Test Bank for Supply Chain Management 7th Edition Sunil Chopra

Test Bank for Supply Chain Management 7th

Edition Sunil Chopra
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Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, 7e (Chopra)

Chapter 1 Understanding the Supply Chain

1.1 True/False Questions

1) A supply chain could be more accurately described as a supply network or supply web.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Topic: 1.1: What Is a Supply Chain?
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Objective: LO 1.1: Discuss the goal of a supply chain and explain the impact of supply chain
decisions on the success of a firm.

2) All stages of an enterprise are involved, either directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a customer
request.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Topic: 1.1: What Is a Supply Chain?
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Objective: LO 1.1: Discuss the goal of a supply chain and explain the impact of supply chain
decisions on the success of a firm.

3) A supply chain includes only the organizations directly involved in supplying components
needed for manufacturing.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Topic: 1.2: The Objective of a Supply Chain
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Objective: LO 1.1: Discuss the goal of a supply chain and explain the impact of supply chain
decisions on the success of a firm.

4) The objective of every supply chain is to maximize the net value generated.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Topic: 1.2: The Objective of a Supply Chain
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Objective: LO 1.1: Discuss the goal of a supply chain and explain the impact of supply chain
decisions on the success of a firm.

1
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5) The objective of the customer arrival process is to ensure that orders are quickly and
accurately entered and communicated to other affected supply chain processes.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Topic: 1.2: The Objective of a Supply Chain
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Objective: LO 1.1: Discuss the goal of a supply chain and explain the impact of supply chain
decisions on the success of a firm.

6) The objective of customer order entry is to maintain a record of product receipt and complete
payment.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 3
Topic: 1.2: The Objective of a Supply Chain
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Objective: LO 1.1: Discuss the goal of a supply chain and explain the impact of supply chain
decisions on the success of a firm.

7) The difference between the value of the product and its price remains with the customer as
consumer surplus.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Topic: 1.2: The Objective of a Supply Chain
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Objective: LO 1.1: Discuss the goal of a supply chain and explain the impact of supply chain
decisions on the success of a firm.

8) The supply chain planning phase exceeds the supply chain design phase in duration.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Topic: 1.3: Decision Phases in a Supply Chain
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Objective: LO 1.2: Define the three key supply chain decision phases and explain the
significance of each one.

9) The goal during the supply chain operation phase is to exploit the reduction of uncertainty and
optimize performance.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Topic: 1.3: Decision Phases in a Supply Chain
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Objective: LO 1.2: Define the three key supply chain decision phases and explain the
significance of each one.

10) The replenishment cycle occurs at the retailer/distributor interface.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3
2
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Topic: 1.4: Process Views of a Supply Chain
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Objective: LO 1.3: Describe the cycle and push/pull views along with the macro processes of a
supply chain.

3
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Society for the Promotion of Temperance was inaugurated in Boston in
February, 1826, and rapidly grew into an extensive organization, having
increased in three years to 11 State associations and 1,000 local societies.
About this time the name tee-total came into use, having originated from
the vain attempt of a stuttering reformed Englishman to pronounce the word
“total.” In 1840 the Washingtonian Society was formed by six drunkards in
the city of Baltimore, who resolved to avoid their cups and reform their
associates. In five years its pledge had been signed by 650,000 persons,
most of whom had been tipplers or downright drunkards. Other societies
were soon formed; the Sons of Temperance in New York, in 1842; the
Order of Templars of Honor and Temperance in 1845; and the Good
Templars in 1851. Since the war many local societies have been formed,
and the Murphy movement has extended all over the country.

NEW YORK ELEVATED RAILWAYS.

T , Minn.
Please give a short description of the New York elevated
railroads.
M. H. M .
Answer.—The demand of the people living in the outskirts of New York
City for more rapid transit than that furnished by the horse cars began to be
answered in 1868, when an elevated railway extending a half-mile was
constructed on Greenwich street as an experiment. Three years later the
West Side Elevated Railroad Company obtained a charter, but before much
could be accomplished it sold its rights to the New York Elevated Railroad
Company, in 1872. The new organization proceeded rapidly to erect its
roads, extending from the heart of the city to the suburbs. In December,
1879, its rolling stock consisted of 131 locomotives, 292 passenger cars,
and 8 service cars. The road was leased to the Manhattan Railway Company
in May, 1879. The Metropolitan Elevated Railroad was first called the
Gilbert Elevated Railroad, in honor of its projector, Dr. Rufus H. Gilbert.
Although the company obtained its charter in 1872, work was not
commenced until March, 1876. In two years it expended $10.-300,000 in
constructing its lines. In 1879 the road with its rolling stock, consisting of
fifty-six locomotives, 180 passenger cars, and two freight cars, was leased
to the Manhattan Elevated Railroad Company, which now has a complete
monopoly of the elevated railroads of New York. The tracks of the
Metropolitan are supported on two rows of columns connected with each
other at the top by strong lattice-girders. The rails weigh fifty-six pounds
per yard, and rest upon yellow-pine cross-ties, 6 x 7 inches by 8⅜ feet long,
separated two feet apart. The engines weigh fifteen tons, and are capable of
a speed of forty miles an hour. The stations are about one-half mile apart.
The New York Elevated Railroad consists of a single row of columns,
supporting a lighter tramway than the Metropolitan. Although at first this
system of railways met with considerable opposition, the people of New
York now recognize that its convenience far outbalances its unsightliness,
noise, and other disagreeable concomitants.

PAUL PRY.
C , Ill.
Who was the author of Paul Pry and who was the original of
the character?
I .
Answer.—The author was John Poole, an English dramatist, born in
1785. He was remarkably successful in the production of light drama,
including some roaring farces, of which the most conspicuous was “Paul
Pry;” “Hamlet Travestie,” with burlesque annotations; “Deaf as a Post;”
“Turning the Tables,” and “The Wife’s Stratagem,” adapted from Shirley. It
was long believed that Thomas Hill, the eccentric editor of the Dramatic
Mirror, was the original of Poole’s Paul Pry, but Poole himself contradicts
this notion in a biographical sketch of himself that appeared a few years
before his death, which occurred in London, Feb. 5, 1872. In this sketch he
says: “The character of Paul Pry was suggested by the following anecdote,
related to me several years ago by a beloved friend: An idle old lady, living
in a narrow street, had passed so much of her time in watching the affairs of
her neighbors that she at length knew the sound of each particular knocker
within hearing, and could tell to which house it belonged. It happened that
she fell ill, and was for several days confined to her bed. Unable to observe
in person what was going on outside, she stationed her maid at the window
as her substitute for the performance of that task. But Betty soon grew
weary of the occupation; she became careless in her reports, impatient and
tetchy when reprimanded for her negligence. ‘Betty, what are you thinking
about? Don’t you hear a double knock at No. 9? Who is it?’ ‘The first floor
lodger, ma’am.’ ‘Betty! Betty! I declare I must give you warning. Why
don’t you tell me what that knock is at No. 24?’ ‘Why, Lord, ma’am, it is
only the baker with pies.’ ‘Pies! Betty? What can they want with pies at No.
24? They had pies yesterday!’ Of this very point I have availed myself. Let
me add that Paul Pry was never intended as the representative of any one
individual, but of a class. Like the melancholy of Jacques, he ‘is
compounded of many samples,’ and I could mention five or six who were
unconscious contributors to the character. That it should have been so often,
though erroneously, supposed to have been drawn after some particular
person is perhaps complimentary to the general truth of the delineation.
With respect to the play generally, I may say that it is original; it is original
in structure, plot, character, and dialogue—such as they are. The only
imitation I am aware of is to be found in part of the business in which Mrs.
Subtle is engaged; while writing those scenes I had strongly in my
recollection Collin d’Harleville’s ‘Vieux Celibataire.’ But even the little I
have adopted is considerably altered and modified by the necessity of
adapting it to the exigencies of a different plot.”

THE VOTE LAST NOVEMBER.

B , Wis.
What was the number of votes cast for the different parties in
each of the States in the November election?
W. W. L .
Answer.—The following table, though liable to a few changes, is
substantially correct:
Rep. Dem. Gbk. Scat’g.
California 67,173 90,695
Colorado 27,552 29,897
Connecticut 54,853 59,014 697 [1]1,034

Delaware 10,098 12,053

Florida 20,139 24,067 [5]3,553

Illinois 254,551 249,067 15,520 [1]16,344

Indiana 210,234 220,918 13,520

Iowa 149,051 112,180 30,817
Kansas 75,158 83,237 20,933
Louisiana 33,953 49,892
Maryland 74,515 80,725 1,833
Massachusetts 119,997 133,946 [1]2,137

Michigan 149,697 154,259 5,854 [1]1,114

Minnesota 92,802 46,653 3,781 [1]1,545

Mississippi 20,553 48,159 [5]9,729

Missouri 128,239 198,620 33,407

Nebraska 43,495 28,562 16,991
Nevada 6,462 7,720
New Hampshire 41,111 36,091
New Jersey 97,869 99,962 6,063 [1]943

New York 342,464 535,318 11,974 [1]25,783

North Carolina 111,763 [2]111,320

Pennsylvania 315,589 355,791 23,996 [3]43,743

South Carolina 67,158 17,719

Tennessee 91,693 119,297 9,538 [4]4,632

Texas 27,625 164,087 41,126 [5]12,160

Virginia 4,342 94,184 [6]99,992

Wisconsin 94,606 103,630 2,496 [1]13,800

Total 2,553,821 3,315,955 256,265

FOOTNOTES:
[1] Prohibition.
[2] Liberal.
 [3] Independent Republican.
[4] Independent Democrat.
[5] Independent.
[6] Readjuster.

To obtain a correct estimate of the Prohibition vote there should be added

to the above amounts the Republican vote of Kansas, 4,398 votes cast in
favor of a prohibition amendment in North Carolina, and 5,196 votes for
prohibition candidates in Pennsylvania, which would swell the number to
141,328.

NATIVITIES OF CHICAGOANS AND NEW YORKERS.

R , Ill.
Which has the larger ratio of foreign population, Chicago or
New York, and of what elements is the foreign population of
these cities composed?
A O S .
Answer.—The foreign population of New York City, according to the last
census, constituted a little over 38 per cent of the whole; the foreign
population of Chicago was 40 per cent of the whole. Of the foreign
population of New York 198,595 were natives of Ireland, 153,482 of
Germany, 23,767 of England, 8,683 of Scotland, and 929 of Wales, 12,223
of Italy, 9,910 of France, 9,020 of Poland. 8,093 of Bohemia, 7,024 of
British America, 4,743 of Austria, 4,551 of Russia, 4,545 of Switzerland,
4,101 of Hungary, 3,194 of Sweden, 1,860 of Holland, 1,644 of Cuba, 87 of
Africa, 119 of Asia, 175 of Australia, 556 of Belgium, 747 of China. 1,096
of Denmark, 69 of Greece, 7 of Greenland, 20 of Japan, 100, of
Luxemburg, 132 of Mexico, 893 of Norway, 66 of Portugal, 59 of Sandwich
Islands, 427 of South American Islands, 667 of Spain, 77 of Turkey, 814 of
West Indies, exclusive of Cuba; 17 of Central America, 35 of Atlantic
Islands, 62 of Europe, nationality not given; 93 born at sea. Of the foreign
population of Chicago, 44,411 were natives of Ireland, 32,919 of Prussia,
29,249 of other German States, 13,265 of Canada, 13,045 of England,
12,930 of Sweden, 11,887 of Bohemia, 9,783 of Norway, 5,536 of Poland,
4,152 of Scotland, 2,626 of Bavaria, 2,556 of Denmark, 2,145 of Baden,
2,045 of Holland, 1,356 of Austria, 1,590 of France, 1,919 of Hanover,
1,357 of Italy, 1,923 of Mechlenburg, 1,612 of Saxony, 1,459 of
Switzerland, 1,408 of Wurtemburg, 484 of Belgium, 408 of Hamburg, 739
of Hessen, 300 of Hungary, 358 of Luxemburg, 235 of New Brunswick, 243
of Nova Scotia, 722 of Wales, 921 of Russia, 110 of Nassau, 258 of China,
107 of Australasia, 48 born at sea, 41 of South America, 61 of Spain, 59 of
West Indies, 87 of Newfoundland, 81 of Oldenburg, 44 of Brunswick, 44 of
Great Britain, what part not stated; 330 of countries not specified.

SLAVERY IN CUBA.
G , Texas.
What is the condition of slavery in Cuba, and in what time
will emancipation be complete?
S .
Answer.—According to a Cuban law, passed by the Spanish Cortes in
1870, all persons who should be born after June 23, 1870, and all who
should attain the age of 60, should be free after June 23, 1870. This
enactment, however, was evaded to a considerable extent. The plantations
were supplied not only with negro but also with Chinese coolies, who were
subjected to even greater servitude. In November, 1879, a new bill was
passed by the Spanish Cortes, which provided that all slaves from 55
upward should become free; that slaves from 50 to 55 should be liberated
Sept. 17, 1880; from 45 to 50, September, 1882; from 40 to 45, in 1884;
from 35 to 40, in 1886; from 30 to 35, in 1888, and those under 30 in 1890.
The bill also provided that the sum of 100,000 piastres should be set apart
annually for defraying the expenses of the emancipation, the owner to
receive 350 piastres for each slave. This bill has gone into effect and is
being generally observed, although there is still some complaint of its
violation.

WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
 M , Iowa.
Please give a few facts concerning the climate, soil, and
products of Washington Territory.
W. C .
Answer.—The Cascade range of mountains extends north and south
through Washington Territory, dividing it into two unequal parts, which
differ somewhat as to their climate and soil. West of the mountains the
climate is very moderate. The inhabitants do not suffer either from extreme
heat or extreme cold, the annual range of the thermometer being from zero
to 85 degrees. The rainy season lasts three months in winter, during which
the inhabitants suffer no great discomfort. The soil on the river bottoms is a
very rich alluvium. The uplands have a clay loam, but considerable tracts
are sandy soil. About Puget Sound forests of fir and cedar extend up to the
summits of the mountains, while in the river bottoms may be found the
vine-maple, alder, and crab tree. Grain of all kinds, nutritious grasses, hops,
fruit, and vegetables grow abundantly. East of the Cascades the climate is a
little drier, and the summer and winter heat a little more extreme. The soil is
whiter than that of the Mississippi Valley, being highly charged with
alkaline deposits. Herding now is the chief occupation of the settlers,
though it is expected that when the Northern Pacific Railway is completed
agriculture will become more prominent. Fruitful orchards, surrounded by
fields of wheat, oats, barley, and rye are not at all uncommon.

SACRAMENTO AND SAN JOAQUIN VALLEYS.

E , Ill.
Please give a description of the Sacramento and San Joaquin
Valleys of California.
AR .
Answer.—Between the Coast Ranges and the Sierra Nevada lie the
beautiful valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin, named from the rivers
which drain them. The climate of the country is very uniform, the mean
summer temperature of San Francisco, on the bay into which these rivers
empty, being 60 degrees, and that of winter 51 degrees. The rainy season
commences in November and continues until April, during which period,
however, but little inconvenience is occasioned. The dry season is such that
crops readily mature and may be harvested, threshed, and sent to market
without being placed under shelter. The soil is very productive, and, unless
the rain fails in its season, yields abundantly. The grasses are numerous and
nutritious. Wheat, oats, corn, and other cereals are grown quite extensively.
But in many portions of the valley the most lucrative business is the
cultivation of orchards and vineyards. Grapes, apples, pears, plums, and in
the southern part apricots, oranges, and other tropical fruits grow in
abundance. On the verdant slopes of the mountains sheep-grazing is carried
on on a large scale. Although these valleys offer many inducements to
settlers, land may still be obtained in some places at moderate prices.

EX-GOVERNOR THROOP, OF NEW YORK.

B , Mo.
Please give a sketch of the late ex-Governor Throop, of New
York.
F. M. B .
Answer.—Enos Thompson Throop, at one time very prominent in
politics, was born at Johnstown, N. Y., Aug. 21, 1784. Choosing law as his
profession, he was admitted to the bar in 1806 and began practice at
Auburn. He early established an enviable reputation, and in 1814 was
chosen to represent his district in Congress. He was afterward appointed by
Governor Yates Circuit Judge of the Seventh District. In 1828 he was
elected Lieutenant Governor, along with Governor Van Buren, and when
the latter accepted a position in Jackson’s Cabinet he succeeded him. In
1830 he was re-elected, but in 1832 declined a third term. He soon after
removed to Michigan, where he again became prominent in political affairs.
As age, however, came upon him his health failed and he returned again to
his native State. He died in his 91st year at Willow Brook, N.Y., on the
shore of Owasco Lake.

CLOCKS AND NOON-MARKS.

 D , Ill.
How many correct noon-marks can be made during a year?
H. M. V .
Answer.—Four correct “noon-marks” are made in a year, on the
following days: Dec. 24, April 15, June 14, and Sept. 1. Owing to the
inclination of the earth’s axis and its unequal movement in its orbit, solar
days vary in their length. The average solar day corresponds to the twenty-
four hours of our clocks, which keep what is called mean time. If a clock
were so constructed as to give the real solar time for all periods of the year,
it would be observed that sometimes when the solar clock pointed at noon,
the ordinary clock, keeping mean time, would be pointing at figures
between 11:45 and 12, or at other times between 12 and 12:15. Four times
each year, however, upon the days mentioned, the two clocks would
coincide, and the shadow of a dial, or noon-mark, would point due south at
noon by the clock.

THE FATHER OF THE HUMANE SOCIETY.

B , Iowa.
Please give a short sketch of Henry Bergh, so long the
President of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty
to Animals.
F A .
Answer.—Henry Bergh, the philanthropist, was born in New York, in
1823. He received his education at Columbia College, where he manifested
a considerable love for literature. He afterward obtained some notoriety as
an author by writing a drama entitled “Love’s Attractions,” a poem entitled
“Married Off,” and several tales and sketches. In 1863 he was made
Secretary of the United States Legation to Russia, and subsequently Vice
Consul. Returning to this country, he founded the American Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, which was incorporated in 1866. This
association has grown into considerable magnitude, having branches in
most of the States and receiving the support of the best citizens. The society
endeavors to prevent cruelty to all kinds of animals by securing the passage
and enforcement of laws to accomplish that object. It also takes into
consideration things which pertain to the health of the people, such as purity
of meat, milk, etc. As a minor illustration of its good work, a few years ago
sportsmen were accustomed to shoot pigeons at shooting matches; but by an
effort of the Humane Society glass balls have been substituted. Mr. Bergh
continues to preside over the association.

WEATHER SIGNS.
A , Ill.
Now that Vennor and the Signal Service, or “Old
Probabilities,” are engrossing so much of the public attention,
we are in danger of forgetting the old weather proverbs. Cannot
Our Curiosity Shop call to mind a few of these, and let its
readers test them alongside of the prognostications of Tice,
Vennor & Co.
C R .
Answer.—The editor of Our Curiosity Shop is neither a prophet nor the
son of a prophet. The best he can do to meet this demand is to give the
following quotations from a lecture on “Weather Prognostics”, delivered by
Mr. William Marriott, before the Meteorological Society of England:

When round the moon there is a brugh (halo),

The weather will be cold and rough.

When the sun goes pale to bed,

’Twill rain to-morrow, it is said.

When the clouds are upon the hills,

They come down by the mills.

Mackerel sky and mares’ tails

Make lofty ships carry low sails.

When the wind veers against the sun,

Trust it not, for back it will run.
 When the wind is in the south,
It is in the rain’s mouth.

When the mist creeps up the hill,

Fisher, out and try your skill.

If larks fly high and sing long, expect fine weather.

When sea-birds fly out early and far to seaward, moderate winds and fair
weather may be expected.
If rooks go far abroad, it will be fine.
Cranes soaring along and quietly in the air foreshow fair weather.
If kites fly high, fine weather is at hand.

Wild geese, wild geese, ganging out to sea,

Good weather it will be.

When owls whoop much at night, expect fair weather.

Bats or flying mice, coming out of their holes quickly after sunset, and
sporting themselves in the open air, premonstrate fair and calm weather.
Chickweed expands its leaves boldly and fully when fine weather is to
follow.
White mist in winter indicates frost.
When fires burn faster than usual and with a blue flame, frosty weather
may be expected.
In winter, when the sound of the breakers on the shore is unusually
distinct, frost is indicated.
Clear moon,
Frost soon.
In winter, when the moon’s horns are sharp and well-defined, frost is
expected.
 If the wind is northeast three days without rain
Eight days will pass before south wind again.

If wind follow sun’s course, expect fair weather.

All the above prognostics, it may be remarked, are in strict accordance
with scientific observation.

FIRST MICHIGAN STATE ELECTION.

G , Wis.
When did the first State election occur in Michigan?
J. H. S .
Answer.—In the year 1835 Michigan adopted a State constitution and
chose Stevens T. Mason, the Territorial Governor, as its first State
Governor. It then demanded of Congress a recognition as a State and the
rights of representation. This request Congress agreed to grant, providing
the petitioning State would accept the boundary line claimed by Ohio. Not
until January, 1837, would Michigan accept such terms, and then only on
condition that it should receive, in lieu of the disputed strip on the south, the
territory on Lake Superior now known as the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.
Immediately after this the State was formally admitted. By special
permission the State was allowed to cast three electoral votes in the
Presidential contest of 1836-7. In the same year in which it was admitted,
Mr. Mason was re-elected to the position of Governor, which office he
continued to hold until 1839.

THE LONGEST THROWS, LEAPS, AND RUNS.

C , Iowa.
What is the longest throw on record with a base ball? What is
the longest single standing jump? What is the fastest time ever
made by man running 100 yards? What is the fastest mile ever
made by a horse?
 A. A .
Answer.—The longest throw with a base ball for the year 1882 was 132
yards 1 foot, made by E. N. Williamson, the third baseman of the Chicago
league nine. The longest standing jump with artificial aid was made by G.
W. Hamilton, at Romeo, Mich., Oct. 3, 1879. With 22 pound weights he
jumped 14 feet 5½ inches. The longest standing jump without artificial aid
was performed by J. J. Tickle, Sept. 2, 1871, at Manchester, England, who
cleared 10 feet 5 inches. The fastest run of 100 yards was made by George
Seward, an American, at Hammersmith, England, Sept. 30, 1844, who
accomplished the feat in 9¼ seconds. The fastest recorded time ever made
by a horse for one mile was 1 minute 39¾ seconds, which was
accomplished by Ten Broeck, a running horse, at Louisville, Ky., May 24,
1877. The fastest mile in heat racing was performed by Ada Glenn, in 1
minute 41¼ seconds, running, at Sheepshead Bay, L. I., Sept. 21, 1880.

BOLIVAR, THE LIBERATOR.

O G , Miss.
Give a short historical sketch or the life of General Bolivar.
F .
Answer.—Bolivar y Ponte, surnamed The Liberator, was a South
American patriot, who in July, 1783, was born in Caracas, a town in the
then Spanish province of Venezuela. His father, having obtained
considerable wealth, like many of the early adventurers, sent his son to
Madrid to pursue the study of law. When Venezuela in 1810 endeavored to
throw off the yoke of Spanish oppression, Bolivar joined the cause of the
patriots and began service under Miranda. Soon his own ability eclipsed
that of his senior officer and he was given a separate command. Defeating
the Spaniards in August, 1813, he entered Caracas at the head of his
victorious army in triumph. He was immediately appointed dictator; but his
enjoyment of that office was suddenly terminated by the reappearance of
the Spaniards, who in 1814 defeated and drove him from the province. His
defeat, however, did not discourage him. In 1817 he led the patriots in a
battle against Morillo and again found himself a conqueror. Venezuela
chose him to be her President, and in 1819 New Granada did him like
honor, the two States uniting to form Colombia. In 1823 his love for liberty
and hatred of Spain caused him to lend assistance to the revolting
Peruvians. The latter were successful, and as a reward for the excellent
service of the Liberator, Bolivia, named in his honor, was erected into a
separate State, and Bolivar was made its President for life. For a few years
he remained President of both Colombia and Bolivia. He died in December,
1830.

ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS.
H , Pa.
Who have been sovereigns of England since the reign of King
John?
W. S. C.
Answer.—The following, beginning with John, the grantor of Magna
Charta, have been sovereigns of England:
John—Sixth son of Henry II.
Henry III.—Eldest son of John.
Edward I.—Eldest son of Henry III.
Edward II.—Eldest surviving son of Edward I.
Edward III.—Eldest son of Edward II.
Richard II.—Son of the Black Prince, eldest son of Edward III.
Henry IV.—Son of John of Gaunt, fourth son of Edward III.
Henry V.—Eldest son of Henry IV.
Henry VI.—Only son of Henry V.
Edward IV.—Grandson of Richard, son of Edmund, son of Edward III.
Edward V.—Eldest son of Edward IV.
Richard III.—Younger brother of Edward IV.
Henry VII.—Son of Edmund, eldest son of Owen Tudor by Katharine,
widow of Henry V.
 Henry VIII.-Only surviving son of Henry VII.
Edward VI.—Son of Henry VIII. by Jane Seymour.
Mary I.—Daughter of Henry VIII. by Katherine of Arragon.
Elizabeth—Daughter of Henry VIII. by Anne Boleyn.
James I.—Son of Mary Queen of Scots, granddaughter of James IV. and
Margaret, daughter of Henry VII.
Charles I.—Only surviving son of James I.
Oliver Cromwell.
Commonwealth— { Richard Cromwell.
Charles II.—Eldest son of Charles I.
James II.—Second son of Charles I.
William III. Son of William Prince of Orange
and { by Mary, daughter of Charles I.
Mary II. Eldest daughter of James II.
Anne—Second daughter of James II.
George I.—Grandson of Elizabeth, daughter of James I.
George II.—Only son of George I.
George III.—Grandson of George II.
George IV.—Eldest son of George III.
William IV.—Third son of George III.
Victoria—Daughter of Edward, fourth son of George III.

WHO MADE MAXIMILIAN EMPEROR OF MEXICO?

T , Ill.
What part did France take in placing Maximilian on the
throne of Mexico?
M. M. A .
 Answer.—Taking advantage of the war which occupied the attention of
the United States, Napoleon III., planned the conquest of Mexico. With but
little difficulty his army succeeded in this enterprise and occupied the City
of Mexico in 1863. He soon discovered the barren nature of his conquest
and the certainty of final failure. To rid himself of the consequences of what
had proved a most costly enterprise, before he should be forced to a
humiliating abandonment of the country, he tempted Maximilian, Archduke
of Austria, to accent the crown of Mexico. To give eclat to the affair and the
color of popular approval, he ordered an election. This was dominated by
French troops and Napoleon’s Mexican accomplices, and the result was an
apparent popular vote to adopt an imperial form of government and invite
Maximilian to accept the throne. In 1864 he was received with festivities
and other marks of distinction planned by the French and their Mexican
supporters. The Mexican patriots, however, still maintained an organization.
When driven out of the capital President Juarez retired to San Luis Potosi,
then to Monterey, and finally to Chihuahua, and with his Cabinet still
maintained the form of a central, national head of the republic. The French
availed of the excuse that Maximilian was in possession of the government
to return to France, and leave him to his own resources. The guerrilla bands
of patriots which had kept up the harassment of the imperial troops with
more or less persistency from the first, gathered strength, and at last,
deserted by Napoleon, attacked on all sides by the rallying militia of the
republic, the unhappy Emperor undertook to escape from the country, was
captured, and finally executed at Queretaro, June 19, 1867. The French
were wholly responsible for placing Maximilian in Mexico and for
abandoning him to his unhappy fate.

TRADES UNIONS.
J , Ill.
Please give us information as to the origin, object, and extent
of trades unions.
W. A. L .
Answer.—The various trade societies are the outgrowth of the old English
guilds, which originated in the beginning of the eleventh century, and had
for their prime object the relief or support of infirm guild-brothers, the
burial of the dead with proper religious services, etc. In time, however,
these organizations became better classified and more exclusive. One guild
was confined to the merchants, another to the woolen manufacturers,
another to the cutlery manufacturers, etc.: the objects, at the same time,
becoming more comprehensive. In order to secure skilled workmen and
prevent competition with the inexperienced, the craftsmen secured the
passage of apprenticeship laws. In the case of woolen and several other
trades apprentices were required to serve manufacturers seven years.
Employers and employes were then united in these efforts, but, finally, as
the manufacturing industries became more profitable and improved, and
machinery was introduced, the rich masters withdrew from the craftguilds,
and began to hire children and men who had not served a complete
apprenticeship. This action on the part of the employers caused the first
“trade society” to be formed, in 1796, called the Institution, which had for
its object the protection of its members against the encroachments of
capitalists, and to secure the passage of stricter apprenticeship laws. Since
that time the trades unions have increased in number and membership, until
they include nearly all the craftsmen of England, and from protective
associations they have grown into societies for the general improvement of
the laboring classes. To its efforts mainly are due the passage of the eight-
hour law of Great Britain and the statute granting the Saturday half-holiday.
In the United States similar organizations are found, to which, especially in
large cities, nearly all the workmen belong.

THE RED SEA.

C , Ill.
Is it generally believed by Bible scholars that the Red Sea was
so called because of the destruction of Pharaoh and the Egyptian
army?
A H .
Answer.—The drowning of Pharaoh and his host in the Red Sea had
nothing to do with its name. It takes this from a peculiar reddish color
remarked at certain seasons of the year in parts of this sea, due to marine
plants, or to reddish animalculæ, called by sailors “whale feed,” which float
on it like a scum; or to the reefs of red coral which abound in many parts of
it; or, possibly, to the fact that its upper coast was one of the boundaries of
Edom, “the red.” No Biblical scholar of any repute has ever asserted that
the sea took its name from the overthrow of Pharaoh.

DESCRIPTION OF A CREAMERY.
F D , Iowa.
The farmers of this section of the country need to know what
a good creamery is. Tell us what the inside of a really good
creamery looks like.
M R .
Answer.—A Chicago inquirer says: “Oblige butter and cheese consumers
with a description of a first-class creamery. Some of us have a very vague
notion of such an establishment.—E. D. Smith.” Another inquiry comes
from Neligh, Neb. So some care has been taken to obtain a description of a
thoroughly well-constructed factory of this kind. This is the more important
as the dairy business of the West is growing with wonderful rapidity, and
nothing has done more to develop this industry than the recent introduction
of creameries. The term creamery was formerly applied to an establishment
fitted up expressly for the purpose of manufacturing butter, but now the
name is given to factories where both butter and cheese are made. Milk is
brought in spring wagons from dairy-farms for a distance of six miles or
less, and cream is gathered anywhere within a radius of fifteen miles to be
manufactured into butter and cheese. This product thus handled in larger
quantities, in a scientific manner, with effective labor-saving machinery and
proper surroundings, makes it possible to obtain the best results, and such
product is always marketable at prices much higher than dairy butter. The
factory of the Aurora Creamery Company, built at Aurora, Ill., about a year
ago is generally regarded as a model establishment, and will furnish an
example for this description. To operate a creamery successfully two things
are absolutely necessary, viz., a good spring of living water of low
temperature, say 50 to 54 deg., and good drainage; without these features
there is no prospect of permanent success in the undertaking. The factory
named has a spring located about 200 feet off which discharges, both winter
and summer, 750 gallons of pure water per hour, temperature 52 deg., with
5 feet 9 inches fall, while drainage is supplied by a 2-foot square stone
sewer which empties into the river, through which a slough is drained, and
into which there is a 5-foot fall from the factory. The main building is of
brick with a 12-inch wall: size, 32 × 70, 20 feet high; right wing, 20 × 24;
left wing, 18 × 24, and rear extension, 18 × 26. The room in which the
cheese is manufactured is 30 × 40. It contains a fine upright 9-horse-power
engine, a Wir’s self-agitating rotary cheese vat with a capacity for 12,000
pounds of milk and a gang cheese press. The butter room, 30 × 30 feet,
contains one churn with a capacity of 400 gallons, and one with a capacity
of 150 gallons, a power butter worker, sink with steam pipes to scald, and
revolving brush for washing cans, 3 cream vats 300 gallons each, a
receiving vat into which the milk is strained, and from which it is drawn
into deep pails, or sets, which are placed in three cemented water vats of
capacity sufficient to cool 20,000 pounds of milk daily. The left wing of the
factory contains a 16-horse power boiler, which furnishes steam to run the
machinery and heat the building; a seventy-barrel water tank, which is
placed over the boiler; a Davidson steam pump and coal bin which will
store fifty tons of coal. An improvement which, it is claimed, is found in no
other factory, is an elevated “whey vat” placed over the boiler-room, into
which the whey is raised by a rotary pump, and from which the farmers
draw their supply of whey to be carried into the country. When all that is
wanted has been drawn out a gate is opened, and the balance is run into the
river, after which the tank is scalded out and kept sweet and clean. This is a
vast improvement over the pestilence breeding arrangement which is sunk
in the ground, and is located near the butter and cheese rooms of most other
factories. The right wing of the factory contains a driveway, a receiving-
room, weighing platform, and stairway to office. The extension holds 150
tons of ice, and contains a refrigerator with a capacity of 30,000 pounds of
butter. In the second story is a neat office, store-rooms, and curing room, to
which the cheese are raised by an elevator. The lower floors are made of 2 ×
6 joists, dressed and matched and imbedded in cement; under which is a
four-inch coating of grout, so that there is no possible chance for the milk to
leak through the floor and produce the sickening stench which is so
common in many factories. Special attention has been given to ventilation
in every part of the building and the whole establishment has the
appearance in neatness of a tidy farmhouse kitchen. The sum of $10,000
was expended in real estate, buildings, and fixtures of this factory, but a
good creamery with a comfortable outfit of medium capacity could be put
up for much less money. The machinery for churning and working the
butter is as simple as it is ingenious. The churn is a great square chest
revolving on an axis running through its longest diameter; the butter-
workers are fluted wooden cones running around a circular disk inclined at
an angle to the horizon, so that the buttermilk runs off as fast as it is
expressed. The apparatus for stirring the cheese curd and pressing the
cheese, and a score of other nicely contrived instruments, operate with the
uniformity and precision of clock work.

SPEED OF RAILWAY TRAINS.

W , Ill.
How does the speed of railroad trains in this country compare
with that of trains in Europe?
C. D. A .
Answer.—The fastest recorded railroad speed in the United States is
given in the New York Clipper Almanac, as follows: The train which left
West Philadelphia for Jersey City over the Pennsylvania Railroad at 7:35 a.
m., Sept. 4, 1879 (Edward Osborn, engineer), made 1 mile in 50¼ seconds;
3 miles in 2 m. 36¼ sec., and 5 miles in 4 m. 50 sec. A train on the Lake
Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad made the run from Hamburg to
Buffalo, N. Y., 10 miles, in 8 minutes. The locomotive Hamilton Davis and
six cars, on the New York Central Railroad in 1855, made 14 miles in 11
minutes. A new Fontaine engine and two coaches, carrying W. H.
Vanderbilt and party, ran from Amherstburg to St. Thomas, Can., over the
Canada Southern Railroad, 111 miles, in 98 minutes—no stop. Probably the
fastest run ever made for any considerable distance in England was that of
the special train carrying the Duke of Wellington from Paddington to
Slough, 18 miles, in 15 minutes. But these are exceptional runs; what is of
more importance is to compare regular time-table speed. The London
Engineer says, commenting on a series of articles on this subject which
have appeared in the German journal, Die Verkehrszeitung, in the American