cf]u6]sf] hUufsf] If]qkmn slt xf]nf <
-v_ olb k|ltjif{ 1 sq.ft sf] ef8f ?= 50 eP 20 jif{df
g]kfn b'/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] cfzf/fdnfO{ ef8fafkt
slt /sd a'emfpg' knf{, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
11. b]vfOPsf] lk/fld8 cfsf/df ag]sf] of] rSn]6sf] cfwf/ juf{sf/ 5 . h;sf]
k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn 1920 cm2 / cfwf/sf] nDafO 30 cm 5 . o;sf] 7f8f]
prfO slt x'G5 kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
rf6{ k]k/af6 ju{ cfwf/ ePsf km/s km/s gfksf ju{ cfwf/ ePsf lk/fld8 lgdf{0f
ug'{xf];\ . tkfO{Fn] lgdf{0f u/]sf lk/fld8sf ljleGg efusf] gfk lnO{ pSt lk/fld8sf],
-s_ cfwf/sf] If]qkmn
-v_ lqe'hfsf/ ;txsf] If]qkmn
-u_ k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn
-3_ cfotg kQf nufO{ sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
92 ul0ft, sIff !)
pQ/
1. lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\
2. -s_ (m2 + 2mn) cm2 -v_ 2pq cm2
1
-u_ 3 r2h cm3 -3_ (y – z) sq. unit
3. -s_ 320 cm3 -v_ 93 cm2
-u_ -c_ 4 13 cm / 4 22 cm -cf_ 12 cm, 194
4. -s_ 384 cm2 / 384 cm3 -v_ 360 cm2 / 400 cm3
-u_ 360 cm2 / 400 cm3 -3_ 384 cm2 / 384 cm3
-ª_ 576 cm2 / 512 cm3 -r_ 800 cm2 / 1280 cm3
5. 7.5 l 6. 544 cm2 / 1280 cm3
7. 471.40 inch3 8. 10597.14 cm2
9. 3359.84 cm2 / ?= 1679923.81
10. -s_ 3600 sq.ft -v_ ?= 36,00,000 11. 8 cm
ul0ft, sIff !) 93
5.2.1 ;f]nLsf] kl/ro (Introduction of cone)
lj|mofsnfk 6
lrqdf cfO;lj|mdsf] ;f]nL / hGd lbgdf k|of]u ul/g]
6f]kL lbOPsf] 5 .
s] logLx¿sf cfsf/ ;dfg 5g\ < oL s:tf cfsf/sf
7f]; j:t'x¿ x'g\ <
hGdlbgdf k|of]u ul/g] 6f]kLnfO{{ lrqdf b]vfPsf] h:t} u/L s}+rLn] sf6\g'xf];\ / To;nfO{{
lkmhfpg'xf];\, s] aGof] <
;f]nLsf] jj|m ;txsf] efunfO{{ sf6]/ lkmhfpFbf j[Qsf] If]qs (sector) aG5 .
lj|mofsnfk 7 A
-s_ Pp6f cfotfsf/ sfuhdf Pp6f j[Q lvRg'xf];\ . B
-v_ lrqdf b]vfOPsf] h:t} u/L j[Qsf] s]Gb|df ∠AOB lvr]/
If]qs AOB sf6\g'xf];\ . O
-u_ ca pSt If]qsnfO{ df]8]/ AO / BO nfO{{ hf]8\g'xf];\ . s]sf]

gd'gf aGof] xf]nf <
rfk AB sf] gfk a/fa/sf] kl/lw x'g] j[Qfsf/ cfwf/ ePsf] ;f]nL aGof] .
lj|mofsnfk 8
lrqdf Pp6f ;f]nL b]vfOPsf] 5 . h;df cfwf/sf] j[Qsf] cw{Jof; OB = r cm 5 . zLif{laGb'
A b]lv j[Qsf] s]Gb|df hf]l8Psf] /]vf AO nfO{{ ;f]nLsf] prfO (h) elgG5 / To:t} /]vf AC /
AB nfO{{ ;f]nLsf] 58\s] prfO (l) elgG5 .
ca ;f]nLsf] prfO, cfwf/sf] cw{Jof; / 58\s] prfOlar s:tf] A
;DaGw x'G5, 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
oxfF ;dsf]0f ∆AOB df l
h
(AB)2 = (AO)2 + (OB)2 [⸪ kfOyfuf]/; ;fWocg';f/]
l2 = h2 + r2
C O r B
⸫ l = h2 + r2

;f]nLsf] 58\s] prfO ;f]nLsf] prfOsf] ju{ / cfwf/sf] cw{Jof;sf] ju{sf] of]ukmnsf] ju{d"n;Fu
a/fa/ x'G5, cyf{t\ l = h2 + r2
94 ul0ft, sIff !)
;f]nLsf] ;txsf] If]qkmn (Surface Area of Cone)
lj|mofsnfk 9
sfuhaf6 ag]sf] Pp6f ;f]nL lng'xf];\ / s}FrLsf] ;xfotfn] lrq -s_ df b]vfOP h:t} u/L sf6]/
k"0f{ ¿kdf vf]Ng'xf];\ . o;/L ;f]nLsf] jj|m ;txsf] efunfO{{ sf6]/ lkmFhfpFbf lrqdf b]vfPsf] h:t}
If]qs aGg] 5 . o;/L ag]sf] If]qssf]] nDafO ;f]nLsf] cfwf/sf] kl/lw 2πr x'G5 .
l
2πr
lrq -s_
ca lrq -v_ df b]vfOP h:t} u/L If]qsnfO{{ rf/cf]6f ;fgf] a/fa/ If]qsx¿df sf6\g'xf];\ /
b'O{cf]6fdf /ftf] /ª eg'{xf];\ .
O
A B
2pr
lrq -v_
clg lrq -u_ df b]vfOP h:t} u/L ;fgf If]qsx¿nfO{{ ljk/Lt lbzfdf ldnfP/ /fVg'xf];\ . Pp6f
;dfgfGt/ rt'{e'h ag]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 .
pr
pr
lrq -u_
oxfF,
olb ;f]nLsf] cfwf/sf] cw{Jof; 'r' 58\s] prfO ‘l’ / 7f8f] prfO ‘h’
;f]nLsf] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn (CSA) = ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmn
ul0ft, sIff !) 95
= nDafO × prfO
= πr × l
;f]nLsf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn (TSA) = ;f]nLsf] cfwf/sf] If]qkmn + jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn (CSA)
= πr2 + πrl
= πr(r + l)
cfwf/sf] cw{Jof; 'r' 58\s] prfO ‘l’ / 7f8f] prfO ‘h’ ePsf] ;f]nLsf],
jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn (CSA) = πr × l = πrl
k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn (TSA) = πr2 + πrl = πr(r + l)
pbfx/0f 1
lbOPsf] ;f]nLsf] cfwf/sf] If]qkmn / jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
P
oxfF ;f]nLsf] 7f8f] prfO (h) = 12 cm
13 cm
;f]nLsf] 58\s] prfO (l) = 13 cm
;f]nLsf] cfwf/sf] If]qkmn = ? 12 cm
;f]nLsf] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn = ?

cfwf/sf] cw{Jof; = r cm 5 . Q
O
lrqdf,
;dsf]0f ∆POQ df,
PQ2 = PO2 + OQ2 [⸪ h2 = p2 + b2]
or, 132 = 122 + r2
or, 169 – 144 = r2
or, r2 = 25
⸫ r = 5 cm
ca xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5,
22
cfwf/sf] If]qkmn = πr2 = 7 × (5)2 = 78.57cm2
22
;f]nLsf] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn = πrl = 7 × 5 ×13 = 204.28 cm2
96 ul0ft, sIff !)
pbfx/0f 2
;f]nLsf] cfwf/sf] Jof; 12 cm / o;sf] 7f8f] prfO 8 cm k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF ;f]nLsf] cfwf/sf] Jof; (d) = 12 cm
;f]nLsf] cfwf/sf] cw{Jof; (r) = d2 = 12
2
= 6 cm 8 cm
;f]nLsf] 7f8f] prfO (h) = 8 cm
;f]nLsf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn = < 12 cm
lrqaf6 l2 = h2 + r2
or, l2 = 82 + 62
or, l2 = 64 + 36
or, l2 = 100 ⸫ l = 10cm
ca ;f]nLsf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn = πr(r + l)
= ( 22
7 × 6 × (6 + 10)
= 301.71 cm2
ct pSt ;f]nLsf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn 301.71 cm2 /x]5 .
pbfx/0f 3
;f]nLsf] cfwf/sf] cw{Jof; / 58\s] prfOsf] of]ukmn 64 cm 5 . o;sf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn
2816 cm2 eP jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn (TSA) = 2816 cm2
k|Zgfg';f/,
cfwf/sf] cw{Jof; (r) + 58\s] prfO (l) = 64 cm
⸫ r + l = 64
;f]nLsf] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn (CSA)= ?
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5, ;f]nLsf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn = πr(r + l)
or, 2816 = 22
7 × r × 64
or, 2816 × 7 = r × 22 × 64
2816 × 7
or, r = 22 × 64
⸫ r =14 cm
ul0ft, sIff !) 97
r sf] dfg ;dLs/0f (i) df /fVbf
14 + l = 64
or, l = 64 –14 = 50 cm
ca ;f]nLsf] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn = πrl = 22 × 14 ×5 0 = 2200 cm2
7
pbfx/0f 4
;f]nLsf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn / jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn j|mdzM 1320 cm2 / 704 cm2 eP pSt
;f]nLsf cfwf/sf] kl/lwsf] nDafO kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn (TSA) = 1320 cm2
jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn (CSA) = 704 cm2
cfwf/sf] kl/lwsf] nDafO (C) = ?
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5,
;f]nLsf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn = cfwf/sf] If]qkmn + jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn
or, 1320 = πr2 + 704
22 2
or, 1320 – 704 = r
7
616
or, ×7=r
2
22
or, r2 = 196
⸫ r =14 cm
22
ca kl/lwsf] nDafO (C) = 2πr = 2 × × 14 = 88 cm
7
t;y{ pSt ;f]nLsf] kl/lwsf] nDafO (C) = 88 cm /x]5 .
5.2.2 ;f]nLsf] cfotg (Volume of Cone)

lj|mofsnfk 10
pko'St ;d"xdf ljefhg eO{ a:g'xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xn] rf6{k]k/ k|of]u u/L lrqdf
b]vfP h:t}M cfwf/sf] cw{Jof; / prfO a/fa/ -dfgf}F a_ ePsf] Pp6f a]ngf agfpg'xf];\ . ;fy}
cfwf/sf] cw{Jof; / 7f8f] prfO a]ngfsf] cw{Jof; / prfO;Fu a/fa/ -dfgf}F a_ ePsf] Pp6f
;f]nL agfpg'xf];\ .
98 ul0ft, sIff !)
o;/L agfPsf] ;f]nLdf afn'jf jf w'nf] df6f] eg{'xf];\ . ;f] afn'jf jf w'nf] df6f]nfO{{ l;lnG8/df
vGofpg'xf];\ .
-s_ slt k6s vGofpFbf ;f] a]ngf afn'jf jf w'nf] df6fn] el/G5 <
-v_ s] of] tLg k6sdf el/G5 <
kSs} klg afn'jf jf w'nf] df6fn] ;f]nL eb}{ vGofpFbf tLg k6sdf ;f] l;lnG8/ el/G5 . To;}n]
1
;f]nLsf] cfotg (V) = 3 a]ngfsf] cfotg
1 1
;f]nLsf] cfotg (V) = 3 × A × h = 3 πr2h [ a]ngfsf] cfotg = πr2h x'G5 .
pbfx/0f 5
lbOPsf] ;f]nLsf] cfotg slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ . M
;dfwfg 26 cm
oxfF ;f]nLsf] 7f8f] prfO -h_ = 24 cm 24 cm
;f]nLsf] 58\s] prfO -l_ = 26 cm

N
A r
;f]nLsf] cfotg (V) = ?
lrqdf,
MAN Pp6f ;dsf]0f lqe'h xf], To;}n] kfOyfuf]/; ;fWocg';f/
AN = MN2 – MA2
or, r = 262 – 242
or, r = 676 – 576
⸫ r = 10 cm
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5,
;f]nLsf] cfotg (V) = 13 πr2h = 1
3 × 22
7 × (10) × 24 = 2514.28 cm
2 3
ul0ft, sIff !) 99
pbfx/0f 6
;f]nLsf] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn 1158.3 cm2 / 58\s] prfO 19.5 cm eP pSt ;f]nLsf] cfotg kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn (CSA) = 1158.3 cm2
58\s] prfO (l) = 19.5 cm
;f]nLsf] cfotg (V) = ?
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5,
;f]nLsf] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn = πrl
or, 1158.3 cm2 = 22
7 × r × 19.5 cm
1158.3
or, 22 × 19.5 × 7 cm = r
or, r =18.5 cm
ca prfO (h) = l2 – r2 = (19.5)2 – (18.9)2 = 4.8 cm
km]l/ xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5,

3 × 22
7 × (18.5) × 4.8 = 1796.25 cm
2 3
ctM pSt ;f]nLsf] cfotg (V) = 1796.25 cm3 /x]5 .
pbfx/0f 7
cfotg 314.86 cm3 ePsf] Pp6f ;f]nLsf] cfwf/sf] cw{Jof; / prfOsf] cg'kft 5:12 5 . pSt
;f]nLsf] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn / k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF cfwf/sf] cw{Jof; / prfOsf] cg'kft 5:12
dfgf}F, cw{Jof; (r) = 5x / prfO (h) = 12x
cfotg (V) = 314.86 cm3
jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn = ?
k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn = ?
100 ul0ft, sIff !)

xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5,
3 × 22
7 × (5x) × 12x
2
or, 314.86 × 21 cm3 = 22 × 25x2 × 12x

314.86 × 21
or, 22 × 25 × 12 = x3
⸫ x = 1.00060 cm = 1 cm
To;}n] cw{Jof; (r) = 5 × 1 cm= 5 cm / prfO (h) = 12 × 1 cm = 12 cm
58\s] prfO (l) = h2 + r2 = (12)2 + (5)2
= 144 + 25 = 169 = 13 cm
22
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 ;f]nLsf] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn (CSA) = πrl = 7 × 5 ×13
= 204.28 cm2
22
;f]nLsf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn (TSA) = πr(r + l) = 7 × 5(5 +13)
= 282.85 cm 2
cEof; 5.2
1. lbOPsf] lrqdf cfwf/sf] ;tx s'g cfsf/df 5 < lrqdf lbOPsf] hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df tnsf
k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M B
-s_ l, h / r n] s] hgfp5g\, n]Vg'xf];\ .

-v_ l, h / r sf] ;DaGwnfO{{ ul0ftLo ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
l
-u_ olb l = 13 cm / r = 5 cm eP h sf] dfg slt
xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ . h
2. -s_ cfwf/sf] cw{Jof; ‘r’cm / 58\s] prfO ‘l’cm ePsf] C r
A
;f]nLsf] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn slt x'G5, n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ cfwf/sf] cw{Jof; ‘x’cm / 58\s] prfO ‘y’cm ePsf] ;f]nLsf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn
slt x'G5 < ‘x’ / ‘y’ sf] ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ cfwf/sf] Jof; ‘p’cm / 7f8f] prfO ‘q’cm ePsf] ;f]nLsf] cfotg slt x'G5 <
3. -s_ Pp6f ;f]nLsf] cfwf/sf] If]qkmn 81 cm2 / prfO 15 cm eP To;sf] cfotg kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ ;f]nLsf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn 250 cm2 / cwf/sf] ;txsf] If]qkmn 118 cm2 5g\ .
pSt ;f]nLsf]] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ Pp6f ;f]nLsf] 58\s] prfO 5 cm / cfwf/sf] cw{Jof; 4 cm eP o;sf] cfotg kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 101

4. lbOPsf] hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df tn lbOPsf ;f]nLx¿sf] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn, k"/f ;txsf]
If]qkmn / cfotg kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ -v_ -u_ 14 cm
21 cm 17 cm 16 cm
14 cm 8 cm
-3_ A -ª_ -r_

Z
15 cm 12 cm
8 cm
W Y
5 cm X
B C
7 cm 24 cm
5. Pp6f ;dsf]0fL ;f]nLsf] cfotg 100π cm3 / prfO 12 cm eP pSt ;f]nLsf] 58\s]
prfO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
6. Pp6f ;f]nL cfsf/sf] 6]G6sf] cfotg 1232 cm3 / pSt 6]G6sf] cfwf/sf] If]qkmn 154
cm2 eP 6]G6sf] cfwf/sf] cw{Jof; / 6]G6sf] prfO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
7. 58\s] prfO 14 m ePsf] ;f]nL cfsf/sf] 6]G6 agfpg 77 m2 Knfl:6s rflxG5 eg] ;f]
6]G6sf] cfwf/sf] If]qkmn / kl/ldlt slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
8. Jof; 8 cm / 7f8f] prfO 21 cm ePsf] ;f]nLsf] cfotg, 58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn / k"/f
;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
9. Pp6f 7f]; ;f]nLsf] 7f8f] prfO Jof;sf] tLgu'0ff 5 . pSt ;f]nLsf] cfotg 54π cm3
eP k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
10. sIffdf 10 cWoog/t Ps hgf ljBfyL{n] kl/of]hgf sfo{cGtu{t sf7af6 agfPsf]
;f]nLsf] cfwf/sf] If]qkmn 154 m2 5 . pSt ;f]nLsf] prfO 14 m 5 . k|lt ju{ ld6/
?= 1.50 sf] b/n] cfwf/ afx]ssf ;txdf /ª nufpFbf hDdf slt vr{ nfU5 <
11. kfgLn] el/Psf] Pp6f ;f]nL cfsf/sf] efF8fsf] prfO 21 cm / cfwf/sf] Jof; 14 cm
5 . a/fa/ gfksf b'O{cf]6f c¿ 7f]; ;f]nLx¿ 8'afpFbf pSt efF8faf6 Ps ltxfO kfgL
aflx/ kf]lvG5 eg] tL 8'afOPsf k|To]s ;f]nLsf] cfotg slt slt xf]nf <
102 ul0ft, sIff !)

12. prfO a/fa/ ePsf / cw{Jof;x¿ j|mdzM 3 cm, 4 cm / 5 cm ePsf wft'af6 ag]sf
tLgcf]6f 7f]; ;f]nLnfO{{ kufn]/ Pp6} 7'nf] 7f]; ;f]nL agfOPsf] 5 . 7'nf] ;f]nLsf]] prfO
;fgf ;f]nLsf] prfO;Fu a/fa/ 5 eg] pSt ;f]nLsf] Jof; slt x'G5 <
13. sf7sf] k|of]u u/L ;f]nL cfsf/sf] Pp6f v]nf}gf agfOPsf] 5 h;sf] cfwf/sf] Jof;sf]
nDafO 10 cm 5 . pSt v]nf}gfsf] ;a} ;tx¿df /ª nufpg k|ltju{ ;]=ld= ?= 4 sf
b/n] hDdf ?= 880 nfU5 . ;f] v]nf}gfsf] cfotg slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
ljleGg gfksf sfuhsf] k|of]u u/L km/s km/s gfk ePsf ;f]nLx¿ lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ . tkfO{Fn]
lgdf{0f ug'{ePsf] ;f]nLsf ljleGg efux¿sf gfk lgsfnL cfwf/sf] If]qkmn, jj|m ;txsf]
If]qkmn, k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg kQf nufpg'xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
pQ/
1. -v_ l2 = h2 + r2 -u_ h =12 cm
1
2. -s_ πmn cm2 -v_ πx(x + y) cm2 -u 12 πp2qcm3
3. -s_ 405 cm3 -v_132 cm2 -u_ 16π cm3
4. -s_ 486.99 cm2, 640.99 cm2, 1078 cm3
-v_ 120π cm2, 184π cm2, 320π cm3
-u_ 260π cm2, 360π cm2, 800π cm3
-3_ 330π cm2, 484π cm2, 681.01 cm3
-ª_ 65π cm2, 90π cm2, 100π cm3
-r_ 156π cm2, 300π cm2, 240π cm3
5. 13 cm 6. 7 cm, 24 cm 7. 9.62 m2, 11m
8. 352 cm3, 268.54 cm2, 318.80 cm2 9. 200.34 cm2 10. ?= 516.53
11. 179.67 cm3 12. 10 2 cm 13. 195.99 cm3
ul0ft, sIff !) 103

5.3.1 ;+o'St 7f]; j:t' (Combined Solid Object)
lj|mofsnfk 11
tn lbOPsf lrqsf] cjnf]sg u/L lgDglnlvt k|Zgdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
-c_ -cf_ -O_
-s_ lbOPsf lrq s] s:tf cfsf/ ldn]/ ag]sf 5g\ <

-v_ oL s:tf 7f]; j:t'x¿ x'g\ <
oxfF -c_ 6]G6df ;f]nL / a]ngf,
;f]nL
6]G6
a]ngf
-cf_ cfO;lj|mddf ;f]nL / cw{uf]nf

cw{uf]nf
cfO;lj|md
;f]nL
-O_ l;;fsnddf ;f]nL / a]ngf 5 .
;f]nL a]ngf
b'O{ jf b'O{ebf a9L lqcfoflds j:t'x¿ ldn]/ ;+o'St 7f]; j:t'x¿ aGb5g\ .
104 ul0ft, sIff !)

5.3.2 ;+o'St 7f]; j:t'x¿sf] If]qkmn / cfotg
lj|mofsnfk 12
;+o'St 7f]; j:t'x¿sf] If]qkmn / cfotg lgsfNg] ;"qx¿;DaGwL ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
1. a]ngf / ;f]nL (Cylinder and Cone)
l
+ ;f]nL
=
h1
h2 a]ngf
lrqdf ;f]nL / a]ngf ldn]/ ag]sf 7f]; j:t'sf] lrq lbOPsf] 5 . olb cfwf/sf] cw{Jof; 'r',
a]ngfsf] prfO 'h1', ;f]nLsf] prfO ' h2', / ;f]nLsf] 58\s] prfO 'l' eP,
pSt j:t'sf] cfwf/sf] If]qkmnÖ j[Qsf] If]qkmn = πr2
a]ngfsf] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn = 2πrh1
;f]nLsf] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn = πrl
-s_ k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn Ö cfwf/sf] If]qkmn ± a]ngfsf] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn ± ;f]nLsf]
jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn
= πr2 + 2πrh1 + πrl
-v_ cfotg (V) Ö a]ngfsf] cfotg ± ;f]nLsf] cfotg
= πr2h1 + 13 πr2 h2
= πr2 (h1 + 13 h2)
2. ;f]nL / cw{uf]nf (Cone and Hemisphere)
lrqdf ;f]nL / cw{uf]nf ldnL ag]sf] ;+o'St 7f]; j:t' b]vfOPsf] 5 hxfF ;f]nL r
efusf] 7f8f] prfO 'h' 58\s] prfO 'l' / cw{Jof; 'r' 5g\ . C r A
-s_ k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn (TSA) = ;f]nLsf] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn ± cw{uf]nfsf] H
l
jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn
= πrl + 2πr2 = πr (l + 2r) B
-v_ cfotg (V) Ö ;f]nLsf] cfotg ± cw{uf]nfsf] cfotg
= 13 πr2h + 23 πr3 = 13 πr2 (h + 2r)
ul0ft, sIff !) 105

3. a]ngf / cw{uf]nf (Cylinder and Hemisphere)
a]ngf
lrqdf a]ngf / cw{uf]nf ldn]/ ag]sf] 7f]; j:t' lbOPsf] 5 .
h;df cfwf/sf] cw{Jof; 'r', a]ngfsf] prfO 'h' 5 .
-s_ k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn (TSA) = cfwf/sf] If]qkmn +
cw{uf]nf
a]ngfsf] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn ± cw{uf]nfsf] jj|m
;txsf] If]qkmn
= πr2 + 2πrh + 2πr2 = 2πrh+ 3πr2
-v_ hDdf cfotg (V) = a]ngfsf] cfotg ± cw{uf]nfsf] cfotg
= πr2h + 23 πr3 = πr2(h + 23 r)
4. ;f]nL / ;f]nL (Cone and Cone)

lrqdf b'O{cf]6f ;f]nL ldn]/ ag]sf] ;+o'St 7f]; j:t' lbOPsf] 5 . h;df cfwf/sf] cw{Jof;
'r' tyf h1 / l1 dfly lt/sf] ;f]nLsf] 7f8f] prfO / 58\s] prfO x'g\ .
To;} u/L, h2 / l2 tn lt/sf] ;f]nLsf] 7f8f] prfO / 58\s] prfO x'g\ .
l1 h1
-s_ k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn (TSA) Ö dfly lt/sf] ;f]nLsf] jj|m ;txsf]
If]qkmn + tnlt/sf] ;f]nLsf] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn
r
= πrl1+πrl2 = πr (l1 + l2)
-v_ cfotg (V) = dflyNnf] ;f]nLsf] cfotg ± tNnf] ;f]nLsf] h2
cfotg l2
= 13 πr2h1 + 13 πr2h2
= 13 πr2(h1 + h2)
5. lk|Hd / lk/fld8 (Prism and Pyramid)
lrqdf lk|Hd / lk/fld8af6 ag]sf] ;+o'St 7f]; j:t' lbOPsf] 5 . l

h;df lk|Hdsf] cfwf/ juf{sf/ 5 . juf{sf/ cfwf/ ePsf] lk|Hdsf] h2
cfwf/sf] nDafO 'a', prfO 'h1' lk/fld8sf] prfO 'h2' / 58\s] prfO
'l' 5g\ . h1
cfwf/sf] If]qkmn (A) = ju{sf] If]qkmn = a2
106 ul0ft, sIff !)

-s_ k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn (TSA) = cfwf/sf] If]qkmn + lk|Hdsf] 58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn +
lk/fld8sf] 58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn
= a2 + p × h1+ 2al -hxfF 'p' = lk|Hdsf] cfwf/sf kl/ldlt_
-v_ hDdf cfotg (V) = lk|Hdsf] cfotg ± lk/fld8sf] cfotg
= A × h1 + 13 Ah2 = a2h1 + 13 a2h2 = a2(h1 + 13 h2)
ljrf/0fLo k|ZgM s] ;a} k|sf/sf ;+o'St 7f];

j:t'x¿sf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn / jj|m ;txsf]
If]qkmn a/fa/ x'G5 <
pbfx/0f 1
lrqdf Pp6f l;;fsnd lbOPsf] 5 . pSt l;;fsndsf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn / cfotg kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF cfwf/sf] cw{Jof; (r) = 7 cm 24 cm
a]ngfsf] prfO (h1) = 39 cm 7 cm
;f]nLsf] prfO (h2) = 24 cm 39 cm

cfotg = ?
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5, l2 = h2 + r2 = (24)2 + (7)2 = 576 + 49 = 625 cm2
t;y{ ;f]nL efusf] 58\s] prfO (l) = 25 cm
k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn = πr2 + 2πrh1+ πrl
= πr (r + 2h1 + l)
= 22
7 × 7 (7 + 2× 39 + 25) = 22 × 110 = 2420 cm
2
cfotg (V) = a]ngfsf] cfotg + ;f]nLsf] cfotg

= πr2h1 + 13 πr2h2
= πr2(h1 + 13 h2) = 22 1
7 × (7) (39 + 3 × 24) = 7238 cm
2 3
ul0ft, sIff !) 107

pbfx/0f 2
lbOPsf] lrq Pp6f cfO;lj|mdsf] xf] . h;sf] j[Qfsf/ cfwf/sf] cfw{Jof; 21 cm / hDdf cfO;lj|mdsf]
cfotg 32340 cm3 5 eg],
-s_ ;f]nL efusf] prfO kQf nufpg'xf];\ . 21 cm
-v_ k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF cfwf/sf] cw{Jof; (r) = 21 cm
cfO;lj|md;lxt ;f]nLsf] cfotg (V) = 32340 cm3
-s_ xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5,
1
cfO;lj|md;lxt ;f]nLsf] cfotg (V) = 3 πr2h + 23 πr3
or, 32340 = 13 πr2 (h + 2r)
or, 32340 = 13 × 22
7 × (21) (h + 2 × 21)
2
or, 32340 × 21 = (h + 42)

22 × 441
or,70 – 42 = h
⸫ h = 28 cm
⸫ ;f]nL efusf] prfO (h) = 28 cm
-v_ km]l/
58\s] prfO (l) = h2 + r2 = (28)2 + (21)2 = 1225 = 35 cm
k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn (TSA) = πrl+ 2πr2

= πr (l + 2r)
= 22
7 × 21 (35 + 2 × 21)
= 66 (35 + 42) = 66 × 77 = 5082 cm2
108 ul0ft, sIff !)

pbfx/0f 3
lrqdf lbOPsf] 7f]; j:t' b'O{cf]6f ;f]nL ldnL ag]sf] 5 . lbOPsf] gfksf cfwf/df pSt 7f]; j:t'sf]
cfotg kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF b'j} ;f]nL efusf] cfwf/sf] j[Qsf] Jof; (d) = 6 cm
7f]; j:t'sf] hDdf prfO = 20 cm 6 cm
dfgf}F, afofF efusf] ;f]nLsf] prfO = h1 cm /

bfofF efusf] ;f]nLsf] prfO = h2 cm 20 cm
⸫ h1 + h2 = 20 cm
-s_ cfwf/sf] j[Qsf] cw{Jof; (r) = d
2 = 62 = 3 cm
1
;f]nLsf] cfotg (V1) = 3 πr2 (h1 + h2)
= 13 × 22
7 × (3) (20) = 188.57 cm
2 3
pbfx/0f 4
lbOPsf] lrq Pp6f :t'kfsf] xf] . h;sf] tNnf] efu cfwf/ ju{ ePsf] lk|Hd / dflyNnf] efu ju{ cfwf/
ePsf] lk/fld8af6 ag]sf] 5 . lbOPsf] gfkcg';f/ pSt :t'kfsf],
-s_ cfotg kQf nufpg'xf];\
-v_ k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
5.5 m
5m
;dfwfg
oxfF :t'kfsf] hDdf prfO = 5.5 m
lk|Hdsf] prfO (h1) = 5 m
2 m
lk/fld8sf] prfO (h2) = 5.5 – 5 = 0.5 m
:t'kfsf] cfwf/ e'hfsf] nDafO (a) = 2 m
-s_ cfwf/sf] If]qkmn (A1) = a2 = 22 = 4 m2
:t'kfsf] lk|Hd efusf] cfotg (V1) = A1 × h1 = 4 × 5 = 20 m3
:t'kfsf] lk/fld8 efusf] cfotg (V2) = 13 A1 × h2 = 1
3 × 4 × 0.5 = 23 m3
2
7f]; j:t' -:t'kf_ sf] cfotg (V) = V1 + V2 = 20 + 3 = 20.67 m3
ul0ft, sIff !) 109

-v_ cfwf/sf] kl/ldlt (P) = 4a = 4 × 2 = 8 m
lk/fld8 efusf] 58\s] prfO (l) = (h2) + ( 2 )
2 a 2
2
= (0.5)2 + ( 2 )2 = 0.25 + 1 = 1.25 m
:t'kfsf] lk|Hd efusf] 58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn (A2) = p × h1 = 8 × 5 = 40 m2
:t'kfsf] lk/fld8 efusf] 58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn (A3) = 2al = 2 × 2 × 1.25 = 4.47m2
7f]; j:t' -:t'kf_ sf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn (A) = A1 + A2 + A3
= 4+40 + 4.47
= 48.47 m2
ct M pSt :t'kfsf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn = 48.47 m2 /x]5 .
pbfx/0f 5
lbOPsf] lrq b'O{cf]6f ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8 ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 . b'j} lk/fld8sf] prfO
a/fa/ 5 . olb pSt lk/fld8sf] cfwf/ e'hfsf] nDafO 6 cm / b'j}sf] hDdf cfotg 96 cm3 eP
k|To]s lk/fld8sf] prfO slt xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF Pp6f lk/fld8sf] cfwf/ e'hfsf] nDafO (a) = 6 cm
b'j} lk/fld8sf] hDdf cfotg (V) = 96 cm3
dfgf}F lk/fld8 sf] prfO = h
lk/fld8sf] hDdf cfotg (V2) = 13 a2h + 1
3 a2h
or, 96 = 23 a2h 6 cm
or, 96 × 3 = (6)2 × h
2
or, 96 × 3 = h
2 × 36
⸫ h = 4 cm
ct M k|To]s lk/fld8 sf] prfO (h) = 4 cm /x]5 .
110 ul0ft, sIff !)

cEof; 5.3
1. ;+o'St 7f]; j:t'x¿;DaGwL lbOPsf] hfgsf/LnfO{{ k|of]u u/L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ kQf
nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ 7f]; j:t'sf] hDdf cfotg (V) = 1050 cm3 -v_ ;f]nL efusf] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn = 252 cm2
a]ngf efusf] cfotg (V1) = 748 cm3 a]ngf efusf] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn = 272 cm2
cfwf/ efu -j[Q_ sf] If]qkmn = 154 cm2
;f]nL efusf] cfotg (V2) = ?

-u_ cfwf/sf] If]qkmn = 36 cm2 -3_ ;f]nL efusf] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn = 308 cm2
lk|Hd efusf] cfotg (V1) = 144 cm3
r
2h
h
2r
lk/fld8 efusf] cfotg = ?

cw{ uf]nfsf/ efusf] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn = ?
2. lgDgfg';f/ gfksf ;+o'St 7f]; j:t'x¿sf] cfotg kQf nufpg'xf];\ M

-s_ -v_
40 cm
10 cm
15 cm
6 cm
70 cm
12 cm
-u_ -3_
14 cm
6 cm 9 cm
56 cm
42 cm
ul0ft, sIff !) 111

3. lrqdf b]vfOPsf] lj|m:6nsf] 5fof kfl/Psf] juf{sf/ efusf e'hfx¿sf]
nDafO 2.5 cm / k"/f j:t'sf] prfO 4.5 cm 5 . olb tn / dflysf
lk/fld8sf] prfO a/fa/ eP o;sf] cfotg / k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn
4.5 cm
kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
4. lbOPsf ;+o'St 7f]; j:t'x¿sf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ M

-s_ 116 cm -v_
32 cm
6 cm
14 cm
25
cm
120 cm
-u_ 31 cm -3_ B
A
24 cm A 48 cm O
B
O
50 c
m
-ª_ -r_
8 cm
29 cm
28 cm
6 cm
30 cm 6 cm
5. 14 cm cw{Jof; ePsf] ;f]nL / cw{uf]nf ldn]/ Pp6f v]nf}gf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . pSt
v]nf}gfsf] k"/f prfO 49 cm eP ;f] v]nf}gfsf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
6. ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] Pp6f if8\d'vfsf/ 7f]; j:t'dfly 12 cm 7f8f] prfO ePsf] Pp6f
lk/fld8 /flvPsf] 5 . olb pSt if8\d'vfsf/ 7f]; j:t'sf] cfwf/sf] If]qkmn 100 cm2 tyf
prfO 10 cm eP pSt ;+o'St 7f]; j:t'sf],
-s_ k"/f cfotg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn kQfnufpg'xf];\ .
112 ul0ft, sIff !)

7. Pp6f 3gfsf/ 7f]; j:t'dfly 8 cm 7f8f] prfO ePsf] Pp6f lk/fld8 /flvPsf] 5 .
olb 3gsf] e'hfsf] gfk 12 cm 5 eg], pSt ;+o'St 7f]; j:t'sf] k"/f cfotg kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
8. -s_ lbOPsf] 7f]; j:t' ;f]nL / a]ngf ldnL ag]sf] 5 . a]ngfsf] cfwf/sf]
If]qkmn 100 cm2 5 hxfF prfO 3 cm 5 . olb lbOPsf] k"/f 7f];sf]
cfotg 600 cm3 eP 7f]; j:t'sf] k"/f prfO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
3 cm
-v_ ;Fu} lbOPsf] 7f]; j:t'sf] dflyNnf] efu lk/fld8 xf] o;sf] 5 cm
58\s] prfO 5 cm 5 . tNnf] efu ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] Pp6f
lk|Hd xf] . h;df e'hfsf] nDafO 8 cm 5 . olb 7f];sf] cfotg
448 cm3 eP lk|Hd efusf] prfO slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
m
8 c
8 cm
9. ;Fu}sf] lrqdf s'g} kfs{df agfOPsf] Pp6f :tDe / :tDe dfly ju{
cfwf/sf] lk/fld8 /flvPsf] 5 . 6 ft cUnf] :tDedfly 1 ft prfO
6 ft
ePsf]] lk/fld8 5 .
-s_ lk/fld8 efusf] 58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
6 ft
-v_ pSt :tDedf /ª nufpg ldNg] efusf] k"/f ;txsf]
If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
1 ft
1 ft
10. /fdsf a'afn] 5f]/fsf] 5}6f}F hGdf]T;jdf /ª gnufPsf] sf7sf] e'?ª pkxf/ lbg'ePsf]
5 . /fdn] o;nfO{{ /ª nufpg] dg u5{g\ . e'?ª ;f]nL / ;f]nLsf] dfly cw{uf]nf ldnL
ag]sf] 5 . pSt e'?ªsf] k"/f prfO 5 cm / cw{uf]nfsf] cfwf/sf] Jof; 3.5 cm 5 eg]
/ª nufpg] efusf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 113

kl/of]hgf sfo{
cfjZostfcg';f/ ;d"xsf] lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ . k|To]s ;d"xn] sfuh, sf7, df6f] afF;,
tf/, l;Gsf cflb :yfgLo ;fdfu|L k|of]u u/L ljleGg ;fOhsf ;+o'St 7f]; j:t'x¿
lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ . lgdf{0f u/]sf k|To]s 7f]; j:t'sf gfk lnO If]qkmn / cfotg u0fgf ug'{xf];\ .
7f]; j:t'nfO{{ hf]8\g'eGbf clu tL 7f]; j:t'x¿sf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn / 7f]; j:t'nfO{{
hf]l8;s]kl5 ;+o'St 7f]; j:t'sf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmndf km/s k5{ ls kb}{g < km/s k5{ eg]
s;/L k5{ < clg To;} u/L 7f]; j:t'nfO{{ hf]8\g'eGbf clu tL 7f]; j:t'sf] cfotg / 7f];
j:t'nfO{{ hf]l8;s]kl5 ;+o'St 7f]; j:t'sf] cfotgdf km/s k5{ ls kb}{g < km/s k5{ eg]
s;/L k5{ / km/s kb}{g eg] lsg / s;/L kb}{g < dfly p7fg ul/Psf / cGo hfgsf/LnfO{{
;d]t ;dfj]z u/L Pp6f k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg'{xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
pQ/
1. -s_ 302 cm3 -v_ 678 cm2 -u_ 96 cm3 -3_ 308 cm2
2. -s_ 92190.47 cm3 -v_ 1296 cm3 -u_ 14373.33 cm3 -3_ 770 cm3
3. 9.375 cm3, 23.13 cm2
4. -s_ 2262.85 cm2 -v_ 2112 cm2 -u_ 858 cm2
-3_ 3432 cm2 -ª_ 4320 cm2 -r_ 3504 cm2 5. 2890.63 cm2
6. -s_ 1400 cm3 -v_ 760 cm2 7. 2112 cm3
8. -s_ 12 cm -v_ 6 cm
9. -s_ √5 cm2 -v_ 26.23 cm2 10. 118.88 cm2
114 ul0ft, sIff !)

5.3.2 nfut cg'dfg (Cost Estimation)
lj|mofsnfk 1
3/3 hgfsf] ;d"xdf a:g'xf];\ . ?n/ jf ld6/ 6]ksf] k|of]u u/L tkfO{Fsf] sIffsf]7fsf]
nDafO, rf}8fO, prfO gfKg'xf];\ . sIffsf]7fdf ePsf 9f]sf / em\ofnsf] nDafO, rf}8fO klg
gfKg'xf];\ . 9f]sf / em\ofnafx]s pSt sIffsf]7fdf /ª nufpg'kg]{ 5 . ca tn lbOPsf] cj:yf
k|of]u u/L sIffsf]7f /ª nufpbf nfUg] vr{ kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ Ps ln6/n] 6m2 /ª nufpg ;lsg]
-v_ k|lt ln6/ /ªsf] d'No ?= 200
lj|mofsnfk 2
nDafO 14 ft rf}8fO 12 ft / prfO 10 ft ePsf] sf]7fdf Pp6f 9f]sf 5, h;sf] rf}8fO 3 ft
/ prfO 6.6 ft 5 . sf]7fsf] Psflt/sf] leQfdf Pp6f ‰ofn 5 h;sf] ;fOh 6 ft × 4 ft 5 .
tn 6]andf lbOPcg';f/ sf]7fdf /ª nufpFbf s'g cj:yfdf sd vr{ nfU5 < ;d"xdf 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .
sfd ug]{ dflg;n] ;fdfg cfkm}F lsg]/ gNofpg] sfd ug]{ dflg;n] ;fdfg cfkm}F lsg]/ Nofpg]
;t{df ;t{df
-klxnf] cj:yf_ -bf];|f] cj:yf_
leQf / l;lnªdf k'l6ª nufpg = ?= 7 k|lt ft2 leQf / l;lnªdf k'l6ª nufpg = ?= 14
leQf / l;lnªdf /ª nufpg = ?= 5 k|lt ft2 k|lt ft2
9f]sf / ‰ofndf /ª nufpg -Ogfd]n k]G6_ = leQf / l;lnªdf /ª nufpg = ?= 30 k|lt
?= 12 k|lt ft2 ft2
sf]7fdf /ª nufpg 7.2 ln6/ hlt /ª cfjZos 9f]sf / ‰ofndf /ª nufpg -Ogfd]n k]G6_
kg]{ k|lt ln6/ /ªsf] d'No ?= 420 = ?= 24 k|lt ft2
klxnf] cj:yfcg';f/,
dfly lbOPsf] sf]7fdf k|of]u ePsf] Pp6f 9f]sfsf] If]qkmn (A1) = 3 × 6.6 = 19.8 ft2
Pp6f ‰ofnsf] If]qkmn (A2) = 6 × 4 = 24 ft2
rf/ leQf / l;lnªsf] If]qkmn -9f]sf / ‰ofnafx]s_ (A3) = 2h(l + b) + l × b – (A1 + A2)
= 2 × 10 (14 + 12) + 14 × 12 – (19.8 + 24)
= (688 – 43.8) ft2
= 644.2 ft2
leQf / l;lnªdf k'l6ª ug{ nfUg] vr{ (T1) = 7 × 644.2 = ?= 4509.4
9f]sf / ‰ofndf /ª nufpg nfUg] vr{ (T2) = 12 × (19.8 + 24) = ?= 525.6
ul0ft, sIff !) 115

rf/ leQf / l;lnªdf /ª nufpg nfUg] vr{ (T3) = 5 × 644.2 = ?= 3221
ca pSt sf]7fdf /ª nufpg cfjZos kg]{ /ª -k]G6;_ sf] hDdf d"No (T4) = ?= 7.2 × 420
= ?= 3024
hDdf /ª nufpg] vr{ (T) = T1+ T2 + T3 + T4
= 4509.4 + 525. 6 + 3221 + 3024
= ?= 11280
bf];|f] cj:yfcg';f/,
leQf / l;lnªdf k'l6ª ug{ nfUg] vr{ (T1) = 14 × 644.2 = ?= 9,018.8
9f]sf / ‰ofndf /ª nufpg nfUg] vr{ (T2) = 24 (19.8 + 24) = ?= 1,051.2
rf/ leQf / l;lnªdf /ª nufpg nfUg] vr{ (T3) = 30 × 644.2 = ?= 19,326
hDdf vr{ (T) = T1+ T2 + T3 = 9018.8 + 1051.2 + 19,326 = ?= 29,396
ctM klxnf] cj:yfcg';f/ /ª nufpFbf sd vr{ nfUbf] /x]5 .
pbfx/0f 1
juf{sf/ cfwf/ ePsf] 6\ofª\sLsf] leqL nDafO 3 m / prfO 4m 5 eg] ;f] 6\ofª\sLdf slt ln6/
kfgL c6fpF5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF juf{sf/ cfwf/ ePsf] 6\ofª\sLsf],
leqL nDafO (l) = 3 m
leqL rf}8fO (b)= 3 m
6\ofª\sLsf] cfwf/sf] If]qkmn (A) = l2 = (3)2 = 9 m2
pSt 6\ofª\sLsf] cfotg (V) = A × h = 9 × 4 = 36 m3
6\ofª\sLsf] cfotg (V) = kfgLsf] cfotg x'G5 .
ct M 6\ofª\sLdf c6\g] kfgLsf] cfotg (V) = 36 m3
3g ld6/ kfgL = 1000 l kfgL
⸫ 36 m3 = 36 × 1000 l = 36,000 l
ct M 6\ofª\sLdf 36,000 l kfgL c6fpF5 .
116 ul0ft, sIff !)

pbfx/0f 2
lbOPsf] lrq NICE rt'e'{h cfsf/sf] rp/sf] xf] . h;df s'gf N E
C
b]lv C ;Ddsf] nDafO 40 m 5 . s'gfx¿ E / I af6 NC df lvlrPsf S
nDax¿ EG = 10 m / IS = 15 m 5g\ .
G
-s_ rt'e{'hsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ . N I
-v_ pSt rp/sf] If]qkmn slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ 1 hgf k'?if sfdbf/nfO{{ pSt v]Ng] rp/ ;Dofpg b'O{ lbg nfU5 / pgsf] Hofnf
lbgsf] ?= 1500 5 . To:t} Ps dlxnf sfdbf/n] k|lt ju{ ld6/ ?= 70 sf
b/n] pSt v]Ng] d}bfgdf b'af] /f]lK5g\ eg] b'af] /f]Kg] sfdsf] nflu hDdf slt vr{
nfU5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF rt'e{'h NICE df,
nDa (EG ) = p1 = 10 m
nDa (IS) = p2 = 15 m
-s_ rt'e{'hsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg] ;"q (A) = 12 × d (p1 + p2)
1
-v_ d}bfgsf] If]qkmn (A) = 2 × 40 (10 + 15) = 20 × 25 = 500 m2
b'af] /f]Kg] dlxnf sfdbf/nfO{{ ltg{' kg]{ vr{ = 70 × 500 = ? = 35,000
d}bfg ;Dofpg k'?if sfdbf/nfO{{ ltg{' kg]{ vr{ = 1500 × 2 = ?= 3,000
ctM b'af] nufpg nfUg] hDdf vr{ = 35,000 + 3,000 = ?= 38,000
pbfx/0f 3
Pp6f cfotfsf/ sf]7fsf] nDafO 14 ft rf}8fO 12 ft / prfO 10 ft 5 . pSt sf]7fdf 3 ft lsgf/f
ePsf b'O{cf]6f juf{sf/ ‰ofn 5g\ / b'O{cf]6f 6 ft × 2 ft sf 9f]sf 5g\ eg],
-s_ rf/leQf / l;lnªsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ pSt sf]7fdf ?= 300 k|lt ju{ld6/sf] b/n] sfk]{6 la5\ofpFbf slt vr{ nfU5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ 9f]sf / ‰ofnafx]s rf/ leQf / l;lnªdf ?= 30 k|lt ju{ lkm6sf] b/n] /ª nufpg slt
vr{ nfU5 <
-3_ ahf/df ePsf] dxª\uLn] ubf{ /ª nufpg k|lt ju{ld6/df klxn]sf] eGbf Ps ltxfOn]
a9\bf hDdf vr{ sltn] j[l¢ x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 117

;dfwfg
oxfF cfotsf/ sf]7fsf],
nDafO (l)= 14 ft
rf}8fO (b)= 12 ft
prfO (h) = 10 ft
juf{sf/ ‰ofnsf] lsgf/fsf] nDafO = 3 ft, b'O{cf]6f 9f]sf 6 ft × 2 ft sf 5g\ .
-s_ rf/ leQf / l;lnªsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg] ;"q (A) = 2h(l + b) + lb
-v_ sf]7fsf] e'OFsf] If]qkmn = l × b = 14 × 12 = 168 ft2
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5,
sfk]{6sf] If]qkmn = sf]7fsf] e'O{sf] If]qkmn = 168 ft2
sfk]{6 k|lt ju{ld6/sf] b/ (R) = ?= 300
hDdf sfk]{6 la5\ofpFg nfUg] vr{ (T) = 300 × 1168 = ?= 50,400
-u_ b'O{cf]6f 9f]sfsf] If]qkmn (A1) Ö 2(6 × 2) Ö 24 ft2
b'O{cf]6f ‰ofnsf]] If]qkmn (A2) = 2 × (3)2 = 18 ft2
ca ‰ofn / 9f]sfafx]s rf/ leQf / l;lnªsf] If]qkmn (A) = 2h (l + b) + lb – A1 – A2
= 2 × 10 (14 + 12) + 14 × 12 – 24 – 18
= 20 × 26 + 168 – 42
= 520 + 128
= 646 ft2
rf/ leQfdf k|lt ju{ld6/sf] ?= 30 sf] b/n] /ª nufpFbf,

hDdf vr{ = 30 × 646 = ?= 19,380
1
-3_ k|lt ju{ ld6/df Ps ltxfOn] a9\bf gofF b/ = 30 + 3 × 30 = ?= 40
k|lt ju{ ld6/df PsltxfOn] a9\bf, hDdf vr{ = 40 × 646 = ?= 25,840
vr{df ePsf] j[l¢ = 25840 – 19380 = ?= 6,460
ct M vr{df ?= 6,460 n] j[l4 x'G5 .
118 ul0ft, sIff !)

pbfx/0f 4
Pp6f /ª\uzfnfsf] u]6df 10 ft cUnf b'O{cf]6f lkn/ 5g\ . pSt lkn/ dfly pxL cfwf/sf Ps
Pscf]6f 2 ft prfO ePsf lk/fld8 /flvPsf 5g\ . k|To]s lkn/sf] cfwf/ 4 ft × 4 ft 5 eg],
-s_ k|Zgcg';f/sf b'O{cf]6f lrq agfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ lk/fld8sf] 58\s] prfO slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ b'O{cf]6f lk/fld8;lxtsf lkn/df /ª nufpg ldNg] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn slt
x'G5 < s] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg cfwf/sf] If]qkmn hf]8\g' k5{ jf
kb}{g < sf/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ pSt lk/fld8;lxtsf] lkn/df k|lt ju{ lkm6 ?= 95 sf b/n] /ª nufpFbf hDdf slt
vr{ nfU5 <
;dfwfg
oxfF lkn/sf] prfO (h1) = 10 ft
lk/fld8 sf] prfO (h2) = 2 ft
lkn/sf] cfwf/ ju{ ePsfn], cfwf/sf] nDafO (a) = 4 ft
-s_
2 ft
2 ft
10 ft
10 ft
4 ft
4 ft
4 ft 4 ft
-v_ xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5

a 2 4 2
lk/fld8sf 58\s] prfO (l) = (h2) + ( 2 ) = (2) + ( 2 ) = 4 + 4 = 2.83 ft
2 2
-u_ km]l/ lk|Hdsf] 58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn (A1) = cfwf/sf] kl/lw (P) × prfO (h1)
= 4a × 10 ft
= 4 × 4 × 10 = 160 ft2
lk/fld8sf] 58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn (A2) = 2al = 2 × 4 × 2.83 = 22.64 ft2
To;}n] lk/fld8;lxtsf] Pp6f lkn/sf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn = A1 + A2
= (160 + 22.64) = 182.64 ft2
ul0ft, sIff !) 119

lk/fld8;lxtsf b'O{cf]6f lkn/sf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn = 2 × 182.64 = 365.28 ft2
k|Zgcg';f/ lkn/sf] cfwf/ hldgd'lg ePsfn] oxfF /ª nufO{Fb}g To;}n] cfwf/sf] If]qkmn k"/f
;txsf] If]qkmndf hf]l8b}g .
-3_ /ª nufpg] b/ (R) = ?= 95 k|lt ft2
/ª nufpg] hDdf vr{ (T) = R × A = 95 × 365.28 = ?= 34,701.6
cEof; 5.4
1. tn lbOPsf lasf]{ aGb u/]/ /flvPsf 6\ofª\sLdf a9Ldf slt ln6/ kfgL c6fpg ;S5, kQf
nufpg'xf];\ . (1 ft3 = 28.317 l)
-s_ -v_ -u_
2m
6 ft 4m
1.5 m
2m 1m
6 ft 6 ft
A 10 ft D
2. g]kfn /fli6«o ladf ;+:yfgsf] aflx/ uf8L kfls{ª ug]{ 7fpF
lbOPsf] h:tf] HofldtLo cfsf/sf] 5 . pSt kfls{ªdf Pp6f
OF6fn] 0.222 ft2 If]qkmn 9fSg ;lsG5 . k|ltOF6f ?= 16 kg]{ OF6f 8 ft
la5\\ofpg] lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5 eg],
B
C
-s_ pSt kfls{ª :ynsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ . 12 ft
-v_ ;a} efu 9flsg] u/L OF6f la5\\ofpFbf sDtLdf sltcf]6f OF6f cfjZos k5{ <
-u_ k|ltlbg ?= 1200 k|ltsfdbf/sf] Hofnf;lxt 2 hgf sfdbf/n] 3 lbgdf OF6f
la5\\ofpg ;S5g\ eg] OF6f;lxtsf] hDdf vr{ slt nfU5 <
14 m D
3. lbOPsf] lrqn] aGb} u/]sf] Pp6f dlGb/sf] bfofFlt/ /x]sf] A
au}Frfsf] efunfO{{ hgfpF5 . dlGb/ Joj:yfkg ;ldltn]

10 m
;'/Iffsf] lx;fan] o;df 5 kmGsf] sfF8]tf/ nufpg] lg0f{o
15 m
u¥of] . Ps ld6/ sfF8]tf/sf] ?= 80 k5{ . k|ltlbg Ps hgfsf] B
?= 1500 sf b/n], 3 hgf sfdbf/nfO{{ ;f] sfd l;Wofpg 2 11 m
lbg nfU5 eg], C
-s_ pSt hUufsf] kl/ldlt kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

-v_ 5 kmGsf] nufpg slt sfF8]tf/ rflxG5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
120 ul0ft, sIff !)

-u_ pSt sDkfpG8df Hofnf;lxt 5 kmGsf] sfF8]tf/ nufpg hDdf vr{ slt nfU5, u0fgf
ug'{xf];\ .
4. nDafO 9 ft, ePsf] Pp6f 3gfsf/ sf]7f 5 . pSt sf]7fdf 2 ft lsgf/f ePsf b'O{cf]6f juf{sf/
‰ofn / b'O{cf]6f 5 ft × 3 ft ePsf 9f]sf 5g\ eg],
-s_ e'OFsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ ‰ofn / 9f]sfafx]s rf/ leQfsf] If]qkmn slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ k|lt ju{ ld6/sf] ?= 350 sf b/n] rf/cf]6} leQfdf ‰ofn / 9f]sf;lxt /ª nufpg
hDdf slt /sd cfjZos k5{, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ olb nDafO, rf}8fO / prfO k|To]sdf 1 ft n] a9L ePsf] csf]{ sf]7fdf ?= 340
sf b/n] rf/cf]6} leQfdf ‰ofn / 9f]sf;lxt /ª nufpbf k|Zg g= -u_ df nfUg]
vr{eGbf sltn] a9L jf 36L nfU5, u0fgf ug'{xf];\ .
5. Pp6f Ogf/df 3.5 ft Jof; tyf 1 ft prfO ePsf 60 cf]6f l;d]G6af6 ag]sf rSsf
/flvPsf 5g\ . olb ;f] Ogf/ agfpg k|ltrSsfsf] d"No ?= 1200 k5{ . 2 hgf sfdbf/n] k|ltlbg
?= 1500 sf b/n] hDdf 12 lbgdf ;f] Ogf/ tof/ agfpg ;S5g\ eg], (1 cubic foot =
28.317 liters)
-s_ rSsfsf] dfq ltg'{ kg]{ /sd slt x'G5 <
-v_ Ogf/ agfpg hDdf vr{ slt nfU5 <
-u_ pSt Ogf/df clwstd slt ln6/ kfgL c6fpF5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ olb pSt Ogf/sf] 35 rSsf;Dd kfgL 5 eg] Ogf/df slt ln6/ kfgL /x]5 < Ogf/
eg{sf nflu slt ln6/ kfgL rflxG5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
6. Pp6f 3/sf] u]6sf rf/cf]6} ;tx b]lvg] 10 ft cUnf b'O{cf]6f lkn/x¿ dfly pxL cfwf/sf Ps
Pscf]6f 1 ft prfO ePsf lk/fld8 /flvPsf 5g\ . k|To]s lkn/sf cfwf/x¿ juf{sf/ 5g\ /
h;sf] nDafO 5 ft 5 .
-s_ k|Zgcg';f/ lbOPsf] hfgsf/LnfO{{ lrq agfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ lk/fld8sf] 58\s] prfO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ pSt lk/fld8;lxtsf] lkn/x¿df k|lt ju{lkm6 ?= 94 sf b/n] /ª nufpFbf hDdf
vr{ slt nfU5 <
7. Pp6f 3/sf] sDkfpG8sf] u]6sf b'O{cf]6f lkn/x¿ / lkn/dfly pxL cfwf/sf Ps Pscf]6f
lk/fld8 /flvPsf 5g\ . 6 ft cUnf] lkn/dfly 1 ft prfO ePsf lk/fld8 5g\ . k|To]s
lkn/sf cfwf/ juf{sf/ 5g\ / cfwf/sf] nDafO 1 ft 5 .
-s_ k|Zgcg';f/ lbOPsf] hfgsf/LnfO{{ lrq agfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ juf{sf/ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8sf] 58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg] ;"q
n]Vg'xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 121

-u_ lk/fld8 efusf] 58\s] prfO slt x'G5 <
-3_ pSt lk/fld8;lxtsf] lkn/x¿df 6fon nufpFbf hDdf vr{ ?= 2729 nfU5 eg],
k|lt ju{lkm6df sltsf b/n] 6fon nufpg ;lsG5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
8. Pp6f g;{/Ldf cfsfz] kfgL hDdf ug{ 2.80 m lelq Jof; / 3 m prfO ePsf] a]ngfsf/
6\ofª\sL lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . olb pSt 6\ofª\sLsf] dflyNnf] efu 0.72 m 7f8f] prfO ePsf]
;f]nL cfsf/df 5 eg],
-s_ a]ngfsf] cfotg kQf nufpg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ ;f] 6\ofª\sLdf a9Ldf slt ln6/ kfgL c6fpg ;lsPnf <
-u_ v8]/L k/]sf] ;dodf k|lt ln6/ ?=1.85 sf b/n] ;f] 6\ofª\sL eg{ slt vr{ nfU5,
kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
9. a/fa/ ;fOhsf 8 cf]6f lqe'hfsf/ sk8fsf 6'j|mfx¿ ldn]/ Pp6f ;f]nL cfsf/sf] 6]G6 lgdf{0f
ul/Psf] 5 . Pp6f lqe'hfsf/ 6'j|mfsf tLgcf]6f e'hfx¿sf] nDafO j|mdzM 5 m, 6 m / 6 m
5.
-s_ Ps 6'j|mf sk8fsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ 6]G6 agfpg rflxg] cfjZos sk8fsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ k|ltju{ ld6/ sk8fsf] d"No ?= 600 eP pSt 6]G6 agfpg hDdf vr{ slt
kl/of]hgf sfo{
1. cfjZostfcg';f/ ;d"xsf] lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ . k|To]s ;d"xn] cfˆgf] glhssf] lgdf{0f
;fdfu|L laj|mL ug]{ k;nx¿df hfg] / ljleGg cfsf/sf kfgL 6\ofª\sLx¿sf] cjnf]sg
ug'{xf];\ . s'g HofldtLo cfsf/df 6\ofª\sLx¿ ag]sf x'G5g\ < s'gdf slt ln6/
kfgL c6fpF5 < s'gsf] d"No slt k5{ < w]/} kfgL c6fpg] 6\ofª\sLsf] d"No /
yf]/} kfgL c6fpg] 6\ofª\sLsf] d"Nosf] cg'kft s:tf] kfpg'eof] < kmnfdaf6 ag]sf]
6\ofª\sL / Knfl:6saf6 ag]sf] 6\ofª\sLsf] d"Nodf sltn] sltn] km/s kbf]{ /x]5 <
dfly p7fg ul/Psf / cGo hfgsf/LnfO{{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L Pp6f k|ltj]bg tof/
kfg'{xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
2. tkfO{Fsf] 3/df 30,000 ln6/ kfgL c6\g] hldgd'lg Pp6f if8\d'vfsf/ 6\ofª\sL
agfpg'kg]{ 5 . To;sf nflu hdLgdf vfN8f] vGg'kg]{ x'G5 . nDafO, rf}8fO /
prfOsf] vfN8f] slt vGg' knf{ h;n] ubf{ sDtLdf 30,000 ln6/ kfgL c6fpg
;lsof];\ <
122 ul0ft, sIff !)

pQ/
1. -s_ 6116.47 l -v_ 6,000 l -u_ 3142.85 l
2 -s_ 88ft2 -v_ 397 -sDtLdf_ -u_ ?= 13,552
3. -s_ 50 m -v_ 250 m -u_ ?= 29,000
4. -s_ 81 ft2 -v_ 286 ft2 -u_ ?= 1,13,400 -3_ ?= 22,600
5. -s_ ?= 72,000 -v_ ?= 1,08,000 -u_ 16,35, 06 l -3_ 6813.78 l
6. -v_ 5 5 -u_ ?= 48,109.51
2
5
7. -v_ 2al -u_ 2
ft. -3_ ?= 52
8. -s_ πr2h -v_19958.4 l -u_ ?= 36923.04
5 119 2 119 m2
9. -s_ m -v_ 10 -u_ ?= 65,452.27
4
ul0ft, sIff !) 123

ldl>t cEof;
1. sIff 10 df cWoog/t Ps hgf ljBfyL{n] cfˆgf] kl/of]hgf sfo{cGtu{t sf8{af]8{ k]k/sf]
k|of]u u/L juf{wf/ ePsf] 3 cf]6f lk/fld8 agfO cfˆgf] ul0ft ljifo lzIfsnfO{{ a'emfPsf
5g\ . tL k|To]s lk/fld8sf] cfwf/sf] nDafO / 58\s] prfO j|mdzM 12 cm / 10 cm 5 eg],
-s_ lk/fldsf] cfotg kQf nufpg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ lk/fldsf] 7f8f] prfO slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ lbOPsf lk/fld8n] hDdf slt 7fpF cf]u6]sf 5g\\ <
-3_ lbOPsf k|To]s lk/fld8sf] cfwf/afx]ssf] If]qkmndf
?= 80 sf] b/n] /ª nufpg slt vr{ nfU5 <
2. juf{sf/ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8sf] cfwf/ e'hfsf] nDafO 16 cm / lk/fld8sf] cfotg 1280
cm3 5 eg],
-s_ k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ cfwf/sf] kl/ldlt kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ lk/fld8sf] 58\s] prfO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn / lqe'hfsf/ ;txx¿sf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ . b'O{
If]qkmndWo] s'g If]qkmn sltn] a9L x'G5 < u0fgf u/L t'ngf ug'{xf];\ .
3. juf{sf/ cfwf/ ePsf] Pp6f lk/fld8sf] lqe'hfsf/ ;txsf] If]qkmn 540 cm2 5 . olb pSt
lk/fld8sf] 58\s] prfO 15 cm 5 .
-s_ lk/fld8sf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ lk/fld8sf] cfwf/sf] nDafO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ lk/fld8sf] cfotg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
4. ;Fu} lbOPsf] lrq a]ngf / cw{uf]nf ldnL ag]sf] Pp6f v]nf}gf xf] . pSt v]nf}gfsf],
-s_ cfwf/sf] Jof; slt x'G5 <
7 cm
-v_ cfwf/sf] kl/lwsf] nDafO slt x'G5, kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ . 10 cm
-3_ v]nf}gfsf] cfotg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
124 ul0ft, sIff !)

5. Pp6f 7f]; j:t'sf] dflyNnf] efudf 5 cm 58\s] prfO ePsf] lk/fld8 / tNnf] efudf juf{sf/
cfwf/ ePsf] lk|Hd 5, h;sf] cfwf/ e'hf 8 cm 5 . pSt ;ª\o'St 7f]; j:t'sf] cfotg 1024
cm3 5 .
-s_ k|Zgcg';f/sf] lrq agfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ lk/fld8 efusf] 7f8f] prfO slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ pSt 7f]; j:t'df lk/fld8 efusf] 7f8f] prfO, lk|Hd efusf] prfOeGbf sltn] a9L
jf 36L jf a/fa/ 5, u0fgf u/L n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn slt xf]nf <
6. Pp6f 6]G6sf] tNnf] efu a]ngf / dflyNnf] efu cw{uf]nf ldnL ag]sf] 5 . h;df a]ngf /
cw{uf]nfsf] cw{Jof; pxL 5 . olb 6]G6sf] k"/f prfO 54 m / a]ngf efusf] prfO dfq
40 m 5 eg],
-s_ k|Zgcg';f/sf] lrq agfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ a]ngfsf] cw{Jof; kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ 6]G6sf] ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ k|lt ju{ ld6/ sk8fsf] d"No ?= 500 k5{ eg] 6]G6 agfpg hDdf slt vr{
7. Pp6f ;+o'St 7f]; j:t' cw{uf]nf / ;f]nL ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 h;sf] cfwf/sf] cw{Jof; 7 cm 5 .
k|lt ju{ ;]lG6ld6/ ?= 6 sf] b/n] pSt 7f]; j:t'df /ª nufpgnfO{{ ?= 5148 nfU5 eg],
-s_ ;+o'St 7f]; j:t'sf] ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ ;f]nLsf] 58\s] prfO slt x'G5 <
-u_ ;f]nLsf] 7f8f] prfO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ pSt 7f]; j:t'sf] k"/f prfO slt x'G5 <
8. ;dfg cfwf/ ePsf] Pp6f a]ngf / Pp6f ;f]nL ;+o'St ¿kdf ldn]/ ag]sf] v]nf}gf 5 h;sf]
Jof; 10 cm 5 . pSt v]nf}gfsf] a]ngfsf/ efusf] nDafO 14 cm / ;f]nLsf] prfO 12 cm
5 . olb Jof; / ;f]nLsf] prfOsf] gfknfO{{ ;f6f;f6 u/L csf]{ Pp6f v]nf}gf agfOof] eg] k|lt
ju{ ld6/ Pp6} b/df s'g rfFlx v]nf}gfdf a9L vr{ nfUnf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-s_ ;f]nLsf] 58\s] prfO slt x'G5 <
-v_ k|lt ju{ld6/ Pp6} b/df s'grflxF v]nf}gfdf a9L vr{ nfUnf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
9. ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] Pp6f if8\d'vfsf/ 7f]; j:t'dfly 12 cm 7f8f] prfO ePsf] Pp6f
lk/fld8 /flvPsf] 5 . olb pSt if8\d'vfsf/ 7f]; j:t'sf] cfwf/sf] If]qkmn 100 cm2 tyf
prfO 9 cm eP ;+o'St 7f]; j:t'sf] k"/f cfotg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-s_ if8\d'vfsf/ 7f]; j:t'sf] cfwf/sf] nDafO slt x'G5 <
-v_ ;+oS' t 7f]; j:t'sf] k"/f cfotg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 125

10. cw{Jof; 14 cm / prfO 40 cm ePsf] Pp6f a]ngfsf/ l6gsf] a6\6f l;d]G6n]
el/Psf] 5 . kvf{ndf l;d]G6sf] sfd ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] sfd ug]{ sfdbf/n] ;f] l;d]G6nfO{{ e'OFdf
vGofpFbf 30 cm cUnf] ;f]nL cfsf/sf] y'k|f] ag]5 eg],
-s_ l;dG6sf] y'k|f]sf] cfwf/sf] cw{Jof; slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ l;dG6sf] y'k|f]sf] ;txsf] -cfwf/afx]ssf]_ If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ olb 1 cm3 a/fa/ 2.5 gm x'G5 eg] l;d]G6sf] tf}n slt x'G5 <
11. Pp6f /ª\uzfnfsf] u]6sf rf/cf]6} ;tx b]lvg] 8 lkm6 cUnf b'O{cf]6f lkn/x¿dfly pxL
cfwf/sf Ps Pscf]6f 4 lkm6 prfO ePsf lk/fld8 /flvPsf 5g\ . k|To]s lkn/sf] cfwf/ 6
lkm6 × 6 lkm6 5 eg],
-s_ k|Zgcg';f/sf] b'O{cf]6f lrq agfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ lk/fld8sf] 58\s] ;tx kQf nufpg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ lk/fld8sf] 58\s] prfO slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ lk/fld8;lxtsf] lkn/x¿df /ª nufpg ldNg] ;txsf] If]qkmn lx;fa u/L kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
-ª_ pSt lk/fld8;lxtsf] lkn/df k|lt ju{ lkm6 ?= 110 sf b/n] /ª nufpFbf slt vr{
nfU5 <
12. Pp6f 3/sf] u]6df pq} / p:t} cfsf/sf b'O{cf]6f lkn/ 5g\ . cfotfsf/ cfsf/df ePsf
lkn/x¿sf] nDafO 1 lkm6, rf}8fO 1 lkm6 / prfO 6 lkm6 5 . lkn/sf] cfwf/;Fu a/fa/
cfwf/ ePsf] 1 lkm6 prfO ePsf lk/fld8 b'j} lkn/sf] dflyk6\l6 /flvPsf] 5 .
-s_ lk|Hdsf] 58\s] ;tx kQf nufpg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ lkn/sf] cfwf/sf] kl/ldlt slt x'G5 <
-u_ lk/fld8sf] 58\s] prfO slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ lk/fld8;lxtsf] lkn/df /ª nufpg ldNg] ;txsf] If]qkmn lx;fa u/L kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
-ª_ pSt lk/fld8;lxtsf] lkn/df k|lt ju{ lkm6 ?= 52 sf b/n] /ª nufpFbf slt vr{
nfU5 <
13. Pp6f l;d]G6sf] rSsfsf] Jof; 3.5 lkm6 / prfO 1 lkm6 5 . Ogf/ agfpFbf k|lt rSsf
a/fa/sf] nfut d"No ?= 1200 k5{ . olb 32 rSsfsf] Pp6f Ogf/ tof/ ug'{kg]{ 5 .
-s_ pSt Ogf/sf] nfut vr{ slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ kfgLsf] cfotg slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ pSt Ogf/sf] 18 cf]6f rSsf;Dd kfgL 5 eg] Ogf/sf] vfnL 7fpFsf] cfotg slt
x'G5 <
126 ul0ft, sIff !)

14. a/fa/ ju{ cfwf/ ePsf b'O{cf]6f lk/fld8 ldn]/ Pp6f ;+o'St 7f]; j:t' ag]sf] 5 . h;sf]
cfwf/sf] nDafO 12 cm / pSt 7f]; j:t'sf] hDdf prfO 20 cm 5 .
-s_ lk/fld8sf] 58\s] ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ ;+o'St 7f]; j:t'sf] k"/f cfotg slt x'G5 <
15. gGblszf]/ ljb]zaf6 kms]{/ cfg} ufpFdf s[lifkmfd{ vf]nL ljsf;] hftsf ufO{{ / afv|f kfn]sf
5g\ . ufO{{ afv|fnfO{{ kfgL v'jfpgsf nflu a]ngf / ;f]nL cfsf/sf] ;+o'St ¿kdf ldn]/ ag]sf]
6\ofª\sL lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\ . pSt 6\ofª\sLsf] a]ngf efusf] leqL Jof; 1.4m / prfO 2.1m
5 . ;f] 6\ofª\sLsf] dflyNnf] efu ;f]nL cfsf/df 5, h;sf] 7f8f] prfO 0.36 m 5 eg],
-s_ ;f]nLsf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ 6\ofª\sLsf] cfwf/sf] kl/ldlt kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ 6\ofª\sLdf slt kfgL c6fpF5 < ln6/df kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
16. lbOPsf] lrq ;+o'St 7f]; j:t'sf] xf] . pSt j:t'sf] ;f]nL efusf] 58\s]
prfO / cw{Jof;sf] cg'kft 5:3 5 . ;f] 7f]; j:t'sf] k"/f cfotg 240π O A
cm3 5 .
-s_ lbOPsf] ;+o'St 7f]; j:t' s'g b'O{cf]6f 7f]; j:t'x¿ ldnL ag]sf]
5<
-v_ ;f]nLsf] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ . B
-u_ lbOPsf 7f]; j:t'sf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

-3_ lbOPsf 7f]; j:t'sf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn s] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn x'G5 < sf/0f;lxt
k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
17. lbOPsf] lrq ;+o'St 7f]; j:t'sf] xf] . pSt j:t'sf] ;f]nL efusf] 58\s] prfO / 7f8f] prfOsf]
cg'kft 13:12 5 . ;f] 7f]; j:t'sf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn 840π
cm2 5 .
-s_ lbOPsf] ;+o'St 7f]; j:t' s'g b'O{cf]6f 7f]; j:t'x¿
ldnL ag]sf] 5 <
-v_ ;f]nLsf] cfwf/sf] kl/ldlt kQf nufpg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ lbOPsf 7f]; j:t'sf] cfotg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ lbOPsf 7f]; j:t'sf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn s] jj|m;txsf] If]qkmn;Fu a/fa/ x'G5 <
xF'b}g eg] u0fgf u/L t'ngf ug'{xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 127

18. lrq g= (1) df a/fa/ cfwf/ ePsf a]ngf / ;f]nL b]vfOPsf] 5 . lrq g= (2) df ;f]xL a]ngf
/ ;f]nL hf]8]/ Pp6f ;+o'St 7f]; j:t' agfOPsf] 5 .
39 cm 24 cm
14 cm
lrq g= 1 lrq g= 2
-s_ ;f]nLsf] cfotg kQf nufpg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ lrq g=1 df b]vfOPsf] b'j} 7f]; j:t'x¿sf] If]qkmn kQf nufO{ ltgLx¿sf]
If]qkmnsf] of]ukmn slt x'G5 <
-u_ lrq g= 1 df b]vfOPsf 7f]; j:t'sf] If]qkmnsf] of]ukmn / lrq g= 2 sf]
;+o'St 7f]; j:t'sf] k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn a/fa/ x'G5 < x'Fb}g eg] sltsf] km/s
-3_ lrq g= 1 df b]vfOPsf] 7f]; j:t'sf] cfotgsf] of]ukmn / lrq g= 2 sf] ;+o'St
7f]; j:t'sf] cfotg a/fa/ x'G5 jf x'Fb}g < sf/0f;lxt k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ lrq g= 1 sf b'j} 7f]; j:t'x¿sf ;txdf ?= 150 k|lt ju{ld6/sf] b/n] /ª nufpFbf
nfUg] hDdf vr{ / pxL b/df lrq g= 2 df ePsf] ;+o'St 7f]; j:t'sf] ;txdf /ª
nufpFbf nfUg] vr{df t'ngf ug'{xf];\ .
19. ;dfg cfwf/ ePsf] Pp6f a]ngf / Pp6f ;f]nL ;+o'St ¿kdf ldn]/ ag]sf] v]nf}gf 5 h;sf]
Jof; 10 cm 5 . pSt v]nf}gfsf] a]ngfsf/ efusf] nDafO 14 cm / ;f]nLsf] prfO 12 cm
5.
-s_ ;f]nLsf] cfotg kQf nufpg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ v]nf}gfdf ;f]nL efusf] 58\s] nDafO slt xf]nf <
-u_ olb Jof; / ;f]nLsf] prfOsf] gfknfO{{ ;f6f;f6 u/L csf]{ p:t} v]nf}gf agfOof] eg]
k|lt ju{ ;]lG6ld6/ Pp6} b/df /ª nufpFbf s'g rflxF v]nf}gfdf a9L vr{ nfUnf <
20. Pp6f 7f]; j:t' ;dfg cw{Jof; ePsf Pp6f a]ngf / Pp6f ;f]nL ldnL ag]sf] 5 . a]ngfsf]
prfO / ;f]nLsf] 58\s] prfO j|mdzM 28 ;]=ld= / 17 ;]=ld= 5g\ . olb ;f] j:t'sf] k"/f ;txdf
k|lt 100 ju{ ;]=ld= sf] ?= 140 sf] b/n] /ª nufpFbf hDdf ?= 2851.20 vr{ nfUof] .
-s_ k|Zgcg';f/sf] ;+o'St 7f]; j:t'sf] lrq agfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ a]ngfsf] cwf/ s'g cfsf/sf] x'G5, n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ ;f] ;f]nLsf] prfO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
128 ul0ft, sIff !)

21. Pp6f kfgL 6\ofª\sL a]ngfsf/ / cw{uf]nfsf/ efu ldnL ag]sf] 5 . ;f] 6\ofª\sLsf] k"/f prfO
20 m 5 / cfwf/sf] If]qkmn 154 m2 5 . pSt 6\ofª\sLdf k|ltln6/ 45 k};fsf b/n] kfgL
el/G5 eg],
-s_ 1 m3 a/fa/ slt ln6/ x'G5 <
-v_ cfwf/sf] cw{Jof; slt x'G5 <
-u_ kfgL eg{ hDdf slt vr{ nfUnf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
pQ/
1
1. -s_ 3 a2h -v_ 8 cm -u_ 432 cm2 -3_ Rs 57,600
2. -s_ a2 + 2al -v_ 64 cm -u_ 17 cm
-3_ 800 cm2, 544 cm2, 256 cm2 n] a9L
3. -s_ a2 + 2al -v_ 18 cm -u_ 1296 cm3
4. -s_ 14 cm -v_ 44 cm -u_ 902 cm2 -3_ 2258.66 cm3
5. -s_ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf]; \ -v_ 3 cm -u_ 12 cm n] sdL 5 -3_ 624 cm2
6. -s_ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf]; \ -v_ 14 cm -u_ 4752 cm2 -3_ Rs. 23,76,000
7. -s_ 858 cm2 -v_ 25 cm -u_ 24 cm -3_ 31 cm
8. -s_ 13 cm -v_ ;f6f;f6 u/]/ kl5 ag]sf] v]nf}gfdf If]]qkmn w]/} x'G5 To;}n] a9L vr{ nfU5
9. -s_ 10 cm -v_ 1300 cm3
10. -s_ 28 cm -v_ 3611.21 cm2 -u_ 61,600 gm
11. -s_ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf]; \ -v_ 2al -u_ 5 cm -3_ 252 cm2 -ª_ Rs. 27,720
12. -s_ ph -v_ 4 ft. -u_ 25 ft -3_ (24 + 5 ) cm2 -ª_ Rs. 1364.27
13. -s_ Rs. 38,400 -v_ 308 cm3 -u_ 134.75 cm3
14. -s_ 2al -v_ 960 cm2
15. -s_ πr(r + l) -v_ 4.4 m -u_ 3418.8 l
16. -s_ ;f]nL / cw{uf]nf -v_ πrl -u_ 301.71 cm2
-3_ x'G5, b'j} ;txsf] If]qkmn Pp6} cfpg] ePsfn]
17. -s_ a]ngf / ;f]nL -v_ 2πr -u_ 10057.14 cm3
-3_ k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn 314.28 cm2 n] a9L x'G5 .
18. -s_ 13 a2h -v_ 2728 cm2 -u_ 308 cm2
-3_ b'j}sf] cfotg 9702 cm2 -a/fa/_ -ª_ klxnf]df ?= 46200 n] a9L
19. -s_ πr2h -v_ 13 cm -u_ bf];|f]df w]/} nfU5 .
20. -s_ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ -v_ j[Q -u_ 15 cm
21. -s_ 1m3 = 1000 l -v_ r = 7 m -u_ 13 m -3_ ?= 12,24,300
ul0ft, sIff !) 129

kf7 cg'j|md / >]0fL
6 (Sequence and Series)

lbOPsf cg'j|mdsf] cjnf]sg u/L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ 2, 4, 6, 8, . . . -v_ 1, 3, 5, 7, . . .
-u_ 1, 4, 16, 64, . . . -3_ 24, 12, 6, 3, . . .
-ª_ 5, 8, 11, 14, . . . -r_ 2, 6, 18, 54, . . .
k|Zgx¿
-c_ dfly lbOPsf cg'j|md cª\sul0ftLo jf HofldtLo cg'j|md s] x'g\ 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ lbOPsf cg'j|mdsf ;dfg cGt/ jf ;dfg cg'kft kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ lbOPsf cg'j|mdsf ;fwf/0f kb kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ lbOPsf cg'j|mdsf] 5}6f}F / cf7f}F kb kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-p_ lbOPsf cg'j|mdnfO{{ >]0fLdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
6.1 cª\sul0ftLo cg'j|mdsf] dWodfg (Means of Arithmetic Sequence)
lj|mofsnfk 1
tnsf] ;+jfb cWoog ug'{xf];\ M
/Ltf M /fh', 3, m, 7, . . . cª\sul0ftLo cg'j|md xf] eg] m sf] dfg s;/L kQf nufpg] xf]nf <
/fh' M cª\sul0ftLo cg'j|mdsf] kl5Nnf] kb / cluNnf] kbsf] cGt/ a/fa/ x'G5 .
To;}n] m – 3 = 7 – m u/]/ m sf] dfg kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .
m – 3 = 7 – m
or, m + m = 7 + 3
or, m = 7 + 3 = 5
2
/Ltf M P, klxnf] kb / t];|f] kbsf] cf};t g} bf];|f] kb x'g] /x]5 x} .
clgn M o;nfO{{ o;/L klg ug{ ;lsG5 .
130 ul0ft, sIff !)

klxnf] kb (a) = 3
bf];|f] kb (t2) = a + d, d = ;dfg cGt/
t];|f] kb (t3) = a + 2d
or, 7 = 3 + 2d
or, 2d = 7 – 3
or, 2d = 4
⸫d=2
ca d sf] dfg (t2) = a + d sf] dfg /fVbf,
m=3+2=5
/lZd M olb PseGbf a9L kb kQf nufpg ;f]w]sf] eP s;/L ug]{ xf]nf <
h:t}M 3, x, y, z, 19 . . . df x, y, z sf] dfg slt slt xf]nf <
clgn M o;nfO{{ klg clu u/] h:t} u/L ug{ ;lsG5 .
3, x, y, z, 19 . . . df
klxnf] kb (a) = 3
kfrf}F kb (t5) = 19
;dfg cGt/ (d) = ?
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5
t5 = a + (5–1)d
or, 19 = 3 + 4d
or, 4d = 19 – 3
or, 4d = 16
⸫d=4
bf];|f] kb (t2) = x = a + d = 3 + 4 = 7
t]];|f] kb (t3) = y = a + 2d = 3 + 2 × 4 = 11
rf}yf]] kb (t4) = z = a + 3d = 3 + 3 × 4 = 15
/Ltf M P, 3 / 19 sf lardf tLgcf]6f kb kQf nufpFbf 19 kfFrf}F kb x'g] /x]5 .
clgn M xf], tkfO{Fn] l7s eGg'eof] .
hDdf kb = dWodfsf] ;ª\Vof + 2
n=m+2
-;a} hgfn] ul0ft lzIfs;Fu e]6L pgLx¿larsf] 5nkmn ;'gfP ._
lzIfs M tkfO{Fx¿ ;a} ;xL x'g'x'G5 .
ul0ft, sIff !) 131

;dfgfGt/Lo cg'j|mdsf klxnf] kb / clGtd kblarsf] kb jf kbx¿nfO{{ ;dfgfGt/Lo dWodf
(Arithmetic Mean) elgG5 .
-s_ olb b'O{cf]6f kblardf Pp6f dfq ;dfgfGt/Lo dWodf kQf nufpg' kg]{ ePdf klxnf] kb /
clGtd kbsf] cª\sul0ftLo dWos lgsfNg' kg]{ /x]5 .
-v_ olb b'O{cf]6f kblardf PseGbf a9L ;dfgfGt/Lo dWodf kQf nufpg' kg]{ ePdf
clGtd kbaf6 ;dfg cGt/ (d) kQf nufO{ ;a} dWodf lgsfNg ;lsFbf] /x]5 .
pbfx/0f 1
b'O{ ;ª\Vof 7 / 17 larsf] Pp6f ;dfgfGt/Lo dWodf lgsfNg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF b'O{cf]6f kbsf lardf Pp6f dWodf ePsfn] 7, m , 17
klxnf] kb (a) = 7
t];|f] kb (t ) = 17 j}slNks tl/sf
3
dWodfg (m) = ? t];|f] kb (t3) = a + 2d

or, 17 = 7 + 2d
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 dWodfg (m) = a +2 b
or, 2d = 17 – 7 = 10
= 7 + 17 or, d = 5
2
=12 ca d sf] dfg (t2) = a + d df /fVbf
m = 7 + 5 = 12
pbfx/0f 2
b'O{cf]6f kb 3 / 23 sf lardf kg]{ 3 cf]6f ;dfgfGt/Lo dWodf lgsfNg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF 3 cf]6f ;dfgfGt/Lo dWodf;lxtsf] cg'j|md 3, m1, m2, m3, 23 x'G5 .
klxnf] kb (a) = 3
dWodf ;ª\Vof (m) = 3
hDdf kb ;ª\Vof (n) = 3 + 2 = 5
kfFrf}F kb (t5) = 23
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 kfFrf}F kb (t5) = a + (5 – 1)d
or, 23 = 3 + 4d
or, 23 – 3 = 4d
or, 20 = d
4
⸫ d=5
132 ul0ft, sIff !)

ca m1 = bf];|f] kb = a + d = 3 + 5 = 8
m2 = t];|f] kb = a + 2d = 3 + 2 × 5 = 13
m3 = rf}yf] kb = a + 3d = 3 + 3 × 5 = 18
ct M 3 / 23 sf larsf 3 dWodfx¿ 8, 13 / 18 x'g\ .
pbfx/0f 3
b'O{cf]6f kb 3 / 43 sf lardf 7 cf]6f ;dfgfGt/Lo dWodf kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF 7 cf]6f ;dfgfGt/Lo dWodf;lxtsf] cg'j|md 3, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, m6 m7, 43 x'G5 .
klxnf] kb (a) = 3
hDdf kb ;ª\Vof (n) = 7 + 2 = 9
gjf}F kb (t9) = 23
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 gjf}F kb (t9) = a + (9 – 1)d
or, 43 = 3 + 8d
or, 8d = 43 – 3 = 40
or, d = 5
ca m1 = bf];|f] kb = a + d = 3 + 5 = 8
m2 = t];|f] kb = a + 2d = 3 + 2 × 5 = 13
m3 = rf}yf] kb = a + 3d = 3 + 3 × 5 = 18
m4 = kfFrf}F kb = a + 4d = 3 + 4 × 5 = 23
m5 = 5}6f}F kb = a + 5d = 3 + 5 × 5 = 28
m6 = ;ftf}F kb = a + 6d = 3 + 6 × 5 = 33
m7 = cf7f}F kb = a + 7d = 3 + 7 × 5 = 38
ul0ft, sIff !) 133

6.2 ;dfgfGt/Lo >]0fLsf] of]ukmn (Sum of Arithmetic Series)
lj|mofsnfk 2
Pp6f ;lkª ;]G6/df sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{{ p;sf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf cfwf/df gub k|f]T;fxg
ul/Fbf]/x]5 . Ps hgf sd{rf/Lsf] klxnf] 7 dlxgfsf] gub k|f]T;fxgafktsf] /sd b]xfoadf]lhd
/x]5 M
2079 ;fn j}zfv h]7 c;f/ ;fpg ebf} c;f]h sflQs
a9]sf] tna -?=df_ 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
dflysf] tflnsf cWoog u/L lgDglnlvt k|Zgdfly 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M

-s_ pSt sd{rf/Ln] k|To]s dlxgf slt /sdsf b/n] k|f]T;fxg /sd a9fpFb} nu]sf
/x]5g\ <
-v_ lj=;= 2079 j}zfvb]lv sflt{s;Dddf hDdf slt /sd k|f]T;fxgafkt a'e]msf
/x]5g\ <
-u_ oxL b/n] a9\b} uPdf lj=;= 2080 j}zfv dlxgfdf slt /sd k|f]T;fxgafkt
kfpF5g\ <
-3_ lj=;= 2080 j}zfv;Ddsf] hDdf k|f]T;fxg /sd slt xf]nf <
oxfF k|To]s dlxgf ;dfg cGt/ ?= 200 n] tna a9]sf] /x]5 .
ca 7 dlxgfsf] k|f]T;fxg /sdnfO{{ >]0fLdf /fVbf,
800 + 1000 + 1200 + 1400 + 1600 + 1800 + 2000 x'G5 .
7 dlxgf;Ddsf] hDdf k|f]T;fxg /sdnfO{{ S7 n] hgfpFbf,
S7 = 800 + 1000 + 1200 + 1400 + 1600 + 1800 + 2000 = 9800….. (i)
klxnf] kb (a) = 800, ;dfg cGt/ (d) = 1000 – 800 = 200
hDdf kb ;ª\Vof (n) = 7 ;ftf}F kb (t7) = 2000
;dLs/0f (i) nfO{{ o;/L klg n]Vg ;lsG5,
S7 = 2000 + 1800 + 1600 + 1400 + 1200 + 1000 + 800 = 9800….. (ii)
;dLs/0f (i) / (ii) hf]8\bf
2S7 = 2800 + 2800 + 2800 + 2800 + 2800 + 2800 + 2800
or, 2S7 = 7 × 2800
7
or, S7 = 2 × 2800 = 9800
134 ul0ft, sIff !)

2800 nfO{{ klxnf] kb / ;ftf}F kbsf ¿kdf n]Vbf,
7
or, S7 = 2 (800 + 2000)
n
⸫ Sn = 2 (a + tn) hxfF a = klxnf] dlxgfsf] k|f]T;fxg /sd, tn = clGtd dlxgfsf] k|f]T;fxg
/sd
n
ca Sn = 2 (a + tn)
n n
= 2 [a + a + (n – 1)d] = 2 [2a + (n – 1)d] [ ⸪ tn = a + (n – 1)d]
200 sf b/n] a9\b} hfFbf lj=;+ 2080 j}zfv dlxgf;Dd hDdf 13 dlxgf x'G5 .
13 cf}F dlxgfdf kfpg] k|f]T;fxg /sd (t13) = 800 + (13 – 1)200
= 800 + 12 × 200
= ?= 3,200
ctM lj=;= 2080 j}zfv dlxgfdf kfpg] k|f]T;fxg /sd = ?= 3,200
ca 13 cf}F+ dlxgf;Ddsf] hDdf k|f]T;fxg /sd S13 = ?
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5,
n
Sn = 2 [(2a + (n – 1)d]
= 13
2 [2 × 800 + (13 – 1) 200]
= 13
2
[1600 + (12 × 200] = 13 13
2 [1600 + 2400] = 2 × 4000
= 26000
13 cf}F dlxgf;Ddsf] hDdf k|f]T;fxg /sd = ?= 26,000
s'g} ;dfgfGt/Lo >]0fLsf] n cf}F kb;Ddsf] of]ukmn Sn = n2 (a + tn) x'G5 .

oxfF klxnf] kb = a, clGtd kb = tn, ;dfg cGt/ = d, kb ;ª\Vof = n / n cf}F kb;Ddsf]
of]ukmn = Sn
km]l/ tn = a + (n –1)d dfg /fVbf,
n n n
Sn = 2 (a + tn) = 2 [a + {a + (n – 1)d}] = 2 [2a + (n – 1)d]
n
⸫ Sn = 2 [2a + (n – 1)d]
gf]6M clGtd kbnfO{{ (tn) jf l n] klg hgfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
ul0ft, sIff !) 135

pbfx/0f 4
1 + 2 + 3 + . . . sf klxnf] 20 cf]6f kbsf] of]ukmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF 1 + 2 + 3 + . . . ;dfgfGt/Lo cg'j|md xf] .
To;}n] klxnf] kb (a) = 1
;dfg cGt/ (d) = 2 – 1 = 1
kb ;ª\Vof (n) = 20
20 cf}F kb;Ddsf] of]ukmn (S20) = ?
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5,
n 20
Sn = 2 [2a+(n – 1)d] = 2 [2 × 1 + (20 –1)1]
= 10(2 + 19)
= 10 × 21 = 210
pbfx/0f 5
2 + 4 + 6 + … sf klxnf] 13 cf]6f kbsf] of]ukmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF 2 + 4 + 6 + ... ;dfgfGt/Lo cg'j|md xf] .
;dfg cGt/ (d) = 4 – 2 = 2
kb ;ª\Vof (n) = 13
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5,
n 13
Sn = 2 [2a + (n – 1)d] = 2 [2 × 2 + (13 – 1)2]
= 13
2
(4 + 24)
= 13
2
× 28
= 182
136 ul0ft, sIff !)

pbfx/0f 6
>]0fL] 5 + 17 + 29 +… sf 28 cf]6f kbsf] of]ukmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF 5 + 17 + 29 +… ;dfgfGt/Lo cg'j|md xf] .
;dfg cGt/ (d) = 17 – 5 = 12
kb ;ª\Vof (n) = 28
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5,
n
Sn = 2 [2a + (n – 1)d]
S28 = 28
2
[2 × 5 + (28 – 1)12]
= 14(10 + 324)
= 14 × 334 = 4676
pbfx/0f 7
Pp6f ;dfgfGt/Lo >]0fLsf] klxnf] kb 2, clGtd kb 29 / hDdf kbsf] of]ukmn 155 5 . pSt >]0fLsf
hDdf kb;ª\Vof / ;dfg cGt/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF klxnf] kb (a) = 2,
clGtd kb (tn) = 29 /
hDdf of]ukmn Sn = 155
hDdf kb ;ª\Vof (n) = ?
;dfg cGt/ (d)= ?
n
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 Sn = 2 (a + tn)
n
or, 155 = 2 (2 + 29)
or, 310 = 31n
or, n = 310
31
= 10
ul0ft, sIff !) 137

tn = a + (n – 1)d
or, 29 = 2 + (10 – 1)d
or, 27 = 9d
or, d = 27
9
=3
t;y{ ;dfg cGt/ 3 x'G5 .
pbfx/0f 8
;dfgfGt/Lo >]0fL] 24 + 20 + 16 +… df kbsf] of]ukmn 72 5 eg] pSt >]0fLdf hDdf sltcf]6f
kb 5g\, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF klxnf] kb (a) = 24
;dfg cGt/ (d) = 20 – 24 = – 4
hDdf of]ukmn Sn = 72 5
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5
n
Sn = 2 [2a + (n – 1)d]
n
72 = 2 [2 × 24 + (n – 1) (–4)]
or, 144 = n(48 – 4n + 4)
or, 144 = 52n – 4n2
or, 4n2 – 52n + 144 = 0
or, n2 – 13n + 36 = 0
or, n2 – 9n – 4n + 36 = 0
or, n (n – 9) – 4 (n – 9) = 0
or, (n – 9) (n – 4) = 0
either, n – 9 = 0 ⸫n=9
or, n – 4 = 0 ⸫n=4
Tf;y{ hDdf kbsf] ;ª\Vof 4 cyjf 9 x'G5 .
138 ul0ft, sIff !)

pbfx/0f 9
;dfgfGt/Lo >]0fLsf] t];|f] kb 0, b;f}F kb 42 5 . pSt >]0fLsf] klxnf] 15 cf]6f kbsf] of]ukmn kQf
nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF t];|f] kb (t3) = 0
b;f}F kb (t10) = 42
hDdf kb ;ª\Vof (n) = 15
hDdf of]ukmn S15 = ?
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5
tn = a + (n – 1) d
or, t3 = a + (3 – 1) d
or, 0 = a + 2d
or, a +2d = 0…………. (i)
To:t}, t10 = a + (10 – 1) d
or, 42 = a + 9d
a + 9d = 42……. (ii)
;dLs/0f (i) af6 ;dLs/0f (ii) 36fpFbf,
a + 2d = 0
a + 9d = 42
– – –
–7d = – 42
or, d = 42
7
=6
⸫d=6
ca d sf] dfg ;dLs/0f (i) df /fVbf,
a+2×6=0
a = –12
15 [2 × (–12) + (15
ca klxnf 15 cf]6f kbsf] hDdf of]ukmn S15 = – 1)6]
2
= 152
[–24 + 84]
= 450
Tf;y{ klxnf] 15 kbsf] hDdf of]ukmn 450 x'G5 .
ul0ft, sIff !) 139

pbfx/0f 10
Ps hgf sd{rf/Lsf] xfnsf] dfl;s tna ?= 40,000 5 . k|To]s jif{ p;sf] u|]8 /sd ?= 1,000 dfl;s
tnadf ylkb} hfG5 . olb oxL b/n] a9\b} hfg]] xf] eg] 6 jif{kl5 p;sf] hDdf cfDbfgL slt x'G5 < p;n]
6 jif{sf] hDdf cfDbfgL ?= 35,00,000 k'¥ofpg slt /sd ck'u x'G5, u0fgf ug'{xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF klxnf] jif{sf] hDdf cDbfgL (a) = 40000 × 12 = 4,80,000
k|To]s jif{ a9\g] /sd (d) = 1000 × 12 = 12,000
6 jif{kl5sf] hDdf cfDbfgL (S6) = ?
hDdf jif{ (n) = 6
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5,
Sn = n2 [2a + (n – 1)d]
S6 = 6 [2 × 480000 + (6 – 1) × 12000]
2
= 3[960000 + 60000]
= 3 × 10,20,000
= 30,60,000
Tf;y{ 6 jif{df x'g] hDdf cfDbfgL /sd ?= 30,60,000 x'G5 .
To;}n] 6 jif{df x'g] hDdf cfDbfgL ?= 35 nfv k'¥ofpg,
hDdf 35,00,000 – 30,60,000 = 4,40,000 ck'u x'G5 .
cEof; 6.1
1. -s_ ;dfgfGt/Lo dWodf eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ olb a, m, b ;dfgfGt/Lo cg'j|mddf eP m nfO{{ a / b sf ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ b'O{ ;ª\Vof 12 / 18 sf] dWodfg slt x'G5, n]Vg'xf];\ .
2. ;dfgfGt/Lo dWodf kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ 6 / 10 -v_ –2 / 2 -u_ –4 / 8 -3_ (a + b) / (a – b)
3. ;dfgfGt/Lo dWodf kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ 5 / 20 sf lardf 4 cf]6f
-v_ 70 / 14 sf lardf 6 cf]6f
-u_ 5 / –9 sf lardf 6 cf]6f
140 ul0ft, sIff !)

4. tn lbOPsf cg'j|md ;dfgfGt/ cg'j|md x'g\ . pSt cg'j|mdaf6 x sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ 5, x, 9, . . .
-v_ x + 1, x + 5, 3x + 1, . . .
-u_ x + 2, 3x, 4x + 1, . . .
5. lbOPsf ;dfgfGt/Lo >]0fLsf] of]ukmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ 7 + 11 + 15 + 19…, 20 cf]6f kb
-v_ 4 – 1 – 6 – 11 – 16 – …, 7 cf]6f kb
-u_ 12 + 32 + 52 + …, 16 cf]6f kb
-3_ 5 + 10 + 15 + … + 65
-ª_ – 64 – 48 – 32 – …+ 32
-r_ klxnf] 10 cf]6f lahf]/ ;ª\Vofsf] of]ukmn
-5_ klxnf] 100 ;Ddsf k|fs[lts ;ª\Vofsf] of]ukmn
-h_ 50 b]lv 100 ;Ddsf k|fs[lts ;ª\Vofsf] of]ukmn
6. ;dfgfGt/Lo >]0fLsf] klxnf] kb, clGtd kb / hDdf kbsf] of]ukmn lgDgfg';f/ lbOPsf] 5 .
o;sf cfwf/df ;dfg cGt/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ klxnf] kb = 1, clGtd kb = 50 / hDdf kbsf] of]ukmn = 204
-v_ klxnf] kb = 60, clGtd kb = 20 / hDdf kbsf] of]ukmn = 440
-u_ klxnf] kb = 17, clGtd kb = – 998
/ hDdf kbsf] of]ukmn = 40716
7. ;dfgfGt/Lo >]0fLsf] ;dfg cGt/, kbsf] ;ª\Vof / hDdf kbsf] of]ukmn lgDgfg';f/ lbOPsf]
5 . klxnf] kb kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ ;dfg cGt/ = –3, kbsf] ;ª\Vof = 10 / hDdf kbsf] of]ukmn = 325
-v_ ;dfg cGt/ = 9, kbsf] ;ª\Vof = 9 / hDdf kbsf] of]ukmn = 108
-u_ ;dfg cGt/ = 3, kbsf] ;ª\Vof = 10 / hDdf kbsf] of]ukmn = 155
8. -s_ ;dfgfGt/Lo >]0fL] 4 + 10 + 16 + 22 +… df sltcf]6f ;ª\Vofsf] hDdf
of]ukmn 374 x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ ;dfgfGt/Lo >]0fLdf klxnf] kb 36 / ;dfg cGt/ 9 5 . sltcf]6f ;ª\Vofsf] hDdf
of]ukmn 540 x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
9. -s_ ;dfgfGt/Lo >]0fLsf] t];|f] kb –15 / cf7f}+} kb 10 eP klxnf] 16 cf]6f kbsf]
of]ukmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ ;dfgfGt/Lo >]0fLsf] kfFrf}F kb 10 / P3f/f}F kb 22 eP klxnf] 20 cf]6f kbsf]
of]ukmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 141

10. -s_ ;dfgfGt/Lo >]0fLsf] klxnf] 5 kbsf] of]ukmn 75 / klxnf] 12 kbsf] of]ukmn 390
eP klxnf] 20 kbsf] of]ukmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfgfGt/Lo >]0fLsf]] klxnf] ;ft kbsf] of]ukmn 21 / klxnf] 12 kbsf]
-v_
of]ukmn 126 eP pSt >]0fL kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
11. -s_ g]kfnL 9fsf pBf]udf sfo{/t Ps hgf sfdbf/n] klxnf] jif{df 1,000 cf]6f 6f]kL
agfP . k|To]s jif{ pgn] 100 sf b/n] 6f]kLsf] ;ª\Vof a9fpFb} uP . s] 10 jif{kl5
pgn] 6f]kLsf] ;ª\Vof 15,000 k'¥ofpg ;Snfg\ t < u0fgf u/L n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ Ps hgf sd{rf/L dfl;s tna ?= 60,000 sdfpg] u/L gf]s/Ldf nfu] . k|To]s jif{
pgsf]] tnadf ;dfg ?= 24,000 sf b/n] a9f]Q/L kfpF5g\ . p;n] hDdf cfDbfgL
?= 1 s/f]8 k'¥ofpg rfxG5g\ . To;sf nflu p;n] slt jif{;Dd gf]s/L ug'{knf{ <
u0fgf u/L sf/0f;lxt pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . -oxfF Aofh ;dfj]z ul/g] 5}g_
kl/of]hgf sfo{
tkfO{Fsf cfdf jf a'afnfO{{ klg cfkm\gf] x/]s hGdlbgdf jflif{s ;dfg cGt/df a9fpg] u/L
s]xL /sd hDdf ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / 5 jif{df s;sf] /sd slt a9L x'g] /x]5, hDdf ePsf]
k};f s;/L ;b'kof]u ug]{ cflb ljifodf ;fyLx¿;Fu 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
pQ/
1. -v_ m = a + b -u_ 15 2. -s_ 8 -v_ 0 -u_ 0 -3_ a
2
3. -s_ 8, 11, 14, 17 -v_ 62, 54, 46, 38, 30, 22 -u_ 3, 1, –1, –3, –5, –7
4. -s_ 7 -v_ 4 -u_ 3
5. -s_ 900 -v_ –77 -u_ 128 -3_ 455
-ª_ –112 -r_ 100 -5_ 5050 -h_ 3825
47
6. -s_ 7 -v_ –4 -u_ – 16
7. -s_ 46 -v_ –24 -u_ 2
8. -s_ 11 -v_ 8
9. -s_ 200 -v_ 420
10. -s_ 1050 -v_ –6 –3 + 0 +…
11. -s_ ;Sb}g, 500 sd -v_ 12 nueu
142 ul0ft, sIff !)

6.3 u'0ff]Q/ cg'j|mdsf] dWodfg (Means of Geometric Sequence)
lj|mofsnfk 1
tn lbOPsf u'0ff]Q/ cg'j|mddf yfxf gePsf kb s;/L kQf nufpg] xf]nf, hf]8L hf]8Ldf 5nkmn
u/L lgisif{ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ 3, m, 27, . . .
-v_ 2, m1, m2, m3, 512, . . .
3 m
oxfF -s_ 3, m, 27, . . .u'0ff]Q/ cg'j|mddf ePsfn] m = 27 x'G5 .
3 m
m = 27
2
or, m = 3 × 27
or, m = (3 × 27) = 9
bf];|f] kb = klxnf] kb × t];|f] kb
-v_ 2, m1, m2, m3, 512, . . .u'0ff]Q/ cg'j|mddf ePsfn],
dWodf (m) = 3
hDdf kb ;ª\Vof (n) = m + 2 = 3 + 2 = 5
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 tn = arn – 1
or, 512 = 2r5 – 1
or, 256 = r4
or, (4)4 = r4
⸫r=4
ca bf];|f] kb (t2) = m1 = ar = 2 × 4 = 8
t];|f] kb (t3) = m2 = ar2 = 2 × 42 = 32
rf}yf] kb (t4) = m3 = ar3 = 2 × 43 = 128
u'0ff]Q/ cg'j|mdsf klxnf] kb / clGtd kblarsf] kb jf kbx¿nfO{{ u'0ff]Q/ dWodf
(Geometric mean) elgG5 .
-s_ olb b'O{cf]6f kblardf Pp6f dfq u'0ff]Q/ dWodf kQf nufpg klxnf] kb / clGtd
kbsf] u'0fgkmnsf] ju{d"n lgsfNg' kg]{ /x]5 .
-v_ olb b'O{cf]6f kblardf PseGbf a9L u'0ff]Q/ dWodf kQf nufpg' kg]{ ePdf clGtd
kbaf6 ;dfg cg'kft kQf nufO{ ;a} dWodf lgsfNg ;lsFbf]/x]5 .
ul0ft, sIff !) 143

pbfx/0f 1
b'O{ ;ª\Vof 2 / 32 lardf kg]{ Pp6f u'0ff]Q/ dWodf lgsfNg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF b'O{cf]6f kbsf lardf Pp6f dWodf ePsfn] 2, m , 32
klxnf] kb (a) = 2
t];|f] kb (t3) = 32
bf];|f] kb -dWodfg_ m = ?
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 dWodfg (m) = (a × t3) = (2 × 32) = 8
ctM u'0ff]Q/ dWodf (m) = 8 x'G5 .
pbfx/0f 2
b'O{cf]6f kb 5 / 405 sf lardf 3 cf]6f u'0ff]Q/ dWodf lgsfNg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF 3 cf]6f u'0ff]Q/ dWodf;lxtsf] cg'j|md 5, m1, m2, m3, 405 x'G5 .
klxnf] kb (a) = 5
hDdf kb ;ª\Vof (n) = 3 + 2 = 5
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 t5 = ar5 –1
or, 405 = 5r5 – 1
or, 405 = 5r4
or, 81 = r4
or, 34 = r4
⸫r=3
ca m1 = bf];|f] kb = ar = 5× 3 = 15
m2 = t];|f] kb = ar2 = 5 × 32 = 45
m3 = rf}yf] kb = ar3 = 5 × 33 = 135
ctM 5 / 405 sf larsf 3 dWodfx¿ 15, 45 / 135 x'g\ .
144 ul0ft, sIff !)

6.4 u'0ff]Q/ >]0fLsf] of]ukmn (Sum of Geometric series)
lj|mofsnfk 4
Pp6f cf}ifwL pBf]udf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] tna ?= 10,000 lyof] . sf]le8 !( /f]usf sf/0f
sd{rf/Lsf] sfd / dfu a9];Fu} tna klg k|lt dlxgf 10% a9fpg] lg0f{o eof] . o;/L k|lt
dlxgf 10% n] tna a9\b} hfg] xf] eg] 5 dlxgfsf] cGTodf p;n] hDdf slt cfDbfgL unf{ <
5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
oxfF sd{rf/Lsf] ;'?sf dlxgfsf] tna = 10,000
bf];|f] dlxgfsf] tna = 10,000 + 10,000 × 10% = 11,000
t];|f] dlxgfsf] tna = 11,000 + 11,000 × 10% = 12,100
rf}yf] dlxgfsf] tna = 12100 + 12,100 × 10% = 13,310
kfFrf}F dlxgfsf] tna = 13,110 + 13,110 × 10% = 14,641
ca kfFr dlxgfsf] tna /sdnfO{{ >]0fLdf /fVbf,
S5 = 10000 + 11000 + 12100 + 13310 + 14641…………(i)
11000 12100 13310 14641
;dfg cg'kft (r) = 10000 = 11000 = 12100 = 13310 = 1.1
t;y{ ;dLs/0f (i) nfO{{ 1.1 n] u'0fg ubf{,
1.1 × (S5) = 11000 + 12100 + 13310 + 14641 + 16105.1…………(ii)
;dLs/0f (ii) af6 ;dLs/0f (i) 36fpFbf,
or, (1.1– 1) S5 = 16105.1 – 10000
or, (1.1 – 1) S5 = 10000(1.1)5 – 10000
or, (1.1 – 1) S5 = 10000{(1.1)5 – 1}
10000[(1.1)5 – 1]
0r, S5 = (1.1 – 4)
o;nfO{{ klxnf] kb (a), ;dfg cg'kft (r) / hDdf kb ;ª\Vof (n) sf ¿kdf n]Vbf,
Sn = a(r – 1)
n
(r – 1)
or, S5 = 61051
ctM pSt sd{rf/Lsf] 5 dlxgf;Ddsf] hDdf cfDbfgL ?= 61051 x'G5 .
s'g} u'0ff]Q/ cg'j|mdsf] n cf}F kb;Ddsf] of]ukmn Sn = a(r – 1) hxfF r > 1 /
n
(r – 1)
Sn = a(1 – rn) hxfF r < 1 x'G5 .
(1 – r )
oxfF klxnf] kb = a, ;dfg cg'kft = r, kb ;ª\Vof = n / n cf}F kb;Ddsf] of]ukmn = Sn
km]l/ Sn = a(r – 1) = arn – a = arn – 1 × r – a
n
(r – 1) (r – 1) (r – 1)
= tn r – a ⸪ tn = arn – 1
r–1
ul0ft, sIff !) 145

pbfx/0f 3
u'0ff]Q/ >]0fL 1 + 3 + 9 + 27 +... sf] klxnf] 5 cf]6f kbsf] of]ukmn kQf nufpg''xf];\ M
;dfwfg
9
;dfg cg'kft (r) = 31 = 3 = 3
hDdf kb ;ª\Vof (n) = 5
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 r > 1, Sn = a(r – 1)
n
(r – 1)
t;y{ S5 = 1[(3 – 1)
5
(3 – 1)
243 – 1
= 2
= 121
ctM u'0ff]Q/ >]0fL 1 + 3 + 9 + 27 +… sf] klxnf] 5 cf]6f kbsf] of]ukmn 121 x'G5 .
pbfx/0f 4
u'0ff]Q/ >]0fL 2 + 1 + 12 + 41+... sf] klxnf] 5 cf]6f kbsf] of]ukmn kQf nufpg''xf];\ M
;dfwfg
1
;dfg cg'kft (r) = 2
kbsf] ;ª\Vof (n) = 5
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 r < 1, Sn = a(1 – r )
n
(1 – r)
1 1
2{1– ( 2 )5} 2(1– (32) 1 31
S5 = 1
= 1 = 4(1– 32) = 8
1– 2 2
1 1
ctM u'0ff]Q/ >]0fL 2 + 1+ 2 + 4 +… sf] klxnf] 5 cf]6f kbsf] of]ukmn 31
8 x'G5
pbfx/0f 5
u'0ff]Q/ >]0fL 3 + 6 + 12 + 24+ … + 768 sf] of]ukmn kQf nufpg''xf];\ M
;dfwfg
;dfg cg'kft (r) = 63 = 2
clGtd kb (tn) = 768
ca klxnf] kb / clGtd kb lbOPsfn] Sn = tn r – a x'G5 .
r–1
768 × 2 – 3
Sn= (2 – 1)
= 1536 – 3 = 1533
ct M u'0ff]Q/ >]0fL 3 + 6 + 12 + 24 + … + 768 sf] of]ukmn 1533 x'G5 .
146 ul0ft, sIff !)

pbfx/0f 6
u'0ff]Q/ >]0fLsf] klxnf] kb 7 / clGtd kb 448 tyf ltgLx¿sf] of]ukmn 889 eP ;dfg cg'kft slt
x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
clGtd kb (l) = 448
hDdf of]ukmn (Sn) = 889
ca klxnf] kb / clGtd kb lbOPsfn] Sn = tn r – a x'G5 .
r–1
t;y{ Sn = tn r – a
r–1
448 × r – 7
or, 889 = r – 1
or, 889r – 889 = 448r – 7
or, 889r – 448r = 889 – 7
or, 441r = 882
882
or, r = 441 = 2
ctM ;dfg cg'kft 2 x'G5 .
pbfx/0f 7
u'0ff]Q/ >]0fLsf] t];|f] / 5}6f}F kb j|mdzM 27 / 729 5g\ eg] klxnf] 10 kbsf] of]ukmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF t];|f] kb (t3) = 27, 5}6f}F kb (t6) = 729 5 .
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 tn = ar(n – 1)
or, t3 = ar3–1 = ar2
or, 27 = ar2………….(i)
or, t6 = ar6 – 1 = ar5
or, 729 = ar5………….(ii)
;dLs/0f (ii) nfO{{ (i) n] efu ubf{
729 ar2
or, 27 = ar2
or, 27 = r3
or, 33 = r3
or, r = 3
ul0ft, sIff !) 147

ctM ;dfg cg'kft 3 x'G5 .
km]l/ r sf] dfg ;dLs/0f (i) df /fVbf,
27 = a × 32
⸫a=3
ca oxfF r > 1 5 . To;}n] Sn = a(r – 1) x'G5 .
n
(r – 1)
t;y{ S10 = a{(3) – 1}10

= 3(59049 – 1) = 88,572
(3 – 1) 2
ctM klxnf] 10 cf]6f kbsf] of]ukmn 88,572 x'G5 .
pbfx/0f 8
u'0ff]Q/ >]0fL] 64 + 32 + 16 +… df sltcf]6f kbsf] hDdf of]ukmn 255 x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
2
;dfwfg
;dfg cg'kft (r) = 32
64
1
= 2
hDdf of]ukmn Sn = 255 2
5.
𝑎𝑎(1− 𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛 )
oxfF r < 1 5 . To;}n] Sn = (1 − 𝑟𝑟 )
1 1
255 64{1− (2)𝑛𝑛 } 64{1− (2)𝑛𝑛 } 1
or,
2
= 1
(1−2 )
= 1 = 128 { 1- ( )𝑛𝑛 }
2
2
255 1
or, = 1 − ( )𝑛𝑛
256 2
1 255
or, ( )𝑛𝑛 = 1 −
2 256
1 1
or, ( )𝑛𝑛 =
2 256
1 1
or, ( )𝑛𝑛 = ( )8
2 2
∴n=8
ctM lbOPsf] >]0fLdf of]ukmn 255

2
x'g hDdf 8 cf]6f kb x'g'k5{ .
148 ul0ft, sIff !)

pbfx/0f 9
xl/n] /fdg/]z;Fu 9 cf]6f ls:tfaGbLdf ltg]{ u/L ?= 19,682 ;fk6L lnP . k|To]s ls:tfaGbLdf
cluNnf]eGbf kl5Nnf] ls:tfaGbL t]Aa/sf b/n] a9L ltb}{ hfG5g\ eg] klxnf] ls:tfaGbL / clGtd
ls:tfaGbLlarsf] km/s slt /x]5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF ;dfg cg'kft (r) = 3 -t]Aa/_
hDdf kbsf] of]ukmn (Sn) = 19682
klxnf] kb (a) = ?
gjf}F kb (t9 ) = ?
ca oxfF r > 1 5 . To;}n] Sn = ar – 1 x'G5 .
n
r–1
or, 19682 = a(3 – 1)
9
(3 – 1)
or, 19682 = 19683 – 1)
a(
2
or, 19682 = a × 19682
2
⸫a=2
klxnf] ls:tfaGbL = ?= 2
km]l/ clGtd ls:tfaGbL (t9) = arn–1 = 2 × 39–1 = 2 × 38 = 13122
t;y{ clGtd ls:tfaGbL / klxnf] ls:tfaGbLlarsf] km/s 13122 – 2 = ?= 13120 5 .
cEof; 6.2
1. -s_ u'0ff]Q/ dWodf eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
-v_ olb wgfTds ;ª\Vof a, m / b u'0ff]Q/ cg'j|mddf eP m nfO{{ a / b sf ¿kdf
n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ 3 / 27 larsf] u'0ff]Q/ dWodf slt x'G5, n]Vg'xf];\ .
2. lbOPsf b'O{ kblar kg]{ u'0ff]Q/ dWodf kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
1
-s_ –4 / –64 -v_ 5 / 125 -u_ 7 / 343
3. u'0ff]Q/ dWodf kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ 6 / 192 sf lardf 4 cf]6f
-v_ 5 / 405 sf lardf 3 cf]6f
9 4
-u_ 4 / 9 sf lardf 3 cf]6f
ul0ft, sIff !) 149

4. lbOPsf] u'0ff]Q/ cg'j|mdaf6, x sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ 4, x / 9
-v_ x, 4, 8
-u_ 5, 25 / x +1
5. lbOPsf u'0ff]Q/ >]0fLsf] of]ukmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ 2 + 4 + 8 + 16…,6 cf]6f kb
1 1
-v_ 9 + 3 + 1 +…,5 cf]6f kb
1 1
-u_ –4 + 2 –1 +…,6 cf]6f kb
1
-3_ 16 + 8 + 4 +…,+ 16
1 1 1
-ª_ 1 + 3 + 9 +…,+ 729
6. u'0ff]Q/ >]0fLsf] klxnf] kb, clGtd kb / hDdf kbsf] of]ukmn lgDgfg';f/ lbOPsf] 5 . o;sf
cfwf/df ;dfg cg'kft kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ klxnf] kb = 2, clGtd kb = 486 / hDdf kbsf] of]ukmn = 728
-v_ klxnf] kb = 5, clGtd kb = 1215 / hDdf kbsf] of]ukmn = 1820
-u_ klxnf] kb = 3, clGtd kb = 768 / hDdf kbsf] of]ukmn = 1533
7. -s_ u'0ff]Q/ >]0fLsf] bf];|f] kb 4 / ;ftf}F}+ kb 128 eP klxnf] 10 cf]6f kbsf] of]ukmn kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ u'0ff]Q/ >]0fLsf] bf];|f] kb 3 / kfFrf}F kb 81 eP klxnf] 7 cf]6f kbsf] of]ukmn kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
8. -s_ u'0ff]Q/ >]0fL] 32 + 48 + 72 +…….. df sltcf]6f kbsf] of]ukmn 665
-v_ u'0ff]Q/ >]0fL] 6 – 12 + 24 – 48 +…….. df sltcf]6f kbsf] of]ukmn –2046
9. ;l/tfn] p;sL ;fyL ul/df;Fu 6 cf]6f ls:tfaGbLdf ltg]{ u/L ?= 43680 ;fk6L lnOg\ .
k|To]s ls:tfaGbLdf cluNnf]eGbf kl5Nnf] ls:tfaGbL t]Aa/sf b/n] a9L ltb}{ hflG5g\ eg]
klxnf] ls:tfaGbL / clGtd ls:tfaGbLlarsf] km/s slt /x]5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
150 ul0ft, sIff !)

kl/of]hgf sfo{
lzIfssf] ;xeflutfdf ;fyLx¿sf] b'O{ ;d"x A / B agfpg'xf];\ / ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg
ug]{ cEof;df ;l/s x'g 1 xKtfsf] of]hgf agfpg'xf];\ . tkfO{Fsf lzIfsn] ;d"x A sf nflu
k|To]s lbg bf]Aa/sf] ;ª\Vofdf yKb} cEof;sf nflu ;d:of lbg'x'G5 eg] ;d"x B sf nflu
k|To]s lbg t]Aa/sf] ;ª\Vofdf yKb} cEof;sf nflu ;d:of lbg'x'G5 . ;d"x A sf nflu klxnf]
lbg hDdf 3 cf]6f ;ª\Vofdf dfq ;d:of lbg'eof] / ;d"xsf B sf nflu klxnf] lbg hDdf
1 cf]6f ;ª\Vofdf dfq ;d:of lbg'eof] .
Ps xKtfkl5 s'g ;d"xn] hDdf slt sltcf]6f ;d:of ;dfwfg u/]5g\ kQf nufpg'xf];\ /
5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
pQ/
1. -v_ m = a × b -u_ 9
2. -s_ –16 -v_ 5 -u_ 49
3 2
3. -s_ 12, 24, 48, 96 -v_ 15, 45, 135 -u_ 2 ,1, 3
4. -s_ 6 -v_ 2 -u_ 124
121 21
5. -s_ 126 -v_ 9 -u_ 4
-3_ 31 15
16
-ª_ 1 364
729
6. -s_ 3 -v_ 3 -u_ 2
7. -s_ 2046 -v_ 1093
8. -s_ 6 -v_ 10
9. ?= 29,040
ul0ft, sIff !) 151

kf7 ju{ ;dLs/0f
7 (Quadratic Equation)

Pp6f ljBfnosf] cfotsf/ clkm; sf]7fdf sfk]{6 la5\ofpFbf 80 m2 sfk]{6 nfUof] . o;sf
cfwf/df hf]8L hf]8Ldf 5nkmn u/L tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ pSt clkm; sf]7fsf] nDafO / rf}8fO slt slt xf]nf <
-v_ olb pSt sf]7fsf] nDafO rf}8fOeGbf 2 ld6/n] a9L eP pSt sf]7fsf] nDafO /
rf}8fO slt slt xf]nf <
oxfF sf]7fsf] rf}8fO (b) = x dfGbf sf]7fsf] nDafO (l) = rf}8fO + 2 = x + 2
sf]7fsf] If]qkmn = 80 m2
(x + 2)x = 80
or, x2 + 2x – 80 = 0 80 m2
or, x2 + 10x – 8x + 80 = 0
or, x(x + 10) –8(x + 10) = 0
or, (x + 10) (x – 8) = 0
either x + 10 = 0 ⸫ x = –10 c;Dej 5 .
or, x – 8 = 0 ⸫ x=8
rf}8fO = 8 m, nDafO = x + 2 = 8 + 2 = 10 m
l8u|L 2 ePsf] Ps rno'St ;dLs/0f ju{ ;dLs/0f xf] . of] ax2 + bx + c = 0 :j¿ksf]
x'G5 . hxfF a ≠ 0 x'G5 . o;df rn /flzsf b'O{cf]6f dfg x'G5g\ .
7.1 ju{ ;dLs/0fsf] xn (Solving Quadratic Equation)

-s_ v08Ls/0f ljlwaf6
lj|mofsnfk 1
Pp6f cfotsf/ v]nd}bfgsf] If]qkmn 300 m2 5 . pSt
v]nd}bfgsf] nDafO rf}8fOsf] bf]Aa/eGbf 1m n] a9L 5 eg] 300 m2
xm
pSt v]nd}bfgsf] nDafO / rf}8fO slt slt xf]nf ;d"xdf

5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M (2x + 1)m
oxfF v]nd}bfgsf] If]qkmn = 300 m2
152 ul0ft, sIff !)

olb v]nd}bfgsf] rf}8fO = x eP
v]nd}bfgsf] nDafO = 2x + 1 x'G5 .
ca cfotsf/ v]nd}bfgsf] If]qkmn = nDafO × rf}8fO
300 = (2x + 1) x
or, 2x2 + x – 300 = 0 [⸪ of] ju{ ;dLs/0f xf] .]
dflysf] ju{ ;dLs/0faf6 x sf] dfg lgsfNg,
2x2 + (25 – 24)x – 300 = 0
or, 2x2 + 25x – 24x – 300 = 0
or, x(2x + 25) – 12(2x + 25) = 0
or, (2x + 25) (x – 12) = 0
b'O{ u'0fgv08sf] u'0fgkmn 0 x'G5 eg] oL b'O{dWo] Pp6f z"Go x'g} k5{ .
either (2x + 25) = 0 or (x – 12) = 0) x'G5 .
olb 2x + 25 = 0 eP
2x = –25
25
x = – 2 c;Dej 5 .
x – 12 = 0 eP
or, x = 12 ⸫ x = 12
v]nd}bfgsf] rf}8fO (x) = 12 m eP nDafO = 2x + 1 = 2 × 12 + 1 = 25 m
pbfx/0f 1
xn ug'{xf];\ / ldn] gldn]sf] hfFRg'xf];\ M
-s_ x2 + 4x = 0 -v_ x2 + 6x + 8 = 0 -u_ x2 – 5x + 6 = 0
-3_ x2 – x – 6 = 0 -ª_ 2x2 + 7x + 6 = 0
;dfwfg
-s_ x2 + 4x = 0
hfFr]/ x]bf{,
or, x(x + 4) = 0
x2 + 4x = 0 df x = 0 /fVbf,
either x = 0
LHS = 0 + 4 × 0 = 0 = RHS
or, x + 4 = 0 eP, x = –4 /fVbf
x = –4
LHS = (–4)2 –4 × (–4) = 16 – 16 = 0 = RHS
ctM x = 0, –4 x'G5 .
ul0ft, sIff !) 153

-v_ x2 + 6x + 8 = 0 hfFr]/ x]bf{,
or, x2 + (4 + 2)x + 8 = 0 x2 + 6x + 8 = 0 df x = –2 /fVbf,
or, x2 + 4x + 2x + 8 = 0 LHS = (–2)2 + 6 × (–2) + 80
or, x(x + 4) + 2(x + 4) = 0 4 – 12 + 8 = 0 = RHS
or, (x + 4) (x + 2) = 0 x2 + 6x + 8 = 0 df x = –4 /fVbf,
either x + 4 = 0 ⸫ x = –4 LHS = (–4)2 + 6 × (–4) + 8
or, (x + 2) = 0 ⸫ x = –2 = 16 – 24 + 8 = 0 = RHS
-u_ x2 – 5x + 6 = 0 hfFr]/ x]bf{,

or, x2 – (3 + 2)x + 6 = 0 x = 2 /fv]/ x]bf{,
x2 – 5x + 6 = (2)2 – 5 × 2 + 6
or, x – (3 + 2)x + 6 = 0
2
= 4 – 10 + 6 = 0
or, x2 – 3x – 2x + 6 = 0 LHS = RHS
or, x(x – 3) –2(x – 3) 0 km]l/ x = 3 /fVbf
(3)2 – 5 × 3 + 6 = 9 – 15 + 6 = 0
or, (x – 3) (x – 2) = 0
LHS = RHS
either, (x – 3) = 0 ⸫x=3
or, x – 2 = 0 ⸫x=2
⸫ ju{ ;dLs/0fsf d"n 2 / 3 x'g\ .
-3_ x2 – x – 6 = 0
hfFr]/ x]bf{,
or, x2 – (3 – 2) x – 6 = 0 x = 3 /fVbf,
or, x2 – 3x + 2x – 6 = 0 LHS = (3)2 – 3 – 6
or, x(x – 3) +2(x – 3) = 0 = 9 – 9 = 0 = RHS
or, (x – 3) (x + 2) = 0 x = –2 /fVbf,
LHS = (–2)2 – 2 – 6
either, (x – 3) = 0 ⸫x=3 = 4 + 2 – 6 = 0 = RHS
or, x + 2 = 0 ⸫ x = –2
⸫ ju{ ;dLs/0fsf d"n 3 / –2 x'g\ .
154 ul0ft, sIff !)

-ª_ 2x2 + 7x + 6 = 0 hfFr]/ x]bf{,
or, 2x2 + 7x + 6 = 0 x = –2 /fv]/ x]bf{,
LHS = 2(–2)2 + 7 × (–2) + 6
or, 2x2 + (4 + 3) x + 6 = 0
= 8 – 14 + 6 = 0 = RHS
or, 2x2 + 4x + 3x + 6 = 0
x = – 3 /fVbf,
or, 2x (x + 2) + 3(x + 2) = 0 2 2
3
or, (x + 2) (2x + 3) = 0 LHS = 2 × – 2 + 7 × – 32 + 6
either, (x + 2) = 0. ⸫ x = – 2 = 92 – 21
2+6=
21 – 21
2
3 = 0 = RHS
or, 2x + 3 = 0. ⸫x=– 2
⸫ ju{ ;dLs/0f 2x2 + 7x + 6 = 0 sf d"nx¿ –2 / – 3 x'g\ .
2
-v_ ju{ k"/f u/]/ ju{ ;dLs/0fsf] xn

(Solving quadratic equation by completing square)
lj|mofsnfk 2
lbOPsf ju{ ;dLs/0fsf] xn ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ x2 – 9 = 0 -v_ x2 – 5x + 6 = 0
;dfwfg
-s_ x2 – 9 = 0 o;nfO{{ o;/L klg ug{ ;lsG5,
or, x2 – 32 = 0
x2 – 9 = 0
or, (x + 3) (x – 3) = 0
or, x2 = 9
Either x + 3 = 0 ⸫ x = –3
or, x2 = 32 [⸪ oxfF x2 / 9 b'j} ju{ x'g\ .]
or, x – 3 = 0 ⸫x=3
or, x = ± 3
⸫x=±3
x2 = a2 :j¿ksf ju{ ;dLs/0fsf] xn x = ± a x'g] /x]5 .
ul0ft, sIff !) 155

-v_ x2 – 5x + 6 = 0
or, x2 – 5x = –6
2 2
5 5 5
or, x2 – 2 2 x + 2 = 2 – 6 [⸪ (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
2
or, x – 5 = 25 – 6 = 25 – 24 = 1
2 4 4 4
2
or, x – 5 =1
2 4
2 2
1
or, x – 5 = 2
2
5 1
⸫x– 2 =± 2
wgfTds lrx\g lnFbf,
1 1
x – 5 = 2 or, x = 2 + 5 = 6 = 3
2 2 2
C0ffTds lrx\g lnFbf,
x – 5 = – 1
2 2
5 1 4
or, x = – = =2
2 2 2
t;y{ x sf dfg 2 / 3 /x]5g\ .
pbfx/0f 2
ju{ k"/f u/]/ xn ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ x2 – 10x + 16 = 0 -v_ x2 – 7x + 12 = 0 -u_ 2x2 – 7x + 6 = 0
;dfwfg
-s_ x2 – 10x + 16 = 0
or, x2 – 2 × x × 5 + (5)2 – (5)2 + 16 = 0 [⸪ (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
or, x2 – 2 × x × 5 + (5)2 – 25 + 16 = 0
or, (x – 5)2 – 9 = 0
ca wgfTds lrx\g lnFbf,
or, (x – 5)2 = 9
x–5=3 or, x = 3 + 5 = 8
or, (x – 5)2 = 32
or, x – 5 = ± 3
C0ffTds lrx\g lnFbf,
x – 5 = –3 or, x = 5 – 3 = 2
⸫ x = 8, 2
156 ul0ft, sIff !)

-v_ x2 – 7x + 12 = 0
2 2
7 7
or, x2 – 2. 7 x + 2 + 12 – 2 =0
2
2
or, x – 7 + 12 – 49 = 0
2 4
2
or, x – 7 + 48 – 49 = 0
2 4
2
–1
ca wgfTds lrx\g lnFbf,
or, x – 7 + 4 =0 1 1 8
2 x– 7 = 2 or, x = 7 + 2 = 2 = 4
2 2
2 2
1
or, x – 7 = 2 C0ffTds lrx\g lnFbf,
2
1 1 6
7 1 x – 7 = – 2 or, x = 7 – 2 = 2 = 3
or, x – = ± 2 2
2 2 ⸫ x = 4, 3
-u_ 2x2 – 7x + 6 = 0
or, 2x2 – 7x + 6 = 0
7
or, 2(x2 – 2 x + 3) = 0
7
or, x2 – 2 x + 3 = 0
2 2
7 7 7
or, x2 – 2 × x × 4 + 4 – 4 +3=0
2
7 7 49
or, x2 – 2 × x × 4 + 4 + 3 – 16 =0
2
or, x – 7 – 1 =0
4 16 ca wgfTds lrx\g lnFbf,
2 1 1 8
or, x – 7 = 1 x– 7 = 4 or, x = 7 + 4 = 4 = 2
4 16 4 4
7 1
7
2
1
2 C0ffTds lrx\g lnFbf, x – 4
=– 4
or, x – =
4 4 1 6 3
or, x = 7 – 4 = 4 = 2
4
1
or, x – 7 = ± 4 ⸫ x = 2, 3
4
2
ul0ft, sIff !) 157

-u_ ;"q k|of]u u/]/ ju{ ;dLs/0fsf] xn
(Solving quadratic equation by using formula)
lj|mofsnfk 3
ju{ ;dLs/0f ax2 + bx + c = 0 df x sf] dfg s;/L kQf nufpg] xf]nf <
oxfF, ax2 + bx + c = 0
or, ax2 + bx = – c
𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐
or, =− [ lsgls b'j}lt/ a n] efu ubf{ ]
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐
or, 𝑥𝑥 2 + =−
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏 2 𝑏𝑏 2 𝑐𝑐
or, 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2 × 𝑥𝑥 +( ) −( ) =− [ ju{ k"/f ubf{ ]
2𝑎𝑎 2𝑎𝑎 2𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
𝑏𝑏 2 𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏 2
or, (𝑥𝑥 + ) =− +( )
2𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 2𝑎𝑎
𝑏𝑏 2 𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏2
or, (𝑥𝑥 + ) =− +
2𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥2
𝑏𝑏 2 𝑏𝑏2 𝑐𝑐
or, (𝑥𝑥 + ) = −
2𝑎𝑎 4𝑎𝑎2 𝑎𝑎
𝑏𝑏 2 𝑏𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
or, (𝑥𝑥 + ) =( )
2𝑎𝑎 4𝑎𝑎2
𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
or, 𝑥𝑥 + = ± √( )
2𝑎𝑎 4𝑎𝑎2
𝑏𝑏 √𝑏𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
or, 𝑥𝑥 = − ±
2𝑎𝑎 2𝑎𝑎
−𝑏𝑏±√𝑏𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
or, 𝑥𝑥 =
2𝑎𝑎
−𝑏𝑏+√𝑏𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 −𝑏𝑏−√𝑏𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

t;y{ x sf d"nx¿ j|mdzM 2𝑎𝑎
/ 2𝑎𝑎
/x]5g\ .
158 ul0ft, sIff !)

pbfx/0f 3
;"q k|of]u u/L lbOPsf ju{ ;dLs/0fsf] xn ug'{xf];\ M
2 3
-s_ x2 – 5x + 6 = 0 -v_ x x – 7
= 49
;dfwfg
-s_ oxfF x2 – 5x + 6 = 0 nfO{{ ax2 + bx + c = 0 ;Fu t'ngf ubf{
a = 1, b = – 5, c = 6
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5
𝑥𝑥 =
2𝑎𝑎
−(−5)±√(−5)2 − 4×1×6
= 5+1 6
2×1 ca wgfTds lrx\g lnFbf, x = 2
= 2 =3
5 ± √25−24 5–1 4
= C0ffTds lrx\g lnFbf, x = = 2 = 2
2 2
=
5±1 t;y{ x sf d"n j|mdzM 3 / 2 /x]5g\ .
2
2 3
-v_ x x – 7
= 49
2 3
oxfF x(x – 7) = 49
2 3
or, 𝑥𝑥 2 − 7 𝑥𝑥 − 49 = 0
or, 49𝑥𝑥 2 − 14𝑥𝑥 − 3 = 0

ax2 + bx + c = 0 ;Fu t'ngf ubf{,
a = 49, b = – 14, c = – 3
xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5,
𝑥𝑥 =
2𝑎𝑎 14 + 28 42 3
ca wgfTds lrx\g lnFbf, x = 98
= 98 = 7
−(−14)±√(−14)2 − 4×49×(−3)
=
2×49 C0ffTds lrx\g lnFbf, x = 1498
– 28 –14
= 98 = – 1
7
14 ± √196+588 t;y{ x sf d"n j|mdzM 3 1
/ – /x]5g\ .
= 7 7
98
14 ±√784
=
98
ul0ft, sIff !) 159
14 ±28
=
98
cEof; 7.1
1. lbOPsf dWo] s'g s'g ju{ ;dLs/0f x'g\ < sf/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ (x – 2)2 + 1 = 2x – 3 -v_ x(x + 1) + 8 = (x + 2) (x – 2)
-u_ x (2x + 3) = x2 + 1 -3_ (x + 2)3 = x3 – 4
-ª_ x2 + 3x + 1 = (x – 2)2 -r_ (x + 2)3 = 2x (x2 – 1)
2. v08Ls/0f ljlwaf6 xn ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ x2 – 3x – 10 = 0 -v_ 2x2 + x – 6 = 0 -u_ 2x2 – x + 18 = 0
-3_ 100x2 – 20x +1 = 0 -ª_ x2 – 45x + 324 = 0 -r_ x2 – 27x – 182 = 0
3. ju{ k"/f u/]/ xn ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ x2 – 6x + 9 = 0 -v_ 9x2 – 15x + 6 = 0 -u_ 2x2 – 5x + 3 = 0
-3_ 5x2 – 6x – 2 = 0 -ª_ x2 + 15
16
= 2x -r_ x2 + 23 x = 35
9
4. ;"q k|of]u u/]/ xn ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ x2 - 9x + 20 = 0 -v_ x2 +2x – 143 = 0 -u_ 3x2 – 5x + 2 = 0
1
-3_ 2x2 – 2 2 x + 1 = 0 -ª_ x + 1x = 3 -r_ 1x + (x – 2) = 3,
1 1 11
-5_ x + 4 – x – 7 = 30
5. sIff 10 sf] klxnf] q}dfl;s k/LIffdf /fdg/]z dxtf]n] b'O{ ljifo ul0ft / cª\u|]hLdf u/L
hDdf 30 cª\s dfq NofP5g\ . olb pgn] ul0ftdf 2 cª\s a9L / cª\u|]hLdf 3 cª\s
sd NofPsf] eP tL b'O{ ljifodf NofPsf] cª\ssf] u'0fgkmn 210 x'g] lyof] eg] pgn]
ul0ft / cª\u|]hLdf slt slt cª\s NofP5g\, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
6. oxfF Pp6f cfotfsf/ v]nd}bfg lrqdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .
o;sf] nfdf] e'hf 5f]6f]] e'hfeGbf 30 ld6/ a9L 5 t/
o;sf] ljs0f{ 5f]6f]] e'hfeGbf 60 ld6/ a9L 5 M
-s_ cfotfsf/ v]nd}bfgsf] nDafO / rf}8fO kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ pSt v]nd}bfgdf 12 m × 9 m b'af]sf rk/L la5\ofpFbf hDdf slt rk/L cfjZos
k5{g\, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ pSt hUufsf] jl/kl/ 4 kmGsf] sfF8]tf/ nufpg k|ltld6/ ?= 15 sf b/n] slt vr{
160 ul0ft, sIff !)

pQ/
1. -s_ xf] -v_ x}g -u_ xf] -3_ xf] -ª_ x}g r_ x}g
2. -s_ 5, – 2 -v_ –2, 32 -u_ 14 , 14 -3_ 1 1
,
10 10
-ª_ 9, 36 -r_ 13, 14
3. -s_ 3, 3 -v_ 1, 2 -u_ 1, 3 -3_ 3 + 19 , 3 – 19
3 2 5 5
3 5 5 7
-ª_ ,
4 4
-r_ 3
, – 3

4. -s_ 4, 5 -v_ 11, –13 -u_ 1, 23 -3_ 1 1
2, 2
-ª_ 3+ 5 , 3 – 5 -r_ 4 + 10 , 4 – 10 -5_ 1, 2

2 2 3 3
5. -s_ 12, 18 jf 13, 17
6. -s_ 120 m, 90 m jf 13, 17 -v_ 100 cf]6f -u_ ?= 25,200
ul0ft, sIff !) 161

7.2 ju{ ;dLs/0f;DaGwL zflAbs ;d:of
(Word problems related to quadratic equation)
lj|mofsnfk 4
clxn] ;'ldqfsf] pd]/ 12 jif{ / ;'ldqfsL lbbLsf] pd]/ 18 jif{ 5 . slt jif{kl5 pgLx¿sf]
pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn 280 x'G5 xf]nf < s;/L kQf nufpg] xf]nf <
;'ldqfsf] pd]/ ;'ldqfsL lbbLsf] pd]/ b'j}sf] pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn
clxn] 12 18 216
1 jif{kl5 13 19 247
2 jif{kl5 14 20 280
o;nfO{{ ;dLs/0f agfP/ klg xn ug{ ;lsG5 ls <
oxfF clxn] ;'ldqfsf] pd]/ = 12 jif{
;'ldqfsL lbbLsf] pd]/ = 18 jif{
x jif{kl5,
;'ldqfsf] pd]/ = 12 + x
;'ldqfsL lbbLsf] pd]/ = 18 + x
lbOPsf] ;t{cg';f/,
(12 + x) (18 + x) = 280
or, 216 + 18x + 12x + x2 = 280
or, x2 + 30x + 216 – 280 = 0
or, x2 + 30x – 64 = 0
or, x2 + 32x – 2x – 64 = 0
or x(x + 32) –2(x + 32) = 0
or, (x + 32) (x – 2) = 0
either x + 32 = 0 ⸫ x = –32
or, x – 2 = 0 ⸫x=2
oxfF x = –32 pko'St ;dfwfg xf]Og lsgeg] jif{ C0ffTds x'Fb}g .
To;}n] x = 2
ct M 2 jif{kl5 pgLx¿sf] pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn 280 x'G5 .
162 ul0ft, sIff !)

pbfx/0f 4
olb b'O{cf]6f wgfTds ;ª\Vofsf] of]ukmn 18 / u'0fgkmn 77 eP tL ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
Dffgf}F tL wgfTds ;ª\Vof x / y x'g\ .
k|Zgfg';f/,
x + y = 18…………. (i)
x × y = 77…………. (ii)
;dLs/0f (i) af6 y = 18 – x……..(iii)
;dLs/0f (ii) df /fVbf,
x (18 – x) = 77
or, 18x – x2 = 77
or, 18x – x2 – 77 = 0
or, x2 – 18x + 77 = 0
or, x2 – 11x – 7x + 77 = 0
or, x(x – 11) – 7(x – 11) = 0
or, (x – 11) (x – 7) = 0
Either, (x – 11) = 0 ⸫ x = 11
or, (x – 7) = 0 ⸫ x = 7
x sf] dfg ;dLs/0f (iii) df /fVbf,
olb x = 11 eP y = 18 – x = 18 – 11 = 7
olb x = 7 eP y = 18 – x = 18 – 7 = 11
To;}n] cfjZos ;ª\Vof 7 / 11 tyf 11 / 7 /x]5g\ .
pbfx/0f 5
olb Pp6f wgfTds ;ª\Vofsf] ju{af6 11 36fpFbf 38 afFsL /xG5 eg] Tof] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
dfgf}F Tof] wgfTds x / To;sf] ju{ ;ª\Vof x2 xf] .
k|Zgfg';f/, x2 - 11 = 38
or, x2 – 11 = 38
ul0ft, sIff !) 163

or, x2 = 38 + 11
or, x2 = 49
or, x2 = (7)2
⸫ x = ±7
t/ xfdLnfO{{ wgfTds ;ª\Vof rflxPsfn] x sf] dfg 7 dfq x'G5 .
t;y{ pSt wgfTds ;ª\Vof 7 /x]5 .
pbfx/0f 6
s'g} b'O{cf]6f wgfTds j|mdfut hf]/ ;ª\Vofsf] u'0fgkmn 24 x'G5 eg] tL ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
dfgf}F b'O{cf]6f j|mdfut hf]/ ;ª\Vof x / x+2 x'g\ .
k|Zgfg';f/,
x × (x + 2) = 24
or, x2 + 2x – 24 = 0
or, x2 + 6x – 4x – 24 = 0
or, x(x + 6) – 4(x + 6) = 0
or, (x + 6) ( x – 4) = 0
either, (x + 6) = 0 ⸫ x = –6 [⸪ of] C0ffTds ;ª\Vof xf] .]
or, x – 4 = 0 ⸫x=4
t;y{ cfjZos wgfTds ;ª\Vof j|mdzM 4 / 4 + 2 = 6 /x]5g\ .
pbfx/0f 7
26
olb s'g} ;ª\Vof / To;sf]] Jo'Tj|mdsf] of]ukmn 5 eP ;f] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
1
dfgf}F, Tof] ;ª\Vof x / To;sf] Jo'Tj|mdsf] ;ª\Vof x xf] .
k|Zgfg';f/,
1 26
x+x= 5
26
or, x x+ 1 = 5
2
or, 5x2 + 5 = 26x

or, 5x2 – 26x + 5 = 0
or, 5x2 – 25x – x + 5 = 0
164 ul0ft, sIff !)

or, 5x (x – 5) –1(x – 5) = 0
or, (5x – 1) (x – 5) = 0
1
either, (5x – 1) = 0 ⸫x=5
or, x – 5 = 0 ⸫ x=5
1
t;y{ cfjZos ;ª\Vof j|mdzM 5 / 5 /x]5g\ .
pbfx/0f 8
b'O{ hgf bfh' / efOsf] xfnsf] pd]/sf] of]ukmn 34 jif{ / pgLx¿sf] pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn 288 5 eg]
ltgLx¿sf] xfnsf] pd]/ slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
dfgf}F bfh'sf] pd]/ / efOsf] pd]/ j|mdzM x / y jif{ 5g\ .
k|Zgfg';f/,
x + y = 34…………. (i)
x × y = 288…………. (ii)
;dLs/0f (i) af6 y = 34 – x……..(iii)
y sf] dfg ;dLs/0f (ii) df /fVbf,
x (34 – x) = 288
or, 34x – x2 = 288
or, x2 – 34x + 288 = 0
or, x2 – 16x – 18x + 288 = 0
or, x(x – 16) – 18(x – 16) = 0
or, (x – 16) (x – 18) = 0
either, x – 16 = 0 ⸫ x = 16
or, x – 18 = 0 ⸫ x = 18
x sf] dfg ;dLs/0f (iii) df /fVbf,
olb x = 16 eP y = 34 – x = 34 – 16 = 18 [⸪ bfh'sf] pd]/ efOsf] eGbf a9L x'g'k5{ .]
olb x = 18 eP y = 34 – x = 34 – 18 = 16
To;}n] bfh'sf] pd]/ 18 jif{ / efOsf] pd]/ 16 jif{ /x]5 .
ul0ft, sIff !) 165

pbfx/0f 9
b'O{ cª\sn] ag]sf] Pp6f ;ª\Vofdf cª\sx¿sf] u'0fgkmn 18 5 . olb ;f] ;ª\Vofdf 27 hf]l8of] eg]
cª\sx¿sf] :yfg ablnG5 . pSt ;ª\Vof slt xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
dfgf}F b'O{ cª\sn] ag]sf ;ª\Vof = 10x + y [⸪ hxfF x bzsf] :yfg / y Pssf] :yfgdf
k|Zgfg';f/, ePsf cª\s x'g\ .]
x + y = 18
18
or, x = y …………. (i)
km]l/ bf];|f] ;t{, (10x + y) + 27 = 10y + x
10x + y + 27 – 10y – x = 0
9x – 9y + 27 = 0
9(x – y + 3) = 0
x – y + 3 = 0 …………. (ii)
;dLs/0f (i) af6 x sf] dfg ;dLs/0f (ii) df /fVbf,
18
y – y+3=0
18 – y2 + 3y
y
= 0
y2 – 3y – 18 = 0
y2 – 6y + 3y – 18 = 0
y(y – 6) +3(y – 6) = 0
(y – 6) (y + 3) = 0
either y – 6 = 0 ⸫y=6
or, y + 3 = 0 ⸫ y = –3
y sf] dfg ;dLs/0f (i) df /fVbf,
18
olb y = 6 x'Fbf x = 6 =3
18
olb y = –3 x'Fbf x = –3 = –6
ctM y = 6 / x = 3 x'Fbf, pSt ;ª\Vof = 10x + y = 10 × 3 + 6 = 36
y = –3 / x = –6 x'Fbf, pSt ;ª\Vof = 10x + y = 10 × (– 6) – 3 = –63
166 ul0ft, sIff !)

pbfx/0f 10
a'af / 5f]/fsf] xfnsf] pd]/ j|mdzM 42 jif{ / 16 jif{ 5 . slt jif{ clu ltgLx¿sf] pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn
272 lyof], kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
dfgf}F x jif{clu a'afsf] pd]/ / 5f]/fsf] pd]/ j|mdzM 42 – x / 16 – x jif{ lyof] .
k|Zgfg';f/,
x jif{ clusf] pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn = 272
or, (42 – x) (16 – x) = 272
or, 672 – 42x – 16x + x2 = 272
or, x2 – 58x + 400 = 0
or, x2 – 50x – 8x + 400 = 0
or, x(x – 50) – 8(x – 50) = 0
or, (x – 8) (x – 50) = 0
either, x – 8 = 0 ⸫x=8
or, x – 50 = 0 ⸫ x = 50
oxfF x sf] dfg 50 jif{ pd]/sf lx;fan] c;Dej 5, To;}n] x = 8 x'G5 .
t;y{ 8 jif{clu a'afsf] pd]/ / 5f]/fsf] pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn 272 lyof] .
pbfx/0f 11
Pp6f ;dsf]0fL lqe'hsf] s0f{ 13 ld6/ 5 . olb afFsL b'O{ e'hfsf] gfksf] km/s 7 ld6/ eP afFsL
e'hfx¿sf] nDafO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF lrqdf ABC Pp6f ;dsf]0f lqe'h xf], hxfF ∠B = 90° A
/ s0f{sf] gfk (h) = AC = 13 ld6/ 5 . 13

m
dfgf}F cfwf/sf] gfk (b) = BC = x / nDasf] gfk (p) = AB = y
k|Zgfg';f/, x – y = 7 or, y = x + 7……….(i) C
B
ul0ft, sIff !) 167

ca ;dsf]0f lqe'h ABC df h2 = p2 + b2 x'G5 .
To;}n] AC2 = AB2 + BC2
or, 132 = (x + 7)2 + x2
or, 169 = x2 + 14x + 49 + x2
or, 2x2 + 14x – 120 = 0
or, x2 + 7x – 60 = 0
or, x2 + 12x – 5x – 60 = 0
or, x (x + 12) – 5(x +12) = 0
or, (x – 5) (x + 12) = 0
either, (x – 5) = 0 ⸫ x=5
or, x + 12 = 0 ⸫ x=0
oxfF x eg]sf] cfwf/sf] gfk ePsfn] x = – 12 c;Dej 5, To;}n] x = 5 x'G5 .
t;y{ cfwf/sf] gfk (b) = BC = x = 5 ld6/
/ nDasf] gfk (p) = AB = y = 5 + 7 = 12 ld6/
t;y{ afFsL e'hfx¿sf]] gfk 5 ld6/ / 12 ld6/ /x]5 .
pbfx/0f 12
Pp6f cfotsf/ hUufsf] If]qkmn 500 ju{ ld6/ / kl/ldlt 90 ld6/ 5 . pSt hUufnfO{{ juf{sf/
agfpg] xf] eg] nDafOtkm{ slt k|ltztn] 36fpg'k5{, u0fgf ug'{xf];\ .
;dfwfg
dfgf}F cfotsf/ hUufsf] nDafO / rf}8fOsf] gfk j|mdzM x ld6/ / y ld6/ 5 .
k|Zgfg';f/,
cfotsf/ hUufsf] If]qkmn = 500 ju{ ld6/
or, xy = 500...................(i)
cfotsf/ hUufsf] kl/ldlt = 90 ld6/
or, 2(x + y) = 90
or, x + y = 45
or, y = 45 – x ...................(ii)
168 ul0ft, sIff !)

ca,
;dLs/0f (ii) af6 y = 45 – x dfgnfO{{ ;dLs/0f (i) df /fVbf,
xy = 500
or, x (45 – x) = 500
or, 45x – x2 = 500
or, x2 – 45x + 500 = 0
or, x2 – 25x – 20x + 500 = 0
or, x(x – 25) – 20(x – 25) = 0
or, (x – 25) (x – 20) = 0
either, (x – 25) = 0. ⸫ x = 25
or, x – 20 = 0 ⸫ x = 20
olb x = 25 eP y = 45 – x = 45 – 25 = 20
olb x = 20 eP, y = 45 – x = 45 – 20 = 25
t;y{ pSt hUufsf] nDafO 25 ld6/ / rf}8fO 20 ld6/ /x]5 .
pSt hUufnfO{{ juf{sf/ agfpg] xf] eg] nDafO / rf}8fO a/fa/ x'g' h?/L 5 .
To;}n] nDafOtkm{ 25 – 20 = 5 m 36fpg'k5{ .
5
o;nfO{{ k|ltztdf b]vfpFbf = 25 × 100% = 20% x'G5 .
pbfx/0f 13
sIff 10 df cWoog/t s]xL ljBfyL{n] hDdf ?= 42,000 sf] ah]6 /xg] u/L jgef]hsf]
cfof]hgf u/] . To;sf nflu pgLx¿n] a/fa/ /sd p7fpg] klg lg0f{o u/] . t/ jgef]hsf lbg
;f]r]eGbf 5 hgf sd ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutf /x\of], h;n] ubf{ k|To]sn] ?= 700 a9L p7fpg' kg]{ eP5 .
To;sf cfwf/df tnsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ jgef]hdf hDdf slt ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutf /x\of], kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ Ps hgfsf] efudf slt /sd k/]5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
42000
dfgf}F ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof = x / k|To]sn] ltg'{kg]{ /sd = ?= x
oxfF 5 hgf ljBfyL{n] jgef]hdf ;xeflutf hgfPgg\ .
To;}n] ;xefuL ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof = x – 5
ul0ft, sIff !) 169

k|Zgfg';f/,
42000 42000
x–5
= x
+ 700
or, 42000 – 42000 = 700

x–5 x
or, 60 – 60 =1
x–5 x
or, 60x – 60x + 300 = x(x – 5)
or, x2 – 5x – 300 = 0
or, x2 – 20x + 15x – 300 = 0
or, x(x – 20) + 15(x – 20) = 0
or, (x – 20) (x + 15) = 0
Either, (x – 20) = 0 ⸫ x = 20
or, (x + 15) = 0 ⸫ x = –15
oxfF x eg]sf] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof ePsfn] x = –15 c;Dej 5, . To;}n] x = 20 x'G5 .
t;y{
-s_ jgef]hdf ;xeflutf hgfPsf hDdf ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof = 20 – 5 = 15 hgf /x]5 .
42000 42000
-v_ Ps hgfsf] efudf k/]sf] hDdf /sd = x–5
= 15 = ?= 2800 /x]5 .
cEof; 7.2
1. Pp6f k|fs[lts ;ª\Vofsf] ju{df 11 hf]8\bf 36 x'G5 eg] Tof] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
2. s'g} ;ª\Vofsf] ju{af6 11 36fpFbf 25 afFsL /xG5 eg] pSt ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
3. olb Pp6f wgfTds ;ª\Vofsf] ju{sf] bf]Aa/af6 7 36fpFbf 91 afFsL /xG5 eg] Tof]
;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
4. Pp6f k|fs[lts ;ª\Vofsf] ju{af6 2 36fpFbf 7 afFsL /xG5 eg] Tof] ;ª\Vof kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
5. s'g} ;ª\Vofsf] ju{af6 11 36fpFbf 89 afFsL /xG5 eg] Tof] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
6. olb s'g} ;ª\Vofsf] ju{sf] bf]Aa/af6 17 36fpFbf 55 afFsL /xG5 eg] ;f] ;ª\Vof slt
7. olb Pp6f wgfTds ;ª\Vofsf] ju{sf] bf]Aa/af6 3 36fpFbf 285 afFsL /xG5 eg] Tof]
;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
170 ul0ft, sIff !)

8. olb Pp6f wgfTds ;ª\Vof / To;sf] ju{sf] of]ukmn 72 x'G5 eg] Tof] ;ª\Vof
kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
9. s'g} b'O{cf]6f j|mdfut hf]/ ;ª\Vofsf] u'0fgkmn 80 x'G5 eg] tL ;ª\Vof kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
10. s'g} b'O{cf]6f j|mdfut lahf]/ ;ª\Vofsf] ju{sf] u'0fgkmn 225 x'G5 eg] tL ;ª\Vof kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
10
11. olb s'g} ;ª\Vof / To;sf]] Jo'Tj|mdsf] of]ukmn 3 eP ;f] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
12. olb s'g} b'O{cf]6f k|fs[lts ;ª\Vofsf] of]ukmn 21 / pSt ;ª\Vofsf] ju{sf] of]ukmn 261
eP tL ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
13. olb b'O{ hgf bfh'efOsf] pd]/larsf] km/s 4 jif{ / u'0fgkmn 221 eP bfh' / efOsf]
pd]/ slt slt xf] <
14. b'O{ hgf bfh' / efOsf] xfnsf] pd]/sf] of]ukmn 22 jif{ / pgLx¿sf] pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn
120 5 eg] ltgLx¿sf] xfnsf] pd]/ slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
15. b'O{ hgf lbbL / alxgLsf] xfnsf] pd]/sf] cGt/ 3 jif{ / pgLx¿sf] pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn 180
5 eg] ltgLx¿sf] xfnsf] pd]/ slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
16. -s_ afa' / 5f]/f]sf] xfnsf] pd]/ j|mdzM 40 jif{ / 13 jif{ 5 . slt jif{clu ltgLx¿sf]
pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn 198 lyof], kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ cfdf 5f]/Lsf] xfnsf] pd]/ j|mdzM 34 jif{ / 4 jif{ 5 . slt jif{kl5 ltgLx¿sf]
pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn 400 x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ clxn] afa' / 5f]/f]sf] pd]/ j|mdzM 35 jif{ / 1 jif{ 5 . slt jif{kl5 ltgLx¿sf]
pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn 240 x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ Ps hf]8L >Ldfg\ / >LdtL]sf] xfnsf] pd]/ j|mdzM 35 jif{ / 27 jif{ 5 . slt jif{clu
ltgLx¿sf] pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn 425 lyof], kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
17. -s_ Pp6f ;dsf]0fL lqe'hsf] s0f{ 25 ld6/ 5 . olb afFsL b'O{ e'hfsf] gfksf] km/s 17
ld6/ eP afFsL e'hfx¿sf] nDafO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ Pp6f ;dsf]0fL lqe'hsf] s0f{ 5f]6f] e'hfsf] bf]Aa/eGbf klg 6 ld6/n] a9L 5 . olb
afFsL /x]sf] e'hf s0f{eGbf 2 ld6/n] sd 5 eg] e'hfx¿sf] nDafO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ Pp6f cfotsf/ hUufsf] If]qkmn 150 ju{ ld6/ / kl/ldlt 50 ld6/ 5 . pSt hUufsf]
nDafO / rf}8fO slt x'G5, u0fgf ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ Pp6f cfotsf/ hUufsf] If]qkmn 54 ju{ ld6/ / kl/ldlt 30 ld6/ 5 . pSt hUufsf]
nDafO / rf}8fO slt x'G5, u0fgf ug'{xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 171

-ª_ Pp6f cfotsf] ljs0f{ To;sf] rf}8fOeGbf 16 ld6/n] a9L 5 / To;sf] nDafO 24
ld6/ 5 . pSt cfotsf] If]qkmn slt x'G5, u0fgf ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ Pp6f cfotsf/ hUufsf] If]qkmn 2000 ju{ ld6/ / kl/ldlt 180 ld6/ 5 . pSt
hUufnfO{{ juf{sf/ agfpg nDafO cyjf rf}8fOnfO{{ slt k|ltztn] 36fpg'k5{ /
lsg, u0fgf ug'{xf];\ .
18. b'O{ cª\sn] ag]sf] Pp6f ;ª\Vof To;sf cª\sx¿sf] of]ukmnsf] rf/ u'0ff / cª\sx¿sf]
u'0fgkmnsf] tLgu'0ff 5 eg] pSt ;ª\Vof slt xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
19. Pp6f ;+:yfn] sIff Psdf egf{ ePsf ljBfyL{nfO{{ a/fa/ x'g] u/L 180 cf]6f l;;fsnd ljt/0f
ug]{ of]hgf agfP5g\ . pSt lbg 5 hgf ljBfyL{ cg'kl:yt x'Fbf klg ;a} l;;fsnd afF8\bf k|To]sn]
3 cf]6fsf b/n] a9L l;;fsnd k|fKt u/]5g\ eg],
-s_ slt hgf ljBfyL{ egf{ ePsf /x]5g\ <
-v_ k|To]s ljBfyL{sf efudf slt sltcf]6f l;;fsnd k/]5g\ <
kl/of]hgf sfo{
cfkm\gf] ljBfnosf] rp/df elnan v]Ng] 7fpFsf] gS;fª\sg ug{sf nflu kfFr kfFr hgfsf]
tLgcf]6f ;d"x lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ . klxnf] ;d"xn] hDdf If]qkmn 128 ju{ ld6/ / kl/ldlt 48
ld6/ x'g] u/L sf]6{sf] nDafO / rf}8fO kQf nufpg'xf];\ . bf];|f] ;d"xn] hDdf If]qkmn 162 ju{
ld6/ / kl/ldlt 54 ld6/ x'g] u/L sf]6{sf] nDafO / rf}8fO kQf nufpg'xf];\ . t];|f] ;d"xn]
hDdf If]qkmn 200 ju{ ld6/ / kl/ldlt 60 ld6/ x'g] u/L sf]6{sf] nDafO / rf}8fO kQf
nufpg'xf];\ / k|fKt glthfsf af/]df ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . s'g ;d"xn] agfPsf] elnan
sf]6{ v]Ngsf nflu gfksf cfwf/df pko'St x'G5 lgisif{ lgsfnL sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
pQ/
1. 5 2. ±6 3. 7 4. 3 5. ±10 6. ±6
7. 12 8. 8 9. 8 / 10 jf –10 / –8
10. 3 / 5 jf –5 / –3 11. 3 / 1/3 12. 6 / 15
13. 17 jif{ / 13 jif{ 14. 12 jif{ / 10 jif{ 15. 15 jif{ / 12 jif{
16. -s_ 7 jif{ -v_ 6 jif{ -u_ 5 jif{ -3_ 10 jif{
17. -s_ 24 m / 7m -v_ 10m, 24m, 26m -u_ 15 m / 10 m
-3_ 9 m / 6 m -ª_ 240 m 2
-r_ 20% n] sdL
18. 24 19. -s_ 15 hgf -v_ 18 cf]6f l;;fsnd
172 ul0ft, sIff !)

kf7 aLhLo leGg
8 (Algebraic Fraction)

-c_ lbOPsf aLhLo leGgnfO{{ n3'Qd kbdf n}hfg'xf];\ / ldn] gldn]sf] ;fyL ;fyLlar hfFRg'xf];\ M
xy x–y a+3
-s_ x2y -v_ x2 – y2 -u_ a2 + 5a + 6
a–2 a–6 a+2

-3_ a – 6a + 8
2 -ª_ a2 – 8a + 12 -r_ a2 – 4a + 12
-cf_ lbOPsf leGgsf] ;/n ug'{xf];\ / ldn] gldn]sf] hfFRg ;fyLnfO{{ b]vfpg'xf];\ M
3 1 2 1 1 1
-s_ 5 +5 -v_ 3 + 5 -u_ 4 + 6
2a
-3_ a
b + 2a
b -ª_ 3a
b – ab
a -r_ 3
xy + xy2
8.1 aLhLo leGgsf] ;/nLs/0f (Simplification of Algebraic Fractions)

lj|mofsnfk 1
lbOPsf aLhLo leGgsf] ;/n ug'{xf];\ . ;/n ubf{ ckgfOg] k|lj|mofsf af/]df ;fyL;Fu
5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
1
-s_ x –x y – x –y y -v_ x
x–y
y
– x + y -u_ a–b – a2 +b b2
dfly plNnlvt leGgnfO{{ ;/n ubf{ leGgsf] x/ ;dfg jf c;dfg s] 5 Tof] x]/L ;/n
ug'{k5{ . olb x/ ;dfg ePdf c+zx¿sf] cfjZos lj|mof dfq u/]/ Pp6f x/ n]v] k'U5 eg]
c;dfg x/ ePdf ltgLx¿sf] n=;= kQf nufpg'k5{ .
h:t}M
x y
-s_ x–y + x – y oL ;dfg x/ ePsf leGg x'g\, To;}n]
x y x+y
x–y + x – y = x – y [Pp6f dfq x/ /fv]/ c+zdf hf]8 lj|mof ul/of] .]
ul0ft, sIff !) 173

x y
-v_ x–y + x + y df x/ c;dfg 5g\ . ca ;dfg x/ ePsf leGg agfpgsf nflu,
x(x + y) y(x – y)
= (x – y) (x + y) – (x +y) (x – y)
[⸪ Pp6f leGgsf] x/n] csf]{ leGgsf] x/ / c+znfO{{ u'0fg u/]sf]]]
x(x + y) – y(x – y) x2 + xy – xy + y2 x2 + y2
= (x + y) (x – y) = (x + y) (x – y) = x2 – y2
1 b
-u_ a – b – a2 – b2
1 b
= a – b – (a – b) (a + b) df x/ c;dfg 5g\ .
ca ;dfg x/ ePsf leGg agfpgsf nflu,
1(a + b) b
= (a – b) (a + b) – (a – b) (a + b) x/ a/fa/ agfpg
klxnf] leGgsf] x/ = (a – b) × (a + b)
bf];|f] leGgsf] x/ = (a – b) (a + b) × 1
a+b–b
= (a – b) (a + b)
a
= (a – b) (a + b)
a
= a2 – b2
o;nfO{{ o;/L klg ug{ ;lsG5,

klxnf] leGgsf] x/ = (a – b)
bf];|f] leGgsf] x/ = (a – b) (a + b)
n=;= = (a – b)(a + b)
ca o;sf] ;/n ubf{,
1 b
= (a – b) – (a – b) (a + b)
(a + b) –b [leGgsf] x/df n=;= /fvL leGgsf] x/n] n=;= nfO{{
= (a – b) (a + b)
a efu u/]/ ;f]xL leGgsf] c+znfO{{ u'0fg u/]sf]] . ]
= (a – b) (a + b)
a
= (a2 – b2)
174 ul0ft, sIff !)

pbfx/0f 1 pbfx/0f 2
x2 y2 1 1
;/n ug'{xf];\ M x+y – x+y ;/n ug'{xf];\ M x–y – x+y
;dfwfg ;dfwfg
𝑥𝑥 2 −𝑦𝑦 2 1 1
= = –
𝑥𝑥+𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦
(𝑥𝑥−𝑦𝑦)(𝑥𝑥+𝑦𝑦)
= (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦) −(𝑥𝑥− 𝑦𝑦)
𝑥𝑥+𝑦𝑦 =
𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2
= 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 −𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦
=
𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2
2𝑦𝑦
=
𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2
pbfx/0f 3 pbfx/0f 4
x+y x–y a3 + 1 a3 – 1
;/n ug'{xf];\ M x–y + x+y ;/n ug'{xf];\ M = a2 – a + 1 + a2 + a + 1
;dfwfg ;dfwfg
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 −𝑦𝑦 𝑎𝑎3 +1 𝑎𝑎3 −1
= + = +
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑎 + 1 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑎 + 1
(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦)2 + (𝑥𝑥− 𝑦𝑦)2 (𝑎𝑎+1)(𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑎 + 1) (𝑎𝑎−1)(𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑎 + 1)
= = +
(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦)(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦) 𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑎 + 1 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑎 + 1
𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 2
= = (a + 1) + (a – 1)
𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2
2(𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 ) = 2a
=
𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2
pbfx/0f 5
1 𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏
;/n ug'{xf];\ M –
2𝑎𝑎−3𝑏𝑏 4𝑎𝑎2 − 9𝑏𝑏2
;dfwfg
1 𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏
= –
2𝑎𝑎−3𝑏𝑏 4𝑎𝑎2 − 9𝑏𝑏2
1 𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏
= – 4a2 – 9b2 sf] u'0fgv08 lgsfNbf,
2𝑎𝑎−3𝑏𝑏 (2𝑎𝑎 − 3𝑏𝑏)(2𝑎𝑎+ 3𝑏𝑏)
(2𝑎𝑎+ 3𝑏𝑏)−(𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏) = (2a)2 – (3b)2

=
(2𝑎𝑎 − 3𝑏𝑏)(2𝑎𝑎+ 3𝑏𝑏)
= (2a + 3b) (2a – 3b)
(𝑎𝑎+ 2𝑏𝑏)
=
4𝑎𝑎2 − 9𝑏𝑏2
ul0ft, sIff !) 175

pbfx/0f 6
2 2
;/n ug{'xf];\ M : 4𝑥𝑥 2
+ 𝑦𝑦
4𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 2 –
2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦
2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦
;dfwfg
4𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦
= –
4𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦
4𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦
= –
(2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦)(2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦) 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 4x2 – y2 sf] u'0fgv08 lgsfNbf,
4𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 − (2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦)2 = (2x)2 – (y)2
=
(2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦)(2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦)
= (2x + y) (2x – y)
4𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 2
=
4𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2
4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
=
4𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2
pbfx/0f 7
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
;/n ug'{xf];\ M + +
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2
;dfwfg
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
= + +
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2
𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦)+ 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦) 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

= +
𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2
𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 2 −𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

= +
𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2
2𝑥𝑥 2 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
= +
𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2
2𝑥𝑥 2 (𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 )+2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2 )

=
(𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2 )(𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 )
2𝑥𝑥 4 + 2𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 3

=
(𝑥𝑥 4 − 𝑦𝑦 4 )
176 ul0ft, sIff !)

pbfx/0f 8
1 1 𝑦𝑦
;/n ug'{xf];\ M – –
2(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦) 2(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦) 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2
;dfwfg
1 1 𝑦𝑦
– –
2(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦) 2(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦) 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2
1 1 𝑦𝑦
= – –
2(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦) 2(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦) (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦)(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦)
(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦)−(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦)−2𝑦𝑦

=
2(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦)(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦)
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑦
=
0
=
=0
pbfx/0f 9
𝑎𝑎 − 1 𝑎𝑎 − 2 𝑎𝑎 − 5
;/n ug'{xf];\ M: 𝑎𝑎2 − 4𝑎𝑎 + 3 + 𝑎𝑎2 − 8𝑎𝑎 + 12 + 𝑎𝑎2 − 8𝑎𝑎 + 15 a2 – 4a + 3
;dfwfg = a2 – 3a – 1a + 3
𝑎𝑎 − 1 𝑎𝑎 − 2 𝑎𝑎 − 5
= + + = a(a – 3) – 1(a – 3)
𝑎𝑎2 − 4𝑎𝑎 + 3 𝑎𝑎2 − 8𝑎𝑎 + 12 𝑎𝑎2 − 8𝑎𝑎 + 15
𝑎𝑎 − 1 𝑎𝑎 − 2 𝑎𝑎 − 5 = (a – 3) (a – 1)
= (𝑎𝑎 + (𝑎𝑎 + (𝑎𝑎
− 1)(𝑎𝑎 − 3) − 6)(𝑎𝑎 − 2) − 5)(𝑎𝑎 − 3)
a2 – 8a + 15
1 1 1
= + + = a2 – 5a – 3a + 15
(𝑎𝑎 − 3) (𝑎𝑎 − 6) (𝑎𝑎−3)
𝑎𝑎 − 6 + 𝑎𝑎 − 3 + 𝑎𝑎 − 6 = a(a – 5) – 3(a – 5)
= (𝑎𝑎 − 6)(𝑎𝑎 − 3) = (a – 5) (a – 3)
3𝑎𝑎 − 1 5
= (𝑎𝑎 a2 – 8a + 12
− 2)(𝑎𝑎 − 3)
= a2 – 6a – 2a + 12
= a(a – 6) – 2(a – 6)
= (a – 6) (a – 2)
ul0ft, sIff !) 177

pbfx/0f 10
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 2 + 𝑞𝑞 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 2 − 𝑞𝑞 4𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 3
;/n ug'{xf];\ M + +
2𝑟𝑟 − 1 2𝑟𝑟 + 1 1− 4𝑟𝑟 2
;dfwfg
= + +
2𝑟𝑟 − 1 2𝑟𝑟 + 1 1− 4𝑟𝑟 2
4r2 – 1 sf] u'0fgv08 lgsfNbf,
= + – = 4r2 – 1
2𝑟𝑟 − 1 2𝑟𝑟 + 1 4𝑟𝑟 2 −1
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 2 + 𝑞𝑞 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 2 − 𝑞𝑞 4𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 3 = (2r)2 – (1)2
= + –
2𝑟𝑟 − 1 2𝑟𝑟 + 1 (2𝑟𝑟 − 1)(2𝑟𝑟 + 1)
= (2r – 1) (2r + 1)
(𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 2 + 𝑞𝑞)(2𝑟𝑟 + 1)+ (𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 2 − 𝑞𝑞)(2𝑟𝑟 − 1)− 4𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 3
=
(2𝑟𝑟 − 1)(2𝑟𝑟 + 1)
(2𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 3 + 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 2 + 2𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 + 𝑞𝑞)+ 2𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 3 − 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 2 − 2𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 + 𝑞𝑞− 4𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 3

=
4𝑟𝑟 2 −1
2𝑞𝑞
=
4𝑟𝑟 2 −1
pbfx/0f 11
𝑎𝑎−𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏 2𝑎𝑎3
;/n ug'{xf];\ M + –
𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏2 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏2 𝑎𝑎4 − 𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑏4
;dfwfg
𝑎𝑎−𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏 2𝑎𝑎3
= 2 + –
𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏2 𝑎𝑎4 − 𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑏4
(𝑎𝑎−𝑏𝑏)(𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏2 )+(𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏)(𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏2 ) 2𝑎𝑎3

= (𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏2 )(𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 2 )
–
𝑎𝑎4 − 𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑏4
𝑎𝑎3 − 𝑏𝑏3 + 𝑎𝑎3 + 𝑏𝑏3 2𝑎𝑎3

= –
(𝑎𝑎4 + 𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑏4 ) 𝑎𝑎4 − 𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑏4
2𝑎𝑎3 2𝑎𝑎3
= –
(𝑎𝑎4 + 𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑏4 ) 𝑎𝑎4 − 𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑏4
2𝑎𝑎3 (𝑎𝑎4 − 𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑏4 ) − 2𝑎𝑎3 (𝑎𝑎4 + 𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑏4 )
=
(𝑎𝑎4 + 𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑏4 ) (𝑎𝑎4 − 𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑏 4 )
2𝑎𝑎7 − 2𝑎𝑎5 𝑏𝑏2 + 2𝑎𝑎3 𝑏𝑏4 − 2𝑎𝑎7 − 2𝑎𝑎5 𝑏𝑏2 − 2𝑎𝑎3 𝑏𝑏4
=
(𝑎𝑎4 + 𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑏4 ) (𝑎𝑎4 − 𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑏 4 )
− 4𝑎𝑎5 𝑏𝑏2
=
(𝑎𝑎8 + 𝑎𝑎4 𝑏𝑏4 + 𝑏𝑏8 )
178 ul0ft, sIff !)

cEof; 8.1
1. n3'Qd kbdf n}hfg'xf];\ M
x2 – 5x x2 – b2 x2 – 5x + 6
-s_ x – 25
2 -v_ (a+ b )2 -u_
x2 – 7x + 12
2. ;/n ug'{xf];\ M
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 1 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 1 1
-s_ + -v_ – -u_ +
𝑎𝑎−𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏−𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏2 − 𝑐𝑐 2 𝑚𝑚 − 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚 + 𝑛𝑛
𝑚𝑚 + 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚 −𝑛𝑛 1 𝑛𝑛 3 1
-3_ + -ª_ + -r_ + (𝑥𝑥−2)2
𝑚𝑚 − 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚 + 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚 + 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑛𝑛2 𝑥𝑥 2 −4
𝑎𝑎3 + 𝑏𝑏3 𝑎𝑎3 − 𝑏𝑏3 4𝑥𝑥 2 + 25𝑦𝑦 2 2𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑦𝑦 4𝑥𝑥 3 8𝑥𝑥 7
-5_ 𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏2
-h_ 4𝑥𝑥 2 − 25𝑦𝑦 2
–
2𝑥𝑥 + 5𝑦𝑦
-em_
𝑥𝑥 4 +𝑎𝑎 4 - 𝑥𝑥 8 −𝑎𝑎8
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 3 4 9𝑎𝑎
-`_ – + -6_ + +
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑎𝑎+3 𝑎𝑎−3 2(9− 𝑎𝑎2 )
1 1 2𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐
-7_ – + -8_ + +
𝑥𝑥+2𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥−2𝑦𝑦 4𝑦𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑥 2 (𝑎𝑎−𝑏𝑏)(𝑎𝑎−𝑐𝑐) (𝑏𝑏−𝑎𝑎)(𝑏𝑏−𝑐𝑐) (𝑐𝑐 −𝑏𝑏)(𝑐𝑐 −𝑎𝑎)
𝑦𝑦−𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧−𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥−𝑦𝑦
-9_ + +
𝑥𝑥 2 −(𝑦𝑦−𝑧𝑧)2 𝑦𝑦 2 −(𝑧𝑧−𝑥𝑥)2 𝑧𝑧 2 −(𝑥𝑥−𝑦𝑦)2
𝑥𝑥 2 −(𝑎𝑎−𝑏𝑏)2 𝑎𝑎2 −(𝑥𝑥−𝑏𝑏)2 𝑏𝑏2 −(𝑥𝑥−𝑎𝑎)2

-0f_ + +
(𝑥𝑥+𝑏𝑏)2 −𝑎𝑎2 (𝑥𝑥+𝑎𝑎)2 −𝑏𝑏2 (𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏)2 −𝑥𝑥 2
1 2 3
-t_ + –
𝑝𝑝2 + 7𝑝𝑝 + 12 𝑝𝑝2 + 5𝑝𝑝 + 6 𝑝𝑝2 + 6𝑝𝑝 + 8
𝑥𝑥 + 3 𝑥𝑥 − 3 54 1 2 3
-y_ + – -b_ + –
𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 + 9 𝑥𝑥 2 −3𝑥𝑥 + 9 𝑥𝑥 4 + 9𝑥𝑥 2 + 81 𝑥𝑥 2 −5𝑥𝑥+6 4𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥 2 −3 𝑥𝑥 2 −3𝑥𝑥+2
𝑏𝑏 + 2 𝑏𝑏 −2 2𝑏𝑏2 1 1 2𝑏𝑏
-w_ – – -g_ – –
1 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑏𝑏 2 1 − 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑏𝑏 2 1 + 𝑏𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑏4 1− 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑏𝑏2 1 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑏𝑏 2 1 − 𝑏𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑏4
𝑎𝑎+𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎−𝑐𝑐 2𝑐𝑐 3
-k_ + +
𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑐𝑐 2 𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝑐𝑐 2 𝑎𝑎4 + 𝑎𝑎2 𝑐𝑐 2 +𝑐𝑐 4
3. ;/n ug'{xf];\ M
1 1 2√𝑥𝑥 1 1 2√𝑥𝑥
-s_ – + – +
4(1− √𝑥𝑥) 4(1 + √𝑥𝑥) 4(1− 𝑥𝑥) -v_ 8(1− √𝑥𝑥) 8(1 + √𝑥𝑥) 8(1− 𝑥𝑥)
1 1 2
-u_ (𝑎𝑎+1)2
+ (𝑎𝑎−1)2 –
𝑎𝑎2 −1
𝑎𝑎 1 4𝑥𝑥+5
4. olb + = eP a sf] dfg slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
2𝑥𝑥+1 𝑥𝑥+2 2𝑥𝑥 2 +5𝑥𝑥+2
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥+7
5. olb + = eP a / b sf] dfg slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
2𝑥𝑥−3 3𝑥𝑥+4 6𝑥𝑥 2 −𝑥𝑥−12
ul0ft, sIff !) 179

kl/of]hgf sfo{
Pp6f cfotfsf/ 6'j|mfnfO{{ rf}8fO ;dfg x'g] u/L laraf6 sf6]/ b'O{ 6'j|mf agfpg'xf];\ .
;d"xn] km/s km/s b'O{cf]6f cfotfsf/ sfuhsf 6'j|mf lng'xf];\ . klxnf] 6'j|mfsf] sfuhsf]
If]qkmn / rf}8fO j|mdzM a2 + b2 / (a + b) pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . bf];|f] 6'j|mfsf] sfuhsf] If]qkmn
/ rf}8fO j|mdzM 2ab / (a + b) pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . ca a
nfO{{ b eGbf 7'nf] dfg]/,
a+b
a+b
a2 + b2 2ab
-s_ b'j} 6'j|mfsf] hDdf nDafO slt x'G5 <
a / b sf ¿kdf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ olb a = 5 ld6/ / b = 3 ld6/ eP tL b'O{ sfuhsf] If]qkmn, nDafO / rf}8fOsf]
;DaGw s:tf] /x]5 kQf nufO{ sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
pQ/
x a+b x–2
1. -s_ a+5 -v_ a–b -u_ x–4
2m
2. -s_ 1 -v_ 0 -u_ m2 – n2
2(m2 + n2) m 4(x2 – 12)
-3_ m2 – n2 -ª_ m2 – n2 -r_ (x + 2) (x2 – 2)2
20xy 4x3 4x3y
-5_ 2a -h_ (4x2 – 20y)2 -em_ a4 – x4 -`_ x4 – y4
5a + 6 2
-6_ 2(a – 9)
2 -7_ 2y –x -8_ 0 -9_ 0 -0f_ 1
1 2(x – 3) 4
-t_ (p + 2) (p + 3) (p + 4) -y_ x2 – 3x + 9 -b_ 3x – x2 – 2
4 – 4b3 2(a + c)
-w_ 1+b +b2 4 -g_
1 + b4 + b8 -k_ a2 + ac + c2
x x 4
3. -s_ 1 – x -v_ 2(1 – x)
u_ (a2 – 1)2
4. a = 2 5. a = 1, b = –1
180 ul0ft, sIff !)

kf7 3ftfª\s
9 (Indices)

cluNnf] sIffdf xfdLn] 3ftfª\ssf] ;/nLs/0fsf af/]df cWoog u/]sf 5f}F . oxfF 3ftfª\s o'St
;dLs/0f ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] ljifodf 5nkmn ug{] 5f}F .
tnsf] tflnsfdf vfnL 7fpF eg'{xf];\ . x sf] dfg slt x'Fbf lbOPsf] cj:yf dfGo x'G5 <
-s_ 2x = 2
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
2x 2–3 = 8
1 …… …… …… …… …… ……
-v_ 5x+1 = 125

x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
5x+1 5–3+1 = 25
1 …… …… …… …… …… ……
1
-u_ 3x = 9
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
3x 3–3 = 27
1 …… …… …… …… …… ……
9.1 3ftfª\s o'St ;dLs/0f (Exponential Equations)

lj|mofsnfk 1
tn ;f]lwPsf 3ftfª\so'St ;dLs/0f s;/L xn ug]{ xf]nf, ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ 2x = 4 -v_ 3x – 1 = 81
4 1 1
-u_ 3x + 1 + 3x = 27 -3_ 3x + 3x = 33
ul0ft, sIff !) 181

x = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, . . . /fVb} hfg] . lbOPsf] 3ftfª\s o'St ;dLs/0fdf x
x sf] dfg hltn] ;dLs/0f dfGo x'G5 sf] dfg 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, . . . /fVb}
ToxL g} x sf] dfg x'G5 . hfg]afx]s x sf] dfg kQf nufpg]
csf]{ ljlw klg 5 ls <
-s_ 2x = 4 df x = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, . . /fVb} hfFbf x = 2 dfGo x'G5 . To;}n] x = 2 eof] .

o;nfO{{ o;/L klg ug{ ;lsG5 .
P Û of] tl/sf 5f]6f] / ;lhnf] /x]5 . cfwf/
oxfF 2x = 4 a/fa/ x'Fbf 3ftfª\s klg a/fa/ x'g] /x]5 .
or, 2x = 22 To;}n] b'j}tkm{ Pp6} cfwf/ agfpg' kg]{ /x]5 .
⇒x=2
k/LIf0f ubf{, x = 5
-v_ 3x–1 = 81 3x – 1 = 81
or, 3x–1 = 34 LHS 35 – 1
⇒x–1=4 = 34 = 81
⸫x=5 ⸫ LHS = RHS

xfdLn] kQf nufPsf] x sf] dfg 5 ;xL 5 .
4
-u_ 3x+1 + 3x = 81
4
or, 3x × 31 + 3x = 81 k/LIf0f ubf{, x = –4
4 4
or, 3x(3 + 1) = 81 3x + 1 + 3x = 81
4
or, 3x (4) = 81 LHS 3–4 + 1 + 3–4
1 = 3–3 + 3–4
or, 3x = 81 agfpg'k5{ .
1 1
or, 3x = 3–4 = 33 + 34
1 1
⇒x=–4 = 27 + 81
4
= 81 = RHS
xfdLn] kQf nufPsf] x sf] dfg –4 ;xL 5 .
182 ul0ft, sIff !)

1 1
-3_ 3x + 3x = 33
of] 3ftfª\so'St ;dLs/0f cluNnf 3ftfª\so'St ;dLs/0feGbf s] km/s 5 <
1 1
or, 3x + 3x = 3 3
(3x)2 + 1 10
or, 3x = 3
or, 3 × (3x)2 + 3 = 10 × 3x
or, 3 × (3x)2 – 10 × 3x + 3 = 0
of] 3x sf] ju{ ;dLs/0f :j¿kdf /x]5, To;}n]
Dffgf}F 3x = a ...................... (i)
ca 3a2 – 10a + 3 = 0
or, 3a2 – 9a – a + 3 = 0
or, 3a (a – 3) – 1(a – 3) = 0
or, (a – 3) (3a – 1) = 0
either, (a – 3) = 0 ⸫a=3
1
or, (3a – 1) = 0 ⸫a= 3
ca a sf] dfg ;dLs/0f (i) df /fVbf,
a = 3 eP 3x = 31 ⇒x=1
1 1
a = eP 3x = = 3–1 ⇒ x = –1
3 3
t;y{ x sf dfgx¿ 1 / –1 x'g\ .
pbfx/0f 1
xn ug'{xf];\ M 7x = 49
;dfwfg
oxfF 7x = 49
or, 7x = 72
⇒x=2
ul0ft, sIff !) 183

pbfx/0f 2
xn ug'{xf];\ M 4x–2 = 0.25
;dfwfg
oxfF 4x–2 = 0.25 j}slNks tl/sf
1
or, (2)2(x–2) = 4 oxfF 4x–2 = 0.25
1 2
1
or, (2)2(x–2) = 2 or, 4x–2 = 4
or, (2)2(x–2) = 2–2 or, 4x–2 = (4)–1
or, (2)2(x–2) = 2–2 or, (4)(x–2) = (4) –1
⇒ 2(x – 2) = –2 ⇒ (x – 2) = –1
or, x – 2 = – 1 or, x = – 1 + 2
⸫x=1 ⸫x=1
pbfx/0f 3 pbfx/0f 4
xn ug'{xf];\ M 35x–4 + 35x = 82 xn ug'{xf];\ M 3x–1 + 3x–2 + 3x–3 = 13
;dfwfgM ;dfwfg
oxfF 35x–4 + 35x = 82 oxfF 3x–1 + 3x–2 + 3x–3 = 13
or, 3x × 3–1 + 3x × 3–2 + 3x × 3–3 = 13
or, 35x × 3–4 + 35x = 82
1 1 1 1
or, 35x 81 + 1 = 82 or, 3 3x + 9 3x + 27 3x = 13
82 1 1 1
or, 35x 81 = 82 or, 3x ( 3 + 9 + 27 ) = 13
9+3+1
or, 35x = 81 or, 3x 27 = 13
13
or, 35x =34 or, 3x 27 = 13
⇒ 5x = 4
or, 3x = 27
4
⸫x= 5 or, 3x =33
⇒x=3
184 ul0ft, sIff !)

pbfx/0f 5
1 1
xn ug'{xf];\ M 2x + 2x = 22
;dfwfg
1 1
oxfF 2x + 2x = 22
1 5
or, 2x + 2x = 2
dfgf}F 2x = a……………….(i)
1 5
so, a + a = 2
5
or, a + 1 = 2
2
a
or, 2(a2 + 1) = 5a
or, 2a2 – 5a + 2 = 0
or, 2a2 – 4a – a + 2 = 0
or, 2a (a – 2) – 1(a – 2) = 0
or, (a – 2) (2a – 1) = 0
either, (a – 2) = 0 ⸫a=2
1
or, (2a – 1) = 0 ⸫a= 2
ca a sf] dfg ;dLs/0f (i) df /fVbf,
a = 2 eP 2x = 21 ⇒x=1
1 1
a = 2 eP 2x = 2 = 2–1 ⇒ x = –1
t;y{ x sf dfgx¿ 1 / –1 x'g\ .
pbfx/0f 6
xn ug'{xf];\ M 5 × 4x+1 – 16x = 64
;dfwfg
oxfF 5 × 4x+1 – 16x = 64
or, 5 × (4x × 4) – 42x = 64
or, 20 × 4x – (4x )2 = 64
dfgf}F, 4x = a………………(i)
t;y{ 20a – a2 = 64
ul0ft, sIff !) 185

or, a2 – 20a + 64 = 0
or, a2 – 16a – 4a + 64 = 0
or, a (a – 16) – 4(a – 16) = 0
or, (a – 4) (a – 16) = 0
either, (a – 4) = 0 ⸫a=4
or, (a – 16) = 0 ⸫ a = 16
ca a sf] dfg ;dLs/0f (i) df /fVbf
olb a = 4 eP 4x = 41 ⇒x=1
olb a = 16 eP 4x = 16 = 42 ⇒ x = 2
t;y{ x sf dfgx¿ 1 / 2 x'g\ .
pbfx/0f 7
2 –2
olb x2 + 2 = 33 + 3 3 eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ 3x(x2 + 3) = 8
;dfwfg
2 –2
oxfF x2 + 2 = 33 + 3 3
2 –2
or, x2 = 33 + 3 3 – 2
1 2 –1 2 1 –1 1 –1
or, x2 = 33 – 3 3 – 2 × 33 × 3 3 [⸪ 33 × 3 3 = 1]
1 –1 2
3
or, x = 3 – 3
2 3
1 –1
⇒ x = 3 3 –3 3 ………..(i)
;dLs/0f (i) sf] b'j}lt/ 3g ubf{,
1 −1
or, x3 = (33 – 3 3 )3
1 −1 1 1 1 1
or, x3 = (33 )3 + (3 3 )3 – 3 ×3(3) × 3−(3) (33 − 3−3 )
or, x3 = 3 – 3–1 – 3 × 1 × x
or, x3 = 3 – 13 – 3x
or, x3 = 9 – 1 – 9x
3
or, 3x3 = 8 – 9x
or, 3x3 + 9x = 8
⸫ 3x (x2 + 3) = 8 k|dfl0ft eof] .
186 ul0ft, sIff !)

cEof; 9.1
1. tnsf] tflnsfdf vfnL 7fpF eg'{xf];\ / lzIfsnfO{{ b]vfpg'xf];\ M
-s_ x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
7x …… …… …… …… …… …… ……
-v_ x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
5–x …… …… …… …… …… …… ……
2. xn ug'{xf];\ / hfFr]/ klg b]vfpg'xf];\ M

1
-s_ 3x = 9 -v_ 5x–1 = 25 -u_ 5 2x – 4 =125
3 2
x 3
-3_ 4x–2 = 0.125 -ª_ 5 = 13 -r_ 2x × 3x+1 =18
3. xn ug'{xf];\ M
1 − 𝑥𝑥 1
-s_ 41 + 𝑥𝑥 = 43 -v_ 2x+4√4x+8 = 6√128
-u_ 2x+1 + 2x+2 + 2x+3 = 448 -3_ 3x+1 – 3x = 162
-ª_ 4x+1 – 8 × 4x–1 = 32 -r_ 4 × 3x+1 – 3x+2 – 3x–1 = 72
-5_ 3x+2 + 3x+1 + 2 × 3x = 126 -h_ 2x + 3x–2 = 3x – 2x+1
2−√5𝑥𝑥+1
-em_ 8x–1 – 23x–2 + 8 = 0 -`_ (1) = 4 × 2√5𝑥𝑥+1
4
4. xn ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ 5x + 51x = 5 15
-v_ 7x + 71x = 7 17
-u_ 9x + 1 = 9 1
9x 9
1
-3_ 4x + 41x = 1616
1
-ª_ 5x + 5–x = 2525
-r_ 81 × 3x + 3–x = 30
ul0ft, sIff !) 187

5. xn ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ 4 × 3x+1 – 9x = 27
-v_ 3 × 2p+1 – 4p = 8
-u_ 52x – 6 × 5x+1 + 125 = 0
-3_ 2x – 2 + 23 – x = 3
-ª_ 5x + 1 + 52 – x = 126
-r_ 32y – 4 × 3y + 3 = 0
6. 16x – 5 × 4x+1 + 64 = 0 sf] xn ug'{xf];\ . x sf dfgx¿n] 5x + 125
5x
= 30 nfO{{ klg
;Gt'i6 u5{ egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
1 –1
7. -s_ olb x = 3 3 + 3 3 eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ 3x(x2 – 3) = 10
1 –1
-v_ olb x = 23 – 2 3 eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ 2x3 + 6x – 3 = 0
pQ/
1 1
2. -s_ 2 -v_ 3 -u_ 2 -3_ 2 -ª_ –3 -r_ 1
1
3. -s_ 2 -v_ 34 -u_ 5 -3_ 4 -ª_ 2 -r_ 3 -5_ 2 -h_ 3
-em_ 2 -`_ 7
4. -s_ ±1 -v_ ±1 -u_ ±1 -3_ ±2 -ª_ ±2 -r_ 1, 3
5. -s_ 1, 2 -v_ 1, 2 -u_ 1, 2 -3_ 2, 3 -ª_ –1, 2 -r_ 0, 1
7. 1, 2
188 ul0ft, sIff !)

ldl>t cEof;
1. g]kfn k':ts k;ndf sfo{/t b'O{ hgf sd{rf/Lsf] kfFr dlxgfsf] sld;g /sd b]xfoadf]lhd 5 M
dlxgf
gfd j}zfv Hf]7 c;f/ ;fpg Efbf}
sd{rf/L A ?= 5000 ?= 6000 ?= 7000 ?= 8000 ?= 9000
sd{rf/L B ?= 2000 ?= 3000 ?= 4500 ?= 6750 ?= 10125
Dfflysf] tflnsf x]/L tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ s'g sd{rf/Ln] k|fKt u/]sf] sld;g /sd ;dfgfGt/Lo cg'j|mddf 5 < sf/0f;lxt
n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ sd{rf/L A / sd{rf/L B n] k|fKt u/]sf] j}zfv / c;f/ dlxgfsf] dWodfg slt
-u_ kfFr dlxgfsf] cGTodf sd{rf/L A / sd{rf/L B n] k|fKt u/]sf] hDdf /sdlarsf] km/s
slt x'G5 < ;"q k|of]u u/L u0fgf ug'{xf];\ .
2. ljzfnn] p;sf] ;fyL ;'lgn;Fu 6 cf]6f ls:tfaGbLdf /sd ltg]{ u/L ?= 45000 ;fk6L lnP .
pgn] k|To]s ls:tfaGbLdf cluNnf]eGbf kl5Nnf] ls:tfaGbL ?= 1000 sf b/n] a9L ltb}{ hfG5g\ .
To:t} ;Ltfn] pgsf] ;fyL cf]ds'df/L;Fu 6 cf]6} ls:tfaGbLdf /sd ltg]{ u/L ?= 63,000
;fk6L lnOg\ .
k|To]s ls:tfaGbLdf cluNnf]eGbf kl5Nnf] ls:tfaGbL bf]Aa/sf b/n] a9L ltb}{ hflG5g\ .
-s_ ljzfn / ;Ltfn] klxnf] ls:tfaGbLdf slt slt /sd lt5{g, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ ljzfn / ;Ltfn] lt/]sf] klxnf] / clGtd ls:tfaGbLlarsf] km/s slt slt 5, kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ s'g ls:tfaGbLdf ljzfn / ;Ltfn] a/fa/ /sd lt5{g\, u0fgf ug'{xf];\ .
3. Pp6f ;fd'bflos jgdf klxnf] lbg 2 cf]6f r/f a;fOF ;/]/ cfP5g\ . cluNnf] lbg
cfPsf r/fn] ef]lnkN6 bf]Aa/ ;ª\Vofdf c¿ ;fyLx¿nfO{{ a;fOF ;/fP5g\ . olb oxL
b/df r/f a;fOF ;g]{ xf] eg],
-s_ b;f}F lbgdf slt r/fx¿n] a;fOF ;g]{ /x]5g\, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ b;f}F lbg;Dd hDdf slt r/fn] a;fOF ;g]{ /x]5g\, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
4. gj/fhsf] v'q's]df pgsf a'afn] j}zfv 1 ut]b]lv 7 ut];Dd cluNnf] lbgsf] bf]Aa/ x'g] u/L /
sd -k};f_ /fvL lbg'eof] . ;ftf}F lbgdf gj/fhsf] v'q's]df ?= 635 hDdf eof] eg],
-s_ gj/fhsf] a'afn] klxnf] lbgdf slt ?lkofF v'q's]df hDdf ul/lbg' ePsf] /x]5,
kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ ;ftf}F lbgsf] lbg slt ?lkofF hDdf ul/lbg' ePsf] /x]5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 189

5. ;'lgnsf] a'afn] p;sf] x/]s hGdlbgdf s]xL /sd hDdf ul/lbg] lgwf] ug'{eof] . ;f]xLadf]lhd
klxnf] hGdlbgsf] cj;/df ?= 500, bf];|f] hGdlbgsf] cj;/df ?= 1000, t];|f] hGdlbgsf]
cj;/df ?= 1500 hDdf ul/lbg'eof] . o;/L x/]s hGdlbgdf ?= 500 sf b/n] a9fpFb} hDdf
ul/lbg' x'G5 .
-s_ ;'lgnsf] 16 cf}F hGdlbgsf] cj;/df slt /sd hDdf ul/lbg'knf{, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ ;'lgnsf] 16 cf}F hGdlbg;Dd hDdf slt /sd hDdf x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ ;'lgnn] ?= 1 nfv hDdf ug{ sltcf}F hGdlbg s'g'{ knf{, sf/0f;lxt pNn]v
ug'{xf];\ .
6. xl/z/0fn] cfkm\gf] 2 cf]6f cfotsf/ hUufx¿ 3]g{sf nflu sfF8]tf/sf] gfk cg'dfg ug{
;ls/x]sf] 5}g . b'j} hUufsf] If]qkmn 360 ju{ld6/ 5 . klxnf] hUufsf] nDafO / rf}8fOsf]
km/s 2 ld6/ 5 eg] bf];|f] hUufsf] nDafO / rf}8fOsf]] km/s 9 ld6/ 5 .
o;sf cfwf/df tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ b'j} hUufsf] nDafO / rf}8fO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ s] b'j} hUufsf] jl/kl/ sfF8]tf/ nufpg ;dfg gfksf] tf/ eP k'Unf < u0fgf u/L
sf/0f;lxt pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ k|ltld6/ ?= 10 sf b/n] sfF8]tf/ nufpFbf s'g hUufdf slt /sd a9L nfU5, u0fgf
ug'{xf];\ .
7. /fd / ;Ltf >Ldfg\ >LdtL] x'g\ . /fdsf] xfnsf] pd]/ 30 jif{ / ;Ltfsf] xfnsf] pd]/ 25 jif{
5M
-s_ /fd / ;Ltfsf] x jif{ clusf] pd]/ slt lyof] <
-v_ x jif{ clusf] pgLx¿sf] pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn 500 lyof] eg] x sf] dfg slt
-u_ slt jif{kl5 pgLx¿sf] pd]/sf] of]ukmn 99 k'U5, u0fgf ug'{xf];\ .
190 ul0ft, sIff !)

8. ;dfgfGt/Lo cg's|dsf] klxnf] kb 2 5 . pSt cg's|dsf] klxnf kfFr kbsf] of]ukmnsf]
rf/ u'0ff;Fu To;kl5sf kfFr kbsf] of]ukmn a/fa/ x'G5 eg],
-s_ ;dfg cGt/ slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ . a20 = –112
-u_ klxnf kfFr kbsf] of]ukmn slt /x]5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
9. lrqdf b]vfPh:t} 16 m × 12 m gfk ePsf] 3fF;] d}bfgsf] jl/kl/ a/fa/ rf}8fO ePsf]
k}bn dfu{ :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ o;sf] s'n If]qkmn 320 m2 n] a9]sf] kfOof] .
12 m
16 m
-s_ dflysf] ;Gbe{cg';f/ 3fF;] d}bfgsf] jl/kl/ /x]sf] a/fa/ rf}8fOnfO{{ x dfg]/
;dLs/0f agfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ 3fF;] d}bfgsf] jl/kl/ /x]sf] rf}8fO slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
10. Pp6f cfotfsf/ hldgsf] nfdf] e'hf 5f]6f]] e'hfeGbf 40 m a9L 5 t/ To;sf] ljs0f{ nfdf]
e'hfeGbf 40 m a9L 5 .
-s_ dflysf] ;Gbe{cg';f/ 5f]6f] e'hfnfO{{ x dfg]/ ;dLs/0f agfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ 5f]6f] e'hf, nfdf] e'hf / ljs0f{sf] nDafO slt slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ pSt hUufsf] jl/kl/ 4 k6s sfF8]tf/ nufpg k|ltld6/ ?= 15 sf b/n] slt vr{
-3_ pSt cfotfsf/ hldgdf 20 × 15 ld6/sf sltcf]6f hUufsf 6'j|mfx¿ tof/ ug{
;lsPnf, u0fgf ug{'xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 191

11. /d]z / ;Ltf bfh' / alxgL] x'g\ . /fdsf] xfnsf] pd]/ 30 jif{ / ;Ltfsf] xfnsf] pd]/ 25 jif{
5.
-s_ /d]z / ;Ltfsf] x jif{ clusf] pd]/ slt lyof] <
-v_ x jif{ clusf] pgLx¿sf] pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn 644 lyof] eg] x sf] dfg slt x'G5
, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ slt jif{kl5 pgLx¿sf] pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn 864 k'U5, u0fgf ug'{xf];\ .
12. b'O{cf]6f sf/n] Ps} ;dodf Pp6f rf}af6f] 5f]8\5g\, Pp6f pQ/tkm{ ofqf ul//x]sf] 5 / csf]{
klZrdtkm{ ofqf ul//x]sf] 5 . ha pQ/tkm{ ofqf ul/Psf] sf/ 24 dfOnsf] b'/Ldf uPsf] lyof]
Toltv]/ b'O{ sf/x¿larsf] b'/L klZrdlt/ uO/x]sf] sf/sf] b'/Lsf] tLg u'0ffeGbf rf/ dfOn
hlt a9]sf] lyof] .
-s_ dflysf] ;Gbe{af6 aGg] ;dLs/0f pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ klZrdlt/ uO/x]sf] sf/ slt k/ k'u]sf] /x]5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ b'O{ sf/x¿larsf] jf:tljs b'/L kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
13. Pp6f a;n] ;dfg ultdf 90 lsnf]ld6/sf] b'/L to u5{ . olb pSt a;sf] ult 15
lsdL÷306f a9L ePsf] eP hDdf ofqfdf 30 ldg]6 ;do sd nfUg] lyof] .
-s_ dflysf] ;Gbe{cg';f/ a;sf] ultnfO{{ x dfg]/ ;dLs/0f agfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ a;sf] ;'?cftL ult slt lyof], kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
14. ;/n ug'{xf];\ M
1 2𝑏𝑏
-s_ −
a−b 𝑎𝑎2 −𝑏𝑏2
a−4 a+4 128
-v_ + +
a2 −4𝑎𝑎+16 a2 +4𝑎𝑎+16 a4 +16𝑎𝑎2 +256
2a−6 a−1 a−2
-u_ − −
a2 −9𝑎𝑎+20 a2 −7𝑎𝑎+12 a2 −8𝑎𝑎+15
a+b b+c c+a
-3_ (𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑐𝑐) + (𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 − 𝑎𝑎) + (𝑐𝑐 + 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏)
2ab 2bc 2ac
15. xn ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ 3x+2 +32–x = 82
32x + 1 82
-v_ 3x = 9
192 ul0ft, sIff !)

16. tnsf ;DaGwx¿ k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M
1 2
-s_ olb x = 1 + 2 3 + 2 3 eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ x(x2 – 3x – 3) = 1
1 2
-v_ olb x = 3 + 3 3 + 3 3 eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ x(x2 – 9x + 8) = 12
1 2
-u_ olb x = 2 – 2 3 + 2 3 eP k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ x(x2 – 6x + 18) = 22
pQ/
1. -s_ sd{rf/L A -v_ ?= 6000, ?= 3000 -u_ ?= 8625
2. -s_ ?= 5000, ?= 1000 -v_ ?= 4000, ?= 22000 -u_ rf}yf]
3. -s_ ?= 1024 -v_ ?= 2046
4. -s_ ?= 5 -v_ ?= 320
5. -s_ ?= 8,000 -v_ ?= 68,000 -u_ 20 cf}F jif{
6. -s_ 20 m, 18 m / 24 m, 15 m -v_ k'Ub}g, 76 m / 78 m
-u_ bf];|f]df ?= 20
7. -s_ (30 – x) jif{ / (25 – x) jif{ -v_ 5 jif{ -u_ 22 jif{
8. -s_ – 6 -u_ –250
9. -s_ (16 + 2x) (12 + 2x) = 320 -v_ 2 m
10. -v_ 120 m, 160 m / 200 m -u_ ?= 8400 -3_ 64
11. -s_ 30 – x / 25 – x -v_ 2 jif{ -u_ 2 jif{
12. -v_ 7 km -u_ 25 km
90 1
13. -s_ 90
x – x + 15 = 2 -v_ 2 m
1 2(a – 4) 5
14. -s_ a + b -v_ a2 – 4a + 16
-u_ (a – 3) (a – 4) (a – 5) -3_ 3
15. -s_ ±2 -v_ ±2 -u_ a22(a – 4)
– 4a + 16
ul0ft, sIff !) 193

kf7 lqe'h / rt'e'{hx¿
10 (Triangle and Quadrilaterals)

lbOPsf lrqx¿sf] cjnf]sg u/L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ -v_ -u_
-3_ -ª_ -r_
-s_ s] hf]8f lrqx¿nfO{{ cfk;df vK6fpFbf l7s ldN5g\ jf ldNb}gg\\ <

-v_ hf]8f lrqx¿sf] If]qkmn Pscfk;df a/fa/ 5 <
-u_ s'g s'g lrqx¿ cg'¿k 5g\ / s'g s'g 5}gg\ <
-3_ If]qkmn a/fa/ ePsf ;a} lrqx¿ cg'¿k x'G5g\ <
dflysf k|Zgsf af/]df ;fyL ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L k|fKt lgisif{nfO{{ sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ M
10.1 lqe'h / rt'{e'hsf] If]qkmn (Area of triangle and quadrilaterals)
lj|mofsnfk 1
tnsf lrqsf] cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ / ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ vf]Hg'xf];\ M
E C D
C D A B E
E
F
D G A B
A B C F
lrq -c_ lrq -cf_ lrq -O_
Dfflysf lrqsf] cfwf/df,
-s_ s'g lrqdf Pp6} cfwf/ / km/s ;dfgfGt/ /]vfdf rt'e'{hx¿ ag]sf 5g\, rt'e'{hx¿sf]
gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ s'g lrqdf km/s cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfdf lqe'h / rt'e'{h ag]sf 5g\, lqe'h /
rt'e'{hsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
194 ul0ft, sIff !)

-u_ lrq g= -O_ df Pp6} cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vflardf /x]sf lqe'hx¿ tyf rt'e'{hx¿
klxrfg ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ Pp6} cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vflardf /x]sf ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hx¿sf] ;DaGw
lj|mofsnfk 2
lbOPsf] lrqdf ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'hx¿ ABCD / ABEF sf] If]qkmn slt slt xf]nf,
logLx¿larsf] ;DaGw s] xf]nf <
oxfF b'j} ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'hsf] cfwf/ 7 cm / prfO 3 cm 5 . t;y{ ;=r= ABCD sf]
If]qkmn = cfwf/ × prfO = AB × DG
= 7 × 3 cm2
= 21 cm2 F D E C
km]l/ ;=r= ABEF sf] If]qkmn = AB × DG
= 7 × 3 cm2
3 cm
= 21 cm2
ctM ;=r= ABCD sf] If]qkmn = ;=r= ABEF sf] If]qkmn
A G B
7 cm
Pp6} cfwf/ / pxL ;dfGffGt/ /]vfx¿df ag]sf ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hx¿sf] If]qkmn
a/fa/ x'Fbf] /x]5 . ;=r= ABCD sf] If]qkmn = ;=r= ABEF sf] If]qkmn
;}4flGts k|df0f
;fWo 1
Pp6} cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿lardf ag]sf ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hx¿sf] If]qkmn a/fa/ x'G5 .
Yffxf lbOPsf] M ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hx¿ ABCD F D E C
/ ABEF Pp6} cfwf/ AB / pxL ;dfgfGt/
/]vfx¿ AB//CF df /x]sf 5g\ .
k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ M ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD
sf] If]qkmn = ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABEF sf]
If]qkmn A B
ul0ft, sIff !) 195

k|df0f
tYo sf/0f
1. ∆ADF / ∆BCE df 1.
i) AD = BC -e"_ (i) ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD df
;Dd'v e'hfx¿
ii) ∠ADF = ∠BCE -sf]_ (ii) AD // BC df ;ª\ut sf]0fx¿
iii) ∠AFD = ∠BEC -sf]_ (iii) AF // BE df ;ª\ut sf]0fx¿
2. ∆ADF ≅ ∆BCE e' sf]= sf]= tYocg';f/
3. ∆ADF sf] If]qkmn = ∆BCE sf] cg'¿k lqe'hx¿sf] If]qkmn a/fa/ x'g]
If]qkmn ePsfn]
4. ∆ADF sf] If]qkmn + ;=n=r=‍ ABED a/fa/ efux¿df a/fa/ efu hf]8\bf
sf] If]qkmn = ∆BCE sf] If]qkmn + -a/fa/L tYoaf6_
;=n=r‍= ABED sf] If]qkmn
5. ;=r‍=ABCD sf] If]qkmn = tYo 4 af6 -l;ª\uf] 6'j|m] tYocg';f/
;=r=ABEF sf] If]qkmn
Pp6} cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿lardf ag]sf ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hx¿sf] If]qkmn
a/fa/ eof] .
k|dfl0ft eof] .
pbfx/0f 1
lbOPsf] lrqdf AB//XY 5 . ABPQ cfot / ABCD ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h 5g\ .
k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M ;=r= ABCD sf] If]qkmn = cfot ABPQ sf] If]qkmn
yfxf lbOPsf] M ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD / cfot ABPQ Pp6} cfwf/ AB / pxL
;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿ XY / AB lardf /x]sf 5g\ .
k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ M ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD sf] X D Q C P Y
If]qkmn = cfot ABPQ sf] If]qkmn
A B
196 ul0ft, sIff !)

k|df0f
tYo sf/0f
1. ;=r= ABCD sf] If]qkmn = AB × 1. ;=r=sf] If]qkmn = cfwf/ × prfO
AQ
2. cfot ABPQ sf] If]qkmn = AB × 2. cfotsf] If]qkmn = nDafO × rf}8fO
AQ
3. ;=r= ABCD sf] If]qkmn = cfot 3. tYo (1) / (2) af6
ABPQ sf] If]qkmn
k|dfl0ft eof] .
-v_ Pp6} cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿lar ag]sf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h / lqe'hsf] ;DaGw
lj|mofsnfk 3
lbOPsf] lrqsf cfwf/df lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
E D C
lqe'h ABE / ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD sf]
If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ . logLx¿larsf] ;DaGw
6 cm
;fyL;Fu 5nkmn u/L kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

oxfF lqeh ABE , cfwf/ AB = 8 cm / prfO
AE = 6 cm ePsf] ;dsf]0fL lqe'h xf] . A 8 cm B
1 1
t;y{ lqe'h ABE sf] If]qkmn = 2 cfwf/ × prfO = 2 × 8 cm × 6 cm = 24 cm2.
km]l/ ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD sf] cfwf/ AB = 8 cm / prfO AE = 6 cm 5 .
t;y{ ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD sf] If]qkmn = cfwf/ × prfO = 8 cm × 6 cm = 48 cm2
1
lqe'h ABE sf] If]qkmn = 2 ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD sf] If]qkmn
Pp6} cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfdf ag]sf] lqe'hsf] If]qkmn ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hsf] cfwf
x'G5 . ∆ABE sf] If]qkmn = 12 ;=r= ABCD sf] If]qkmn
ul0ft, sIff !) 197

;}4flGts k|df0f
;fWo 2
Pp6} cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿lar ag]sf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h / lqe'hdWo] lqe'hsf]
If]qkmn ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmnsf] cfwf x'G5 .
E D F C
Yffxf lbOPsf] M ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD

/ lqe'h ABE Pp6} cfwf/ AB / pxL
;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿ EC / AB lardf /x]sf
5g\ .
A B
k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ M
lqe'h ABE sf] If]qkmn = 12 ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD sf] If]qkmn
/rgf M AE // BF lvrf}F . ca ABFE ;=r= xf] .
k|df0f
tYo sf/0f
1. ;=r‍=ABFE sf] If]qkmn = ;=r= 1. Pp6} cfwf/ AB / CE//AB df ag]sf
ABCD sf] If]qkmn ;=r=x¿ ePsfn]
2. lqe'h ABE sf] If]qkmn = 1 ;=r= 2. ljs0f{ EB n] ;=r= ABFE nfO{{ a/fa/
2
ABFE sf] If]qkmn b'O{ efudf afF8\5 .
3. lqe'h ABE sf] If]qkmn = 1 ;=r= 3. tYo 1 / 2 af6
2
ABCD sf] If]qkmn
ct M Pp6} cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿lardf /x]sf lqe'hsf] If]qkmn ;dfgfGt/
rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmnsf] cfwf eof] .
k|dfl0ft eof] .
198 ul0ft, sIff !)

pbfx/0f 2 D G C
olb E, F, G, / H j|mdzM ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h ABCD

sf e'hfx¿sf dWolaGb'x¿ x'g\ eg] ;=r= EFGH sf] H F
1
If]qkmn = 2 ;=r= ABCD sf] If]qkmn x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft
ug'{xf];\ .
A
;dfwfg E B
;Fu}sf] lrqdf ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h ABCD sf rf/cf]6f
e'hfx¿sf AB, BC, CD / DA sf dWolaGb'x¿ j|mdzM E, F, G, / H x'g\ .
laGb'x¿ H / F hf]8f}F .
k|df0f
tYo sf/0f
1. AH = 12 AD AD sf] dWolaGb' H xf]
2. BF = 12 BC BC sf] dWolaGb' F xf]
3. AD = BC ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h ABCD sf
;Dd'v e'hfx¿
4. t;y{ AH = BF / AH // BF tYo 1, 2 / 3 tyf AD//BC
ePsfn]
5. t;y{ ABFH Pp6f ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h eof] . AH//BF / AH = BF ePsfn]
6. To;} u/L, CDHF Pp6f ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h eof] . CF//DH / CF = DH ePsfn]
7. ca ∆HEF sf] If]qkmn = 12 ;=r= ABFH sf] Pp6} cfwf/ HF / /]vf HF//AB df
If]qkmn ag]sf ;=r=/ lqe'h
8. km]l/ ∆HGF sf] If]qkmn = 12 ;=r= CDHF sf] Pp6} cfwf/ HF / HF//DC df ag]
If]qkmn sf ;=r=/ lqe'h
9. ∆HEF sf] If]qkmn + ∆HGF sf] tYo 7 / 8 af6 hf]8 tYo k|of]u u/L
1 1
If]qkmn = 2 ;=r= ABFH sf] If]qkmn + 2
;=r= CDHF sf] If]qkmn
or, ;=r= HEFG sf] If]qkmn = 12 -;=r= ABFH
+ ;=r= CDFH) sf] If]qkmn
⸫ ;=r= HEFG sf] If]qkmn = 12 ;=r= ABCD
sf] If]qkmn
k|dfl0ft eof] .
ul0ft, sIff !) 199

-u_ Pp6} cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿lar ag]sf lqe'hx¿sf] ;DaGw
E C
lj|mofsnfk 3
lbOPsf] lrqsf cfwf/df,
6 cm
lqe'h ABE sf] If]qkmn /
lqe''h ABC sf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ . A B
8 cm
b'O{ lqe'hsf] If]qkmnsf] t'ngf ug'{xf];\ / ;DaGw
kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
oxfF lqeh ABE cfwf/ AB = 8 cm / prfO AE = 6 cm ePsf] ;dsf]0fL lqe'h xf] .
1 1
t;y{ lqe'h ABE sf] If]qkmn = 2 cfwf/ × prfO = 2 × 8 cm × 6 cm = 24 cm2
km]l/ lqe'h ABC sf] cfwf/ AB = 8 cm / AB // EC ePsfn] prfO AE = 6 inch 5 .
1 1
t;y{ lqe'h ABC sf] If]qkmn = 2 cfwf/ × prfO = 2 × 8 cm × 6 cm = 24 cm2
ct M lqe'h ABE sf] If]qkmn = lqe'h ABC sf] If]qkmn eof] .
Pp6} cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿lar ag]sf lqe'hx¿sf] If]qkmn a/fa/ x'Fbf]/x]5 .
∆ABE sf] If]qkmn = ∆ABC sf] If]qkmn
;}4flGts k|df0f
;fWo 3
Pp6} cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿lar ag]sf lqe'hx¿sf] If]qkmn a/fa/ x'G5 .
E D C
yfxf lbOPsf] M lqe'hx¿ ABE / ABC b'j}
Pp6} cfwf/ AB tyf pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿
EC / AB lardf ag]sf 5g\ .
k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ M ∆ABE sf] If]qkmn = ∆ABC
sf] If]qkmn
A B
/rgf M BC // AD lvrf}F . ca ABCD ;=r=
xf] .
200 ul0ft, sIff !)

k|df0f
tYo sf/0f
1. ∆ABC sf] If]qkmn = 12 ;=r= ABCD sf] ljs0f{ AC n] ;=r= ABCD nfO{{ a/fa/
If]qkmn b'O{ efudf ljefhg u5{ .
2. ∆ABE sf] If]qkmn = 1 ∆ABE / ;=r= ABCD b'j} Pp6}
2 ;=r= ABCD sf]
If]qkmn cfwf/ AB tyf pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿
EC / AB lardf /x]sfn] .
3. ∆ABC sf] If]qkmn = ∆ABE sf] If]qkmn tYo 1 / 2 af6 k|dfl0ft eof] .
Pp6} cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿lar ag]sf lqe'hx¿sf] If]qkmn a/fa/ eof] .
k|dfl0ft eof] .
pbfx/0f 3
A B
lbOPsf] lrqdf ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h ABCD leq laGb' P
/x]sf] 5 eg] k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ . M N
1
∆APB sf] If]qkmn + ∆PCD sf] If]qkmn = 2 ;=r= P
ABCD sf] If]qkmn

D C
;dfwfg
Yffxf lbOPsf] M lrqdf laGb' P ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD leqsf] laGb' xf] .
k|Dfl0ft ug'{kg]{,
∆APB sf] If]qkmn + ∆PCD sf] If]qkmn = 12 ;=r= ABCD sf] If]qkmn
/rgf M laGb' P af6 hfg] u/L MN//CD lvRg'xf];\ .
oxfF ABNM / MNCD b'O{cf]6f ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hx¿ x'g\ .
k|df0f
tYo sf/0f
1. ∆APB sf] If]qkmn = 12 ;=r= ABNM sf] Pp6} cfwf/ AB / AB//MN df ag]sf
If]qkmn ;=r= / lqe'h
2. ∆ PCD sf] If]qkmn = 12 ;=r= MNCD Pp6} cfwf/ CD / CD//MN df ag]sf
sf] If]qkmn ;=r / lqe'h
ul0ft, sIff !) 201

3. ∆APB sf] If]qkmn + ∆PCD sf] tYo (1) / (2) nfO{{ hf]8\bf
1
If]qkmn = ;=r=ABNM sf] If]qkmn +
2
1
2 ;=r=MNCD sf] If]qkmn
4. ∆APB sf] If]qkmn + ∆PCD sf] tYo (3) af6

If]qkmn = 12 ;=r= ABCD sf] If]qkmn
k|dfl0ft eof] .
pbfx/0f 4
lrqdf PQRS Pp6f ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h xf] . h;sf e'hfx¿ PS / RS df laGb'x¿ j|mdzM X / Y
5g\ . ∆PQY sf] If]qkmn = ∆QRX sf] If]qkmn x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
P X S
;dfwfg
yfxf lbOPsf] M ;=r= PQRS df ∆PQY / ∆QRX 5g\ . Y
k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ M ∆PQY sf] If]qkmn = ∆QRX sf] If]qkmn Q R

k|df0f
tYo sf/0f
1. ∆PQY sf] If]qkmn = 1 ;=r= PQRS sf] ∆PQY / ;=r= PQRS b'j}sf] cfwf/
2
If]qkmn PQ ePsfn]
2. ∆QRX sf] If]qkmn = 1 ;=r= PQRS ∆QRX / ;=r= PQRS b'j}sf] cfwf/ QR
2
sf] If]qkmn ePsfn]
3. ∆PQY sf] If]qkmn = ∆QRX sf] If]qkmn tYo 1 / 2 af6
k|dfl0ft eof]
202 ul0ft, sIff !)

pbfx/0f 5
lbOPsf] lrqdf PQRS Pp6f ;=r= xf], h;df QR sf] s'g} P S
laGb' O af6 SO / PQ nfO{{ laGb' T ;Dd nDAofOPsf] 5 eg]

R
∆PQO sf] If]qkmn = ∆RTO sf] If]qkmn x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft Q O
ug'{xf];\ M
T
;dfwfg
yfxf lbOPsf] M ;=r= PQRS sf] e'hf QR df O laGb' 5 . PQ / SO nfO{{ T laGb';Dd
nDJofOPsf] 5 .
k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ M ∆PQO sf] If]qkmn = ∆RTO sf] If]qkmn
/rgf M ;=r= PQRS df PR ljs0f{ lvrf}F .
k|df0f
tYo sf/0f
1. ∆PRS sf] If]qkmn = ∆PQR sf] If]qkmn ∆PQRS nfO{{ ljs0f{ PR n] cfwf u5{ .
2. ∆PQR sf] If]qkmn = ∆TRS sf] Pp6} cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿lardf
If]qkmn ag]sf lqe'hsf If]qkmnx¿ a/fa/ x'G5g\ .
3. ⸫ ∆PQR sf] If]qkmn = ∆TRS sf] tYo 1 / 2 af6
If]qkmn
4. ∆POR sf] If]qkmn = ∆SOR sf] If] Pp6} cfwf/ OR / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿
qkmn PS / OR lar ag]sf lqe'hx¿ ePsfn]
5. ∆PQR – ∆POR = ∆TRS – ∆SOR a/fa/L tYocg';f/
6. ∆PQO sf] If]qkmn = TRO sf] If]qkmn z]if tYocg';f/
pbfx/0f 6 k|dfl0ft eof]

B
;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h ABCD df M / N j|mdz M e'hfx¿
BC / AD sf dWolaGb'x¿ x'g\ eg] MN n] ;= r= ABCD M
nfO{{ b'O{ a/fa/ ;=r=df ljefhg u5{ egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
C
;dfwfg A
Yffxf lbOPsf] M oxfF ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h ABCD df M /
N
N j|mdz M e'hfx¿ BC / AD sf dWolaGb'x¿ x'g\ .
k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ M ;=r= ABMN sf] If]qkmn = ;=r= D
CDNM sf] If]qkmn
ul0ft, sIff !) 203

k|df0f
tYo sf/0f
1. AD = BC / AD//BC x'G5 . ABCD ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ePsfn]
2. km]l/ BM = MC / AN = ND x'G5 . -;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h ABCD df M / N
e'hfx¿ BC / AD sf dWolaGb'x¿ ePsfn]
3. AN = BM / AN // BM tYo 1 / 2 af6
4. ABMN ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h xf] . AN = BM / AN // BM ePsfn]]
5. km]l/ DN = CM / DN // CM dflysf] h:t} ubf{
6. CDNM Pp6f ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h xf] . DN = CM / DN // CM ePsfn]
7. ;=r= ABMN sf] If]qkmn = a/fa/ cfwf/ AN = ND / pxL ;dfgfGt/
;=r= CDNM sf] If]qkmn /]vfx¿ BC / AD lardf /x]sf ;=r=x¿
k|dfl0ft eof]
pbfx/0f 7 P
lbOPsf] lrqdf MN // QR, eP ∆PQN sf] If]qkmn = ∆PRM sf]
If]qkmn x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
;dfwfg M N
yfxf lbOPsf] M lqe'h PQR df MN // QR 5 .

Q R
k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ M ∆PQN sf] If]qkmn = ∆PRM sf] If]qkmn
k|df0f
tYo sf/0f
1. ∆MNQ sf] If]qkmn = ∆MNR sf] If]qkmn Pp6} cfwf/ MN / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vf
QR//MN df ag]sf lqe'hx¿
2. ∆PMN +∆MNQ = ∆PMN + ∆MNR ∆PMN nfO{{ b'j}lt/ hf]8\bf
3. ∆PNQ sf] If]qkmn = ∆PRM sf] If]qkmn tYo 2 af6 -l;ª\uf]] 6'j|m] tYocg';f/_
k|dfl0ft eof] .
204 ul0ft, sIff !)

cEof; 10.1
-s_ xn ug'{xf];\ M
1. lbOPsf cfs[ltx¿sf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ A
-v_ A
-u_ P
4 cm
4 cm
B D C Q 12 cm R
B C
7 cm
12 cm
-ª_ P S -r_ E H
-3_ A 6 cm D
5 cm
7 in.
m
5 c
B E 9 cm C
Q M R F 6 cm G
6 in. P W Z
2.-s_ lbOPsf] lrqdf WXYZ ju{ xf] . olb ljs0f{ WY 2

2
cm
=2 2 cm eP ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{h PXYW sf] If]qkmn kQf
nufpg'xf];\ . X Y
A E D
-v_ lbOPsf] lrqdf BE = EC, EF⊥BC, BE =10 cm /

cm
AD =16 cm eP ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h ABCD sf] If]qkmn

10
lgsfNg'xf];\ . B C
F
T S R
-u_ lbOPsf] lrqdf PQST Pp6f ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h
xf] . olb SA⊥TP, SA = 8 cm / ∆PQR sf] If]qkmn
A
64 cm2 eP TP sf] nDafO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
P Q
-3_ lbOPsf] lrqdf PQRS Pp6f ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h xf], P S
h;df e'hf QR sf] s'g} laGb' O af6 PO nfO{{ T ;Dd
/ SR nfO{{ klg pxL laGb' T ;Dd nDAofO{ QT hf]l8Psf]]
5 eg] ∆QOT sf] If]qkmn = ∆ROS sf] If]qkmn x'G5 R
egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ . Q O
T
ul0ft, sIff !) 205

-ª_ lbOPsf] lrqdf AC//DE / BC = EC 5g\ . olb A
∆ACE sf] If]qkmn 24 cm2 5 eg] rt'e{'h ABCD D
sf] If]qkmn lgsfNg'xf];\ .
B C E
P 18 cm S
3. -s_ ;dnDa rt'e'{h PQRS df PS//QR, PQ = 13
cm
cm, PS = 18 cm, QR = 23 cm / SR⊥QR eP
13
∆PSR sf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
Q R
23 cm
S T R
-v_ ;Fu}sf] lrqdf PQ//ST, PS//QT / ;=n=r= PQRS
sf] If]qkmn 95 cm2 / ∆QRT sf] If]qkmn 15 cm2
eP ∆RPQ sf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
P Q
E C D
-u_ ;Fu}sf] lrqdf DE//AB, AD//BC / BE sf] dWolaGb'
F / ∆AFE sf] If]qkmn 12 cm2 ePdf ;=r= ABCD
sf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ . F
B A
-3_ ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD df ∠BEF = 90º, A E D

BE = 6 cm, CE = 9 cm 5 eg] pSt ;=r=sf] m
If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ . 6 c
9 c
m
B C
4. k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M
P Y S X
-s_ lbOPsf] lrqdf PQRS Pp6f ;=r= xf] . QRXY
Pp6f ju{ xf] eg], ;=r= PQRS sf] If]qkmn /
ju{ QRXY sf] If]qkmn a/fa/ x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft
ug'{xf];\ .
Q R
206 ul0ft, sIff !)

-v_ lbOPsf] lrqdf ABCD Pp6f rt'e'{h xf] . h;sf] ljs0f{ A
D
AC ;Fu ;dfgfGt/ x'g] u/L DE lvlrPsf] 5 . BC
e'hfnfO{{ nDAofP/ E ;Dd k'¥ofOPsf] 5 . A / E hf]
l8Psf] cj:yfdf rt'e'{h ABCD sf] If]qkmn = ∆ABE sf]
If]qkmn x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ . B C E
A E D
-u_ lbOPsf] lrqdf ABCD / EFGC b'O{cf]6f ;=r= x'g\ F

eg], ;=r= ABCD sf] If]qkmn = ;=r= EFGC sf]
B C
If]qkmn x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
G
-3_ lbOPsf] lrqdf ;=r= PQRS sf] e'hf SR nfO{{ T ;Dd P S
nDAofOPsf] 5 . e'hf QR sf] s'g} laGb' O af6 hfg] u/L
PO nfO{{ klg T ;Dd nDAofOPsf] 5, k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M
∆POR sf] If]qkmn = ∆QOT sf] If]qkmn x'G5 .
Q O R
-ª_ lbOPsf] lrqdf PQRS Pp6f ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h xf], T

h;df e'hf QR sf] s'g} laGb' O af6 PO nfO{{ T ;Dd P S
/ SR nfO{{ klg pxL laGb' T ;Dd nDAofOPsf] 5 . QT
hf]8]sf] 5 eg] ∆QOT sf] If]qkmn = ∆ROS sf] If]qkmn O
x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ . Q R
T
-r_ ;Fu}sf] lrqdf ABCD Pp6f ;=r= xf], h;sf e'hf A X D
AD sf] X laGb' tyf e'hf CD sf] Y laGb'af6
lqe'hx¿ XBC / YAB ag]sf 5g\ eg] ΔABY sf]
Y
If]qkmn = ΔABX sf] If]qkmn + ΔCDX sf] If]qkmn
x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
B C
F
-5_ ;Fu}sf] lrqdf ABCD Pp6f ;=r= xf] . e'hf
C B
BC df s'g} laGb' E 5 . DE / AB nfO{{ F ;Dd E
nDAofOPsf] 5 . CF hf]8]sf] 5 eg] ∆CEF sf]
If]qkmn = ∆ABE sf] If]qkmn x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft
D A
ug'{xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 207

-h_ lbOPsf] lrqdf ABCD Pp6f ;dnDa rt'e'{h xf], A D
h;df AD//PQ//BC 5g\ . ∆AQB sf] If]qkmn
/ ∆DPC sf] If]qkmn a/fa/ x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft P Q
ug'{xf];\ .
B C
P
-em_ lbOPsf] lrqdf QT//RS, PR//TS / PS//QR

5g\ . ΔPQR sf] If]qkmn = ΔPTS sf] If]qkmn x'G5 Q T
egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .

R S
-`_ lbOPsf] lrqdf ABCD Pp6f ;dnDa rt'e'{h A D

xf], h;df ljs0f{x¿ AC / BD sf laGb'x¿ Y /
X j|mdzM AD//XY//BC x'g] u/L hf]l8Psf 5g\ .
∆AXC sf] If]qkmn / ∆BYD sf] If]qkmn a/fa/ X Y
x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
B C
-6_ ;Fu}sf] lrqdf ABCD Pp6f rt'e'{h xf] h;df D C

DB//CE 5 eg] ∆ADE sf] If]qkmn rt'e{'h
ABCD sf] If] qkmn;Fu a/fa/ x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft
ug'{xf];\ .
A B E
A F
-7_ lbOPsf] lrqdf ABCDEF Pp6f if8\e'h xf] .

B E
h;df AF//BE//CD / AB//CF//DE 5 . olb P
;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hx¿ ABPF / CDEP sf]
If]qkmn a/fa/ eP EF//BC x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft C D
ug'{xf];\ . P
-8_ lbOPsf] lrqdf rt'e'{h PQRS sf] ljs0f{ PR nfO{{ S
ljs0f{ QS n] b'O{ a/fa/ efudf ljefhg u5{ eg] M
lqe'h PQS sf] If]qkmn rt'e'{h PQRS sf] cfwf Q
x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ . R
208 ul0ft, sIff !)

-9_ lbOPsf] lrqdf AB sf] dWolaGb' P xf] / BC df s'g} A
laGb' Q 5 . RC//PQ 5 eg] ∆BQR sf] If]qkmn R
= 12 ∆ABC sf] If]qkmn x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
P
B Q C
A E D
-0f_ lbOPsf] lrqdf AD//BC 5g\ . olb ∆ABE / ∆ACF sf
If]qkmnx¿ a/fa/ 5g\ eg] k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M EF//AC. F
B C
kl/of]hgf sfo{
u|fkm k]k/ jf juf{ª\lst sfuhdf km/s km/s /ª k|of]u u/L Pp6} cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/
/]vfx¿lar ag]sf,
-s_ ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hx¿sf] ;DaGw
-v_ ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h / lqe'hsf] ;DaGw /
-u_ lqe'hx¿sf] ;DaGw :ki6 b]lvg] u/L tof/ kfg'{xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
pQ/
1. -s_ 24 cm2 -v_ 21 cm2 -u_ 36 3 cm2

-3_ 37.5 cm2 -ª_ 42 sq.inch -r_ 24 cm2
2. -s_ 4 cm2 -v_ 96 cm2 -u_ 8 cm2

-3_ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ -ª_ 48 cm2
3. -s_ 138 cm2 -v_ 40 cm2 -u_ 48 cm2

-3_ 54 cm2 4. lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 209

kf7 /rgf
11 (Construction)

juf{ª\lst sfuhdf tn lbOP h:t} lrq agfpg'xf];\ . pSt lrqdf lgDgfg';f/sf] cj:yf vf]hL
u/L 5fof kfg'{xf];\ .
-s_ Ps hf]8f Pp6} cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿lar aGg] a/fa/ If]qkmn ePsf ;dfgfGt/
rt'e{'hx¿
-v_ Pp6} cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿lar aGg] Pp6f ;=r=/ To;sf] If]qkmnsf] l7s
cfwf x'g] Pp6f lqe'h
-u_ Ps hf]8f Pp6} cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿lar aGg] a/fa/ If]qkmn ePsf lqe'hx¿
11.1. a/fa/ If]qkmn x'g] lqe'h / rt'e'{hx¿sf] /rgf (Construction of triangle
and quadrilaterals with equal areas)
r/0fx¿
-s_ lbOPsf] cj:yfsf] gd'gf lrq ?n/ / l;;fsndsf] k|of]u u/L lvRg'xf];\ .
-v_ lbOPsf dfgx¿nfO{{ gd'gf lrqdf eg'{xf];\ .
-u_ lbOPsf cj:yf / efux¿sf] gfksf cfwf/df sDkf; / ?n/ k|of]u u/L lbOPsf r/0fx¿
k|of]u u/L /rgf ug{] / gfdfs/0f ug]{ .
210 ul0ft, sIff !)

-s_ a/fa/ If]qkmn x'g] ;dfgGt/ rt'e'{hx¿sf] /rgf
(Construction of Parallelograms equal in area)
lj|mofsnfk 1
AB = 4 cm, BC = 5.5 cm / ∠ABC = 60º ePsf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD lvRg'xf];\ / pSt
;=r= sf] If]qkmn;Fu a/fa/ If]qkmn x'g] u/L lgDgfg';f/sf] ;=r=sf] /rgf s;/L ug]{ xf]nf <
-c_ Pp6f sf]0f 120º ePsf] ;=r= ABQP
-cf_ Pp6f e'hf 6 cm ePsf] ;=r= ABQP
-c_ Pp6f sf]0f 120º ePsf] ;=r= ABQP
-s_ lbOPsf] cj:yfsf cfwf/df ;=r= ABCD sf] gd'gf lrq lvrL dfgx¿ e/f}F .
-v_ gd'gf lrqnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL AB = 4 cm lvrf}F . D 4 cm C P Q
-u_ B df 60° sf] sf]0f lvrf}F, km]/L B af6 5.5 cm cw{Jof;sf]
5.5
5.5
rfkn] 60° agfpg] /]vfdf sf6L C gfd lbcf}F .
cm
cm
120°
-3_ ca A af6 5.5 cm rfk / C af6 4 cm sf] cw{Jof;n] 60°
sf6\bf sfl6Psf] :yfgnfO{ D gfd lbcf}F . A 4 cm B
-ª_ ca D / C tyf A / D hf]8f}F . ;=r= ABCD tof/ eof] .

-r_ DC nfO{ l;wf ST ;Dd a9fcf}F . laGb' B df 120° sf] sf]0f lvrL pSt /]vfn] ST df
e]6\g] laGb'nfO{{ Q gfd lbcf}F .
-5_ Q af6 AB a/fa/sf] rfkn] QS df sf6L P gfd lbO{ laGb' A / P hf]8f}F .
D 4 cm C P Q
S T
5.5
5.5
cm
cm
120°
60°
A 4 cm B
o;/L ag]sf] ;=r= ABQP sf] If]qkmn ;=r= ABCD sf] If]qkmn;Fu a/fa/ x'G5, lsg
xf]nf < ;fyL;Fu 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 211

Pp6} cfwf/ AB / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿ AB//ST lar ag]sf ;=r= ABCD / ;=r=
ABQP ePsfn] If]qkmn a/fa/ x'G5 .
-cf_ Pp6f e'hf 6 cm ePsf] ;=r= ABQP

-s_ lbOPsf] cj:yfsf cfwf/df ;=r= ABCD sf] gd'gf lrq lvrL dfgx¿ e/f}F .
D 4 cm C P Q
-v_ AB = 4 cm, BC= 5.5 cm / ∠ABC = 60º ePsf]
;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD lvrf}F CD nfO{{ ST ;Dd
5.5
nDAofcf}F .
5.5
6 cm
cm
cm
-u_ laGb' A af6 6 cm sf] cw{Jof; ST df lrx\g nufcf}F 60°
/ P gfd lbcf}F . km]l/ ;f]xL gfksf] cw{Jof;sf rfkn] A 4 cm B
laGb' B af6 ST df T tkm{ lrx\g nufO{ Q gfd lbcf}F .
-3_ ?n/ / l;;fsnd k|of]u u/L laGb'x¿ A / P tyf B / Q hf]8f}F .
D C P Q
S T
5.5
cm
5.5
6 cm
cm
60°
A 4 cm B
o;/L ag]sf] ;=r= ABQP / ;=r= ABCD sf] If]qkmn a/fa/ x'G5, lsg xf]nf < ;fyL;Fu
5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
Pp6} cfwf/ AB / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿ AB//ST lar ag]sf ;=r= ABCD / ;=r=
ABQP ePsfn] If]qkmn a/fa/ x'G5 .
212 ul0ft, sIff !)

-v_ a/fa/ If]qkmn x'g] lqe'hx¿sf] /rgf (Construction of triangles equal in area)
lj|mofsnfk 2
∠ABC = 60º, BC = 4.4 cm / AB = 5.5 cm ePsf] lqe''h ABC ;Fu a/fa/ If]qkmn x'g] u/L
lgDgfg';f/sf] lqe'h s;/L lvRg] xf]nf <
-c_ Pp6f sf]0f 120º ePsf] lqe'h ∆DBC A P
-cf_ Pp6f e'hf 6.2 cm ePsf] lqe'h ∆DBC
-s_ Pp6f sf]0f 120º ePsf] lqe'h ∆DBC
cm
5.5
-c_ lbOPsf] cj:yfsf cfwf/df lqe'h ABC sf] gd'gf 120°
lrq lvrL dfgx¿ e/f}F . 60°
-cf_ BC = 4.4 cm, ∠ABC = 60º / AB = 5.5 cm B 4.4 cm C
ePsf] ∆ABC lvrf}F .
-O_ laGb' A df ∠ABC = ∠BAS x'g] u/L BC//ST lvrf}F .
-O{_ ca C df 120º sf] sf]0f lvrL pSt /]vfn] ST df e]6\g] laGb'nfO{{ P gfd lbcf}F .
-p_ laGb' D / C hf]8f}F .
A D
S T
cm
5.5
120°
60°
B 4.4 cm C
o;/L ag]sf] ∆DBC sf] If]qkmn ∆ABC sf] If]qkmn;Fu a/fa/ x'G5, lsg xf]nf < ;fyL;Fu
5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
Pp6} cfwf/ BC / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vf BC//ST df ag]sf lqe'hx¿ ePsfn] .
ul0ft, sIff !) 213

-cf_ Pp6f e'hf 6.2 cm ePsf] lqe'h ∆DBC A D
-s_ lbOPsf] cj:yfsf cfwf/df lqe'h ABC sf] gd'gf cm
cm
6.2
5.5
lrq lvrL dfgx¿ e/f}F .
-v_ BC = 4.4 cm, ABC = 60º / AB = 5.5 cm ePsf] 60°
ABC lvrf}F . B 4.4 cm C
-u_ laGb' A df ∠ABC = ∠BAS x'g] u/L BC//ST lvrf}F .
-3_ ca 6.2 cm cw{Jof;sf] rfk lnO{ B af6 ST df sf6f}F . sfl6Psf] laGb'nfO{{ D gfd
lbcf}F .
-ª_ laGb' D / C hf]8f}F .
A D
S T
2 cm
6.
cm
5.5
60°
B 4.4 cm C
o;/L ag]sf] BCD sf] If]qkmn ABC sf] If]qkmn;Fu a/fa/ x'G5 . lsg xf]nf < ;fyL;Fu 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .
Pp6} cfwf/ BC / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vf BC//ST df ag]sf lqe'hx¿ ePsfn] .
214 ul0ft, sIff !)

-u_ a/fa/ If]qkmn x'g] lqe'h / ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hsf] /rgf (Construction of triangles and
Parallelograms equal in area)
lj|mofsnfk 3
AB = 4 cm, BC = 6.5 cm / ∠ABC = 120° ePsf] lqe'h ABC sf] If]qkmn a/fa/ x'g] u/L
Pp6f e'hf PB = 5 cm ePsf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{h PBDQ sf] /rgf s;/L ug]{ xf]nf <
-s_ lbOPsf] cj:yfsf cfwf/df lqe'h ABC sf] gd'gf lrq lvrL dfgx¿ e/f}F .
-v_ AB = 4 cm, BC = 6.5 cm / ∠ABC A P Q
= 120° ePsf] Pp6f lqe'h ABC 5 cm
lvrf}F . 5 cm
4 cm
-u_ ∠ABC = ∠BAS agfO{ e'hf BC ;Fu 120°
;dfgfGt/ x'g] laGb' A af6 hfg] /]vf ST B D C
lvrf}F . 6.5 cm
-3_ e'hf BC sf] dWolaGb' D kQf nufcf}F . ca 5 cm cw{Jof; ePsf] rfk lnP/ laGb' B
af6 ST df rfk sf6L P gfd lbcf}F .
-ª_ D af6 BP a/fa/sf] cw{Jof;sf] rfkn] ST df T tkm{ lrx\g nufO{ Q gfd lbcf}F .
laGb'x¿ B / P tyf D / Q hf]8f}F .
A P Q
S T
5 cm
4 cm 5 cm
B D C
6.5 cm
o;/L ag]sf] ;=r= PBDQ sf] If]qkmn ∆ABC sf] If]qkmn;Fu a/fa/ x'G5, s;/L xf]nf <
;fyL;Fu 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
Pp6} cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vflar ag]sf lqe'hsf] If]qkmn ;=r=sf] If]qkmnsf] cfwf
x'G5 . olb ;=r= cfwf cfwfdf agfPdf lqe'hsf] If]qkmn / ;=r=sf] If]qkmn a/fa/ x'G5 .
ul0ft, sIff !) 215

lj|mofsnfk 4
AB = 5 cm, BC = 4 cm and ∠ABC = 60° ePsf] Pp6f ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD
lvrf}F . pSt ;=r=;Fu a/fa/ If]qkmn x'g] lqe'h PBE h;sf] Pp6f e'hf PB = 6 cm sf] /rgf
s;/L ug]{ xf]nf <
-s_ lbOPsf] cj:yfsf cfwf/df ;=r= ABCD sf] gd'gf lrq tof/ u/L dfgx¿
e/f}F .
A P D
-v_ AB = 5 cm, BC = 4 cm / ∠ABC = 60° ePsf]
Pp6f ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD lvrf}F .
m
m
6 c
5 c
-u_ e'hf BC = CE x'g] u/L BC nfO{{ E ;Dd
nDAofcf}F . BE ;Fu ;dfgfGt/ x'g] laGb' A af6 hfg] 60°
/]vf ST lvrf}F . B 4 cm C 4 cm E
-3_ ∠ABC = ∠BAS x'g] u/L BE ;Fu ;dfgfGt/ x'g] /]vf ST lvrf}F .
-ª_ laGb' B af6 6 cm cw{Jof;sf] gfkn] ST df sf6L sfl6Psf] laGb'nfO{ P gfd lbcf}F .
-r_ laGb'x¿ B / P tyf P / E hf]8f}F .
A P D
S T
m
m
6 c
5 c
B 4 cm C 4 cm E
o;/L ag]sf lqe'h BPE xf] h;sf] If]qkmn ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD ;Fu a/fa/ x'G5, s;/L
xf]nf < ;fyL;Fu 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
Pp6} cfwf/ / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vflar ag]sf ;=r=sf] If]qkmn lqe'hsf] bf]Aa/ x'G5 .
lqe'hsf] cfwf/ bf]Aa/ kfbf{ aGg] lqe'hsf] If]qkmn ;=r=sf] If]qkmn;Fu a/fa/ x'G5 .
216 ul0ft, sIff !)

-3_ a/fa/ If]qkmn x'g] lqe'h / rt'e'{hx¿sf] /rgf (Construction of a triangle and a
quadrilateral equal in area)
lj|mofsnfk 5
PQ = 5 cm, PS = 4 cm, QR = 4.4 cm RS= 3.6 cm / ljs0f{ PR = 6.4 cm ePsf]
Pp6f rt'e'{h PQRS lvrL pSt rt'e'{h;Fu a/fa/ If]qkmn x'g] lqe'h PSG sf] /rgf
s;/L ug]{ xf]nf <
-s_ lbOPsf] cj:yfsf cfwf/df rt'e'{h PQRS sf] gd'gf lrq tof/ u/L dfgx¿ e/f}F .
-v_ PQ = 5 cm, PS = 4 cm, QR = 4.4 cm R
3.6 cm
S
RS= 3.6 cm / ljs0f{ PR = 6.4cm ePsf]
4.4 cm
Pp6f rt'e'{h PQRS lvrf}F .
4 cm
-u_ ljs0f{ SQ lvrf}F . cm
6 .4
-3_ ∠SQR = ∠QRH x'g] u/L SQ ;Fu
;dfgfGt/ /]vf RH lvrf}F . ca PQ nfO{{ P 5 cm Q G
l;wf nDAofP/ RH ;Fu sfl6Psf] laGb'nfO{{
G gfd lbcf}F . laGb'x¿ S / G hf]8f}F .
R
3.6 cm
S
4.4 cm
4 cm m
4 c
6.
P 5 cm Q G
H
o;/L ag]sf] lqe'h PSG sf] If]qkmn a/fa/ rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmn;Fu a/fa/ x'G5, s;/L xf]nf <
;fyL;Fu 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
∆SQR sf] If]qkmn = ∆SQG sf] If]qkmn
RH cfwf/ / RG//SQ lar ag]sf lqe'h b'j}tkm{ ∆PSQ hf]8\bf,
(∆SQR + ∆PSQ) sf] If]qkmn = (∆SQG + ∆PSQ) sf] If]qkmn
⸫ rt'e'{h PQRS sf] If]qkmn = ∆PSG sf] If]qkmn
ul0ft, sIff !) 217

pbfx/0f 1
AB = 2.6 cm, BC = 3.4 cm and CA = 4cm ePsf] Pp6f lqe'h ABC sf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ /
pSt lqe'h;Fu a/fa/ If]qkmn x'g] cfotsf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF lqe'h ABC df AB = 2.6 cm, BC = 3.4 cm / CA = 4 cm 5 . gd'gf lrq
A E F
2.6 cm
4 c
m
B D C
3.4 cm
cfjZos cfot CDEF xf] h;sf] If]qkmn lqe'h ABC ;Fu a/fa/ x'g] u/L tn /rgf
ul/Psf] 5 .
A E F
2.6 cm
4 c
m
B D C
3.4 cm
ctM cfjZos cfot CDEF xf], h;sf] If]qkmn lqe'h ABC sf] If]qkmn;Fu a/fa/ x'G5 .
218 ul0ft, sIff !)

cEof; 11
/rgf ug'{xf];\ M
1. (a) e'hfx¿ AB = 4 cm, AD = 6 cm / ∠BAD = 60° ePsf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h;Fu
a/fa/ If]qkmn x'g] Pp6f sf]0f 45° ePsf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
(b) Pp6f ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hdf AB = 5 cm, AD = 6 cm / ljs0f{ BD = 6 cm 5 . pSt
;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h;uF a/fa/ Ifqkmn x'g] Pp6f sf]0f 75° ePsf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hsf]
/rgf ug'{xf];\ \.
(c) Pp6f ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hdf b'O{cf]6f ljs0f{x¿ j|mdzM 6 cm, 4.8 cm /
ltgLx¿sf larsf] sf]0f 30° 5 . pSt ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h;Fu a/fa/ If]qkmn x'g]
u/L Pp6f ljs0f{ 7.2 cm ePsf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hsf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
(d) AB = 5 cm, AD = 6 cm / ljs0f{ BD = 8 cm ePsf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h;Fu
a/fa/ If]qkmn x'g] u/L ;=r= ABXY sf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
(e) PQ = 4.2 cm, QR = 6 cm / ∠PQR = 60º ePsf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h;Fu a/fa/
If]qkmn x'g] u/L ;=r= sf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ h;sf] Pp6f sf]0f 30º x'G5 .
2. (a) BC = 6.4 cm, AB = 5.6 cm / AC = 6 cm ePsf] lqe'h ABC ;Fu a/fa/
If]qkmn x'g] lqe'h /rgf ug'{xf];\, h;sf] Pp6f e'hf 7 cm 5 .
(b) LM = 4.3 cm, ∠NLM = 30° / ∠LMN = 45° ePsf] lqe'hsf] If]qkmn;Fu a/fa/
If]qkmn x'g] ∆OLM sf] /rgf ug'{xf];\, h;df OM = 7.5 cm 5 .
(c) PQ = 4.5 cm, QR = 7 cm / PR = 6 cm ePsf] lqe'hsf] If]qkmn;Fu a/fa/ x'g]
u/L Pp6f e'hfsf] nDafO 8 cm ePsf] Pp6f lqe'hsf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
(d) AB = 4.2 cm, BC = 5.2 cm / CA = 3.5 cm ePsf] lqe'hsf] If]qkmn;Fu a/fa/
If]qkmn x'g] csf]{ lqe'hsf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
(e) AB = 7.2 cm, BC = 5.9 cm / CA = 6.1 cm ePsf] lqe'hsf] If]qkmn;Fu a/fa/
If]qkmn x'g] Pp6f e'hf 8 cm ePsf] ∆MBC sf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
3. (a) PQ = 6.5 cm, QR = 6 cm / PR = 5.5 cm ePsf] Pp6f lqe'h;Fu a/fa/ If]qkmn
x'g] ∠TSR = 75° ePsf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h RSTI /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
(b) ∆ABC df AC = 5 cm, BC = 4.8 cm / ∠ABC = 45° 5 . pSt lqe'h;Fu a/fa/
If]qkmn x'g] / Pp6f e'hf CD = 7.5 cm ePsf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h CDEF sf]
/rgf ug'{xf];\ .
(c) AB = 4 cm, BC = 3.2 cm / AC = 3.5 cm ePsf] ∆ABC sf] If]qkmn;Fu
a/fa/ x'g] u/L BE = 5 cm ePsf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h BXYE sf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 219

(d) XY = 4 cm, YZ = 6.8 cm / ZX = 6.5 cm ePsf] lqe'hsf] If]qkmn;Fu a/fa/
If]qkmn x'g] Pp6f cfotsf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
(e) PQ = 7.1 cm, ∠RPQ = 60º / PR = 5.7 cm ePsf] lqe'hsf] If]qkmn;Fu a/fa/
If]qkmn x'g] Pp6f e'hf 7.5 cm ePsf] ;=r sf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
4. (a) AB = 6 cm, BC = 4.5 cm / ∠DAB = 60° ePsf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h;Fu a/fa/
If]qkmn x'g] ∆AEF sf] /rgf ug'{xf];\, h;df FE = 7.5 cm 5 .
(b) e'hfx¿ AB = 6 cm, BC = 4 cm / ∠BAD = 45° ePsf] ;dfgfGt/
rt'e'{h ABCD ;Fu a/fa/ If]qkmn x'g] u/L ∆APQ sf] /rgf ug'{xf];\, h;df
∠APQ = 60° 5 .
(c) PQ = 5 cm, ljs0f{ PR = 6cm / ljs0f{ QS = 8 cm ePsf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h
PQRS ;Fu a/fa/ If]qkmn x'g] lqe'hsf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
(d) EF = 5 cm, FG = 4 cm / ∠EFG = 120º ePsf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h EFGH sf]
If]qkmn;Fu a/fa/ If]qkmn x'g] Pp6f lqe'hsf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
(e) IJ = 5 cm, ljs0f{ IK = 6 cm / JL = 8 cm ePsf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h IJKL ;Fu
a/fa/ If]qkmn x'g] Pp6f lqe'hsf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
5. (a) e'hfx¿ PQ = QR = 5.5 cm, RS = SP = 4.5 cm / ∠SPQ = 75° ePsf] rt'e{h
PQRS ;Fu a/fa/ If]qkmn x'g] ∆PST sf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
(b) AB = 4.5 cm, BC = 5.5 cm, CD = 5.7 cm / DA = 4.9 cm / ljs0f{ BD
= 5.9 cm ePsf] rt'e'{h ABCD sf] If]qkmn;Fu a/fa/ x'g] ∆DAE sf] /rgf
ug'{xf];\ .
(c) PQ = 5 cm, QR = 7 cm, RS = 4.5 cm, SP = 5.4 cm / QS = 6.5 cm ePsf]
rt'e'{h PQRS sf] a/fa/ If]qkmn x'g] ∆QRT sf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
(d) ;dafx' rt'e'{h PQRS sf] /rgf ug'{xf];\, h;df ljs0f{x¿ PR = 6 cm / QS = 8
cm 5g\ . ;f] ;dafx' rt'e'{h;Fu a/fa/ If]qkmn x'g] ∆PSA sf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
(e) 6 cm nDafO / 4.5 cm rf}8fO ePsf] cfotsf] If]qkmn;Fu a/fa/ x'g] Pp6f sf]0f 60°
ePsf] lqe'hsf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
kfFr kfFr hgfsf] ;d"x lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ . afF;sf l;Gsf, 5\jfnL jf h'; kfOksf] k|of]u
u/L ;a} ;d"xn] dflysf k|To]s /rgfsf] Ps Pscf]6f gd'gf lgdf{0f u/L sf8{af]8{df 6fF;L
sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
220 ul0ft, sIff !)

kf7 j[Q
12 (Circle)

lbOPsf sygnfO{{ k|of]ufTds ¿kdf k'li6 ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ j[Qsf] s]Gb|laGb'af6 s'g} hLjfdf /]lvt nDan] To; hLjfnfO{{ ;dlåefhg u5{ .
-v_ j[Qsf] s]Gb|laGb' / To;sf] s'g} hLjfsf] dWolaGb' hf]8\g] /]vf pSt hLjfdf nDa
x'G5 .
-u_ s'g} j[Qsf b'O{ a/fa/ hLjf s]Gb|laGb'af6 a/fa/ b'/Ldf k5{g\ .
-3_ j[Qsf] s]Gb|laGb'af6 a/fa/ b'/Ldf /x]sf hLjfx¿ a/fa/ x'G5g\ .
12.1 s]Gb|Lo sf]0f / kl/lw sf]0f (Central angle and Inscribed angle)
lj|mofsnfk 1
lbOPsf j[Qx¿sf] cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . j[Qsf] s]Gb| O 5 . o;sf cfwf/df tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgdf
5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
Q P
O
P R A B
A B
lrq -s_ lrq -v_ lrq -u_
-s_ ∠AOB sxfF ag]sf] 5 < o;nfO{{ s] elgG5 .
-v_ ∠PQR sxfF ag]sf] 5 < o;nfO{{ s] elgG5 <
-u_ ∠AOB / ∠PQR lar s] km/s 5 < t'ngf ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ lrq -u_ df rfk APB / rfk AB nfO{{ s] s] elgG5 <
1. b'O{cf]6f cw{Jof;n] s]Gb|df agfPsf] sf]0fnfO{{ s]Gb|Lo sf]0f elgG5 . lrqdf ∠AOB nfO{{
s]Gb|Lo sf]0f xf] .
2. j[Qsf b'O{cf]6f hLjfx¿ kl/lwdf hf]l8P/ ag]sf] sf]0fnfO{{ kl/lwsf] sf]0f elgG5 .
lrqdf ∠PQR nfO{{ kl/lwsf] sf]0f xf] .
3. s'g} rfk cw{ j[QeGbf ;fgf] ePdf Minor arc / cw{ j[QeGbf 7'nf] ePdf Major arc
elgG5 . oxfF APB Major arc / AB Minor arc x'g\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 221

12.2 s]Gb|Lo sf]0f / ;Dd'v rfksf] ;DaGw (Relation between central angle
and its corresponding arc)
lj|mofsnfk 2
sDkf;sf] k|of]u u/L s]Gb|laGb' 'O' ePsf j[Qx¿ agfpg'xf];\ . h;df s]Gb|Lo sf]0f / ;Dd'v
rfklarsf] ;DaGwsf af/]df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
O A O
A C O
A
C
C
lrq g= 1 lrq g= 2 lrq g= 3
-s_ s]Gb|Lo sf]0f 180° x'Fbf To;sf] ;Dd'v rfk pSt kl/lwsf] slt efu x'G5, 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ s]Gb|Lo sf]0f Ps j[Qsf] Ps rf}yfO x'Fbf, To;sf] ;Dd'v rfk pSt kl/lwsf] slt efu
x'G5, 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
1
-u_ s]Gb|Lo sf]0f Ps j[Qsf] 6 efudf x'Fbf To;sf] ;Dd'v rfk pSt kl/lwsf] slt efu x'G5,
5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ s] s]Gb|Lo sf]0f / ;Dd'v rfklar k|ToIf ;DaGw 5 <
∠AOC ≗ AOC nfO{{ rfk AC sf] l8u|Ldf gfk egL k9\g] ul/G5 . s]Gb|Lo sf]0f / ;Dd'v
rfklar k|ToIf ;DaGw x'G5 . oxfF ;ª\s]t ≡ cyjf ≗ nfO{{ ;dk|efjL (Equal influence)
eg]/ klg k9\g] ul/G5 .
12.3 kl/lw sf]0f / ;Dd'v rfksf] ;DaGw (Relation between Inscribed

angle and its corresponding)
C
lj|mofsnfk 3
l;;fsnd / sDkf;sf] k|of]u u/L s]Gb|laGb' 'O' ePsf] j[Q lvrf}F . hxfF
s]Gb|Lo sf]0f AOB / kl/lw sf]0f ACB 5g\ . O / C hf]8\g'xf];\ .
O
Pp6} j[Qsf cw{Jof;x¿ OA, OB / OC a/fa/ x'G5g\ <
ca lqe'h OAC / lqe'h OBC s:tf lqe'h x'g\ < oL lqe'hsf s'g A B
s'g e'hfx¿ / sf]0fx¿ a/fa/ x'G5g\, 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
222 ul0ft, sIff !)

ca ;dlåafx' lqe'h OAC df,
∠OAC + ∠OCA + ∠AOC = 180°
or, 2∠OCA = 180° – ∠AOC ............ (i) [∠OAC = ∠OCA]
km]l/ ;dlåafx' lqe'h OBC df,
∠OCB + ∠OBC + ∠BOC = 180°
or, 2∠OCB = 180° – ∠BOC ............ (ii) [∠OCB = ∠OBC]
;dLs/0f (i) / (ii) hf]8\bf,
2(∠OCA + ∠OCB) = 360° – (∠AOC + ∠BOC)
or, 2∠ACB = 360° – j[xt ∠AOB
or, 2∠ACB = ∠AOB
or, 2∠ACB ≗ AB
kl/lwsf] sf]0fsf] bf]Aa/ / ;Dd'v rfklarsf] ;DaGw ;dk|efjL x'G5 . o;nfO{{ ;ª\s]tdf
2∠ACB ≗ AB n] hgfOG5 .
12.4 Pp6} rfkdf cfwfl/t s]Gb|Lo sf]0f / kl/lw sf]0fsf] ;DaGw (Relation
between central angle and inscribed angle)
-s_ Pp6} rfkdf cfwfl/t s]Gb|Lo sf]0f / kl/lwsf] sf]0fsf] ;DaGw

lj|mofsnfk 4
-c_ sfuh k|of]u u/]/
C
rf6{ k]k/df lrqdf b]vfP h:t} j[Qdf s]Gb|Lo sf]0f / kl/lwsf] sf]0f
lvRg'xf];\ . s]Gb|Lo sf]0fnfO{{ s}FrLn] sf6]/ lgsfNg'xf];\ . ca s]Gb|Lo
sf]0fnfO{{ b'O{ a/fa/ efudf x'g] u/L k6\ofP/ kl/lwsf] sf]0f gfKg'xf];\
/ lgisif{ kQf nufpg'xf];\ . O
A B
Pp6} rfkdf cfwfl/t s]Gb|Lo sf]0f kl/lwsf] sf]0fsf] bf]Aa/ x'Fbf] /x]5 . ∠AOB = 2∠ACB
ul0ft, sIff !) 223

-cf_ k|of]ufTds k/LIf0f
lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} km/s km/s cw{Jof; ePsf j[Qx¿ lvRg'xf];\ .
C C
A
C B
O O O
A B
A B

k|To]s j[Qsf] rfk AB df cfwfl/t s]Gb|Lo sf]0f AOB / kl/lwsf] sf]0f ACB sf] gfk lnO{
tnsf] tflnsfdf e/f}F M
lrq g= ∠AOB ∠ACB glthf
1.
2.
3.
lgisif{ M .................................................
-O_ ;}4flGts k|df0f

;fWo 1 C
Pp6} rfkdf cfwfl/t s]Gb|Lo sf]0f kl/lwsf] sf]0fsf] bf]Aa/ x'G5 .

yfxf lbOPsf] M s]Gb| laGb' O ePsf] j[Q 5 . h;df s]Gb|Lo sf]0f
O
∠AOB / kl/lwsf] sf]0f ∠ACB Pp6} rfk AB df cfwfl/t
ePsf 5g\ .
A D
k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ M ∠AOB = 2 ∠ACB B
/rgf M laGb'x¿ C / O nfO{{ hf]8L laGb' D ;Dd nDAofpg'xf];\ .
224 ul0ft, sIff !)

k|df0f
tYo sf/0f
1. ∆AOC df,
(i) ∠OAC = ∠OCA (i) OA / OC j[Qsf cw{Jof;x¿ ePsfn]
(ii) ∠AOD = ∠OAC + ∠OCA (ii) ∆AOC df CO nfO{{ nDAofpFbf aGg]
(iii) ∠AOD = 2∠OCA aflx/L sf]0f
(iii) tYo 1 (i) / (ii) af6
∆BOC df ∠BOD = 2∠OCB dflysf] h:t} u/L

2.
∠AOD + ∠BOD = 2∠OCA +

2∠OCB tYo 1 (iii) / 2 af6
3.
⸫ ∠AOB = 2∠ACB
lgisif{ M Pp6} rfkdf cfwfl/t s]Gb|Lo sf]0f kl/lwsf] sf]0fsf] bf]Aa/ x'G5 .
k|dfl0ft eof] .
Pp6} rfkdf cfwfl/t kl/lwsf] sf]0fsf] dfg s]Gb|Lo sf]0fsf] cfwf x'G5 . cyf{t\, s]Gb|Lo sf]0f
kl/lwsf] sf]0fsf] b'O{ u'0ff x'G5, h:t}M dflysf] lrqdf ∠AOB = 2 ∠ACB
lj|mofsnfk 5
cw{j[Qdf ag]sf kl/lwsf] sf]0f Ps ;dsf]0f x'G5 egL k|of]ufTds k/LIf0faf6 s;/L b]vfpg] xf]nf <
-c_ k|of]ufTds k/LIf0f
lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} km/s km/s cw{Jof; ePsf j[Qx¿ lvRg'xf];\ . j[Qsf] Jof;df cfwfl/t u/L
kl/lwsf] sf]0f ∠ACB 5 . tnsf] tflnsfdf ∠ACB sf] dfg /fvL lgisif{ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
C C
C
B A B A B
A O O
O
ul0ft, sIff !) 225

k|To]s j[Qsf] cw{j[Qdf ag]sf kl/lwsf] sf]0f ∠ACB sf] gfk lnO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf e/f}F .
lrq g= ∠ACB kl/0ffd
1.
2.
3.
lgisif{ M
-cf_ ;}4flGts k|df0f

C
yfxf lbOPsf] M s]Gb| laGb' O ePsf] j[Q 5 . h;df AOB j[Qsf]
Jof; xf] . ∠ACB Jof;df cfwfl/t kl/lwsf] sf]0f xf] .
k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ M ∠ACB = 90º A B
O
tYo sf/0f
kl/lwsf] sf]0f s]Gb|Lo
1. ∠ACB = 12 ∠AOB
sf]0fsf] cfwf x'G5 .
2. ∠AOB =180° ∠AOB l;wfsf]0f ePsfn]
3. ∠ACB = 12 ×180° = 90° tYo (1) / (2) af6

cw{j[Qdf ag]sf] kl/lwsf] sf]0f Ps ;dsf]0f x'G5 .
k|dfl0ft eof]
-v_ Pp6} rfkdf cfwfl/t kl/lwsf sf]0fx¿larsf] ;DaGw
C
lj|mofsnfk 6 D
-c_ sfuhsf] k|of]uaf6 M rf6{ k]k/df lrqdf b]vfOP h:t}

u/L j[Qdf b'O{cf]6f kl/lwsf sf]0fx¿ lvRg'xf];\ . s}FrLsf] O
;xfotfn] Pp6f kl/lwsf] sf]0fnfO{{ sf6]/ csf]{ sf]0fdf A B
vK6\ofpg'xf];\ . o;sf cfwf/df lgisif{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
Pp6} rfkdf cfwfl/t kl/lwsf sf]0fx¿ a/fa/ x'g] /x]5g\ . ∠ACB = ∠ADB
-cf_ k|of]ufTds k/LIf0f
lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} km/s km/s gfk ePsf j[Qx¿df Pp6} rfkdf cfwfl/t kl/lwsf] sf]0fx¿
lvRg'xf];\ .
226 ul0ft, sIff !)

C C
C D
D
D
A O
O O
A B A
B B

k|To]s j[Qsf] rfk AB df cfwfl/t kl/lwsf sf]0f ACB / ADB sf] gfk lnO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf
eg'{xf];\ / lgisif{ klg n]Vg'xf];\ M
lrq g= ∠ACB ∠ADB glthf
1.
2.
3.
lgisif{M
D
;fWo 2 C
Pp6} rfkdf cfwfl/t kl/lwsf sf]0fx¿ a/fa/ x'G5g\ .

O
yfxf lbOPsf] M s]Gb| laGb' O ePsf] Pp6f j[Q 5 . h;df ∠ACB /
∠ADB rfk APB df cfwfl/t ePsf 5g\ . B
A
k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ M ∠ACB = ∠ADB
/rgf M j[Qsf] s]Gb| O nfO{{ laGb'x¿ A / B ;Fu j|md};Fu hf]8f}F . P
k|df0f
tYo k|df0f
Pp6} rfk APB df kl/j]li7t
1. ∠AOB = 2∠ACB
kl/lwsf] sf]0f
Pp6} rfk APB df cfwfl/t kl/lwsf] sf]0f
2. ∠AOB = 2∠ADB
/ s]Gb|Lo sf]0f ePsfn]
2∠ACB = 2∠ADB
3. tYo (1) / (2) af6
or, ∠ACB = ∠ADB
s'g} klg j[Qsf] Pp6} rfkdf cfwfl/t kl/lwsf sf]0fx¿ a/fa/ x'G5g\ .
k|dfl0ft eof] .
ul0ft, sIff !) 227

12.5 rj|mLo rt'e'{hsf ;Dd'v sf]0fx¿larsf] ;DaGw
-c_ k|of]ufTds k/LIf0f
lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} km/s km/s cw{Jof; ePsf j[Qx¿ lvRg'xf];\ . k|To]s j[Qdf rj|mLo rt'e'{h
ABCD lvRg'xf];\ .
C
B C
B
B C
D
A
D A D
A
j[Qdf ag]sf kl/lwsf sf]0fx¿sf] gfk tflnsfdf eg'{xf];\ / lgisif{ klg n]Vg'xf];\ M
lrq g= ∠DAB ∠ABC ∠BCD ∠ADC ∠DAB + ∠BCD ∠ABC + ∠ADC glthf
1.
2.
3.
lgisif{ M

D
;fWo 3
rj|mLo rt'e'{hsf ;Dd'v sf]0fx¿ kl/k"/s x'G5g\ .
O
yfxf lbOPsf] M s]Gb| laGb' O ePsf] Pp6f j[Q 5 . ABCD
rj|mLo rt'e'{h xf] . A
C
k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ M ∠ABC + ∠ADC = 180º
∠BCD + ∠BAD = 180º B
/rgf M j[Qsf] s]Gb| O nfO{{ laGb'x¿ A / C ;Fu j|md};Fu hf]8f}F .
k|df0f
tYo k|df0f
1.
Pp6} rfk ABC df cfwfl/t s]Gb|Lo sf]0f
clwssf]0f ∠AOC = 2∠ADC
/ kl/lwsf] sf]0f
228 ul0ft, sIff !)

2.
Pp6} rfk ADC df cfwfl/t s]Gb|Lo sf]0f
a[xt\sf]0f ∠AOC = 2∠ABC
/ kl/lwsf] sf]0f
2∠ADC + 2∠ABC = clwssf]0f
AOC + a[xt\sf]0f AOC
tYo (1) / (2) af6
3. or, 2(∠ADC + ∠ABC) = 360° laGb' O sf] jl/k/L ag]sf] sf]0fsf] hf]8
360°
or, ∠ADC + ∠ABC = 2 = 180° 360° x'G5 .
⸫ ∠ADC + ∠ABC = 180°
4. o;} u/L ∠DAB + ∠DCB = 180° dflysf] h:t} u/L
rj|mLo rt'e'{hsf ;Dd'v sf]0fx¿ kl/k"/s x'G5g\ .
k|dfl0ft eof] .
pbfx/0f 1
Q
lbOPsf] lrqdf ∠PQR = 100° / O s]Gb|laGb' ePsf] j[Qsf]
100º
kl/lwdf laGb'x¿ P, Q / R 5g\ eg] ∠OPR sf] dfg slt x'G5 kQf P
nufpg'xf];\ .
R
O
;dfwfg
lrqcg';f/,
a[xt\ sf]0f POR = 2 × ∠PQR = 2 ×100° = 200°
[⸪ rfk PR df cfwfl/t s]Gb|Lo / kl/lw sf]0fx¿ ]
a[xt\ sf]0f POR + clwssf]0f POR = 360° [⸪ laGb' O sf] jl/kl/ ag]sf sf]0fx¿ ]
200° + ∠POR = 360°
∠POR = 360° – 200° = 160°
km]l/ ∆POR ;dl4afx' lqe'h xf] . t;y,{ ∠OPR = ∠ORP
∠OPR + ∠ORP + ∠POR = 180° [⸪ lqe'hsf tLg sf]0fx¿sf] of]ukmn ]
or, ∠OPR + ∠OPR + 160° = 180° [⸪ ∠OPR = ∠OPR ]
or, 2∠OPR = 180° – 160° = 20°

20°
or, ∠OPR = 2 = 10°
ul0ft, sIff !) 229

pbfx/0f 2
;Fu}sf] lrqdf ∠ABC = 74° / ∠ACB = 30° eP ∠BDC sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
D
;dfwfg A
oxfF lqe'h ABC df ∠ABC + ∠ACB + ∠BAC =180°
or, 74° + 30° +∠BAC = 180°
74° 30°
or, 104° +∠BAC = 180° B C
or, ∠BAC = 180° – 104° = 76°
km]l/ ∠BAC = ∠BDC = 76° [⸪ Pp6} rfk BC df cfwfl/t kl/lwsf sf]0fx¿ ]

⸫ ∠BDC = 76°
pbfx/0f 3
D
;Fu}sf] lrqdf A, B,C / D j[Qsf rf/ laGb'x¿ x'g\ . hLjfx¿ AC A
E
/ BD laGb' E df k|ltR5]lbt ePsf 5g\ . olb ∠BEC = 130° / 20°
∠ECD = 20° eP ∠BAC sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ . 130°
B C
;dfwfg
oxfF ∠BEC = 130° / ∠ECD = 20°
∠BEC + ∠CED = 180° [l;wf sf]0f]
or, ∠CED = 180° – ∠BEC = 180° – 130° = 50°
km]l/ ∠EDC + ∠CED + ∠ECD = 180° [lqe'hsf tLg sf]0fx¿]
or, ∠EDC = 180° – 50° – 20°= 110°
or, ∠EDC = ∠BAC [ Pp6} rfk BC df cfwfl/t kl/lw sf]0fx¿ ]
or, ∠BAC = 110°
230 ul0ft, sIff !)

pbfx/0f 4
D
rj|mLo rt'e'{h ABCD df ljs0f{x¿ AC / BD laGb' E df sfl6Psf A
5g\ . olb ∠DBC = 70° / ∠BAC = 30° eP ∠BCD sf] dfg kQf
nufpg'xf];\ . ;fy}, olb AB = BC eP ∠ECD sf] dfg slt xf]nf < 30° E
;dfwfg
oxfF rj|mLo rt'e'{h ABCD df ljs0f{x¿ AC / BD laGb' E df 70°
B
sf6LPsf 5g\ . C
∠DAC = ∠DBC = 70° [ Pp6} rfk CD df cfwfl/t kl/
lwsf]0fx¿ ]
∠DAB = ∠DAC + ∠BAC = 70° + 30° = 100°
km]l/ ∠BCD + ∠DAB = 180° [rj|mLo rt'e'{hsf ;Dd'v sf]0fx¿ ]
or, ∠BCD + 100° = 180°
or, ∠BCD + 100° = 180° – 100° = 80°
km]l/ AB = BC ePsfn] ∠BAC = ∠ACB = 30° x'G5 .
∠BCD = ∠BCA + ∠ACD = 80°
or, 30° + ∠ACD = 80°
or, ∠ACD = 80° – 30° = 50°
C
⸫ ∠ECD =50°
pbfx/0f 5 D
O E
bfofFsf] lrqdf ABCD rj|mLo rt'e'{h xf]] . AB nfO{ l;wf E ;Dd B
a9fOPsf] 5 eg] ∠ADC = ∠CBE x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
yfxf lbOPsf] M s]Gb| laGb' ePsf] j[Qdf rj|mLo rt'e'{h ABCD A
5 . rj|mLo rt'e'{hsf] AB e'hfnfO{{ laGb' E ;Dd nDAofOPsf] 5 .
k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ M ∠ADC = ∠CBE
k|df0f
tYo sf/0f
rj|mLo rt'e'{hsf ;Dd'v sf]0fx¿sf] of]
1. ∠ADC + ∠ABC = 180°
ukmn
2. ∠ABC + ∠CBE = 180° ;/nsf]0f ePsfn]
∠ADC + ∠ABC = ∠ABC + ∠CBE
3. tYo (1) / (2) af6
or, ∠ADC = ∠CBE
k|dfl0ft eof] .
ul0ft, sIff !) 231

cEof; 12
1. tnsf j[Qx¿df s]Gb|laGb' O 5 eg] x sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
D P A
A
30° 35°
A B O
O
35°
25° x°
70° x° C
x°
B B
C Q
-s_ -v_ -u_

A D
x° A O
O
120° 90° 50°
x° 130°
O C
B C B A
x°
C B
-3_ -ª_ -r_
2. tnsf lrqx¿df x sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
C C A
C
x°
50
x°
130°
°
50° A B
A B 80° B
D O P O
x° D B
40° x°
D A D
-s_ -v_ -u_ -3_
3. -s_ ;Fu}sf lrqdf O j[Qsf] sGb|laGb' xf] . ∠OBA = 25° / A
∠OCA = 30° eP ∠BOC sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
°
25 O
30
°
B
C
232 ul0ft, sIff !)

-v_ ;Fu}sf lrqdf O j[Qsf] s]Gb|laGb' xf] . olb ∠PQR = 40° / P
∠PSQ = x° eP x sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
Q 40° R
O
x°
S
F
-u_ lbOPsf] lrqdf, O j[Qsf] s]Gb| laGb' xf] . FAEC Pp6f rj|mLo
rt'e'{h xf], olb ∠CED = 68° 5 eg]
-c_ ∠AFC sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ . O C
A
-cf_ a[xt\ sf]0f ∠AOC
68°
E
D
D
o
100
C
-3_ lbOPsf] lrqdf AOB j[Qsf] Jof; xf] . olb ∠ADC = 100°
eP ∠BAC sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ . A B
O
A F
4.-s_ ;Fu}sf] lrqdf BC = DE = AB = FE eP ∠ACB =

∠FDE x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
B E
C D
P Q
-v_ lbOPsf] lrqdf olb ∠APC = ∠BQD 5 eg] AB//CD x'G5

egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ . A B
C D
ul0ft, sIff !) 233

-u_ ;Fu}sf] lrqdf O j[Qsf] s]Gb| xf] . Q
P
olb rfk PQ = rfk PB eP AQ//OP x'G5 egL
k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ . A
O B
-3_ lbOPsf] lrqdf hLjf AC / BD k/:k/df laGb' P df

sfl6Psf 5g\ . olb PB = PC eP k|Dffl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
A
-c_ hLjf AB = hLjf DC
-cf_ hLjf AC = hLjf BD D
-O_ rfk ABC = rfk BCD P

B
C
5. lrqdf O j[Qsf] s]Gb|laGb' xf] . olb hLjfx¿ DE /
FG laGb' H df k|ltR5]bg ePsf 5g\ eg] k|dfl0ft F E
H
ug'{xf];\ M ∠DOF + ∠EOG = 2∠EHG
D G
O
6. lbOPsf] lrqdf j[Qsf hLjfx¿ MN / RS afx\o M
laGb' X df sfl6Psf 5g\ eg] k|dfl0ft ug'x{ f];\ M N

∠MXR = 12 (MR – NS)
X
S
R
P
7. PQRS Pp6f rj|mLo rt'e'{h xf] . olb ∠QPS
B
/ ∠QRS jf cw{sx¿n] j[QnfO{{ j|mdzM laGb'x¿ S
A / B df e]6\5g\ eg] AB j[Qsf] Jof; xf] egL
k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
A
R
Q
234 ul0ft, sIff !)

8. lbOPsf] lrqdf NPS, MAN / RMS ;/n /]vfx¿ x'g\ S
eg] PQRS Pp6f rj|mLo rt'e'{h x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft
ug'{xf];\ .
M
P A
R
N
Q
9. lbOPsf] lrqdf PQRS Pp6f ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h eP

UTRS Pp6f rj|mLo rt'e'{h xf] egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ . R
P T
U
Q
k|of]ufTds sfo{ tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{
1. s]Gb|Lo sf]0f / kl/lw sf]0fsf] ;DaGw / ltgLx¿;Fu ;DalGwt rfk tyf hLjfx¿sf]
;DaGw k|:6\ofpg] u/L sfuhsf df]8]nx¿ agfpg'xf];\ / sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
2. s]Gb|x¿ j|mdzM X / Y ePsf tLg hf]8f a/fa/ j[Qx¿ ABP / CDQ lvRg'xf];\ .
a/fa/ rfkx¿ AB / CD agfO{ hLjfx¿ AB / CD hf]8\g'xf];\ . AB / CD
gfKg'xf];\ / cfPsf] glthfnfO{{ tflnsfdf eg'{xf];\ .
s] hLjf AB = hLjf CD 5 <
s] hLjf AB / CD n] s]Gb|df agfPsf sf]0fx¿ a/fa/ 5g\ <
s] hLjf AB n] j[Qsf] kl/lwdf agfPsf] sf]0f s]Gb|Lo sf]0fsf] cfwf 5 . o; sfo{sf
nflu dl;gf] wfuf÷tf/ / 6]«l;ª k]k/sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
pQ/
1. -s_ 80° -v_ 55° -u_ 120° -3_ 75° -ª_ 50° -r_ 115°
2. -s_ 50° -v_ 25° -u_ 60° -3_ 50°
3. -s_ 110° -v_ 50° -u_ -c_ 68° -cf_ 136° -3_ 10°
4 b]lv 9 ;Dd lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 235

ldl>t cEof;
1. lbOPsf] lrqdf ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD / Pp6f cfot ABFE xf],
-s_ ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h E D F C N
ABCD / cfot ABFE
sf] If]qkmndf s] ;DaGw
x'G5, n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ lbOPsf] lrqdf
AB = BM 5 eg] A
B M
;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h
ABCD / lqe'h AMN larsf] ;DaGw n]Vg'xf];\ .
2. Pp6} cfwf/ AB / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿ AB / EC sf lardf Pp6f ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h
ABCD / Pp6f cfot ABFE /x]sf] 5 .
-s_ ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD / cfot ABFE sf] If]qkmnlardf s] ;DaGw x'G5,
n]Vg'xf];\ . E D F C
-v_ olb cfot ABFE sf] If]qkmn 35 cm2 eP
;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD sf] If]qkmn slt x'G5,
kQf nufpg'xf];\ . A B
-u_ e'hf AB = 7 cm, BC = 5 cm / ∠ABC = 120° x'g] ;dfgfGt/

rt'e'{h ABCD sf] /rgf u/L pSt ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hsf]
If]qkmn;Fu a/fa/ If]qkmn x'g] cfot ABFE sf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ s] lqe'h AED / lqe'h BFC cg'¿k x'G5g\, sf/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
3. Pp6} cfwf/ BC / pxL ;dfgfGt/ /]vfx¿ BC / DE sf lardf Pp6f ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h
BCED / lqe'h ABC ag]sf] 5 . hxfF ∠BAC = 90°, AB = 7 cm / BC = 25 cm 5 .
-s_ AC sf] gfk slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
D A
-v_ ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h BCED sf] If]qkmn slt E
x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ . 90°
-u_ ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h BCED / lqe'h ABC c m
7
sf] If]qkmnlarsf] ;DaGw ;}4flGts ¿kdf B C
25 cm
k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ lqe'h ABC sf] /rgf ug'{xf];\, hxfF AC = 5 cm, AB = 4 cm / ∠BAC = 45°
5 . pSt lqe'hsf] If]qkmn;Fu a/fa/ x'g] u/L aGg] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ADMN sf]
/rgf ug'{xf];\ .
236 ul0ft, sIff !)

4. lbOPsf] lrqdf ABCD / PQRD b'O{cf]6f ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hx¿ x'g\ .
A P B
-s_ ;=r= ABCD / PQRD sf] ;DaGw kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ olb ;=r= ABCD sf] cfwf/ / prfO Q
j|mdzM 8 cm / 7 cm eP ;=r= PQRD sf]
If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ . D C
R
5. lbOPsf] lrqdf ABCD Pp6f ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h xf] eg] X pSt ;=r=sf] leq kg]{ Pp6f laGb'
xf] . olb MN//AB 5 eg], D C
s_ lqe'h XCD / CXB sf] If]qkmnsf] of]ukmn
;=r= ABCD sf] cfwf x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft
ug'{xf];\ . M N
-v_ lqe'h ADB / lqe'h ACD sf] ;DaGw X
n]Vg'xf];\ . A B
6. -s_ AB = 5 cm, BC = 4 cm / ∠ABC = 60° ePsf] Pp6f ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD

lvRg'xf];\ . pSt ;=r= ;Fu a/fa/ If]qkmn x'g] lqe'h PBE h;sf] Pp6f e'hf
PB = 5.6 cm sf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ k|Zg -s_ cg';f/ ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD sf] prfO kQf nufO{ lqe'h PBE sf]
If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
7. -s_ AB = 7 cm, BC = 5 cm / ∠ABC = 120° x'g] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{h ABCD sf]
/rgf u/L pSt ;dfgfGt/ rt'e'{hsf] If]qkmn;Fu a/fa/ If]qkmn x'g] cfot ABFE
sf] /rgf ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ k|Zg g= -s_ cg';f/ ag]sf] cfot ABFE sf] e'hf BF kQf nufO{ ;dfgfGt/
rt'e'{h ABCD sf] If]qkmn kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
8. s]Gb|laGb' O ePsf] j[Qdf Pp6} rfk BC df cfwfl/t s]Gb|Lo sf]0f ∠BOC / kl/lwsf] sf]0f
∠BDC 5g\ eg] tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ ∠BOC / ∠BDC larsf] ;DaGw n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ s]Gb|Lo sf]0f ∠BOC / kl/lwsf] sf]0f ∠BDC larsf] ;DaGw k|of]ufTds ¿kdf
k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ s]Gb|Lo sf]0fsf] gfk (7x)° / kl/lwsf] sf]0fsf] gfk (3x + 5)° eP x sf] dfg slt
ul0ft, sIff !) 237

9. lbOPsf] lrqdf ABCD Pp6f rj|mLo rt'e'{h xf] eg], D
-s_ ∠ABC / ∠ADC sf] ;DaGw n]Vg'xf];\ .

-v_ ∠ADC = 12 ∠AOC x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ . O
-u_ olb ∠ABC = 120° eP ∠AOC sf] dfg slt xf]nf <
C
A
10. lrqdf b]vfOPsf] s]Gb|laGb' O ePsf] j[Qdf P, Q, R / S kl/lwsf laGb'x¿ x'g\ . AP = AQ

5. P
-s_ rfk PQ df cfwfl/t /x]/ ag]sf kl/lwsf sf]0fx¿sf] S
gfd n]Vg'xf];\ . A
R
-v_ ∠PSQ = 60º eP ∠PRQ sf] gfk slt x'G5 < Q
-u_ k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M PR = QS
11. lrqdf b]vfOPsf] s]Gb|laGb' O ePsf] j[Qdf SH Jof; xf] . S, I, H / U kl/lwsf laGb'x¿ x'g\
eg] L s'g} Pp6f afx\o laGb' 5 . hxfF LO ⊥ SH 5 . L
-s_ ∠SUH sf] gfk slt x'G5 < sf/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ . U

-v_ k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M ∠SIU = ∠OLS
-u_ olb ∠USH = 50° eP ∠SIU sf] gfk slt x'G5, kQf
S H
nufpg'xf];\ . O
12 lrqdf b]vfOPsf] s]Gb|laGb' O ePsf] j[Qdf ∠PQR = y, ∠QSR = 63º / ∠PRQ = x 5 .

-s_ ∠PQR sf] gfk slt x'G5 < sf/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
S
-v_ ∠POS sf] dfg slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ . P
O 63°
-u_ k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M x + y = 90°
y x
-3_ k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ M ΔQOR ;dlåafx' lqe'h xf] . R
Q
pQ/
pQ/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
238 ul0ft, sIff !)

kf7 tYofª\s zf:q
13 (Statistics)

sIff 10 sf 27 hgf ljBfyL{n] bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIffdf ul0ft ljifodf k|fKt u/]sf] k|fKtfª\s tn
lbOPsf] 5 . o;sf cfwf/df ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
25, 15, 30, 22, 27, 12, 25, 30, 22, 24, 15, 23, 19, 27, 28, 17, 19, 22, 25, 15, 14, 13,
28, 26, 18, 20, 22
-s_ ul0ft ljifosf] cf};t k|fKtfª\s slt /x]5 <
-v_ slt hgf ljBfyL{sf] k|fKtfª\s cf};t k|fKtfª\seGbf sd / a9L /x]5 <
-u_ dfly lbOPsf] tYofª\ssf cfwf/df dlWosf, klxnf] rt'yf{“z t];|f] kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ ;a}eGbf w]/} ljBfyL{n] kfPsf] Pp6} k|fKtfª\s s'g xf] < slt hgfn] k|fKt u/]sf
5g\ < o;nfO{{ s] elgG5 <
13.1 dWos (Mean)
lj|mofsnfk 1
Pp6f ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf sIff 10 sf ljBfyL{df "ljBfnodf vfhf vr{afkt k|To]s lbg slt
?lkofF Nofpg'x'G5 <" egL ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fdf b]xfoadf]lhdsf] glthf k|fKt eof] M
?= 25 Nofpg] 3 hgf, ?= 30 Nofpg] 6 hgf, ?= 35 Nofpg] 7 hgf,
?= 40 Nofpg] 4 hgf, ?= 45 Nofpg] 4 hgf / ?= 50 Nofpg] 1 /x]5 .
-s_ dflysf] tYofª\snfO{{ tflnsfdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ sIff 10 sf ljBfyL{sf] Ps lbgsf] cf};t vfhf vr{ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
dflysf] tYofª\saf6 cf};t dfg -dWos_ kQf nufpgsf nflu lgDglnlvt ;"q k|of]u ul/G5 M
(f x +f x2 +.....+fn xn)
dWos X = 1 1f +f2 +.....+f
1 2 n
∑fx
= ∑f
∑fx
= n
ul0ft, sIff !) 239

lj|mofsnfk 2
sf]/f tYofª\ssf] lj:tf/ w]/} eof] olb tkfO{Fn] eg] h:tf] tYofª\s
eg] t o;sf] tflnsf 7'nf] kf] x'g] ePdf o;nfO{{ cljlR5Gg >]0fL agfO{
/x]5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf dWos
s;/L kQf nufpg] xf]nf < dWos lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
h:t}M s'g} ljBfnosf sIff 9 sf 40 hgf ljBfyL{sf] ul0ft ljifosf] k|fKtfª\s lgDgfg';f/ 5 .
25, 10, 31, 22, 37, 42, 45, 37, 32, 34, 45, 40, 29, 27, 28, 17, 19, 22, 25, 33
15, 14, 13, 28, 36, 38, 41, 42, 39, 25, 24, 31, 21, 22, 25, 26, 35, 36, 39, 49.
dflysf] tYofª\snfO{{ cljlR5Gg >]0fLdf /fv]/ dWos lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
-s_ ;a}eGbf ;fgf] k|fKtfª\s 10 / ;a}eGbf 7'nf] k|fKtfª\s 49 5 . o;nfO{{ 10 sf] juf{Gt/df
lgDgfg';f/ juL{s[t tYofª\ssf] tflnsf agfpg ;lsG5 .
sIff 9 sf ljBfyL{sf] ul0ft ljifosf] k|fKtfª\s ljj/0f
k|fKtfª\s ldnfg lrx\g ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof
X f
10 - 20 6
20 - 30 14
30 - 40 13
40 - 50 7
hDdf ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 40
juL{s[t tYofª\ssf] dWos kQf nufpgsf nflu ;j{k|yd k|To]s juf{Gt/sf] dWodfg lgsfNg'
k5{ .
juf{Gt/sf] tNnf] ;Ldf + juf{Gt/sf] dflyNnf] ;Ldf
dWodfg (m) = 2
To;kl5 vl08t >]0fLsf h:t} x sf] 7fpFdf m /fv]/ dWos lgsflnG5 .
240 ul0ft, sIff !)

k|fKtfª\s ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof dWodfg fm
X f m
10-20 6 10 + 20 90
2 = 15
20-30 14 20 + 30 350
2 = 25
30-40 13 30 + 40 455
2 = 35
40-50 7 40 + 50 315
2 = 45
N = 40 ∑fm =1210
∑fx 1210
X = N = 40 = 30.25
dflysf] tflnsfnfO{{ af/Daf/tf tflnsf elgG5 . k|To]s juf{Gt/sf] ljBfyL{ ;ª\VofnfO{{ pSt
juf{Gt/sf] af/Daf/tf elgG5 . o;/L dWos kQf nufpg] ljlwnfO{{ k|ToIf ljlw (Direct
method) elgG5 .
j}slNks tl/sf
k|fKtfª\s ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof dWodfg d=m–A fd
X f m
10 – 20 6 10 + 20 15 – 25 = –10 – 60
2 = 15
20 – 30 14 20 + 30 25 – 25 = 0 0
2 = 25
30 – 40 13 30 + 40 35 – 25 = 10 130
2 = 35
40 – 50 7 40 + 50 45 – 25 = 20 140
2 = 45
N = 40 ∑fd = 210
oxfF slNkt dWos (A) = 25 dfgf} .
dWodfg / slNkt dWoslarsf] leGgtf (deviation from Assumed mean) = d
∑fm
dWos X = A+ N x'G5 .
1210
= 25 + 40
= 25 + 5.25 = 30.25
ul0ft, sIff !) 241

slNkt dWos -cg'dflgt dWos_ dfg]/ klg tYofª\ssf] jf:tljs dWos lgsfNg
;lsG5 . tflnsfdf ePsf] s'g} dWodfg jf s'g} ;ª\VofnfO{{ slNkt dWos dfg]/ jf:tljs
dWos kQf nufOG5 . o;sf nflu slNkt dWos / dWodfglarsf] leGgtf (d) lgsfNg'
∑fx
k5{ . ;"q dWos (X) = A+ N o; ljlwnfO{{ 5f]6s/L ljlw (Shortcut Method) elgG5 .
pbfx/0f 1
olb ∑fm = 2700 / N = 50 eP dWos X kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF ∑fm = 2700
N = 50
dWos X = ?
∑fm
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 X = N
2700
= 50
= 54
ctM dWos (X) = 54
pbfx/0f 2
u0f]z dfWoflds ljBfnosf 100 hgf ljBfyL{sf] tf}n tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 . pSt tYofª\saf6
ljBfyL{sf] dWos tf}n kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
Tff}n (Kg) df 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 18 27 20 17 6
242 ul0ft, sIff !)

;dfwfg
oxfF ljBfyL{sf] tf}n ljj/0f
tf}n (Kg) ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof dWodfg fm
(X) (f) (m)
10 – 20 18 10 + 20 270
2 =15
20 – 30 27 20 + 30 675
2 =25
30 – 40 20 30 + 40 700
2 =35
40 – 50 17 40 + 50 765
2 =45
50 – 60 6 50 + 60 330
2 =55
∑f = N = 88 ∑fm = 2740
∑fx 2740
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5, X = N = 88 = 31.14
ctM dWos (X) = 31.14
j}slNks tl/sf
oxfF dfgf}F, slNkt dWos (A) = 35
ljBfyL{sf] tf}n ljj/0f
tf}n (Kg) ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof dWodfg d = m-35 fd
(X) (f) (m)
10 – 20 18 15 –20 –360
20 – 30 27 25 –10 –270
30 – 40 20 35 0 0
40 – 50 17 45 10 170
50 – 60 6 55 20 120
N = 88 ∑fd = –340
∑fd
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5, dWos (X) = A + N
–340
= 35 + 88
= 35 – 3.86 = 31.14
ctM ljBfyL{sf] cf};t tf}n (X) = 31.14
ul0ft, sIff !) 243

pbfx/0f 3
s'g} tYofª\ssf] slNkt dWos (A) = 40, ∑fd = 20 / N = 10 eP dWos X kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF A = 40,
∑fd = 20
N = 10
(X) = ?
∑fd
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 (X) = A + N
20
= 40 + 10
= 40 + 2
= 42
ctM dWos (X) = 42
pbfx/0f 4
hghfu[lt 6f]nsf dflg;sf] tf}nsf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] tYofª\s tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 . pSt
tflnsfsf cfwf/df cf};t tf}n -dWos_ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
Tff}n (Kg) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof 10 18 25 20 12 5
;dfwfg
dfgf}F, slNkt dWos A = 25 / juf{Gt/sf] cGt/ h = 10,
244 ul0ft, sIff !)

hghfu[lt 6f]nsf dflg;sf] tf}n ljj/0f
tf}n (Kg) dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof dWodfg d = m – 25 fd
(X) (f) (m)
0-10 10 5 –20 –200
10-20 18 15 –10 –180
20-30 25 25 0 0
30-40 20 35 10 200
40-50 12 45 20 240
50-60 5 55 30 150
N = 90 ∑fd = 210
∑fd
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5, dWos (X) = A + N
210
=25 + 90
= 25 + 2.33 = 27.33
ctM dflg;sf] cf};t tf}n (X) = 27.33
pbfx/0f 5
zflGt df=lj= sf sIff 11 / sIff 12 sf ljBfyL{sf] prfOsf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] tYofª\s
tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 . olb ljBfyL{sf] cf};t prfO X = 157.75 cm eP p sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
prfO (cm) 140-145 145-150 150-155 155-160 160-165 165-170 170-175
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 2 5 8 p 7 5 9
;dfwfg
oxfF cª\sul0ftLo dWos kQf nufpFbf,
zflGt df=lj= sf sIff 11 / sIff 12 sf ljBfyL{sf] prfO ljj/0f
prfO (X) ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof (f) dWodfg (m) fm
140-145 2 142.5 285
145-150 5 147.5 737.5
150-155 8 152.5 1220
155-160 p 157.5 157.5p
160-165 7 162.5 1137.5
165-170 5 167.5 837.5
170-175 3 172.5 517.5
N = 30 + p ∑fm = 4735 + 157.5 p
ul0ft, sIff !) 245

∑fm
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5, dWos (X) = N
4735 + 157.5p
157.75 = 30 + p
or, 4732.5 + 157.75p = 4735 + 157.5p
or, 157.75p – 157.50p = 4735 – 4732.5
or, 0.25 p = 2.5
or, p = 10
ctM (155 – 160) cm prfO x'g] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof = 10 hgf
pbfx/0f 6
afnfh' kfs{df laxfg 7 ah]b]lv 8 ah];Dd k|j]z ug]{ pd]/cg';f/ dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof tn lbOPsf] 5 .
pSt tYofª\snfO{{ 10 juf{Gt/sf] af/Daf/tf tflnsf lgdf{0f u/L kfs{ cfpg] dflg;sf] cf};t pd]/
(X) kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
7, 22, 32, 47, 59, 16, 36, 17, 23, 39, 49, 31, 21, 24, 41, 12, 49, 21, 9, 8, 51, 36, 35,
18.
;dfwfg
oxfF af/Daf/tf tflnsfdf k|:t't ubf{,
pd]/ (X) ldng lrx\g Aff/Daf/tf (f) dWodfg (m) fm
0-10 3 5 15
10-20 4 15 60
20-30 5 25 125
30-40 6 35 210
40-50 4 45 180
50-60 2 55 110
N = 24 ∑fm = 700
∑fm
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5, dWos (X) = N
700
= 24
= 29.17
(X) = 29.17
ctM dflg;sf] cf};t pd]/ = 29.17 jif{
246 ul0ft, sIff !)

cEof; 13.1
1. tnsf cj:yfdf dWos kQf nufg'xf];\ M
-c_ 35, 36, 42, 45, 48, 52, 58, 60
-cf_ 13.5, 14.2, 15.8, 15.2, 16.9, 16.5, 17.4, 19.3, 15.3,15.9
-O_ X 5 8 10 12 14 16
f 4 5 8 10 2 2
-O{_ /fli6«o lnu k'm6andf v]nf8Ln] u/]sf] uf]nsf] ljj/0f

uf]n 12 13 14 15 16 17
v]nf8L ;ª\Vof 2 4 6 12 10 6
2. tnsf tYofª\saf6 k|ToIf ljlw / 5f]6s/L ljlwaf6 dWos kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-c_ Pp6f a;df ofqf ug]{ dflg;sf] pd]/ ljj/0f
pd]/ -jif{_ 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof 5 9 15 7 4
-cf_ sIff 10 cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{sf] lj1fg ljifosf] k|fKtfª\s ljj/0f
k|fKtfª\s 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 1 4 10 8 7 5
-O_ sfdbf/x¿sf] b}lgs Hofnf ljj/0f
Hofnf -?=_ 200-400 400-600 600-800 800-1000 1000-1200
sfdbf/ ;ª\Vof 3 7 10 6 4
-O{_ sIff 10 cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{sf] ul0ft ljifosf] k|fKtfª\s ljj/0f
k|fKtfª\s 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 7 5 6 12 8 2
3. tnsf tYofª\saf6 yfxf gePsf] dfg kQf nufg'xf];\ M
-c_ X = 49, ∑fm = 980, N =?
-cf_ X = 102.25, N = 8, ∑ fm =?
-O_ A = 100, x = 90, ∑fd =?, N = 10
-O{_ X = 41.75, ∑fd =270, N = 40, A =?
ul0ft, sIff !) 247

4. -c_ lbOPsf] cj:yfdf dWos X sf] dfg 32.5 eP k sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
k|fKtfª\s 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 5 10 k 35 15 10
-cf_ lbOPsf] cj:yfdf dWos X sf] dfg 46.2 eP p sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
X 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100
f 35 400 350 p 65
-O_ lbOPsf] cj:yfdf dWos X sf] dfg 36.4 eP y sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
pd]/ -jif{_ 16-24 24-32 32-40 40-48 48-56 56-64
sfdbf/ ;ª\Vof 6 8 y 8 4 2
-O{_ lbOPsf] cj:yfdf b}lgs vr{sf] dWos X sf] dfg ?= 264.67 eP, yfxf gePsf]
af/Daf/tfsf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
b}lgs vr{ 0-100 100-200 200-300 300-400 400-500 500-600
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 20 30 ? 20 18 12
5. lbOPsf] sf]/f tYofª\snfO{{ af/Daf/tf tflnsf lgdf{0f u/L dWos x kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-c_ 15, 51, 32, 12, 32, 33, 23, 43, 35, 46, 57, 19, 59, 25, 20, 38, 16, 45, 39,
40 (10 juf{Gt/_
-cf_ 25, 15, 24, 42, 22, 35, 34, 41, 33, 38, 54, 50, 36, 40, 27, 18, 35, 16, 51,
31, 23, 9, 16, 23, 31, 51, 7, 30, 17, 40, 60, 32, 50, 10, 23, 12, 21, 28, 37,
20, 58, 39, 10, 41, 13 (5 juf{Gt/_
6. -c_ lbOPsf tflnsfaf6 dWos x kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
k|fKtfª\s 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

af/Daf/tf 8 10 14 10 8 10
-cf_ b}lgs vr{ 0-50 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300
sfdbf/ ;ª\Vof 1 2 3 4 1 2

cfkm\gf] ;d'bfosf 100 hgf dflg;sf] pd]/ ;f]w]/ pko'St juf{Gt/df af/Daf/tf tflnsfdf
k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . pSt af/Daf/tf tflnsfnfO{{ lx:6f]u|fddf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . k|ToIf ljlw /
5f]6s/L ljlwaf6 dWos kQf nufO{ sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
248 ul0ft, sIff !)

pQ/
1. -c_ 47 -cf_ 16 -O_ 10.32 -O{_ 15.05
2. -c_ 24 jif{ -cf_ 43.86 -O_ ?= 706.67 -O{_ 28.75
3. -c_ 20 -cf_ 818 -O_ –100 -O{_ 35
4. -c_ 25 -cf_ 150 -O_ 12 -O{_ 50
5. -c_ 34.5 -cf_ 31.29 6. -c_ 30 -cf_ ?= 155.77 -O_ 34.5
13.2 dlWosf (Median)

lj|mofsnfk 3
hgtf dfWolds ljBfnosf sIff 10 sf ljBfyL{n] ul0ft ljifosf] klxnf] q}dfl;s k/LIffdf
kfPsf] k|fKtfª\s tn lbOPsf] 5 M
21, 23, 28, 14, 10, 18, 19, 29, 27, 25, 19, 17, 18, 20, 21, 17, 15, 16,
28, 23, 24, 17, 16, 19, 14, 24, 23, 27, 14, 15, 21, 24, 26, 24, 18
dflysf] tYofª\ssf cfwf/df ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] ;dfwfg u/L ldn] gldn]sf] hfFRg ;fyLnfO{{
b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-s_ ljBfyL{sf] cf};t k|fKtfª\s slt /x]5 <
-v_ ljBfyL{sf] k|fKtfª\ssf] dlWosf dfg j}olSts >]0fL / vl08t >]0fL agfO{ kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ s] km/s >]0fLaf6 k|fKt dlWosf dfg klg km/s cfpF5 <
lbOPsf] tYofª\snfO{{ l7s b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug]{ tYofª\sLo dfg dlWosf (median) xf] .
pbfx/0f 1
sIff 8 sf ljBfyL{n] ul0ft ljifodf kfPsf] k|fKtfª\s tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 . pSt tYofª\saf6
dlWosf kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
k|fKtfª\s 17 18 22 26 30 32
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 3 4 8 10 7 5
ul0ft, sIff !) 249

;dfwfg
oxfF,
sIff 8 sf ljBfyL{n] ul0ft ljifodf kfPsf] k|fKtfª\s ljj/0f
k|fKtfª\s ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof ;l~rt af/Daf/tf
(X) (f) (cf)
17 3 3
18 4 7
22 8 15
26 10 25
30 7 32
32 5 37
N = 37
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5,
N+1
dlWosf kg]{ :yfg = 2 cf}F kb
37 + 1
= 2 cf}F kb
= 19 cf}F kb
dflysf] tflnsfaf6 19 cf}F kbsf] dfg 26 ePsfn], sIff 8 sf ljBfyL{sf] k|fKtfª\ssf] dlWosf
= 26 xf] .
lj|mofsnfk 4
vl08t >]0fLsf] tYofª\saf6 dlWosf kQf nufpg t ;Sof}F . ca lg/Gt/ >]0fLdf tYofª\s lbPdf
s;/L dlWosf kQf nufpg] xf]nf <
lg/Gt/ >]0fLsf] tYofª\saf6 dlWosf ( Median of continuous series of data)
h:t}M
k|fKtfª\s (X) 0-8 8-16 16-24 24-32 32-40 40-48 48-56
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof (f) 6 10 16 18 12 10 8
lg/Gt/ >]0fLsf] tYofª\ssf] dlWosf lgDglnlvt r/0fx¿df kQf nufpg ;lsG5 M
-s_ eGbf ;fgf] ;l~rt af/Daf/tf tflnsf agfpg] . -k|To]s juf{Gt/sf] dflyNnf]
laGb'eGbf sd_
-v_ dlWosf kg]{ :yfg klxrfg ug]{ . dlWosf kg]{ :yfg = N2 cf}F kb
-u_ dlWosf kg]{ juf{Gt/ kQf nufpg] . dlWosf kg]{ :yfg ePsf] juf{Gt/ g} dlWosf kg]{
juf{Gt/ xf] .
250 ul0ft, sIff !)

-3_ tnsf] ;"q k|of]u u/L dlWosfsf] dfg kQf nufpg]
N – cf
2
dlWosf (Md) = L + ×h
f
hxfF, L = dlWosf kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] tNnf] ;Ldf
N = hDdf tYofª\ssf] ;ª\Vof
cf = dlWosf kg]{ juf{Gt/eGbf cluNnf] juf{Gt/sf] ;l~rt af/Daf/tf
f = dlWosf kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] af/Daf/tf
h = dlWosf kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] cGt/
oxfF dlWosfsf nflu tflnsf lgdf{0f ubf{,
k|fKtfª\s (X) ljBfyL{ eGbf sd af/Daf/tf ;l~rt
;ª\Vof (f) af/Daf/tf (cf)
0-8 6 8 eGbf sd = 6 6
8-16 10 16 eGbf sd = 6+10 16
16-24 16 24 eGbf sd = 6+10+16 32
24-32 18 32 eGbf sd = 6+10+16+18 50
32-40 12 40 eGbf sd = 6+10+16+18+12 62
40-48 10 48 eGbf sd = 6+10+16+18+12+10 72
48-56 8 56 eGbf sd = 6+10+16+18+12+10+8 80
N = 80
hDdf ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof (N) = 80

dlWosf kg]{ :yfg = N2 cf}F kb = 80
2 cf}F kb = 40 cf}F kb
40 cf}F kb ePsf] juf{Gt/ (24-32) xf] .
ca dlWosf kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] tNnf] ;Ldf (L) = 24
dlWosf kg]{ juf{Gt/eGbf cluNnf] juf{Gt/sf] ;l~rt af/Daf/tf (cf) = 32
dlWosf kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] af/Daf/tf (f) = 18
dlWosf kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] cGt/ (h) = 32 – 24 = 8
ul0ft, sIff !) 251

N – cf
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5, dlWosf (Md) = L + 2 ×h
f
= 24 + 4018
– 32 × 8
64
= 24 + 18
= 24 + 3.56
= 27.56
pbfx/0f 2
lbOPsf] tYofª\saf6 dlWosf kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
tf}n (X) 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof (f) 16 12 10 16 18 12
;dfwfg
ljBfyL{sf] tf}n ljj/0f
tf}n ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof eGbf sd af/Daf/tf ;l~rt
(X) (f) af/Daf/tf (cf)
20-30 16 30 eGbf sd = 16 16
30-40 12 40 eGbf sd = 16+12 28
40-50 10 50 eGbf sd = 16 +12+10 38
50-60 16 60 eGbf sd = 16+12+10+16 54
60-70 18 70 eGbf sd = 16+12+10+16+18 72
70-80 12 80 eGbf sd = 16+12+10+16+18+12 84
N = 84
hDdf ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof (N) = 84
N 84
dlWosf kg]{ :yfg = 2 cf}F kb = 2 cf}F kb = 42 cf}F kb
dlWosf kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] cGt/ (h) = 60 - 50 = 10
252 ul0ft, sIff !)

N – cf
f
= 50 + 4216 – 38
× 10
40
= 50 + 60
= 50 + 2.5
= 52.5
pbfx/0f 3
ufpFdf ;fj{hlgs sfo{df hg >dbfg ug]{sf] cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] tflnsf tn lbOPsf]
5 . pSt hg >dbfgsf] dlWosf tnsf] af/Daf/tf tflnsfsf] dlWosf dfg 93.6 eP 5'6]sf]
af/Daf/tf y sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
lbg (X) 0-30 30-60 60-90 90-120 120-150 150-180
sfdbf/ ;ª\Vof (f) 5 y 22 25 14 4
;dfwfg
Af/Daf/tf kQf nufpg] tflnsf
lbg sfdbf/ ;ª\Vof eGbf sd ;l~rt af/Daf/tf
X f cf
0-30 5 5
30-60 y 5+y
60-90 22 27 + y
90-120 25 52 + y
120-150 14 66 + y
150-180 4 70 + y
N = (70 + y)
hDdf sfdbf/ ;ª\Vof N = 70 + y
dlWosf (Md)= 93.6
dlWosf k/]sf] juf{Gt/ (90-120) x'G5 .
dlWosf kg]{ juf{Gt/eGbf cluNnf] juf{Gt/sf] ;l~rt af/Daf/tf (cf) = 27 + y
dlWosf kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] af/Daf/tf (f ) = 25
ul0ft, sIff !) 253

N – cf
f
70+y – (27+y)
or, 93.6 = 90 + 2 × 30
25
70 + y – 2(27 + y)
or, 93.6 – 90 = 2 × 25
× 30
70 + y – 54 – 2y
or, 3.6 = 50
× 30
(16 – y) × 3
or, 3.6 = 5
or, 3.6 × 5 = 48 – 3y
or, 3y = 48 –18
or, 3y = 30
or, y = 10
⸫ 5'6]sf] af/Daf/tf (y) = 10
lj|mofsnfk 5
Pp6f au}Frfdf ePsf ?vx¿sf] prfOsf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] af/Daf/tf tflnsf lbOPsf]
5M
prfO (ft) 4-6 7-9 10-12 13-15 16-18 19- 21 22-24
?vsf ;ª\Vof 2 3 10 7 4 3 2
-s_ dflysf] tYofª\snfO{{ s;/L lg/Gt/ >]0fLdf agfpg] xf]nf <

-v_ dflysf] tYofª\ssf] dlWosf slt x'G5 xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
oxfF lbOPsf] tYofª\sdf juf{Gt/x¿ lg/Gt/ 5}gg\ t;y{ juf{Gt/nfO{{ lg/Gt/ agfpgsf nflu
;'wf/ tŒj (correction factor) lgDgfg';f/ kQf nufpg' k5{ M
Correction factor = bf];|f] juf{Gt/sf] tNnf] dfg – klxnf] juf{Gt/sf] dflyNnf] dfg
2
7–6
= 2
= 0.5
pSt correction factors nfO{{ k|To]s juf{Gt/sf] tNnf] dfgaf6 36fpg] / dflyNnf] dfgdf hf]8]/
juf{Gt/Lt >]0fLnfO{{ lg/Gt/ juf{Gt/Lt >]0fL agfpg] M
h:t}M juf{Gt/ 4 – 6 df,
tNnf] dfg 4 – 0.5 = 3.5 /
dflyNNff] 6 + 0.5 = 6.5 u/L juf{Gt/ 3.5 – 6.5 agfpg' k5{ .
254 ul0ft, sIff !)

dlWosf kQf nufpgsf nflu tflnsf
prfO (cm) ?vsf ;ª\Vof eGbf sd ;l~rt af/Daf/tf
X f cf
3.5 - 6.5 2 2
6.5 - 9.5 3 5
9.5 - 12.5 10 15
12.5 - 15.5 7 22
15.5 - 18.5 4 26
18.5 - 21.5 3 29
21.5 - 24.5 2 31
N = 31
N
ca dlWosf kg]{ :yfg = 2 cf}F kb
31
= 2 =15.5
15.5 cf}F kb ePsf] juf{Gt/ (12.5 - 15.5) x'G5 .
ca dlWosf kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] tNnf] ;Ldf (L) = 12.5
dlWosf kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] cGt/ (h) = 15.5 – 12.5 = 3
N – cf
f
= 12.5 + 15.57– 15 × 3
= 12.5 + 0.57× 3
= 12.5 + 1.5
7
= 12.5 + 0.21 = 12.71
⸫ ?vsf dlWosf prfO = 12.71 ft
ul0ft, sIff !) 255

pbfx/0f 5
tnsf tYofª\saf6 10 juf{Gt/sf] af/Daf/tf tflnsf lgdf{0f u/L dlWosf kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
21, 9, 34, 42, 17, 54, 13, 38, 23, 39, 49, 29, 38, 44, 21, 42, 19, 7, 29, 8, 55, 36, 39,
13.
;dfwfg
af/Daf/tf tflnsf
juf{Gt/ ldnfg lrx\g af/Daf/tf eGbf sd ;l~rt af/Daf/tf
X f cf
0-10 3 3
10-20 4 3+4=7
20-30 5 7+5=12
30-40 6 12+6 =18
40-50 4 18+4 =22
50-60 2 22+2 = 24
N = 24
N
ca dlWosf kg]{ :yfg = 2 cf}F+ kb
= 24
2 = 12 cf}F kb
12 cf}F kb ePsf] juf{Gt/ (20 - 30) x'G5 .
N – cf
2
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5, dlWosf (Md) = L + f
×h
= 20 + 125– 7 × 10
= 20 + 10
= 30
256 ul0ft, sIff !)

cEof; 13.2
1. lbOPsf tYofª\saf6 dlWosf kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ 2.5, 4.5, 3.6, 4.9, 5.4, 2.9, 3.1, 4.2, 4.6, 2.2, 1.5
-v_ 100, 105, 104, 197, 97, 108, 120, 148, 144, 190, 148, 22, 169, 171, 92,
100
-u_ 18 25 28 29 34 40 44 46
Kf|fKtfª\s
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 3 6 5 7 8 12 5 4

-3_ juf{Gt/ (x) 102 105 125 140 170 190 200
af/Daf/tf (f) 10 18 22 25 15 12 8
2. lbOPsf] tYofª\saf6 dlWosf kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ Tff}n (Kg) 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100

ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 3 5 7 11 10 3 1
-v_ prfO (cm) 140-145 145-150 150-155 155-160 160-165 165-170 170-175
Aff/Daf/tf 2 5 8 10 7 5 3

100- 200-300 300-400 400-
-u_ vr{ -k|lt lbg_ 100 eGbf 200 500
500 eGbf
sd a9L
Aff/Daf/tf 22 34 52 20 19 13

-3_ Kf|fKtfª\s 20 eGbf 40 eGbf 60 eGbf 80 eGbf 100 eGbf
sd sd sd sd sd
21 44 66 79 90
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof

3. tnsf tYofª\saf6 5'6]sf] af/Daf/tf kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ dlWosf = 35
Kf|fKtfª\s 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 2 5 8 k 4 5
ul0ft, sIff !) 257

-v_ dlWosf = 132.5
Hofnf (Rs.) 100-110 110- 120 120-130 130-140 140-150 150-160
sfdbf/ ;ª\Vof 5 6 p 4 7 5
-u_ dlWosf = 36
pd]/ (yr) 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60
Dflg; ;ª\Vof 50 70 100 300 ? 220 70 60
4. tnsf tYofª\saf6 dlWosf kQf nufpg'xf];\ M

-s_ Kf|fKtfª\s 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 2 3 6 5 4
-v_ < 20 < 40 < 50 < 80 < 100
Kf|fKtfª\s
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 9 23 43 55 60

-u_ cfDbfgL (Rs) < 600 < 700 < 800 < 900 < 1000
sfdbf/ ;ª\Vof 30 98 152 177 200
-3_ Temp (°c) 0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49

lbg 8 10 20 15 7
5. -s_ Pp6f sIff k/LIffdf 30 hgf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf k|fKtfª\s lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf
5M
22, 56, 62, 37, 48, 30, 58, 42, 29, 39, 37, 50, 38, 41, 32, 20, 28, 16, 43,
18, 40, 52, 44, 27, 35, 45, 36, 49, 55, 40
dflysf] tYofª\saf6 10 juf{Gt/sf] af/Daf/tf tflnsf lgdf{0f u/L dWos kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ sIff 10 sf 40 hgf ljBfyL{sf] prfOnfO{{ ;]=ld= df lgDgfg';f/ lbOPsf] 5 . pSt
tYofª\saf6 5 juf{Gt/sf] af/Daf/tf tflnsf lgdf{0f u/L dWos kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
142, 145, 151, 157, 159, 160, 165, 162, 156, 158, 155, 141, 147, 149,
148, 159, 154, 155, 166, 168, 169, 172, 174, 173, 176, 161, 164, 163,
149, 150, 154, 153, 152, 164, 158, 159, 162, 157, 156, 155
kl/of]hgf sfo{
tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf 100 hgf dflg;sf] pd]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . k|fKt tYofª\snfO{ bzsf] juf{Gt/
tflnsfdf k|:t't u/L dlWos pd]/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
258 ul0ft, sIff !)

pQ/
1. -s_ 3.6 -v_ 121 -u_ 34 -3_ 140
2. -s_ 64.5 kg -v_ 157.5cm -u_ 246.15 lbg -3_ 40.9
3. -s_ 6 -v_ 3 -u_ 150
4. -s_ 78.33 -v_ 47 -u_ 703.70 -3_ 25.5
5. -s_ 39 -v_ 158
13.3 l/t jf ax'ns (mode)

lj|mofsnfk 7
Pp6f ;x/sf] 20 lbgsf] tfkj|md (°F) lgDgfg';f/ /x]5 eg] pSt tfkj|mddf ;a}eGbf w}/}
bf]xf]l/Psf] tfkj|md slt /x]5 kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
70, 76, 76, 74, 70, 70, 72, 74, 78, 80, 74, 74, 78, 76, 78, 76, 74, 78, 80, 76
o;/L ;a}eGbf w]/} k6s bf]xf]l/Psf] dfgnfO{{ pSt tYofª\ssf] ax'ns jf l/t (Mode) elgG5 .
lj|mofsnfk 8
juL{s[t tYofª\ssf] l/t (Mode form continuous series)
juL{s[t tYofª\ssf] l/t lgDglnlvt r/0fx¿df kQf nufpg ;lsG5 M
-s_ w]/} k6s bf]xf]l/Psf] dfg l/t ePsfn] ;a{k|yd ;aeGbf 7'nf] af/Daf/tf ePsf]
juf{Gt/ kQf nufpg] M
-v_ l/t kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] af/Daf/tf f1, l/t kg]{ juf{Gt/eGbf tNnf] juf{Gt/sf]
af/Daf/tf f0, l/t kg]{ juf{Gt/eGbf dflyNnf] juf{Gt/sf] af/Daf/tf f2 kQf nufpg] M
-u_ l/t kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] cGt/ (h) kQf nufpg]
-3_ tnsf] ;"q k|of]u u/L l/tsf] dfg kQf nufpg] M
f –f
l/t (mode) = L + 2f 1– f 0– f × h
1 0 2
hxfF, L = l/t kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] tNnf] ;Ldf .

f1 = l/t kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] af/Daf/tf
f0 = l/t kg]{ juf{Gt/eGbf tNnf] juf{Gt/sf] af/Daf/tf
f2 = l/t kg]{ juf{Gt/eGbf dflyNnf] juf{Gt/sf] af/Daf/tf
h = l/t kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] cGt/
ul0ft, sIff !) 259

pbfx/0f 1
tnsf] cfFs8faf6 ax'ns af l/t kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
Tff}n (kg) 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 3 5 7 11 10 3 1
;dfwfg
Tff}n (Kg) 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 3 5 7 11 10 3 1
oxfF ;a}eGbf w]/} af/Daf/tf 11 5 . pSt af/Daf/tfsf] juf{Gt/ 60-70 xf] .

l/t kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] tNnf] ;Ldf L = 60
l/t kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] af/Daf/tf f1 = 11
l/t kg]{ juf{Gt/eGbf tNnf] juf{Gt/sf] af/Daf/tf f0 = 7
l/t kg]{ juf{Gt/eGbf dflyNnf] juf{Gt/sf] af/Daf/tf f2 = 10
l/t kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] cGt/ h = 70 – 60 = 10
f –f
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5, l/t (mode) = L + 2f 1– f 0– f × h
1 0
11 – 7
2
= 60 + 2 × 11 – 7 – 10 ×10
4
= 60 + 5 × 10
= 60 + 8 = 68
ctM ax'ns -l/t_ = 68
cEof; 13.3
1. tnsf tYofª\ssf] l/t (Mode) kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ 29 cm, 34 cm, 29 cm, 26 cm, 55 cm, 34 cm, 35 cm, 40 cm, 34 cm, 56 cm
-v_ 99 kg, 135 kg, 182 kg, 49 kg, 189 kg, 196 kg, 78 kg, 192 kg, 182 kg
2. lbOPsf af/Daf/tf tflnsfx¿af6 l/t kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-s_ k|fKtfª\s 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 2 6 7 9 11 5 15 2 3
-v_ 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225

Hofnf -?=_
sfdbf/ ;ª\Vof 8 12 17 29 30 27 20 11
260 ul0ft, sIff !)

3. lbOPsf af/Daf/tf tflnsfx¿af6 l/t (Mode) kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ Kf|fKtfª\s 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 2 5 8 6 4 5
-v_ Hofnf (Rs.) 100-110 110- 120 120-130 130-140 140-150 150-160
sfdbf/ ;ª\Vof 5 6 4 7 5 4
-u_ pd]/ (yr) 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60
Dflg; ;ª\Vof 50 70 100 300 220 150 70 60
pQ/
1. -s_ 34 cm -v_ 182 kg
2. -s_ 35 -v_150 kg
3. -s_ 33 -u_ 136 -u_ 38.57
13.4 rt'yf{“zx¿ (Quartiles)

lj|mofsnfk 10
xfdLn] j}olSts / vl08t >]0fLsf] tYofª\saf6 klxnf] rt'yf{Fz / t];|f] rt'yf{Fz kQf nufpg] sfo{
sIff 9 df ul/;Sof}F . tn lbOPsf] tYofª\s hgtf dfWolds ljBfnosf sIff 10 sf ljBfyL{n]
ul0ft ljifosf] klxnf] q}dfl;s k/LIffdf kfPsf] k|fKtfª\s xf] .
21, 23, 28, 14, 10, 18, 19, 29, 27, 25, 19, 17, 18, 20, 21, 17, 15, 16,
28, 23, 24, 17, 16, 19, 14, 24, 23, 27, 14, 15, 21, 24, 26, 24, 18
dflysf] tYofª\saf6 ljBfyL{sf] k|fKtfª\ssf] klxnf] rt'yf{Fz / t];|f] rt'yf{Fz dfg j}olSts >]0fL
/ vl08t >]0fL agfO{ kQf nufpg'xf];\ . s] km/s >]0fLaf6 k|fKt klxnf] rt'yf{Fz / t];|f] rt'yf{Fz
dfg klg km/s cfpF5 < b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk 11
lg/Gt/ >]0fLdf lbOPsf] tYofª\saf6 klxnf] rt'yf{Fz / t];|f] rt'yf{Fz s;/L kQf nufpg] xf]nf <
tnsf] ls|ofsnfkx¿ ;d"xdf ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ s'g} rf/cf]6f 64 cm nDafOsf] n6\7L lng'xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 261

-v_ klxnf]nfO{{ a/fa/ 4 efudf af8\g'xf];\ / k|To]s 6'j|mfsf] nDafO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
16 n] 64 nfO{{ a/fa/ 4 efudf afFF8\5 . of] klxnf] rt'yf{{Fz xf] .
-u_ bf];|f]nfO{{ a/fa/ 2 efudf afF8\g'xf];\ / k|To]s 6'j|mfsf] nDafO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ t];|f]nfO{{ a/fa/ 4 efu nufO{ 3 efu Psflt/ / csf]{ Ps efu csf]{lt/ u/L b'O{
efu nufpg'xf];\ .
o;nfO{{ lgDgfg';f/ lrqdf b]vfpg ;lsG5 M
0 16 32 48 64
dflysf] lrqdf x]bf{ 4 a/fa/ 6'j|mfdf laefhg ubf{ 16 cm sf 6'j|mfx¿ aG5g\ .

a/fa/ 2 efudf af8\bf 32 cm sf 6'j|mfx¿ aG5g\ . o;nfO{{ dlWosf klg elgG5 .
To:t} 4 a/fa/ 6'j|mfdWo] 3 a/fa/ 6'j|mfx¿ hf]8\bf hDdf nDafO 48 cm x''G5 .
16 klxnf] rt'yf{“z (Q1), 32 bf];|f] rt'yf{“z (Q2) / 48 t];|f] rt'yf{“z (Q3) xf] .
juL{s[t >]0fLsf nflu
-s_ eGbf sd ;l~rt af/Daf/tf kQf nufpg]
-v_ ;"q Q1 = N4 th kb / Q3 = 3N 4 kQf nufpg]
-u_ ;l~rt af/Daf/tfdf Q1 sf nflu N4 ;Fu a/fa/ jf eGbf 7'nf] ;l~rt
af/Daf/tfsf] ePsf] juf{Gt/ df / Q3 sf nflu 3N
4
eGbf l7s dflysf] ;l~rt
af/Daf/tf ePsf] juf{Gt/df x]g]{ M
-3_ To;kl5 lgDgfg';f/sf] ;"qx¿ k|of]u ug]{ M
N
– cf
Q1 = L + 4 ×h
f
hxfF,
L = Q1 kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] tNnf] ;Ldf
cf = N
4 ;Fu a/fa/ af ;f]eGbf dflysf] ;l~rt af/Daf/tf
f = Q1 kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] af/Daf/tf
h = Q1 kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] cGt/
262 ul0ft, sIff !)

3N – cf
Q3 = L+ 4 ×h
f
hxfF L = Q3 kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] tNnf] ;Ldf
cf = 3N
4 ;Fu a/fa/ af ;f]eGbf dflysf] ;l~rt af/Daf/tf
f = Q3 kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] af/Daf/tf
h = Q3 kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] cGt/
pbfx/0f 1
tnsf] tYofª\saf6 klxnf] rt'yf{Fz (Q1) / t];|f] (Q3) kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
sfdbf/sf] pd]/ 20 25 28 30 32 35 42 46
sfdbf/ ;ª\Vof 2 8 12 10 14 7 5 1
;dfwfg
sfdbf/sf] pd]/ ljj/0f
sfdbf/sf] pd]/ sfdbf/ ;ª\Vof cf
X (f)
20 2 2
25 8 10
28 12 22
30 10 32
32 14 46
35 7 53
42 5 58
46 1 59
N+1
oxfF klxnf] rt'yf{Fz kg]{ :yfg =
4
cf}F kb
= 59 + 1 cf}F kb
4
60
= = 15 cf}F kb
4
15 cf}F kbsf] dfg 28 ePsfn] klxnf] rt'yf{Fz (Q1) = 28
km]l/ t];|f] rt'yf{Fz kg]{ :yfg = 3(N4+ 1) cf}F kb
= 3(59 + 1) cf}F kb = 180 = 45 cf}F kb
4 4
45 cf}F kbsf] dfg 32 ePsfn] t];|f]{ rt'yf{Fz (Q3) = 32
ul0ft, sIff !) 263

pbfx/0f 2
tn sIff 7 sf ljBfyL{n] ul0ft ljifodf kfPsf] k|fKtfª\s lbOPsf] 5 . pSt tYofª\saf6 klxnf] rt'yf{Fz
(Q1) / t];|f] (Q3) kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
k|fKtfª\s (X) 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80

ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof (f) 2 8 15 14 10 8 3
;dfwfg
ljBfyL{sf] k|fKtfª\s ljj/0f
k|fKtfª\s (X) ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof (f) ;l~rt af/Daf/tf (cf)
10-20 2 2
20-30 8 10
30-40 15 25
40-50 14 39
50-60 10 49
60-70 8 57
70-80 3 60
oxfF hDdf ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof N = 60
klxnf] rt'yf{Fz kg]{ :yfg = N4 cf} kb = 60
4 cf}F kb = 15 cf} kb
15 cf} kb ePsf] juf{Gt/ (30-40) xf] .
ca klxnf] rt'yf{Fz kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] tNnf] ;Ldf (L) = 30
klxnf] rt'yf{Fz kg]{ juf{Gt/eGbf cluNnf] juf{Gt/sf] ;l~rt af/Daf/tf (cf) = 10
klxnf] rt'yf{Fz kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] af/Daf/tf (f ) = 15
klxnf] rt'yf{Fz kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] cGt/ (h) = 40 – 30 = 10
N – cf
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5, klxnf] rt'yf{Fz (Q1) = L + 4 ×h
f
= 30 + 15 – 10 × 10
15
50
= 30 +
15
= 30 + 3.34 = 33.34
km]l/ t];|f] rt'yf{Fz kg]{ :yfg = 3N
4
cf}F kb = 3 ×460 cf}F kb = 45 cf}F kb
264 ul0ft, sIff !)

ca t];|f] rt'yf{Fz kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] tNnf] ;Ldf (L) = 50
t];|f] rt'yf{Fz kg]{ juf{Gt/eGbf cluNnf] juf{Gt/sf] ;l~rt af/Daf/tf (cf) = 39
t];|f] rt'yf{Fz kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] af/Daf/tf (f) = 10
t];|f] rt'yf{Fz kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] cGt/ (h) = 60 – 50 = 10
3N – cf
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5, t];|f] rt'yf{Fz (Q3) = L + 4 ×h
45 – 39
f
= 50 + × 10
10
60
= 50 +
10
= 50 + 6
= 56
ctM klxnf] rt'yf{Fz (Q1) = 33.34 / t];|f] (Q3) = 56 x'g\ .
pbfx/0f 3
tn tflnsfdf sfdbf/sf] cfDbfgL lbOPsf] 5 . pSt tYofª\saf6 Q1, Q2 / Q3 sf] dfg kQf
nufpg'xf];\ M
cfDbfgL -xhf/df_ 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35
sfdbf/ ;ª\Vof 10 15 40 55 30 25 5
;dfwfg
sfdbf/sf] cfDbfgL ljj/0f
cfDbfgL (X) sfdbf/ ;ª\Vof (f) eGbf sd ;l~rt af/Daf/tf (cf)
0-5 10 10
5-10 15 25
10-15 40 65
15-20 55 120
20-25 30 150
25-30 25 175
30-35 5 180
oxfF hDdf ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof (N) = 180
klxnf] rt'yf{Fz kg]{ :yfg = N4 cf}F kb = 180
4 cf}F kb = 45 cf}F kb
ul0ft, sIff !) 265

ca klxnf] rt'yf{Fz kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] tNnf] ;Ldf (L) = 10
klxnf] rt'yf{Fz kg]{ juf{Gt/eGbf cluNnf] juf{Gt/sf] ;l~rt af/Daf/tf cf = 25
klxnf] rt'yf{Fz kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] af/Daf/tf (f)= 40
klxnf] rt'yf{Fz kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] cGt/ (h) = 15 – 10 = 5
N – cf
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5, klxnf] rt'yf{Fz (Q1) = L + 4 ×h
f
= 10 + 45 – 25 × 5
40
100
= 10 +
40
= 10 + 2.5 = 12.5
180
km]l/ dlWosf kg]{ :yfg = N2 cf}F kb = 2
cf}F kb = 90 cf} kb
N – cf
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5, dlWosf (Q2) = L + 2 ×h
f
90 – 65
= 15 + 55
× 5
25
= 15 +
11
= 15 + 2.27 = 17.27
ca t];|f] rt'yf{{“z kg]{ :yfg = 3N
4
cf}F kb = 3 ×4180 cf}F kb = 135 cf}F kb
135 cf}F kb ePsf] juf{Gt/ (20 – 25) xf] .
ca t];|f] rt'yf{{“z kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] tNnf] ;Ldf (L) = 20
t];|f] rt'yf{“z kg]{ juf{Gt/eGbf cluNnf] juf{Gt/sf] ;l~rt af/Daf/tf (cf) = 120
t];|f] rt'yf{“z kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] af/Daf/tf (f) = 30
t];f| ] rt'yf{“z kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] cGt/ (h) = 25 – 20 = 5
266 ul0ft, sIff !)

3N – cf
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5, t];|f] rt'yf{“z (Q3) = L + 4 ×h
f
= 20 + 135 – 120 × 5
30
= 20 + 15 = 20 + 2.5
6
= 22.5
ctM klxnf] rt'yf{{“z (Q1) = 12.5, dlWosf (Q2) = 17.2, / t];|f] (Q3) = 22.5 x'g\ .
pbfx/0f 4
ljBfyL{sf] Ps xKtf;Dd vfhf vr{afktsf] /sd / ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof tn tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 .
tYofª\ssf] dflyNNff] rt'yf{“zsf] dfg 460 eP, p sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
vr{ (Rs) 100-200 200-300 300-400 400-500 500-600
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 15 18 P 20 17
;dfwfg
rt'yf{“z kQf nufpg] tflnsf
vr{ (X) ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof (f) eGbf sd ;l~rt af/Daf/tf (cf)
100-200 15 15
200-300 18 33
300-400 p 33 + p
400-500 20 53 + p
500-600 17 70 + p
oxfF t];|f] rt'yf{{“z (Q3) = 460 5 . To;}n] t];|f] rt'yf{Fz kg]{ juf{Gt/ (400-500)
ca t];|f] rt'yf{“z kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] tNnf] ;Ldf (L) = 400
t];|f] rt'yf{Fz kg]{ juf{Gt/eGbf cluNnf] juf{Gt/sf] ;l~rt af/Daf/tf (cf) = 33 + p
t];|f] rt'yf{Fz kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] af/Daf/tf (f) = 20
t];|f] rt'yf{Fz kg]{ juf{Gt/sf] cGt/ (h) = 500 – 400 = 100
3N – cf
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5, t];|f] rt'yf{Fz (Q3) = L + 4 ×h
f
3(70 + p) – (33 + p)
or, 460 = 400 + 4 × 100
20
ul0ft, sIff !) 267

210 + 3p – 132 – 4p
or, 460 – 400 = 4 × 20
× 100
78 – p
or, 60 = 4 × 5
60 × 4
or, 78 – p = 5 = 48
or, 78 – 48 = p
or, 30 = p
⸫ p = 30
ctM 5'6]sf] dfg (p) = 30
cEof; 13.4
1. tn lbOPsf tYofª\saf6 Q1 / Q3 sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ 10, 12, 14, 11, 22, 15, 27, 14, 16, 13, 25
-v_
k|fKtfª\s 42 48 49 53 56 59 60 65 68 70
v]nf8L ;ª\Vof 2 3 5 8 9 11 7 8 6 4
2. tns lbOPsf tYofª\saf6 Q1 / Q3 sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ M

-s_ 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14 14-16 16-18
pd]/
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 5 12 25 26 24 28 20 15
10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80

-v_ k|fKtfª\s
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 2 3 6 12 13 11 7
-u_ prfO (cm) 100- 110- 120- 130- 140- 150- 160-
110 120 130 140 150 160 170
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 3 4 9 15 20 14 7
Hofnf (Rs) 100- 150- 200- 250- 300- 350-

-3_ 150 200 250 300 350 400
sfdbf/ ;ª\Vof 6 11 21 34 25 22
-ª_ 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120 120-140

k|fKtfª\s
af/Daf/tf 8 12 15 14 12 9 10
268 ul0ft, sIff !)

-r_ ;do -ldg]6df_ 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60
Af/Daf/tf 5 3 10 6 4 2
-5_ 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50

Kf|fKtfª\s
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 2 5 8 6 4 5
3. -s_ olb Q1 = 8 eP, k sf] dfg slt xf]nf <

pd]/ (yr) 0-6 6-12 12-18 18-24 24-30 30-36
dflg; ;ª\Vof 9 6 5 k 7 9
-v_ olb Q1 =31 eP 5'6]sf] af/Daf/tf slt xf]nf <

juf{Gt/ Class 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
af/Daf/tf Frequency 4 5 ? 8 7 6
-u_ olb Q3 = 51.75 eP q sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

Tff}n (in kg) 40-44 44-48 48-52 52-56 56-60 60-64
af/Daf/tf 8 10 14 q 3 1
4. tnsf] tYofª\saf6 Q1, Q3 sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ M

-s_
prfO (cm) <125 <130 <135 <140 <145 <150 <155
Af/Daf/tf 0 5 11 24 45 60 72
-v_ tf}n (lbs) 110- 120- 130- 140- 150- 160- 170- 180-
119 129 139 149 159 169 179 189
af/Daf/tf 5 7 12 20 16 10 7 3
-u_ vr{ 100 eGbf 100- 200- 300- 400- 500 eGbf
sd a9L 200 300 400 500
-k|lt lbg_

Aff/Daf/tf 22 34 52 20 19 13
ul0ft, sIff !) 269

-3_ Kf|fKtfª\s 20 eGbf 40 eGbf 60 eGbf 80 eGbf 100 eGbf
sd sd sd sd sd
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 21 44 66 79 90
5. -s_ tn lbOPsf cfFs8fx¿n] s'g} Pp6f cfGtl/s k/LIf0fdf 30 ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf]
k|fKtfª\snfO{{ hgfpF5 . pSt cfFs8fnfO{{ 10 sf] juf{Gt/df af/Daf/tf tflnsf agfO{
klxnf] / t];|f] rt'yf{Fzx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
42, 65, 78, 70, 62, 50, 72, 34, 30, 40, 58, 53, 30, 34, 51, 54, 42, 59, 20, 40,
42, 60, 25, 35, 35, 28, 46, 60, 47, 52
-v_ Pp6f s'v'/f kmfd{df x/]s lbg pTkflbt cG8fsf] ;ª\VofnfO{{ tn lbOPsf] 5 . pSt
cfFs8fnfO{{ 20 sf] juf{Gt/df af/Daf/tf tflnsf agfO{ klxnf] / t];|f] rt'yf{Fzx¿
kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
32, 87, 17, 51, 99, 79, 64, 39, 25, 95, 53, 49, 78, 32, 42, 48, 59, 86, 69, 57,
15, 27, 44, 66, 77, 92.
kl/of]hgf sfo{
ljBfnosf sIff 9 / 10 sf 100 hgf ljBfyL{n] cfGtl/s k/LIff 100 k"0ff{ª\sdf k|fKt
u/]sf] hDdf k|fKtfª\s ;f]w]/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-s_ pSt tYofª\snfO{{ pko'St juf{Gt/sf] af/Daf/tf tflnsfdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ tYofª\ssf] k|of]u u/L eGbf 7'nf] / eGbf ;fgf] ;l~rt af/Daf/tf tflnsf tof/
kfg'{xf];\ .
-u_ ;a} sfo{sf] l;nl;n]af/ ¿kdf k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
pQ/
1. -s_ 12, 22 -v_ 53, 65
2. -s_ 7.54, 13.91 -v_ 32.08, 64.09 -u_ 121.33, 152.14 -3_ 230.35, 334.5
-ª_ 40, 98.33 -r_ 18.3, 35.8 -5_ 30.31, 40.63
3. -s_ 8 -v_ 10 -u_ 16
4. -s_ 137.69, 148 -v_ 136.10, 169.6 -u_ 152.94, 360 -3_ 20.45, 61.15
5. -s_ 37.5, 59.28 -v_ 38, 61.57
270 ul0ft, sIff !)

kf7
14 ;DefJotf (Probability)

pko'St ;d"xdf a:fL tnsf k|Zgsf af/]df 5nkmn u/L pQ/ vf]Hg''xf];\ M
-s_ Pp6f 8fO;nfO{{ Ps k6s pkmfbf{ hf]/ jf ¿9 ;ª\Vof kg]{ ;DefJotf slt x'G5 <
-v_ /fd|/L lkml6Psf] Ps u8\8L tf;af6 Pp6f tf; lgsfNbf PSsf jf d'xf/ cfs[lt cfpg]
;DefJotf slt x'G5 <
-u_ b'O{cf]6f l;SsfnfO{{ ;Fu} pkmfbf{ b'O{cf]6}df Head (H) cfpg] ;DefJotf slt x'G5 <
dflysf k|Zgsf cfwf/df,
-s_ k|To]s k/LIf0fsf] gd'gf If]q n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ k|To]s 36gf Nf]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ k|To]s 36gfsf] ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ k|To]s 36gf s:tf s:tf 36gf x'g\ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
k|To]s ;d"xn] ;d"x sfo{ tof/ u/L pSt sfo{ sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
14.1 ;DefJotfsf l;4fGtx¿ (Principles of Probabilities)
-s_ kf/:kl/s lgif]ws 36gf (Mutually Exclusive)
lj|mofsnfk 1
Pp6f 8fO;nfO{{ Ps k6s pkmfbf{ dflyk6\l6
-s_ hf]/ ;ª\Vof jf lahf]/ ;ª\Vof kg]{
-v_ hf]/ ;ª\Vof jf ¿9 ;ª\Vof kg]{ 36gf n]vf}F .
oxfF 8fO;sf] dflyk6\l6 b]lvg ;Sg] ;ª\Vofsf] ;d"x S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
dflyk6\l6 b]lvg ;Sg] hf]/ ;ª\Vofsf] ;d"xnfO{{ (A),
dflyk6\l6 b]lvg ;Sg] lahf]/ ;ª\Vofsf] ;d"xnfO{{ (B) /
dflyk6\l6 b]lvg ;Sg] ¿9 ;ª\Vofsf] ;d"xnfO{{ (C) dfGbf,
A = { 2, 4, 6}
B = { 1, 3, 5}
C = { 2, 3, 5} x'G5 .
ul0ft, sIff !) 271

dflysf] pbfx/0fdf x]bf{ 36gf A / B df s'g} klg ;b:o ;femf 5}gg\ . To;}n] 36gf A cfpFbf
36gf B cfpg ;Sb}g . t;y{ A / B kf/:kl/s lgif]ws 36gf x'g\ .
km]l/ 36gf A / C df ;femf ;b:o 2 5 . olb 8fO; pkmf{bf 2 cfof] eg] Tof] hf]/ ;ª\Vof klg
x'G5 / ¿9 ;ª\Vof klg x'G5 . To;}n] 36gf A cfpFbf 36gf C klg cfpg ;S5 . t;y{ A /
C kf/:kl/s lgif]ws 36gf xf]Ogg\ .
To:t} B / C s:tf 36gf xf]nfg\ < 5nkmn u/L n]Vg'xf];\ .
s'g} klg k/LIf0fdf Pp6f 36gfn] csf]{ 36gfsf] ;DefJotfnfO{{ lgif]w u5{ eg] tL
36gfnfO{{ kf/:kl/s lgif]ws 36gf (Mutually Exclusive) elgG5 . To;} u/L Pp6f
36gf cfpbf csf]{ 36gf klg cfpg ;Sg] 36gf kf/:kl/s lgif]ws 36gf xf]Ogg\ . dflysf]
pbfx/0fdf A / B kf/:kl/s lgif]ws 36gf x'g\ eg] A / C kf/:kl/s lgif]ws 36gf
xf]Ogg\ .
-v_ ;DefJotfsf] hf]8sf] l;4fGt (Addition Law of Probability)

lj|mofsnfk 2
Pp6f 8fO;nfO{{ pkmf{bf aGg ;Sg] gd'gf If]q (S) n]Vg'xf];\ . hf]/ ;ª\Vof cfpg ;Sg] 36gf
(A), lahf]/ ;ª\Vof cfpg ;Sg] 36gf (B), ¿9 ;ª\Vof cfpg ;Sg] 36gf (C) / logLx¿sf]
u0fgfTdstf / ;DefJotf klg n]Vg'xf];\ . o;sf cfwf/df tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]vL
lgisif{df k'Ug'xf];\ M
-s_ hf]/ ;ª\Vof jf lahf]/ ;ª\Vof cfpg] ;DefJotf slt xf]nf <
-v_ hf]/ ;ª\Vof jf ¿9 ;ª\Vof cfpg] ;DefJotf slt xf]nf <
oxfF Pp6f 8fO;nfO{{ pkmf{bf aGg ;Sg] gd'gf If]q (S) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, n(S) = 6
36gf u0fgfTdstf ;DefJotf
hf]/ ;ª\Vof cfpg] (A) = {2, 4, 6} n(A) = 3 p(A) = n(A) = 36 = 12
n(S)
lahf]/ ;ª\Vof cfpg] (B) = {1, 3, 5} n(B) = 3

p(B) = n(S) = 36 = 12
n(B)
¿9 ;ª\Vof cfpg] (C) = {2, 3, 5} n(C) = 3 p(C) = n(S) = 36 = 12

n(C)
272 ul0ft, sIff !)

-s_ hf]/ ;ª\Vof jf lahf]/ ;ª\Vof cfpg] = {2, 4, 6} jf {1, 3, 5}
(A∪B) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} S
B A
⸫ n(A∪B) = 6
1 3 2 6
P(A∪B) = n(S) = 66 = 1
n(A∪B) 5 4
1
km]l/ P(A) + P(B) = 2 + 12 = 1
⸫ P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B)

S
-v_ hf]/ ;ª\Vof jf ¿9 ;ª\Vof cfpg] = {2, 4, 6} jf C A
{2, 3, 5} 3
6 4
(A∪C) = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ⸫ n(A∪C) = 5 5 2
P(A∪C) = n(A∪C) = 56
n(S)
oxfF (A∩C) = {2} ⸫ n(A∩C) = 1 1
P(A∩C) = n(A∩C) = 16
n(S)
caolbp(A) A +/ p(C)
B b'O–{ kf/:kl/s = 12ws
p(A∩C) lgif] + 1236gf
- 16 = 5 P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) / olb A / C
ePdf
6
b' O { kf/:kl/s lgif] w s 36gf
⸫ p(A∪C) = p(A) + p(C) – p(A∩C) gePdf P(A ∪ C) = P(A) + P(C) – P(A∩C) x'G5 . o;nfO{{
;DefJotfsf] hf]8sf] l;4fGt (Addition law of Probability) elgG5 .
pbfx/0f 1
Ps xKtfsf] af/sf gfddWo] Pp6f gfd lnFbf W af6 ;'? x'g] cyjf T af6 ;'? x'g] gfd cfpg] ;DefJotf
kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF S = {Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday};
n(S) = 7
= 17
n(A)
dfgf}F}+, A ={W af6 ;'? x'g] af/x¿ } = {Wednesday}; n(A) = 1 ⸫ P(A) = n(S)
= 27
n(B)
B ={T af6 ;'? x'g] af/x¿ } = {Tuesday, Thursday}; n(B) = 2 ⸫ P(B) = n(S)
W af6 ;'? x'g] cyjf T af6 ;'? x'g] gfd cfpg] ;DefJotf P(A∪B) = ?
oxfF A / B kf/:kl/s lgif]lwt 36gf x'g\ .
t;y{ P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) = 1
7 + 27 = 37
3
ctM W af6 ;'? x'g] cyjf T af6 ;'? x'g] af/sf] gfd cfpg] ;DefJotf = 7
ul0ft, sIff !) 273

pbfx/0f 2
Pp6f emf]nfdf 4 cf]6f sfnf], 6 cf]6f kx]Fnf] / 5 cf]6f /ftf] pq} / p:t} anx¿ 5g\ M
-s_ Pp6f an gx]/Lsg lgsfNbf sfnf cyjf /ftf an cfpg] ;DEffJotf slt x'G5, kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ Pp6f an gx]/Lsg lgsfNbf kx]Fnf cyjf /ftf an cfpg] ;DEffJotf slt x'G5, kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
oxfF hDdf anx¿sf] ;ª\Vof, n(S) = (4 + 6 + 5) = 15
n(B) 4
sfnf]] ansf] ;ª\Vof, n(B) = 4, sfnf] an cfpg] ;DefJotf P(B) = n(S)
= 15
kx]Fnf] ansf] ;ª\Vof n(Y) = 6, kx]Fnf] an cfpg] ;DefJotf P(Y) = n(Y) = 6

n(S) 15
/ftf]] ansf] ;ª\Vof n(R) = 5, /ftf] an cfpg] ;DefJotf P(R) = n(R) = 5
n(S) 15
-s_ sfnf] cyjf /ftf] an cfpg] P(B∪R) = ?
oL 36gf kf/:kl/s lgif]ws ePsfn] ;DefJotfsf] hf]8 l;4fGtcg';f/,
4 5 9
P(B∪R) = P(B) + P(R) = 15 + 15 = 15 = 35
3
ctM sfnf] cyjf /ftf] an cfpg] ;DEffJotf = 5
-v_ kx]]Fnf] cyjf /ftf] an cfpg] P(Y∪R) = ?
oL 36gf kf/:kl/s lgif]ws ePsfn] ;DefJotfsf] hf]8 l;4fGtcg';f/,
4 6 11
P(Y∪R) = P(B) + P(R) = 15 + 15 = 15
11
ctM sfnf] cyjf /ftf] an cfpg] ;DEffJotf = 15
pbfx/0f 3
1 b]lv 20 ;Dd n]lvPsf hDdf 20 cf]6f a/fa/ cª\s kQLx¿af6 gx]/Lsg Pp6f kQL y'Tbf 4 n] efu
hfg] cyjf 3 n] efu hfg] cª\s kQL cfpg] ;DefJotf slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
hDdf cª\s kQL ;ª\Vof n(S) = 20
dfgf}F}+, A = 1 b]lv 20 ;Ddsf 4 n] efu hfg] ;ª\Vof = {4,8,12,16,20}
5
n(A)
n(A) = 5, ⸫ P(A) = n(S) = 20
B = 1 b]lv 20 ;Ddsf 3 n] efu hfg] ;ª\Vof = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}
n(B) 6
n(B) = 6, ⸫ P(B) = n(S) = 20
274 ul0ft, sIff !)

A∩B = {12}; (A / B df 12 ePsf] kQL ;fEfmf ePsfn]_
1
n(A∩B)
n(A∩B) = 1 ; P(A∩B) = n(S) = 20
P(A∪B) = ?
oxfF A / B kf/:kl/s lgif]ws 36gf gePsfn]
P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B)– P( A∩B)
5 6 1
= 20 + 20 – 20
5+6–1
= 20
10
= 20
1
= 2
1
ctM 4 n] efu hfg] cyjf 3 n] efu hfg] cª\s kQL cfpg] ;DefJotf = 2
pbfx/0f 4
Ps ;]6 52 kQL tf;nfO{{ /fd|/L lkm6]/ s'g} Pp6f tf;sf] kQL y'Tbf afbzfx, ld:;L cyjf u'nfd
kg]{ ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
oxfF hDdf tf;sf] ;ª\Vof, n(S) = 52
4 1
afbzfxsf] ;ª\Vof, n(K) = 4 ; P(K) = n(K)
n(S)
= 52 = 13
4 1
ld:;Lsf] ;ª\Vof, n(Q) = 4 ; P(Q) = n(Q)
n(S)
= 52 = 13
n(J) 4 1
u'nfdsf] ;ª\Vof, n(J) = 4 ; = n(S)
= 52 = 13
afbzfx, ld:;L cyjf u'nfd kg]{ ;DefJotf P(K∪Q∪J) = ?
oxfF K, Q / J tLg}cf]6f 36gf kf/:kl/s lgif]ws 36gf x'g\ .
t;y{ afbzfx jf ld:;L jf u'nfd kg]{ ;DefJotf P(K∪Q∪J) = P(K) + P(Q) + P( J)
1 1 1 3
= 13 + 13 + 13 = 13
3
ctM afbzfx, ld:;L cyjf u'nfd kg]{ ;DefJotf = 13
ul0ft, sIff !) 275

cEof; 14.1
1. lbOPsf 36gf kf/:kl/s lgif]ws x'g\ jf xf]Ogg\ kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ Pp6f l;Ssf pkmfbf{, A = cu| efu (H) cfpg] / B = kZr efu (T) cfpg]
-v_ Pp6f 8fO; pkmfbf{, P = hf]/ ;ª\Vof cfpg] / O = lahf]/ ;ª\Vof cfpg]
-u_ /fDf|/L lkml6Psf tf;sf] u8\8Laf6 Pp6f tf; y'Tbf, F = d'xf/ cfs[lt ePsf] cfpg]
/ A = x's'd cfpg]
-3_ /fDf|/L lkml6Psf tf;sf] u8\8Laf6 Pp6f tf; y'Tbf, T = 10 cfpg] / A = PSsf
cfpg]
-ª_ 5 cf]6f ;]tf, 8 cf]6f xl/of / 7 cf]6f lgnf an ePsf] emf]nfaf6 Pp6f an
gx]/Lsg lgsfNbf,
G = xl/of] an cfpg] / B = lgnf] an cfpg]
2. lbOPsf 36gfsf ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ b'O{cf]6f l;Ssf pkmfbf{ sDtLdf Pp6f cu| efu (H) cfpg]
-v_ Pp6f 8fO; pkmfbf{ ¿9 ;ª\Vof cfpg]
-u_ /fDf|/L lkml6Psf] tf;sf] u8\8Laf6 Pp6f tf; y'Tbf d'xf/ cfs[lt ePsf] cfpg]
-3_ cª\u|]hL dlxgfcg';f/ s'g} Pp6f afnssf] hGd 30 lbg ePsf] dlxgfd} x'g]
-ª_ 4 cf]6f ;]tf, 7 cf]6f xl/of / 5 cf]6f lgnf an ePsf] emf]nfaf6 Pp6f an
gx]/Lsg lgsfNbf ;]tf] an cfpg]
3. tnsf 36gfsf] ;DefJotf slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ 6 cf]6f /ftf, 5 cf]6f kx]Fnf / 7 cf]6f lgnf pxL cfsf/sf] an ePsf] emf]nfaf6
Pp6f an gx]/Lsg lgsfNbf /ftf cyjf lgnf an cfpg]
-v_ tLgcf]6f l;SsfnfO{{ ;Fu} pkmfbf{ tLgcf]6f cu| efu (H) cfpg] cyjf tLgcf]6f kZr
efu (T) cfpg]
-u_ Pp6f 8fO; pkmfbf{ ¿9 ;ª\Vof cfpg] cyjf 4 cfpg]
-3_ /fDf|/L lkml6Psf] tf;sf] u8\8Laf6 Pp6f tf; y'Tbf 10 cfpg] jf PSsf (A) cfpg]
-ª_ /fDf|/L lkml6Psf] tf;sf] u8\8Laf6 Pp6f tf; y'Tbf d'xf/ cfs[lt ePsf] cfpg] jf
x's'd cfpg]
4. tnsf 36gfsf] ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ MATHEMATICS df ePsf cIf/x¿df Pp6f tfGbf M cyjf T cfpg]
-v_ STATISTICS df ePsf cIf/x¿df Pp6f tfGbf S cyjf T cfpg]
276 ul0ft, sIff !)

-u_ RHODODENDRON df ePsf cIf/x¿df Pp6f tfGbf O cyjf D cfpg]
-3_ sIffsf 15 ljBfyL{dWo] 8 hgfn] cª\u|]hL, 9 hgfn] ul0ft / 4 hgfn] b'j} ljifo
5fg] . Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{{ gx]/Lsg 5gf]6 ubf{ ul0ft jf cª\u|]hL 5gf]6 ug]{ ljBfyL{
kg]{ ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
pQ/
1. lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
3 1 3 1 1
2. -s_ 4 -v_ 2 -u_ 13 -3_ 3 -ª_ 4
13 1 2 2 11
3. -s_ 18 -v_ 4 -u_ 3 -3_ 13 -ª_ 26
4 3 1 13
4. -s_ 11 -v_ 5 -u_ 2 -3_ 15
14.2 cgfl>t / k/fl>t 36gf (Independent and dependent events)

lj|mofsnfk 3
tnsf b'O{ cj:yfaf6 k|fKt ;DeJotfnfO{{ t'ngf ug'{xf];\ M
Pp6f emf]nfdf 5 cf]6f /ftf, 7 cf]6f xl/of / 4 cf]6f lgnf ;dfg cfsf/sf an 5g\ .
-c_ klxnf] cj:yf -k'gM /fv]/_
-s_ klxnf] an /ftf cfpg] ;DefJotf slt x'G5 <
-v_ km]l/ pSt annfO{{ ;f]xL emf]nfdf /fv]/ bf];|f] an lgsfNbf bf];|f] an /ftf cfpg]
;DefJotf slt x'G5 <
-cf_ bf];|f] cj:yf -k'gM g/fv]/_
-s_ klxnf] an /ftf cfpg] ;DefJotf slt x'G5 <
-v_ km]l/ pSt annfO{{ ;f]xL emf]nfdf g/fv]/ bf];|f] an lgsfNbf bf];|f] an /ftf cfpg]
;DefJotf slt x'G5 <
ul0ft, sIff !) 277

dflysf b'O{ cj:yfaf6 k|fKt ;DEffJotfnfO{{ t'ngf ubf{,
-c_ klxnf] cj:yf -k'gM /fv]/_ -cf_ bf];|f] cj:yf -k'gM g/fv]/_
/ftf] ansf] ;ª\Vof n(R) = 5 /ftf ansf] ;ª\Vof n(R) = 5
klxnf] an /ftf an kg]{ ;DefJotf P1(R) klxnf] an /ftf an kg]{ ;DefJotf
n(R) n(R) 5
= n(S)
P1(R) = n(S) = 16
= 5 ca emf]nfdf 15 an afFsL /x] .
16
ca emf]nfdf 15 an afFsL /x] . klxnf] annfO{{ k'gM emf]nfdf g/fv]df ca
klxnf] annfO{{ k'gM emf]nfdf /fv]kl5 ca emf]nfdf 15 cf]6f an afFsL /xG5g\ .
emf]nfdf 16 cf]6f g} an x'G5g\ . bf];|f] an klg /ftf cfpg] ;DefJotf P2(R)
n(R) 4
bf];|f] an klg /ftf cfpg] ;DefJotf n(S)
= 15 g} eof] .
n(R) 5
P2(R) = n(S) = 16 g} eof] .
klxnf] 36gfn] bf];|f] 36gfsf] ;DefJotfnfO{{ klxnf] 36gfn] bf];|f] 36gfsf] ;DefJotfnfO{{
s]xL c;/ ub}g . t;y{ logLx¿ cgfl>t c;/ u¥of] . t;y{ logLx¿ k/fl>t 36gf
36gf (Independent Event) eP . (dependent Event) eP .
b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L 36gfdf Pp6fsf] k|flKtn] csf]{ 36gfnfO{{ c;/ ub}{g eg] To:tf
36gfnfO{{ cgfl>t 36gf (Independent Event) elgG5 . s'g} k/LIf0fdf b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf
a9L 36gfdf Pp6fsf] k|flKtn] csf]{ 36gfsf] ;DefJotfdf k|efj kfg]{ 36gfnfO{{ k/fl>t 36gf
(Dependent Events) elgG5 .
pbfx/0f 1
Pp6f l;Ssf / Pp6f 8fO; Ps} ;do pkmfbf{ l;Ssfsf] cu|efu (H) / 8fO;df 5 cfpg] 36gf s:tf
36gf x'g\ <
;dfwfg
oxfF Pp6f l;Ssf / Pp6f 3gfsf/ 8fO;nfO{{ Ps} ;fy
pkmfbf{ l;Ssfdf H cyjf T dWo] s'g} klg cfpg
;S5 eg] 8fO;df 1 b]lv 6 cª\s;Dd s'g} klg cfpg
;S5 . l;Ssfdf cfpg] 36gfn] 8fO;df cfpg] 36gfnfO{{ s'g} c;/ ub}{gg\ tL 36gf
cgfl>t x'g\ .
278 ul0ft, sIff !)

pbfx/0f 2
Ps ;]6 52 kQL tf;nfO{{ /fd|/L lkm6]/ klxn] lgsfn]sf] tf; k'gM g/fvL Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{ 2
cf]6f tf; lgsfNbf b'j} tf; afbzfx (K) g} kg]{ 36gf s:tf 36gf x'g\ <
;dfwfg
oxfF 52 kQL tf;nfO{{ /fd|/L lkm6]/ klxnf] tf; lgsfNbf pSt tf;sf] u8\8Ldf hDDff 4 cf]6f K
x'G5g\, To;}n] n(S) = 52, n(K) = 4 x'G5 .
n(K) 4
K cfpg] ;DefJotf P1(K) = n(S) = 52 x'G5 . km]l/ pSt K nfO{{ aflx/ g} /fVbf hDdf 51
cf]6f dfq afFsL /xG5 . ca n(S) = 51, n(K) = 3 x'G5 .
n(K) 3
bf];|f] K cfpg] ;Defagf P2(K) = n(S) = 51 eof] . oxfF bf];|f] 36gfsf] ;DefJotf, klxnf]
36gfsf] ;DefJotfdf e/ kg]{ b]lvof] .
t;y{ oL b'O{ k/fl>t 36gf eP .
14.3 ;DefJotfsf] u'0fg l;4fGt (Multiplication Principle of Probability)

lj|mofsnfk 4
lbOPsf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf a;L ug'{xf];\ M
Pp6f l;Ssf / Pp6f 3gfsf/ 8fO;nfO{{ Ps} ;fy pkmfbf{,
-s_ ;Defljt gd'gf If]q n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ l;Ssfdf H / 8fO;df 4 kg]{ ;DefJotf slt x'G5 <
-u_ oL s:tf k|sf/sf 36gf x'g\ <
Pp6f l;Ssf / Pp6f 3gfsf/ 8fO;nfO{{ Ps} ;fy pkmfbf{ l;Ssfdf l;Ssfdf H jf T dWo] s'g}
klg cfpg ;S5 eg] 8fO;df 1 b]lv 6 cª\s;Dd s'g} klg cfpg ;S5 . To;}n] l;Ssfdf cfpg]
36gfn] 8fO;df cfpg] 36gfnfO{{ s'g} c;/ ub}{gg\ tL 36gf cgfl>t x'g\ .
oxfF l;Ssfsf] gd'gf If]q (S1) = {H, T} ⸫ n(S1) = 2
8fO;sf] gd'gf If]q (S2) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ⸫ n(S2) = 6
Ps l;Ssf / 8fO; ;Fu} pkmfbf{ aGg] ;Defljt gd'gf If]q (S) = { (H, 1), (H, 2), (H, 3),
(H, 4), (H, 5), (H, 6), (T, 1), (T, 2), (T, 3), (T, 4), (T, 5), (T, 6)} ⸫ n(S) = 12
ca l;Ssfdf H cfpg] / 8fO;df 4 kg]{ ;DefJotf slt xf]nf <
A = l;Ssfdf H cfpg] ⸫ n(A) = 1 / B = 8fO;df 4 cfpg] ⸫ n(B) = 1
H cfpg] / 8fO;df 4 kg]{ (A∩B) = {(H,4)} ; n(A∩B) = 1
ul0ft, sIff !) 279

= 12 / P(B) = n(S ) = 16
n(A) n(B)
P(A) = n(S )
1 2
1
To;} u/L P(A∩B) = n(A∩B)
n(S)
= 12
ca dflysf] ;dfwfgaf6 s]xL lgisif{ lgsfNg ;Sg'x'G5 <
P(A) × P(B) = 12 × 16 = 12
1
= P(A ∩B)
olb b'O{cf]6f 36gf A / B kf/:kl/s cgfl>t 5g\ eg],
P(A / B) = P(A∩B) = P(A) × P(B) x'G5 .
pbfx/0f 3
Pp6f l;Ssf / tLg /ª xl/of], lgnf] / /ftf] ePsf] l:kg/nfO{{ ;Fu} 3'dfpFbf, l;Ssfdf T /
l:kg/sf] ;'O{ xl/of] /ªdf cl8g] ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
l;Ssfsf] gd'gf If]q (S1) = {H, T} ⸫ n(S1) = 2 1
n(T) 1
l;Ssfsf] T cfpg] ;DefJotf P(T) = n(S ) = 2
1
l:kg/sf] gd'gf If]q (S2) = {xl/of], lgnf], /ftf]}

⸫ n(S2) = 3
n(G) 1
l:kg/sf] ;'O{ xl/ofdf cl8g] ;DefJotf P(G) = n(S ) = 3 l;Ssfsf] T cfpg / l:kg/sf] ;'O{
2
xl/ofdf cl8g] ;DefJotf P(T∩G) = ?
l;Ssfsf] T cfpg] / l:kg/sf] ;'O{ xl/of]df cl8g] 36gf kf/:kl/s cgfl>t 36gf x'g\ .
1
t;y{ P(T∩G) = P(T) × P( G) = 2 × 13 = 16
j}slNks tl/sf
l;Ssf / l:kg/sf] ;Defljt gd'gf If]q
S = {(H, xl/of]_, (H, lgnf]_, (H, /ftf]_, (T, xl/of]_, (T, lgnf]_, (T, /ftf]} ⸫ n(S) = 6
l;Ssfsf] T cfpg] / l:kg/sf] ;'O{ xl/ofdf cl8g] (A) = {(T, xl/of]_} ⸫ n(A) = 1
l;Ssfsf] T cfpg] / l:kg/sf] ;'O{ xl/ofdf cl8g] ;DefJotf P(A) = n(S) = 16
n(A)
280 ul0ft, sIff !)

pbfx/0f 4
Ps ;]6 52 kQL tf;nfO{{ /fd|/L lkm6]/ klxn] lgsfn]sf] tf; k'gM /fvL Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{ 2 cf]6f tf;
lgsfNbf klxnf] tf; afbzfx (K) / bf];|f] tf; PSsf (A) kg]{ ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
x'G5g\, To;}n] n(S) = 52, n(K) = 4 x'G5 .
n(K) 4
t;y{ K cfpg] ;DefJotf P(K) = n(S) = 52 x'G5 .
klxnf] tf;nfO{{ k'gM ;f]xL Kofs]6df /fVbf hDdf 52 cf]6} tf; eP . PSsfsf] ;ª\Vof klg 4 g}
x'G5 .
To;}n] n(S) = 52, n(A) = 4 x'G5 .
n(A) 4
bf];|f] tf; A cfpg] ;DefJotf P(A) = n(S) = 52 g} eof] .
klxnf] tf; K / bf];|f] tf; A cfpg] ;DefJotf P(K∩A) = ?
oxfF b'j} 36gf cgfl>t 36gf eP .
4 4 1
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 P(K∩A) = P(K) × P( A) = 52 × 52 = 169
1
ctM klxnf] tf; afbzfx (K) / bf];|f] tf; PSsf (A) kg]{ ;DefJotf = 169
pbfx/0f 5
Ps ;]6 52 kQL tf;nfO{{ /fd|/L lkm6]/ klxn] lgsfn]sf] tf; k'gM g/fvL Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{ 2 cf]6f tf;
lgsfNbf klxnf] tf; afbzfx (K) / bf];|f] tf; PSsf (A) kg]{ ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
x'G5g\, To;}n] n(S) = 52, n(K) = 4 x'G5 .
n(K) 4
t;y{ K cfpg] ;DefJotf P(K) = n(S) = 52 x'G5 .
klxnf] tf;nfO{{ k'gM ;f]xL Kofs]6df g/fVbf hDdf 52 – 1 = 51 cf]6f tf; eP . PSsfsf]
;ª\Vof 4 x'G5 .
To;}n] n(S1) = 51, n(A) = 4 x'G5 .
n(A) 4
bf];|f] tf; A cfpg] ;DefJotf P(A) = n(S ) = 52 eof] .
1
klxnf] tf; K / bf];|f] tf; A cfpg] ;DefJotf P(K∩A) = ?
ul0ft, sIff !) 281

oxfF b'j} 36gf kf/:kl/s cfl>t 36gf eP .
4 4 4
xfdLnfO{{ yfxf 5 P(K∩A) = P(K) × P(A) = 52 × 51 = 663
4
ctM klxnf] tf; afbzfx (K) / bf];|f] tf/ PSsf (A) kg]{ ;DefJotf = 663
pbfx/0f 6
Pp6f emf]nfdf 5 cf]6f lgnf / 6 cf]6f /ftf u'Rrfx¿ 5g\ . tLdWo] b'O{cf]6f u'Rrf gx]/L lgsfNbf klxnf]
u'Rrf /ftf] / bf];|f] lgnf] u'Rrf cfpg] ;DefJotf slt x'G5 <
-s_ klxnf] u'RrfnfO{{ k'gM /fv]/ bf];|f] lgsfNbf
-v_ klxnf] g/fvLsg bf];|f] u'Rrf lgsfNbf .
;dfwfg
Pp6f emf]nfdf ePsf hDdf u'Rrf ;ª\Vof n(S) = 5 + 6 = 11
Pp6f u'Rrf lgsfNbf,
n(R) 6
/ftf] u'RRff kg]{ ;DefJotf P(R) = n(S) = 11
5
lgnf] u'Rrf kg]{ ;DefJotf P(B) = n(B)
n(S)
= 11
-s_ klxnf] u'Rrf k'gM emf]nfdf /fvL Pskl5 csf]{ j|mdzM lgsfNbf,
klxnf] u'Rrf /ftf] / bf];|f] u'Rrf lgnf] kg]{ ;DefJotf P(R∩B) = ?
6
klxnf] u'Rrf /ftf] cfpg] ;DefJotf P(R) = 11
5
bf];|f] u'Rrf lgnf] cfpg] ;DefJotf P(B) = 11
klxnf] u'Rrf /ftf] / bf];|f] u'Rrf lgnf] kg]{ ;DefJotf P(R∩B) = P(R) × P(B )
6 5 30
= 11 × 11 = 121
-v_ klxnf] u'Rrf k'gM emf]nfdf g/fvL Pskl5 csf]{ j|mdzM lgsfNbf,
6
klxnf] u'Rrf /ftf] cfpg] ;DefJotf P(R) = 11
ca ef]nfdf hDdf 11 – 1= 10 cf]6f u'Rrf /x] .
5
bf];|f] u'Rrf lgnf] cfpg] ;DefJotf P(B) = 10
klxnf] u'Rrf /ftf] / bf];|f] u'Rrf lgnf] kg]{ ;DefJotf P(R∩B) = P(R) × P(B )
6 5 3
= 11 × 10 = 11
282 ul0ft, sIff !)

cEof; 14.2
1. Pp6f l;Ssf / Pp6f 8fO; Ps;fy pkmfbf{ l;Ssfdf kl5Nnf] efu (T) / 8fO;df 3
cfpg] ;DefJotf lgsfNg'xf];\ .
2. Pp6f afs;df 2 cf]6f xl/of, 3 cf]6f /ftf / 5 cf]6f sfnf p:t} / pq} an /flvPsf
5g\ . To;af6 gx]/Lsg Pp6f an lgsfnL k'gM To;df /fvL csf]{ an gx]/L lgsfNbf
lgDgcg';f/sf anx¿ cfpg] ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ b'j} Pp6} /ªsf
-v_ b'O{cf]6f leGgf leGg} /ªsf
-u_ sDtLdf Pp6f an /ftf] cyjf sfnf] /ªsf]
3. Pp6f afs;df 2 cf]6f xl/of, 3 cf]6f /ftf / 5 cf]6f sfnf] p:t} / pq} anx¿ /flvPsf
5g\ . To;af6 gx]/Lsg Pp6f an lgsfnL k'gM To;df g/fvL csf]{ an gx]/L lgsfNbf
lgDgcg';f/sf anx¿ cfpg] ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ b'j} Pp6} /ªsf
-v_ b'O{cf]6f leGgf leGg} /ªsf
-u_ sDtLdf Pp6f an /ftf] cyjf sfnf] /ªsf]
4. Pp6f emf]nfdf /flvPsf 7 cf]6f /ftf / 8 cf]6f kx]Fnf p:t} p:t} andf b'O{cf]6f
an kfn}kfnf] lgsfNbf b'j} k6s /ftf] cyjf kx]Fnf] an cfpg] ;DefJotf kQf
nufpg'xf];\ . -klxn] lgsflnPsf] an k'gM emf]nfdf g/fVg] ._
5. /fd|/L lkml6Psf] 52 kQLsf] 1 ;]6 tf;af6 gx]/Lsg Pp6f tf; lems]/ k'gM To;df g/fvL
gx]/Lsg} bf];|f] tf; lemSbf,
-s_ b'j} k6s PSsf kg]{ ;DefJotf slt x'G5 <
-v_ Ps Pscf]6f PSsf jf afbzfx kg]{ ;DefJotf slt x'G5 <
6. Pp6f emf]nfdf /ftf], xl/of] / sfnf] Ps Pscf]6f p:t} / pq} u'Rrf /flvPsf 5g\ . pSt
emf]nfaf6 gx]/Lsg Pp6f u'Rrf lgsfNg] / k'gM To;df g/fvL csf]{ u'Rrf lgsfNbf x'g]
;a} ;DefJotfx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
;DEffJotfsf] k|of]u b}lgs hLjgdf sxfF sxfF x'G5, vf]hL ug'{xf];\ . o;sf] ;sf/fTds k|of]u
;DaGwdf Ps n]v tof/ u/L sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 283

pQ/
1 12 31 13
1. 12 2. -s_ 25 -v_ 50 -u_ 20
14 31 57 7
3. -s_ 45 -v_ 45 -u_ 90 4. 15
1 8 1
5. -s_ 221 -v_ 663 6. 6
14.3 j[If lrq (Tree diagram)

lj|mofsnfk 5
Pp6f l;SsfnfO{{ b'O{ k6s pkmfbf{ ltgLx¿df cfpg] 36gfsf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
h:t}M Pp6f l;SsfnfO{{ b'O{ k6s pkmfbf{ cfpg] glthfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 M
HH
bf];|f] k6s
klxnf] k6s HT
H
TH
T
TT
s'g} klg k/LIf0faf6 cfpg ;Sg] glthfnfO{ k|:t't ul/g] dflysf] h:t} lrqnfO{{ j[If
lrq elgG5 . o;df k/LIf0fsf k|To]s glthfnfO{{ xfFufx¿n] hgfOG5 . o;n] ltgLx¿sf]
;DefJotfsf] gd'gf If]q / ;DefJotf kQf nufpg ;lsG5, h:t}M dflysf] k/LIf0fdf gd'gf If]q
S = { HH ,HT, TH, TT} x'G5 .
pbfx/0f 1
Pp6f 8fO; / l;SsfnfO{{ Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{ pkmfbf{ cfpg ;Sg] glthf / ltgLx¿sf] ;DefJotfnfO{{
hgfpg] j[If lrq tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
284 ul0ft, sIff !)

;dfwfg
Pp6f 8fO; / l;SsfnfO{{ Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{ pkmfbf{ cfpg] 36gf / ltgLx¿sf] ;DefJotfnfO{{
hgfpg] j[If lrq lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M
pbfx/0f 2
/fd|/L lkml6Psf] 52 kQL tf;sf] u8\8Laf6 klxnf] tf; lgsfn]/ k'gM pSt u8\8Ldf gld;fO{ bf];|f] tf;
lgsfNbf /ftf] jf sfnf] tf; cfpg ;Sg] 36gf / ltgLx¿sf] ;DefJotfnfO{{ hgfpg] j[If lrq tof/
ug'{xf];\ M
;dfwfg
tf;sf] u8\8Laf6 klxnf] tf; lgsfn]/ k'gM pSt u8\8Ldf gld;fO{ bf]:f|f] tf; lgsfNbf cfpg
;Sg] 36gf / ltgLx¿sf] ;DefJotfnfO{{ hgfpg] j[If lrqnfO{{ lgDgfg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 M
ul0ft, sIff !) 285

25 26 25 25
P2(R) = P(RR) = × =
51 52 51 102
25 Red
26
P1(R) = 26 Black
52 26 26 26 13
P2(B) = P(RB) = × =
51 52 51 51
26 Red
26 Black 26 26 13
P2(R) =
26 P(BR) = × =
52 51 51
51
26 26 Red
P1(B) =
52
25 Black 26 25 25
P2(B) =
25 P(BB) = × =
52 51 102
51
pbfx/0f 3
tLgcf]6f l;SsfnfO{{ Pskl5 csf]{ ub} j|mdzM pkmfbf{,
-s_ cfpg ;Sg] 36gf / ltgLx¿sf] ;DefJotfnfO{{ hgfpg] j[If lrq tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ sDtLdf 2 cf]6f cu|efu (H) cfpg] ;DEffJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
;dfwfg
-s_ tLgcf]6f l;SsfnfO{{ Pskl5 csf]{ ub} j|mdzM pkmfbf{ cfpg ;Sg] 36gf / ltgLx¿sf]
;DefJotfnfO{{ hgfpg] j[If lrqnfO{{ lgDgfg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 M
1
H HHH
2
1 H
2 1 T HHT
2
1 H 1
2 2 H HTH
1 T
2
1 T HTT
2
1
1
2 H THH
1 2 H
2 T 1
2
T THT
1 1
2
2 T H TTH
1
2
T TTT
-v_ gd'gf If]q (S) = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT} ⸫ n(S) = 8
286 ul0ft, sIff !)

sDtLdf 2 cf]6f cu| efu cfpg] (A) = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH} ⸫ n(A) = 4
P(A) = n(S) = 48 = 12
n(A)
pbfx/0f 4
Pp6f emf]nfdf 12 cf]6f lgnf, 15 cf]6f xl/of / 18 cf]6f ;]tf a/fa/ cfsf/sf an /x]sf 5g\ .
b'O{cf]6f an Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{ gx]/Lsg lgsfNbf aGg] 36gfnfO{{ j[If lrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ . pSt j[If
lrqsf] k|of]u u/L tnsf ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ b'j} an lgnf] cfpg]
-v_ klxnf] an ;]tf] / bf];|f] an xl/of] cfpg]
-u_ Pp6f an lgnf] / csf]{ ;]tf] an cfpg]
;dfwfg
emf]nfdf ePsf 12 cf]6f lgnf, 15 cf]6f xl/of / 18 cf]6f ;]tf a/fa/ cfsf/sf anaf6
2 cf]6f an Pskl5 csf]{ gx]/L lgsfNbf cfpg] 36gf / ltgLx¿sf] ;DefJotfnfO{{ j[If lrqdf
lgDgfg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 M
12 11 1
P2(B) =
11 B P(BB) = × =
44 45 44 15
15
P2(G) = 12 15 1
44
G P(BG) = × =
B 18
45 44 11
P2(W) =
44
12
P1(B) = P(BW) =
12
×
18
=
6
45 W 45 44 55
12 15 12 1
12 B P2(B) = B P(GB) = × =
44 45 44 11
14
15 G G P2(G) =
15 44
P1(G) = G P(GG) =
15
×
14
=
7
18 W 45
P2(W) =
18 45 44 66
44
15 18 3
W P(GW) = × =
45 44 22
12
P2(B) =
44 18 12 6
18 B P(WB) = × =
P1(W) = 45 44 55
45
W P2(G) =
15
44
18 15 3
G P(WG) = × =
45 44 22
17
P2(W) =
44 W P(WW) =
18
×
17
=
17
45 44 110
ul0ft, sIff !) 287

ca j[If lrqsf] k|of]u ubf{,
-s_ b'j} lgnf] an kg]{ P(BB) = 15 1
3
-v_ klxnf] ;]tf] / bf];|f] xl/of] kg]{ P(WG) = 22
-u_ Pp6f lgnf] / csf]{ ;]tf] kg]{ P(BW) + P(WB) = 55 6 + 6 = 12
55 55
cEof; 14.3
1. Pp6f l;SsfnfO{{ tLg k6s pkmfbf{ cfpg] ;Defljt 36gfnfO{{ j[If lrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ /
lgDgfg';f/sf ;DefJotfx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ ;a} tLgcf]6f kZr efu (T)
-v_ sDtLdf b'O{cf]6f cu| efu (H)
-u_ tLgcf]6f kZr efu (T)
2. /ftf lgnf / v}/f tLgfcf]6f /ª ePsf] Pp6f l:kg/ 3'dfP/ Pp6f l;Ssf pkmfbf{ cfpg ;Sg]
;a} 36gfnfO{{ b]vfpg] j[Iflrq tof/ kfg'{xf];\ . j[If lrqs]f k|of]u u/L tnsf ;DefJotfx¿ kQf
nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ l:kg/sf] ;'O{ /ftf] /ªdf cl8g] / l;Ssfdf H cfpg]
-v_ l:kg/sf] ;'O{ v}/f] /ªdf cl8g] / l;Ssfdf T cyjf H cfpg]
3. Pp6f l;SsfnfO{ / Pp6f 8fO;nfO{{ Pskl5 csf]{ u/L pkmfl/of] . o;/L pkmfbf{ cfpg;Sg] ;a}
36gfnfO{{ j[If lrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ . j[If lrqsf] k|of]u u/L tnsf ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ l;Ssfdf H / 8fO;df hf]/ ;ª\Vof cfpg]
-v_ l;Ssfdf T / 8fO;df ju{ ;ª\Vof cfpg]
4. /fd|/L lkml6Psf] 52 kQL tf;sf] u8\8Laf6 Pp6f tf; tfGbf -x's'd, lr8L, OF6f / kfg_
dWo] Pp6f cfpg] / To;kl5 l;SsfnfO{{ pkmfbf{ cfpg] ;DefJo 36gf hgfpg] j[If lrq
tof/ ug'{xf];\ . pSt j[If lrq k|of]u u/L -s_ /ftf] / H cfpg] -v_ sfnf] / T cfpg]
;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
5. Pp6f emf]nfdf ePsf 7 cf]6f /ftf] / 5 cf]6f xl/of] u'RRffaf6 gx]/Lsg 3 cf]6f an
Pskl5 csf]{ kfn}kfnf] lgsfNbf (i) k'gM /fv]/ (ii) k'gM g/fvLsg cfpg;Sg] 36gfnfO{{
hgfpg] j[If lrq tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
288 ul0ft, sIff !)

kl/of]hgf sfo{
52 kQL tf;sf] u8\8L lng'xf];\ . To;kl5 kfn}kfnf] 3 cf]6f tf; klxnf]nfO{ g/fvL÷gx]/Lsg
Pskl5 csf]{ tf; y'Tb} hfg'xf];\ . pSt 3 cf]6f tf;dWo],
-s_ ;a} 3 cf]6f x's'd cfpg]
-v_ 2 cf]6fdfq x's'd cfpg],
-u_ 1 cf]6fdfq x's'd cpg]
-3_ slQ klg x's'd gcfpg] ;DefJotfnfO{ j[If lrqsf dfWodaf6 k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
pQ/
1 1 1 1 1
1. 8 -v_ 2 -u_ 8 2. -s_ 6 -v_ 3
1 1 1 1
3. -s_ 4 -v_ 6 4. s_ 4 -v_ 4 5. lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
ldl>t cEof;
1. 50 hgf dflg;sf] prfO -;]=ld=df_ tn lbOPsf] 5 M
prfO -;]=ld=df_
125, 137, 155, 149, 122, 128, 133, 144, 115, 118, 142, 145, 151, 157, 159, 160,
165, 162, 156, 158, 155, 141, 147, 149, 148, 159, 154, 155, 166, 168, 169, 172,
174, 173, 176, 161, 164, 163, 149, 150, 154, 153, 152, 164, 158, 159, 162, 157,
156, 155.
-s_ pSt tYofª\snfO{{ 10 sf] juf{Gt/ agfO{ af/Daf/tf tflnsf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-v_ dflYfsf] af/Daf/tf tflnsfaf6 dWos kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ -s_ df tof/ kfl/Psf] af/Daf/tf tflnsfnfO{{ lx:6f]u|fddf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-3_ dflysf] tYofª\sf] dlWosf dfg slt xf]nf <
2. tnsf] tflnsfn] Pp6f ljBfnosf ljBfyL{sf] tf}n (kg) df hgfpF5 M
Tff}n ( Kg)
18, 20, 13, 24, 35, 34, 56, 45,33, 23, 24, 56, 33, 22, 26, 35, 39,44, 42, 47, 46, 48,
55,51,44,40,47, 49,34, 31, 28, 29, 35, 39, 28, 48,51,50,47,23,19,27, 57, 42, 33,
23, 38,36, 45, 45,37,29, 27, 22, 28, 36, 35,57, 54, 40, 50, 30, 29,
-s_ dflysf] tYofª\saf6 5 juf{Gt/df af/Daf/tf tflnsf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-v_ eGbf ;fgf] / eGbf 7'nf] af/Daf/tf tflnsf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-u_ ax'ns / dlWosfsf] km/s kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 289

3. Pp6f ;d'bfodf hflu/]x¿sf] pd]/sf af/]df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fdf lgDgcg';f/sf] tYofª\s
k|fKt eof] M
pd]/ -jif{df_ 0-15 15-30 30-45 45-60 60-75
dflg; ;ª\Vof 5 6 10 6 3
-s_ dflysf] tflnsfdf ;a}eGbf w]/} hflu/] s'g pd]/ ;d"xsf /x]5g\ <
-v_ hflu/]x¿sf] cf};t pd]/ slt /x]5 <
-u_ PGhnn] cf};t / dlWosf Pp6} juf{Gt/df k5{ eg] s] of] s'/f l7s xf] <
4. yfxf gu/kflnsfsf 40 3/w'/Ln] dfl;s vkt ug]{ lah'nLsf] ljj/0f lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M
vkt o'lg6 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60- 70 70- 80
3/w'/L ;ª\Vof 5 6 8 9 7 4 1
-s_ dflysf] tflnsfaf6 eGbf ;fgf] / eGbf 7'nf] ;l~rt af/Daf/tf tflnsf tof/
kfg{'xf];\ .
-v_ k|Zg -s_ sf] pQ/sf cfwf/df ;l~rt af/Daf/tf jj|mx¿ tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-u_ s] cf};t / dlWosf Pp6} juf{Gt/df k5{g\ .
5. lbOPsf] tYofª\sn] Pp6f c:ktfndf Ps xKtfdf egf{ x'g] la/fdLsf] ;ª\Vof hgfpF5g\ M
pd]/ -jif{df_ 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90
la/fdL ;ª\Vof 4 5 8 13 12 8 4 9 7
-s_ dflysf] tYofª\saf6 klxnf] rt'yf{Fz / t];|f] rt'yf{Fz kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

-v_ dflysf] tYofª\ssf] s'g dfgn] la/fdLsf] ;ª\VofnfO{{ a/fa/ b'O{ efudf ljefhg u5{
xf]nf <
-u_ lg?tfn] ax'ns / dlWosf Pp6} juf{Gt/df k5{ eGg'eof] s] pxfF l7s x'g'x'G5 <
6. lbOPsf] tYofª\sn] nfDkf6gsf s]xL kl/jf/sf] dfl;s vr{ -xhf/df_ hgfpF5 eg],
vr{ (000) 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof 3 2 6 5 4
-s_ dflysf] tYofª\saf6 ax'ns kg]{ juf{Gt/ n]Vg'xf];\ .

-v_ dflysf] tYofª\saf6 ;a}eGbf w]/} kl/jf/n] ug]{ vr{ slt /x]5 <
-u_ dflysf] tYofª\saf6 klxnf] rt'yf{Fz / t];|f] rt'yf{Fz kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
290 ul0ft, sIff !)

7. sIff 10 sf] bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIffdf 30 k"0ff{ª\ssf] ul0ft ljifosf] k/LIffdf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt
u/]sf] cª\snfO{{ tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 . pSt tYofª\s x]/L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] hjfkm
lbg'xf];\ M
k|fKtfª\s 0-5 5 - 10 10 - 15 15 - 20 20 - 25 25 - 30
ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 2 4 5 3 2 4
-s_ sIff 10 df 20 eGbf sd k|fKtfª\s Nofpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof slt /x]5 <
-v_ lbOPsf] tflnsfsf] cfwf/df ;l~rt af/Da/tf tflnsf agfpg'xf];\ .
-u_ dflysf] tflnsfaf6 tYofª\snfO{ a/fa/ $ efudf afF8\g] tYofª\s kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ dlWosfsf] cfwf/df dlWosf k|fKtfª\seGbf sd cª\s k|fKt ug]{ clwstd ljBfyL{
slt hgf x'G5g\ <
8. tLgcf]6f l;SsfnfO{{ Ps} k6s pkmfbf{,
-s_ cfpg] ;Defljt gd'gf If]q n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ Pp6f dfq cu| efu cfpg] ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ sDtLdf 2 cf]6f kZr efu (T) cfpg] ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ slt klg cu| efu (H) cfpg] ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-ª_ 2 cf]6f H cfpg] cyjf H gcfpg] 36gfsf] ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
9. /fd|/L lkml6Psf 52 kQL tf;sf] u8\8Laf6 Pp6f tf; tfGbf,
-s_ PSsf cfpg] ;DefJotf slt x'G5 <
-v_ x's'd jf OF6f kg]{ ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ x's'd jf PSsf cfpg] ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ lr8L jf d'xf/ ePsf] kQL cfpg] ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
10. Pp6f l;Ssf pkmf/]/ / rf/cf]6f /ª -lgnf], xl/of], /ftf], KofhL_ ePsf] l:kg/nfO{{ Ps;fy
3'dfOof] M
-s_ pSt k/LIf0fnfO{{ j[If lrqdf b]vfpg''xf];\ . k/LIf0fsf] 5'6\6f5'6\6} / ;Fu;Fu}sf] ;DefjL
gd'gf If]q kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ l;Ssfsf] H / l:kg/sf] ;'O{ xl/of] jf lgnf]df cl8g] ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ l;Ssfd H / l:kg/sf] ;'O{ xl/of]df cl8g] ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
11. /fd|/L lkml6Psf] 52 kQL tf;sf] u8\8Laf6 b'O{cf]6f tf; Pskl5 csf]{ ub]{ tfGbf,
-s_ olb klxnf] tf; k'gM /fv]/ bf];|f] tf; tfGbf b'j} tf; x's'd cfpg] ;DefJotf kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ olb klxnf] tf; k'gM g/fv]/ bf];|f] tf; tfGbf klxnf] tf; x's'd / bf];|f] tf; kfg
cfpg] ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ dfly -s_ / -v_ sf] ;DefJotfnfO{{ 5'6\6f 5'6\6} j[If lrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 291

12. Pp6f emf]nfdf /flvPsf 7 cf]6f /ftf / 8 cf]6f kx]Fnf p:t} p:t} an /flvPsf 5g\ M
-s_ b'O{cf]6f an kfn}kfnf] lgsfNbf -klxn] lgsflnPsf] an k'gM emf]nfdf g/fVg]_ b'j}
k6s /ftf]] an cfpg] ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ b'O{cf]6f an kfn}kfnf] lgsfNbf -klxn] lgsflnPsf] an k'gM emf]nfdf /fv]/_ b'j} k6s
/ftf]] an cfpg] ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ /ldnfn] dflysf b'j} cj:yf cgfl>t 36gf x'g elgg\ . s] pgL ;xL l5g\, n]Vg'xf];\ .
13. Pp6f emf]nfdf /ftf], xl/of] / sfnf] Ps Pscf]6f p:t} / pq} u'Rrf /flvPsf 5g\ . pSt
emf]nfaf6 gx]/Lsg Pp6f u'Rrf lgsfNg] / k'gM To;df g/fvL csf]{ u'Rrf lgsfNbf x'g],
-s_ pSt 36gfnfO{{ j[If lrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ pSt 36gfsf] ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
14. Pp6f l;SsfnfO{{ / Pp6f 8fO;nfO{{ Pskl5 csf]{ u/L pkmfl/of] M
-s_ o;/L pkmfbf{ cfpg;Sg] ;a} 36gfnfO{{ j[If lrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ j[If lrqsf] k|of]u u/L tnsf ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-c_ l;Ssfdf H / 8fO;df hf]/ ;ª\Vof cfpg]
-cf_ l;Ssfdf T / 8fO;df ju{ ;ª\Vof cfpg]
-u_ dfly -v_ sf 36gf cgfl>t x'g\ t < sf/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
15. /fd|/L lkml6Psf 52 kQL tf;sf] u8\8Laf6 Pp6f tf; tfGbf -x's'd, lr8L, OF6f / kfg_ dWo]
Pp6f cfpg] / To;kl5 l;SsfnfO{{ pkmfl/Psf] 5 .
-s_ cfpg ;Sg] ;a} ;DefJo 36gf hgfpg] j[If lrq tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ pSt j[If lrqsf cfwf/df k/LIf0fsf gd'gf If]q n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ pSt j[If lrq k|of]u u/L
-c_ /ftf] / H cfpg] -cf_ sfnf] / T cfpg] ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ ljsf;n] tf; / l;Ssfaf6 cfpg] 36gf cfk;df k/fl>t x'g] s'/f atfP s] ljsf;sf]
egfO l7s xf], n]Vg'xf];\ .
16. Pp6f emf]nfdf ePsf 7 cf]6f /ftf / 5 cf]6f xl/of u'Rrfaf6 gx]/Lsgf 3 cf]6f u'Rrf Pskl5
csf]{ kfn}kfnf] [-s_ k'gM /fv]/, -v_ k'gM g/fvLsg] lgsfNbf lgDglnlvt cj:yfdf cfpg ;Sg]
36gfnfO{{ hgfpg] j[If lrq tof/ kfg'{xf];\,
-s_ j[If lrqsf cfwf/df b'j} u'Rrf /ftf] kg]{ ;DefJotf slt x'G5 <
-v_ b'j} u'Rrf xl/of] kg]{ ;DefJotf slt x'G5 <
-u_ s] klxnf] /ftf] / bf];|f] xl/of] kg]{ ;DefJotf tyf klxnf] xl/of] / bf];|f] /ftf] kg]{
;DefJotf a/fa/ x'G5 < -klxnf] lems]sf] an g/fvL bf];|f] lemSg]_
292 ul0ft, sIff !)

17. 1 b]lv 20 ;Dd n]lvPsf ;ª\Vof kQLaf6 Pp6f kQL gx]/Lsg y'Tbf,
-s_ 3 n] efu hfg] / 5 n] efu hfg] ;ª\Vof kQLx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ <
-v_ 3 n] dfq efu hfg] ;ª\Vof kQL jf 5 n] dfq efu hfg] ;ª\Vof kQL kg]{ ;DefJotf
slt slt x'G5 <
-u_ sf]lknfn] elgg\ æk|Zg -s_ sf] 36gfx¿ kf/:kl/s lgif]ws 36gf xf]Og .Æ s]
sf]lknfsf] egfO l7s 5 < sf/0f;lxt k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
-3_ 3 n] efu hfg] cyjf 5 n] efu hfg] ;ª\Vof kQL kg]{ ;DefJotf slt x'G5 <
18. Pp6f emf]nfdf 5 /ftf / 3 lgnf an 5g\ . Ps an gx]/Lsg lgsflnPsf] 5 / k'gM k|lt:yfkg
ul/Psf] 5 . To;kl5 csf]{ an lgsflnG5 eg],
-s_ b'j} an lgnf] cfpg] ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ tLdWo] s'g} klg an lgnf] gcfpg] ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ dflysf] b'j} ;DefJotfnfO{{ j[If lrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
pQ/
1 b]lv 7 ;Dd lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
8. -s_ {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
3 2 1 1
-v_ 8 -u_ 3 -3_ 6 -ª_ 3
1 1 4 11
9. -s_ 13 -v_ 2 -u_ 13 -3_ 26
1 1 1 13
10. -v_ 4 -u_ 8 11. -s_ 16 -v_ 204 -u_ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
1 49
12. -s_ 5 -v_ 225 -u_ 5}gg\
13. lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
1 1
14. -v_ c_ 4 cf_ 6 -u_ x'g\
15 / 16 lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
2
17. -s_ M3 = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}, M5 = {5, 10, 15, 20} -v_ 5
9
-u_ 7Ls 5 -3_ 20
9 25
18. -s_ 64 -v_ 64
ul0ft, sIff !) 293

kf7
15 lqsf]0fldlt (Trigonometry)
A
;dsf]0fL lqe'h ABC lbOPsf] 5 . o;sf cfwf/df
;f]lwPsf k|Zgdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ ;dsf]0fL lqe'h ABC sf] If]qkmn slt
x'G5 <
-v_ lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kftx¿ sinθ, cosθ / θ
B C
tanθ sf] cg'kft kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ ;dsf]0fL lqe'h ABC df e'hfx¿sf] ;DaGw s] x'G5 < o; ;DaGwnfO{{ s]
elgG5 <
-3_ olb AB = 6 ;]=ld= / AC = 10 ;]=ld= eP lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kftx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-ª_ θ = 30°, θ = 45°, θ = 60° / θ = 90° ePsf] cj:yfdf sinθ, cosθ / tanθ sf
dfgx¿ s] s] xf]nfg\ <
Values 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
1 1 3
sin 0 2 2 2 1
3 1 1
cos 1 2 2 2 0
1
tan 0 3
1 3 ∞
15.1 pGgtf+z sf]0f / cjglt sf]0f (Angle of Elevation and Angle of

Depression)
lj|mofsnfk 1
/fdg/]zn] ljBfnosf] rp/df ?vlt/ x]/L s]xL
s'/fx¿ dgdf ;f]lr/x]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 .
olts}df pgsf ul0ft lzIfs cfOk'Ug'x'G5 .
294 ul0ft, sIff !)

lzIfs M /fdg/]z ltdLnfO{{ s] eof] < lsg Psf]xf]/f] ?vlt/ A
x]l//x]sf] <
?vsf prfO
/fdg/]z M ;/ gd:sf/ . ;/ of] ?v slt cUnf] xf]nf < ?v / d
plePsf] 7fpFlarsf] b'/L slt xf]nf < ljBfnodf
ePsf] emG8fsf] prfO slt xf]nf < oL ;a} s'/f θ E
D
s;/L kQf nufpg ;lsG5 xf]nf eg]/ ;f]lw/x]sf]
;/ . B C
lzIfs M kv kv /fdg/]z . Ps} k6s slt w]/} k|Zg ;f]Wg' ePsf] . ca sIff sf]7fdf
uP/ Pp6f Pp6f k|Zgsf] lrq agfP/ ;fyL;Fu klg 5nkmn u/f}F n Û -b'j} hgf
sIffsf]7fdf hfG5g\ ._
lzIfs M /fdg/]z tkfO{Fn] ;f]Wg' ePsf] klxnf] k|Zg rp/sf] ?v slt cUnf] xf]nf < eGg]
xf] x} . o;nfO{{ z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf lrqdf b]vfPsf] 5' . xfd|f] cfFvfn] ?vsf 6'Kkfdf
x]bf{ aGg] sf]0fnfO{{ θ dfgf}F . lrqdf BD = CE 5 . ca AD sf] dfg kQf nufpg
;Sof} eg] ?vsf prfO t kQf nufpg ;lsxfN5f}F lg t . ;dsf]0f lqe'h ADE
aGof] . sIff 9 df lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kft lgsfn]sf] ;Demg' t .
cf]ds'df/L M ;/ xfd|f] cfFvfn] ?vsf 6'Kkfdf x]bf{ ag]sf] sf]0fnfO{{ s] elgG5 < of] s;/L kQf
nufpg ;lsG5 < A F
θ
lzIfs M cf]ds'df/L, ;a}eGbf klxnf t xfd|f] cfFvfn]
?vsf 6'Kkfdf x]bf{ hldg;Fu ;dfgfGt/
?vsf prfO
x'g] u/L xfd|f] cfFvfsf] prfOaf6 Pp6f

sfNklgs /]vf sf]g'{ k5{ -lrqdf DE) . xf]
ToxL /]vf;Fu xfd|f] b[li6/]vfn] -lrqdf EA)
agfPsf] sf]0f g} xfdLn] ?vsf 6'Kkfdf D θ E
x]bf{ ag]sf] sf]0f xf] . o;nfO{{ pGgtf+z sf]0f
elgG5 . lrqdf ∠AED pGgtf+z sf]0f xf] . B C
/fdg/]z M ;/ ?vsf 6'Kkf -lrqdf laGb' A) af6 laGb'
E df x]bf{ klg t sf]0f t a/fa/ x'G5, xf]Og / < o;nfO{{ s] elgG5 <
lzIfs M /fdg/]z xf] tkfO{Fn] eGg' ePsf] l7s xf] . o;df klg xfdLn] ;a}eGbf klxnf] ?vsf
6'Kkfaf6 hldg;Fu ;dfgfGt/ x'g] u/L ?vsf 6'Kkfsf prfOdf Pp6f sfNklgs /]vf
sf]g'{ k5{ -lrqdf AF) . xf] ToxL /]vf;Fu xfd|f] b[li6/]vfn] -lrqdf AE) agfPsf]
sf]0f g} xfdLn] ?vsf 6'Kkfaf6 x]bf{ ag]sf] sf]0f xf] . o;nfO{{ cjglt sf]0f elgG5 .
of] lrqdf ∠FAE cjglt sf]0f xf] . ca tnsf sygx¿df s'g cj:yfdf pGgtf+z
sf]0f / s'g cj:yfdf cjglt sf]0f aG5 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 295

-s_ hldgaf6 3/sf] 6'Kkfdf x]bf{ SnfOgf]ld6/
-v_ hldgaf6 ?vsf 6'Kkfdf x]bf{ (Clinometer)
-u_ hldgaf6 6fj/sf 6'Kkfdf x]bf{
-3_ 3/sf] 5taf6 hldgdf u'l8/x]sf] uf8L x]bf{
-ª_ w/x/faf6 e'OFdf x]bf{
-r_ ljBfno ejgsf] 5taf6 rp/df x]bf{ cflb .
s'g} :yfgaf6 cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] j:t'nfO{{ tnaf6 x]bf{ b[li6/]vfn] hldg;Fu ;dfgfGt/ x'g]
/]vf;Fu agfPsf] sf]0fnfO{{ pGgtf+z sf]0f (angle of elevation) elgG5 . lbOPsf] lrqdf
∠AED pGgtf+z sf]0f xf] . s'g} cUnf] :yfgaf6 xf]rf] efudf /x]sf] s'g} j:t'nfO{{ x]bf{
b[li6/]vfn] lIflth /]vf;Fu agfPsf] sf]0fnfO{{ cjglt sf]0f (angle of depression) elgG5 .
lrqdf ∠FAE cjglt sf]0f xf] . oL sf]0fx¿ gfKg] oGqnfO{{ SnfOgf]ld6/ (clinometer)
elgG5 .
/fdg/]z M ;/ xfdLn] ?vsf 6'Kkfdf x]bf{ aGg] pGgtf+z sf]0f / ?vsf lar efult/ x]bf{ aGg]
pGgtf+z sf]0f s'g 7'nf] x'G5 <
lzIfs M tkfO{Fn] g} x]/]/ kQf nufpg' x} . tkfO{Fn] ?vsf lardf jf 6'Kkfdf x]bf{ cfFvfsf]
tGsfO s:tf] /xG5 <
/fdg/]z M ;/ ?vsflar efult/ x]bf{eGbf 6'Kkfdf x]bf{ cfFvfsf] tGsfO 7'nf] eof] . ?vsf
6'Kkfdf x]bf{ aGg] pGgtf+z sf]0f ?vsf lar efult/ x]bf{ aGg] pGgtf+z sf]0feGbf
7'nf] x'G5 h:tf] nfUof] .
lzIfs M tkfO{Fn] l7s eGg'eof] . ?vsf 6'Kkfdf x]bf{ aGg] pGgtf+z sf]0f ?vsf lar efult/
x]bf{ aGg] pGgtf+z sf]0feGbf 7'nf] x'G5 . To:t} ?vsf 6'Kkfaf6 x]bf{ aGg] cjglt
sf]0fdf klg 6f9f x]bf{eGbf glhs x]bf{ sf]0f 7'nf] aG5 . n cfhnfO{{ olt g} u/f}F .
c¿ ef]ln u/f}Fnf x} .
A
lj|mofsnfk 2
-ef]lnkN6 sIffdf_
?vsf] prfO
cf]ds'df/L M ;/ lxhf] xfdLn] ?vsf prfO kQf nufpg]

s'/f ub}{ lyof}F . rp/sf] ?vsf prfO s;/L
kQf nufpg] xf]nf < θ
D E
lzIfs M ;dsf]0f lqe'h ADE df olb ∠AED sf]
dfg / xfdLaf6 ?v;Ddsf] b'/L ED yfxf B C
296 ul0ft, sIff !)

eof] eg] t lgsfNg ;lsxfN5f}F lg . ca SnfOgf]ld6/n] ?vsf 6'Kkfdf x]/f}F t .
?vsf 6'Kkfsf] pGgtf+z sf]0f 45º kfOof] . tkfOF{sf] cfFvf;Ddsf] prfO CE = 1.6
m, pGgtf+z sf]0f ∠AED = 45º / tkfO{Faf6 ?vsf k]mb;Ddsf] b'/L BC = DE
= 30 m eP,
;dsf]0f lqe'h ADE af6
tan60º = AD
30
or, 1= AD
30
t;y{ AD = 30 m
To;}n] ?vsf k"/f prfO = 30 + 1.60 = 31.60 m /x]5 .
pbfx/0f 1
1.80 m cUnf] dflg;n] 20 m k/ /x]sf] ?vsf 6'Kkfdf cjnf]sg ubf{ 45º sf] pGgtf+z sf]0f ag]sf]
5 eg] ?vsf prfO slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg C
oxfF dflg;sf] b[li6/]vfn] hldg;Fu
;dfgfGt/ x'g] u/L ?vsf 6'Kkfdf
cjnf]sg ubf{ 45º sf] sf]0f ag]sf] 5 . xm
lrqdf, A
?vsf k"/f prfO x + 1.80 m 5 eg] 45º
20 m B
1.80 m
dflg;sf] prfO 1.80 m 5 . 1.80 m

cj ;dsf]0fL lqe'h ABC af6
tan45º = 20
x
or, 1= 20
x
t;y{ x = 20 m
To;}n] ?vsf k"/f prfO = 20 + 1.80 = 21.80 m /x]5
ul0ft, sIff !) 297

pbfx/0f 2
Ps hgf dflg;n] 140 m cUnf]] 6fj/sf] 6'KkfnfO{{ To;sf] km]baf6 x m k/ uP/ cjnf]sg u5{ .
b[li6/]vfn] pGgtf+z sf]0f 60º kfpF5 eg] x sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg A
oxfF 6fj/sf] prfO (AC) = 140 m
dflg; / 6fj/larsf] b'/L (BC) = x m
;dsf]0f lqe'h ACB df tan60º = AC
140 m
BC
or, 3 = 140
x
or, x 3 = 140 60º
C B
140
or, x = 1.732 xm
⸫ BC = 80.83 m
t;y{ dflg; / 6fj/larsf] b'/L (x) = 80.83 m /x]5 .
pbfx/0f 3
Pp6f 18 m cUnf]] ?v xfjfn] efFlrP/ g5'l6Psf] cj:yfdf 6'Kkfn] hldgdf 5'Fbf hldg;Fu 30º sf]
sf]0f ag]sf] 5 . pSt ?vsf efFlrPsf] efusf] nDafO kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
A
oxfF ?vsf] ;'?sf]] prfO (AB) = 18 m
efFlrPsf] ?vsf] efu (AD) = CD = x m
afFsL /x]sf]] ?vsf efu (BD) = (18 – x) m
ca
xm
;dsf]0f lqe'h CBD df,

sin30º = BD
18 m
CD
or, 12 = 18x– x D
or, x = 36 – 2x xm
(18 – x m)
or, x + 2x = 36
or, 3x = 36
B 30º C
or, x = 12 m
t;y{ pSt ?vsf] efFlrPsf efusf] nDafO 12 m /x]5 .
298 ul0ft, sIff !)

pbfx/0f 4
Pp6f :tDe / 3/larsf] b'/L :tDesf] prfOsf] Ps ltxfO 5 . olb :tDesf] prfO 60 m / :tDesf]
6'Kkfaf6 3/sf] 5t x]bf{ cjglt sf]0f 45º eP 3/sf] prfO kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg
A 45º
oxfF :tDesf]] prfO AB = 60 m
3/sf]] prfO DE = BC
45º D
:tDe / 3/larsf] b'/L BC = CD = 60 × 13 = 20 m
60 m
ca, C
;dsf]0f lqe'h ACD df
tan45º = AC
CD
B E
20 m
or, 1 = AC
20

or, AC = 20 m
km]l/ DE = AB – AC = 60 – 20 = 40 m.
t;y{ pSt 3/sf] prfO 40 m /x]5 .
pbfx/0f 5
Ps hgf 1.2 m cUnf] dflg;n] cfkm" cufl8 /x]sf] 6fj/sf] 6'Kkfdf cjnf]sg u5{ / pGgtf+z sf]0f 60º
kfpF5 . olb 6fj/sf] prfO 53.2 m 5 eg] 6fj/ / dflg;larsf] b'/L kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
;dfwfg A
oxfF 6fj/sf]] prfO (AB) = 53.2 m
dflg;sf]] prfO (DE) = BC = 1.2 m
6fj/ / dflg;larsf] b'/L (CD) = BE
52 m
53.2 m
ca,
;dsf]0f lqe'h ACD df 60º
AC C D
tan60º = CD 1.2 m
or, 3 = AB – BC
CD B E
or, 3 = 53.2 – 1.2
CD
ul0ft, sIff !) 299

or, 3 = 52
CD
or, 3 × CD = 52
52
or, CD =
3
52
or, CD = 1.732
or, CD = 30.02 m
t;y{ 6fj/ / dflg;larsf] b'/L 30.02 m /x]5 .
pbfx/0f 6
j[Qfsf/ kf]v/Lsf] Jof; 100 m 5 . pSt kf]v/Lsf] l7slardf kfgLsf] ;txeGbf dfly 50 m
b]lvg] u/L vDaf ufl8Psf] 5 . Ps hgf dflg;n] kf]v/Lsf] lsgf/faf6 vDafsf] 6'Kkfdf x]bf{ slt
l8u|Lsf] pGgtf+z sf]0f aGnf kQf nufpg'xf];\ M A
;dfwfg
oxfF j[Qfsf/ kf]v/Lsf] Jof; BD = 100 m
50m
To;}n] j[Qfsf/ kf]v/Lsf] cw{Jof; OB = 50 m x'G5 .
0 θ
vDafsf] kfgL aflx/sf] efusf] nDafO AO = 50 m x'G5 . D 100 m B
oxfF kf]v/Lsf] lsgf/f B af6 vDafsf] 6'Kkf A df x]bf{

pGgtf+z sf]0f ∠OBA = θ ag]sf] 5 .
ca,
;dsf]0f lqe'h AOB df
tanθ = OA
OB
= 50
50
=1
or, tanθ = tan45º
⸫ θ= 45º
t;y{ kf]v/Lsf] lsgf/f B af6 vDafsf] 6'Kkf A df x]bf{ 45º sf] pGgtf+z sf]0f ag]sf] 5 .
300 ul0ft, sIff !)

cEof; 15
1. -s_ pGgtf+z sf]0f / cjglt sf]0fnfO{{ pbfx/0f;lxt kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ ;dsf]0f lqe'hdf nDa / cfwf/sf] ;DaGw s'g lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kft;Fu x'G5 <
-u_ ;dsf]0f lqe'hdf nDa / s0f{sf] ;DaGw s'g lqsf]0fldtLo cg'kft;Fu x'G5 <
2. lbOPsf ;dsf]0f lqe'haf6 x sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ A -v_ A -u_ A
10 m
30º
5 3
B C
5 3
60º B xº C
B C 10 m
xm
3. -s_ Ps hgf dflg;n] 60 m cUnf]] 6fj/sf] 6'KkfnfO{ To;sf] km]baf6 x m k/ uP/ cjnf]sg
u5{ . b[li6/]vfn] pGgtf+z sf]0f 30º kfpF5 eg] x sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ M
-v_ Ps hgf dflg;n] 12 m cUnf]] 6fj/sf] 6'KkfnfO{ To;sf] km]baf6 12 m k/ uP/
cjnf]sg u5{ . b[li6/]vfn] pGgtf+z sf]0f xº kfpF5 eg] x sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ Ps hgf dflg;n] x m cUnf]] 6fj/sf] 6'KkfnfO{ To;sf] km]baf6 12 m k/ uP/
cjnf]sg u5{ . b[li6/]vfn] pGgtf+z sf]0f 45º kfpF5 eg] x sf] dfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
4. -s_ x'/L atf; nfu]sf] j]nfdf Pp6f 14 m cUnf]] ?v xfjfn] efFlrP/ g5'6\l6Psf] cj:yfdf
To;sf] 6'Kkf]n] hldgdf 5'Fbf hldg;Fu 60º sf] sf]0f ag]sf] 5 . pSt ?vsf] efFlrPsf]
efusf] nDafO slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ Pp6f ?vlaraf6 xfjfn] efFlrP/ g5'l6Psf] cj:yfdf 6'Kkf]n] hldgdf 5'Fbf hldg;Fu
60º sf] sf]0f ag]sf] 5 . olb pSt ?vsf] efFlrPsf] efusf] nDafO 7.5 m eP
gefFlrb}sf] ?vsf prfO slt lyof], kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ x'/L atf;sf sf/0fn] Pp6f ?vlaraf6 efFlrP/ g5'l6Psf] cj:yfdf 6'Kkfn] hldgdf
5'Fbf hldg;Fu 30º sf] sf]0f ag]sf] 5 . pSt ?vsf efFlrPsf] efusf] nDafO
30 m 5 .
-c_ gefFlrb}sf] ?vsf] jf:tljs prfO slt lyof], kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ pSt ?vsf 6'Kkf] km]baf6 slt 6f9f;Dd k'u]5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
5. s_ Ps hgf 1.7 m cUnf] dflg;n] cfkm"cufl8 /x]sf] 6fj/sf] 6'Kkfdf cjnf]sg u5{ /
pGgtf+z sf]0f 60º kfpF5 . olb 6fj/ / dflg;larsf] b'/L 30 m 5 eg] 6fj/sf] prfO
kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 301

-v_ Ps hgf 1.4 m cUnf] dflg;n] 33.6 m cUnf] 3/sf] 5taf6 rª\uf p8fO/x]sf]
5 . olb rª\ufsf] wfufsf] nDafO 90 2 m 5 / o;n] lIflth;Fu 45º sf] sf]0f
agfpF5 eg] hldgb]lv rª\uf;Ddsf] prfO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ 1.5 m cUnf] dflg; 51.5 m cUnf] ?vsf] l7s cufl8 pleP/ ?vsf] 6'Kkf]df x]bf{
45° sf] sf]0f agfpF5 eg] ?v / dflg;larsf] b'/L kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
6. -s_ Pp6f :tDe / dflg;larsf] b'/L 20 m / :tDesf] prfO 36.5 m 5 . olb dflg;sf]
cfFvfaf6 :tDesf] 6'Kkfdf x]bf{ pGgtf+z sf]0f 60º aG5 eg] dflg;sf] jf:tljs prfO
kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ 30 lkm6 cUnf] Pp6f Pp6f 3/sf] 5taf6 glhs} /x]sf] ?vsf 6'Kkf x]bf{ cjglt
sf]0f 30° kfOof] . olb 3/ / ?vlarsf] b'/L 10 3 lkm6 eP ;f] ?vsf prfO kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ Pp6f :tDesf] prfO 60 m tyf :tDe / 3/larsf] b'/L 35 m 5 . olb Ps hgf
dflg;n] :tDesf] 6'Kkfaf6 3/sf] 5tdf cjnf]sg ubf{ cjglt sf]0f 45º kfpF5 eg]
3/sf] prfO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
7. -s_ Pp6f j[tfsf/ kf]v/Lsf] Jof; 90m 5 . pSt kf]v/Lsf] l7slardf kfgLsf]
;txeGbf dfly 45 m b]lvg] u/L vDaf ufl8Psf] 5 . Ps hgf dflg;n] kf]v/Lsf]
lsgf/faf6 vDafsf] 6'Kkfdf x]bf{ slt l8u|Lsf] pGgtf+z sf]0f aGnf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ Pp6f j[tfsf/ kf]v/Lsf] Jof; 130 m 5 . pSt kf]v/Lsf] l7slardf Pp6f
vDaf ufl8Psf] 5 . Ps hgf dflg;n] kf]v/Lsf] lsgf/faf6 vDafsf] 6'Kkfdf
x]bf{ 45º sf] pGgtf+z sf]0f aG5 eg] vDafsf] kfgL dflysf] prfO slt x'G5, kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ Pp6f j[tfsf/ kf]v/Lsf] s]Gb|df kfgLsf] ;txeGbf dfly 11.62 m cUnf] vDaf 5 .
pSt kf]v/Lsf] lsgf/faf6 1.62 m cUnf] dflg;n] vDafsf] 6'Kkfdf x]bf{ pGgtf+z
sf]0f 60º kfpF5 eg] ;f] kf]v/Lsf] Jof; kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
8. -s_ rf8kj{sf] j]nfdf /d]zn] p8fPsf] rª\ufsf] wfufn]] hldg;Fu 30º sf] sf]0f
agfpF5 . olb wfufsf] nDafO 120 m / /d]zsf] prfO 1.5 m eP hldgaf6 rª\uf slt
prfOdf k'U5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ 1.5 m cUnf] /fdz/0fn] 9 m cUnf] 3/sf] 5taf6 rª\uf p8fO/x]sf] 5 . rª\ufsf]
wfufn]] hldg;Fu 30º sf] sf]0f agfp5 . olb rª\uf hldgb]lv 58 m prfOdf
k'u]sf] eP rª\ufsf] wfufsf] jf:tljs nDafO slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ 2m cUnf] dflg;n] 32m cUnf] 3/sf] 5taf6 rª\uf p8fO/x]sf] 5 . rª\ufsf] wfufn]]
hldg;Fu 45º sf] sf]0f agfp5 . olb rª\ufsf] wfufsf] jf:tljs nDafO 66 2
m eP rª\uf hldgsf] ;txb]lv slt prfOdf k'u]sf] x'g ;S5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
302 ul0ft, sIff !)

9. lbpF;f] 2 ah] 20 m cUnf] vDafsf] 5fofsf] nDafO 20 3 m x'Fbf slt l8u|Lsf] sf]0f
aG5 < ;f] sf]0fsf] k|of]u u/L 25 3 m cUnf] :tDesf] 5fofsf] nDafO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
10. Pp6f ljBfnosf] rp/sf] 5]pdf /x]sf] ?vsf jf:tljs nDafO 25 m 5 . pSt ;dtn rp/s}
csf]{ 5]pdf a;]sf]] dflg;sf] prfO 1.2 m 5 . dflg; / ?vlarsf] b'/L 23.8 m 5 .
-s_ pSt dflg;n] ?vsf 6'Kkfdf x]bf{ slt l8u|Lsf] pGgtf+z sf]0f aG5 <
-v_ s] ?vsf prfO a9\bf dflg;n] x]bf{ aGg] pGgtf+z sf]0f klg a9\5 t < sf/0f;lxt
n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ dflg; / ?vlarsf] b'/L sd ubf{ pGgtf+z sf]0f a9\5 ls 36\5 < sf/0f;lxt
n]Vg'xf];\ .
11. lrqdf b]vfOPsf] la/fnf]n] vDafb]lv s]xL k/af6 2 3 m prfOdf /x]sf] lkFh8fdf /fv]sf] ;'uf
x]bf{ 30º sf] pGgtf+z sf]0f ag]sf] 5 .
-s_ ;'ufn] la/fnf]nfO{{ x]bf{ lIflth /]vf;Fu aGg]
sf]0fnfO{{ s] elgG5 <
-v_ ;'ufn] la/fnf]nfO{{ x]bf{ lIflth /]vf;Fu slt
l8u|Lsf] sf]0f agfpF5 < 2 3m
-u_ vDaf / la/fnf]larsf] b'/L slt xf]nf <

-3_ s] la/fnf] vDaflt/ ;b}{ hfbf ;'ufn]
la/fnf]nfO{{ x]bf{ aGg] sf]0f sd x'G5 t <
sf/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
12. Pp6f j[Qfsf/ kf]v/Lsf] kl/lw 176 m 5 . pSt kf]v/Lsf] l7slardf Pp6f vDaf ufl8Psf]
5 . Ps hgf 1.6 m cUnf] dflg;n] kf]v/Lsf] lsgf/faf6 vDafsf] 6'Kkfdf x]bf{ 45º sf] pGgtf+z
sf]0f ag]sf] 5 .
-s_ dflg; / vDaflarsf] b'/L kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ pSt vDafsf] kfgLsf] ;txeGbf dflysf] prfO slt /x]5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ kfgLsf] ;txeGbf dflysf] vDafsf] prfO slt sd ePsf] eP pGgtf+z sf]0f
30º sf] x'GYof], u0fgf ug'{xf];\ .
13. 1.2 m cUnf] dflg;n] 8.8 m cUnf] 3/sf] 5taf6 rª\uf p8fO/x]sf] 5 . rª\ufsf] wfufn]]
hldg;Fu 30º sf] sf]0f agfpF5 / rª\ufsf] jf:tljs nDafO 180 m k'u]sf] 5 .
-s_ dflysf] ;DaGwnfO{{ lrqfTds ¿kdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ rª\uf hldgaf6 slt m dfly k'u]sf] xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ dflg; / rª\uflarsf] ;dfgfGt/ b'/L slt xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
ul0ft, sIff !) 303

14. lrqdf 20 m / 32 m cUnf] 3/ b]vfOPsf] 5 . cUnf] 3/ / xf]rf] 3/larsf] b'/L 12 m 5 .
-s_ cUnf] 3/sf] 5taf6 xf]rf] 3/sf] 5tdf x]bf{ s:tf]
sf]0f aG5, n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ xf]rf] 3/sf] 5taf6 cUnf] 3/sf] 5tsf] 5]psf]
6'Kkfdf x]bf{ aGg] sf]0f / cUnf] 3/sf] 5taf6
xf]rf] 3/sf] 5tsf] 5]psf] 6'Kkfdf x]bf{ aGg] sf]0fsf]
;DaGw sf/0f;lxt pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ xf]rf] 3/sf] 5taf6 cUnf] 3/sf] 5tsf] 5]psf]
6'Kkfdf x]bf{ aGg] sf]0f slt l8u|Lsf] aG5, u0fgf
ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ olb xf]rf] 3/sf] 5taf6 cUnf] 3/sf] 5tsf] 5]psf] 6'Kkfdf e¥ofª /fVg'k¥of] eg]
slt ld6/ cUnf] e¥ofª rflxG5 < u0fgf ug'{xf];\ .
15. Hfldgaf6 ;dtn ;txdf /x]sf] 6fj/ / 3/larsf] b'/L 25 m 5 . 3/sf] prfO 15 m 5 .
-s_ 3/sf] 5tsf] laGb' A af6 6fj/sf] 6'Kkfsf] laGb' B
df x]bf{ pGgtf+z sf]0f 45º eP pSt 6fj/sf] prfO
slt x'G5 <
-v_ o; lrqdf 6fj/sf] prfO a9\b} hfFbf sf]0f;Fusf]
;DaGw s:tf] x'G5, n]Vg'xf];\ .
16. lrqdf 50 m cUnf] Eo'6fj/sf] 6'Kkfaf6 pSt 6fj/sf] k"j{kl6\6 20m k/ /x]sf] Pp6f
3/sf] 5tsf] :yfg A df x]bf{ 60º sf] sf]0f ag]sf] 5 .
-s_ 3/sf] 5tsf] laGb' A b]lv Eo'6fj/sf] 6'Kkfdf x]bf{ slt l8u|Lsf] sf]0f aG5 <
-v_ 6fj/df BC efusf] prfO slt x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-u_ 3/sf] prfO slt xf]nf, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ ;f] Eo'6fj/sf] 6'Kkfaf6 slt tn
em/]/ pSt 3/sf] 5tdf x]bf{ cjglt
sf]0f 45º x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
304 ul0ft, sIff !)

kl/of]hgf sfo{
;fyLx¿sf] ;d"x lgdf{0f u/L cfkm\gf] 3/ j/k/ s'g} cUnf] efudf /x]sf j:t' jf xf]rf] efudf
/x]sf j:t'sf] cjnf]sg u/L ltgLx¿sf] prfO / b'/Lsf cfwf/df aGg] sf]0fx¿, jf sf]0f /
b'/Lsf cfwf/df ag]sf] prfO cflbdf k|of]ufTds sfo{ u/L ;fyLx¿;Fusf] 5nkmnaf6 k|fKt
lgisif{ sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
pQ/
2. -s_ 5 m -v_ 5 m -u_ 45º
3. -s_ 60 3 m -v_ 45º -u_ 12 m
4. -s_ 7.5 m -v_ 14 m -u_ 45 m , 15 3 m
5. -s_ 53.6 m -v_ 125 m -u_ 50 m
6. -s_ 1.86 m -v_ 20 ft -u_ 25 m
7. -s_ 45º -v_ 68 m -u_ 11.55 m
8. -s_ 61.5 m -v_ 95 m -u_ 100 m
9. 30º, 75 m 10. -s_ 45º 11. -s_ 30º -v_ 6 m
12. s_ 28 m v_ 32 m u_ 10.23 m
13. v_ 100 m u_ 90 3 m 14. -s_ / -v_ lzIfsnfO{{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-u_ 45º 3_ 12 2 m 15. s_ 40 m
16. -s_ 60º -v_ 34.64 m -u_ 15.36 m -3_ 14.64 m
ul0ft, sIff !) 305

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ul0ft

© ;jf{lwsf/ kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|

o; kf7\ok':ts;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/df lglxt

1.0 k'g/jnf]sg (Review)

To;}n] ul0ft / cª\u|]hL b'j} dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof hDdf 40 /x]5 .

n(S N) = 21 / n(S∪N) = x sf] 5% = 0.05x,

To;kl5 b'O{cf]6f dfq dg k/fpg] 7fpFdf e/f}F, 5

or, n(U) = n(A∪B∪C) + n(A∪B∪C) hxfF,

t;y{ tLgcf]6} ljifodf pQL0f{ x'g] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof hDdf 12 /x]5 .

-ª_ no(R) -r_ n(P∩R) 2 15

vlK6Psf ;d"x A / B 5g\, hxfF no(A) B

2.0 k'g/jnf]sg (Review)

2.1. rj|mLo Aofhsf] kl/ro (Introduction of Compound Interest)

P Û Pp6} Aofh b/df klg

-O_ cw{jflif{s ¿kdf Aofh u0fgf ubf{

-s_ jflif{s Aofh -v_ cw{jflif{s Aofh -u_ q}dfl;s Aofh

-v_ bf];|f] ljsNkcg';f/,

108 110 112

t;y{ Aofh b/ R = 10% k|ltjif{

or, 14520 = x × 1.21

;dLs/0f (i) / (ii) af6

or, R = 0.10 × 100

-v_ Ps jif{kl5sf] rj|mLo ld>wg (CA) = ?= 2,00,000 + ?= 19,475 = ?= 2,19,475

-u_ Aofh /sddf km/s Ö CI2 – CI1 = 21,645.12 – 19,475

-s_ g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof lj=;= 1968 df slt lyof] <

3.1.1 j[l4 (Growth)

ctM lj=;= 2080 sf] hg;ª\Vof 52,020 x'G5 .

⇒ T = 2 [⸪ cfwf/ Pp6} xF'bf 3ftfª\s a/fa/ x'g] ePsfn]]

ctM 2 jif{kl5 ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof a9]/ 720 k'U5 .

or, 15,97,200 = P × 1.331

105 106 104

j[l4df a9\b} hfG5 eg] x|f;df 36\b} hfg] /x]5 Û

or, 0.729 = (0.9)T

or, VO= ?= 25920 × 100

t;y{ 2 jif{ cufl8sf] ;]o/sf] d"No (VO) = ?= 32,000

4.0 k'g/jnf]sg (Review)

4.1 d'b|f / ljlgdo b/ (Currency and Exchange Rate)

-s_ xfd|f] b]zdf d'b|fsf] ljlgdo b/ s;n] lgwf{/0f u5{ <

-v_ km]l/ $1 = ?= 126.35

P Û g]kfnafx]s c¿ b]zsf] d'b|f g]kfndf ;6xL

= 164.14 l:j; k|m]ª\s

klxnf] ljsNk bf];|f] ljsNk t];|f] ljsNk

-s_ xfd|f] b]zdf d'b|fsf] ljlgdo b/ s;n] lgwf{/0f u5{ <

5.0 k'g/jnf]sg (Review)

-c_ -cf_ -O_ -O{_

-c_ -cf_ -O_ -O{_

To;} u/L ;dsf]0f ∆PMC df

k"/f ;txsf] If]qkmn (TSA) = 144 cm2

oxfF cfwf/sf] nDafO (a) =12 cm

5.1.4 lk/fld8sf] cfotg (Volume of Pyramid)

lrqdf lbOPsf] ju{ cfwf/ ePsf] lk/fld8sf] cfotg kQf nufpg'xf];\ M 6 cm

7f8f] prfO (h) = 6 cm Q

xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 cfwf/sf] If]qkmn (A) = a2 = (16)2 = 256 cm2 P Q

-3_ -ª_ -r_ P

-u_ ca pSt If]qsnfO{ df]8]/ AO / BO nfO{{ hf]8\g'xf];\ . s]sf]

;f]nLsf] jj|m ;txsf] If]qkmn = ?

5.2.2 ;f]nLsf] cfotg (Volume of Cone)

oxfF ;f]nLsf] 7f8f] prfO -h_ = 24 cm 24 cm