Password 4 Student Book Answer Key
Password 4 Student Book Answer Key
Answer Key
Student Book
U N IT 1 Thinking about the
Target Vocabulary (pages 5–6)
I NTO TH E WO R LD O F A.
B US I N E S S ¶ Nouns Verbs Adjectives Other
1 come up
Think about This (page 1) with
Answers will vary. turn
(something)
into
C H A P TE R 1 2 set up
D R E A M E RS A N D DO E RS ad
earn
C H A P TE R 2
goods
WO R D - O F- MO UTH
6 sign up
A DV E RTI S I N G in return
volunteer
Getting Ready to Read (page 14)
7 major
Answers will vary.
within
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8 while
Read to Find Out (page 15)
Word-of-mouth advertising travels from consumers B.
to their friends and family, telling them about their
personal experience, while regular advertising Answers will vary.
consists of messages to the public from whoever is
trying to sell a product or a service. Understanding the
Target Vocabulary (pages 18–19)
Quick Comprehension Check (page 16) A.
A. and B. 1. advertising 5. sign up
1. F (paragraph 1) 2. as long as 6. in return
Advertising has been around since ancient times. 3. appears 7. Within
2. T (paragraph 3) 4. avoid 8. While
“In developing countries, some businesses still
B.
use street callers, and this form of advertising
probably doesn’t cost them very much.” 1. b 5. a
3. T (paragraph 3) 2. a 6. b
“If you add up all the money spent on advertising 3. b 7. c
around the world, it comes to the equivalent of 4. a
Main Ideas (page 22) to (see paragraph 4) or possibly the only kind
that people trust (because the information is
A. coming from someone they know, not the seller).
3 4. The writer mentions George Silverman to
introduce a danger of word of mouth: People
B. may tell their friends not to buy a product or use
a service because they’ve had a bad experience
b. paragraph 8 f. paragraph 6
with it. So it could work against the business.
c. paragraph 2 g. paragraph 7
However, the volunteers for Balter’s company
d. paragraph 4 h. paragraph 5
“promised that if they liked the products, they
e. paragraph 1
would tell their friends.” Perhaps they promised
C. to talk to friends about the product only if they
liked it and say nothing to them if they didn’t. If
Answers will vary somewhat. Possible answers that’s what they promised, and they keep their
include: promise, then there is no risk to the clients.
1. Paragraph 6: Dave Balter found volunteers who 5. Answers will vary. Word-of-mouth advertising
would try his clients’ products and advertise can be good for a business because consumers
them by word of mouth. trust the recommendations of people they know,
2. Paragraph 8: Word-of-mouth advertising can be so it may lead to more business, and because it’s
great for business, but only if the consumer likes a form of advertising that doesn’t cost anything.
the product. Other kinds of advertising would be better if
e. paragraph 3
speaking countries. Students may or may not
agree.
Reading for Details (page 33) 3. The writer mentions the number of words
1. True 5. True in English as one of the reasons why this
2. False 6. False language has become so widely used. Its “huge
3. False 7. It doesn’t say. vocabulary” is one of the “certain qualities
4. It doesn’t say. 8. True that make it especially useful,” so the writer is
presenting this aspect of English as a positive
quality. The writer’s use of welcome (in
Summarizing (page 34) “English has welcomed words from many other
A. and B. languages”) reinforces the idea that having a
big vocabulary is a good thing. (The ease with
Answers will vary. Model summary:
which words from other languages are adopted
“A Language on the Move” explains how English
into English may also be counted as another
became the international language of business. In
reason why English has become an international
part, it was because of the nature of the language
language.) It’s worth pointing out to students
(its grammar and vocabulary), and in part, it was
that English continues to grow: The Oxford
because of political and economic events in history.
Dictionaries Online add at least 1,000 new
For example, people from England traveled the
words each year.
world in the 1600s and 1700s, England led the
4. Answers will vary.
Industrial Revolution in the 1800s, and the Internet
at first was mostly in English. Today, almost two
C H A P TE R 4 1 quality
in charge of
W H E N TH E E M PLOY E E S OW N
uncertain
TH E C OM PA N Y besides
2 react
Getting Ready to Read (page 36)
profit
Answers will vary. 3 provide
organize
Read to Find Out (page 37) right
The reading says there are several ways that believe
someone might go from being an employee
4 such
to becoming a worker-owner. Sometimes the
employees of a business find a way to buy it, condition
either a successful business or one that has failed. security
Sometimes a group of people decide to set up a new committee
business where all workers will also be owners and
5 community
managers.
B.
Quick Comprehension Check (pages 38–39)
Answers will vary.
A. and B.
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B.
Discussion (pages 45–46)
Paragraph 1: the history of King Arthur Flour
Paragraph 2: how worker-owned businesses get 1. Answers may vary, but the fact that the writer
started has painted worker-owned businesses in a
Paragraph 3: how worker-owned businesses can positive light—as the solution to some problems
differ and how they’re the same (those faced by Frank and Brinna Sands, the
Paragraph 4: examples of two particular worker- eight unhappy employees of the photocopy shop,
owned businesses and the people of Coamo)—suggests that the
Paragraph 5: the effect of worker-owned businesses writer thinks worker-owned businesses are a
on their communities good idea. The writer’s purpose is to inform the
reader about what worker-owned businesses are,
C. how they are formed, and what some differences
among them might be and also to persuade
Researchers doing a study in Italy found that the reader that these businesses are good not
worker-owned businesses are good for the
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C
3
A R LI V I N G TO 100 A N D B E YO N D
O W R G
4
M I E N
Q U A L
6
C O M M I T T E E D
8
O Y C
The reading advises following three “rules:” treating
A N N O U N C E D
9
U
your body well, avoiding risks, and choosing your
D R parents carefully—and notes that it helps to be born
W I L L I N G
10
vary as to whether the writer provides enough well as the gum with nicotine.”
support to persuade the reader to believe that 3. F (paragraph 4)
her advice is good. Students probably already “A placebo is something that seems like a
know enough about the influence of lifestyle— medical treatment (such as a pill or a medical
diet and exercise, for example—on health and procedure) but that doesn’t actually have any
will agree that the support for this advice is direct effect on the body.”
sufficient. Little support is provided for the 4. T (paragraph 5)
second rule (Don’t take risks), but students may “ . . . when patients in pain believe that they’re
feel that little is needed; it’s obvious that doing getting treatment that will help control their
dangerous things can get you killed. For rule pain, their brains produce natural painkillers.
number 3, the writer notes that “about 70 percent Those painkillers then help block the pain.”
of your life expectancy depends on your genes.” 5. T (paragraph 4)
Students may feel this is strong support for the “ . . . their brains produce natural painkillers.”
rule, even if the rule is impossible to follow. 6. F (paragraph 4)
Opinions will vary as to how hard it is to follow “People thought placebos tricked patients into
the other rules and why. thinking they were better when they really
5. Answers will vary. weren’t, and doctors who didn’t believe in
6. Answers will vary. tricking patients saw no role for placebos as a
form of treatment.”
B.
Understanding Reference Words (page 76)
Answers will vary.
1. the study on quitting smoking
2. the fact that the results for Group A and Group B
Understanding the were exactly the same
Target Vocabulary (pages 71–72) 3. the brain’s own natural painkillers
A. 4. the understanding that a placebo can make the
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. Photocopying for classroom use is permitted.
1. development 6. reduce
2. key 7. conditions
Quoting and Paraphrasing (page 99)
3. hug 8. stress 1. The reading says “most people” know that it’s
4. independent 9. drop important for babies to be touched and held in
5. benefits 10. culture a loving way, but most people don’t know how
important touch is for the health of adults.
B. 2. Watson said parents should avoid touching their
1. physical 4. improve children very much because he thought that
2. raise 5. set due to less touch, children would grow up to be
3. press “confident and independent adults.”
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Across Down
Read to Find Out (page 113)
People still measure time by the movement of the
1. throughout 1. material
earth around the sun.
2. reduce 2. development
3. stress 3. affect
4. staff 4. surface Quick Comprehension Check (pages 114–115)
5. response 5. key A. and B.
6. process
7. chemical 1. T (paragraph 1)
“We do know that they measured it by the sun,
moon, and stars . . . ”
Building Dictionary Skills (pages 105–106)
2. F (paragraph 7)
A. We still use the sun in measuring time.
3. T (paragraph 2)
Circle the codes [C], [C,U], and [C].
“Then, five or six thousand years ago, people
B. in North Africa and the Middle East developed
ways to tell the time of day. They needed some
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Check all three uses. kind of clock because by then they had organized
religious and social activities to attend.”
C.
4. T (paragraph 5)
1. Check all three. “Huygens’s first pendulum clock [1656] was
2. Check all three. accurate to within one minute a day.”
3. Check singular and plural. 5. T (paragraph 6)
4. Check all three. “Today, much of modern life happens at high
speed and depends on having the exact time.”
D. 6. F (paragraph 8)
Circle the codes [I,T]. It takes the earth 365.242 days to circle the sun.
distracted. They tend not to set reading goals or properties of a book allow readers to orient
reread parts that are hard to understand. themselves as they read a printed text.
4. Students can: Remember to reread, especially 5. The writer describes a more casual attitude
when a part of the text is difficult; avoid towards reading onscreen text, saying that
distractions and multitasking; ask themselves readers tend to take reading an onscreen text
questions about the text while they read it; take less seriously than a printed text. The problem
notes during and after reading. behaviors are: spending more time scanning for
information than actually reading, reading only
Summarizing (pages 132–133) once, failing to set reading goals, and getting
distracted from reading the text. (Note that
Answers will vary. A possible summary:
the suggested behaviors address each of these
According to “The Screen vs. the Printed Page,”
problems.) Answers will vary as to why readers
researchers have been studying whether people
are more likely to get distracted while reading
read, understand, and remember information in the
a text online. Possible answers include email or
same way when the text is on a screen instead of
text messages appearing on the screen, following
a printed page. The results of their research have
links that draw the reader away from the primary
been mixed, but in general, people “do a little better
reading task, noticing distracting material in
on tests of how well they have understood and can
a sidebar, and having multiple tabs open and
remember what they read” when they read a printed
flipping between them (either accidentally or on
text. One reason might be the physical properties of
purpose).
books, which help the reader know where they are
or electricity that people in developing countries communities together to solve local problems.”
may not have. Answers will vary as to descriptions of Amy
Amy Smith’s screenless hammermill, for Smith, but all answers should be based on
example, does not need electricity. information in the text. A possible answer would
3. Electricity would allow for modern methods of be that she is smart (she has an engineering
communication and refrigeration of medicines. degree from a famous university), she has a
However, generating electricity can cause variety of skills (not just as an engineer but
pollution. as a teacher and a beekeeper), she is creative
4. With technology, people can get work done more (inventors are known for having lots of ideas),
quickly and efficiently. and she is kind (her work is all about helping
Technology can help people live healthier lives other people).
and get an education. 4. The sentence “Of course, the problems of
developing nations cannot all be solved by
thinkers like Amy Smith, but many can” is the
Discussion (pages 144–145) writer’s opinion, not a fact. It’s not something
1. The reading lists “basic needs for food, water, that can be proven to be true, and other people
clothes, housing, health services, and ways to might not agree. (They might think that most
make a living” (paragraph 1). Electricity would problems in the developing world demand
help them produce food (if they had machinery solutions that people like Amy Smith cannot
to grind grain, for example, or cook with or to supply.) The writer uses “Of course” to suggest
preserve foods by chilling or freezing them), that the information to come is obvious—that
it might help power systems to transport and Amy Smith and others like her can’t solve all the
starts with a definition of “science fiction.” Science technology in a story had or hadn’t actually been
fiction stories come from the writer’s imagination, invented. On the other hand, while readers in
they often deal with the effects of technology on 1863 wouldn’t have had any way to check the
people, and they are usually set in the future. Mary truth of Verne’s story, readers today could turn
Shelley was one of the first writers of science fiction. to the Internet to do research and figure out
She wrote a story about a scientist who created what to believe.
a human being out of parts of dead bodies. Jules 3. “They” refers to the children in the era of
Verne was an early writer of science fiction whose Margie’s grandfather’s grandfather: “all the kids
detailed writing made his stories seem believable. from the whole neighborhood came, laughing
He predicted that people would one day walk on the and shouting in the schoolyard, sitting together
moon and that we would have high-speed trains and in the schoolroom.” By giving the story the
gas-powered cars for transportation. In the twentieth title “The Fun They Had,” Asimov is drawing
century, science fiction writers tried to base their attention to the situation in the past, which
stories closely on actual modern technology. stands in sharp contrast to Margie’s situation
and helps make her feelings clear to the reader.
4. a. arithmetic, addition, proper fractions
Discussion (pages 155–156) b. Insert means “put in.” Proper means “correct.”
1. In paragraph 2, the reading describes the young c. Sigh means “a sad or tired sound.”
scientist in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. In 5. In paragraph 9, Asimov describes Margie as
her story, he uses electricity to make a creature sighing at the thought of how different school
(formed from a collection of body parts) come was long ago, when children came together at
A. and B. R
C O N F U S E D
10
C H EC K P O I NT 3 U
D E S E R V E
12
1. predictable 4. inaccurate
2. inappropriate
3. abnormal
5. unequal
6. similar
TH E E N V I RO N M E NT
Think about This (page 163)
A Puzzle (page 160)
Answers will vary.
Across Down
2. model 1. portable
3. set 3. section C H A P TE R 13
6. attach 4. solve SM A LL R I D E , B I G TRO U B LE
7. environment 5. whenever
9. realize 8. measure
10. confused 10. century Getting Ready to Read (page 164)
11. style 1. a. pollute
12. deserve b. polluted
c. a pollutant
2. Kinds of pollution include air, water, and soil
pollution (or soil contamination); noise pollution;
and light pollution (in cities at night). Answers
will vary as to whether the students see them as
a problem where they live.
9 get
Quick Comprehension Check (page 178) involved
A. and B.
B.
1. T (paragraphs 2, 3)
Answers will vary.
“Trees . . . take in carbon dioxide. . . . Keeping
that carbon out of the air is a good thing because
carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. Greenhouse Understanding the
gases keep heat from escaping into space and Target Vocabulary (pages 179–180)
may cause Earth to get too hot” (paragraph 2).
A.
“Second, trees help clean up the environment. For
example, they take pollutants out of the air, both 1. shade 5. keeping up with
dangerous gases (like carbon monoxide) and dust 2. oxygen 6. diameter
we don’t want to breathe in” (paragraph 3). 3. carbon dioxide 7. rubber
2. F (paragraph 2) 4. soil 8. ink
Trees and humans aren’t in competition for air;
trees take in carbon dioxide and put oxygen into B.
the air, while humans do the opposite, “making 1. a 5. b
them wonderful partners for us.” 2. c 6. a
3. T (paragraphs 2, 3, 4) 3. a 7. c
“The list of benefits [to the environment] from 4. c
trees goes on and on . . . ”
C H A P TE R 15 current
destroy
WO U LD YO U E AT B U G S TO
4 environmental
SAV E TH E WO R LD? 5 source
protein
Getting Ready to Read (page 186)
6 in terms of
Answers will vary. require
7 productive
yet
W ITH A B I G JO B 8 crisis
lie
Getting Ready to Read (page 197)
immediately
1. Answers will vary. motor
2. Answers will vary.
B.
Read to Find Out (page 198)
Answers will vary.
Bees have been dying off, severely reducing the
bee population in North America, Europe, and Asia
for reasons that include changes in land use (not Understanding the
enough flowering plants are left to feed the bees), Target Vocabulary (pages 201–202)
parasites, and the use of pesticides. A.
1. b 5. c
Quick Comprehension Check (page 200) 2. b 6. a
A. and B. 3. c 7. b
1. F (paragraph 3) 4. a
A beekeeper is a person who works with bees.
world involves looking at the costs and benefits 3. after all 7. property
of making any decision or choice.” 4. scarce 8. exchange
5. F (paragraphs 6, 7)
The government has more than one role in the B.
economy (for example, spending decisions and
creating currency). 1. c 5. b
6. T (paragraph 5) 2. a 6. b
“However, the costs of buying or doing 3. c 7. a
something include more than just the price we 4. b
pay in dollars or euros or yen. When we choose
one thing over another thing we also want Building on the Vocabulary (page 224)
(because we can’t have both), then we lose the
1. economics 4. economical
opportunity to get that other thing. Economists
2. economic 5. Economic
have a term for this loss: opportunity cost.”
3. is 6. economically
then they’ll end up with a surplus (paragraph 5). Writing (page 239)
2. If strawberries went up to $10.00 a box, that A. and B.
would mean that the price had doubled. Some
consumers would consider the price too high Answers will vary.
and buy something else instead, reducing the
demand. Based on the diagram, where $5.00 a
box is the equilibrium price, there would be a C H A P TE R 19
gap between supply and demand, and producers B E H AV I O R A L EC O N OM I C S
would end up with a surplus. They might then
drop the price, hoping to increase demand and
sell more strawberries before they’re no longer Getting Ready to Read (page 240)
fresh enough to sell at any price. Answers will vary.
3. It is the popular toy. Flies off the shelf means
“sells very quickly”—as quickly as store owners
manage to put them on the shelf, shoppers buy
Read to Find Out (page 241)
them. The reading states that the toy became Behavioral economists are discovering how our
more popular than expected, so more of them emotions get in the way of our decision-making as
sold than the producer had planned on. The consumers and how we tend to repeat the same
writer suggests that effective advertising on mistakes.
TV might have increased demand for the toy,
or that word-of-mouth advertising might have
chocolate, even though it cost 14 cents more. Getting Ready to Read (page 252)
When he dropped by prices by a penny, the
better-quality chocolate still cost 14 cents more, 1. Of the top 10 happiest countries, 8 are also among
but most people (69%) now wanted the ordinary the world’s richest 25. Of the 10 unhappiest
chocolate, which was free. The reading implies countries, 8 are among the world’s poorest 25.
that the desire to get something for free is very This suggests a strong link between how wealthy
strong in people’s minds, and that was what a country is and how happy its people are.
made the difference. Opinions may vary as to 2. Answers will vary. Students may be surprised
whether this was a sensible economic choice. by how happy certain countries are or aren’t.
If we assume that the better-quality chocolate (Note that the happiness ratings are averages
was actually worth paying 14 cents more for—as of how people rated their own life satisfaction,
most people thought in the beginning—then no, not a score given them by any outside evaluator.)
it was not a sensible choice. Students may also be surprised by how
2. The first time Ariely secretly visited each dorm, particular countries rank in terms of their
he left a six-pack of soda in a refrigerator that average income (GDP per capita expressed in
students shared. Within three days, students dollars, taking purchasing power into account).
had taken all the sodas. The second time, he Not every country included in the research by
left plates with six one-dollar bills, which no Stevenson and Wolfers appears in this graph, and
one took. The reading doesn’t explain why the students may be surprised not to see a particular
students helped themselves to the sodas but country or countries included.
not the money. Students will have various ideas 3. These countries all averaged about 5 as a
about this behavior. “happiness” score: Zambia, Vietnam, Indonesia,
4. F (paragraph 6) 2. a 5. a
The richest countries are among the happiest 3. c
countries.
5. F (paragraph 8) Building on the Vocabulary (page 259)
Economists do not all agree on the role of
income in happiness. 1. to 4. of
6. F (paragraphs 10, 11) 2. with 5. for
According to Easterlin, comparing yourself 3. on
with others may make you happier or unhappier.
According to Lyubormirsky, happy people don’t Using the Target Vocabulary in
think like that—they don’t compare themselves New Contexts (pages 259–260)
with others.
1. revealed 6. percentage
2. wealth 7. Therefore
Thinking about the 3. rated 8. As for
Target Vocabulary (page 256) 4. growth 9. polls
A. 5. scale 10. torn apart
R P A R A S
3 4 5 6
C H EC K P O I NT 4 B O
7
R R O W E D O L
D S S M A A
8
P E R C E N T A G E S I G N I F I C A N T
9 10 11
A. and B. E O
C C I T I Z E N
13
I
Reviewing Vocabulary (pages 264–265) V
E
A.
1. d 5. b Building Dictionary Skills (page 268)
2. g 6. e 1. a. 2 2. a. 2
3. f 7. c b. 1 b. 1
4. h 8. a c. 3 3. a. 2
B. d. 4 b. 1
1. h 5. c
2. g 6. d
3. a 7. e
4. f 8. b
C.
1. even though 6. brings in
2. in relation to 7. as for
3. After all 8. bring it up