Sachal Feasibility Study 50 MW Utility Scale Wind Power

PROJECT FEASIBILITY STUDY
50MW WIND POWER PROJECT
Jhampir, District Thatta
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LEGAL INFORMATION VII

DISCLAIMERS VII
COPYRIGHT NOTICE VII
CONTACT DETAILS VII
DOCUMENT INFORMATION VIII
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
1.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW 2
1.2 RATIONALE FOR WIND POWER 3
1.3 COUNTRY OVERVIEW 5
1.4 INDUSTRY OVERVIEW 5
1.5 ENERGY PRODUCTION ESTIMATION 8
1.6 UNCERTAINITY ANALYSIS 11
OVERVIEW 13
2 PROJECT TEAM 14
2.1 ARIF HABIB GROUP – PROJECT SPONSOR 14
2.2 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT BOARD 16
2.3 GOLD WIND – TURBINE SUPPLIER 16
2.3.1 INTRODUCTION 16
2.3.2 LICENSING 18
2.3.3 GOLDWIND 77 (WIND TURBINE) 18
2.3.3.1 GENERAL INFORMATION 18
2.3.3.2 HIGHLIGHTS 18
2.3.3.3 DESIGN TOWER HEAD 20
2.3.3.4 ROTOR 20
2.3.3.5 MULTI-POLE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR 21
2.3.3.6 GENERATOR STATOR 21
2.3.3.7 GENERATOR ROTOR 22
2.3.3.8 FREQUENCY CONVERTER 22
2.3.3.9 BLADE PITCH AND BRAKE SYSTEM 24
2.3.3.10 NACELLE DESIGN 25
2.3.3.11 YAWING SYSTEM 25
2.3.3.12 CONTROL SYSTEM 26
2.3.3.13 TOWER 26
2.3.3.14 FOUNDATION 27
2.4 NORDEX – TURBINE SUPPLIER 29
2.4.2 MANUFACTURING CAPABILITY 30
2.4.3 NORDEX S77 (WIND TURBINE) 30
2.4.3.3 ROTOR 32
2.4.3.4 CONTROL & SAFETY CONCEPT 32
2.4.3.5 DRIVE TRAIN 32
2.4.3.6 GEARBOX 32
2.4.3.7 GENERATOR 32
2.4.3.8 CONVERTER 33
2.4.3.9 BRAKE SYSTEM 33
2.4.3.10 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 33
2.4.3.11 CONTROL SYSTEM 33
2.4.4 TECHNICAL DETAILS 34
2.5 GE – TURBINE SUPPLIER 36
2.5.2 GE 1.5 MW WIND TURBINE SERIES 36
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2.5.2.3 TOWER 37
2.5.2.4 NACELLE 38
2.5.2.5 ROTOR BLADES, ROTOR HUB AND ROTOR SHAFT 39
2.5.2.6 GEARBOX 39
2.5.2.7 INDUCTION GENERATOR 40
2.5.2.8 YAW SYSTEM 40
2.5.2.9 BRAKE INCLUDING HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 41
2.5.2.10 ELECTRIC CONTROL SYSTEM 41
2.5.2.11 GRID CONNECTION 44
2.5.2.12 CORROSION PROTECTION 45
2.5.2.13 LIGHTENING PROTECTION 46
2.5.3 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS 46
2.6 SIEMENS – TURBINE SUPPLIER 48
2.6.1 INTORDUCTION 48
2.6.2 MANUFACTURING CAPABILITY 49
2.6.3 SIEMENS SWT 2.3-101 WIND TURBINE 49
2.6.3.2 ROTOR 51
2.6.3.3 BLADES 52
2.6.3.4 GEARBOX AND BRAKE 52
2.6.3.5 GENERATOR 52
2.6.3.6 TOWER 52
2.6.3.7 CONTROLLER 53
2.6.3.8 OPERATION 53
2.6.3.9 SAFETY SYSTEM 53
2.6.3.10 REMOTE CONTROL 53
2.6.3.11 GRID COMPLIANCE 54
2.6.3.12 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS 54
3 COUNTRY PROFILE 57
3.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW 57
3.2 ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OVERVIEW 2008-09 57
3.3 ENERGY SECTOR 61
3.3.1 ENERGY CONSUMPTION 61
3.3.2 ENERGY SUPPLY 63
3.4 POWER SECTOR 65
3.5 CONCLUSIONS 66
4 WIND ENERGY – BRIEF INTRODUCTION 68
4.1 WIND ENERGY BACKGROUND 68
4.2 HISTORY OF WIND POWER 69
4.3 DESCRIPTION OF WIND TURBINES 70
4.4 WIND ENERGY APPLICATION MARKETS 72
4.4.1 OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS 72
4.4.2 ON-GRID APPLICATIONS 73
4.4.2.1 ISOLATED-GRID ELECTRICITY GENERATION 73
4.4.2.2 CENTRAL-GRID ELECTRICITY GENERATION 73
4.5 WIND FARM DEVELOPMENT 74
5 CARBON CREDITS 75
5.1 THE KYOTO PROTOCOL 75
5.2 EMISSION REDUCTIONS 75
5.3 OTHER MEASURES 76
5.4 EMISSION REDUCTION MECHANISM 77
5.5 EMISSIONS TRADING 77
5.6 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM 78
5.7 JOINT IMPLEMENTATION 80
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6 REGULATORY REGIME 81
6.1 MINISTRY OF WATER AND POWER 81
6.2 NATIONAL ELECTRIC POWER REGULATORY AUTHORITY (NEPRA) 81
6.3 WATER AND POWER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY 82
6.4 NATIONAL TRANSMISSION & DISPATCH COMPANY 83
6.5 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT BOARD 84
6.6 PROVINCIAL POWER CELLS 85
7 RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY 86
7.1. INTRODUCTION 86
7.2. POLICY OBJECTIVES 86
7.3. POLICY STRUCTURE 87
7.3.1 SHORT TERM 88
7.3.2 MEDIUM TERM 88
7.3.3 LONG TERM 88
7.4. DEVELOPMENT PROCESS – KEY STAGES 89
7.4.1 LETTER OF INTENT 89
7.4.2 ACQUISITION OF LAND 89
7.4.3 COMPANY REGISTRATION 89
7.4.4 GENERATION LICENSE 90
7.4.5 TARIFF DETERMINATION 90
7.4.6 LETTER OF SUPPORT 90
7.4.7 ENERGY PURCHASE AND IMPLEMENTATION AGREEMENT 90
7.5. INCENTIVES FOR DEVELOPERS 91
7.5.1 GUARANTEED MARKET 91
7.5.2 GRID CONNECTION, OFF-TAKE VOLTAGE AND INTERFACE 91
7.5.3 PLANNING PERMISSION 91
7.5.4 WHEELING 92
7.5.5 RESOURCE VARIABILITY RISKS 92
7.5.6 PRODUCTION INCENTIVES 92
7.5.7 CARBON CREDITS 93
7.5.8 SECURITY PACKAGE 95
7.6. INCENTIVES FOR LENDERS 95
7.6.1 ASSURANCE AGAINST DISCRIMINATORY ACTION 95
7.6.2 FOREIGN EXCHANGE AVAILABILITY 96
7.6.3 INSURANCE 96
7.6.4 RESTRICTION OF TRANSFER OF SHARES 96
7.6.5 CREATION OF SECURITY IN FAVOUR OF LENDERS 96
7.6.6 SELLER’S DEFAULT 97
7.6.7 COMPENSATION FOR TERMINATION 97
7.6.8 EVENT OF DEFAULT 97
7.7. CONCLUSIONS 97
TECHNICAL SECTION 99
8 INTRODUCTION 100
8.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND 100
8.2 RATIONALE FOR WIND POWER 101
9 PROJECT SITE 103
9.1 SELECTION OF PROPOSED SITE 103
9.2 GENERAL AREA 103
9.3 SITE LOCATION AND GENERAL CONDITIONS 104
9.4 ACCESS ROADS 107
9.5 INTERNAL ROADS 108
9.6 GRID 108
9.7 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS 108
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9.8 TELECOMMUNICATION 111
WIND RESOURCE ANALYSIS 112
10 WIND DATA ANALYSIS 113
10.1 WIND DATA SOURCES 113
10.2 NOORIABAD MAST 113
10.2.1 GENERAL INFORMATION OF MAST 113
10.2.2 INSTALLED SENSOR INFORMATION 116
10.2.3 WIND DATA ANALYSIS 116
10.2.4 DIURNAL VARIATION 122
10.2.5 MEAN WIND SPEED AT DIFFERENT HEIGHTS 124
10.3 NEIGHBORING MAST A 129
10.3.1 GENERAL INFORMATION 129
10.4 NEIGHBORING MAST B 138
11 LAYOUT DESIGN FOR 50MW PROJECT 152
11.1 LAYOUT OF WIND FARM 152
11.2 WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT 155
11.3 WIND TURBINE LOCATIONS 157
12 BENCHMARK ENERGY YIELD CALCULATIONS 159
12.1 INTRODUCTION 159
12.2 WIND FARM LAYOUT 159
12.3 BENCHMARK ENERGY PREDICTION 160
12.3.1 WASP WIND FLOW MODEL 160
12.3.2 ENERGY YIELD PREDICTION 160
12.3.3 WTG SPACING 161
12.4 ANNUAL BENCHMARK ENERGY PRODUCTION USING MAST B 161
12.4.1 INDIVIDUAL WTG WASP OUTPUTS USING MAST B 163
12.4.1.1 NORDEX S77 1.5MW 163
12.4.1.2 GE 1.5SLE 1.5MW 165
12.4.1.3 GOLDWIND 77 1.5MW 167
12.4.1.4 SIEMENS SWT 2.3MW 101 169
12.5 ANNUAL BENCHMARK ENERGY PRODUCTION USING NOORIABAD MAST 171
12.5.1 INDIVIDUAL WTG WASP OUTPUTS USING NOORIABAD MAST 173
12.5.1.1 NORDEX S77 1.5MW 173
12.5.1.2 GE 1.5sle 1.5MW 175
12.5.1.3 GOLDWIND 77 1.5MW 177
12.5.1.4 SIEMENS SWT 2.3MW 101 179
12.6 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS 181
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Legal Information
The materials in this Technical Feasibility study are the property of Sachal Energy and
Avant Garde Consulting, which may be used for information purposes only. No part of
this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, for any purpose.
Disclaimers
This document is intended for use by the persons / parties mentioned in the previous
section for effective decision making regarding this project. Reliance by these parties on
this document for any other purpose would not be suitable.
Avant Garde and the sponsors are not responsible for any decision made by the intended
users for any other purpose. Avant Garde and the sponsors are also not responsible for
any decision made by any other person or party not being an intended user of this
document whether related to this project or not without written consent of the Avant
Garde or sponsors in this regard.
Copyright Notice
This document is copyright product of Avant Garde Consulting and Sachal Energy. No
part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, for any purpose other than internal use of Avant Garde and
Sachal Energy, without the express written permission of management.
Contact Details
Address:
Avant Garde Consulting (Pvt.) Ltd Sachal Energy Development (Pvt.) Ltd
House 271, Street 17
F-10, Islamabad.
Tel: 051-5801419
Fax: 051-2292434
www.avantgardeconculting.pk
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Document Information
Purpose and Scope

The purpose of this Project Technical Feasibility study is to provide information required
for the relevant parties to make decision regarding the implementation and execution of
this project.
This document will show the technical viability of this project within Pakistan’s
economic and regulatory framework.
Structure of the Document

This document has been divided into following parts:
1. Executive Summary
2. Overview
3. Technical Feasibility
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Project Feasibility Study
Sachal 50MW Wind Power Project
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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1.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW
In light of the threefold global crisis mankind is facing currently – the energy crisis, the
finance crisis and the environment/climate crisis – it is becoming more and more obvious
that wind energy offers solutions to all of these huge challenges, offering a domestic,
reliable, affordable and clean energy supply.
At this point of time it is difficult to predict the short-term impacts of the credit crunch on
investment in wind energy. However, In the mid to long term it is clear that wind energy
investments will rather be strengthened due to their low-risk character and societal and
additional economic benefits. Investment in a wind turbine today means that the
electricity generation cost is fixed to the major extends over the lifetime of the wind
turbine. Wind energy implies no expenses on fuel and operation and maintenance costs
are usually well predictable and rather marginal, in relation to the overall investment.
Pakistan is also facing the severe problem of high energy demand to sustain the economic
growth and development. This comes with the dire fact that the conventional sources of
energy, the fossil fuels, are depleting. The environmental impacts of these conventional
energy sources are also alarming. This has led towards the development of alternative
energy resources especially wind energy so that fuel diversification is achieved and
energy systems are not highly vulnerable to shortages or prices increases of a particular
fuel.
Initial wind studies conducted by the Government of Pakistan (GoP) through Pakistan
Metrological Department (PMD) and Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB)
have shown very encouraging results. Based on these studies GoP has offered private
investors the opportunity to develop Independent Power Producer (IPP) companies for
generating power through wind in the coastal regions of the Sindh province.
The Sachal Energy intends to develop, own and operate a 50 MW Wind Farm in Jhampir,
Thatta. This feasibility study, deals with the 50 MW Sachal Energy Project at Jhampir,
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will serve the purpose for making the executive decision based on the technical viability
of the project by Sachal Energy authorities regarding project implementation.
The Jhampir area has been selected for implementing the project on the basis of its
exceptional wind regime, flat terrain and closeness to the National and local grid. The
area has been extensively surveyed and is identified as having strong potential site for the
proposed wind farm. The wind data currently available from the AEDB is gathered from
the Nooriabad weather station.
The electricity generated from the 50 MW wind farm would be sold to Central Power
Purchase Agency (CPPA) on the 132kV grid. The Energy Purchase Agreement (EPA)
would be signed with the Central Power Purchase Agency (CPPA) for a project life of 20
years.
1.2 RATIONALE FOR WIND POWER
Pakistan’s major electricity sources are thermal and hydro generation, meeting
approximately 70% and 28% (respectively) of the country’s annual electricity demand.
The primary thermal generation fuels employed are furnace oil and gas. While both are
produced domestically, demand for oil already outstrips supply by a considerable
amount, and gas demand is expected to outstrip domestic supply within a few years. Oil
imports are already a significant burden on the national exchequer and the increasing
import bill continues to exert further pressure on the foreign exchange reserves.
Importation of gas could be seen as a viable option to overcome the depleting domestic
reserves, but gas import has significant issues, mainly the need for substantial capital
investment in infrastructure, security difficulties and physical terrain concerns. Moreover,
it would increase Pakistan’s reliance on imported fuels with associated foreign exchange
effects. This must be considered in the context of rising fuel costs for gas and oil-based
fuels as a result of uncertainty over future supply.
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Alternatives to further fuel imports for electricity generation are the use of domestic coal,
or generation from hydro-electric or other renewable sources, such as wind power. These
options will assist in reducing Pakistan’s reliance on imported oil, and consequent
vulnerability to changes in global oil prices which will in turn have a positive effect on
the current trade deficit and inflating import bill. As with gas, securing future supplies of
coal and hydro-electric power would rely on significant spending on infrastructure.
Pakistan has significant domestic reserves of coal. However, coal currently makes up a
very small proportion of total generation, largely the result of most of the reserves being
located in one area, the Thar Desert. Exploiting the reserves would require huge and
costly upfront investment in local infrastructure (including provision of water supplies),
development of mines, housing and related infrastructure, and investment in transmission
lines before power plant development could commence. Hydro electric power already
supplies almost 30% of electricity, and numerous sites for future investment exist, but
due to their locations, would also require significant investment in transmission to meet
the expected power needs.
Looking at how the country’s future electricity needs might be met in a way that supports
the environmental objectives of the Government of Pakistan, wind generation has the
potential of being a strong contributor. The development of wind generation projects
could reduce dependence on fuels for thermal power generation, increase diversity in
Pakistan’s electricity generation mix, and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
through the avoidance of thermal power generation. Also the per kWh tariff for wind
power projects are comparatively less than that of furnace oil tariff.
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1.3 COUNTRY OVERVIEW
Despite significant challenges over the past two years, the Pakistani economy continues
to grow with growth rates that compare favorably with its peers and far exceed those of
developed nations. Demand for energy in Pakistan far exceeds supply and is continuing
to grow. The Government of Pakistan intends to meet this demand by mobilizing
independent power producers to exploit indigenous energy sources including renewable
energy. The opportunities for the private sector are clear.
The Pakistani power sector is regulated and structured in a similar manner to free market
power sectors such as those typically operating in Europe. This should offer a degree of
reassurance to investors interested in the Pakistani power market.
Pakistan has a well defined renewable energy policy designed to pump-prime the
renewable energy market in the short-term and ultimately results in cost-effective
renewable energy generation in the longer term. The liberal package of incentives and
risk cover offered in the short-term phase of the policy present excellent opportunities for
private sector developers and investors.
As a number of IPPs have already made significant progress towards developing wind
power projects in Pakistan, the Sachal Energy project is well placed to benefit from the
opportunity posed by the short-term policy phase without having to overcome the
challenges faced by the leading developers.
1.4 INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
Wind energy has continued the worldwide success story as the most dynamically growing
energy source again in the year 2008. Since 2005, global wind installations more than
doubled. They reached 121’188 MW, after 59’024 MW in 2005, 74’151 MW in 2006,
and 93’927 MW in 2007. The turnover of the wind sector worldwide reached 40 billion
Euro in the year 2008. The market for new wind turbines showed a 42 % increase and
reached an overall size of 27’261 MW, after 19’776 MW in 2007 and 15’127 MW in the
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year 2006. Ten years ago, the market for new wind turbines had a size of 2’187 MW, less
than one tenth of the size in 2008. In comparison, no new nuclear reactor started
operation in 2008, according to the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Figure1.1: World Wind Energy – Total Installed Capacity & Prediction 1997-2010. 1
The USA and China took the lead, USA taking over the global number one position from
Germany and China getting ahead of India for the first time, taking the lead in Asia. The
USA and China accounted for 50.8 % of the wind turbine sales in 2008 and the eight
leading markets represented almost 80 % of the market for new wind turbines – one year
ago, still only five markets represented 80 % of the global sales. The pioneer country
Denmark fell back to rank 9 in terms of total capacity, whilst until four years ago it held
the number 4 position during several years. However, with a wind power share of around
20 % of the electricity supply, Denmark is still a leading wind energy country worldwide.
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Source: World Wind Energy Report 2008, World Wind Energy Association, February 2009.
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25,170
USA
16,819
23,903
Germany
22,247
16,740
Spain
15,145
12,210
China
5,912
9,587
India
7,850
2008
2007
3,736
Italy
2,726
3,404
France
2,455
3,288
United Kingdom
2,389
3,160
Denmark
3,125
2,862
Portugal
2,130
Figure 1.2: Top 10 Total Installed Capacity 2
This development goes hand in hand with a general diversification process which can be
watched with today 16 markets having installations of more than 1’000 MW, compared
with 13 countries one year ago. 32 countries have more than 100 MW installed,
compared with 24 countries three years ago.
Altogether 76 countries are today using wind energy on a commercial basis. Newcomers
on the list are two Asian countries, Pakistan and Mongolia, which both for the first time
installed larger grid-connected wind turbines.
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Source: World Wind Energy Report 2008, World Wind Energy Association, February 2009.
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1.5 ENERGY PRODUCTION ESTIMATION
Sachal Energy intends to develop, own and operate a 50 MW Wind Farm in Jhampir,
Thatta (the “Project”). The energy yield calculations for the 50MW wind farm have been
calculated using the following WTGs types:
• 33 WTGs Nordex S77 1.5MW with an 80m hub height

• 33 WTGs GE 1.5sle 1.5MW with an 80m hub height
• 33 WTGs Goldwind 77 1.5MW with an 85m hub height
• 21 WTGs Siemens SWT-101 2.3MW with an 80m hub height
In order for developers to benefit from the wind risk guarantee policy of Government of
Pakistan, the AEDB require them to provide energy yields for their sites based on the
benchmark wind speeds developed by AEDB using the wind data of Pakistan
Meteorological Department mast at Nooriabad. As Sachal intend to avail themselves of
the wind risk guarantee policy, Avant Garde calculates the energy yield at benchmark
wind speed set up and guaranteed by AEDB.
Three wind measuring masts have been considered for this study namely, Nooriabad
Mast, Neighboring Mast A (10km South of wind farm site) and Neighboring Mast B
(2Km North of wind farm site). The Benchmark Energy yield is calculated by Avant
Garde both on Nooriabad mast data and using long term time series at neighbouring Mast
B by correlating it with 33 months wind data of neighboring Mast A. However Avant
Garde recommends using the power production numbers derived using the long term time
series at neighbouring Mast B.
The annual energy production for 50 MW Sachal wind farm, using long term time series
developed at neighbouring Mast B & using the wind data at Nooriabad Mast, on the
proposed wind turbine generators have been estimated using WAsP. The summary of
annual production details on benchmark wind speed values at Mast B & Nooriabad Mast
are shown below in Table 1.1 & 1.2 respectively.
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Table 1.1: Summary of Estimated AEP on Benchmark Wind Speed at Mast B
Wind Turbine Generators

Nordex GE Goldwind Siemens
Sachal Wind Farm S77H 1.5sle 77 SWT-101
Turbine Capacity (kW) 1500 1500 1500 2300
Number of WTG 33 33 33 21
Installed Wind Farm Capacity (MW) 49.5 49.5 49.5 48.3
Hub Height (meters) 80 80 85 80
Rotor Diameter (m) 77 77 77 101
Gross Electrical Output of Wind Farm (GWh) 167.71 169.79 182.06 180.08
Wake Losses (GWh) 15.96 17.26 15.34 24.29
Net Electrical Output of Wind Farm (GWh) 151.75 152.53 166.72 155.80
Availability (97%) - (GWh) 4.55 4.58 5.00 4.67
Power Curve density correction Losses (3.5%) - (GWh) 5.31 5.34 5.84 5.45
Power Curve Losses (2%) - (GWh) 3.04 3.05 3.33 3.12
Electrical Losses (3%) - (GWh) 4.55 4.58 5.00 4.67
Scheduled maintenance/ Miscellaneous (1.0 %) - (GWh) 1.52 1.53 1.67 1.56
Blade Degradation (0.5%) - (GWh) 0.76 0.76 0.83 0.78
P50 Wind Farm Yield (GWh/annum) 132.02 132.70 145.10 135.55
P50 Capacity Factor (%age) 30.45 30.60 33.45 32.04
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Table 1.2: Summary of Estimated AEP on Benchmark Wind Speed at Nooriabad Mast

Turbine Capacity (kW) 1500 1500 1500 2300
Number of WTG 33 33 33 21
Installed Wind Farm Capacity (MW) 49.5 49.5 49.5 48.3
Hub Height (meters) 80 80 85 80
Rotor Diameter (m) 77 77 77 101
Wake Losses (GWh) 9.44 10.70 9.05 14.84
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1.6 Uncertainity Analysis
The uncertainties associated with the wind speed measurement accuracy, long term wind
speed predictions, wind flow model, array loss modeling, instruments, topography,
simulation software have been estimated. Annual Energy production of the wind farm is
calculated at different probability level. The results obtained for different confidence
levels for each WTG type on both Mast B & Nooriabad Mast data are summarized below
in Table 1.3 & 1.4 respectively.
Table 1.3: Energy Production Estimates for proposed 50MW Wind Farm using long term
time series developed for mast B
Nordex Goldwind Siemens

WTG Type S77H GE 1.5sle 77 SWT-101
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Table 1.4: Energy Production Estimates for proposed 50MW Wind Farm using Nooriabad wind
data

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OVERVIEW
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2 PROJECT TEAM
2.1 ARIF HABIB GROUP – PROJECT SPONSOR
The Arif Habib Group ranks amongst the fastest growing financial services providers in
Pakistan today. This has been made possible by a strong brand franchise built on decades
of first-rate services to clients. Managing assets in excess of PRs. 37 billion (US$ 617
million), the Group holds interests in the securities brokerage, investment and financial
advisory, investment management, commercial banking, commodities, private equity,
cement and fertilizer industries.
The Group takes pride in its orientation towards client service. It believes that its key
success factors include continuous investment in staff, systems and capacity building, and
its insistence on universal best practices at all times. The Group has the following
strengths:
• High quality human resources

• Governance – Independent CEOs & Boards
• Capital market trust – Equity & Debt
• Sought after partner - high deal flow
• Experience in partnership
• Size & funding ability
• Base of high quality assets with expected high future cash flows
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Figure2-1: The Arif Habib Group
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2.2 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT BOARD
Acknowledging the importance of Renewable Energy Technologies for power

generation, the Government of Pakistan created Alternative Energy Development Board
(AEDB) in May 2003 to act as the central national body on the subject of Renewable
Energy. The main objective of this Organization is to facilitate, promote and encourage
development of Renewable Energy in Pakistan with a mission to introduce
Alternative/Renewable Energy at an accelerated rate to achieve 10 percent share of RE in
the energy mix of the country.
The current initiative is directed towards creating a market-based environment that is

conducive to private sector investment and participation. The AEDB provides a one
window point of operations for investors in the alternate energy sector. They perform all
of the functions of the PPIB for alternate energy projects. This is done in order to reduce
the timeframe required for the completion of these projects, which are deemed essential
to meet Pakistan’s short term and long-term energy requirements
Apart of other AEDB mandates, one prime mandate is to form international associations
in an effort to transfer foreign technology and expertise to Pakistan. The objective is to
reduce the cost of alternate energy by transferring as much of the manufacturing process
to Pakistan as possible.
2.3 GOLD WIND – TURBINE SUPPLIER

2.3.1 INTRODUCTION
Goldwind recently emerged as the leading Chinese wind turbine manufacturer. The
company currently holds 2.8% of market share in global wind turbine sales, reaching the
top 10 for the first time in 2006 3. Within China, it captured 31% of sales in 2006. The
company is rapidly expanding production, and has benefited from government policies
that promote the utilization of domestically manufactured wind turbines in Chinese wind
3
Source: World Market Update 2006 – BTM Consult Aps, March 2007
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farm projects. In 2006, Goldwind installed 442 megawatts, by far its largest annual
installation to date.
The company Goldwind plays a key role in the development of the Chinese wind
industry. In less than 10 years since its foundation in 1997, the company has become the
number one supplier of wind turbines in China. Until today, Goldwind has sold almost
1500 wind turbines with an overall capacity of around 1100 MW. Today, Goldwind
manufactures turbines in a range from 600 to 1500 kW. Turbines of 2,5 and 3 MW are
under development in Goldwind’s research departments in China and Germany and are
expected to enter the market very soon.
Being aware of the current shortages in wind turbine manufacturing worldwide,

Goldwind is planning to more than double its manufacturing capacities in the coming
years and the company aims at lowering the costs of wind energy generation by
decreased turbine prices and at the same time ensuring a high level of quality and
efficiency. Goldwind has become a core of the Chinese wind industry. The success of
Goldwind results from international cooperation and also from the support of many
governments, amongst them China, Denmark, Germany, as well as from friends of the
enterprise group. The development of Goldwind has promoted the development of a
high-tech industry in China, it has boosted the development of the Chinese wind industry
in general, it expands employment opportunities, and it offers vast clean energy for the
world’s biggest country, China.
Among the original group of domestic producers, Goldwind Science and Technology Co.
Ltd. (Urumqi, Xinjiang Province) is China’s oldest, largest and most experienced
manufacturer. Goldwind’s 20 percent share of the Chinese market in 2005 has grown,
some sources say, to as much as 40 percent, thanks not only to the Renewable Energy
Law’s local-content mandate but its early push to produce turbines of 1.5 MW and larger,
as well.
The company operates plants in Xinjiang, Guangdong, Zhejiang and Hebei Provinces and
is building plants in Beijing and Inner Mongolia. Goldwind signed a six-year contract
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with LM Glasfiber (Lunderskov, Denmark) to supply blades for Vensys 70 and 77

turbines and develop blades for Goldwind’s next generation of 2-MW and larger turbines
at LM’s factory in Tianjin.
2.3.2 LICENSING
Goldwind’s licensing arrangements with German wind turbine manufacturer REpower

allowed it to jump into the wind turbine industry with little indigenous knowledge. These
arrangements provided the transfer of enough technical know-how that Goldwind could
innovate upon the transferred technology. It has more recently chosen to also pursue
licensing arrangements with Vensys to gain experience related to larger turbine designs.
Goldwind first licensed REpower’s 48-kW to 750-kW turbine technology in 2002 and
then acquired a license in 2003 from Vensys Energiesysteme GmbH (Saarbrücken,
Germany) for its Vensys 62 1.2-MW turbine (62m/205-ft rotor diameter). When Vensys
developed a low wind speed version with a larger 64m/211-ft diameter rotor that
increased output to 1.5 MW, Goldwind acquired the license for that turbine as well and is
currently working with Vensys to produce 2.0-MW and 2.5-MW turbines.
2.3.3 GOLDWIND 77 (WIND TURBINE)4

2.3.3.1 GENERAL INFORMATION
The GOLDWIND 77 is a gearless wind energy converter and is equipped with a three-
blade rotor, pitch control with a rated output of 1500 kW. This converter generates
electric current that is fed directly into the public grid. Optimum aerodynamic rotor
efficiency, at every wind speed, is achieved by using variable speed technology.
2.3.3.2 HIGHLIGHTS
1. Highly efficient multi-pole generator
a. Direct coupling of the multi-pole generator to the rotor

No gearbox required
Practical application of advanced technologies
4
Source: http://en.goldwind.cn/
18
b. Synchronous generator with permanent magnet excitation

High efficiency, particularly at partial load
No energy losses because of an external excitation
No slip rings for external excitation needed
c. External runner concept
Compact design, small generator diameter
d. Passive air-cooling system
Highly efficient cooling without any additional energy
2. Blade pitch system and safety system
a. Blade pitch system with tooth belts

Lubrication not required
Minimum play in blade drive tracks
Minimum wear
Maintenance free
b. Double-layer capacitor for emergency re-pitching
No heavy lead-gel accumulators required
Brush-less pitch motor
Increased lifetime
Maintenance free
19
2.3.3.3 DESIGN TOWER HEAD
Figure 2.2: Main Components of the Turbine
2.3.3.4 ROTOR
The GOLDWIND 77 aerodynamic rotor blades convert translational air motion into a
motion of the rotor. This motion is initiated by aerodynamic lift forces.
The wind energy converter GOLDWIND 77 has a three-bladed rotor that is equipped
with active blade pitch system. The rotor are made of reinforced fibre glass, have a rotor
20
diameter of 70/77 m, and a swept area of 3850/4657 m2. The blades possess integrated
lightning protection. Potential lightning strikes will be conducted from the rotor blade
through the casted parts and the tower to the foundation.
Each rotor blade has a pitch bearing that connects the blade to the casted hub. The rotor
blades will be automatically pitched according to the wind speed, to limit the rotor power
output or to brake the rotor down wear-free. For maintenance, the rotor can be locked.
2.3.3.5 MULTI-POLE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
The generator converts the rotational energy of the rotor into electrical energy. It is a
multi-pole synchronous generator with permanent magnet excitation. The turbine rotor
drives the generator rotor directly (i.e. no gearbox).
The generator consists of the following components:

Generator stator with six-phase winding
Generator rotor with permanent magnets
The generator is fully maintenance and wear-free (with the exception of the main
bearing).
2.3.3.6 GENERATOR STATOR
The generator stator is a welded structure that acts as the supporting structure for the
stator core and the six-phase winding.
The laminated core consists of separate segmental core blanks. To avoid wakes the core
blanks are insulated against each other. After insertion of the six-phase winding the stator
will be impregnated with high-quality insulating resin. Cooling fins are punched into the
back of the stator core to increase surface area and heat emission. The patented, passive
air-cooling system directs airflow with an air duct directly along the outside of the stator
21
core. This air-cooling system provides the advantage of encapsulating the active electrical
components, thereby avoiding corrosion of the active generator part.
Increasing wind speeds result in increased power generation as well as increased heat
production. This heat build up must be cooled away to avoid overheating of the
generator. However, the maximum cooling effect is achieved just at high wind speeds.
This self-cooling turbine eliminates the need for active fans and pumps.
2.3.3.7 GENERATOR ROTOR
The welded structure of the GOLDWIND 77 generator - rotor placed outside the stator.
The use of permanent magnets in combination with the external rotor design results in a
smaller external diameter of the generator in comparison to traditional turbines. The
GOLDWIND 77 external rotor is only a few millimeters larger than the air gap diameter
while the standard design protrudes to the package height and to the stator supporting
structure over the air gap. Generators with smaller external diameter have the advantages
of being lighter and easier to transport. The generator rotor is directly driven by the
turbine rotor. On the inside of the rotor yoke, permanent magnets generate the necessary
excitation field. By using a direct driven multi-pole synchronous generator the
conventional main gear is omitted and many advantages recognized. Gearboxes have
been traditionally, particularly on today’s megawatt class turbines, sensitive to
overloading and premature failure.
Gearboxes are noisy which necessitates expensive noise insulation measures. Gearless
units do not require gear oil servicing nor do they produce leaks. Furthermore, there are
no gear losses which are a great advantage particularly at partial load. As such, these
advantages will result in higher energy output, lower insurance costs, increased turbine
lifetime, and lower overall operating and maintenance costs.
2.3.3.8 FREQUENCY CONVERTER
The connection to the public grid is done by a frequency converter system and a
transformer. Both components are situated inside the WEC tower basement so an
22
additional separated transformer, typical for conventional turbines, is not necessary. The
frequency converter has been specially designed for the use together with synchronous
generators. It allows a complete separation of the generator operation from the grid
conditions. Variable speed operation of generator, in a speed range of 9 to 19 rpm,
(GoldWind 70) and 9 to 17.3 rpm (GoldWind 77), is possible. This provides a better
energy yield at partial load. At rated load and above the structural loads on the turbine are
reduced by this technology.
At the generator output side, a 12 – pulse uncontrolled rectifier with a subsequent step-up
converter is used to avoid voltage peaks (du/dt loads) in the generator windings, which
has a very simple, but robust layout.
In the grid-side converter part, two separate IGBT-twigs per phase are used, which
reduce harmonics. The whole converter system is air-cooled.
Figure 2-3: Design converter system.
This converter system provides the following advantages:
no torque peaks in case of grid failure

50 Hz or 60 Hz line frequency without hardware modification
no pole angle transmitter on the generator needed
Symmetric intermediate circuit avoids HF-loading on the generator – side
(leakage currents and du/dt-loading of the windings)
no HF-loading of tower cable
2 IGBT sets to reduce harmonics
23
integrated line filter

high variable speed range
insensitive to grid failure
high efficiency with diode rectifiers
no audio frequency suppressor needed
freely adjustable power factor
fixed power factor (only available on certain markets)
Power factor control for stabilization of grid is possible even when the wind
energy converter is stopped
Complies with new EON-directive concerning the WEC’s performance in case of
grid failure
2.3.3.9 BLADE PITCH AND BRAKE SYSTEM
The blade-pitch system of the GOLDWIND 77 allows each blade to be pitched

independently. This provides power control and aerodynamic braking capabilities for the
wind energy converter. At rated wind speed and above the power input of the rotor will
be limited by the pitch system to 1,500 kW. This feature avoids overloading of generator
and converter system. The controller monitors power output, blade pitch angles and wind
conditions as well as variable speed operation to ensure optimal operating performance.
The three blade pitch mechanisms of the turbine also serve as a rotor brake. Moving the
rotor blades into feathering position reduces the rotor torque and acts as a brake. The
blade pitch system consists of three independent electrical drive trains with energy
storage and a tooth belt power train. Each drive train consists of a three phase brush-less
motor, a converter, a power supply unit, a position sensor and a capacitance storage
system. The capacitors eliminate the need for heavy and lead accumulators. The drives
used work brush-less. All signals are transmitted by a DC-isolated profibus port, which is
protected against over-voltage. Unique to the GOLDWIND 77 is the tooth belt
transmission between the drive motor and rotor blade. This connection is insensitive to
shock loading because, as opposed to gear transmission, several teeth are always in
24
contact. The tooth belt does not require lubrication and is insensitive to moisture and
dirt.
2.3.3.10 NACELLE DESIGN
The nacelle has to transmit all static and dynamic loads of the rotor and the generator to
the tower. In addition, the nacelle houses the control cabinet, the service crane, the
yawing system, and supports the wind monitoring system (anemometer / wind-vane).
Essentially, the housing consists of three parts: a casted part for transmission, a walk able
base platform, and a shell made of reinforced fiberglass.
The casted part is connected to the tower via a yaw bearing, which also forms the
connection between tower and rotor respectively generator. The generator-stator and the
axis with the bearing are fixed to the casted part, whereas the generator-rotor and with it
the machine-rotor are connected pivot-able to the axis. All necessary system components
are mounted to the platform that is fixed to the casted part. The shell protects the
sensitive components against weather.
The yawing system is screwed directly to the casted part. The nacelle can be reached via
a ladder from the highest tower platform. There is enough room for the service staff and
all components can be reached easily. A hatch in the bottom of the shell on the opposite
side of the machine-rotor allows loads to be lifted into the nacelle with the service crane.
2.3.3.11 YAWING SYSTEM
The yawing system aligns the rotor with the wind direction, which is given by a wind
vane installed on top of the nacelle. This wind data provides the basis for yaw corrections
via electrical operated yaw motors. These motors are geared to the external teeth of the
yaw bearing between the tower and the cast machine base.
The nacelle is held in its position by hydraulic operated brake calipers, which hold a
brake disk which is connected with the tower. At high wind speeds, the nacelle is
adjusted to the wind direction even if the wind energy converter is stopped to reduce the
occurring loads.
25
2.3.3.12 CONTROL SYSTEM
The GOLDWIND 77 has a microprocessor based control unit that independently adjusts
and controls the turbine’s operating parameters. As such, outside data entry or control is
not required.
The control unit uses sensors to retrieve information about external conditions (wind
speed, wind direction) and all operating parameters of the wind energy converter (power,
rotor speed, blade pitch). Basing on this data, the plant management controls the turbine
to optimize energy yield and to ensure safe turbine operation.
At partial load the rotor speed is adjusted by modifying the generator output. At rated
load and above the nominal power capacity is achieved with blade pitch adjustment. As
such, gusts can be converted into an increased rotational speed rather than increasing
torque. The latter behavior is typical for conventional fixed speed technology. The
GOLDWIND 77 is able to "absorb" wind speed changes and act as an energy cache
memory.
The turbine operates in a wind speed range of 3 m/s to 25 / 22 m/s. The wind turbine
automatically stops operating outside this velocity range.
External monitoring of the operating performance of the turbine is possible by a PC

modem and a telephone connection. Thus, all operating data, records and turbine
conditions can be retrieved.
2.3.3.13 TOWER
The steel tower supports the nacelle and the rotor and transfers the loads and forces of the
turbine into the foundation.
26
The tower consists of segments held together by screw flange connections. It is connected
to the foundation by the foundation insert. The yaw bearing is screwed directly on the top
tower flange. The control cabinet, converter, transformer and the medium voltage
switchgear are mounted at the tower base. The tower is equipped with an internal cat
ladder c/w a fall guardrail. Relax or safety platforms are installed at regular distances in
the tower. The top platform has a cat ladder allowing access to the nacelle. The tower and
the nacelle are lighted. In case of power failure, an emergency light ensures good
working conditions.
Inside the tower there are also power and signal cables. The signal cables are trouble-free
optical fiber. The cables hang in the upper section to allow the yawing of the nacelle and
after several yaw rotations the wind energy converter will automatically untwist the
cables. The base of the tower is accessible from outside by a stair and a door.
2.3.3.14 FOUNDATION
The foundation secures and stabilizes the Wind Turbine Generator (WTG). It is designed
as so-called raft or floating foundation. The rotor loads are transferred by the tower and
the tower section to the foundation. The foundation section is a short steel tube which is
integrated in the foundation. The upper layer of the steel reinforcement at the concrete
runs through radial holes in the foundation section.
Table 2-1: Details of GoldWind 77-1.5 MW Wind Turbine Generator

Rotor Diameter 70/77m
Swept area 3,850/4657m2
Speed range 9–19/17.3rpm
Number of blades 3
Blade type LM34P/LM37.3orsimilar
Power control Pitch
Brakes Blade pitch triple redundant
Holding brake Anchor locking
Operating Data Cut in wind speed 3m/s
27
Rated wind speed 13/12.5m/s

Cut out wind speed 25/22m/s
Survival wind speed 59.5/52m/s
Noise emission Expected
Calculated power curve Available
Generator Type Multi pole synchronous generator,

permanent magnet excited
Design Direct drive
Rated power 1.500 kW
Rated voltage Y 700 V
Insulation category F
Yawing System Design concept Electrical drive motor

Rate of movement 0,5°/sec
Yawing system Brake10 hold
Transformer Type Castingresintransformer1.670kVA

Input voltage 620V
Output voltage 20kV(other voltages are possible)
Masses Rotor Ca 31.900kg
Nacelle(excl. rotor) Ca 54.200kg
Tower Depending on the hub height
28
2.4 NORDEX – TURBINE SUPPLIER
2.4.1 INTRODUCTION
Nordex AG is a management holding company with its headquarters in Rostock. The

domicile of the board and administration is Norderstedt, near Hamburg. Nordex AG's
task is to control and coordinate the activities of the two 100 per cent subsidiaries Nordex
Energy GmbH and Nordex Energy B.V. Nordex was founded in Denmark in 1985 and
has more than 20 years of experience in the wind turbine manufacturing industry.
With the serial produced multi-megawatt wind turbines, Nordex is able to offer high-
efficiency wind turbines for onshore use. For the rapidly developing Chinese market and
the Asian-pacific region Nordex offer the powerful megawatt turbines Nordex S70 and
Nordex S77. Since 1985, Nordex has been setting standards with the development up to
readiness for series production of ever larger and thus more economical turbines:
in 1995 with the first megawatt system in the world, the Nordex N54/1000 kW,
in 2000 with the most powerful series wind turbine in the world, the N80/2500
kW.
Nordex was the 10th largest supplier of wind turbines worldwide in 2007 5. Today more
than 3,970 Nordex wind turbines with a total rated output of more than 5,400 megawatts
are already rotating in 34 countries of the world. In this way Nordex is consistently
seizing development opportunities in a market which will continue grow in the course of
the next few years.
5
Source: World Market Update 2007 – BTM Consult Aps, March 2008
29
2.4.2 MANUFACTURING CAPABILITY
In order to centralize the production of its wind turbines, Nordex in 2003 scaled down the
production of wind turbines in its Give Danish facility and concentrated its production of
wind turbines in the Rostock facility in Germany.
Nordex represented with offices and subsidiaries in 18 countries. Nordex was one of the
first wind turbine manufacturers to set up local wind turbine production in China, setting
up its first facility in 1998, to produce 600kW wind turbines for the local market. The
S70 and S77 are produced specifically for the Asia/ Pacific market and in November
2006 Nordex opened a production facility for its S70 and S77 wind turbines in the
Chinese province of Ningxia. In conjunction with this a blade production facility was
opened in Dongying in January of 2007. By the end of 2007 production capacity was
around 225MW, however further investments by Nordex aims to increase production
capacity to 800MW by the end of 2011.
2.4.3 NORDEX S77 (WIND TURBINE) 6
The Nordex S77/1500 kW is the logical consequence of Nordex platform strategy and
picks up on the experience gained with the S70. As a result of the enlarged rotor diameter
(77 meters) and the pitch technology used, the machine is optimally designed for use in
areas with middle and low wind speeds. With the S77 you acquire a modern and reliable
system. It combines consistent engineering with technologically high-quality components
in an efficient concept.
6
Source: www.nordex-online.com
30
2.4.3.2 HIGHLIGHTS
1. The Machines offer low-maintenance due to

a. Access to the blade-adjustment system in the spinner
b. Having no rotating hydraulics in the hub
c. Maintenance free blade adjustment drives
d. Easily accessible control cabinets
e. User-friendly rotor lock and easy checking and monitoring of the elastomer
bearings in the drive train
f. Upper platform, which can be used as an uninterrupted working area
2. They are reliable as

a. They have a long product cycle time and are a mature series product
b. All components are of guaranteed high quality due to our choice of certified
and reputable manufacturers
c. The modified gearbox offers additional safety
d. Resonances are avoided or minimized by design measures
e. Well proven technology based on long experience
3. They are environment-friendly due to

a. Absence of a rotating hydraulic system
b. Sealing of the spinner to prevent grease from escaping
c. Generous coaming plates in the rotor-bearing casing
d. Enclosed grease pan below the rotor-bearing
e. Enclosed oil pan below the gear box
f. Additional oil pan in the tower head
g. Hydraulics with all lines in the area of the oil pan-meaning that no oil can
escape into the environment
4. They are noise friendly due to

a. As the generator, gearing and many other components are attached in such a
way that vibrations are either not transmitted or are damped. In this way
noises are immediately reduced at source
b. As the helical gearing of all gearwheels reduces the noise level of the gearbox
31
2.4.3.3 ROTOR
The rotor of the Nordex S77 is operated at variable speed. The blades are optimized for
speed-variable operation and protected by an integrated lightning protection system.
2.4.3.4 CONTROL & SAFETY CONCEPT
In order to balance the wind turbine ideally between maximum yield and minimum load
the pitch and rotor speed controls work together. At low wind speeds the turbine operates
with a constant blade pitch and variable rotor speed. At high wind speeds the pitch and
rotor speed controls work together to maintain a constant power output from the rotor. A
safety system with triple redundancy protects in case of stormy conditions.
2.4.3.5 DRIVE TRAIN
The drive train is supported at three points immediately above the top flange of the tower.
The inclination of the rotor axis, together with the rotor cone, allows for an extremely
short distance between the rotor plane and the tower axis and thus reduces the wind
turbines ‘noise-heaviness’ with its high material requirements.
2.4.3.6 GEARBOX
The gearbox is a three-stage design with one planetary and two spur gear stages. The
toothing of the gears is optimized for efficiency and noise emission. Elastic bushings are
integrated into the torque-bearing elements suspended on the main frame.
2.4.3.7 GENERATOR
The double-fed asynchronous generator enables variable speed operation of the wind
turbine without passing the total power through the power electronics of the converter,
thus providing the most efficient conditions for this advantageous mode of operation.
32
2.4.3.8 CONVERTER
The converter is fitted with the latest IGBT technology and is controlled via
microprocessor-controlled power electronics using pulse width modulation.
2.4.3.9 BRAKE SYSTEM
The aerodynamic braking is achieved by the rotor blades which are controlled
independently and redundantly. The mechanical disc brakes serve as the supplementary
braking element to the safety system.
2.4.3.10 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
The hydraulic system provides the oil pressure for the operation of different main
components: yaw brakes, rotor brake.
2.4.3.11 CONTROL SYSTEM
All functions of the wind turbine are monitored and controlled by a microprocessor-based
control system. Grid voltage, frequency and phase, rotor and generator speed, diverse
temperatures, vibration levels, oil pressure, brake pad wear, cable twist as well as the
meteorological conditions are all continuously monitored. In addition, the wind turbines
are equipped with a remote monitoring system. The data and signal transfer only requires
an ISDN connection. Different versions of appropriate communication software and
hardware can be installed on any PC and are provided by Nordex.
33
2.4.4 TECHNICAL DETAILS
Table 2.2: Details of Nordex S77-1.5 MW Wind Turbine Generator
Rotor
Number of blades 3
Rotor speed 9.9 – 17.3 rpm
Rotor Diameter 77 m
Swept Area 4,657 m2
Power regulation Pitch
Cut-in wind speed 3 m/s
Cut-out wind speed 25 m/s (for tubular towers)
20 m/s (for lattice tower)
Survival wind speed 52.5 m/s
Pitch regulation Individual electromotive pitch
Total weight Approx. 34,000 kg
Blades
Blade length 37.5 m

Material GRP
Weight Approx. 6,500 kg
Gearbox
Type Combined planetary and spur gear

Gear ratio 1 : 104
Main shaft bearing Self-aligning roller bearing
Generator
Power 1,500 kW (adjustable)

Voltage 690 V
Type Double fed asynchronous generator, air cooled
Speed 1,000-1,800 rpm + 10%
Coupling Multiple steel disc, insulated
34
Yaw System
Yaw bearing Four-point bearing

Brake Hydraulic disc brake with 10 calipers
Yaw drive 4 induction motors
Speed c. 0.75 o/s
Brakes
Design Three independent systems, fail-safe

(individual pitch)
Operational brake Electromotive brake pitch
Secondary brake Disc brake
Tower
Type Lattice tower, hot-dip galvanized

Hub heights Tubular tower 61.5 m
Certificate IEC 3a,
Tubular tower 80 m,
85 m, 90 m, 100 m,
Certificate DIBT 2
70 m IEC 3a,
85 m IEC 3a
35
2.5 GE – TURBINE SUPPLIER
2.5.1 INTRODUCTION
GE is one of the world’s leading wind turbine suppliers. With over 13,500 wind turbine
installations worldwide comprising more than 218 million operating hours and 127,000
GWh of energy produced, our knowledge and expertise spans more than two decades.
With wind manufacturing and assembly facilities in Germany, Spain, China, Canada and
the United States, our current product portfolio includes wind turbines with rated
capacities ranging from 1.5 to 3.5 megawatts and support services ranging from
development assistance to operation and maintenance.
2.5.2 GE 1.5 MW WIND TURBINE SERIES
The 1.5 MW machine is active yaw and pitch regulated with power/torque control
capability and an asynchronous generator. It uses a bedplate drive train design where all
nacelle components are joined on a common structure, providing exceptional durability.
The generator and gearbox are supported by elastomeric elements to minimize noise
emissions.
36
2.5.2.2 HIGHLIGHTS
Figure 2-4: Main components of GE 1.5 MW wind turbine
The GE Energy 1.5 series wind turbine generator system consists of the following
components that will be described in more detail in the following sections:
• Tower
• Nacelle
• Rotor blades, rotor hub and rotor shaft
• Gearbox
• Induction Generator
• Yaw System
• Brake incl. hydraulic system
• Electric Control System
• Grid connection
• Corrosion Protection
• Lightening Protection
2.5.2.3 TOWER
The tower is executed as a three section tubular steel tower with an internal ladder. The
hub height of the tower will be 61meters. The tower consists of three individual parts that
are assembled by placing one on top of the other with the aid of a crane. Their ends are
bolted together by means of flanged connections. The tower will be given a three layer
37
protective coating so that it is protected against the harsh conditions of the sea breeze.
The tower will be equipped with service platforms and additional resting platforms. Each
tower section will be illuminated. The switch cabinets of the WTGs are located within the
tower and therefore the control and power electronics are doubly protected against
weather conditions, moisture and dust.
The nacelle is placed onto the top tower section and connected via the yaw bearing.
The WTGS’s power and control lines are routed inside the tower between the nacelle and
the control cabinets.
2.5.2.4 NACELLE
The nacelle is placed on top of the fully assembled tower. All functional groups required
for the operation of the wind turbine generator system are installed inside the nacelle. The
inside of the nacelle is accessible and is entered from the internal ladder of the tower
through the yaw slewing ring (four-point contact bearing), after the relevant locking
devices have been applied.
The nacelle is panelled with glass fibre reinforced plastic. The top shell can be lifted off
with the aid of a crane.
A control unit for operating the WTGs is provided in the nacelle and in the tower base. It
is therefore possible to start the WTGs from the nacelle, turn it out of the wind or brake
the system. If someone is in the nacelle the control of the individual components (yaw
system, blade pitching, and hydraulics) from the bottom of the tower can be prevented by
actuating the service switch. Start up of the WTGs can be prevented by actuating the
emergency stop switch.
The nacelle is lined with a thick sound insulation on the inside and along with the
structure-borne noise insulation of the gearbox and generator ensure quiet operation. Oil
pans are located directly below the gearbox to collect all leaking oil.
38
2.5.2.5 ROTOR BLADES, ROTOR HUB AND ROTOR SHAFT
Rotor blades, rotor hub and rotor shaft make up a functional unit. The force of the wind is
transmitted onto the rotor hub via the three rotor blades and from there via the rotor shaft
to the gearbox. The three-blade rotor is arranged upwind of the tower. The total diameter
of the rotor in 77m. The rotor shaft is inclined by 4°, to prevent the rotor blades from
brushing past too close to the tower.
Blade pitch control for all three rotor blades is carried out by means of variation systems
that work independently of each other. The three variation drives are located inside the
rotor hub together with one energy buffer each (for switching off without external energy
supply) and an electronic unit (synchronization and set-point control of blade pitch).
In partial load operation, the WTGS works at a fixed blade pitch with different speeds. At
wind speeds exceeding the nominal wind speed, the generator output is controlled by
variation of the blade pitch (angle). Heavy gusts are not only controlled by blade pitching
but by also by permitting short term speed variations of the rotor. After a lull, the idle
rotor will automatically start to turn as soon as the wind sets in again. At wind speeds
greater than 2.5 m/s, motors ensure that the nacelle is correctly positioned with respect to
the wind direction.
2.5.2.6 GEARBOX
The driving power of the rotor is transmitted via the main shaft to the 3-stage planetary
spur gearbox (1 planetary stage, 2 spur gear stages). Main shaft and gearbox are
frictionally connected to each other by means of a clamping unit. This main shaft-
gearbox-unit is supported on the shaft side via the main bearing and on the gear side via
torque converter bearings. The gearbox is rubber mounted on the base via an elastic
torque support system. The high speed shaft of the gearbox is connected with the
generator via a flexible coupling.
39
2.5.2.7 INDUCTION GENERATOR
The rotational energy of the shaft is converted into electric energy by the double-fed
induction generator. A wound rotor that is connected to the outside via slip rings turns
inside the induction generator. A frequency converter that imposes a current with
adjustable frequency on the rotor circuit is located in the circuit. This makes it possible to
adjust the speed in a range of approx. ± 30 % around the synchronous speed. During
super synchronous operation, the slip energy is fed from the rotor via the frequency
converter back into the grid and in subsynchronous operation from the grid through the
frequency converter into the rotor circuit and the stator back into the grid. The generator
frequency is adjusted to the grid frequency in the subsynchronous as well as in the
supersynchronous operation via the feedback between the frequency converter and
generator.
In the entire speed range, even at wind speeds below the nominal wind speed, the
generator speed is controlled via the induction generator’s frequency converter. This
automatic control is carried out in order to optimise the power output according to a
torque-speed-characteristic.
The generator is protected to insulation class IP 54. A complete protection against contact
with any parts within the housing which are live or moving as well as against getting too
close to such parts is ensured. The generator housing is earthed. The winding is cooled by
an internal cooling circuit with air to air connected cooler. By this means the outer air,
which is often very aggressive, cannot attack the insulating system of rotor and stator. For
temperature control the machine is equipped with temperature sensors at both bearings
and at the windings. The generator is elastically mounted on the base frame and insulated
against structure-borne noise.
2.5.2.8 YAW SYSTEM
The nacelle is connected to the tower via a four-point contact bearing. The nacelle is
yawed by four grid-fed drives (gearbox with braking motors) which are equipped with
40
disc brakes on the high speed shaft. A damping moment which is sufficient for most of
the operating conditions is produced by friction pads. Excessive yawing moments are
taken over by the four braking motors.
The nacelle is turned into the wind by the four drive motors. The operation, duration and
rotational direction of the motors are controlled by a wind direction sensory mechanism
with corresponding software. The yaw system works even at wind speeds below the cut-
in speed, i.e., before the WTGs produce power. The plant will be equipped with a cable
twist device which untwists the cables automatically after the plant has made more than
two and a half rotations in one direction.
2.5.2.9 BRAKE INCLUDING HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
As the blade pitching works as an independent system for each rotor blade it can be used
as primary and secondary braking system at the same time. It is sufficient to pitch only
one rotor blade to feathering position for the safe shut-down of the WTGs from all
operating conditions. Each pitching unit inside the hub has an individual battery or spring
back-up in order to ensure pitching of the blades in case of a grid failure.
In addition, there is a mechanical (disc) brake on the high speed shaft between the
gearbox and generator. This is only activated during shut-downs, at manual stops and at
grid failures.
2.5.2.10 ELECTRIC CONTROL SYSTEM
The control comprises the following main components:
• low voltage distribution,

• power supply,
• control part including PC,
• frequency converter.
41
These main components are briefly described below.
Low voltage switchgear and control: The low voltage distribution is used to ensure a
controlled supply into the utility grid. The power circuit comprises:
• The power switch as safety component for the generator’s stator winding and for
grid disconnection,
• The synchronising device, which switches the stator winding onto the grid in case
of phase balance,
• The current transformer for actual value detection, for the frequency converter
and for power measurement,
• Output terminals for the control part’s power supply and for the supply of further
units, for instance the hydraulic system and yaw drives.
Power supply: Power supply is effected via control transformers that create a control
voltage of 24 V or 230 V. The control transformers safeguard the supply of the control
system. Additionally, the control transformers supply the top cabinet in the nacelle.
Means of control including PC: The programmable logic controller (PLC) is connected to
the control cabinet in the nacelle. The PLC is the central unit of the control system (CS)
and is connected with the visualisation PC in the tower base via the programming
interface. The control cabinet contains the visualisation PC with fold-out keyboard and
monitor. These are required for operation, maintenance and start-up of the plant.
Extensive plant operating data is saved on the PC. The PC is connected to the control
computer of the GE Energy 1.5 series, obtains data from the PLC and makes it possible to
manually control and set the parameters for the plant. A modem for data transfer via the
telephone network is connected to the PC. Software by GE Energy GmbH, which makes
it possible to visualize the wind turbine generator system, will be running on the PC.
Access to the software of the remote monitoring system is protected via a dongle. While
it is possible for the software to be installed on several computers, access can only be
42
effected from the computer where the dongle has been plugged into the parallel interface.
Several entry levels are saved in the dongle, e.g.
• customer version,
• full version,
• operating circuit of the wind farm.
The information saved in the dongle is adapted to the respective software version so that
the message ERROR-DONGLE appears on the monitor if you try,
• to start the software without dongle,

• to start the full version with the customer dongle.
For identification purposes, a special number is stored inside every dongle. If a

connection to the wind turbine generator system has been successfully established, this
number is logged in a telephone list, which displays this serial number as well as start and
end of the connection. The telephone list is saved in the plant directory.
The remote monitoring system administrates a list of all telephone connections to the
wind turbine generator systems in the file CALLIST.DB in the directory ERROR.
The control sequence of the GE Energy 1.5 series is exclusively controlled by the PLC,
so that a continued operation of the plant is ensured in case of a PC failure.
Frequency converter: A 400 kVA 4-Q-frequency converter, which controls the generator
torque by imposing the necessary rotor current for the entire speed range, is built into the
generator’s rotor circuit.
The 4-Q-converter consists of the converter on the grid side and the converter on the
machine side. These are accommodated together in a cabinet unit in the tower base.
Both converters must be regarded as one unit and may be operated via a control panel
inside the front door of the cabinet unit.
43
2.5.2.11 GRID CONNECTION
The grid connection of the GE Energy 1.5 series is effected at medium voltage level. A
medium voltage level of 10 or 20 kV will be used. A frequency converter that impresses,
a currency with adjustable frequency on the rotor circuit is located in the rotor circuit.
This makes it possible to adjust the speed in a range of approx. ± 20 % around the
synchronous speed. During subsynchronous operation, the slip energy is fed from the
rotor via the frequency converter back into the grid and during supersynchronous
operation it is fed from the grid through the frequency converter into the rotor and from
there into the stator winding back into the grid.
Connection to earth: For lightning protection of the plant in accordance with the
regulations, a connection to earth is required. According to these regulations, connection
to earth of the wind turbine generator system with an earthing resistance of below 2 Ohm
is required. This earthing resistance can be implemented by means of surface earthing or
underground earthing device.
Grid monitoring: On the low voltage side, voltage and grid frequency are monitored with
voltage and frequency protection devices. If set limits are exceeded or not reached, a
switching contact in the devices generates a message to the wind turbine generator
system control, which then disconnects the generator from the grid and slows down the
plant. If no grid error has occurred for more than half an hour, the plant will
automatically go into operation again.
Reactive Power Control – WindVAR: Until recently, most wind power plants operators
and utilities have employed capacitors to correct power factor to near unity during
operation. Because these devices are slow and not able to provide fine, continuous
control, they are unable to react to sudden momentary dips in voltage commonly seen in
weak grids – this, in turn, can add stress to the utility grid. Today, through GE’s Wind
Volt-Amp-Reactive (“WindVAR”) electronics, voltage is controlled and regulated in
real-time. Similar to conventional utility generators, WindVAR supplies reactive power
to the grid at the time it’s needed, in a fraction of a second, regulating system voltage and
44
stabilizing weak grids. The turbines power electronics also reduces the inrush current to
about 75% of full load current during the wind turbine’s start-up, and provides ride-
through capability.
WindVAR works by placing a voltage controller at the Point of Interconnection which

measures the utility line voltage, compares it to the desired level, and computes the
amount of reactive power needed to bring the line voltage back to the specified range. To
reach the desired voltage level at the substation, the VAR controller communicates the
reactive power requirement to each of the project’s wind turbines via a distributed control
network. Individually, each turbine’s power processor excited the generator to produce
the commanded power factor. As the power factor changes, the measured line voltage
moves towards the desired voltage level, forming a closed-loop voltage control system.
Surge diversion: As a standard, all control systems are equipped with lightning arresters
in their power circuit and with over voltage arresters in accordance with the lighting
protection zone concept. These discharge over voltages (lightning stroke) and prevent
consequential damage to the control system. Thanks to the underground earthing device,
the earthing of all metal parts and the shielding of data cables, damage to the wind
turbine generator system is highly unlikely. Even a striking of lightning in the sensors for
wind speed and wind direction is highly unlikely as these are protected against direct
lightning stroke by an air terminal rod.
2.5.2.12 CORROSION PROTECTION
All parts of the WTGs are protected against corrosion by means of a special multiple
coating system. Given the harsh conditions (moisture and salinity) on the site location
some components which are particularly weather dependent (e.g. rotor hub) will be
provided with a metal spraying of zinc.
45
2.5.2.13 LIGHTENING PROTECTION
The rotor blades are equipped with a practice-proven lighting protection system.
Furthermore, the plant is protected against lightening strikes be earthing directly to
underground rods.
2.5.3 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
ROTOR / GENERATOR
Cut in wind speed 3.5m/s
Rated wind speed 12m/s
Cut-out wind speed 25m/s (600s avg)
28m/s (30s avg)
30m/s (3s avg)
Re-cut-in wind speed 22m/s (300s avg)
Speed 10-20rpm
Number of blades 3
Rotor shaft tilt angle 4 degrees
Diameter 77meters
Rotational direction (looking downwind onto Clockwise
the rotot)
Swept area 4657 square meters
GEAR BOX
Type Planetary spur combination
Rated power 1650 kw
Transmission 1 : 98.0
Rated efficiency N = 96.8%
GENERATOR/TRANSFORMER
Rated power 1,500kw
Type Doubly fed asynchronous generator
Insulation class Ip 54
46
Synchronous speed 1500rpm

Rated speed 1800rpm
Rated efficiency 96.1%
WEIGHTS
Rotor blade Approx 5800kgs
Hub (blade bearing and built in components included) Approx 14000kgs
Tower head (from upper tower flange) without rotor Approx 51000kgs
BRAKING SYSTEM
Primary braking system Individual pitch regulation (battery or spring
back-up)
Secondary braking system Disc brake at high speed side (fail-safe)
Mechanical holding brake
47
2.6 SIEMENS – TURBINE SUPPLIER
2.6.1 INTORDUCTION
Siemens Wind A/S was founded on 1st December 2004 with the acquisition of the
Danish company Bonus Energy A/S. At the time of acquisition Bonus was ranked the
sixth largest wind turbine manufacturer and had a workforce totalling 750. By 2004
Bonus had installed more than 5,000 wind turbines with approximately 3,300MW
capacity. With the acquisition of Bonus in 2004, Siemens gained the knowledge and
technology that Bonus had been developing since the early 1980’s placing it as one of the
leading wind turbine manufacturers in the industry.
Siemens has managed to maintain its position as one of the world’s principal wind
turbine manufacturers. In 2007 Siemens held its position from the previous year as the
world’s sixth largest wind turbine manufacturer. Siemens’ market share remained
consistent with the previous year dropping by just 0.2% to 7.1%6. Siemens has increased
its UK market share to become the largest supplier of wind turbines in this market and is
now the third largest supplier of wind turbines in the US market. From Table 1 it can be
seen that Siemens (supplemented by Bonus) has a long developed history in the wind
industry with wind turbines ranging from 600kW to 3.6MW. Currently Siemens is
concentrating on the multi-megawatt market offering a range of two wind turbine models
2.3MW and 3.6MW.
Siemens has proven its capability in production of MW class wind turbines by being the
4th largest supplier of wind turbines greater than 1.5MW and less than 2.5MW in 2007
with a market share of 10.2%.
48
2.6.2 MANUFACTURING CAPABILITY
Siemens main production facilities are located in Brande and Aalborg in Denmark, with
nacelle manufacture and testing taking place in Brande and blade manufacture taking
place in Aalborg. Siemens has stated that since entering the wind industry, it has
significantly expanded the capacities of its worldwide manufacturing network. This can
be supported by significant expansion taking place in 2006 to both the Brande and
Aalborg manufacturing facilities. In February 2006 Siemens bought a former LM
Glasfiber blade factory located in Engesvang, Denmark, the blades for the SWT-2.3-82
are manufactured in this facility.
In September 2007 the company opened its first manufacturing facility in the U.S
investing more than €20million. The facility is located in Iowa and has been built as a
blade production facility; a further manufacturing facility has been planned for this site.
Siemens has not supplied figures for its production capacity worldwide, this information
has been requested. Siemens has however responded to an availability query stating that
they have a possibility to SWT-2.3-93 model around December 2009.
2.6.3 SIEMENS SWT 2.3-101 WIND TURBINE
The SWT-2.3-101 is a pitch controlled variable speed wind turbine, an advanced version
of its previous predecessor, the SWT 2.3-101. The Siemens SWT-2.3-101 turbine
delivers unparalleled performance and reliability, making it especially suited to areas
with low to medium wind speeds. The blades are manufactured by Siemens using a
patented single piece moulding process using glass fibre epoxy resin composite. This
manufacturing method eliminates the joints required in other multi-piece blade designs,
removing potential seam weakness and cracking in the blade structure and helping
prevent water ingress. The blades are mounted on a pitch bearing about which they are
rotated independently by means of a hydraulic actuator. Rotor braking is achieved
49
primarily by pitch control, which can be supported by the dual calliper high speed shaft
hydraulic disk brake in an emergency situation.
The rotor is connected to the main shaft which is supported by a self-aligning double
spherical roller bearing. The main shaft is connected to a three stage planetary gearbox
consisting of one planetary and two helical gear stages and is supported on the nacelle
with flexible rubber bushings. The gearbox is fitted with an oil conditioning system and
is fitted with sensors for monitoring temperature, oil pressure and vibration levels. The
generator is a fully enclosed induction generator with a squirrel cadge rotor which does
not have slip rings.
The yaw mechanism is an active yaw driven by eight electrical gear motors around an
externally geared slew ring. Braking mechanism is activated by means of a passive
friction brake.
The SWT-2.3-101 turbine is mounted on a tapered tubular steel tower. The tower has
internal ascent and direct access to the yaw system and nacelle. The lightning protection
is designed to conform to IEC 61400-24. Each blade is equipped with a lightning
termination pad system where the pads project slightly above the blade surface on both
sides. The flexible conductor is located inside the blade to conduct the strike through the
nacelle down the tower to the grounding mechanism.
50
Figure 2-5: Siemens SWT 2.3-101 Wind Turbine Components
1 Spinner 11 Generator
2 Spinner bracket 12 Service crane
3 Blade 13 Meteorological sensors
4 Pitch bearing 14 Tower
5 Rotor hub 15 Yaw ring
6 Main bearing 16 Yaw gear
7 Main shaft 17 Nacelle bedplate
8 Gearbox 18 Oil filter
9 Brake disc 18 Oil filter
9 Brake disc 19 Canopy
10 Coupling 20 Generator fan
2.6.3.2 ROTOR
The rotor of the SWT-2.3-101 turbine is a three-blade cantilevered construction, mounted

upwind of the tower. The power output is controlled by pitch regulation.
51
2.6.3.3 BLADES
The blades are made of fiberglass-reinforced epoxy resin and are manufactured by
Siemens in a single operation, using our patented Integral Blade® process. No glue joints
between spars and shells, no weak points, no easy access for water or lightning. The
aerodynamic design of the blades represents state-of-the-art wind turbine technology, and
the blades have been thoroughly tested at Siemens' test site under both static and dynamic
loadings. The blades are mounted on pitch bearings and can be feathered 80 degrees for
shutdown purposes. Each blade has its own independent fail-safe pitching mechanism
capable of feathering the blade under any operating condition, and allowing fine-tuning
to maximize power output.
2.6.3.4 GEARBOX AND BRAKE
The gearbox is a custom-built three-stage planetary-helical design, mounted on the

nacelle with flexible rubber bushings, thereby providing a compact high-performance
construction and the lowest possible noise level. The gearbox is fitted with a fail-safe
mechanical brake at the high-speed shaft.
2.6.3.5 GENERATOR
The generator rotor construction and stator windings are specially designed for high
efficiency at partial loads. The generator is fitted with a separate thermostat-controlled
ventilation arrangement, and by ensuring a very efficient cooling, the generator can be
operated at temperatures well below the normal level of the standard insulation class,
thereby providing the best possible lifetime of the winding insulation.
2.6.3.6 TOWER
The SWT-2.3-101 turbine is mounted on a tapered tubular steel tower. The tower has
internal ascent and direct access to the yaw system and nacelle.
52
2.6.3.7 CONTROLLER
The turbine controller is a microprocessor-based industrial controller, similar to the type

used in other Siemens wind turbines. The controller is complete with switchgear and
protection devices. It is self-diagnosing and has a keyboard and display for easy readout
of status and for adjustment of settings.
2.6.3.8 OPERATION
The wind turbine operates automatically, self-starting when the wind reaches an average
speed of about 3–5 m/s. The output increases approximately linearly with the wind speed
until the wind reaches 12–13 m/s. At that point, the power is regulated at rated power. If
the average wind speed exceeds the maximum operational limit of 25 m/s, the turbine is
shut down by feathering of the blades. When the wind drops back below the restart speed,
the safety systems reset automatically.
2.6.3.9 SAFETY SYSTEM
The turbine has several redundant levels in the safety system, including an independent
pitch system for each of the blades, and as a result, the turbine can shut down safely from
any operational condition.
2.6.3.10 REMOTE CONTROL
The turbine is equipped with the unique WebWPS SCADA system. The system offers
long-distance control and a variety of status views and useful reports from a standard
internet web browser.
53
2.6.3.11 GRID COMPLIANCE
The SWT-2.3-101 turbine is fitted with our proprietary NetConverter® system that is
compliant with even very demanding grid codes. The NetConverter® system has ride-
through capability for all normal faults.
2.6.3.12 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Rotor
Type 3-bladed, horizontal axis

Position Upwind
Diameter 101 m
Swept area 8,000 m²
Rotor speed 6-16 rpm
Power regulation Pitch regulation
Rotor tilt 6 degrees
Blades
Type Self-supporting
Blade length 49 m
Tip chord 0.8 m
Root chord 3.40 m
Aerodynamic profile NACA 63.xxx, SWPxxx
Material GRE
Surface gloss Semi-matt, <30/ ISO 2813
Surface color Light grey, RAL 7035
Aerodynamic Brake
Type Full span pitching

Activation Active, hydraulic
Load Supporting Parts
Hub Nodular cast iron

Main bearings Spherical roller bearing
Transmission shaft Alloy steel
Nacelle bedplate Steel
54
Transmission System
Coupling hub – shaft Flange

Coupling shaft – gearbox Shrink disc
Gearbox type 3-stage planetary-helical
Gearbox ratio 1:91
Gearbox lubrication Splash / forced lubrication
Oil volume Approx. 400 l
Gearbox cooling Separate oil cooler
Gearbox designation PEAB 4456 or EH851
Gearbox manufacturer Winergy AG of Hansen Trasmissions
Coupling gear - generator Double flexible coupling
Mechanical Brake
Type Hydraulic disc brake

Position High-speed shaft
Number of calipers 2
Canopy
Type Asynchronous
Nominal power 2,300 kW
Synchronous speed 1,500 rpm
Voltage 690 V
Frequency 50 Hz
Protection IP54
Cooling Integrated heat exchanger
Insulation class F
Generator designation AMA 500L4 BAYH
Yaw system
Type Active
Yaw bearing Externally geared slew ring
Eight electrical gear motors with frequency
Yaw drive
converter
Yaw brake Passive friction brake
55
Controller
Type Microprocessor
SCADA system WPS via modem
Controller designation KK WTC 3.0
Tower
Type Cylindrical or tapered tubular steel tower

Hub heights 80 m or site-specific
Corrosion protection Painted
Surface gloss Semi gloss, 30-50 / ISO 2813
Surface color Light grey, RAL 7035
Operational data
Cut-in wind speed 4 m/s

Nominal power at approx. 12-13 m/s
Cut-out wind speed 25 m/s
55 m/s (standard version)
Maximum 2 s gust
59.5 m/s (special version)
Masses (approximate)
Rotor 62 t
Nacelle excl. rotor 82 t
Tower (80 m) 162 t
56
3 COUNTRY PROFILE
3.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW
Area: 7,96,096 sq km
Population: 180,000,000 (approx)
Population Density: 226.10 persons per sq. km
Located in South Asia, Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: Islami
Jumhuriyah Pakistan), shares an eastern border with India (2,912km) and a north-eastern
border with the People's Republic of China (523km). Iran (909km) makes up the
country’s south-west border, and Afghanistan (2,530km) runs along its western and
northern edge. The Arabian Sea is Pakistan’s southern boundary with 1,064 km of
coastline.
The name "Pakistan" means "Land of the Pure" in Sindhi, Urdu and Persian. It was
coined in 1933 by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, who published it in the pamphlet “Now or
Never”. The name was coined from the names of five territories that were proposed as
constituents of a separate country for the Muslims of British India. Officially, the nation
was founded as the “Dominion of Pakistan” in 1947, and was renamed as the Islamic
Republic of Pakistan in 1956.
The country has a total area of 803,940 km² and is nearly four times the size of the United
Kingdom. From Gwadar Bay in its south-eastern corner, the country extends more than
1,800 km to the Khunjerab Pass on China’s border.
3.2 ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OVERVIEW 2008-09 7
Pakistan’s economy was affected by four major shocks in the first half of 2008-09.
However macroeconomic stability was largely restored by the second half of financial
year 2008-09.
7
Source: Economic Survey of Pakistan 2008-2009, Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan
57
The first negative shock to the economy emanated from a severe macroeconomic crisis
that resulted from policy-induced imbalances which had assumed unsustainable
proportions. This was reinforced by a second shock involving a large deterioration in
Pakistan’s external terms of trade (as a result of the spike in oil prices and decline in the
prices of Pakistan’s major exports) that occurred during 2007 and a large part of 2008.
Largely as a result of this, the economy suffered a significant supply shock, especially in
the case of provision of energy.
The third shock emanated from the adverse effects of turmoil in global financial markets
which resulted in a collapse of external demand for Pakistan’s exports and a sharp decline
in the availability of external capital to finance its fiscal and current account deficits. A
spill-over effect of the global financial crisis was felt on market and investor confidence
in many developing countries, including Pakistan, as banking systems and asset markets
suffered a period of stress.
The final shock was due to the intensification of the domestic security challenge which
exacted an extremely high cost on the economy, both in terms of the direct costs of the
fight against extremism, as well as in terms of the knock-on effect on investment flows
and market confidence. The economic cost of this further restricted the budget available
for critical development and social sector expenditures.
The cumulative effect of these challenges was a significant loss of growth momentum in
the economy. Real GDP growth in the outgoing year is estimated at 2 percent, compared
to a revised 4.1 percent in the previous fiscal year. Gross fixed investment declined
substantially, from 20.4 percent to 18.1 percent provisionally in 2008-09, with a
significant fall in investment by the private sector.
In response to the challenges outlined above, the Government of Pakistan strongly

committed itself to restoring macroeconomic stability as well as the confidence of
markets and investors after assumption of office in March 2008. To this effect, general
subsidies on fuel and food were withdrawn through large increases in administered prices
58
during 2008-09, among other measures in a wider home-grown stabilisation programme

that was implemented with the support and endorsement of the IMF.
Furthermore a comprehensive and integrated medium term strategy was developed to

increase productivity, efficiency and competitiveness of the economy, and to ensure high
growth rates that are both sustainable and more equitable. This strategy, developed by the
Planning Commission and the Prime minister’s Economic Advisory Council (EAC)
identified the following nine areas as priorities for deep, broad-ranging and sustained
policy intervention with a view to addressing deep-seated structural impediments to
sustained and more equitable economic growth. The nine areas are:
1. Macroeconomic stabilisation.
2. Social development, including social protection.
3. Agriculture.
4. Industrial competitiveness.
5. Human capital development.
6. Energy.
7. Capital markets.
8. Public-private partnerships for infrastructure.
9. Institutional/administrative reform.
While the economic environment in Pakistan remained inhospitable for growth and
investment during the first half of financial year 2008-09, firm policy action to restore
macroeconomic stability paid dividends by December 2009. The Rupee stabilised, after
losing 19.3 percent in value against the US Dollar. This occurred in a build-up of foreign
exchange reserves from November onwards, when Pakistan entered an IMF programme,
after the country’s international liquidity had declined to an import cover of only several
weeks. Confidence in the banking system and financial markets was largely restored from
December, with the early 2009 exhibiting greater stability and positive trends in virtually
all macroeconomic indicators barring inflation.
59
Notwithstanding the intensity of the multiple shocks Pakistan’s economy has had to face
over the past two years, in relative terms, its economy has exhibited a fair degree of
resilience with both GDP and per capita income continuing to show positive growth (see
Figure 3-1 & Figure 3-2) Compared to other countries affected by the global financial
crisis, it is remarkable that Pakistan is among a handful of countries with a positive rate
of growth, and its decline in real GDP growth is among the lowest.
Figure 3-1: Pakistan GDP Growth
Figure 3-2: Pakistan’s Per Capita Income Growth
60
3.3 ENERGY SECTOR
3.3.1 ENERGY CONSUMPTION
The economic slowdown in Pakistan affected most sectors but it had a particularly major
impact in the industrial sector. Energy consumption, being an integral part of all
economic activities, also declined as a result of the economic slowdown. This was partly
due to negative growth of 7.7 percent in the large-scale manufacturing sector.
Interestingly, poor and interrupted power supply on the back of a circular debt problem
was singled out as one of the prime reasons for the dismal performance of the large scale
manufacturing sector. The energy consumption mix of Pakistan has changed over the past
decade or so. The shares of gas and coal increased to 40.3 percent and 13.7 percent
respectively since
1996-97; coal consumption witnessed a 7.7 percentage point increase in its share during
this period. On the other hand, the share of oil consumption decreased to 29.3 percent
while the share of electricity consumption remained almost equal to its 1996-97 position
(see Figures 3.3 and 3.4). The overall change in the energy consumption mix is due to the
availability of indigenous sources of energy (such as gas and coal) as well as the dramatic
rise in the price of oil.
A review of the past pattern of energy consumption from 1998-99 to 2007-08 reveals that
there is a persistent shift in energy consumption from petroleum products to other energy
sources, particularly coal, gas and electricity (see Table 3.1). Notwithstanding the
positive annual growth during the last decade, energy consumption witnessed negative
growth in all sources during July-March 2008-09 over the comparable period last year. A
major reason for the negative growth is the relatively lower level of economic activity
during this period, as well as the problem of circular debt in the energy sector.
61
Figure 3-3: Energy Consumption by Source in Pakistan (1996-97) 8
Figure 3-4: Energy Consumption by Source in Pakistan (2007-08)9
8
Source: Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan
9
62
Table 3-1: Annual Energy Consumption 10
Petroleum Products Gas Electricity Coal

Fiscal Tonnes Change Change Change Change
Year (000) (%) (mmcft) (%) (GWh) (%) M.T (000) (%)
1998-99 16,647 - 635,891 - 43,296 - 3,461 -
1999-00 17,768 6.7 712,101 12 45,586 5.3 3,168 -8.5
2000-01 17,648 -0.7 768,068 7.9 48,584 6.6 4,045 27.7
2001-02 16,960 -3.9 824,604 7.4 50,622 4.2 4,409 9
2002-03 16,452 -3 872,264 5.8 52,656 4 4,890 10.9
2003-04 13,421 -18.4 1,051,418 20.5 57,491 9.2 6,065 24
2004-05 14,671 -9.3 1,161,043 10.4 61,327 6.7 7,894 30.2
2005-06 14,627 -0.3 1,223,385 5.4 67,603 10.2 7,714 -2.3
2006-07 16,847 15.2 1,221,994 -0.1 72,712 7.6 7,894 2.3.1
2007-08 18,080 7.3 1,275,212 4.4 73,400 0.9 10,111 28.1
Avg.
10yr 1.4 - 8.2 - 6.1 - 13.5
July-
March
2007-08 13,342 - 955,625 - 55,208 - 6,559 -
2008-09
estimate 12,892 -3.4 931,700 -2.5 55,614 0.7 4,822 -26.5
3.3.2 ENERGY SUPPLY
Primary energy supply increased by 12.9 percent since 1998-99. After remaining positive
until 2007-08, primary energy supply and per capita availability of energy witnessed
negative growth during 2008-09, due to lower than normal economic growth during this
period (see Table 3.2).
Analysis of the composition of final energy supplies to the country (see Table 3.3)
suggests that supply of coal during the last ten years (from 1998-99) grew by an average
rate of 13.0 percent per annum followed by gas, crude oil, electricity and petroleum
products with per annum growth rates of 9.5 percent, 7.2 percent, 4.7 percent and 1.5
percent respectively during the period under review. However, all components of final
energy supply experienced negative growth over the corresponding period last year with
the exception of gas which showed a marginal increase of 0.2 percent. This negative
growth contributed to a power shortage estimated at around 4000MW. In response to the
10
63
shortage, the Government introduced a range of emergency measures, including

extensive load shedding, the adoption of daylight saving time and forced, temporary
closure of industrial plants.
Energy availability per capita has shown steady, slight growth over the past decade.
However, Government of Pakistan predictions for financial year 2008-09 show a decline
in energy availability per capita of over 6% compared to the previous financial year.
Table 3-2: Primary Energy Supply and Per Capita Availability 11
Energy Supply Per Capita

Million
Fiscal Year TOE Change (%) Availability (TOE) Change (%)
1998-99 41.72 0.31
1999-00 43.19 3.51 0.32 1.28
2000-01 44.4 2.82 0.32 0.63
2001-02 45.07 1.5 0.32 -1.25
2002-03 47.06 4.41 0.32 2.86
2003-04 50.85 8.06 0.34 5.25
2004-05 55.58 9.26 0.36 6.45
2005-06 58.06 4.18 0.37 2.48
2006-07 60.62 4.33 0.38 2.61
2007-08 62.92 3.78 0.39 2.86
Jul-Mar - - -
2007-08 49.9 - 0.31 -
2008-09 estimate 47.1 -5.61 0.29 -6.45
11
64
Table 3-3: Composition of Final Energy Supplies 12
Fiscal Petroleum
Year Crude Oil Gas Products Coal Electricity
Million Change Change Change Change Change
Barrels (%) (bcf) (%) (M.T) (%) (M.T) (%) (TWh) (%)
1998-99 52.6 - 744.9 - 17.2 - 4.4 - 65.4 -
1999-00 53.3 1.3 818.3 9.9 18.5 7.6 4.1 -6.8 65.7 0.5
2000-01 73.6 38.1 857.4 4.8 18.9 2.2 4.0 -2.4 68.1 3.7
2001-02 75.1 2.0 923.8 7.7 18.7 -1.1 4.4 10.0 72.4 6.3
2002-03 76.0 1.2 992.6 7.4 18.0 -3.7 4.9 11.4 75.7 4.6
2003-04 80.3 5.7 1202.7 21.2 15.4 -14.4 6.0 22.4 80.9 6.9
2004-05 85.3 6.2 1344.9 11.8 16.8 9.1 7.9 31.7 85.7 5.9
2005-06 87.5 2.6 1400.0 4.1 17.0 1.2 7.7 -2.5 93.8 9.5
2006-07 85.3 -2.5 1413.6 1.0 18.6 9.7 7.9 2.5 98.4 4.9
2007-08 90.5 6.1 1454.2 2.9 19.8 6.1 10.1 28.1 95.9 -2.6
Avg. 10 Year 7.2 - 9.5 - 1.5 - 13.0 - 4.7
Jul-March - - - - - - - - -
2007-08 66.0 - 1090.6 - 14.6 - 6.6e - 74 -
2008-09 62.4 -5.5 1092.3 0.2 14.2 -2.8 4.8e -26.5 60.8p -17.9
e: estimated
p: provisional
bcf: billion cubic feet
3.4 POWER SECTOR
The installed capacity in the private sector witnessed a positive growth of 3.4 percent
during 2008-09 over the previous year. While the public sector installed capacity showed
a negative growth of 1.7 percent in the same period.
The total installed capacity of Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA)
accounting for 58.0 percent of total capacity declined from 11,654 MW to 11,454 MW
during July-March 2008-09. The total installed capacity of IPPs had reached 5,954 MW
followed by Karachi Electricity Supply Company (KESC)’s 1,884 MW and nuclear
energy’s 462 MW in July-March 2008-09 (see Table 3.4).
12
65
Table 3-4: Total Installed Generation Capacity (MW) 13
Installed Installed
Power Capacity Capacity
Company 2007-08 Share (%) 2008-09 Share (%) Change
WAPDA 11,654 59.6 11,454 58 -1.7
Hydro 6,474 55.6* 6,555 57.2 1.3
Thermal 5,180 44.4* 4,899 42.8 -5.4
IPPs 5,760 29.4 5,954 30.1 3.4
Nuclear 462 2.4 462 2.3 0
KESC 1,690 8.6 1,884 9.5 11.5
Total 19,566 100 19,754 100 1
*Share of WAPDA system
3.5 CONCLUSIONS
In the last two years Pakistan’s economy has been adversely affected by poor internal
policies, un-favourable changes in global commodity prices, the global economic crisis
and costs related to internal security issues. Despite these setbacks the Government of
Pakistan, in collaboration with the IMF, has managed to stabilize the economy leading to
current and forecast growth rates that compare well those of its peers and far exceed
those of the developed nations.
Over the past ten years two major trends are observable in Pakistan’s energy supply and
consumption. Firstly the total annual primary energy supply increased steadily, year on
year, from 1998 until 2008. Secondly there has been a persistent and deliberate shift from
reliance on imported petroleum products towards greater use of indigenous energy
sources including coal, gas and electricity. Although the economic problems of the past
year have caused negative growth in all energy sources, the demand for energy remains
high and this has lead to a major power shortage in the country. It would appear that
demand for electricity in particular is only set to increase.
Finally, as the total installed power generation in the country increases, it is noticeable
that the private sector, in the form of independent power producers, is playing an
13
66
increasingly important role. Indeed given the national power shortage, the growing
demand for electricity and the contraction of the major public sector generating capacity,
significant private sector growth is essential and the opportunities that this presents are
clear.
67
4 WIND ENERGY – BRIEF INTRODUCTION
4.1 WIND ENERGY BACKGROUND
The kinetic energy in the wind is a promising source of renewable energy with significant
potential in many parts of the world. The energy that can be captured by wind turbines is
highly dependent on the local average wind speed. Regions that normally present the
most attractive potential are located near coasts, inland areas with open terrain or on the
edge of bodies of water. Some mountainous areas also have good potential. In spite of
these geographical limitations for wind energy project siting, there is ample terrain in
most areas of the world to provide a significant portion of the local electricity needs with
wind energy projects.
Figure 4-1: Wind Farm in Southern California
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4.2 HISTORY OF WIND POWER
Wind energy has been used for thousands of years for a wide variety of purposes; its
early harnessing, via sails, as a means of ship propulsion played a significant role in the
expansion of the early empires. When static windmills were first used on land is
uncertain, but it has been suggested that the Babylonian Emperor Hammurabi used them
for an irrigation scheme in 700 BC.
By the 18th century, what we commonly call the Dutch windmill was becoming a
common sight across Europe, used not only for the milling of corn and similar products,
but also for lifting water for irrigation purposes. The other prominent development was
the wind pump which sprung up all over rural America, Australia, and elsewhere as a
means of pumping water from deep boreholes for cattle grazing and farm irrigation. It is
estimated that there were 5 million such machines in the USA around 1900. Many can
still be seen functioning around the world, apart from their frequent scene-setting role in
Hollywood movies.
Figure 4-2: An old turbine
69
Between 1900 and the oil crisis of 1973 there was no sustained development of wind
energy, although the odd electricity generating wind turbine did appear from time to time.
However, the basis for the modern wind turbine for electricity generation was set during
that period by European inventors such as Poul la Cour and Johannes Juul in Denmark
and Ulrich Hütter in Germany.
The USA was the first nation to invest heavily in wind energy, and in the early 1980s
Californian wind farms served as a beacon to researchers and enthusiasts around the
world. Activities increased in many western European countries but the falling back of oil
prices tended to reduce the political and economic pressure for rapid progress. Various
European countries continued to invest individually in the harnessing of wind energy for
electricity production and rapid progress was made during the last quarter of the 20th
century. The cost of wind-produced electricity from favorable sites is already competitive
with fossil-fuel sources.
Today, wind turbines are gigantic rotating machines with blades up to twice the length of
the largest plane wings. Nacelles with gearboxes and generators weighing more than a
jumbo jet are erected on top of 120-metre masts, and rotors sweep an area the size of a
football field. Wind technology can no longer borrow research from other sectors: it
needs to forge ahead on its own.
4.3 DESCRIPTION OF WIND TURBINES
Wind turbine technology has reached a mature status during the past 15 years as a result
of international commercial competition, mass production and continuing technical
success in research and development (R&D). The earlier concerns that wind turbines
were expensive and unreliable have largely been allayed. Wind energy project costs have
declined and wind turbine technical availability is now consistently above 97%. Wind
energy project plant capacity factors have also improved from 15% to over 30% today,
for sites with a good wind regime.
Modern wind energy systems operate automatically. The wind turbines depend on the
same aerodynamic forces created by the wings of an aeroplane to cause rotation. An
70
anemometer that continuously measures wind speed is part of most wind turbine control
systems. When the wind speed is high enough to overcome friction in the wind turbine
drive train, the controls allow the rotor to rotate, thus producing a very small amount of
power. This cut-in wind speed is usually a gentle breeze of about 4m/s. Power output
increases rapidly as the wind speed rises. When output reaches the maximum power the
machinery was designed for, the wind turbine controls govern the output to the rated
power. The wind speed at which rated power is reached is called the rated wind speed of
the turbine, and is usually a strong wind of about 15 m/s. Eventually, if the wind speed
increases further, the control system shuts the wind turbine down to prevent damage to
the machinery. This cut-out wind speed is usually around 25 m/s.
The major components of modern wind energy systems typically consist of the following:
• Rotor, with 2 or 3 blades, which converts the energy in the wind into mechanical
energy onto the rotor shaft;
• Gearbox to match the slowly turning rotor shaft to the electric generator;
• Tall tower which supports the rotor high above the ground to capture the higher
wind speeds;
• Solid foundation to prevent the wind turbine from blowing over in high winds
and/or icing conditions; and
• Control system to start and stop the wind turbine and to monitor proper operation
of the machinery.
Following figure illustrates the configuration of a typical “Horizontal Axis Wind

Turbine” or HAWT wind energy system. A “Vertical Axis Wind Turbine” or VAWT is
an equally viable alternative design, although it is not as common as the HAWT design in
recent projects implemented around the world.
71
Figure 4-3: Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
4.4 WIND ENERGY APPLICATION MARKETS
Wind energy markets can be classified based on the end-use application of the
technology. Wind energy projects are common for off-grid applications. However, the
largest market potential for wind energy projects is with on-grid (or grid-connected)
applications.
4.4.1 OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Historically, wind energy was most competitive in remote sites, far from the electric grid
and requiring relatively small amounts of power, typically less than 10 kW. In these off-
grid applications, wind energy is typically used in the charging of batteries that store the
energy captured by the wind turbines and provides the user with electrical energy on
72
demand. Water pumping, where water, rather than energy, can be stored for future use, is
also a key historical application of wind energy. The key competitive area for wind
energy in remote off-grid power applications is against electric grid extension, primary
(disposable) batteries, diesel, gas and thermoelectric generators. Wind energy is also
competitive in water pumping applications.
4.4.2 ON-GRID APPLICATIONS
In on-grid applications the wind energy system feeds electrical energy directly into the
electric utility grid. Two on-grid application types can be distinguished.
4.4.2.1 ISOLATED-GRID ELECTRICITY GENERATION
Wind turbine generation capacities typically ranging from approximately 10kW to

200kW Isolated-grids are common in remote areas. Electricity generation is often
relatively expensive due to the high cost of transporting diesel fuel to these isolated sites.
However, if the site has good local winds, a small wind energy project could be installed
to help supply a portion of the electricity requirements. These wind energy projects are
normally referred to as wind-diesel hybrid systems. The wind energy system’s primary
role is to help reduce the amount of diesel fuel consumption.
4.4.2.2 CENTRAL-GRID ELECTRICITY GENERATION
Wind turbine generation capacities typically ranging from approximately 200kW to

2MW Central-grid applications for wind energy projects are becoming more common. In
relatively windy areas, larger scale wind turbines are clustered together to create a wind
farm with capacities in the multi-megawatt range. The land within the wind farm is
usually used for other purposes, such as agriculture or forestry. Another common
approach for wind energy project development includes the installation of one or larger
scale wind turbines by individuals, businesses or co-operatives.
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4.5 WIND FARM DEVELOPMENT
A wind farm consists of a number of wind turbines (which are often installed in rows
perpendicular to the wind direction), access roads, electrical interconnections and a
substation, a monitoring and control system and a maintenance building for the larger
farms. The development of a wind energy project includes the determination of the wind
resource, the acquisition of all authorizations and permits, the design and specification of
the civil, electrical and mechanical infrastructure, the layout of the wind turbines, the
purchasing of the equipment, the construction and the commissioning of the installation.
Construction involves preparing the site, grading roads, building turbine foundations,
installing the electrical collection lines and transformers, erecting the turbines and
construction of the substation and building.
The wind resource assessment and approvals for a wind farm are often the longest
activities in the development of the wind energy project. These can take up to 4 years in
the case of a large wind farm requiring a comprehensive environmental impact study. The
construction itself can normally be completed within a few months. The precise
determination of the wind resource at a given site is one of the most important aspects in
the development of a wind energy project as the available wind resource at the project
site can dramatically impact the cost of wind energy production. In the case where a pre-
feasibility study indicates that a proposed wind energy project could be financially viable,
it is typically recommended that a project developer take at least a full year of wind
measurements at the exact location where the wind energy project is going to be installed.
For very small-scale projects (e.g. off-grid battery charging and water pumping), the cost
of wind monitoring could actually be higher than the cost to purchase and install a small
wind turbine. In this case a detailed wind resource assessment would normally not be
completed.
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5 CARBON CREDITS
5.1 THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
will strengthen the international response to climate change. Adopted by consensus at the
third session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) in December 1997, it contains
legally binding emissions targets for Annex I (industrialized) countries. By arresting and
reversing the upward trend in greenhouse gas emissions that started in these countries
150 years ago, the Protocol promises to move the international community one step
closer to achieving the Convention’s ultimate objective of preventing dangerous
anthropogenic [man-made] interference with the climate system. 14
5.2 EMISSION REDUCTIONS
The developed countries are to reduce their collective emissions of six key greenhouse
gases by at least 5%. This group target will be achieved through cuts of 8% by
Switzerland, most Central and East European states, and the European Union (the EU
will meet its group target by distributing different rates among its member states); 7% by
the US; and 6% by Canada, Hungary, Japan, and Poland. Russia, New Zealand, and
Ukraine are to stabilize their emissions, while Norway may increase emissions by up to
1%, Australia by up to 8%, and Iceland 10%. The six gases are to be combined in a
“basket”, with reductions in individual gases translated into “CO2 equivalents” that are
then added up to produce a single figure.
Each country’s emissions target must be achieved by the period 2008 - 2012. It will be
calculated as an average over the five years. “Demonstrable progress” must be made by
2005. Cuts in the three most important gases carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and
nitrous oxide (N2O) will be measured against a base year of 1990 (with exceptions for
some countries with economies in transition). Cuts in three long-lived industrial gases –
14
Source: European Commission
75
hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), per fluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) -
can be measured against either a 1990 or 1995 baseline. (A major group of industrial
gases, chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, are dealt with under the 1987 Montreal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.)
Actual emission reductions will be much larger than 5%. Compared to emissions levels
projected for the year 2000, the richest industrialized countries (OECD members) will
need to reduce their collective output by about 10%. This is because many of these
countries will not succeed in meeting their earlier non-binding aim of returning emissions
to 1990 levels by the year 2000, and their emissions have in fact risen since 1990. While
the countries with economies in transition have experienced falling emissions since 1990,
this trend is now reversing. Therefore, for the developed countries as a whole, the 5%
Protocol target represents an actual cut of around 20% when compared to the emissions
levels that are projected for 2010 if no emissions-control measures are adopted.
5.3 OTHER MEASURES
Countries will have some flexibility in how they make and measure their emissions
reductions. In particular, an international “emissions trading regime” will be established
allowing industrialized countries to buy and sell emissions credits amongst themselves.
They will also be able to acquire “emission reduction units” by financing certain kinds of
projects in other developed countries. In addition, a “clean development mechanism” for
promoting sustainable development will enable industrialized countries to finance
emissions-reduction projects in developing countries and to receive credit for doing so.
The use of these three mechanisms is to be supplemental to domestic action.
Flexible mechanisms to allow countries to achieve their emission targets cost effectively:
• Emission trading
• Clean Development Mechanism
• Joint Implementation
76
They will pursue emissions cuts in a wide range of economic sectors. The Protocol
encourages governments to cooperate with one another, improve energy efficiency,
reform the energy and transportation sectors, promote renewable forms of energy, phase
out inappropriate fiscal measures and market imperfections, limit methane emissions
from waste management and energy systems, and manage carbon “sinks” such as forest,
croplands and grazing lands. The methodologies for measuring changes in net emissions
(calculated as emissions minus removals of CO2) due to the use of sinks are particularly
complex. The Kyoto Protocol entered into force on 16 February 2005.
5.4 EMISSION REDUCTION MECHANISM
The Kyoto Protocol provides that nations can redeem a part of their climate protection
commitments by implementing projects aimed at reducing emissions in other countries.
These projects are primarily to be carried out by the private sector.
These investment projects can financially benefit from generating additional emissions
reductions as compared to a business as usual case.
There are three methods in Kyoto Protocol which permits the acquisition of emissions
credits by means of project-based investment abroad.
5.5 EMISSIONS TRADING
Emissions trading, or Carbon Trading as it is alternatively known, involve trading carbon

emission credits within nations. Allowances are created, thereby making emissions a
commodity that can be traded between industries etc. The Kyoto Protocol says that it is
ok to trade in emissions, but that it should not be the major means to achieve one's
commitments. Some European countries and corporations have started implementing
such programs to get a head start and to see how well it will work.
77
5.6 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM
The underlying principle is the same for JI and CDM; an investor implements a project in
a host country which reduces emissions and receives emission credits in return 15. The
project might, for example, involve introducing state of the art technology to improve the
efficiency of a coal-fired power plant or building a new plant based on renewable
resource. The participation of private and public sector of the host country is allowed in
project development.
Emission credits are issued on condition that these emission reductions are achieved in
addition to those achieved by other actions which would have taken place anyway
without the projects. This ecological “additionality” is verified against the emission
reductions in a reference scenario or base line. This base line will show what volume of
emissions would have been achieved without the project.
An important difference between JI and CDM is in the nature of host country. A

distinction is drawn between industrialized countries and economies in transition on the
one hand and emerging economies and developing countries on the other. These
countries are accorded different treatment under the Kyoto Protocol, resulting in a few
differences in the modalities and requirements of the projects concerned.
The CDM is a very important element of the Kyoto Protocol for developing countries.
The CDM has a dual purpose. On the one hand, it delivers certified emission reductions
(CERs) which can be used by industrialized countries to meet their emission reduction
commitments. The CDM allows developed country to implement a project in a territory
of a developing country. The project can also be initiated by a developing country, in
which case they need to find a buyer for CERs.
This is termed as unilateral CDM. On the other hand, it assists the host countries from the
developing world in achieving sustainable development. The Kyoto Protocol also
specifies that the public funding for CDM should not result in the diversion of funds from
15
Source: The International Solar Energy Society
78
official development assistance. This may provide additionally of development resources

to the developing countries from the developed countries.
The developing countries particularly Germany, are focusing their CDM policy towards
renewable energies and energy efficiency; since these are the two key technologies where
both the developing and the developed countries have to achieve substantial progress in
order to live up to the challenge of climate change. The renewable technologies have
assumed an important dimension in the context of global environment.
Pakistan has ratified the Kyoto Protocol in December 2004 and submitted the instrument
of accession to UN Headquarters in January 2005. The Designated National Authority
(DNA) as the institutional prerequisites for national approval of CDM projects has been
set up within the Ministry of Environment.
The contribution of the CERs to the financing of renewable projects in developing

countries depends on the following:-
One the development of the value of CERs which at this stage is difficult to predict since
it is dependent on the climate policy of the industrialized countries. And, on the cost of
used technology in relation to the emission reduction. For cost-effective measures or
technology (micro hydel or wind energy) it is likely that CDM shall render a major
contribution to financing, depending on the value of CERs. For expensive technologies
such as solar energy, CDM may render negligible contribution to financing.
In the developing countries there are generally unrealistic expectations in the CDM
process. There is a common misconception that developing countries have a right to these
“Certified Emission Reduction units” (CERs) and can sell these certificates to the
industrialized nations. It is wrongly perceived by a large number of people that CERs
could even be obtained and sold if the measure was financed and implemented within the
country.
79
CDM is no doubt an interesting instrument to provide an incentive for new projects and
new activities in energy efficiency and renewable energy. But, renewable projects should
not be based on the uncertain price of CERs as these would not make them credit worthy.
5.7 JOINT IMPLEMENTATION
Joint Implementation (also known as Activities Implemented Jointly) is where developed

countries invest in emission-reducing activities in other industrialized countries, and
gaining reduction units as a result.
80
6 REGULATORY REGIME
Power sector Pakistan has a ministry overlooking the electricity business in the country
and a regulatory authority which independent of the ministry to control the business
practices in the market. There are a number of players in this market:
• Ministry of Water and Power

• National Electricity Regulatory Authority (NEPRA)
• Water and Power Development Authority and its subsidiaries
• Karachi Electric Supply Corporation Limited (KESC)
• Independent Power Producers
• Private Power Infrastructure Board
• Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB)
6.1 MINISTRY OF WATER AND POWER
The federal Ministry of Water and Power is the GoP’s executive arm for all issues
relating to electricity generation, transmission and distribution, pricing, regulation, and
consumption. It exercises these functions through its various line agencies as well as
relevant autonomous bodies. It also serves to coordinate and plan the nation’s power
sector, formulate policy and specific incentives, and liaise with provincial governments
on all related issues.
6.2 NATIONAL ELECTRIC POWER REGULATORY

AUTHORITY (NEPRA)
NEPRA has been created to introduce transparent and judicious economic regulation,
based on sound commercial principles, in the electric power sector of Pakistan. NEPRA
regulates the electric power sector to promote a competitive structure for the industry and
to ensure the coordinated, reliable and adequate supply of electric power in the future. By
81
law, NEPRA is mandated to ensure that the interests of the investor and the customer are
protected through judicious decisions based on transparent commercial principles.
6.3 WATER AND POWER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
WAPDA was created in 1958 as a Semi-Autonomous Body for the purpose of

coordinating, and giving a unified direction, to the development of schemes in the Water
and Power Sectors. These were previously being dealt with by the respective Electricity
and Irrigation Departments of the Provinces.
In 1992, the Government approved WAPDA’s Strategic Plan for the Privatization of the
Pakistan Power Sector. This Plan sought to meet three critical goals:
• Enhance capital formation,

• Improve efficiency and rationalize prices
• Gradually move towards full competition by providing the greatest possible role
for the private sector through privatization.
This major decision was taken to improve the viability of Pakistan's electric power sector
which was characterized by extensive government involvement in management, political
interference, and a tariff plagued by cross-subsidies. A critical element of the Strategic
Plan was the creation of a Regulatory Authority to oversee the restructuring process and
to regulate monopolistic services.
The existence of an independent and objective regulatory entity reduces the risk to
investors in the market. Accordingly, an autonomous regulatory agency is essential for
the short and long-term stability of the sector.
The introduction of this regulatory regime reflects the desire of the Government to
improve the efficiency and availability of electric power services by protecting the
82
interest of the investor, the operator, and the consumers. It also shows the intention to
increase competition and to deregulate power sector activities where there is competition.
In this regard several regulatory bodies were formed, namely:

• National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA)
• Private Power Infrastructure Board (PPIB)
• Provincial Power Development Boards/ Cells
Further, as part of the country’s new electricity market restructuring and liberalization
programme, in the year 2000 WAPDA was subject to a vertical disintegration process. As
a result the power wing of WAPDA, comprising of generation, transmission and the
distribution of electricity has been restructured into fourteen (14) public limited
companies. These fourteen (14) Corporate Entities are:
• Four (4) Thermal Power Generation Companies (GENCOs)

• One (1) National Transmission & Power Dispatch Company (NTDC)
• Nine (9) Distribution Companies (DISCOs)
6.4 NATIONAL TRANSMISSION & DISPATCH COMPANY
National Transmission & Dispatch Company (NTDC) Limited was incorporated on 3rd
August 1998 and commenced commercial operation on 1st March 1999. It was organized
to take over all the properties, rights and assets obligations and liabilities of 220kV and
500kV Grid Stations and Transmission Lines/Network owned by Pakistan Water and
Power Development Authority (WAPDA).The NTDC operates and maintains nine
500kV Grid Stations, 4,160km of 500kV transmission line and 4,000km of 220kV
transmission line in Pakistan.
NTDC was granted Transmission License No.TL/01//2002 on 31st December 2002 by

National Electric Power Regularity Authority (NEPRA) to engage in the exclusive
83
transmission business for a term of thirty (30) years, pursuant to Section 17 of the
Regulation of Generation, Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power Act, 1997.
Under the regime set out in the License, the NTDC is entrusted to act as:
• Central Power Purchasing Agency
• System Operator
• Transmission Network Operator
• Contract Registrar and Power Exchange Administrator
6.5 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT BOARD
Pakistan, like other developing countries of the region, is facing a serious challenge of
energy deficit. Renewable Energy (RE) resources can play an important role in bridging
this deficit. More importantly, RE can also play an important role in rural electrification.
Realizing the importance of RE, the Government of Pakistan created the Alternative
Energy Development Board (AEDB) in May 2003 to act as the central national body on
the subject of Renewable Energy. The main objective of this Organization is to facilitate,
promote and encourage development of Renewable Energy in Pakistan with a mission to
introduce Alternative/Renewable Energy at an accelerated rate to achieve 10 percent
share of RE in the energy mix of the country.
The current initiative is directed towards creating a market-based environment that is

conducive to private sector investment and participation. The AEDB provides a one
window point of operations for investors in the alternate energy sector.
One of the other mandates of AEDB is to form international associations in an effort to

transfer foreign technology and expertise to Pakistan. It is their objective to reduce the
cost of alternate energy by transferring as much of the manufacturing process to Pakistan
as possible.
84
6.6 PROVINCIAL POWER CELLS
Power and irrigation departments exist in each of the four provinces and in AJK, whose
prime function is to manage water resources for agriculture and small power generation
units of less than 50 MW. Each of these departments has a Chief Engineer, Power Cell,
who heads the department’s technical management capacity with respect to provincial
power projects.
Recently, the AEDB has also moved towards establishing Alternative Energy Cells with
the Sindh and Baluchistan governments by designating official government focal points
to serve as liaison officers with the AEDB on RE issues. In northern Pakistan the Sarhad
Hydro Development Organization (SHYDO) and the Northern Areas Public Works
Department (NAPWD) have been engaged in the development of mini and micro-hydel
schemes.
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7 RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY 16
7.1. INTRODUCTION
The Government of Pakistan is actively promoting the deployment of renewable energy

through the “Policy for Development of Renewable Energy for Power Generation”,
published in 2006. The policy has four strategic objectives, these are:
• To improve energy security in Pakistan through the development of renewable

energy power generation based projects.
• To gain economic benefits (including economic empowerment in rural areas,
increased employment opportunities, increased productivity and reduced
transmission losses) through the development of renewable energy resources.
• To improve social equity by improving access to modern energy supplies,
increasing per-capita energy consumption, reducing the burden of fuel collection
on women in rural areas and contributing to alleviate poverty.
• To protect the environment by reducing reliance on unsustainable and inefficient
traditional biomass fuels and fossil fuel-powered electricity generation and
replacing it with clean, renewable energy alternatives.
7.2. POLICY OBJECTIVES
The specific goals of the policy regime, designed to meet the strategic objectives, are:
i. Increase the deployment of renewable energy technologies in Pakistan so that

renewable energy provides a higher proportion of the national energy supply mix
(specified as a minimum of 9,700 MW by 2030) and helps ensure universal access
to electricity in all regions of the country.
ii. Provide additional power supplies to help meet increasing national demand.
16
Source: Policy for Development of Renewable Energy for Power Generation, 2006, GoP.
86
iii. Introduce investment-friendly incentives, and facilitate renewable energy markets

to attract private sector interest in renewable energy projects, help nurture the
nascent industry, and gradually lower renewable energy costs and prices through
competition in an increasingly deregulated power sector.
iv. Devise measures to support the private sector in mobilizing financing and
enabling public sector investment in promotional, demonstrative, and trend setting
renewable energy projects.
v. Optimize the impact of renewable energy deployment in underdeveloped areas by
integrating energy solutions with provision of other social infrastructure (e.g.
educational and medical facilities, clean water supply and sanitation, roads and
telecommunications), so as to promote greater social welfare, productivity, trade,
and economic well being amongst deprived communities.
vi. Help to build broad institutional, technical, and operational capacity of relevance
to the renewable energy sector.
vii. Facilitate the establishment of a domestic renewable energy technology
manufacturing Base in the country that can help lower costs, improve service,
create employment, and enhance local technical skills.
7.3. POLICY STRUCTURE
The policy sets out a three phase plan (short, medium and long term) for the promotion of
wind, solar, biomass and small-scale hydroelectric power generation in Pakistan. The
“short term” was originally scheduled to conclude on 30 June 2008 (date for attaining
financial close) but this has been extended up to the end of 2009. The medium term phase
was due to conclude on 30 June 2012 but this is also under revision.
The relevant features of the various phases are described below.
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7.3.1 SHORT TERM
The focus during this phase is on renewable energy options amenable to immediate
commercial development (i.e. where commercially-proven technologies and resources are
readily available), such as small hydro, wind, solar and biomass-based power generation.
This phase is marked with liberal risk cover and attractive power purchase tariffs so as to
enable a reasonable generation capacity to be installed as ‘first-of-kind’ renewable energy
projects in the private sector. The intention is for these projects to serve as successful
business and technology-assimilation demonstrators.
7.3.2 MEDIUM TERM
Based on past international and short term domestic renewable energy policy experience,
a more comprehensive ‘medium term’ policy framework will be prepared for the
systematic implementation of renewable energy technologies and scaling up of capacity
deployment. The framework will lay greater emphasis on competition within a renewable
energy technology application category (e.g. grid connected wind farms) as well as the
programmatic development of dispersed renewable energy power generation market (e.g.
solar home systems). The framework during this phase will contain more competitive
terms and reduced subsidy and risk cover as compared to the very liberal incentives and
guarantees being offered for the short term period.
7.3.3 LONG TERM
Renewable energy will be fully mainstreamed and integrated within the nation’s energy
planning process. Renewable energy producers will be gradually exposed to full
competition from alternative sources (initially from other renewable energy technologies
and then gradually from conventional sources as well) based on full-price, avoided cost
accounting. Third phase renewable energy IPPs will thus ultimately operate under
‘mandatory wholesale wheeling’, with utilities free to choose between all available
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supply options competing against each other on an equal footing (i.e. without
discriminatory biases, hidden subsidies, and discounted externalities) and with energy
prices reflective of actual technology costs and benefits.
7.4. DEVELOPMENT PROCESS – KEY STAGES
The main stages in the development process, as outlined in the policy, are described
below.
7.4.1 LETTER OF INTENT
The development process is initiated by the sponsors registering with the AEDB and
obtaining a letter of intent. This letter entitles the sponsors to start working on a wind
power project at the Official level and ensures support from the AEDB and other relevant
government departments in the preparation of a feasibility study and acquisition of land
for the project.
7.4.2 ACQUISITION OF LAND
The AEDB has leased land from the Government of Sindh for allocation to wind power
projects. This land has been sub-divided and sub-let to project sponsors. As such, there
are two lease agreements for every site, one between the Government of Sindh and
AEDB, the second between AEDB and the project company.
7.4.3 COMPANY REGISTRATION
In order to be eligible for the special incentives offered for renewable energy power
projects (e.g. exemption from income tax and import duties), a special purpose vehicle
(“the Project Company”) has to be incorporated with its business being strictly limited to
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electricity generation and sale. This company can be a private limited company or a
public limited company.
7.4.4 GENERATION LICENSE
The rights to produce and sell electricity in Pakistan are granted by NEPRA through a
generation license. The Project Company has to make an application to NEPRA for a
generation license which entitles a company to produce and sell electricity in the country.
7.4.5 TARIFF DETERMINATION
Once a generation license has been granted to the Project Company, a separate petition is
required for approval of the tariff at which the Project Company will sell electricity to the
power purchaser. The power purchaser can be the National Transmission and Distribution
Company (NTDC) or Hyderabad Electric Supply Company (HESCO).
7.4.6 LETTER OF SUPPORT
Once the tariff has been approved by NEPRA, the Project Company is free to arrange
financing. The AEDB will issue a letter of support for the Project Company giving
government guarantees until the energy purchase agreement and implementation
agreement are finalized. This is to ensure sponsors and lenders of full government
support. A bank guarantee is required to be submitted before a letter of support will be
issued.
7.4.7 ENERGY PURCHASE AND IMPLEMENTATION AGREEMENT
Once the preceding requirements have been met the energy purchase agreement (EPA)
and implementation agreement (IA) are finalized. The EPA lists the terms and conditions
for the sale and purchase of electricity between the Project Company and the power
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purchaser. The IA provides security to the project sponsors and lenders against the
performance of the power purchaser by means of guarantees from the Government of
Pakistan.
7.5. INCENTIVES FOR DEVELOPERS
The underlying principle in setting the incentives for the short term phase is that IPPs
based on variable renewable energy resources (such as wind and water flows) shall be
made immune to factors which are beyond their control, and at the same time shall be
rewarded if they perform better than reasonably expected. For grid-connected IPPs, this is
achieved by means of the package of incentives described below.
7.5.1 GUARANTEED MARKET
It is mandatory for the power distribution utilities to buy all the electricity offered to them
by renewable energy projects as long as the power is supplied in accordance with
specified grid connection, off-take voltage and interface requirements.
7.5.2 GRID CONNECTION, OFF-TAKE VOLTAGE AND INTERFACE
The cost of grid connection is borne by the purchaser with the developer only being
mandated to supply power to an agreed point at the boundary of the site. The requirement
on the developer is to provide the power at a specified voltage (depending on the distance
to the transmission system) and in accordance with the grid code.
7.5.3 PLANNING PERMISSION
The risk of planning permission has been removed as all planning applications are being
dealt with centrally by the AEDB.
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7.5.4 WHEELING
Renewable energy power producers shall be allowed to enter into direct (bilateral) sales
contracts with end-use customers. Under this arrangement, they would be allowed to sell
all or a part of the power generated by them to their direct customers and the rest to the
utility for general distribution. For direct sales, they shall be required to pay ‘wheeling’
charges for the use of the transmission and distribution grid network used to transport the
power from the plant to the purchaser. In practical terms, the IPP shall inject electricity
into the grid system at one point and would be entitled to receive the same amount at any
other location (within the same distance from the grid as the distance of the plant from
the system) upon payment of a corresponding wheeling charge, to be determined by
NEPRA. This wheeling charge will reflect the cost of providing and maintaining the
transmission interconnection, including the energy losses suffered en route, calculated on
a utility-wide basis by NEPRA.
7.5.5 RESOURCE VARIABILITY RISKS
In the case of grid-connected renewable energy IPPs, the risk of variability in wind
speeds (for wind power projects) and water flows (for small hydropower projects) shall
be borne by the power purchaser. ‘Benchmark’ electricity production levels based on
mean availability of wind or water flow for the month shall be determined for each
project location on the basis of independently monitored data. The IPP shall be ensured
revenues corresponding to this benchmark level, including potential loss of
corresponding carbon credits (see below), even if the resource availability temporarily
falls below this benchmark, provided that the reduced electricity production is not due to
fault of the IPP itself. The allocation of wind risk is summarized in Table 7-1.
7.5.6 PRODUCTION INCENTIVES
For all power produced above than the benchmark level, a production bonus payment
shall be made to the IPP. The production bonus is calculated as 10% of the value of
energy generated above the benchmark.
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Table 7-1: Wind Risk Allocation Matrix
Wind
Variation Availability Status Risk Mitigation
Capacity of the IPP available is Wind IPP will be paid for energy generation
equal to the benchmark capacity corresponding for benchmark wind speed (i.e.
Actual wind level the power purchaser absorbs the loss)
speed less than Capacity of the wind IPP is not
the benchmark available wholly or partially (i.e. Wind IPP is not paid to the extent that
wind speed less than benchmark capacity) capacity is not available
Wind IPP will be paid for energy generation
corresponding to 'benchmark plus' (i.e.
benchmark energy production plus 10% of the
value of energy generated above the
Capacity of the IPP available is benchmark) as a production bonus, so that
Actual wind equal to the benchmark capacity both the power producer & purchaser share
speed more level the benefit of increase production)
than the Capacity of the wind IPP is not Wind IPP is paid equal to the actual energy
benchmark available wholly or partially (i.e. generated upto the benchmark energy
wind speed less than benchmark capacity) production level only
Capacity of the wind IPP available Wind IPP will be paid for energy generation
Actual wind is equal to the benchmark capacity corresponding to benchmark energy
speed is equal level production
to the Capacity of the wind IPP is not Wind IPP will be paid equal to the actual
benchmark available wholly or partially (i.e. energy generated upto the benchmark energy
wind speed less than benchmark capacity) production level only
7.5.7 CARBON CREDITS
All qualifying renewable energy power projects eligible for financing under the Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) shall be encouraged to register for Certified Emission
Reduction (CER) credits with the CDM Executive Board, either collectively or
individually. The Government shall also strive, in collaboration with international
development agencies to facilitate project applications for such carbon credits in order to
reduce the associated initial transaction costs for project sponsors. Importantly, as this
policy creates significant incremental costs for the power purchaser (e.g. higher tariffs,
resource availability risks, backup power provision, transmission and interconnection
infrastructure), any carbon credits obtained by renewable energy IPPs will be utilized to
partly offset this burden so as to improve the economic competitiveness of renewable
energy-based grid power for both the rate payers and the producers. The IPP shall
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therefore, at the time of submission of tariff petition to NEPRA, incorporate the CER-
based revenue stream expected over the term of the project’s Power Purchase Agreement
(PPA), in the project’s financial analysis on terms specified by the regulator (e.g.
anticipated emissions offset and price per equivalent tonne of CO2 abated), whether
opting for up-front tariff or negotiated tariff. A mechanism and legalised institutional
arrangement shall be specified by the AEDB and approved by NEPRA, comprising of
potential primary beneficiaries (i.e., power producers and purchasers) jointly managing
and selling the CERs thus obtained in the international carbon market at an optimum
price.
The annual carbon revenues realized subsequently shall be divided in the following
manner: (a) an up-front, nominal deduction shall be made for the administrative costs of
the joint CER management mechanism; (b) an amount not exceeding that required to
bring the IPP’s return on equity (ROE) to the level allowed by NEPRA shall be payable
to the power purchaser; and (c) the remaining revenues shall be divided in equal
proportion between the IPP (as a ‘green credit’ for enhancing the financial returns
accruing to the project’s investors) and the power purchaser (as ‘green tariff’ support for
lowering the per unit price of clean renewable power, thereby increasing its attractiveness
for purchasers and consumers). Projects shall be required to sign a separate agreement
binding them to the terms of such a carbon crediting mechanism, but shall not be
penalized for failure to qualify for or obtain sufficient annual CER revenues to fully
compensate the power purchaser under Item (b) above, provided they have complied with
the terms of the carbon credit agreement, as certified by NEPRA.
The intention of the carbon credit sharing mechanism is to help further incentives and
facilitate investments in renewable energy projects, increase the share of renewable
energy in utilities’ power purchase portfolios, and reduce the cost of renewable energy
based power for the end user - factors which should help enhance the eligibility of such
projects for CDM approval.
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7.5.8 SECURITY PACKAGE
The power purchaser shall enter into a specific Power Purchase Agreement (PPA), based
on a standard model agreement, with the IPP. The Government of Pakistan shall also
enter into an Implementation Agreement (IA) which will guarantee the payment
obligation of the public sector power purchaser on account of power sales extending over
the term of the PPA. The PPAs will be much simpler than those for thermal or large
hydro IPPs, and shall be based on the purchase of all power generated at a per-kWh rate
(i.e. there will be no capacity charge, capacity testing, no risk, and no penalty conditions
implied). The Government of Pakistan shall also undertake to facilitate the acquisition of
CDM Certified Emissions Reduction units (CERs) by qualifying projects, and the sharing
of associated revenues under a separate agreement and based on payment-on-delivery
terms, subject to verification of the same, between the IPP (as a ‘green’ credit) and the
power purchaser (as ‘green tariff’ support).
7.6. INCENTIVES FOR LENDERS
In addition to the incentives described above, the Implementation Agreement

incorporates a number of terms designed specifically to act as incentives for lenders.
These terms are summarized below.
7.6.1 ASSURANCE AGAINST DISCRIMINATORY ACTION
The government of Pakistan issues an assurance that no discriminatory action will be

taken against the project investors or lenders.
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7.6.2 FOREIGN EXCHANGE AVAILABILITY
The Government of Pakistan has guaranteed availability of foreign exchange, when ever
required for payment to the lenders, under financing documents. In a market where
foreign exchange is not a free commodity, this serves as an additional guarantee.
7.6.3 INSURANCE
The Government of Pakistan has explicitly agreed to subordinate its rights to the rights of
lenders under insurance policies obtained by investors for the project insurance. This
gives additional assurance to the lender.
7.6.4 RESTRICTION OF TRANSFER OF SHARES
Lead sponsors are required to hold their shares for a minimum of 6 years. This is
intended to ensure that management will run the project effectively and so serves as a
further guarantee to the lenders.
7.6.5 CREATION OF SECURITY IN FAVOUR OF LENDERS
The Implementation Agreement (IA) explicitly authorizes the investor to create security
in favour of lenders in order to remove any legal bottleneck which may have come up in
case of dispute. At the same time, lenders are not responsible to the Government of
Pakistan unless they take over the project to run or sell it.
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7.6.6 SELLER’S DEFAULT
The Government of Pakistan cannot terminate the Implementation Agreement unless it

has given notice and opportunity to the lenders to remedy the seller’s event of default.
Lender’s rights remain protected regardless of whether they opt to intervene or not.
7.6.7 COMPENSATION FOR TERMINATION
The lender’s balance due is guaranteed for payment by the Government of Pakistan under
all circumstances, regardless of whether the agreement is terminated by the Government
of Pakistan or by the seller for any reason.
7.6.8 EVENT OF DEFAULT
Any change in law which affects the lenders rights will be classed as event of default by
the Government of Pakistan upon which sellers can terminate the agreement.
7.7. CONCLUSIONS
Pakistan has a well defined renewable energy policy, first published in 2006, that has a
central target of installing 9,700 MW of renewable energy projects by 2030. The policy
has short, medium and long-term objectives that are designed to turn this target into
reality by encouraging investment in and development of renewable projects via
attractive tariffs to pump-prime the market in the short-term and ultimately result in cost
effective renewable energy generation in the longer term.
The incentives within the policy for developers guarantee access to market and
evacuation of power, remove the need for planning consent (which has so often been the
Achilles heel of wind energy projects), facilitate direct sales contracts between generators
and consumers, transfers wind risk to power purchasers, provide incentives for power
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produced above benchmark levels, facilitate access to carbon credits and provide a
comprehensive security package. There are further incentives for lenders to ensure that
lender’s capital is exposed to minimal risk.
The commitment of the Government of Pakistan to supporting private sector

development of renewable energy projects is clear. The package of incentives and risk
cover in the short-term phase present an excellent opportunity for private sector
developers.
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TECHNICAL SECTION
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8 INTRODUCTION
8.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND
Sachal Energy intends to develop, own and operate a 50 MW Wind Power Project in
Jhampir, Thatta District (the “Project”). The Gharo – Keti Bandar – Hyderabad wind
corridor is identified by the AEDB as a resource of high wind regimes with a potential of
wind powered generation of between 50,000 MW.
The Jhampir area has been selected for implementing the project on the basis of its
exceptional wind regime, flat terrain and nearness to the National and local grid. The area
has been extensively surveyed and is identified as having strong potential site for the
proposed wind farm. The wind data currently available from the AEDB is gathered from
the Nooriabad weather station.
SACHAL has instructed Avant Garde consulting (Pvt) Ltd. to carry out the calculation
for power production estimates at its wind farm site in Jhampir area. It was also
instructed to make the production estimates at different types of wind turbine generator.
This study includes the production estimates at 4 different wind turbine generators
namely, Nordex S 77, GE 1.5 sle, Goldwind 77 and Siemens SWT 2.3-101 on
Benchmark wind speeds established for Jhampir region by Government of Pakistan.
Avant Grade has received 34 months of wind data collected at a neighboring wind farm
mast site (A). This mast is located 10 km south of proposed wind farm site. This data was
correlated with another neighboring wind farm mast (B) which is at a distance of 2km
North of the proposed wind farm site. Avant grade is provided with the 14 month wind
data of Mast B.
The calculations are performed with power curves for an air density of 1.225 kgm-3. The
mean air density at the site is 1.169 kgm-3. It turned out not to be possible to get the
power-curve for the wind turbines from Wind Turbine Manufacturers. The power curves
used in this study were of an air density of 1.225 kgm-3. The effect on the yield of using
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an air density of 1.225 instead of 1.169 kgm-3 is that the estimates of the energy
production are about 3.5% to high. It should be noted that the influence of changes in the
air density on the power curve is not simple.
This report also includes the probability exceedance analysis considering different
uncertainties involved in the measurement of wind speed values and energy estimates.
The estimates are made on confidence level of P50, P70, P75 and P90.
8.2 RATIONALE FOR WIND POWER
Pakistan’s major electricity sources are thermal and hydro generation, meeting
approximately 70% and 28% (respectively) of the country’s annual electricity demand.
The primary thermal generation fuels employed are furnace oil and gas. While both are
produced domestically, demand for oil already outstrips supply by a considerable
amount, and gas demand is expected to outstrip domestic supply within a few years. Oil
imports are already a significant burden on the national exchequer and the increasing
import bill continues to exert further pressure on the foreign exchange reserves.
Importation of gas could be seen as a viable option to overcome the depleting domestic
reserves, but gas importation has significant issues, mainly the need for substantial capital
investment in infrastructure, security difficulties and physical terrain concerns. Moreover,
it would increase Pakistan’s reliance on imported fuels with associated foreign exchange
effects. This must be considered in the context of rising fuel costs for gas and oil-based
fuels as a result of uncertainty over future supply.
Alternatives to further fuel imports for electricity generation are the use of domestic coal,
or generation from hydro-electric or other renewable sources, such as wind power. These
options will assist in reducing Pakistan’s reliance on imported oil, and consequent
vulnerability to changes in global oil prices which will in turn have a positive effect on
the current trade deficit and inflating import bill. As with gas, securing future supplies of
coal and hydro-electric power would rely on significant spending on infrastructure.
Pakistan has significant domestic reserves of coal. However, coal currently makes up a
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very small proportion of total generation, largely the result of most of the reserves being
located in one area, the Thar Desert. Exploiting the reserves would require huge and
costly upfront investment in local infrastructure (including provision of water supplies),
development of mines, housing and related infrastructure, and investment in transmission
lines before power plant development could commence. Hydro electric power already
supplies almost 30% of electricity, and numerous sites for future investment exist, but
due to their locations, would also require significant investment in transmission to meet
the expected power needs.
Looking at how the country’s future electricity needs might be met in a way that supports
the environmental objectives of the Government of Pakistan, wind generation has the
potential of being a strong contributor. The development of wind generation projects
could reduce dependence on fuels for thermal power generation, increase diversity in
Pakistan’s electricity generation mix, and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
through the avoidance of thermal power generation.
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9 PROJECT SITE
9.1 SELECTION OF PROPOSED SITE
The site proposed for the implementation of the project has been selected considering the
following parameters;
- Location in the wind corridor

- Wind conditions at site
- Topographic conditions
- Site accessibility
- Location of the grid with reference to the site for interconnection
9.2 GENERAL AREA
The Gharo – Keti-Bandar wind corridor, identified by Alternative Energy Development

Board, lies between the coastal towns of Gharo and Ketibandar stretching more than 80
Km along the coast of Arabian Sea and runs more than 170 km deep inland towards
Hyderabad. The area has been surveyed by AEDB and Pakistan Meteorological
Department (PMD) which shows a high wind speed regime within the corridor. The study
carried out for wind mapping of Pakistan by NREL in 2006 also confirms the presence of
high wind speed regime in the coastal areas of Sindh.
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Figure 9.1: Pakistan wind map (source:www.aedb.org)
9.3 SITE LOCATION AND GENERAL CONDITIONS
The project site is located about 91 km North of Karachi along the super highway. The
nearest settlement to the proposed site is Nooriabad (8 km West). The meteorological
mast of Nooriabad is located at a distance of 8 km West of the proposed project site. The
geographical location of the site on the map is given below. The site is located in a strong
and partly rocky area at 58m to 115m above sea level. The size of the whole wind farm is
680 acres. The company has received the land from Alternative Energy Development
Board (AEDB) on 30 years of lease for the development of 50 MW wind power project.
The geodetic coordinates of proposed wind farm site are given under:
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Table 9.1: Land Coordinates
Datum WGS 84
UTM Coordinates; zone 42R Geodetic Coordinates
Easting Northing East North
1 387004.314 2782596.200 67 52 43.91 25 09 18.50
2 398091.055 2778994.097 67 59 20.83 25 07 24.26
3 397971.026 2778786.114 67 59 16.60 25 07 17.47
4 386742.839 2782434.403 67 52 34.62 25 09 13.17
Figure 9.2: Site Location on Map
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Figure 9.3: SACHAL Site Location on Map
Figure 9.4: SACHAL Site Location on Map
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9.4 ACCESS ROADS
The site is located along side the super highway; section M9, which is at the north-west
of the site (shown as green line in the figure given below) and the well prepared metalled
roads almost at the beginning of the wind farm site. The Bin Qasim port, which is the one
of the major ports of Pakistan and the point of delivery of equipment for the proposed
wind power project, is located almost 90 km away from the site. The road access from the
Bin Qasim port is through the super highway. There are only a few bridges in between
the path from Bin Qasim port to the site. All of these bridges are at super highway, hence
the load capacity of these bridges should be strong enough to bear the loads of the trucks
carrying the WTGs. The axle loads of the trucks carrying the turbine nacelles and the
towers will not exceed 12 tons, and are within the limits that the roads. The road map of
the site is given below:
Figure 9.5: Road Map of the Selected Site
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9.5 INTERNAL ROADS
As internal access roads the roads connecting the single wind turbine locations with each
other and with the external access roads and grid station would be constructed during the
civil works of the wind farm.
Within the WF site where turbines are foreseen to be installed, so far no roads exist
which could be used for direct access to possible turbine locations. Therefore new roads
have to be built.
9.6 GRID
Grid connection is possible at the 132 kV Grid Station in a distance of only 11 km to the
site. A new 132 kV overhead line between the existing line and the site has to be built. A
grid connection interface will be provided at the site by NTDC. Therefore the design and
layout of this line is not part of this study. The other side of the interface, the high voltage
bus bar as part of the substation will be provided in Grid Interconnection studies for the
proposed wind farm.
9.7 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
The climate of southern parts of the Sindh province is characterized by fluctuating

temperatures and sparse rainfall. The summers are hot and humid with average
temperature ranging between 33 ºC to 37 ºC. The temperature in summers may reach up
to 45 ºC. The winters are pleasant with average temperature in the range of 12 ºC to 15
ºC. The months of July and August generally observe the annual monsoon rainfalls. The
climatologically information of Karachi is shown in table 11.2. The recorded monthly
temperature data at 80m height from the neighboring mast A to the proposed site is given
in table 11.3 below. The monthly mean temperature at the neighboring site which is on
the same plane of the proposed site and is 10km in the South, ranges between 18 ºC to 31
ºC. Maximum temperature at the neighboring mast A is recorded as 44 ºC.
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Table 9.2: Karachi Climatological Information
Average Relative Total

Month Temperature Humidity Rainfall
( ºC) (%) (mm)
Min Max am pm Mean
Jan 13 25 63 45 3.6
Feb 14 26 72 49 6.4
Mar 19 29 79 57 8.3
Apr 23 32 87 62 4.9
May 26 34 88 68 0
Jun 28 34 86 69 3.9
Jul 27 33 28 73 64.4
Aug 26 31 90 74 44.8
Sep 25 31 89 71 22.8
Oct 22 33 83 57 0.3
Nov 18 31 68 49 1.7
Dec 14 27 64 45 4.5
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Table 9.3: Monthly Temperature conditions at Neighboring Mast A (80m)
Year Month Mean Min Max

(ｰC) (ｰC) (ｰC)
2007 Mar 27.17 20.24 34.54
2007 Apr 30.02 23.41 40.04
2007 May 30.74 25.01 43.25
2007 Jun 30.86 24.02 40.64
2007 Jul 30.16 25.43 37.71
2007 Aug 29.84 24.02 36.87
2007 Sep 30 24.67 39.07
2007 Oct 30.12 23.24 36.88
2007 Nov 28.13 21.17 36.21
2007 Dec 20.15 12.7 27.64
2008 Jan 17.86 11.12 27.17
2008 Feb 21.59 7.48 33.48
2008 Mar 28.58 18.09 37.78
2008 Apr 29.75 19.95 42.21
2008 May 30.07 25.4 41.92
2008 Jun 31.03 27.17 39.22
2008 Jul 29.66 26.57 36.26
2008 Aug 28.45 24.23 35.99
2008 Sep 30.06 24.78 38.86
2008 Oct 30.25 23.13 38.52
2008 Nov 26.26 17.9 35.57
2008 Dec 20.63 14.22 31.49
2009 Jan 19.43 11.76 27.35
2009 Feb 25.54 19.04 35.49
2009 Mar 27.39 16.59 36.47
2009 Apr 31.1 22.17 42.96
2009 May 32.07 26.26 44.02
2009 Jun 31.53 24.23 42.44
2009 Jul 30.59 23.87 42.44
2009 Aug 29.37 24.62 39
2009 Sep 28.56 25.16 34.78
2009 Oct 29.96 22.77 41.62
2009 Nov 25.88 17.56 35.2
2009 Dec 22.6 22.6 22.6
All data 27.98 7.48 44.02
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9.8 TELECOMMUNICATION
Close to the site, there is wire based telecommunication available in the village Jhampir.
Cellular phone suppliers, Warid Telecom Ltd, and Pakistan Telecommunication Mobile
Ltd (Ufone) offering services at the site. The GPRS services are also available in the
region.
For the SCADA system of the wind farm a wire based telecommunication infrastructure
has to be installed. Land line network will be arranged from the nearby village Jhampir
once civil work starts at the site.
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WIND RESOURCE ANALYSIS
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10 WIND DATA ANALYSIS
10.1 WIND DATA SOURCES
Three wind measuring masts have been considered for this study namely, Nooriabad
Mast, Neighboring Mast A (10km South of wind farm site) and Neighboring Mast B
(2Km North of wind farm site). Wind Data analysis has been made on all the three masts.
The data analysis on these masts is presented below. The Benchmark Energy yield is
calculated using the Nooriabad mast data and using long term time series at neighboring
Mast B by correlating it with 33 months wind data of neighboring Mast A wind data. The
correlation analysis is presented in section 10.4 below.
10.2 NOORIABAD MAST
10.2.1 GENERAL INFORMATION OF MAST
Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) installed a 50m wind measuring mast at

Nooriabad in September 2002. The Nooriabad met mast lies approximately 7.5
kilometers North West of the proposed site. The mast is lattice structure with triangular
cross section.
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Figure 10.1: Nooriabad Mast and Project Site
The 50m tall mast is located on Karachi –Hyderabad Super Highway near Nooriabad, it
is installed on left of Super Highway behind a Police check post # 9 (Direction: Karachi-
Hyderabad).
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Figure 10.2: Met Mast behind the obstacle
Figure 10.3: Neighborhood of Nooriabad Mast
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10.2.2 INSTALLED SENSOR INFORMATION
Wind speed at Nooriabad mast is recorded through two locally manufactured data loggers
of East West Company by Pakistan Meteorological Department, one logger is connected
with the anemometers placed at 10m and 30m heights whereas the other logger is
recording wind data from top mounted boom anemometer placed at 50m form ground
level. In this report the measurements at 30 meter are used because they have the best
data coverage. There is only one obstacle; a police check post [Figure 10.2], in the North
of mast and rest of the surrounding area is wide open. Nooriabad mast has been recording
wind data at 10m and 30m since April 2002. The mast is equipped with NRG Systems
maximum 40 anemometers, 200 P wind vane and East West Infiniti (Pvt.) Ltd. Lynx
2000 data logger, all of which are calibrated locally. In October 2005, a new anemometer
was installed at a height of 50m which has recorded wind data until 2007.
10.2.3 WIND DATA ANALYSIS
AEDB has established the Benchmark Wind Speeds for Jhampir on the basis of
Nooriabad mast. The power production at Benchmark wind speeds have been calculated
using the Nooriabad wind data recorded at 30m height for the period of January 2003 to
December 2006, this data was provided by the Alternative Energy Development Board to
the company.
The wind analysis has been conducted using wind data for the period of January 2003 to
December 2007. Wind data logged for 2007 has many inconsistencies and had so many
calms which are not supposed to be present in the data. It is happened due to the fact that
the logger and the sensors started malfunction. The location of the Nooriabad wind mast
and the items measured are shown in Table 10.1.
116
Table 10.1: Specification of Nooriabad Wind Mast
Latitude 25o 10.906’ N

Longitude 67o 48.719’ E
Observation Wind speed, wind direction,
temperature,
Observation height 10m: wind speed
30m: wind speed, wind direction
50m: wind speed

Observation period January 2003 to December 2007: 10m,
30m
October 2005 to 2007 : 50m

Data used for the Study January 2003-December 2006
30m Wind Speed and Direction
The wind data gathered from the Nooriabad met mast for the period of five years i.e.
from January 2003 to December 2007 has been analyzed for this study but the production
of energy yield is made on data covering Jan 2003-Dec 2006 period. The Annual and
monthly wind data acquisition ratio of Nooriabad met mast is shown in Table 10.2.
117
Table 10.2: Wind speed acquisition ratio of Nooriabad met mast (Height: 30m)
Year Month Data Acquisition Ratio (%)

January 100%
February 99.92%
March 99.94%
April 99.94%
May 99.60%
June 99.24%
July 99.58%
August 99.54%
September 98.78%
October 99.95%
November 99.95%
2003 December 99.97%
January 99.93%
February 99.95%
March 87.93%
April 99.92%
May 99.93%
June 98.75%
July 99.82%
August 99.95%
September 99.92%
October 99.81%
November 99.96%
2005 January 99.96%
February 99.96%
March 99.95%
April 99.95%
May 99.94%
June 96.73%
118
July 99.96%
August 99.94%
September 99.79%
October 99.96%
November 99.94%
December 99.96%
January 99.94%
February 99.94%
March 99.94%
April 99.95%
May 97.97%
June 99.96%
July 99.92%
August 92.73%
September 84.60%
October 99.96%
November 99.95%
January 94.95%
February 98.62%
March 99.94%
April 99.94%
May 99.93%
June 9.06%
July 36.2%
August 2.00%
September 39.5%
October 43.39%
November
2007 December
Annual wind speed acquisition ratio –
2003 99.70%
119

2004 98.82%

2005 99.67%

2006 92.43%
Average wind speed acquisition ratio

(2007) 62.35%

(2003-2007) 90.59%
The wind data recoded at 30 m height from Nooriabad met mast during the period of five
years, i.e. Jan 2003 to Dec. 2007, has been analyzed to determine the monthly mean wind
speeds. The results are shown in Table 10.3 and Figure 10.4.
12
10
8
Mean Wind Speed (m/s)
2003
2004
6 2005
2006
2007
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Months
Figure 10.4: Monthly mean wind speeds at Nooriabad during 2003 – 2007 (30 m)
120
Table10.3: Monthly mean wind speeds at Nooriabad during 2003 – 2007 (30 m)
Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
MWS 4.260 4.648 4.539 5.809 8.108 9.679 6.630 7.677 7.506 3.070 3.852 3.448
2003
MWS 4.081 3.988 4.235 7.237 8.146 10.759 10.675 11.041 6.969 4.385 3.677 4.610
2004
MWS 4.298 4.118 4.976 5.590 7.257 7.809 9.637 8.343 6.367 4.373 3.179 3.833
2005
MWS 4.342 4.919 5.172 6.324 9.435 7.812 8.033 6.018 4.335 4.553 3.436 4.498
2006
MWS 4.408 4.586 4.290 5.044 6.576 11.268 6.061 4.527 5.589 3.612
2007
The mean of monthly mean wind speeds for the duration of Jan 2003 to Dec 2007 is
shown in Table 10.4.
Table 10.4: Monthly mean wind speeds at Nooriabad met Mast (30m height)
Month Monthly Mean Wind Speed (m/s)
January 4.28
February 4.45
March 4.64
April 6.00
May 7.90
June 9.47
July 8.21
August 7.52
September 6.15
October 4.00
November 3.54
December 4.10
Annual Mean wind speed 5.85
121
10.2.4 DIURNAL VARIATION

Figures 10.5 to 10.8 show the seasonal diurnal variation of wind speed, for the wind data
recoded during the period of Jan 2003 to Oct 2007, at 30m.
7.00
6.00
5.00
Mean Wind Speed (MWS)
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Jan 4.15 4.17 4.05 4.16 4.24 4.29 4.29 4.31 4.16 4.17 4.65 4.57 4.45 4.32 4.18 4.22 4.22 4.57 4.64 4.55 4.34 3.95 3.72 3.91
Feb 4.54 4.58 4.61 4.52 4.41 4.22 4.11 4.12 3.97 4.01 4.14 4.12 4.11 4.20 4.34 4.44 4.65 5.12 5.22 4.94 4.73 4.63 4.55 4.55
Mar 4.80 4.87 4.92 4.83 4.71 4.65 4.40 4.31 4.12 4.21 4.05 3.84 3.83 3.77 3.85 3.98 4.49 5.30 5.90 5.75 5.38 5.10 4.99 4.79
Time (Hours)
Figure 10.5: Diurnal Wind Speed Variation-Jan to Mar
12.00
10.00
8.00
Mean WInd Speed (MWS)
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Apr 6.12 6.02 5.95 5.99 5.84 5.67 5.24 5.01 5.05 5.17 5.35 5.41 5.41 5.39 5.65 6.12 6.82 7.42 7.36 6.81 6.70 6.64 6.60 6.30
May 7.65 7.51 7.51 7.38 7.17 7.05 7.08 7.41 7.93 7.78 7.64 7.46 7.42 7.58 7.87 8.46 9.08 9.16 9.02 8.55 8.59 8.33 8.22 7.90
Jun 9.24 9.04 9.01 8.79 8.54 8.48 8.35 8.97 9.53 9.73 9.75 9.80 9.61 9.64 9.78 9.92 10.0 10.3 10.4 10.2 10.0 9.96 9.59 9.34
Time (Hours)
Figure 10.6: Diurnal Wind Speed Variation-Apr to Jun
122
10.00
9.00
8.00
7.00
Mean Wind Speed
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Jul 7.67 7.54 7.42 7.39 7.29 7.29 7.37 7.99 8.71 8.70 8.70 8.71 8.58 8.59 8.84 8.96 8.99 9.10 8.76 8.43 8.17 8.07 8.09 7.91
Aug 8.20 7.96 7.76 7.59 7.76 7.74 7.93 8.23 8.63 8.70 8.52 8.30 7.92 8.11 8.52 8.65 8.98 8.86 8.61 8.47 8.49 8.34 8.20 8.16
Sep 6.16 6.27 6.11 6.05 5.90 5.69 5.82 6.11 6.45 6.25 6.15 6.01 5.88 5.92 5.81 6.18 6.57 6.86 6.60 6.15 5.80 5.62 5.70 5.94
Time (Hours)
Figure 10.7: Diurnal Wind Speed Variation-Jul to Sep
6.00
5.00
4.00
Mean Wind Speed
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Oct 4.32 4.23 4.19 4.43 4.32 4.24 4.14 3.78 3.66 3.64 3.60 3.55 3.44 3.28 3.28 3.61 4.04 4.74 4.91 4.45 4.02 3.98 4.13 4.18
Nov 3.40 3.68 3.87 4.04 4.22 4.17 4.27 3.93 3.45 3.51 3.68 3.45 3.16 2.90 2.77 2.85 3.28 3.94 4.15 3.84 3.22 2.94 2.98 3.15
Dec 3.76 3.97 4.09 4.16 4.13 4.17 4.19 4.07 4.04 4.18 4.38 4.33 4.39 4.23 4.07 4.13 4.24 4.35 4.43 4.39 4.19 3.66 3.44 3.63
Time (Hours)
Figure 10.8: Diurnal Wind Speed Variation-Oct to Dec
123
10.2.5 MEAN WIND SPEED AT DIFFERENT HEIGHTS
The wind data recorded at Nooriabad met mast at the height of 30 m has been
extrapolated to different heights using the ‘Power Law’. The Power Law extrapolates the
wind speed to heights above the reference height by taking into account the shear affect
of wind caused due to the difference in height. The wind shear exponent as analyzed from
the Nooriabad wind data has been tabulated by month and hour of the day, as shown in
Table 10.5 and Figure 10.9 & 10.10.
124
Table 10.5: Diurnal Wind Shear Exponents computed for 30m
Hour Wind Shear Exponent

1 0.24
2 0.24
3 0.24
4 0.24
5 0.24
6 0.24
7 0.25
8 0.25
9 0.24
10 0.24
11 0.24
12 0.25
13 0.25
14 0.25
15 0.25
16 0.24
17 0.24
18 0.23
19 0.23
20 0.23
21 0.24
22 0.24
23 0.24
24 0.24
125
0.35
0.30
Wind Shear Component (alpha)
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Jan 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28
Feb 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26
Mar 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.25
Apr 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.23
May 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.21
Jun 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.20
Time (Hours)
Figure 10.9: Diurnal wind shear exponents – Jan to Jun
0.35
0.30
Wind Shear Component (Alpha)
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Jul 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
Aug 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.21
Sep 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24
Oct 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.27
Nov 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
Dec 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.28
Time (Hours)
Figure 10.10: Diurnal wind shear exponents-Jul to Dec

126
The monthly mean wind speeds at Nooriabad mast, extrapolated at different heights using
the Power Law, are shown in the table 10.6.
Table 10.6: Monthly mean wind speeds on Nooriabad mast at different heights –
(extrapolated using the Power Law)
Monthly Mean Wind Speed

Month
(m/s)
30m 50m 60m 67m 80m

January 4.3 4.9 5.2 5.3 5.6
February 4.5 5.1 5.4 5.5 5.8
March 4.6 5.3 5.6 5.7 6.0
April 6.0 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.5
May 7.9 8.8 9.1 9.3 9.7
June 9.5 10.5 10.9 11.1 11.5
July 8.2 9.1 9.4 9.6 10.0
August 7.5 8.4 8.7 8.9 9.2
September 6.2 6.9 7.2 7.4 7.7
October 4.0 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2
November 3.5 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.7
December 4.1 4.7 5.0 5.1 5.4
Mean of Means 5.9 6.6 6.9 7.1 7.4
127
The wind rose developed according to the wind pattern at Nooriabad is shown in Figure
10.11.
Figure 10.11: Wind Rose at Nooriabad Met Station
128
10.3 NEIGHBORING MAST A

10.3.1 GENERAL INFORMATION
The mast was installed in March 2007 and has started collecting the wind data since then.
Mast A is located at distance of 10km in the south of wind farm area as shown below in
figure 10.12. The mast is lattice structure with triangular cross section having side width
of 2 ft. The installation arrangement at the mast can be seen from the figure 10.13
whereas the roughness of the area can be viewed through the panoramic view given in
figure 10.14 below.
Figure 10.12: Neighboring Masts and Project Site
129
Figure 10.13: View of Mast A
Figure 10.14: Neighborhood of Mast A
130
Wind measuring mast A is installed as per the wind energy standard practices at IEC
specifications. The installation arrangement of the sensors can be seen in figure 12.13
above. Wind Speed at Mast A is recording data through wilmer’s data logger. The sensor
arrangement at the mast is given in Table 10.7 under:
Table 10.7: Installation arangement of Sensors at Mast A
Anemometer(s) Wind Vane(s) Temperature
WS 85-a (85m) Dir 80 (80m) Temp 80 (80m)
WS 85-b (85m) Dir 30 (30m) Temp 5 (05m)
WS 60 (60m) - -
WS 30 (30m) - -
WS 10 (10m) - -
WS 85-a and WS85-b are the top mounted boom anemometers, these anemometers are
clear from the obstruction of the mast. Wind speed records from WS85-a are used in this
report as the anemometer is at the hub height and the data coverage ratio is better than
WS85-b. The mast is installed in the plane area and has no obstruction from any of the
direction sectors. Hence the wind speeds at the mast are not disturbed by any obstacle.
The mast is equipped with Thies clima anemometers, wilmer wind vane and wilmers data
logger. The Anemometers are calibrated through a Measnet accredited wind tunnel by
Deutsche WindGuard.
Mast A is recording the data since March 2007. The company has provided Avant Grade
33 months of wind data for the analysis in this study. The data was thoroughly inspected
and checked for different anomalies.
The wind analysis has been conducted using wind data from March 2007 to November
2009. The location of the Mast A and the items measured are shown in table 10.8.
131
Table 10.8: Specification of Mast A
Latitude 25o 02’ 14.29’’ N
Longitude 68o 0’ 3.55’’ E

temperature
Observation height 85m: wind speed (2 anemometers)
60m: wind speed (1 anemometer)
80m and 30m wind direction
80m and 5m Temperature

Data used for the Study March 2007 to November 2009
The annual and monthly wind data acquisition ratio of Mast A is shown in table 10.9.
Table 10.9: Wind Speed acquisition ratio of Mast A (WS 85-a)
Year Month Data Acquisition Ratio (%)

2007 January -
February -
March
99.3%
April
99.9%
May
95%
June
96.6%
July
96.6%
August
40.5%
132
September
100%
October
100%
November
93%
December
100%
January
100%
February
100%
March
100%
April
100%
May
100%
June
100%
July
100%
August
100%
September
100%
October
100%
November
100%
2008 December
100%
January
100%
February
100%
March
100%
April
100%
May
100%
June
100%
July
100%
August
100%
September
100%
October
100%
November
100%
2009 December
2007 92.09%

2008 100%
133

2009 100%

(2007-2009) 97.36%
The wind data recoded at different heights from Mast A during the period of 33 months,
i.e. March 2007 to Nov 2009, has been analyzed to determine the monthly mean wind
speeds. The results are shown in table 10.10 and Figure 10.15 below.
Figure 10.15: Monthly mean wind speeds at Mast A
Table 10.10: Monthly mean wind speeds at Mast A March 2007 – Nov 2009
Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean

Year Month WS 85-a WS 85-b WS 60 WS 30 WS 10
(m/s) (m/s) (m/s) (m/s) (m/s)
2007 Mar 7.29 7.27 6.96 6.15 5.110
2007 Apr 7.51 7.53 7.19 6.53 5.620
2007 May 9.29 9.32 8.98 8.33 7.392
2007 Jun 9.24 9.24 8.95 8.31 7.371
2007 Jul 8.76 8.77 8.47 7.86 6.916
2007 Aug 8.37 8.37 8.09 7.50 6.630
134
2007 Sep 7.96 7.97 7.62 6.92 5.954

2007 Oct 6.33 6.31 5.91 5.01 3.849
2007 Nov 5.39 5.36 5.03 4.20 3.074
2007 Dec 7.26 7.23 6.71 5.49 4.205
2008 Jan 7.18 7.16 6.69 5.56 4.317
2008 Feb 5.36 5.35 5.12 4.45 3.462
2008 Mar 6.61 6.59 6.22 5.46 4.485
2008 Apr 7.60 7.61 7.24 6.53 5.599
2008 May 11.90 11.96 11.53 10.76 9.557
2008 Jun 9.01 9.01 8.79 8.26 7.380
2008 Jul 10.23 10.26 9.98 9.40 8.451
2008 Aug 9.49 9.53 9.19 8.58 7.619
2008 Sep 8.25 8.25 7.90 7.19 6.248
2008 Oct 6.88 6.86 6.50 5.67 4.571
008 Nov 7.34 7.32 6.81 5.60 4.264
2008 Dec 7.32 7.30 6.85 5.84 4.769
2009 Jan 8.00 7.98 7.46 6.33 5.241
2009 Feb 5.95 5.94 5.56 4.83 3.938
2009 Mar 6.57 6.57 6.24 5.52 4.630
2009 Apr 7.36 7.37 7.00 6.27 5.327
2009 May 9.25 9.26 8.94 8.30 7.352
2009 Jun 9.07 9.08 8.81 8.27 7.409
2009 Jul 9.39 9.42 9.10 8.49 7.553
2009 Aug 9.12 9.13 8.85 8.27 7.305
2009 Sep 8.56 8.59 8.14 7.33 6.242
2009 Oct 5.70 5.68 5.34 4.59 3.584
2009 Nov 6.84 6.81 6.34 5.19 3.869
All
data 7.89 7.89 7.53 6.76 5.74
135
Table 10.11: Monthly mean wind speeds at Mast A (85m height)
January
7.59
February
5.66
March
6.82
April
7.49
May
10.15
June
9.11
July
9.46
August
8.99
September
8.26
October
6.30
November
6.52
December
7.29
Annual Mean wind speed
7.80
Wind Frequency Rose using data from wind vane installed at 80m height is presented in
figure 10.16, the predominant wind direction is 250 degrees.
Figure 10.16: Wind Direction Frequency Distribution at Mast A (Dir 80m)
136
10.3.4 DIURNAL VARIATIONS
Figure 10.17 shows the diurnal variation of wind speed, for the wind data recoded during
the period of March 2007 to November 2009, at 85, 60, 30 and 10m levels. The seasonal
diurnal variations are presented below. The diurnal trend shows that the wind speed starts
decreasing at 900 hrs up to 1300 hrs and after the wind speeds get the increase and
reaches to maximum between 1800hrs and 1900 hrs in the evening.
Figure 10.17: Diurnal Wind Speed Variation at Mast A
10.3.5 MEAN WIND SPEED AT DIFFERENT HEIGHTS
Mast A wind data is recorded at 85, 60, 30and 10m levels where as the wind directions
are recorded at 80 and 30m levels. The monthly mean of the mean values are presented in
Table 10.11 and figure 10.17 above.
137
10.4 NEIGHBORING MAST B
10.4.1 GENERAL INFORMATION
The mast was installed in September 2008 and has started collecting the wind data from
27 Sep 2008. Avant Grade has been provided 14 months (Sep 08- Nov 09) of Mast B
data.
The mast is located at distance of 2 km in the North of wind farm area as shown in figure
10.12 above. The mast is lattice structure with triangular cross section having side width
of 2 ft. The installation arrangement at the mast can be seen from the figure 10.18
whereas the roughness of the area can be viewed through the panoramic view given in
figure 10.19 below.
Avant Grade has made the correlation using the Measure Correlate Predict (MCP)
approach on mast B taking the mast A as reference with 33 months of data. The results
produced below are based on the long term time series for hub height (80m).
Figure 10.18: View of Mast B
138
Figure 10.19: Neighborhood of Mast B
Wind measuring mast B is installed as per the wind energy standard practices at IEC
specifications. Wind Speed at Mast B is recording data through symphonie data logger of
NRG. The sensor arrangement at the mast is given in Table 10.12 under:
Table 10.12: Installation arangement of Sensors at Mast B
Anemometer(s) Wind Vane(s)
WS 80-a (80m) Dir 78 (78m)
WS 80-b (80m) Dir 48 (48m)
WS 65 (65m) -
WS 50 (50m) -
WS 35 (35m) -
WS 80-a and WS80-b are the top mounted boom anemometers, these anemometers are
clear from the obstruction of the mast. Wind speed records from WS80-a are used for the
correlation to develop a long term time series at this anemometer. The mast is installed in
the plane area and has no obstruction from any of the direction sectors. Hence the wind
speeds at the mast are not disturbed by any obstacle.
139
The mast is equipped with NRG Max 40 anemometers at all heights where as the WS 80-
b is Thies Clima anemometer. 200P wind vanes and Symphonie data logger are installed
at the Mast B.
10.4.3 CORRELATION
Avant Grade has made the correlation using the Measure Correlate Predict (MCP)
method on mast B taking the mast A as reference with 33 months of received wind data.
The overall correlation coefficient value for all the sectors is 0.87 (R2 = 0.87). The results
obtained by MCP are presented below through figure 10.20-10.23.
30 30
28 28
Best fit Best fit
26 Data 26 Data
24 24
22 22
20 20
18 18
16 16
14 14
12 12
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
0 degrees 30 degrees
30 30
28 28
Best fit Best fit
26 Data 26 Data
24 24
22 22
20 20
18 18
16 16
14 14
12 12
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Figure 10.20: Scatter plot showing the correlation for sectors (0, 30, 60 & 90)
140
30 30
28 28
Best fit Best fit
26 Data 26 Data
24 24
22 22
20 20
18 18
16 16
14 14
12 12
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
30 30
28 28
Best fit Best fit
26 Data 26 Data
24 24
22 22
20 20
18 18
16 16
14 14
12 12
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
141
30 30
28 28
Best fit Best fit
26 Data 26 Data
24 24
22 22
20 20
18 18
16 16
14 14
12 12
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
30 30
28 28
Best fit Best fit
26 Data 26 Data
24 24
22 22
20 20
18 18
16 16
14 14
12 12
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Figure 10.23: Scatter plot showing the correlation for direction
142
Mast B is recording the data since 27 September 2008. The company has provided Avant
Grade 14 months (27 Sep 2008-25 Nov 2009) of wind data for the analysis in this study.
The data was thoroughly inspected and checked for different anomalies. The location of
the Mast B and the items measured are shown in Table 10.13.
Table 10.13: Specification of Mast B
Latitude 25o 08’ 53.67’’ N

Longitude 67o 59’ 35.29’’ E
Observation height 80m: wind speed (2 anemometers)
78m and 48m wind direction

Data used for the Study 27 Sep 2008 to 25 Nov 2009
The developed long term time series for the hub height (80m) at Mast B during the period
of 33 months, i.e. March 2007 to Nov 2009, has been analyzed to determine the monthly
mean wind speeds. The results are shown in Table 10.14 and Figure 10.24.
143
Figure 10.24: Monthly mean wind speed at Mast B (80m)
Table10.14: Monthly Mean Wind Speed at Mast B (80m) March 2007 – Nov 2009
Year Month Mean WS 80-a

(m/s)
2007 Mar 7.08
2007 Apr 7.2
2007 May 8.87
2007 Jun 8.74
2007 Jul 8.29
2007 Aug 8.07
2007 Sep 7.56
2007 Oct 6.2
2007 Nov 5.24
2007 Dec 6.75
2008 Jan 6.7
2008 Feb 5.19
2008 Mar 6.39
2008 Apr 7.32
2008 May 11.3
2008 Jun 8.46
2008 Jul 9.64
2008 Aug 8.97
2008 Sep 7.74
2008 Oct 6.61
2008 Nov 6.86
2008 Dec 6.74
2009 Jan 7.5
2009 Feb 5.95
144
2009 Mar 6.33

2009 Apr 7.3
2009 May 8.67
2009 Jun 8.48
2009 Jul 9.01
2009 Aug 8.46
2009 Sep 7.84
2009 Oct 5.29
2009 Nov 6.38
All data 7.49
Table 10.15: Monthly Mean Wind Speeds at Mast B (80m height)
January
7.10
February
5.57
March
6.41
April
7.27
May
9.63
June
8.56
July
8.99
August
8.61
September
7.71
October
6.04
November
6.18
December
6.75
Annual Mean wind speed
7.49
145
Wind Frequency Rose using long term time series from wind vane installed at 78m height
is presented in figure 10.25, the predominant wind direction sector is 210-240 degrees.
Figure10.25: Wind Direction Frequency Distribution at Mast B (Dir 78m)
Figure 10.25: Wind Direction Frequency Distribution at Mast B (Dir 80m)
146
The monthly wind speed variation pattern can be seen through the following figure:
147
Figure10.26: Monthly wind speed variation at Mast B
148
10.4.5 DIURNAL VARIATIONS
Figure 10.27 shows the diurnal variation of wind speed, for the long term time series
during the period of March 2007 to November 2009, at 80m level. The diurnal trend
shows that the wind speed start s decreasing at 0830 hrs up to 1300 hrs and after the wind
speeds get the increase and reaches to maximum between 1800hrs and 1900 hrs in the
evening.
Figure 10.27: Diurnal Wind Speed Variation at Mast B (80m)
The monthly diurnal wind speed variation pattern is shown below in figure 10.28.
149
150
Figure 10.28: Monthly diurnal wind speed variation
151
11 LAYOUT DESIGN FOR 50MW PROJECT
11.1 LAYOUT OF WIND FARM
The following WTGs types have been used for the calculation of power production
numbers:
It should be noted that the WTG coordinates are the same for 33 WTGs of Nordex, GE &
Goldwind (Layout 1) whereas the WTG coordinates for 21 WTGs of Siemens are
different (Layout 2).
The maximum wind farm rated capacity is 50MW. The Micrositing of the wind farm has
been done in a way so as to have the minimum wake losses and maximum power
production numbers. The layouts were developed by the Avant Garde based on the
following criteria:
• Maximum installed capacity 50 MW
• Given boundaries of the wind farm area
• Prevailing wind direction
• Suitable spacing between WTGs
• Consideration of orographical structure
Further following assumptions were made:

• Option1: Assuming the Sachal wind farm will be only the one farm in Jhampir
area (this was only made to find out the array losses and will not be described in
detail). The layout 1 and layout 2 made using option1 are shown in figure 11.1 &
11.2 respectively.
152
Figure 11.1: Layout1: Wind farm layout without considering neighbouring wind farms
Figure 11.2: Layout2: Wind farm layout without considering neighbouring wind farms
• Option2: Assuming the Sachal wind farm will be placed together with the two
neighbour wind farms “Lucky” and “Wind Eagle”. A number of wind farm
developments are planned in the area. The nearest neighbouring wind farms to the
south and the north of Sachal wind farm are represented in the figure 11.3 & 11.4
respectively.
153
Figure 11.3: Layout1: Sachal wind farm layout with the two neighbouring wind farms
Figure 11.4: Layout2: Sachal wind farm layout with the two neighbouring wind farms
• Option3: Assuming the Sachal wind farm will be placed together with the
neighbouring wind farms “Lucky”, “Wind Eagle and several other potential wind
farms planned in the same vicinity. The detailed results are shown in the
following section of this feasibility study. Since this option has the most influence
154
to the wake losses, it was used for all further calculations. The layout 1 and layout
2 made using option3 are shown in figure11.5 & 11.6 respectively.
Figure 11.5: Layout1: Sachal wind farm layout with several other planned wind farms
Figure 11.6: Layout2: Sachal wind farm layout with several other planned wind farms
11.2 WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
The wind resource maps have been calculated using the wind data available at Nooriabad
Mast and neighbouring wind farm Mast “B”. As can be seen in the figures given below,
the wind speed is quite uniform across the site with slightly lower wind speed to the east
155
of the site. The wind resource maps for Nooriabad mast and neighbouring wind farm
Mast “B” are shown in Figure 11.7 & 11.8 respectively.
Figure 11.7: Sachal Wind Resource Map at 80m hub height (Nooriabad Mast)
Figure 11.8: Sachal Wind Resource Map at 80m hub height (Mast B)
156
11.3 WIND TURBINE LOCATIONS
The turbine coordinates for layout 1 (using 33 WTGs of Nordex S77, GE 1.5sle &
Goldwind 77 each) and layout 2 (using WTG of Siemens SWT-101) are shown in table
11.1 & 11.2 respectively.
Table 11.1: Turbine Coordinates for Layout Number1
Layout Number 1 - 33 WTGs - 1.5MW

UTM WGS84 (Zone 42)
WTG
ID X Y
WTG1 397698.2 2778998
WTG2 397365.3 2779107
WTG3 397032.4 2779215
WTG4 396699.6 2779323
WTG5 396366.7 2779431
WTG6 396033.8 2779539
WTG7 395700.9 2779647
WTG8 395368.1 2779755
WTG9 395035.2 2779864
WTG10 394702.3 2779972
WTG11 394369.5 2780080
WTG12 394036.6 2780188
WTG13 393703.7 2780296
WTG14 393370.9 2780404
WTG15 393038 2780513
WTG16 392705.1 2780621
WTG17 392372.2 2780729
WTG18 392039.4 2780837
WTG19 391706.5 2780945
WTG20 391373.7 2781053
WTG21 391040.8 2781162
WTG22 390707.9 2781270
WTG23 390375 2781378
WTG24 390042.2 2781486
WTG25 389709.3 2781594
WTG26 389376.4 2781702
WTG27 389043.6 2781810
WTG28 388710.7 2781919
WTG29 388377.8 2782027
WTG30 388044.9 2782135
WTG31 387712.1 2782243
WTG32 387379.2 2782351
WTG33 387046.3 2782459
157
Table 11.2: Turbine Coordinates for Layout Number 2
Layout Number 2 - 21 WTGs - 2.3MW

UTM WGS84 (Zone 42)
WTG ID X Y
WTG1 397517.5 2779057
WTG2 397003.9 2779224
WTG3 396490.3 2779391
WTG4 395976.8 2779558
WTG5 395463.2 2779725
WTG6 394949.6 2779891
WTG7 394436.1 2780058
WTG8 393922.5 2780225
WTG9 393408.9 2780392
WTG10 392895.3 2780559
WTG11 392381.8 2780726
WTG12 391868.2 2780893
WTG13 391354.6 2781060
WTG14 390841.1 2781226
WTG15 390327.5 2781393
WTG16 389813.9 2781560
WTG17 389300.3 2781727
WTG18 388786.8 2781894
WTG19 388273.2 2782061
WTG20 387759.6 2782228
WTG21 387246.1 2782394
158
12 BENCHMARK ENERGY YIELD CALCULATIONS

12.1 INTRODUCTION
Sachal has requested that Avant Garde undertake an energy yield prediction for the
Sachal wind Farm which is located in southern Pakistan in Sindh province.
The Benchmark Energy yield is calculated by Avant Garde both on Nooriabad mast data
and using long term time series at neighbouring Mast B by correlating it with 33 months
wind data of neighboring Mast A wind data. However Avant Garde recommends using
the power production numbers derived using the long term time series at neighbouring
Mast B.
In order for developers to benefit from the wind risk guarantee policy of Government of
Pakistan, the AEDB require them to provide energy yields for their sites based on the
benchmark wind speeds developed by AEDB using the wind data of Pakistan
Meteorological Department mast at Nooriabad. As Sachal intend to avail themselves of
the wind risk guarantee policy, Avant Garde calculates the energy yield at benchmark
wind speed set up and guaranteed by AEDB.
12.2 WIND FARM LAYOUT
A WTG layout was designed by Avant Garde based on the land boundary, prevailing
wind direction, suitable spacing between WTGs and WTG micrositing undertaken by
Avant Garde personnel.
The following WTGs types have been used in the energy yield prediction:
159
The WTG coordinates are the same for 33 WTGs of each Nordex, GE & Goldwind
(Layout 1) whereas the WTG coordinates for 21 WTGs of Siemens are different (Layout
2).
It should be noted that numerous wind farm developments are planned in the vicinity of
the Sachal wind farm. These planned wind farms have the most influence to the wake
losses. Avant Garde take into account the wake effects of both neighbouring wind farms
and all other wind farms planned in the vicinity while performing the energy yield
calculations at Sachal site.
12.3 BENCHMARK ENERGY PREDICTION
12.3.1 WASP WIND FLOW MODEL
The wind rose was introduced into the WAsP model, together with the topographic and
roughness map for the area. Free stream wind speeds were then predicted for each WTG
location. The WAsP wind flow model was then used to calculate the topographic,
roughness and obstacles effects across the Sachal wind farm. Then the WTG
experiencing the free flow wind stream was identified and scaled down to benchmark
wind speed (7.3 m/s at 80m hub height and 7.4 m/s at 85m hub height) set up by AEDB
using a scaling factor. The same wind speed scaling factor was then applied to each WTG
mean wind speed across the wind farm. The scaling factor was used to calculate the
scaled wind speed at each WTG location and to model the wind farm wake losses.
12.3.2 ENERGY YIELD PREDICTION
The results derived were then modified by the application of a series of calculated and
nominal effects and losses, in order to produce a final energy yield for the site.
160
12.3.3 WTG SPACING
The orientation of the wind farm area is a single strip and the same has been observed for
the neighbouring wind farms in the south and north of the Sachal wind farm. The
downwind WTG spacing from Sachal wind farm to the neighbouring wind farms is
observed to be 500 meters (> 6 rotor diameters). The crosswind WTG spacing is finalized
as 350 meters (> 4 rotor diameters) for Layout 1 (33 WTGs of each Nordex, GE &
Goldwind) and 540 meters (> 5 rotor diameters) for layout 2 (21 WTGs of Siemens). It is
generally recommended that onshore turbine layouts have a minimum separation of 6
rotor diameters in the prevailing wind direction and 3 rotor diameters in the cross-wind
direction. Closer spacing may increase wake-induced turbulence and may be of concern
to WTG manufacturers. Moreover, the strong prevailing wind direction at this site
reduces the impact of close crosswind spacing.
12.4 ANNUAL BENCHMARK ENERGY PRODUCTION USING

MAST B
The annual energy production for 50 MW Sachal wind farm, using long term time series
developed at neighbouring Mast B, on the proposed wind turbine generators have been
estimated using WAsP. The summary of annual production details on benchmark wind
speed values at different wind turbine generators are shown below in Table 12.1. The
details of estimated annual energy production of the whole wind farm and individual
wind turbines considering the other / neighbouring wind farms in the region are given in
section 12.4.1.
161
Table 12.1: Summary of Estimated AEP on Benchmark Wind Speed at Mast B

Turbine Capacity (kW)

1500 1500 1500 2300
Number of WTG
33 33 33 21
Installed Wind Farm Capacity (MW)

49.5 49.5 49.5 48.3
Hub Height (meters)

80 80 85 80
Rotor Diameter (m)

77 77 77 101
Wake Losses (GWh) 15.96 17.26 15.34 24.29
162
12.4.1 INDIVIDUAL WTG WASP OUTPUTS USING MAST B
12.4.1.1 NORDEX S77 1.5MW
The details of estimated annual energy production (AEP) of the whole wind farm and
individual wind turbines, considering the other / neighbouring wind farms in the region
using WTGs of Nordex S77 1.5MW are shown in Table 12.2 & 12.3 respectively.
Table 12.2: Summary of Estimated AEP using WTG of Nordex S77
Parameters Total Average Minimum Maximum
Net AEP [GWh] 151.75 4.60 4.367 5.04
Gross AEP [GWh] 167.71 5.08 4.89 5.254
Wake Loss [%] 9.52 - - -
163
Table 12.3: Site Results of Sachal wind farm using WTG of Nordex S77
Wake
Elevation Height Net AEP Loss
Site ID Site x [m] Site y [m] Turbine [m] [m] [GWh] [%]
WTG1 397698.2 2778998 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 61 80 4.431 10.31
WTG2 397365.3 2779107 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 63 80 4.407 10.42
WTG3 397032.4 2779215 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 65 80 4.389 10.56
WTG4 396699.6 2779323 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 66 80 4.383 10.63
WTG5 396366.7 2779431 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 67 80 4.367 10.68
WTG6 396033.8 2779539 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 70 80 4.403 10.72
WTG7 395700.9 2779647 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 71 80 4.427 10.65
WTG8 395368.1 2779755 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 73 80 4.446 10.56
WTG9 395035.2 2779864 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 75 80 4.452 10.57
WTG10 394702.3 2779972 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 77 80 4.447 10.56
WTG11 394369.5 2780080 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 78 80 4.456 10.4
WTG12 394036.6 2780188 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 79 80 4.479 10.31
WTG13 393703.7 2780296 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 80 80 4.456 10.47
WTG14 393370.9 2780404 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 81 80 4.477 10.47
WTG15 393038 2780513 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 89 80 4.678 9.94
WTG16 392705.1 2780621 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 96 80 4.723 9.75
WTG17 392372.2 2780729 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 100 80 4.743 9.73
WTG18 392039.4 2780837 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 99 80 4.697 9.85
WTG19 391706.5 2780945 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 99 80 4.692 9.79
WTG20 391373.7 2781053 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 100 80 4.688 9.87
WTG21 391040.8 2781162 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 100 80 4.675 9.94
WTG22 390707.9 2781270 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 104 80 4.608 10.02
WTG23 390375 2781378 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 107 80 4.634 9.94
WTG24 390042.2 2781486 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 110 80 4.639 9.86
WTG25 389709.3 2781594 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 115 80 4.68 9.58
WTG26 389376.4 2781702 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.709 9.32
WTG27 389043.6 2781810 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.698 9.24
WTG28 388710.7 2781919 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.702 9.18
WTG29 388377.8 2782027 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.722 8.77
WTG30 388044.9 2782135 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.754 8.06
WTG31 387712.1 2782243 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.802 6.97
WTG32 387379.2 2782351 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.867 5.19
WTG33 387046.3 2782459 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 120 80 5.041 1.71
164
12.4.1.2 GE 1.5SLE 1.5MW
individual wind turbines considering the other / neighbouring wind farms in the region
using WTGs of GE 1.5sle 1.5MW are shown in Table 12.4 & 12.5 respectively.
Table 12.4: Summary of Estimated AEP using WTG of GE 1.5sle
Net AEP [GWh] 152.53 4.62 4.387 5.097
Gross AEP [GWh] 169.79 5.15 4.955 5.315
Wake Loss [%] 10.16 - - -
165
Table 12.5: Site Results of Sachal wind farm using WTG of GE 1.5sle
Wake
WTG1 397698.2 2778998 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 61 80 4.453 11.03
WTG2 397365.3 2779107 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 63 80 4.43 11.13
WTG3 397032.4 2779215 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 65 80 4.409 11.34
WTG4 396699.6 2779323 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 66 80 4.406 11.34
WTG5 396366.7 2779431 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 67 80 4.387 11.48
WTG6 396033.8 2779539 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 70 80 4.425 11.45
WTG7 395700.9 2779647 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 71 80 4.446 11.41
WTG8 395368.1 2779755 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 73 80 4.466 11.3
WTG9 395035.2 2779864 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 75 80 4.471 11.34
WTG10 394702.3 2779972 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 77 80 4.469 11.27
WTG11 394369.5 2780080 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 78 80 4.475 11.17
WTG12 394036.6 2780188 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 79 80 4.502 10.98
WTG13 393703.7 2780296 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 80 80 4.474 11.25
WTG14 393370.9 2780404 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 81 80 4.496 11.23
WTG15 393038 2780513 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 89 80 4.698 10.6
WTG16 392705.1 2780621 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 96 80 4.747 10.35
WTG17 392372.2 2780729 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 100 80 4.762 10.41
WTG18 392039.4 2780837 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 99 80 4.721 10.46
WTG19 391706.5 2780945 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 99 80 4.713 10.46
WTG20 391373.7 2781053 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 100 80 4.709 10.52
WTG21 391040.8 2781162 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 100 80 4.695 10.62
WTG22 390707.9 2781270 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 104 80 4.63 10.67
WTG23 390375 2781378 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 107 80 4.653 10.65
WTG24 390042.2 2781486 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 110 80 4.663 10.48
WTG25 389709.3 2781594 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 115 80 4.703 10.23
WTG26 389376.4 2781702 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.737 9.88
WTG27 389043.6 2781810 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.723 9.85
WTG28 388710.7 2781919 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.731 9.73
WTG29 388377.8 2782027 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.746 9.4
WTG30 388044.9 2782135 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.788 8.51
WTG31 387712.1 2782243 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.835 7.46
WTG32 387379.2 2782351 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.908 5.56
WTG33 387046.3 2782459 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 120 80 5.097 1.83
166
12.4.1.3 GOLDWIND 77 1.5MW
using WTGs of Goldwind 77 1.5MW are shown in Table 12.6 & 12.7 respectively.
Table 12.6: Summary of Estimated AEP using WTG of Goldwind 77
Net AEP [GWh] 166.72 5.05 4.83 5.477
Gross AEP [GWh] 182.06 5.52 5.33 5.686
Wake Loss [%] 8.42 - - -
167
Table 12.7: Site Results of Sachal wind farm using WTG of Goldwind 77
Wake
WTG1 397698.2 2778998 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 61 85 4.881 9.14
WTG2 397365.3 2779107 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 63 85 4.858 9.24
WTG3 397032.4 2779215 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 65 85 4.845 9.35
WTG4 396699.6 2779323 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 66 85 4.842 9.4
WTG5 396366.7 2779431 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 67 85 4.828 9.42
WTG6 396033.8 2779539 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 70 85 4.862 9.5
WTG7 395700.9 2779647 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 71 85 4.883 9.42
WTG8 395368.1 2779755 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 73 85 4.901 9.35
WTG9 395035.2 2779864 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 75 85 4.908 9.36
WTG10 394702.3 2779972 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 77 85 4.903 9.34
WTG11 394369.5 2780080 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 78 85 4.914 9.17
WTG12 394036.6 2780188 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 79 85 4.934 9.12
WTG13 393703.7 2780296 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 80 85 4.911 9.29
WTG14 393370.9 2780404 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 81 85 4.933 9.29
WTG15 393038 2780513 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 89 85 5.129 8.81
WTG16 392705.1 2780621 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 96 85 5.176 8.66
WTG17 392372.2 2780729 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 100 85 5.197 8.61
WTG18 392039.4 2780837 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 99 85 5.152 8.72
WTG19 391706.5 2780945 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 99 85 5.148 8.65
WTG20 391373.7 2781053 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 100 85 5.143 8.73
WTG21 391040.8 2781162 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 100 85 5.13 8.79
WTG22 390707.9 2781270 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 104 85 5.064 8.87
WTG23 390375 2781378 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 107 85 5.089 8.79
WTG24 390042.2 2781486 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 110 85 5.093 8.74
WTG25 389709.3 2781594 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 115 85 5.136 8.47
WTG26 389376.4 2781702 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 120 85 5.164 8.23
WTG27 389043.6 2781810 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 120 85 5.152 8.18
WTG28 388710.7 2781919 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 120 85 5.154 8.15
WTG29 388377.8 2782027 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 120 85 5.172 7.79
WTG30 388044.9 2782135 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 120 85 5.203 7.16
WTG31 387712.1 2782243 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 120 85 5.25 6.17
WTG32 387379.2 2782351 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 120 85 5.31 4.61
WTG33 387046.3 2782459 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 120 85 5.477 1.5
168
12.4.1.4 SIEMENS SWT 2.3MW 101
using WTGs of Siemens SWT 2.3MW-101 are shown in Table 12.8 & 12.9 respectively.
Table 12.8: Summary of Estimated AEP using WTG of SWT 2.3MW-101
Net AEP [GWh] 155.80 7.42 7.014 8.313
Gross AEP [GWh] 180.08 8.58 8.286 8.842
Wake Loss [%] 13.48 - - -
169
Table 12.9: Site Results of Sachal wind farm using WTG of SWT 2.3MW-101
Net Wake
Elevation Height AEP Loss
WTG1 397517.5 2779057 SWT 2.3MW-101 62 80 7.058 15.23
WTG2 397003.9 2779224 SWT 2.3MW-101 65 80 7.041 15.07
WTG3 396490.3 2779391 SWT 2.3MW-101 67 80 7.014 15.35
WTG4 395976.8 2779558 SWT 2.3MW-101 70 80 7.104 15.02
WTG5 395463.2 2779725 SWT 2.3MW-101 72 80 7.152 14.92
WTG6 394949.6 2779891 SWT 2.3MW-101 75 80 7.161 14.96
WTG7 394436.1 2780058 SWT 2.3MW-101 78 80 7.129 15.18
WTG8 393922.5 2780225 SWT 2.3MW-101 79 80 7.168 14.87
WTG9 393408.9 2780392 SWT 2.3MW-101 81 80 7.213 14.55
WTG10 392895.3 2780559 SWT 2.3MW-101 93 80 7.554 14.05
WTG11 392381.8 2780726 SWT 2.3MW-101 100 80 7.63 13.71
WTG12 391868.2 2780893 SWT 2.3MW-101 99 80 7.547 13.84
WTG13 391354.6 2781060 SWT 2.3MW-101 100 80 7.526 13.96
WTG14 390841.1 2781226 SWT 2.3MW-101 103 80 7.414 14.11
WTG15 390327.5 2781393 SWT 2.3MW-101 107 80 7.459 14.06
WTG16 389813.9 2781560 SWT 2.3MW-101 114 80 7.528 13.68
WTG17 389300.3 2781727 SWT 2.3MW-101 120 80 7.578 13.25
WTG18 388786.8 2781894 SWT 2.3MW-101 120 80 7.658 12.31
WTG19 388273.2 2782061 SWT 2.3MW-101 120 80 7.714 11.53
WTG20 387759.6 2782228 SWT 2.3MW-101 120 80 7.876 9.64
WTG21 387246.1 2782394 SWT 2.3MW-101 120 80 8.313 3.97
170
12.5 ANNUAL BENCHMARK ENERGY PRODUCTION USING

NOORIABAD MAST
The annual energy production for 50 MW Sachal wind farm, using wind data of
Nooriabad Mast, on the proposed wind turbine generators have been estimated using
WAsP. The summary of annual production details on benchmark wind speed values at
different wind turbine generators are shown below in Table 12.10. The details of
estimated annual energy production of the whole wind farm and individual wind turbines
considering the other / neighbouring wind farms in the region are given in section 12.5.1.
171
Table 12.10: Summary of Estimated AEP on Benchmark Wind Speed at Nooriabad Mast

Turbine Capacity (kW)

1500 1500 1500 2300
Number of WTG
33 33 33 21
Installed Wind Farm Capacity (MW)

49.5 49.5 49.5 48.3
Hub Height (meters)

80 80 85 80
Rotor Diameter (m)

77 77 77 101
Wake Losses (GWh) 9.44 10.70 9.05 14.84
172
12.5.1 INDIVIDUAL WTG WASP OUTPUTS USING NOORIABAD MAST
12.5.1.1 NORDEX S77 1.5MW
using WTGs of Nordex S77 1.5MW are shown in Table 12.11 & 12.12 respectively.
Table 12.11: Summary of Estimated AEP using WTG of Nordex S77
Net AEP [GWh] 145.31 4.403 4.293 4.614
Gross AEP [GWh] 154.74 4.689 4.607 4.786
Wake Loss [%] 6.10 - - -
173
Table 12.12: Site Results of Sachal wind farm using WTG of Nordex S77
Wake
WTG1 397698.2 2778998 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 61 80 4.317 6.44
WTG2 397365.3 2779107 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 63 80 4.306 6.65
WTG3 397032.4 2779215 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 65 80 4.304 6.69
WTG4 396699.6 2779323 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 66 80 4.304 6.71
WTG5 396366.7 2779431 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 67 80 4.293 6.8
WTG6 396033.8 2779539 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 70 80 4.305 6.8
WTG7 395700.9 2779647 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 71 80 4.304 6.84
WTG8 395368.1 2779755 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 73 80 4.311 6.8
WTG9 395035.2 2779864 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 75 80 4.32 6.76
WTG10 394702.3 2779972 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 77 80 4.322 6.75
WTG11 394369.5 2780080 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 78 80 4.328 6.66
WTG12 394036.6 2780188 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 79 80 4.336 6.54
WTG13 393703.7 2780296 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 80 80 4.32 6.66
WTG14 393370.9 2780404 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 81 80 4.311 6.71
WTG15 393038 2780513 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 89 80 4.396 6.5
WTG16 392705.1 2780621 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 96 80 4.43 6.47
WTG17 392372.2 2780729 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 100 80 4.447 6.44
WTG18 392039.4 2780837 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 99 80 4.434 6.36
WTG19 391706.5 2780945 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 99 80 4.428 6.34
WTG20 391373.7 2781053 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 100 80 4.426 6.3
WTG21 391040.8 2781162 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 100 80 4.406 6.33
WTG22 390707.9 2781270 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 104 80 4.397 6.33
WTG23 390375 2781378 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 107 80 4.431 6.2
WTG24 390042.2 2781486 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 110 80 4.445 6.09
WTG25 389709.3 2781594 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 115 80 4.474 6.02
WTG26 389376.4 2781702 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.509 5.79
WTG27 389043.6 2781810 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.503 5.66
WTG28 388710.7 2781919 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.497 5.62
WTG29 388377.8 2782027 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.501 5.37
WTG30 388044.9 2782135 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.513 5.01
WTG31 387712.1 2782243 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.526 4.55
WTG32 387379.2 2782351 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.547 3.83
WTG33 387046.3 2782459 Nordex S77 (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.614 2.3
174
12.5.1.2 GE 1.5sle 1.5MW
using WTGs of GE 1.5sle 1.5MW are shown in Table 12.13 & 12.14 respectively.
Table 12.13: Summary of Estimated AEP using WTG of GE 1.5sle
Net AEP [GWh] 144.84 4.389 4.276 4.618
Gross AEP [GWh] 155.21 4.703 4.621 4.801
Wake Loss [%] 6.69 - - -
175
Table 12.14: Site Results of Sachal wind farm using WTG of GE 1.5sle
Wake
WTG1 397698.2 2778998 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 61 80 4.301 7.06
WTG2 397365.3 2779107 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 63 80 4.287 7.34
WTG3 397032.4 2779215 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 65 80 4.29 7.27
WTG4 396699.6 2779323 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 66 80 4.283 7.44
WTG5 396366.7 2779431 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 67 80 4.276 7.48
WTG6 396033.8 2779539 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 70 80 4.288 7.44
WTG7 395700.9 2779647 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 71 80 4.285 7.54
WTG8 395368.1 2779755 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 73 80 4.294 7.46
WTG9 395035.2 2779864 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 75 80 4.304 7.41
WTG10 394702.3 2779972 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 77 80 4.304 7.44
WTG11 394369.5 2780080 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 78 80 4.309 7.35
WTG12 394036.6 2780188 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 79 80 4.318 7.21
WTG13 393703.7 2780296 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 80 80 4.306 7.25
WTG14 393370.9 2780404 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 81 80 4.291 7.43
WTG15 393038 2780513 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 89 80 4.38 7.11
WTG16 392705.1 2780621 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 96 80 4.412 7.13
WTG17 392372.2 2780729 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 100 80 4.43 7.08
WTG18 392039.4 2780837 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 99 80 4.417 6.99
WTG19 391706.5 2780945 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 99 80 4.413 6.95
WTG20 391373.7 2781053 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 100 80 4.409 6.93
WTG21 391040.8 2781162 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 100 80 4.391 6.91
WTG22 390707.9 2781270 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 104 80 4.38 6.99
WTG23 390375 2781378 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 107 80 4.418 6.76
WTG24 390042.2 2781486 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 110 80 4.43 6.7
WTG25 389709.3 2781594 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 115 80 4.461 6.58
WTG26 389376.4 2781702 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.499 6.29
WTG27 389043.6 2781810 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.492 6.19
WTG28 388710.7 2781919 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.488 6.1
WTG29 388377.8 2782027 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.492 5.85
WTG30 388044.9 2782135 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.505 5.47
WTG31 387712.1 2782243 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.521 4.94
WTG32 387379.2 2782351 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.543 4.19
WTG33 387046.3 2782459 GE 1.5sle (1.5 MW) 120 80 4.618 2.51
176
12.5.1.3 GOLDWIND 77 1.5MW
using WTGs of Goldwind 77 1.5MW are shown in Table 12.15 & 12.16 respectively.
Table 12.15: Summary of Estimated AEP using WTG of Goldwind 77
Net AEP [GWh] 153.07 4.638 4.547 4.835
Gross AEP [GWh] 162.11 4.912 4.846 5.003
Wake Loss [%] 5.58 - - -
177
Table 12.16: Site Results of Sachal wind farm using WTG of Goldwind 77
Wake
WTG1 397698.2 2778998 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 61 85 4.561 5.88
WTG2 397365.3 2779107 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 63 85 4.551 6.08
WTG3 397032.4 2779215 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 65 85 4.553 6.1
WTG4 396699.6 2779323 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 66 85 4.554 6.13
WTG5 396366.7 2779431 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 67 85 4.547 6.18
WTG6 396033.8 2779539 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 70 85 4.555 6.23
WTG7 395700.9 2779647 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 71 85 4.553 6.23
WTG8 395368.1 2779755 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 73 85 4.559 6.21
WTG9 395035.2 2779864 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 75 85 4.567 6.16
WTG10 394702.3 2779972 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 77 85 4.567 6.17
WTG11 394369.5 2780080 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 78 85 4.573 6.06
WTG12 394036.6 2780188 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 79 85 4.578 5.99
WTG13 393703.7 2780296 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 80 85 4.567 6.08
WTG14 393370.9 2780404 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 81 85 4.555 6.13
WTG15 393038 2780513 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 89 85 4.624 5.98
WTG16 392705.1 2780621 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 96 85 4.658 5.94
WTG17 392372.2 2780729 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 100 85 4.673 5.91
WTG18 392039.4 2780837 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 99 85 4.66 5.85
WTG19 391706.5 2780945 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 99 85 4.657 5.8
WTG20 391373.7 2781053 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 100 85 4.652 5.79
WTG21 391040.8 2781162 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 100 85 4.634 5.78
WTG22 390707.9 2781270 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 104 85 4.63 5.8
WTG23 390375 2781378 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 107 85 4.659 5.68
WTG24 390042.2 2781486 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 110 85 4.673 5.6
WTG25 389709.3 2781594 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 115 85 4.702 5.52
WTG26 389376.4 2781702 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 120 85 4.738 5.29
WTG27 389043.6 2781810 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 120 85 4.731 5.18
WTG28 388710.7 2781919 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 120 85 4.724 5.16
WTG29 388377.8 2782027 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 120 85 4.727 4.91
WTG30 388044.9 2782135 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 120 85 4.737 4.6
WTG31 387712.1 2782243 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 120 85 4.75 4.16
WTG32 387379.2 2782351 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 120 85 4.769 3.51
WTG33 387046.3 2782459 Goldwind 77 (1.5 MW) 120 85 4.835 2.09
178
12.5.1.4 SIEMENS SWT 2.3MW 101
using WTGs of Siemens SWT 2.3MW-101 are shown in Table 12.17 & 12.18
respectively.
Table 12.17: Summary of Estimated AEP using WTG of SWT 2.3MW-101
Net AEP [GWh] 146.66 6.983 6.785 7.414
Gross AEP [GWh] 161.48 7.689 7.563 7.836
Wake Loss [%] 9.19 - - -
179
Table 12.18: Site Results of Sachal wind farm using WTG of SWT 2.3MW-101
Wake
WTG1 397517.5 2779057 SWT 2.3MW-101 62 80 6.796 10.13
WTG2 397003.9 2779224 SWT 2.3MW-101 65 80 6.793 10.2
WTG3 396490.3 2779391 SWT 2.3MW-101 67 80 6.785 10.33
WTG4 395976.8 2779558 SWT 2.3MW-101 70 80 6.808 10.24
WTG5 395463.2 2779725 SWT 2.3MW-101 72 80 6.818 10.22
WTG6 394949.6 2779891 SWT 2.3MW-101 75 80 6.83 10.2
WTG7 394436.1 2780058 SWT 2.3MW-101 78 80 6.829 10.25
WTG8 393922.5 2780225 SWT 2.3MW-101 79 80 6.837 10.08
WTG9 393408.9 2780392 SWT 2.3MW-101 81 80 6.816 10.03
WTG10 392895.3 2780559 SWT 2.3MW-101 93 80 6.987 9.68
WTG11 392381.8 2780726 SWT 2.3MW-101 100 80 7.038 9.61
WTG12 391868.2 2780893 SWT 2.3MW-101 99 80 7.017 9.41
WTG13 391354.6 2781060 SWT 2.3MW-101 100 80 6.992 9.53
WTG14 390841.1 2781226 SWT 2.3MW-101 103 80 6.959 9.31
WTG15 390327.5 2781393 SWT 2.3MW-101 107 80 7.025 9.3
WTG16 389813.9 2781560 SWT 2.3MW-101 114 80 7.084 9.05
WTG17 389300.3 2781727 SWT 2.3MW-101 120 80 7.148 8.72
WTG18 388786.8 2781894 SWT 2.3MW-101 120 80 7.172 8.16
WTG19 388273.2 2782061 SWT 2.3MW-101 120 80 7.192 7.66
WTG20 387759.6 2782228 SWT 2.3MW-101 120 80 7.32 6.59
WTG21 387246.1 2782394 SWT 2.3MW-101 120 80 7.414 4.25
180
12.6 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS
The production estimates made on p50 exceedance level are the best estimates of the long
term mean value to be expected from the project. There is therefore a 50% chance that,
even when taken over very long periods, the mean energy production will be less than the
values given. The uncertainties associated with the wind speed measurement accuracy,
long term wind speed predictions, wind flow model, array loss modeling, instruments,
topography, simulation software have been estimated. Annual Energy production of the
wind farm is calculated at different probability level. Four sources of uncertainties are
included in this analysis out of seven sources of uncertainty considered for the analysis:
• The wind data are assumed to represent long term statistics. The uncertainty of
that assumption – the inter annual variability on the wind speed – is estimated to
be 7%. This term is not considered because we are dealing with benchmark wind
speeds established by AEDB.
• The wind flow model may have random uncertainty which is for the wind speed
set to 10%. It is to be noted that the flatness of the area constitute near ideal
condition for the software.
• Uncertainty owing to the difference between the RIX numbers of the site of
prediction and the reference mast. The difference is negligible and not considered.
• Landscape and forest complexity not taken into account, this term is considered
negligible.
• Set-up of the instruments not according to standards. The instruments are located
too close to the mast on the Nooriabed mast. This uncertainty is considered as
random because it is likely to be dependent on the wind direction and wind speed.
The uncertainty is considered to be 5% on the wind speed. The effect on the mast
B is considered to be negligible.
• The lack of certified calibration of the instruments at Nooriabad mast is
considered to contribute with an uncertainty of 5% on the wind speed. It should
be noted that the calibration error is not necessarily constant over time and is here
considered a random error. The effect is considered to be negligible at the mast B.
181
Each of the four uncertainty estimates mentioned above represents the variability of the
parameter. It is important to stress that the parameter can be bigger as well as smaller,
and that it statistically is bigger as often as it is smaller.
These uncertainty estimates are combined into a single uncertainty by use of the formula
for independent stochastic processes:
⎛ ΔE ⎞ ⎛ ΔE ⎞ ⎛ ΔE ⎞ ⎛ ΔE ⎞ ⎛ ΔE ⎞ ⎛ ΔE ⎞
2 2 2 2 2 2
⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟
⎝ E ⎠ total ⎝ E ⎠Wind Variability ⎝ E ⎠ mod el ⎝ E ⎠ instrument ⎝ E ⎠ calibration ⎝ E ⎠ wind direction
where
⎛ ΔE ⎞ ⎛ Δu ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ≅ 2⎜ ⎟
⎝ E ⎠ ⎝ u ⎠
⎛ Δu ⎞ ⎛ Δu ⎞ ⎛ Δu ⎞ ⎛ Δu ⎞ ⎛ Δu ⎞ ⎛ Δu ⎞
2 2 2 2 2 2
⎜ ⎟ total =2∗ ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ + 2 ∗⎜ ⎟ + 2∗ ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟
⎝ u ⎠ ⎝ u ⎠WindVariability ⎝ u ⎠WAsP ⎝ u ⎠ Instrument setup ⎝ u ⎠ Calibration ⎝ u ⎠ wind direction
⎛ Δu ⎞
2
⎜ ⎟ total = (0.1) 2+ (2*0.05) 2 + (2*0.05) 2 (Nooriabad Mast)

⎝ u ⎠
⎛ Δu ⎞
2
⎜ ⎟ total = (0.1) 2 (Neighboring Mast B)

⎝ u ⎠
These results in an overall uncertainty of 17 % for Nooriabad mast and 10% for
neighboring mast B. Probability exceedance levels for the production estimates are found
by Gaussian distribution. The results obtained for different confidence levels for each
WTG type are summarized below in Table 12.19 & 12.20 respectively.
182
Table 12.19: Energy Production Estimates for proposed 50MW Wind Farm using long term
time series developed for mast B

Table 12.20: Energy Production Estimates for proposed 50MW Wind Farm using Nooriabad
wind data

183

Sachal Feasibility Study 50 MW Utility Scale Wind Power

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PROJECT FEASIBILITY STUDY

50MW WIND POWER PROJECT

Jhampir, District Thatta

LEGAL INFORMATION VII

Purpose and Scope

Structure of the Document

1.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW

1.2 RATIONALE FOR WIND POWER

1.3 COUNTRY OVERVIEW

1.4 INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

Figure 1.2: Top 10 Total Installed Capacity 2

1.5 ENERGY PRODUCTION ESTIMATION

• 33 WTGs Nordex S77 1.5MW with an 80m hub height

Table 1.1: Summary of Estimated AEP on Benchmark Wind Speed at Mast B

Wind Turbine Generators

Turbine Capacity (kW) 1500 1500 1500 2300

Installed Wind Farm Capacity (MW) 49.5 49.5 49.5 48.3

Hub Height (meters) 80 80 85 80

Rotor Diameter (m) 77 77 77 101

Wake Losses (GWh) 15.96 17.26 15.34 24.29

Availability (97%) - (GWh) 4.55 4.58 5.00 4.67

Power Curve Losses (2%) - (GWh) 3.04 3.05 3.33 3.12

Electrical Losses (3%) - (GWh) 4.55 4.58 5.00 4.67

Scheduled maintenance/ Miscellaneous (1.0 %) - (GWh) 1.52 1.53 1.67 1.56

Blade Degradation (0.5%) - (GWh) 0.76 0.76 0.83 0.78

P50 Wind Farm Yield (GWh/annum) 132.02 132.70 145.10 135.55

P50 Capacity Factor (%age) 30.45 30.60 33.45 32.04

Wind Turbine Generators

Turbine Capacity (kW) 1500 1500 1500 2300

Installed Wind Farm Capacity (MW) 49.5 49.5 49.5 48.3

Hub Height (meters) 80 80 85 80

Rotor Diameter (m) 77 77 77 101

Wake Losses (GWh) 9.44 10.70 9.05 14.84

Availability (97%) - (GWh) 4.36 4.35 4.59 4.40

Power Curve Losses (2%) - (GWh) 2.91 2.90 3.06 2.93

Electrical Losses (3%) - (GWh) 4.36 4.35 4.59 4.40

Scheduled maintenance/ Miscellaneous (1.0 %) - (GWh) 1.45 1.45 1.53 1.47

Blade Degradation (0.5%) - (GWh) 0.73 0.72 0.77 0.73

P50 Wind Farm Yield (GWh/annum) 126.42 126.01 133.17 127.59

P50 Capacity Factor (%age) 29.15 29.06 30.71 29.43

1.6 Uncertainity Analysis

Nordex Goldwind Siemens

P50 Wind Farm Yield (GWh/annum) 132.02 132.70 145.10 135.55

P50 Capacity Factor (%age) 30.45 30.60 33.46 32.04

P70 Wind Farm Yield (GWh/annum) 125.16 125.80 137.56 128.50

P70 Capacity Factor (%age) 28.86 29.01 31.72 29.63

P90 Wind Farm Yield (GWh/annum) 115.12 115.71 126.53 118.20

P90 Capacity Factor (%age) 26.55 26.68 29.18 27.26

Nordex Goldwind Siemens

P50 Wind Farm Yield (GWh/annum) 126.42 126.01 133.17 127.59

P50 Capacity Factor (%age) 29.15 29.06 30.71 29.42

P70 Wind Farm Yield (GWh/annum) 115.244 114.87 121.40 116.31

P70 Capacity Factor (%age) 26.58 26.49 28.00 26.82

P90 Wind Farm Yield (GWh/annum) 98.91 98.59 104.19 99.82

P90 Capacity Factor (%age) 22.81 22.74 24.03 23.02

2.1 ARIF HABIB GROUP – PROJECT SPONSOR

• High quality human resources

Figure2-1: The Arif Habib Group

2.2 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT BOARD

Acknowledging the importance of Renewable Energy Technologies for power

The current initiative is directed towards creating a market-based environment that is

2.3 GOLD WIND – TURBINE SUPPLIER

Being aware of the current shortages in wind turbine manufacturing worldwide,

no torque peaks in case of grid failure

integrated line filter