Igcse Maths 3ed Coursebook Answers

CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ MATHEMATICS: CORE & EXTENDED COURSEBOOK
Answers
The questions and example answers that appear in this resource were written by the author. In examination, the way marks would
be awarded to answers like these may be different.
Chapter 1
Getting started Exercise 1.1
1 a Student answers will vary based on what 1 a {3, 4, 6, 11, 16, 19, 25}
they already know and feel confident b {4, 6, 16}
doing.
c {3, 11, 19, 25}
b Some students will select the things they
d {−4, −1, 0, 3, 4, 6, 11, 16, 19, 25}
are less confident in, but other may select
things they enjoy doing or are good at. e {−4, −1}
Encourage them to say why they have f {__
  1 }
made each selection. 2
g {4, 16, 25}
2 a There are many possible answers for each
value. For example, (a) could be 92 or h {3, 11, 19}
9(2 + 7) or 8 × 10 + 1. Let students use i  1 , 0.75, 6}
{−4, −1, 0, __
calculators to check that each other’s clues 2
work. 2 a {109, 111, 113, 115}
b Various, e.g. {2010, 2012, 2014, 2016} or
b Twenty-one thousand, eight hundred and
{2020, 2022, 2024, 2026} etc.
thirty-seven
c {995, 997, 999, 1001, 1003, 1005}
3 a 93
d {1, 4, 9, 16, 25}
b 122
e Various, e.g. {0.49, 048, 0.47, 0.46, 0.45}
c 75 or {0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1}
d (__
  1 )
2
3 7 __ 13 7
3 f Various, e.g. __   1 , __    ,   2 , ___
   , ___   11 , ___
   ,  ___ 
3 5 12 3 20 20 10
e (__  4 )
0
3 a Even
3
b Even
_1
f 9  2  c Odd
g 14 000 010 019 d Odd
4 a Any real-world measurement problems e Even
involve a level of approximation, as do f Even
problems where you have to work out if
you have enough money, or have catered 4 a A perfect number is one where the sum of
enough food, estimated times of arrivals, its factors, including 1, but excluding the
estimates for building materials and costs number itself, is that number. 6 is perfect
of doing different jobs. number because 1 + 2 + 3 = 6.
b Encourage students to share ideas and b A palindromic number is a ‘symmetrical’
discuss their own methods of deciding. number like 16461 that remains the same
when its digits are reversed.
c Answers will vary, but could include that
estimating allows you find errors and c A narcissistic number is one that is the
judge the size an answer should be, avoid sum of its own digits each raised to the
mistakes due to button push or place power of the number of digits,
value errors. e.g. 371 = 33 + 73 + 13.
1 Cambridge IGCSE™ Mathematics – Morrison, Hamshaw © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023
Exercise 1.2 c 75, 150, 225, 300, 375, 450, 525, 600, 675,
750
1 a 19 , 45
d 114, 228, 342, 456, 570, 684, 798, 912,
b 12 + 18 = 30 1026, 1140
c   1 
0.5 = __ e 299, 598, 897, 1196, 1495, 1794, 2093,
2 2392, 2691, 2990
d 0.8 ≠ 8.0
f 350, 700, 1050, 1400, 1750, 2100, 2450,
e −34 , 2 × −16
___ 2800, 3150, 3500
∴ x = √ 72 
f
g 1012, 2024, 3036, 4048, 5060, 6072, 7084,
g x < − 45 8096, 9108, 10 120
h p is approximately equal to 3.14 h 9123, 18 246, 27 369, 36 492, 45 615,
i 5.1 . 5.01 54 738, 63 861, 72 984, 82 107, 91 230
j 3+4≠3×4 3 a 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52
k 12 − (−12) .12 b 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350
l (−12) + (−24) , 0 c 4100, 4200, 4300, 4400, 4500, 4600, 4700,
m 12x is approximately equal to −40 4800, 4900
2 a False 4 576, 396, 792, 1164
b True 5 816 and 1116
c True
d True Exercise 1.4
e True 1 a 10
f True b 40
g False c 12
h True d 9
i True e 385
j True f 66
k False
2 No – the common multiples are infinite.
l False
m True Exercise 1.5
n False
1 a F4 = 1, 2, 4
3 Students’ own discussions. b F5 = 1, 5
c F8 = 1, 2, 4, 8
Exercise 1.3 d F11 = 1, 11
1 a 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 e F18 = 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
b 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 f F12 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
c 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 g F35 = 1, 5, 7, 35
d 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 h F40 = 1, 2, 4, 5, 8 , 10, 20, 40
e 9, 18, 27, 36, 45 i F57 = 1, 3, 19, 57
f 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 j F90 = 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 15, 18, 30, 45, 90
g 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 k F100 = 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100
h 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 l F132 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 11, 12, 22, 33, 44, 66, 132
2 a 29, 58, 87, 116, 145, 174, 203, 232, 261, m F160 = 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20, 32, 40, 80, 160
290 n F153 = 1, 3, 9, 17, 51, 153
b 44, 88, 132, 176, 220, 264, 308, 352, 396, o F360 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20,
440 24, 30, 36, 40, 45, 60, 72, 90, 120, 180, 360
2 a 4 conjecture is much more difficult to prove

b 45 and that the method used to prove the
weak conjecture won’t work for the strong
c 14
one.
d 22
2 a The prime number theorem shows that
e 8
prime numbers become less common as
3 a false they get bigger using the rate at which
b true prime numbers occur.
c true b Yes. Euclid (325–265BCE) proved there
are infinitely many prime numbers. This
d true
proof is known as Euclid’s theorem.
e true
3 If you write prime backwards you get emirp.
f true
An emirp is a prime number that when you
g true write it backwards gives you a different prime.
h false For example, 17 and 71. The first few emirps
are: 13, 17, 31, 37, 71, 73, 79, 97, 107, 113,
4 The smallest factor is 1 and the largest factor
149, 157.
is the number itself.
Exercise 1.7
Exercise 1.6
1 2
1 a 3 2 14
b 8
3 a 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22,
c 5 24, 25, 26, 27, 28
d 14
b 6 = 3 + 3, 8 = 3 + 5,
e 4
9 = 2 + 7, 10 = 5 + 5,
f 2
12 = 5 + 7, 14 = 3 + 11,
g 22
15 = 2 + 13, 16 = 5 + 11,
h 6
18 = 5 + 13, 20 = 3 + 17,
2 a Any two from: 4, 6, 10, 14 21 = 2 + 19, 22 = 5 + 17,
b 12 and 18 are the only possible two, less 24 = 5 + 19 or 17 + 7, 25 = 2 + 23,
than 20 26 = 3 + 23 or 13 + 13, 27 = not possible,
28 = 5 + 23
3 1 because each prime number has only 1 and
itself as factors. 4 3 and 5, 5 and 7, 11 and 13, 17 and 19, 29 and
31, 41 and 43, 59 and 61, 71 and 73
4 18 m
5 149 is prime. Determined _by trial division by
5 20 students
all integers from 2 to √ 149
6 150 bracelets
Why do mathematicians find prime numbers Exercise 1.8

exciting? 1 a 30 = 2 × 3 × 5
1 a Every even integer greater than 2 can be b 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
written as the sum of two prime numbers. c 100 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 5
b The weak conjecture is that every odd d 225 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 5
integer greater than 5 can be written as e 360 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5
the sum of three odd prime numbers.
f 504 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7
Harald Helfgott’s proof uses complicated
mathematics to prove that this is correct. g 650 = 2 × 5 × 5 × 13
His proof is largely accepted by the h 1125 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5
mathematics community but they also i 756 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 7
acknowledge (as does he) that the strong j 9240 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 11
Exercise 1.9 Exercise 1.11

1 a 12 1 a 2<8
b 24 b 4<9
c 18 c 12 > 3
d 26 d 6 > −4
e 25 e −7 < 4
f 22 f −2 < 4
g 78 g −2 > −11
h 5 h −12 > −20
2 a 540 i −8 < 0
b 216 j −2 < 2
c 360 k −12 < −4
d 240 l −32 < −3
e 360 m 0 > −3
f 2850 n −3 < 11
g 270 o 12 > −89
h 360 p −3 < 0
3 a HCF = 36 2 a −12, −8, −1, 7, 10
LCM = 216 b −10, −8, −4, −3, 4, 9
b HCF = 25
c −12, −11, −7, −5, 0, 7
LCM = 200
d −94, −90, −83, −50, 0
c HCF = 5
3 a −4
LCM = 2280
d HCF = 12 b 10
LCM = 420 c −14
d −3
4 120 listeners
e −2.7
5 36 minutes f 5
6 a 8 g −6
b 16 h −6
c 2n i −27
j −4
Exercise 1.10 k −4
1 a +$100 l −5
b −25 km 4 a 1 °C
c −10 marks b 1 °C
d +2 kg c −3 °C
e −1.5 kg d 12 °C
f 8000 m e −3 °C
g −10 °C
5 $28.50
h −24 m
i −$2000 6 a −$420
j +$250 b $920
k −2 h c −$220
l +400 m 7 −11 m
8 −8°C 3 a
x=5
9 a 8 p.m. b x=2
b 12 p.m. c x = 11
c 10 p.m. d x=9
d 1 a.m. e x = 18
10 a 17.1 litres per day f x = 20
b 578 litres g x = 20
h x = 15
Exercise 1.12 i x=1
1 a 9 j x = 81
b 49 k x=1
c 121 l x = 6561
d 144 m x=8
e 10 000 n x=1
f 196 o x=4
g 1 4 a 3
h 27 b 8
i 64 c 1
j 1000 d 2
2 a 441 e 10
b 361 f 0
c 1024 g 9
d 4624 h 20
e 216 i 36
f 729 j 42
g 1 000 000 k 2
h 5832 l 1
i 27 000 m −3
j 8 000 000 n 4
o 10
p −6
q 8
r 9
s −12
t 18
⏟ ⏟ ⏟
5 a 324 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
____
√   
      =  2       ×   3 
324     ×   
3
_
√ 324 = 18
b 225
____
= 3×3 × 5×5
√  
       =  3       ×   
225  5
_
√
225 = 15
⏟ ⏟ ⏟
c 784 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 × 7
_
√   
    =  2       ×   2 
   
784    ×   
7
_
√ 784 = 28
⏟ ⏟ ⏟
d 2025 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5
_
√       =  3       ×   3 
    
2025    ×   
5
_
√ 2025 = 45
⏟ ⏟ ⏟
e 19 600 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 7 × 7
_
√    
         =  2       ×   2 
19 600    ×   5     ×   
7
_
√ 19 600 = 140
_______ ⏟ ⏟ ⏟ ⏟ ⏟
f
250 000 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5
√ 250 000 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 5

_______
√ 250 000  = 500
6 a
27 = 3 × 3 × 3
_ ⏟ 3
√ 27 = 3
b 729 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
_ ⏟ ⏟
    
3
√ 729 =   
    3    ×    3 

3
_
√ 729 = 9
c 2197 = 
13 × 13 × 13
3
_
√ 2179 = 13

d 1000 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 5
_ ⏟ ⏟
    
3
√ 1000    = 
    2      ×   
5 
3
_
√ 1000 = 10
e 15 625 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5
_ ⏟ ⏟
    
3
√ 15 625 =   
    5      ×    5 

3
_
√ 15 625 = 25
f 32 768 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
_
⏟ ⏟ ⏟ ⏟ ⏟
3
√ 32 768 =
2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
3
_
√ 32 768 = 32

7 a 25 d 26 × 52
b 49 e 214
c 64 f 28 × 34
d 32 g 310
e 7 h 58
f 5 4 25 = 52
g 14 36 = 22 × 32
h 10 64 = 26
i 8 The index is always even.
j 4
k 10 Exercise 1.14
l 10 1 a True
m 6 b False: 36
n 6 c True
o 3 d False: 86
3
p  __  e True
2
f True
8 a 10 cm
g True
b 27 cm
h False: 105
c 41 mm
i False: 5−8
d 40 cm
j False: −28
9 a 31 k True
b 17 l False: −1
c 65
2 a 107
d 17
b 35
e 68
c 25
f 24
d 10−3
g 730
e 10
h 82
f 120
i 33
g 3−7
j 129
h 4−7
i 312
Exercise 1.13
j 5−4
1 a 128
k 4−6
b 486
l 40
c 85
5
d 96 3 a  __  or 0.833
6
e 320 1   or 0.0278
b  ___
f 512 36
2 a 24 × 34 is greater by 1040 1  or 0.5
c  __
4
____ 2
b √ 625  × 36 is greater by 2877
1   or 0.0833
d  ___
3 a 26 12
b 35
c 24 × 52
  1 
__ _1
4 a 2 a 5   2 
3 _1
b 8   3 
b   1 
__
_1
4 c 13   3 
c   1 
__ _1
d 11   4 
2 _2
e 9   3 
d   1  
___
_4
16 f 6   3 
e   1   32  4
_3
___ g
16
2( 12   5 )
_7
h
5 a 4−1
b 5−1 3 a 5
b 3
c 7−1
c 4
d 9−1
d 8
e 10 000−1
e 36
f 256−1
f 0.5
g 49−1
g 6.78
h 18−1
h 0.0016
6 a 5.0625
i 0.5
b 1000
j 16
c 2.25
k 36
d 0.015 625
l 64
e 36 _ 3
c = 70 × ( √ m )  
4
f 8 4 a
g 13 b 251.40 calories
h 17 c 41 622.25 calories
7 a 31
Exercise 1.16
b 32
1 a (4 + 7) × 3
c 36
= 11 × 3
d 3−3
= 33
e 3−1
b (20 − 4) ÷ 4
f 30
= 16 ÷ 4
g 3−5
= 4
h −(32)
c 50 ÷ (20 + 5)
Exercise 1.15 = 50 ÷ 25
___ = 2
1 a √ 25 
3
__ d 6 × (2 + 9)
b √ 3 
___ = 6 × 11
c √ 40  = 66
_
d √ 6 e (4 + 7) × 4
_
8
e √ 3 = 11 × 4
_ 3 = 44
f (√ 2) 
4
_ 2 f (100 − 40) × 3
g (√ 12 ) 
3
= 60 × 3
_ 2
h (√ 5)  = 180
9
g 16 + (25 ÷ 5) f
6 × 2 ÷ (3 + 3)
= 16 + 5 = 12 ÷ 6
= 21 = 2
h 19 − (12 + 2) 15 − 5
g  ______
= 19 − 14 2×5
= 5 10
=  ___ 
i 40 ÷ (12 − 4) 10
= 1
= 40 ÷ 8
= 5 h (17 + 1) ÷ 9 + 2
j 100 ÷ (4 + 16) = 18 ÷ 9 + 2
= 100 ÷ 20 =2+2
= 5 = 4
k 121 ÷ (33 ÷ 3) 16 − 4
i  ______
= 121 ÷ 11 4−1
= 11   12 
= ___
3
l 15 × (15 − 15) = 4
= 15 × 0
j 17 + 3 × 21
= 0
= 63 + 17
2 a 108
b 72 = 80
c 3 k 48 − (2 + 3) × 2
d 10 = 48 − 5 × 2
e 32 = 48 − 10
f 9 = 38
g 5 l 12 × 4 − 4 × 8
h 1 = 48 − 32
i 140 = 16
3 a 5 × 10 + 3 m 15 + 30 ÷ 3 + 6
= 50 + 3 = 15 + 10 + 6
= 53 = 31
b 5 × (10 + 3) n 20 − 6 ÷ 3 + 3
= 5 × 13 = 20 − 2 + 3
= 65 = 21
c 2 + 10 × 3 o 10 − 4 × 2 ÷ 2
= 2 + 30 = 10 − 4 ÷ 1
= 32 = 10 − 4
d (2 + 10) × 3 = 6
= 12 × 3 4 a 7
= 36 b 7
e 23 + 7 × 2 c 3
= 23 + 14 d 0
= 37 e 3
f 10
5 a 13 Exercise 1.17
b 8
1 a −10
c 58
b 8.86
d 192
c 13
e 12 000
d 29
f 1660
e −22
g 260
f 8.75
h 868
g 20
6 a 18 h 0
b 3 i 4
c 3 j 70
d 8 k 12
e 4 l 20
f 9 m 8
7 a
False n 15
b
True o 20
c
False 2 a Correct
d
True b Incorrect = 608
8 a
3 × (4 + 6) = 30 c Correct
b
(25 − 15) × 9 = 90 d Correct
c
(40 − 10) × 3 = 90 e Incorrect = 368
d
(14 − 9) × 2 = 10 f Incorrect = 10
e
(12 + 3) ÷ 5 = 3 3 a 12 ÷ (28 − 24) = 3
f
(19 − 9) × 15 = 150 b 84 − 10 × 8 = 4
g
(10 + 10) ÷ (6 − 2) = 5 c 3 + 7(0.7 + 1.3) = 17
h
(3 + 8) × (15 − 9) = 66 d 23 × 11 − 22 × 11 = 11
i
(9 − 4) × (7 + 2) = 45 e 40 ÷ 5 ÷ (7 − 5) = 4
j
(10 − 4) × 5 = 30 f 9 + 15 ÷ (3 + 2) = 12
k
6 ÷ (3 + 3) × 5 = 5 4 a 0.5
l
BODMAS means that brackets are not b 2
needed.
c 0.183
m (1 + 4) × (20 ÷ 5) = 20
d 0.5
n (8 + 5 − 3) × 2 = 20
o 36 ÷ (3 × 3 − 3) = 6 e   1 is approximately equal to 0.333 ( 3 s.f.)
__
3
p 3 × (4 − 2) ÷ 6 = 1 f 1
q (40 ÷ 4) + 1 = 11 g 2
r BODMAS means that brackets are not 2 is approximately equal to 0.667 (3 s.f.)
needed. h  __
3
9 a 2 − 10 ÷ 5 = 0
5 Correct to 3 significant figures
b 13 − 18 ÷ 9 = 11
a 0.0112
c 8 ÷ (16 − 14) − 3 = 1
b 0.0950
d (9 + 5) − (6 − 4) = 12
c −0.317
or (9 + 5) − (12 − 4) = 6
6 Correct to 3 significant figures c i 65 240

a 89.4 ii 65 200
b 20.8 iii 70 000
c 7.52 d i 320.6
d 19.6 ii 321
e 2.94 iii 300
f 1.45 e i 25.72
g 0.25 ii 25.7
h 2.16 iii 30
7 a 1 f i 0.0007650
b 0.5 ii 0.000765
c −26.94 iii 0.0008
d 0.28 g i 1.009
e 14.5 ii 1.01
f 6.54 iii 1
g 1728.69 h i 7.349
h −1999 ii 7.35
i 0.339 iii 7
You may find that your calculator gives an exact i i 0.009980
answer rather than a decimal. This may include a ii 0.00998
root or a fraction. Check your calculator manual
to find out how to change this to a decimal. iii 0.01
j i 0.02814
Exercise 1.18 ii 0.0281
iii 0.03
1 a 3.19
b 0.06 k i 31.01
c 38.35 ii 31.0
d 2.15 iii 30
e 1.00 l i 0.006474
ii 0.00647
2 a 500
iii 0.006
b 53 400
c 3000 5 a 2.556
d 0 b 2.56
e 10 100 c 2.6
3 a 630 000 d 2.56
b 100 000 e 2.6
c 10 000 f 3
d 10 000
e 160 000 Exercise 1.19
49
4 a i 4512 1 a  ___= 4.9, which is close to 5, so not sensible
10
ii 4510 b 4 × 3 × 9 = 108, so not sensible
iii 5000
c 5 × 8 = 40, so not sensible
b i 12 310
ii 12 300 d 50 × 8 = 400, so sensible
iii 10 000 e 3 × 300 = 900, so not sensible
_
f 6 × √ 20 =_
6 × 4.5 (approximate
_ root Making decisions about accuracy
between √ 16 and √ 25 ) = 27, so sensible 1 a Whole numbers
23.6
2  24 = 4
a  _____is approximately equal to ___ b 2 d.p.
6.3 6 c Millions
4
b  ________   4 is
is approximately equal to _____ d 4 d.p.
0.09 × 4 0.36
e 3 s.f.
approximately equal to 11
2 a Zaf changed decimals to fractions to
7 × 0.5 3.5 easily divide by 2. Marwan cancelled
c  _______is approximately equal to  ____ is
9 9 before rounding to have fewer numbers to
approximately equal to 0.39 deal with.
b Once you have rounded, you are
5×6 30
d  _______is approximately equal to ____
  is calculating exact values, so even if 2 and 3
2.5 + 1 3.5 are rounded values, 2 + 3 is equal to 5, not
approximately equal to 8.6 approximately equal to 5.
_
√ 49 7 3 Possible examples:
e  _______is approximately equal to ____
  is
2.5 + 4 6.5 a Overestimate the cost of buying several
approximately equal to 1 items to make sure you definitely have
enough money
f (0.5 + 2)(6.5 − 2) is approximately equal
b Underestimate the size of a doorway to
to (2.5)(4.5) is approximately equal to 11.3
make sure you have enough room to move
24 + 20 furniture though it.
 44 = 4
g  _______is approximately equal to ___
5+6 11
110 − 45 65
h  ________is approximately equal to ___
  = 13
Practice questions
19 − 14 5
_ 1 49 − 30 = 19
i 3  2× √ 49 is approximately equal to
2 9 and −4 or −9 and 4
9 × 7 = 63
_
3 15
j √_224 × 45 is approximately equal to
√ 10 080 is approximately equal to 100 4 216 216
_ _
k √ 9 × √ 100 is approximately equal to 3 × 5 735
10 = 30 736
l 43 × 24 is approximately equal to 737
64 × 16 = 1024 738
3 Answers given to 1 d.p. 739
a 3.7 741
b 12.7 742
c 0.4 743
d 8.0 744
e 1.0 6 1080 = 23 × 33 × 5
f 10.8 1080 is not a cube number. Not all the factors
g 4.2 are powers with indices that are multiples of 3.
h 11.7 7 a 33 and 61
i 44.4 b 26 and 45
j 100.5
8 a 32
k 30.4
b 340
l 898.2
c 25
d 33 2 Product = −36, which is negative ⇒ one

e 9 number is positive and the other is negative.
f −48 Factor pairs of 36: 1 × 36
2 × 18
9 a 5 × 7 − 3 × 8 = 11 3 × 12
b (5 − 32) × 6 + 8 ÷ (−2) = −28 4×9
6×6
10 (7 + 14) ÷ (4 − 1) × 2 = 14
You can make a difference of 13 with either
11 1.16 9 and −4 or −9 and 4.
12 a −4 3 The number if one fifteenth of its own square.
b 0.276 to 3 s.f. ⇒The number must be multiplied by 15 to
13 D, C, B, A square it.
___ ⇒The number is 15.
14 a √ 338 
17 4 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 11 × 13
b  ___
2 = 216 216
c 5 5 Look at 154.4574 on a number line and you
216 will see that the number 154.45ABC must lie
d  ____
125 between 154.45735 and 154.45744. (154.45745
3
__ rounds up to 154.45735.)
e  
2
154.4573 154.4574 154.4575
15 a 60 = 22 × 3 × 5
36 = 22 × 32 154.45735 154.45745
b LCM = 22 × 32 × 5 So, A must be 7. The possibilities are:

= 180 A B C
c 28 August 2023
7 3 5
16 BAD 7 3 6
7 3 7
Practice questions worked 7 3 8
solutions 7 3 9
1 The prime numbers smaller than 20 are: 7 4 1
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19
7 4 2
Sum of the three largest prime numbers
smaller than 20 7 4 3
= 13 + 17 + 19 7 4 4
= 49
6 1080
Product of the three smallest prime numbers
=2×3×5 540 2
= 30
270 2
Difference = 49 − 30
= 19 135 2
27 5
9 3
3 3
1080 = 23 × 33 × 5
The power of 5 is not a multiple of 3 so 1080
is not a cube number.
_2
7 a
2013 = 3 × 11 × 61 b (3  −2 + 2  −3) × 216   3
= 33 × 61
( 3  2  )
_ 2
  12  + __
  13  × ( √ 216 ) 
3
= __
33 + 61 = 94 so the numbers are 33 and 61.
(  9  +   8 ) × 6 

b
1170 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 13 = 1 __
__ 1 2
= (3 × 3 × 5) × (2 × 13)
= 45 × 26 17
___ 17
=    × 36 = ___    
45 − 26 = 19 so the numbers are 45 and 26. 72 2
_
((√ 2  )  + 23) 

  1
8 a 12 + 20 = 32 _ 2 2
c
_
b 4 × 85 = 340
= √ ( 2 + 23) 
c 11 × 2 + (15 − 6) − 6 _
√ 25 
=
= 22 + 9 − 6
= 25 = 5
___ 3
   )  = ( ___ √

    ) 
_
(___
  3 
d −15 − (−48) 36 2 36
d
= −15 + 48 25 25
= 33
= (__
   ) 
3
6
e −3 × (−11) + (−24)
5
= 33 − 24
216
=9 =  ____ 
125
f (−4)3 + 16
−  _14
(___
   )  = ____
= −64 + 16 16 1  
e   ___
√ 81
= −48 81 16
4 ___
    
9 a 5+7−3−8=1
b (5 − 32) × 6 + 8 ÷ (−2) =  ____ 1  
= −4 × 6 + (−4) (__    )
2
= −24 − 4 3
= −28 3
=  __ 
10 (7 + 14) ÷ (4 − 1) × 2 = 14 2
15 a 60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5
11 1.16 (to 3 s.f.)
36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
12 a is approximately equal to b 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 = 180
5 −__5  2 ______
5 − 25 20 c 180 days after 1 March 2023 is 28 August
 ______   =     = −  ___  = − 4
√
25  5 5 2023.
b Calculator answer = −4.276 348 739 …
16 7500
Difference = 0.276 348 739 …
= 0.276 (to 3 s.f.) 1500 5
13 A = 4 × (4 + 16) = 4 × 20 = 80 300 5
64 60 5
B = ___
   + 4 = 4 + 4 = 8
16
12 5
16 − 4
C = ______
   = 3 4 3
4
D= 16 − 16 × 4 + 1 2 2
= 16 − 64 + 1
= −47 7500 = 22 × 31 × 54
=BAD
The order is D, C, B, A.
_ _ _ _
14 a √ 98 + √ 72 = √ 49_
× 2 +_ √ 36 × 2 
= 7 2 _+ 6√ 2 
√
= 13√ 2 
Chapter 2
Getting started f 12xy
1 a C g 5ab
b A h yz2
c A 6
i  __
x
2 Possible answers are: 4x 2x
j  ___ = ___
  y
a a0 2y
a m x+3
b  ___n  k  _____
a 4
m 3
c am × an l  ___2  = m
m
d (am)n
m 4x + 5y
3 Example 1: n 7a − 2b
a Sign error o 2x(x − 4)
b 3x − x + 2 3(x + 1)
p  ________
Example 2: 2x
a Multiplied both numerator and 2(x + 4)
q  ________
denominator by 3 instead of just the 3
numerator. (   )
3 3 4x 2
3 = __
  and not __ r  ___ = __
 
1 3 6x 3
3x + 12 2 a m + 13
b  _______
5 b m+5
Example 3: c 25 − m
a Cancelled part of a term, but both x and d m3
2 need to be divided by 2. m
e  __ + 3
x+2 3
b  _____
cannot be simplified further,
2 f 4m − 2m = 2m
x
but can be written as  __ + 1.
2 3 a x+3
4 a There are different options, But in b x−6
general, if you let one number be x, the c 10x
consecutive number is x + 1. The sum of d −8 + x
the numbers is x + x + 1 = 2x + 1. Any
e x + x2
multiple of 2 is even, so if you add 1, it
will be odd. f x + 2x = 3x
b Using the same argument 2x
g  _____
x + x + 1 + x + 2 = 3x + 3. x+4
3x can be odd or even (depending on the 4 a $(x − 10)
value of x) so the answer can be either x
b $ __
 
odd or even. 4
c $15
Exercise 2.1 5 a m + 10 years
1 a 6xy b m − 10 years
b 7ab m
c  __ years
c xyz 2
d 2y2
e 4ab
p
6 $  __
a ii y = 12
3
p __ p 3p iii y = 16
$   , $   and $ ___
b __  
5 5 5 iv y = 40
v y = 200
Exercise 2.2 b i y=1
1 a 9 ii y = 10
b 30 iii y = 13
c 10 iv y = 31
d 27 v y = 151
e 18 c i y = 100
f 7 ii y = 97
g 16 iii y = 96
h 36 iv y = 90
i 4 v y = 50
j 6 d i y=0
k 6 ii y = 1.5
l 30 iii y=2
m 5 iv y=5
n 2 v y = 25
1
o  __ e i y=0
2 ii y=9
2 a 30 iii y = 16
b 45 iv y = 100
c 16 v y = 2500
d 5 f i undefined
e 13 ii y = 33.3 (3 s.f.)
f 16 iii y = 25
g 31 iv y = 10
h 450 v y=2
i 24 g i y=4
j 8 ii y = 10
k 24 iii y = 12
l 5 iv y = 24
26 v y = 104
m  ___
3 h i y = −6
n 10 ii y=0
o 4 iii y=2
p 3 iv y = 14
q 6 v y = 94
r 225 i i y=0
s 12 ii y = 81
t −10 iii y = 192
u 129 600 iv y = 3000
3 a i y=0 v y = 375 000
4a $(3x + 2y) l 13xyz

b i $18 m 2x2
ii $100 n 5y2
iii $350 o −y2
5 a P = 42 cm p 12ab2
b P = 8m q 5x2y
c P = 60 cm r 2xy2
d P = 20 cm 3 a 5x + y
6 a i 43 b 4x + 2y
ii 53 c 7x
iii 71 d 4 + 4x
iv 151 e 6xy − 2y
b They’re all prime numbers. f −x2 + 2x
c When n = p, n2 + n + p becomes n(n + 2); g −x + 4y
in other words, it has factors n and n + 2, h 3x + 3y
so is not prime. i 8x + 6y
What is the point of algebra? j 8x − 2y
Students’ own work. There are many accessible k 14x2 − 4x
examples that students could use, for example, l 10x2
conversion formulae, using algebra to find break m 12xy − 2x
even points (finance and economics), calculating
n 8xy − 2xz
doses of medicine based on person’s mass or other
factors, working out trajectories in sports (such o −x2 − 2y2
as basketball or snooker), using BMI and other p 8x2 y − 2xy
factors to work out health and fitness and so on. q 6xy − x
r 6xy − 2
Exercise 2.3
4 a 2y − 8
1 a 6x, 4x, x b 4x2 − 5x
3
b −3y, __
  y, −5y c 7x + 4y
4
d y2 + 5y − 7
c ab, −4ba
e x2 − 5x + 3
d −2x, 3x
f x2 + 5x − 7
e 5a, 6a and 5ab, ab
g 3xyz − 3xy + 2xz
f −1xy, −yx
h 8xy − 10
2 a 8y i −3x2 + 6x − 4
b 7x 5 a P = 8x
c 13x b P = 4x + 14
d 22x c P = 6x + 3
e 5x d P = 5x + 4
f 0 e P = 12y − 6
g −x f P = 8y2 + 2y + 14
h −3y g P = 12y − 4
i 4x h P = 18x − 1
j 7xy
k 4pq
Magic squares
1 No, the sum of numbers in a 3 × 3 magic
square is always 3 times the centre number. x x−1 x+1
In this case, that would be 12a + 15y for each
row, column and diagonal and they do not all
sum to that.
x+1 x x−1
2 For example:
a−c a+b+c a−b x−1 x+1 x
a−b+c a a+b−c
x+1 x−1 x
a+b a−b−c a+c

x−1 x x+1
3 a
x−1 x+1 x x x+1 x−1
b Yes. Student’s own magic squares or

x+1 x x−1 explanation.
Exercise 2.4
x x−1 x+1 1 a 12x
b 8y
c 12m
d 6xy
x x+1 x−1 e 8xy
f 27xy
g 24yz
h 12xy
x−1 x x+1
i 8x2y2
j 8x2y
k 27xy2
x+1 x−1 x l 24xy2
m 8a2b
n 12ab2c
o 12a2bc
p 16a2b2c
q 24abc
r 72x2y2
2 a 24x i 7y
b 30x2y 9y
j  ___
c 12x2y2 4
d x3yz k 4xy
e 48x 4y
l  ___
x
f 24x3y
ab
g 4x2y2 5 a  ___
6
h 12a2bc ___
a 2
b  
i 60xy 12
j 8xy 5 a 2b
c  ______
6
k 9x3y
10a
l 8x3y3 d  ____
3b
m 42x2y2z2 3ab
e  ____
n 56x3y2 8
25 a 2
o 36x2y2z f  _____
4
p 18x4y4
g 2
q 54x4y
a 2
r 6x3y3 h  ___
3
3 a 5r i 2ab
b 4r
8a
c 3r j  ___
3
d 6s 1
__
k  
e 7r 4
f 2s l a2
s
g  __
4 Exercise 2.5
1
h  ___ 1 a 2x + 12
4s
t b 3x + 6
i  __
2 c 8x + 12
j 6s d 10x − 60
1
k  __ e 4x − 8
4
f 6x − 9
1
l  __
9 g 5a + 20
h 24 + 6a
4 a 4x
i 9a + 18
b 6y
j 14c − 14d
4x
c  ___
y k 6c − 4d
d 8 l 4c + 16d
7 x 2 m 10x − 10y
e  ____  
y 2 n 18x − 12y
f 3x o 12y − 6x
x p 4s − 16t2
g  __
3
q 9t2 − 9s
1
h  ___
4y r 28t + 7t2
2 a 2x2 + 2xy p 6x2 + 12x − 9

b 3xy − 3y2 q −y2 + 6y
c 2x2 + 4xy r 6x − 6
d 12x2 − 8xy 2 a 6x + 154
e x2y − xy2 b 4x + 2
f 12xy + 6y c 7x + 26
g 18ab − 8ab2 d 92
h 6a2 − 4a2b e 2x2 + 16
i 12a2 − 12a3 f 6p2 + 10px
j 36a − 8ab g 24pq + 4p
k 10b − 5ab h 2xy + 4x
l 12a − 3ab i −3x − 18xy
m 2x2y2 − 4x3y j 21x − 12y − 2xy
n 12xy2 − 8x2y2 k 22x2 − 7x3
o 3x2y2 + 3xy3 l x2 − xy + 6x − 3y
p 2x3y + x2y2 m 16s − 3st − 8
q 81x2 − 18x3 n 2x2
r 12xy2 − 4x2y2 o 4x2 + 8xy
3 a A = x2 + 7x p 2x2 − 3x + 15
b A = 2x3 − 2x q 9k − 17
c A = 4x2 − 4x r 7xy + 9x
Maths jokes
Exercise 2.7
Student’s own discussions, but could include puns,
play on words, misinterpretation of concepts. 1 a −30p − 60
b −15x − 21
You could extend this by asking students to
develop their own funny maths memes to share c −20y − 1
with the class. d −3q + 36
e −24t + 84
Exercise 2.6 f −12z + 6
1 a 10 + 5x g −6x − 15y
b 7y − 6 h −24p − 30q
c 4x − 8 i −27h + 54k
d 6x − 6 j −10h − 10k + 16j
e 2t2 + 8t − 5 k −8a + 12b + 24c − 16d
f 4x + 1 l −6x2 − 36y2 + 12y3
g 3x 2 a −5x − 8
h 8x + 6 b −5x + 12
i 6x + 9 c 10x − 38
j 3h + 2 d −13f
k 8d + 6 e −36g + 37
l 3y + xy − 4 f 12y − 20
m 2x2 + 8x − 4 g −26x2 − 76x
n −4y2 + 4xy + 8y h −x2 + 77x
o 10s − 12s2 i −9x2 + 30x
j 24q k 3
k −42pq + 84p l 3b
l −48m + 48n 1
m  ___
3 a 12x − 6 3x
n 4ab
b 13x − 6
o 1
c −2x + 17
d x + 13 3 a a4
e 23 − 7x b v6
f 10x − 8 c f 12
g 7x − 5 d y6
h x2 − 5x + 8 e 32x10
i 3x2 − 7x + 2 f 9c4d 4
j 2x2 + 3x + 6 g 1
k 2x − 18 h 125x6
l 6x2 + 6x − 6 i a6b6
j x10y20
Exercise 2.8 k x3y12
1 a x8 l 16g2h4
b a10 m 81x8
c y2 n x4y24
d x13 o 1
e y9 4 a 12x6
f y7 b 24x3y
g y6 c 4k4
h t5 x 2
d  ___
i 6x7 4
j 9y6 e 44x3a4b2
k 2m4 f 4x3 + 28x
l 6s7 g 4x3 − x5
m 15x3 h x2
7
n 8x7 i  ___4 
x
o 8z7
j 2x2
p 4x7
a 12
k  ___  
2 a x2 b 6
b g9 x 4y 8
l  _____
c y 16
d k2 m 1
e s4 n 8x5
f x2 o 2xy3
g 3x2
h 3p3
i 4y
x
j  __
2
Exercise 2.9 g x=2

h x=4
1 a true
b false
Exercise 2.10
c false
_2
d false 1 a x   3 
_7
1   b x   6 
2 a  ___
x 2 1  
1   c  ___
b  ___ y 3
y 3
x 3
1   d  ___
y
c  _____
x 2y 2 4
__
2   e a  7
d  ___
x 2
7b 2
12  f  ____
e  ___ 4
x 3
2
g  ___2 
7
f  ___3  x
y
3
8x h  ___
g  ___3  4k
y
_7
i
3x   4 
h   12
_____  
x 3y 4 1  
j  ____ _3
3 a b 4x   2 
6 s
b  ___6  k  __
x 4
_3
1   3x   4 
c  ____ l  ____  
3s 4 2
1   x
d  ___ m  __
h 11 8
e  ____ 1   1  
8x 6 n  ____ _3
4x   2 
f  ___1  
13
_
c 6 o x   12 
g x _1
x   6 
p  ____7 
1   y   6 
h  ___
x 5 2 a x=6
a 7
i  ___5  1
b x =  __
b
2
___
x 10
j   12  c x = 16 807
y
2y11 d x = 257
k  ____  e x=4
x4
l 1 f x=4
12n 15 g x=6
m  _____  
m3 h x=5
4 a x=4 i x=2
b x=5 j x = −4
c x=2 1
x =  __
k
d x = −3 6
e x=3 3
x =  __
l
f x=3 4
Practice questions 11 a x3
4  
b  ___
1 a n + 12
x 2
b 2n − 4 1 1
c  ________   = ___________________
    
c (nx)2 ( 2x − 2) 3 8x 3 − 24x 2 + 24x − 8
d (n2)3 or (n3)2 or n6 12 a 3
2 a Any of 2n, 4n, 6n,… b 3
b 2n is always even because it is a multiple c 3
of 2. Every even number is ‘next to’ an
13 18
odd number and 2n + 1 is ‘next to’ 2n.
c p = 2n + 3 14 a 15x
d 2n + 1 + 2n + 3 = 4n + 4 = even + even = b 9y3
even c 4x
3 a p + 2q + r 15 a −3
b 8q, 3r + 4q b −3
c Top brick = 2h + 2j + 2k = even + even + 1
c __
 
even = even 3
4 a 15xy + x d   1
− __
b 5xy + 3y 3
16 a pq
5 a a2b pq
b 2x6 b  ___
4
c 6x4y2 c p3
d 1
17 a 4
e 4x5y3
15
f 15x2 b  ___
8
g x3
h   16  
16x−10 or ___
Practice questions worked
x 10 solutions
27x 3
i  _____3  1 a n + 12
64y
b 2n − 4
x 19
j  _____   c (nx)3
3y 12
d (n2)3
7p 6
k  _____   2 a
2n (or 2n + any even number)
6q 20
6 0 b
2n is always even and 2n + 1 is one more
than an even number. Whole numbers
7 a 10 alternate
b 10 odd even odd even …
c 10 so 2n + 1 must be odd.
8 7.35 c p+2= 2n + 1 + 2
= 2n + 3
9 a 8x − 4 d (2n + 1) + (2n + 3)
b x2 + 37xy = 4n + 4
10 a m2 − n2 = 2(2n + 2), which is a multiple of 2 and
b 0 hence even.
4 x  y  __
12 −3
3 a p+q+q+r j ________
    =   1  x  12 − −(7) y  −3 − 9
= p + 2q + r 3 12 x  −7 y  9
b 1  x 19  y  −12
=  __
8q 3
3r + 6q 2q − 3r x  19
_____
=   12 
3y 
3r + 4q 2q − 3r
7  14 p  5 q  −4 1  5 pq  −7
c k  _________   ×   ________  

2h + 2j + 2k 6  30 p  q 
4 4 1  2 p  −4 q  5
7
2h + j j + 2k =  __  p  5 + 1 − 4 − (−4) q  −4 − 4 − 7 − 5
6
2h j 2k
7
= __     p  10 q  −20
6
Top brick = 2h + 2j + 2k
7p  10
= three even numbers added =  _____  
together 6q  20
= even number 6 7x3y2 × (2x)3 − (4x3y)2 − 4xy2 × 10x5
4 a 9xy + 3x + 6xy − 2x = 7x3y2 × 8x3 − 16x6y2 − 40x6y2
= 3x − 2x + 9xy + 6xy = 56x6y2 − 16x6y2 − 40x6y2
= x + 15xy =0
b 6xy − xy + 3y 7 x + 5 − (x − 5)
= 5xy + 3y =x+5−x+5
a  3  2 b  4  1 2 = 10 for all values of x.
5 a  ______  = a  b
1  a1 b
    3 So, a 10 b 10 c 10
b 2(x3)2 = 2x6
8   1 ( u + v)t
s = __
c 3x × 2x3y2 2
2(5 2)
= (3 × 2) × x × x3 × y2 1   __ 2  + __9
= 6x4y2 =  __     × 3
=  __ (______
10 )
d (4ax2)0 = 1 3 4 + 45
   × 3
e 4x2y × x3y2 2
= 4x2 × x3 × y × y2 3 × 49
= 4x5y3 =  ______  
20
f 3x−4 × 5x6 147
= 3 × 5 × x−4 × x6 = ____
   
20
= 15 × x−4 + 6
= 15x2 9 a 5(x − 2) + 3(x + 2)
= 5x − 10 + 3x + 6
3 x  5 6 x  −6
g  ____4  ÷   ______   = 8x − 4
7 x  14 x  −4
b 5x(x + 7y) − 2x(2x − y)
1   3 x  5
2  14 x  −4
=   _____4  ×   _______   = 5x2 + 35xy − 4x2 + 2xy
1  7 x  2  6 x  −6 = x2 + 37xy

= x  5 − 4 − 4 − (−6) 10 a m(m − n) − n(n − m)

=x
  3 = m2 − mn − n2 + mn
= m2 − n2
h (4x−5)2 = 42(x−5)2
= 16x−10 b x( y − z) + y(z − x) + z(x − y)
z− yz
= xy−xz+ y z−xy+ x
(4y )
3 (3x)  3
3x
      = _____
i ___     =0
(4y)  3
27x  3
=  _____3 
64y 
15 a (__
  1 )  = 8
x
11 a x5 × x−2 = x5 − 2 = x3
2
4   8 x  2  1
b  _____   4  
  = ___ (2  −1)   x = 2  3
1  2 x  4  2 x  2
2  −x = 2  3
c ( 2x − 2)  −3 = _________
  1  
(2x − 2)  3 − x = 3
1 So, x = −3
= _________
   
2  3( x − 1) 3  x = ___
b   1   = 3  −3
  1   = __
________ 1   27 3  3
=  
8(x − 1)
x = − 3
12 a 4x = 43 ⇒x = 3 c 125x = 5
(5  3)  x= 5
b
3x − 5 = 22
5  3x = 5  1
3x = 27
3x = 1
= 33
x = 3 So, x =  __ 1 
3
4 × 6 p = 864
c 1
6 p = 216 d 125  x = __    
5
= 63 ( 3 )
5    = 5−1
x
p = 3
5  3x = 5  −1
13 ab− + ca ba 3x = − 1
= 32 − (−1)3 + 23
1 
x = −  __
= 9 − (−1) + 8
3
= 17 + 1
16 a 2x + y = 2x2y
= 18
= pq
_1 _1
14 a 3x   2 × 5x   2 pq
_1 _1
2  x 2   y = ___
b 2  x + y − 2 =   _____    
= 15x   2 +  2 2 
2 4
= 15x c 23x = (2x)3 = p3
( _1
)
b 81y  6    2 = 81  2 ( )
_
_
  1 _1
y  6    2 17 a n−1 = 2−2
= √ 81 y  3 n−1 = (22)−1
= 9y  3 n = 22 = 4
_1 _1 _1 _ 3
c (64x  3)   3 = 64   3 (x  3)   3 b 4  n = ( √ 32 ) 
4
3
_
= √ 64 x  1
n _1 3
(2  2)   = [ ( 2  5)     4 ] 
= 4x _5
2  2n = 2   4×3
15
2n = ___
   
4
15
n = ___
So    
8
Chapter 3
Diagrams provided as answers are NOT TO Exercise 3.1
SCALE and are to demonstrate construction lines
or principles only. 1 i ii iii
a acute Answers will vary 40º
Getting started b acute 70º
Each student will produce a different spider c obtuse 130º
diagram depending on their prior knowledge.
d acute 30º
The information shown might include facts about
angles in triangles and quadrilaterals, names and e obtuse 170º
properties of special triangles and quadrilaterals, f right 90º
how to measure lines and angles, and so on.
g acute 70º
You can ask students to complete their own and
then to compare with others and add any points h acute 60º
they have missed out (but know). You could also i obtuse 140º
use the student contributions to develop a class
spider diagram, which will give you some idea of 2 290°
what students already know so that you can focus 3 a This protractor is able to measure angles
the work on the new concepts in this chapter. from 0° to 360°.
Shapes and solids b Student’s own answer. Something like:
Answer suggestions: ensure that the 0°/360° marking of the
protractor is aligned with one of the arms of
1 Students can show each other where they have the angle you are measuring, and the vertex
found the different elements. It is possible to of the angle is aligned with the centre of the
find them all. protractor. Whether you use the inner or
2 Answers will vary, but students should be outer scale will be determined by which arm
able to find rectangles, trapezia and general you aligned with 0. Use the scale that gives
quadrilaterals, pentagons, hexagons and some an angle <180°.
triangles inside the building, formed by the c You would use the scale that gives you an
structures. angle >180°.
3 a (Hexagonal) prism
b Yes, if the base is a hexagon, the prism Exercise 3.2
has six rectangular faces. 1 a A
4 a It speeds up the process and allows
different members of the team to put
pieces together on one model to check for
80°
overlaps/errors and gives a view of the
finished process. Building information B C
modelling (BIM) allows them to strip the
model down to beams and walls so that b P
they can decide where to install or place
infrastructural elements.
b Computer models can be moved, changed 30°
and rescaled as needed digitally. It is Q R
easy to share and collaborate ideas and
different members of the team can work c X
on the design at the same time.
135°
Y Z
d E 4 60° and 120°

5 53°, 127° and 53°.
90°
Exercise 3.4
F G 1 a a = 112° (alternate angles equal)
e K b = 112° (vertically opposite angles equal)
b x = 105° (alternate angles equal)
y = 30° (sum of triangle)
L M z = 45° (alternate angles equal)
210° c c = 40° (vertically opposite angles equal)
b = 72° (corresponding angles equal)
f 355°
J
a = 68° (angles on a line)
K L
5° d = 68° (vertically opposite angles equal)
e = 40° (alternate angles equal)
Exercise 3.3 d a = 39° (corresponding angles equal)
b = 102° (angle sum of triangle)
1 a
EBF and FBC; or ABD and DBE
e x = 70° (angle on a line)
b
ABE and EBC; or DBA and CBG; or
DBC and ABG y = 70° (corresponding angles equal)
c ABD and DBC; or ABE and EBC; z = 85° (corresponding angles equal
or ABF and FBC; (180 − 95 = 85°, angles on a line, z is
or ABG and CBG; corresponding angle equal to 85°)
or DBE and EBG; f x = 45° (alternate angles equal)
or DBF and FBG; y = 60° (alternate angles equal)
or DBC and CBG;
g x = 82° (co-interior angles
or DBA and ABG;
supplementary)
or ABG and GBC
y = 60° (corresponding angles equal)
d DBE, EBF, FBC and CBG
or DBA and ABG z = 82° (angles on a line)
or DBF, FBC and CBG h x = 42 (alternate angles equal)
or DBF and FBG y = 138° (angles on a line)
or DBC and CBG
z = 65° (alternate angles equal)
(and combinations of these)
i a = 40° (alternate angles equal)
e FBC
b = 140° (angles on a line)
f EBA
d = 75° (angles on a line)
2 a x = 68°
c = 75° (corresponding angles equal)
b x = 40°
e = 105° (corresponding angles equal)
c x = 65°; y = 115°
2 a AB ∥ DC (alternate angles equal)
d x = 59°; y = 57°
b AB ∦ DC (co-interior angles not
e x = 16°; y = 82°; z = 16°
supplementary)
f x = 47°; y = 43°; z = 133°
c AB ∥ DC (co-interior angles
g x = 57° supplementary)
h x = 71°
i x = 38°
3 a 30°
b 15°
c 30°
General results c angle ACE = 53° (angles on straight line)

1 a y x = 53° (alt angles equal)
b 180 − x OR
c y is equal to z. angle CDE = 59° (alt angles equal)
d x and z are equal. 180° = 68° + 59° + x (angle sum of Δ)
2 a Angle ABF is equal to angle CDF x = 180° − 127°
(corresponding angles since lines AB and x = 53°
CE are parallel). Angle CDF is equal to d 180° = 58° + angle ACB + angle CBA
angle CEG (corresponding angles since (angle sum of triangle)
lines BF and EG are parallel). So angle
angle ACB = angle CBA (isosceles Δ)
ABC = angle CEG, so x = y.
⇒ 180° = 58° + 2y
b Angle AFE is equal to angle HFB
(vertically opposite angles). Angle BFH 2y = 122°
is equal to angle DGH (corresponding y = 61°
angles since lines AB and CD are parallel). x = 180° − 61°
So angle AFE = angle DGH, so x = y.
(exterior angles of a triangle equal to sum
of opposite interior angles)
Exercise 3.5 x = 119°
1a x = 54° (angle sum of triangle) e angle AMN = 180° − (35° + 60°)
b x = 66° (base angle isosceles ∆) (angle sum of Δ)
c x = 115° (angle sum of triangle) angle AMN = 85°
y = 65° (exterior angle of triangle equal x = 85°
to sum of the opposite interior angles OR
(corresponding angles equal)
angles on a line)
f angle ACB = 360° − 295°
z = 25° (angle sum of triangle)
(angles around a point)
2 x = 60° (exterior angle of ∆ equal to
a
angle ACB = 65°
sum of opposite interior angles),
so x + x = 120°, x = 60° angle ABC = 65° (isosceles Δ)
b 4x = 86° + (180° − 2x) x = 180° − (2 × 65°) (angle sum of Δ)
(exterior angle equals sum of opposite x = 50°
interior angles, and angle on straight line)
6x = 266 Exercise 3.6
x = 44.3° 1 a Rhombus, kite or square
3 a angle BAC = 180° − 95° b Square
(angles on a straight line) = 85° 2 a
angle QRS = 112° (vertically opposite
angle ACB = 180° − 105° angles equal)
(angles on a straight line) = 75° x = 112° (opposite angles in
parallelogram)
180° = x + 75° + 85°
b x = 62° (isosceles ∆)
(angle sum of triangle)
c 360° = 110° + 110° + 2x
x = 180° − 160°
(angle sum of quadrilateral)
x = 20°
140° = 2x
b angle CAB = 56°
(vertically opposite angles equal) x = 70°
180° = 56° + 68° + x
(angle sum of triangle)
x = 180° − 124°
x = 56°
d angle MLQ = 180° − 110° Exercise 3.7

(angles on a straight line)
angle LMN = 180° − 98° 1 Number
of sides 5 6 7 8
360° = 70° + 82° + 92° + x Angle
sum 540° 720° 900° 1080°
x = 116°
Number
e 360° = 3x + 4x + 2x + x 9 10 12 20
of sides
Angle
360° = 10x 1260° 1440° 1800° 3240°
sum
x = 36°
f 360° = (180° − x) + 50° + 110° + 90° 2 a 108°
(angles on a straight line, and angle sum b 120°
of quadrilateral) c 135°
360° = (180° − x) + 250° d 144°
110° = 180° − x e 150°
x = 70° f 165.6°
3 a 180° = 70° + 2y (angle sum of a ∆, 3 a 2340°
isosceles ∆ to give 2y)
b 360°
110° = 2y
c 156°
y = 55°
d 24°
∴ angle PRQ = 55°
angle MRS = 180° − (55° + 55°) 4 24 sides
(angles on a straight line, and isosceles 5 a x = 135°
triangle) b x = 110°
x = 70° c x = 72°
b angle MNP = 98°
(opposite angles in parallelogram) Exercise 3.8
angle RNM = 180° − 98° 1 a Diameter
(angles on a straight line) b Major arc
= 82° c Radius
180° = 2x + 82° (angle sum of a d Minor sector
triangle, and isosceles triangle)
e Chord
2x = 98°
f Major segment
x = 49°
2 a
c angle QRP = 55°
(angle sum of a triangle, and isosceles
triangle)
angle QRP = x
(alternate angles equal) b
x = 55°
c b
d
y 5 cm 5 cm
M
N
F 4 cm E
3 a Radius
b Diameter
c Minor arc
d DO, FO or EO c G
e Major arc
f Sector
4 cm 8 cm
I
Exercise 3.9 5 cm
25°
NOT TO SCALE H
1 a
A 6 cm B 3 a
A
b
C 75 mm D
7.2 cm 6.9 cm
c
E 5.5 cm F B 8.5 cm C
b
2 a Z
A
2.4 cm 1.7 cm 86 mm 66 mm
C Y 120 mm X
B 3.2 cm
c
D
E 6.5 cm F
d 5 720°
P
6 Let angle MQN = x
Then angle PMQ = x (isosceles triangle)
6.5 cm 6.5 cm So angle MPQ = 180° − 2x (angles in a
triangle add up to 180 degrees)
Therefore angle MPN = 180° − (180° − 2x) = 2x
Q R
4 cm
So angle PMN = 2x (isosceles triangle)
and angle NMQ = x + 2x = 3x
4a Accurate drawing
7 a 360°
b i 5.5 cm
b 24° if a regular polygon
ii 4.2 cm
c 156°
Practice questions 8 a
Exterior angle of triangle is equal to
the sum of two opposite interior angles
1 NOT TO SCALE x x
 __ + __
  = x.
C P 2 2
125° b Opposite angles of parallelogram equal,
75°
and vertically opposite angles equal.
A B
9 NOT TO SCALE
6.5 cm
2a x = 99° (co-interior angles supplementary) Q

b x = 65° (corresponding angles equal)
c x = 75° (angle sum of isosceles ∆) 4.5 cm 5 cm
d x = 112° (opposite angles of || gram)

P 7 cm R
e x = 110°
If y = angle AEC
⇒ 360° = 90° + 110° + 90° + y 10 b They all intersect at the same point.
y = 70° d The circle will always pass through all
three vertices if drawn correctly.
∴ angle AEC = 70°
angle ADE = 70° (isosceles triangle) 11 32
x = 180° − 70° (angles on a line) 12 a 108°
x = 110° b 36°
f x = 72.5° 13 18
Let y stand for base angles of isosceles ∆.
14 a Angle UVP = x (alternate angles are equal)
2y + 35° = 180° (base angles isosceles ∆
Angle WVQ = c (alternate angles are
and angle sum of ∆)
equal)
y = 72.5°
b Angle UVP + angle PVQ + angle WVQ =
⇒ angle QRP = 72.5° 180° (angles on a straight line sum to 180°)
angle NRQ = 35° (alternate angles equal) Therefore a + b + c = 180°, so the interior
180° = x + 72.5° + 35° angles of a triangle sum to 180°
x = 72.5° c Angle RQV = 180° − c
3 a Angles in a triangle add up to 180°. d a + b = 180° − c = angle RQV
x + y + 90° = 180°, so x + y = 90° Therefore the exterior angle of a triangle
b y = 53° is equal to the sum of the two interior
opposite angles.
4 a = 70°, b = 110°, c = 100°
Practice questions worked f

Angle PRQ = angle RPQ (base angles of
an isosceles triangle are equal)
solutions
2 × angle RPQ + 35° = 180° (angles in a
1 a triangle add up to 180°)
180° − 35°
A B Angle RPQ = __________
   
2
145°
= ____    = 72.5°
2
b C D x = angle RPQ = 72.5° (alternate angles
are equal)
3 a
x + y + 90° = 180° (angles in a triangle
add up to 180°)
75° 125° So x + y = 90°
A B b 37 + y = 90°
2 a
Angle CFG corresponds to angle AEF y = 90° − 37°
so angle CFG = 81° = 53°
x + angle CFG = 180° because the angles 4 a + 110° = 180°
on a straight line add up to 180°. a = 70°
x + 81° = 180° ⇒ x = 99°
a + b = 180°
b x + 65° because angle NSR corresponds b = 180° − 70°
to angle QTS.
= 110°
c Angle ABC = x because base angles of an
isosceles triangle are equal c + 100° + 100° + 60° = 360°
c = 100°
x + x + 30° = 180° because the sum of the
interior angles of a triangle is 180° 360°
5 Exterior angle = ____
    = 60°
2x = 150° 6
x = 75° Interior angle = 180° − 60° = 120°
d Angle PNM = 180° − 112° Sum of interior angles = 120° × 6 = 720°
= 78° (supplementary angles)
6 M
Angle PNM + x = 180° (supplementary
angles) x
x = 180° − 78°
= 112°
e Angle AEC + 90° + 90° + 110° = 360°
(angles sum in a quadrilateral = 360°)
x
Angle AEC = 360° − 290° Q
N P
= 70°
Let angle MQN = x
Angle ADE = 70° (base angles of an
isosceles triangle are equal) Triangle MPQ is isosceles ⇒ angle PMQ = x
(base angles are equal)
x = 180° − 70° = 110° (angles on a
straight line add to 180°) Angle MPQ = 180° − 2x (angles in a triangle
add up to 180°)
Therefore, angle MPN = 180° − (180° − 2x) = 2x
(angles on a straight line add up to 180°)
Angle PMN = 2x (base angles of an isosceles
triangle are equal)
So, angle NMQ = 2x + x = 3x = 3 × angle MQN
360°
7 a 360° (true for all polygons) 12 aExterior angle  ____
  = 72°
5
360°
b  ____  = 24° x = interior angle = 180° − 72° = 108°
15
b Triangle ABC is isosceles
c 180° − 24° = 156°
⇒ x + 2y = 180°
8 a
Angles in a triangle add to 180° 108° + 2y = 180°
(2 2)
x x
Angle BAC = 180° − __
    + __
    2y = 72°
y = 36°
= 180° − x
Angles on a straight line add up to 180° 360°
13 3x =  ____  = 36°
10
so, angle CAD + (180° − x) = 180°
x = 12°
Therefore, angle CAD = y = x
5
Therefore, exterior angle of B = __
   × 12° = 20°
b
Angle PSN = x (opposite angles in a 3
parallelogram are equal) 360°
 ____ = 18 sides
y is vertically opposite angle PSN so y = x 20°
9 Check by measurement. 14 a Angle UVP is alternate with angle VPQ = a

so, angle UVP = a
10 a Check by measurement.
Similarly, WVQ = c
b They all intersect at the same point.
b Angles on a straight line add up to 180°
c Check by drawing. so, angle UVP + angle PVQ + angle WVQ
d The point of intersection is always the = 180°
centre of the circle passing through all ⇒ a + b + c = 180°
three points.
c angle RQV = 180° − c
11 If n = number of sides, then d a + b + c = 180°
the total interior angle is 180°(n − 2) = 5400
so, 180° − c = a + b
n − 2 = 30
Therefore, exterior angle RQV = sum of
n = 32
two opposite interior angles
So, the number of sides is 32
Chapter 4
Getting started
1 Answers could include: observations, experiments and measurements, research using secondary
sources, questionnaires and sampling.
2 Some possible answers are:
Pictogram Bar chart Pie chart Line graph

a Number of medals that Total medal count Proportion of total Number of medals
each country won for some countries medals awarded each country won
to each continent over a period of time
b Use the key and number Read frequency Use size of sector Read frequency
of circles to find number of from vertical axis to compare from vertical axis
medals and country name countries and use slope of
from horizontal line to see if the
axis number increases
or decreases for
different times (given
on horizontal axis)
c Mostly for effect/ To compare data To compare data To show trends or
decorative sets sets patterns
Used for discrete data in Used for discrete Used for discrete Data that changes
categories data in categories data in categories over time; best for
continuous data
(although this data is
discrete)
d Use of different symbols Scale and/or axis % might not sum Vertical scale can be
or different sized symbols manipulation can to 100, circles manipulated, may
can make data difficult be misleading, with different sizes not start at 0 and
to compare/interpret for example, can give different can jump in different
(size and surface area of not starting at impressions, total sized steps, labelling
symbols can be used to 0, reducing or numbers may not might not be clear
mislead, especially with increasing intervals be given
circular symbols
Using 3D bars
can also make the
categories look
different
Exercise 4.1
1 a, b Students’ answers will vary, below are possible answers.
Categorical data Numerical data

Hair colour Number of people in household
Eye colour Hours spent doing homework
Favourite subject Hours spent watching TV
Mode of transport to school
Number of books
read in a month
Brand of toothpaste used Shoe size

Make of cell phone Test scores
2 a Continuous e i Use existing data

b Discrete ii Secondary
c Continuous iii Numerical
d Continuous iv Discrete
e Discrete f i Experiment
f Continuous ii Primary
g Continuous iii Numerical
h Discrete iv Discrete
i Continuous g i Survey
j Discrete ii Primary
k Discrete iii Numerical
l Discrete iv Continuous
3 a i Experiment h i Use existing data
ii Primary ii Secondary
iii Numerical iii Categorical
iv Discrete iv Discrete
b i Survey i i Use existing data
ii Primary ii Secondary
iii Categorical iii Numerical
iv Discrete iv Discrete
c i Use existing data j i Survey
ii Secondary ii Primary
iii Numerical iii Numerical
iv Continuous iv Discrete
d i Survey
ii Primary
iii Categorical
iv Discrete
Exercise 4.2
1 Score Tally Total
1 | | | | | | | 8
2 | | | | | | | | | | 12
3 | | | | | | 7
4 | | | | | | | 8
5 | | | | | | | 8
6 | | | | | | 7
50
2 Students’ own answers.
3 a 7
b 2 and 12
c It is impossible to score 1 with two dice.
d There are three ways of getting each of
these scores.
Exercise 4.3
1 a Number of coins 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Frequency 6 2 6 4 4 2 4 1 1
b 8
c 2
d None or two coins
e 30: add column and total the frequencies.
2 a Amount ($) 0−9.99 10−19.99 20−29.99 30−39.99 40−49.99 50−59.99

Frequency 7 9 5 2 1 1
b 16
c 1
d $10 – $19.99
3 Call length Frequency

0−59 s 0
1 min−1 min 59 s 4
2 min−2 min 59 s 3
3 min−3 min 59 s 6
4 min−4 min 59 s 4
5 min−5 min 59 s 3

1 4 5899 1 a 15
5 33455566689 b 33
c Mostly right-handed
6 00378
d 90
Key 2 Student’s own answers.
Key 4|5 represents 45 kg
3 a Checks Does not
on check on
2 a Branch A Branch B
phone phone
5 11
Checks on
12 5 3
computer
42 13 Does not check
3 1
990 14 2 on computer
52 15 9
b Most people surveyed check their email
9864 16 059 on their phone (8 out of 12), of these five
9952 17 7 of them check both. Only three people
don’t check email on their phones and
988600 18 056778888
only one person does not check email on a
980 19 0011368 phone or a computer.
100 20 000145
Exercise 4.6
Key
Branch A 5 | 11 represents 115 pairs 1 a i 3695 miles
ii 8252 miles
Branch B 14 | 2 represents 142 pairs
iii 4586 miles
b Branch B: 205 pairs b Istanbul to Montreal
c Branch B, as the data are clustered round c 21 128 miles
the bottom of the diagram where the d 4 hours
higher values are located.
e Blanks match a city to itself so there is no
3 26 a flight distance.
b
12 cm
c
57 cm Exercise 4.7
6 d 1 a 250 000
i eMore data clustered round top of
b 500 000
diagram; possibly need to add 0 as a
stem. c 125 000
ii Data clustered round bottom of the d 375 000
diagram, possibly need to add more
stems (i.e. higher than 5).
4 a 7
b 101 beats per minute
c 142 beats per minute
d Exercise raised the heart rate of everyone
in the group. Data moved down the stems
after exercise, indicating higher values for
all people.
2 Answers may vary depending on the scale

students choose. For example:
France
Spain
USA
China
Italy
represents 25 000 000 arrivals
3a Reel deal
b Fish tales
c Golden rod – 210 fish;
Shark bait – 420 fish;
Fish tales – 140 fish;
Reel deal – 490 fish;
Bite-me – 175 fish
d 1435 fish
Exercise 4.8
1 a Favourite take-away food
90
80
70
60
No. of people
50
40
30
20
10
0
Burgers Noodles Fried chicken Hot chips Other
b African countries with the highest HIV/AIDS

infection rates (2015)
30
% of adults (15–49)
25
20
infected
15
10
5
0
Mozambique
South Africa
Zimbabwe
Eswatini
Botswana
Namibia
Lesotho
Zambia
Malawi
Equatorial
Guinea
2 a Temperature (ºC) 32−34 35−37 38−40 41−43

Frequency 4 5 6 5
b Average summer temperature in 20 Middle East cities
41–43
Temperature (°C)
38–40
35–37
32–34
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Frequency
3 a Local and international visitors on a

Caribbean island
45 000
40 000
35 000
No. of visitors
30 000
25 000
Regional visitors
20 000
International visitors
15 000
10 000
5000
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Month
b Local and international visitors on a

Caribbean island
55 000
50 000
45 000
40 000
35 000
No. of visitors
30 000
Regional visitors
25 000
International visitors
20 000
15 000
10 000
5000
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Month
Exercise 4.9 match they are even happier because their

team won; after that, the level of happiness
1 Students’ use of online support drops slowly, but remains high.
3 Students draw their own graph to show their
Never used happiness levels over a school day. If they
Used in the past seem willing, they can share these with their
Uses at present
groups, but do not force them to do this.
2 Home language of people passing Exercise 4.10

through an international airport
1 a i approximately 33 °C
English
Spanish
ii approximately 65 °C
Chinese b It heats about 14 degrees in 30 seconds, so
Italian assuming a 1 degree heating in 2 seconds,
French it will reach 100 degrees in approximately
German 188 seconds.
Japanese
2 a 2 °C
3 Land used on a farm to grow vegetables b Between 07:00 and 09:00
3 a 62.5 bpm
Squashes
Pumpkins b At 6.30 a.m., as her pulse rate started
Cabbages steadily increasing after a short rest.
Sweet potatoes
c 150 bpm at 6.50 a.m.
1 d It dropped fairly steadily, returning to the

4a  __ starting rate after about 10 minutes.
4
b ≈11%
c 0.25 Practice questions
d i 225 1 a Primary data – it is data collected she
ii 100 collected herself by counting.
iii 200 b Discrete data – the data can only take
certain values.
iv 150
Graphs can tell a story c No. of broken Tally Frequency
biscuits
1 Students’ own discussions. Should indicate
that change in the graph is in response to 0 | | | | | | | | | | 12
events and that lines sloping up indicate noise 1 | | | | | | | | 10
levels increasing, while lines sloping down
indicate noise levels dropping. 2 | | | | | | | | | 11
2 Students’ own discussions. For example, the 3 | | | | | 6

spectators get happier as the game starts, then 4 | 1
their team scores a goal and the happiness
40
level goes up quickly and stays high, then the
other team scores a goal and the level drops
quickly, staying low. The other team scores
a second goal and the happiness level drops
really low and stays low until their team scores
a goal, then it increases to about the same
level as at the start of the match. It stays at
that level until their team scores a third goal
and then it goes up quickly. At the end of the
1
d  __
d Number of broken biscuits
4
12
e 28 (to nearest whole number)
10
f 83 (to the nearest whole number)
Frequency
8
6 5 a Pictogram
4 b Each stick person represents 1 billion
2 people.
0 1 billion = 500 million
0 1 2 3 4 c  __
No. broken biscuits 2
d 200 years
2a Heathrow
b 15 397 e 2012
c Gatwick 24 000 f  1 of a stick person.
9 full stick people and __
5
Heathrow 40 000
6 a
London City 6 000
Luton 11 000 Football Tennis Bowling Total
Stansted 15 000 Packthorpe 14 5 16 35
d Gatwick Rainbridge 21 13 11 45
Heathrow Total 35 18 27 80
London city
Luton
b
45
Stansted
Key: 35
= 10 000 flights Football
Frequency
Tennis
3 a 4980 Bowling
b District C – it has the highest percentage
of laptops.
c % of people in four districts who own a laptop
and a mobile phone
100
90
80 Packthorpe Rainbridge
70
Percentage (%)
60
50 Practice questions worked
40
30
solutions
20
10
1 a
The data is collected directly through an
0 experiment, so it is PRIMARY data.
A B C D
District b The data can only be numbers of biscuits
Own a laptop ⇒it can only take whole number values
Own a mobile phone
⇒ it is discrete data.
4 a Sport played by students.
b Five
c Baseball
c No. of broken Tally Frequency 4 a Discrete

biscuits b 5
0 | | | | | | | | | | 12 c Baseball
1 | | | | | | | | 10 1 × 200 = 50
d  __
2 | | | | | | | | | 11 4
e 28
3 | | | | | 6
f 83
4 | 1
5 a Pictogram
d b 1 full symbol represents 1 billion people
12 c 1 billion
d 1930 − 1650 = 280 years
Frequency
e In 2012
f 9 whole symbols and __ 1  of another
5
6 a
0 1 2 3 4
Football
Bowling
Number of broken biscuits
Tennis
Total
2 a Heathrow
b 15 397
c 24 000, 40 000, 6000, 11 000, 15 000 Packthorpe 14 5 16 35
d Rainbridge 21 13 11 45
Airport Total 35 18 27 80
Gatwick
b
40
Heathrow
Football
London City Tennis
Bowling
Luton
Stansted
Packthorpe Rainbridge
Means 4000 Means 1000

Past paper questions
1 60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5
3 a 0.83 × 6000 = 4980 people
90 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5
b District C because a large proportion of
So 3 × 5 = 15
people own laptops.
40 × 3 ______ 40 × 3
c 2 ≃ _______
    =     = 30
20 − 4 2 4
100
3 a Pentagon
360°
= Mobile phone b exterior angle = ____
    = 20°
%
= Laptop 18
∴ interior angle = 180° − 20° = 160°
A B C D
District
1   = 2  −5 180° − 38°

4 a   ___ 7 Angle ACB = __________
  = 71°
2  5 2
b i 318 − t = 36 Angle ACD = 180° − 71° = 109°
18 − t = 6 8 4p7q−1
t = 12
9 a i 17 × 4 = 68
ii 8 × 6 × w10 × w5 = 48w15
ii 61, 67, 71, 73
5 a = 59⁰ (vertically opposite) b i 67
b = 37⁰ (corresponding) ii 64
c = 180⁰ − 59⁰ − 37⁰ = 84⁰ (angle sum in a iii 65
triangle)
iv 72
6 c   1 
__
Netball 7
d 3.722
e 8=2×2×2 14 = 2 × 7
Football LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 = 56
f i 12 °C
ii 17 °C
Hockey 4 _ 3
10 a ( √ 81  )  y  16 ×  4 = 3  3 y  12= 27y  12
_3
b 2  3 = (2  2) p

Tennis ⇒ 2  3 = 2  2p
2p = 3
3
p = __    
Key: represents 4 people 2
Chapter 5
1 A=F B=Q 5 10 ___ 15 20
1 a  __ = ___
  =   = ___  
C=H D=I 9 18 27 36
3 6 9
E=U G=O b  __ = ___
  = ___   = ___   12
J=V K=L 7 14 21 28
12 = __ 6 2 ___ 8
M=P N=Y c  ___   = __   =  
18 9 3 12
R=T W=X
18 1 __ 3
S has no matching value. d  ___ = __   =   2 = __  
36 2 4 6
2 Students’ own drawings. For example: 110 55 ____ 165 ____ 220
e  ____ = ___   =   =  
a 128 64 192 256
2 1
a  __
+50% 3
1
b  __
−50% 3
3
b Start c  __
4
3
+40% +90% d  __
5
1
e  __
+50%
5
2
f  __
3
3
g  ___
10
Fraction diagrams
1 a Jay Mia Sam
1 1 1
1
4 4 8
1 4
1 1 1 1
2
4 4 4 8
b It is possible. For example: Exercise 5.2

10
1 a  ___
3 27
4 3
b  ___
1 14
4 2
c  __
9
c d   1
__
4
2 1
a  __
5
8
b  ___
21
c 2
1 (area of the shaded triangle is
 ___
24 92 22
d  ___ = 2  ___
35 35
  1 × 2 × 1 = 1, area of entire rectangle is
__
2 e 32
4 × 6 = 24, so shaded triangle is ___   1 of the 319 7
f  ____ = 39  __
rectangle) 24 8 8
g 180
2 Students’ own work. There are many possible
solutions and using equivalent fractions will 161
1 or ____
80  __
h  
produce more options. For example: 2 2
Exercise 5.3
1 2
1 2
4
6 12 1 a  __
1 3
2
5 1 3 5
__
3 9 b  
20 7
c   1
__
4
1 1 1 1 2 13 4
8 16 12
=
4 8 d   = 1  __
___
9 9
1
11
___
e  
13 1 5
6 = 30
16 2 10
f   1
___
24
7
__
g  
8
h 1
2  ___
16
1 7
2 a 3  __ 9 a  ___
3 10
5
___ 77
b 6   b  ___
11 60
c 1
18  __
4 Exercise 5.5
3
__
d 3  
4 1   1
___
5 40
e −  __ 4
6 2  __
11 5
f 12  ___ ___60 4
16 3   = 8  __
13 7 7
g ___
6  
16 4 5
29
___ 5 24
h 2  
60
i
25
___
1   6   1
__
42 8
__ 3
1
__
j   7  
2 8
3
5 8 9  __
k 9  ___ 5
12
7
l 3  ___ Exercise 5.6
60
Fraction patterns 1 90 people
1 0.4, 0.333333…, 0.625, 0.428…, 0.444…, 2 4
 ___
0.1875 21
5 3 3 98
2   2  __  ___
Terminating: __
5 8 16 3
4  __
3 7
Non-terminating: __   1  __  __
4
3 7 9 5   1
__
4
3 Terminating: the denominators are all 3
products of powers of 2 and 5 only. 6 3 cups and 3  __cups of water
4
4 They all have the same numbers in the same
order, but starting in different places. Exercise 5.7
7
1 a  ___
Exercise 5.4 10
3
__ 3 b  __
1   4
7
c   1
__
2   14
___
5
15
9
___
3   4
___ d  
25
63
3
e  ___
4   2
___
20
11
147 1
f  ___
5 ____
  2
= 29  __
5 5 40
43
___48 g  ___
6   20
85
33
___
____189 67 h  
7   = 1  ____ 25
122 122
47
___
___13 i  
8   40
14
271
j  ____ 2 a 40%
250
1 b 25%
k  ____
400 c 27.0% (3 s.f.)
1  
l  ______ 3 16 397 batteries (16396.8)
50 000
4 77.8 (3 s.f.)%
2 a 60%
b 28% 5 79.2 (3 s.f.)%
c 85% 6 25%
d 30% 7 0.025%
e 4%
8 177.33%
2 %
416.67% = 416  __
f
3
Exercise 5.9
Thinking about percentages
1 4%
1 a Method D.
b There are different reasons why the others 2 21%
won’t work, mostly because they all use 3 7%
the incorrect method. Individual reasons
might include: A – no % included in the 4 19%
calculation, B – multiplying by the answer 5 25%
cannot give the answer, C − 0.013 is not
13% and E – 13 is given as fraction of 500 6 44%
rather than 100.
2 a Most will show 0.25 because 25% is Exercise 5.10
equivalent to 0.25. 1 a 44
b 12% × 650 or 650 × 12% (the other b 46
methods involve converting the percentage c 50
and don’t use the percentage function, for
example, 0.12 × 650, 12 ÷ 100 × 650, d 42
650 ÷ 100 × 12). e 41.6
c You are dealing with percentages here, so 2 a 79.5
you include the sign. b 97.52
d Students will compare calculators and c 60.208
probably discover that they don’t all work
in exactly the same way. d 112.36
e 53.265
3 Students’ explanation of different methods for
calculating 15% of 500. 3 a 111.6
b 105.4
Exercise 5.8 c 86.8
1 a 15 d 119.04
b 12 e 115.32
c 135 4 a 3.62
d 360 b 23.3852
e 75 c 36.0914
f 45 d 0
g 0.078 m e 36.019
h 0.275 L
5 33 h e $12.95
6 $13.44 f $37.54
g $24.39
7 26 199
h $105.90
8 126 990
i $0.81
9 10 h 34 min j $0.66
10 174.90% 6 a 40 students
11 No. 100% − 12% − 12% = 74.44% which is a b 33 students
22.56% decrease
7 $20
12 14.9
8 80 kg
13 Students’ reasoning may vary.
9 210 litres (3 s.f.)
a No, on day 8 the points will have doubled
but on day 7 they will have halved.
Exercise 5.12
b Increasing by 40% and then 50% as the
increase is cumulative, so you are actually 1 a 3.8 × 102
increasing 140% by 50%. b 4.2 × 106
c It is cheaper to take the 50% discount. c 4.56 × 1010
For example, if 400 MB of data cost $100, d 6.54 × 1013
then you would pay $50 for 400 MB, if
e 2 × 101
you take the extra 50% free, then you get
600 MB for $100 and this means you pay f 1 × 101
$50 for only 300 MB. g 1.03 × 101
h 5 × 100
Exercise 5.11 i 4 × 10−3
1 175 j 5 × 10−5
2 362.857 k 3.2 × 10−5
l 5.64 × 10−8
3 1960
2 a 2 400 000
4 Sale price % reduction Original
b 310 000 000
($) price ($)
c 10 500 000
52.00 10 57.78
d 9 900
185.00 10 205.56 e 71
4700.00 5 4 947.37 f 0.000 36
2.90 5 3.05 g 0.000 000 016
24.50 12 27.84 h 0.000 000 203
10.00 8 10.87 i 0.0088
12.50 7 13.44 3 a 0.000 025 kg

9.75 15 11.47 b 2.5 × 10−5 kg
199.50 20 249.38 4 4.0208 × 1013 km
99.00 25 132.00 5 8.4 × 10−2 mm
5 a $20.49
b $163.93
c $11.89
d $19.66
Investigation: Standard form on a calculator 3 a 2.596 × 106

1 Learners’ own answers. b 7.569 × 10−5
2 a i 1.09 × 105 c 4.444 × 10−3
ii 2.876 × 10−6 d 1.024 × 10−7
iii 4.012 × 109 e 3.465 × 10−4
iv 1.89 × 107 f 2.343 × 107
v 3.123 × 1013
g 5.692 × 103
vi 2.876 × 10−4
h 3.476 × 10−3
vii 9.02 × 1015
viii 8.076 × 10−12 i 1.040 × 10−3
ix 8.124 × 10−11 4 Volume of space is (3.27 × 10−7) × (2 × 10−7) ×
x 5.0234 × 1019 (1.16 × 10−4) = 7.5864 × 10−17.
b 8.076 × 10−12 7.927 × 10−17 . 7.5864 × 10−17, so it will not
8.124 × 10−11 fit.
2.876 × 10−6 5 a 1.07 × 109
2.876 × 10−4
b 1 × 1012
1.09 × 105
1.89 × 107
4.012 × 109 Exercise 5.14
3.123 × 1013 1 a 8 × 1030
9.02 × 1015 b 4.2 × 1012
5.0234 × 1019 c 2.25 × 1026
d 1.32 × 109
Exercise 5.13 e 1.4 × 1032
1 Display will vary according to the calculator f 3 × 101
used.
g 2 × 101
a 4.2 × 1012
h 3 × 103
b 0.000 018
i 3 × 1042
c 2 700 000
j 1.2 × 103
d 0.0134
k 5 × 102
e 0.000 000 001
l 1.764 × 1015
f 42 300 000
g 0.000 310 2 2 a 3.4 × 104
h 3 098 000 000 b 3.7 × 106
i 2.076 × 10−23 c 5.627 × 105
2 a 1.3607 × 1018 d 7.057 × 109
b 1.0274 × 10−15 e 5.7999973 × 109
c 1.0458 × 100 3 a 8 × 10−10
d 1.6184 × 1011 b 6.4 × 10−12
e 5.2132 × 1019 c 3.15 × 10−9
f 3.0224 × 10−16 d 3.3 × 10−2
g 2.3141 × 1012 e 2 × 1033
h 1.5606 × 1017 f 7 × 10−37
g 5 × 1012
h 1.65 × 101
4 a 2.731 × 10−2 Practice questions worked

b 2.88 × 10−1 solutions
c 7.01056 × 103
6(4 6(8 8) 8)
5 1 __ 5 2 __
d 1.207 × 10−5 1 __     +   1  = __
    __     +   1 
    __
5 8.64 × 104 seconds 5 3  1

=  __  × __    
2  6 8
6 a 3 × 109 metres
5
b 6 × 109 metres =  ___ 
16
c 3.06 × 1010 metres
2 a 19 + 24 + 31 + 10 + 11 = 95
100% − 95% = 5% gained a grade U
Practice questions 6
24   = ___
b  ____    
5
___ 100 25
1
 
16 c 19% of 93 800 = 0.19 × 93 800
2 a 5% = 17 822
6
b  ___ 3 27 500 × 1.09 = 29 975 cases
25
c 17 822 172 − 160
__________
4    × 100% = 7.5%
160
3 29 975
5 The second increase is 20% on an already
4 7.5% increased salary.
5 The 20% increase is not an increase on the 1.1 × 1.2 = 1.32 ⇒32% increase
original salary, it is an increase on the larger 3 × 10  8 × 2 × 10  7
salary at the end of year 1. Timur’s salary 6 n = ________________
 
    
3 × 10  8 + 2 × 10  7
will be multiplied by 1.1 × 1.2 = 1.32. Timur’s
6 × 10  15
_______________________
salary is increased by 32% overall. =         
300 000 000 + 20 000 000
6 n = 1.88 × 107 6 × 10  15
= ___________
   
7 a 9.46 × 1012 320 000 000
b 0.423 6 × 10  15
= _________
   
3.2 × 10  8
c 1.88 × 105
= 1.875 × 107
8 3 299 000
= 1.88 × 10 7 (to 3 s.f.)
ab
9  ____ × 10m + n + 2 7 a 3.0 × 105 × 60 × 60 × 24 × 365
100
= 9.46 × 1012 km
10 a $4400 (2 s.f.)
4.0 × 10  13
b $5000 (2 s.f.) b  ___________  = 4.23light years
9.46 × 10  12
( 100 )
x n
c V 1 − ____
    c 3.0 × 105 × 0.625 = 1.88 × 105
miles per second
11 On 1 January 2038 the painting is due to be
worth $2520. So the value of the painting will 3.352 × 10  6
8  ___________
  = 3 299 000
first be worth more than $2500 during 2037. 1.016
9 xy = ab × 10m + n
ab
= ____
    × 10  m + n + 2
100
3875
10 a  _____ = $4403
0.88
b Divide by 0.88 again = $5004
V (  ________
100 )
n
100 − x
c   
11 $1800 × 1.02 = $1836

× 1.02 = $1873
× 1.02 = $1910
× 1.02 = $1948
× 1.02 = $1987
× 1.02 = $2027
× 1.02 = $2068
× 1.02 = $2109
× 1.02 = $2151
× 1.02 = $2194
× 1.02 = $2238
× 1.02 = $2283
× 1.02 = $2328
× 1.02 = $2375
× 1.02 = $2423
× 1.02 = $2471
× 1.02 = $2520
Therefore, the amount in 2038 is $2520.
Chapter 6
Getting started 5
p = − __
f  
2
20
3 7 p =  ___
g
13
7 7 18 11 h x = −1
5 a x = 11.5
4 8 4 11 15 4
b x = 10.5
c x = 16.7
a+c 3a + c d x=3
2a + c + d a+b+c 4a + 4b + c a – 2d   1
x = − __
e
7
a+d a+b+d b 4b + a −a + 4b −2a − c f x = 10
− c − 2d − 2d
6 a x=3
1
x =  __
Exercise 6.1 b
2
1 a x=7 5
c x =  __
2
b x = −5
d x = 0, so there is no solution
c x=9
62 e x=1
x = − ___
d  
7 f x = −13
e x=5 7 a x=1
f n = 11 1
x =  __
b
g q = 1.75 3
h t = 0.5 3
x = − __
c  
4
2 a x=2 1
x =  __
d
b x = −10 3
c y = −3 x =   1
e __
11 5
x =  ___
d
15 x = − __
f   1
6
e p=1
f x = 60 Exercise 6.2
3 a x=2 1 a 3(x + 2)
b p=3 b 3(5y − 4)
c t=1 c 8(1 − 2z)
d m=5 d 5(7 + 5t)
e n = 10 e 2(x − 2)
13 f 3x + 7
x = − ___
f  
6
g 2(9k − 32)
4 a x=2 h 11(3p + 2)
b x=2 i 2(x + 2y)
c x = 12 j 3( p − 5q)
d x=1 k 13(r − 2s)
15
x =  ___
e l 2( p + 2q + 3r)
4
2 a 7(3u − 7v + 5w) 2 They are all divisible by 3.

b 3x( y + 1) 3 a n + 1 and n + 2.
c 3x(x + 1) b n + n + 1 + n + 2 = 3n + 3 = 3(n + 1).
d 3p(5q + 7) This is divisible by 3. This confirms the
e 3m(3m − 11) answer to question 2.
f 10m2(9m − 8) 4 n + n + 1 + n + 2 + n + 3 + n + 4 = 5n + 10
g 12x3(3 + 2x2) = 5(n + 2). Divisible by 5.
h 4pq(8p − q) Seven numbers 7n + 21 = 7(n + 3).
Divisible by 7.
3 a 2m2n2(7 + 2mn)
b abc(17 + 30b) 5 Sum of four numbers is divisible by 2, not 4.
Sum of six numbers is divisible by 3 not 6.
c m2n2(49m + 6n)
1 ( a + 3b) 6 When the number of integers is p, where p is
d  __ prime, the answer is always divisible by p.
2
1 This doesn’t work for non-primes.
e  __ x(6x 3 + 7)
8
f 8(x − 4) Exercise 6.3
g (x + 1)2 (1 − 4x) 1 a a=c−b
h 2x3(3 + x + 2x2) b r=p−q
i 7xy(x2 − 2xy + 3y) g
h = __
c  
j ( y + 3)(x + 2) f
d−c
_____
4 a 4(x + 3y) d
b =   a
b 15(3x + y) e a = bc
c a2b(3a − 4b)
t+m
d 3(17z3 + 7x2) n = _____
f   a
e 4x3y4(3 − 5x2y) 2 a m = an − t
f Fully factorised t
a =  ______
b n − m
5 a 3(3x + 4y)
tz
b 3(3x − 4y) x = __
c   y
c 10a(x + y) d x = bc + a
d (2x3 − 3)(5x2 − 2)
d
e (x + y)(x − y − 2) y = c −  __
e x
f (x − 2m + 1)(x + 2m − 1) f b=a−c
g (4x + 5y)(2a + 3b) 3 a r = q(p − t)
h (abx + bcy)(1 + c) x−a
b =  _____
b c
i (ax − by)(1 + k)
t
6 a 4(6x + 35) m = n −  __
c a
bc
b 240(2x + 5) a =  ___
d
d
7 3(60 − x) − 4y e a = x − bc
8 a 9003 × 10m xy
z = ___
f  
b This is not in standard form because 9003 t
is greater than 10. 4 a b = c2
c In standard form: 9.003 × 10m + 3.
c 2
b = ___
b   a
Sums of consecutive numbers
b = (__
  a )
1 Students’ choice of numbers. c 2
c
d b = c2 − c c 19 cm
e b = x − c2 d 4.27 cm
y=(   c )
x 2 1  
f __ b =  _______
11
(c − a) 2
5 a P − l
w =  __
2 12 2(2p2 + a)( pq3 + 2)
b w = 35.5 cm 5
13  __
(v − u) 2
6 a = ______
a    
t
b 10.72 m/s Practice questions worked
solutions
(  4p 2 )
7 T 2
l = g ____
3p − 5
1 T = ______
   
2
Practice questions 3p −5
12 = ______
   
1 9 2
2 a Temperature will be 19 °C. 3p − 5 = 24
b You will need to climb to 1500 m. 3p − 5 = 29
c 52.9 29
p = ___
   
3
qx
3 y = ___
  p 2 aIncrease in height = 1300 − 500
= 800 m
4 x2y(x2y2 + 7 − 3xy2) 800
 ____  = 4 °C
5 200
− __
5   So, the new temperature = 23 °C − 4° °C
2
= 19 °C
6 2n + 1 + 2n + 3 + 2n + 5 = 69
increase in height
________________
6n + 9 = 69 b      = 5
200
n = 10 Therefore, increase in height = 5 × 200
Smallest number is 21. = 1000 m
7a 14 − n c
700 − 12
13 =  ________
q 
b 3n − (14 − n) = 4n − 14 = 22
n = 9 688
13 = ____
  q 
9T
8 F =  ___+ 32
a
13q = 688
5
b 17.6 °F 688
q = ____
   = 52.9
13
c −40 degrees
__x __ p
9a 3x + 42 cm 3 y    = q   
b x + 3 cm py = qx
c x + 7 cm qx
y = ___
 p 
d 8x + 30 = 2(4x + 15) cm
e 8x + 30 = 3x + 42 4 x4y3 + 7x2y − 3x3y3
x = 2.4 cm = x2y(x2y3 + 7 − 3xy2)
f Perimeter of each shape is 49.2 cm. 5 0.8x + 3 = 2(0.6x + 2)
Area is 80.28 cm2. 0.8x + 3 = 1.2x + 4
0.4x = −1
10 a 12x + 13
x=− 1   = −2.5
 ___
b 0.5 0.4
6 2n + 1 + 2n + 3 + 2n + 5 = 69 f
Perimeter of ABC = 3x + 42
6n + 9 = 609 = 7.2 + 42
6n = 60 = 49.2 cm
n = 10 Perimeter of DEFGHI = 8x + 30
= 19.2 + 30
The smallest number is 2n + 1 = 21
= 49.2 cm
7 a 14 − n Area DEFGHI = (2x + 3)(12 + 2x)
b 3n + (14 − n)(−1) − (x + 3)(x + 7)
= 3n − 14 + n = 7.8 × 16.8 − 5.4 × 9.4
= 4n − 14 = 80.28 cm2
4n − 14 = 22 10 a 3 + 2(x + 1) + 2(3x + 2) + 4(x + 1)
4n = 36 = 3 + 2x + 2 + 6x + 4 + 4x + 4
n=9 = 12x + 13
5 b 4(x + 1) = 3 + 2(x + 1)
8 T = __
a     (F − 32)
9 4x + 4 = 3 + 2x + 2
9T 2x = 1
 ___  = F − 32
F
9T x = __  1 
Therefore, F =  ___ + 32 2
5 3 7
9( )
__
c 3x + 2 = __    + 2 = __    
b F =     − 8 + 32 2 2
5
(x + 1)= 4 × __ 3
72 160 4    = 6
= −  ___  + ____
    2
5 5
Perimeter = 2 (    + 6)
7
88
___
=     __
5 2
= 17.6 °C = 7 + 12
= 19 cm
5
x = __
c    (x − 32) 7
9 d Area of rectangle =  __ × 6= 21 cm2
2
9x = 5(x − 32) Area of square × 1.15 = 21
9x = 5x − 160
Therefore, area of square = _____   21  
x = − 40 _____ 1.15
So, −40 °F = −40 °C Side of square = _____ √   21
1.15
  = 4.27 cm
9 a x + 14 + x + 14 + x + 14 1_  = c
= 3x + 42 11 a +  __
√
b
b EF = 2x + 3 − x 1
=x+3  ___  = c − a
√
b
c FG = 12 + 2x − (x + 5) _
√ b
= 12 + 2x − x − 5   1  
 __ = _____
c−a
1
=x+7
b = (_____ a)
2
1    
  c −
d x + 12 + 2x + 2x + 3 + x + 5 + x + 3 + x + 7
= 8x + 30
12 4p3q4 + 8p2q + 2apq3 + 4a
e
3x + 42 = 8x + 30 = 2(2p3q4 + 4p2q + apq3 + 2a)
5x = 12
13 42x − 3 = 25 + 2(x − 3)
 12  = 2.4
x = ___ (22)2x − 3
= 25 + 2x − 6
5
(2 )
2 2x − 3 = 22x − 1
2(2x − 3) = 2x − 1
4x − 6 = 2x − 1
2x = 5
5
x = __
   
2
Chapter 7
Getting started 9 14.14 cm × 14.14 cm
1
a  ___ 10 a 0.3458 m2
24 1
1 b  __
b  __ 2
4
c Consider this as a red/black triangle on
c   1
___ top of a yellow/white triangle. The base
10
of each triangle is the same but the height
3
__
d   of the white/yellow triangle is twice the
8
height of the red/black triangle, so its area
e   1
__ will be twice as big. Therefore the area of
2
the red/black triangle is half of the area
f   1
__ of the yellow/white triangle which means
2
that the area of the yellow and white
region of the flag is the same as the area
Exercise 7.1 of the red and black region.
1 a 12.5 cm
11 Students’ answers will vary; the following are
b 9 cm
just examples.
2 a 25 cm
a
1 cm 4 cm2
b 35 m
c 23 km 4 cm
3 a 16 m2
b 42 m2 2 cm 6 cm2
c 8 cm2
d 54 cm2 3 cm
4 a i 5850 cm2
ii
b 1 cm
0.585 m2 6 cm2
b 360 cm 6 cm
5 a 50 m2
b 52.29 m2 2 cm 6 cm2
c 33.1 cm2 (3 s.f.)
d 37.8 cm2 3 cm
e 36 cm2
c
f 145.16 cm2 5 cm 3 cm 18 cm2
g 55.7 cm2 (3 s.f.)

6 cm
6 a h = 6 cm
b b = 17 cm 24 cm2
c a = 2.86 cm (3 s.f.) 5 cm 4 cm
d b = 5 cm
e h = 10.2 cm (3 s.f.) 6 cm
7 183 tiles
8 a 74.8 cm2
133
b  ____ xy
162
d 24 cm2 6 2 × 12 cm pizza ≈ 226.2 cm2 and 24 cm

6.6 cm pizza ≈ 452.4 cm2, so two small pizzas is not
4 cm
the same amount of pizza as one large pizza.
6 cm
Exercise 7.3
24 cm2 1 a C = 9p cm A = 20.25p cm2
5 cm 4 cm b C = 74p cm A = 1369p cm2
c C = 120p mm A = 3600p mm2
6 cm
14p 49p
C = ____
d   + 14 cm A =  ____cm 2
12 Area = 440 square units and 2 2
perimeter = 102 units 12p 36p
C =  ____+ 12 cm
e A =  ____cm 2
13 32 cm2 2 2
18.4p 84.64p
14 72 cm f C =  ______ + 18.4 cm A =  _______cm 2
2 2
Increasing areas 2 a C = 10p cm
1 4 cm2 b C = 14p cm
2 Area of 6 cm square is 36 cm2. This is nine c A = 0.9025p cm2
times larger than the 2 cm square. 9p
A = ___
d   cm 2
3 Area of 10 cm square is 100 cm2.
This is 2
25 times larger than the 2 cm square. 3 a 12 cm
4 When we multiply the side length by k the area b A = 144 − 36p cm2
is multiplied by k2.
4 A = 32p mm2
5 14 cm2
6 The same result applies: multiplying the side Exercise 7.4
length by k means the area is multiplied by k2. 1 a A = 12.6 cm2 P = 16.2 cm
b A = 25.1 cm2 P = 22.3 cm
Exercise 7.2 c A = 1.34 cm2 P = 7.24 cm
1 Answers are correct to 3 s.f. d A = 116 cm2 P = 44.2 cm
a A = 50.3 m2 C = 25.1 m e A = 186 m2 P = 55.0 m
b A = 7.55 mm2 C = 9.74 mm f A = 0.185 cm2 P = 1.88 cm
c A = 0.503 m2 C = 2.51 m g A = 36.3 cm2 P = 24.6 cm
d A = 0.785 cm2 C = 3.14 cm h A = 98.1 m2 P = 43.4 m
e A = 1.57 km2 C = 4.44 km 2 a A = 198 m2 l = 22.0 m
f A = 1.27 m2 C = 4 m (exact) b A = 70.4 cm2 l = 17.2 cm
2 Answers correct 3 s.f. c A = 94.7 cm2 l = 29.6 cm
a A = 250 cm2 d A = 14.5 m2 l = 9.69 m
b A = 13.7 cm2 3 a A = 16.4 m2 P = 6.54 m
c A = 68.3 m2 b A = 243 cm2 P = 62.5 cm
d A = 55.4 cm2
4 1856 m
e A = 154 m2
5 70.0 m
f A = 149 cm2
6 14 cm
3 23 bags
7 9 cm
4 White = 0.1 m2 Red = 1.0 m2
5 0.03 m2
25 5
8 a A = 40 − ___
  p cm2 P = 21 +  __p cm 4 a 768 cm3
8 2
b 816 cm2
b A = 90 − 4p cm2 P = 30 + 2p cm
25 5 5 3.39 m3 (3 s.f.)
c A = 60 − ___
  p m2 P = 34 +  __p m
6 3 6 a 200 p cm3
d A = 70.56 − 17.64p cm P = 16.8 + 8.4p cm
2
b 542 cm2 (3 s.f.)
e A = 324 − 81p m2 P = 18p m 7 241 cm3 (3 s.f.)
9 a P = 144 cm A = 1400 cm2 8 a 320 boxes
b P = 7.07 cm A = 3.63 cm2 b 8.5 m2
c P = 15.6 cm A = 17.0 cm2 c 48 m3
d P = 26.6 cm A = 32.6 cm2
9 Volume = 264 cm3
e P = 61.1 cm A = 181 cm2
Surface area = 306 cm2
10 6.77 cm
Exercise 7.7.
Exercise 7.5 1 a 1600p cm2 (3 s.f.)
1 32 000
b b  ______ p cm3 (3 s.f.)
3
c 2 5300 cm3 (3 s.f.)
a
3 549 000 000 000 km3 (3 s.f.)
b
4 2 600 000 m3 (3 s.f.)
a
5 a 340p m2 (3 s.f.)
b 725p m3 (3 s.f.)
2 a Trapezium-based prism 6 1110 cm3 (3 s.f.)

b O and S 7 a 754 cm3 (3 s.f.)
c PQ = RQ = UV = VW b 415 cm2 (3 s.f.)
3 a is correct 8 2.29 cm (3 s.f.)
4 __
9 R =  
 __
3
√
1 r 2 
10 a 5 mm
4 8 3
2 5 7 10.4 cm
5 a 344 cm2 35 cm
b 0.000 24 m3
Exercise 7.6 b
Volume of metal in the tube
1
= ( × 35)
Volume = 66 cm3 Surface area = 144 cm2
p × (_____
2 )
2
10.4
 
2 a i 720 cm3
− (p × (________ ) × 35)cm 3

ii 548 cm2 10.4 − 1
2
 
b i 13.8 mm3 (3 s.f.) 2
ii 40.3 mm2 (3 s.f.) c 544 cm3 (3 s.f.)
3 432 000 cm3
d Total surface area of tube = 2 × area of ring + area of outer tube + area of inner tube
(Note ‘ring’ is the 5 mm thick end of the cylinder.)
2 × [p × ( ] + ( p × 10.4 × 35) + [ p × (10.4 − 1) × 35]cm 2

2 )
− p ( )
2 2
10.4 10.4 − 1
_____
  ________
 
2
40
11 260 cm3 5 8 × p × 1.2  2 × ____
   
360
12 a i 205 cm2 = 4.02 m2
ii 197.47 cm2 60°
6 The triangle removes  ____  = __
a   1  of
b i 225 cm3 360° 6
each circle
ii 254.47 cm2 5
Therefore, perimeter = 3 × __     × p × 8
6
Practice questions = 20p cm
5
1 33 900 mm (3 s.f.) b Area = 3 ×  __  × p × 4  2+ area of triangle
6
2 P = 32.3 cm (3 s.f.) Area = 47.7 cm2 = 40p+ area of triangle
3 2.31 m3 (3 s.f.)
82 – 42 = 48
550
4  ____
p cm 8
3
5 4.02 m2
6 a 62.8 cm 4
_
b 125.7 cm2 Area of triangle = __ 1 × 8 × √ 48 
2 _
c 37.5% Therefore, total area = 40p + 2 √ 48 
_
7 a 168 cm3 = 40p + 16 √ 3  cm2
b 0.000 168 m3
 11 = 1.375
Scale factor of lengths = ___
c
8
8 Volume = 336 cm3
Therefore, increase in perimeter = 37.5%.
Surface area = 360 cm2
7 a 1 × 3 × 4 × 7
Volume = 6 × 5 × 7 −  __
2
Practice questions worked = 210 − 42
solutions = 168 cm3
1 600 × p × 18 = 33 929 mm b 1 m3 = 100 × 100 × 100 cm3
= 33.9 m = 1 000 000 cm3
2 Perimeter = 9 + 6 + 9 + 1 + 1 + __  1  (p + 4) 168
2 Volume in m3 = _________
    = 0.000 168 m3
= 32.3 cm 1 000 000
 1  p × 4  2
Area = 9 × 6 − __
2
= 28.9 cm 2
×(    )  × 1.5 = 2.31 m3

2
1.4
3 Volume = p ____
2
4   1  × p × 5  2× 12 + __
__  1  × __
  4  × p × 5  3
3 2 3
250
= 100p +  ____   p
3
550p 3
=  _____   cm
3
8 Each sloping face is a trapezium.

6
12
Therefore, surface area
=12  2 + 6  2+ 4 × (

2 )
12 + 6
______
    × 5
= 360 cm2
Volume = __   1  × 12  2× 8 −  __
1  × 6  2× 4
3 3
= 336 cm2
Chapter 8
Getting started 6 1
a  ___
77
1, 2 Students’ individual work. 76
b  ___
3 It is sensible to choose ‘higher’ for any number 77
where more than half the numbers are higher 4
7 a  __
(so any decimal between 0 and 0.5). It is 9
sensible to choose ‘lower’ for any number 5
where more than half the numbers are lower b  __
9
(so any decimal between 0.5 and 1).
0
c  __
Talking about probability 9
1 Probability only tells us the expected, or ‘on d 1
average’ proportion of ‘true’ answers. It does
8 9 blue balls
not tell us exact proportions.
9 1
a  ___
2 The three possible outcomes are not
13
necessarily equally likely.
1
b  __
3 Statistical experiments always give a range of
4
outcomes. Different outcomes are possible, so
they also have a non-zero probability. 1
c  __
2
4 Any random experiment like this can produce
3
unexpected outcomes, because each of the d  ___
combinations of red and blue socks is possible. 13
5 We should only give probabilities for outcomes Exercise 8.2

of experiments that have not already been
completed. It makes more sense to talk about 1 a First throw
the probability that it rains tomorrow.
H T
Second
throw
Exercise 8.1 H HH TH
7 T HT TT
1 a  ___
50
b 0.14 __1
b i
 
2
2 1
a  ___ __1
10 ii
 
4
3 __3
b  ___ iii
 
20 4
__1
131
c  ____ iv
 
260 4
141
d  ____ 2 a First dice
260
× 1 2 3 4 5 6
235
3 a  ____ = 0.783 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
300
2 2 4 6 8 10 12
Second dice
b 233
4 a 80 3 3 6 9 12 15 18
7 4 4 8 12 16 20 24
b  ___
20 5 5 10 15 20 25 30
c 30 6 6 12 18 24 30 36
5 5 750
1
___
b i
  5 a Set A
36
0 + 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ii  ___
36 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
__ 2
iii   2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
9
__ 7 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
iv  
9 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
__ 1
v  
Set B
6
__2
vi   + 1 2 3 4 5 6
9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 a Spinner 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 4 6 8 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
3 3 3 4 6 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Tetrahedral
5 5 5 5 6 8 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
dice
7 7 7 7 7 8 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
9 9 9 9 9 9 b Set B, but set A is not far away from being
sensible
6 3
i  ___ = ___
b  
20 10
14
___ 7 Exercise 8.3
ii   = ___  
20 10 1 1
a  ___
9 36
iii ___
 
20 1
b  __
9 4
iv ___  
20 1
c  __
8 2 6
v ___   =  __
20 5 5
d  __
6
4 a First throw
2a Red, red; red, blue; blue, red; blue, blue
4 6 10 12 15 24
b i 58.3%
4 4 2 2 4 1 4
ii 41.7%
Second throw
6 2 6 2 6 3 6
iii 24.3%
10 2 2 10 2 5 2
iv 51.4%
12 4 6 2 12 3 12 v 48.6%
15 1 3 5 3 15 3 vi 34.0%
24 4 6 2 12 3 24 vii 66.0%
5
___ 1
b i
  3 a  ____
18 169
2 1
 __
ii b  _____
3 2704
iii 1 1
c  ___
17 52
___
iv
  3
18 d  __
2 8
__
v
  1
e  __
9
8 2
___
vi
  1
f  __
18
2
4 a 0.24
b 0.24
c 0.36
d 0.76
e 0.52
Practice questions
1 2
a  __
5
3
__
b  
5
c 0
__1
2 a
 
3
b 0
__5
c
 
6
1
d  __
3
3 a Face 1 2 3 4
2 5
Probability  __   1
__ ___
    1
__
9 3 18 6
___ 4 ___ 6 ___ 5 ___ 3
       
18 18 18 18
b 2
13
___
c
 
18
4 a Josh
+ $5 $1 $1 50c 20c 20c 20c
$5 $10 $6 $6 $5.50 $5.20 $5.20 $5.20
$5 $10 $6 $6 $5.50 $5.20 $5.20 $5.20
$5 $10 $6 $6 $5.50 $5.20 $5.20 $5.20
Soumik
$2 $7 $3 $3 $2.50 $2.20 $2.20 $2.20

50c $5.50 $1.50 $1.50 $1 70c 70c 70c
50c $5.50 $1.50 $1.50 $1 70c 70c 70c
50c $5.50 $1.50 $1.50 $1 70c 70c 70c
___ 6
b
 
49
___ 18
c  
49
25
___
d  
49
5 1
a  __
8
b   1
__
9
c   11
___
96
6 a Square spinner
1 2 3 4
1 1, 1 2, 1 3, 1 4, 1
2 1, 2 2, 2 3, 2 4, 2
Pentagon
spinner
3 1, 3 2, 3 3, 3 4, 3
4 1, 4 2, 4 3, 4 4, 4
5 1, 5 2, 5 3, 5 4, 5
4 = __
i  ___
b   1
20 5
7
ii  ___
20
2 = ___
iii  ___   1
20 10
9
iv  ___
20
7
c i P(A or B) = ___
 
20
7
but P(A) + P(B) = __  1 + ___   11
  = ___
5 20 20
ii
Events A and B are not mutually
exclusive.

solutions
1 a P(banana) = ___   2 
  4   = __
10 5
2 +   6 __
4 =  ___ 3
b  _____   =    
10 10 5
c 0
2 a 2  = __
 __   1 
6 3
0
__
b    = 0
6
5
__
c    
6
d   2  = __
__   1 
6 3
5 ___
4   ,  ___
4   ,  ___ 3
3 a  ___   ,    
18 16 18 18
b Face 2
4 + 6 + 3 ___13 5 13
c  _________
  =     or 1 − ___
    = ___
   
18 18 18 18
4 Josh: $1, 50c, $5, 20c, 20c, 20c

Soumik: $5, $5, $5, $2, 50c, 50c, 50c
a Josh
+ $5 $1 50c 20c 20c 20c
$5 $10 $6 $5.50 $5.20 $5.20 $5.20
$5 $10 $6 $5.50 $5.20 $5.20 $5.20
$5 $10 $6 $5.50 $5.20 $5.20 $5.20
Soumik
$2 $7 $3 $2.50 $2.20 $2.20 $2.20

50c $5.50 $1.50 $1 70c 70c 70c
50c $5.50 $1.50 $1 70c 70c 70c
50c $5.50 $1.50 $1 70c 70c 70c
3
b   1  
 ___  = ___
42 14
15 5
c  ___  = ___    
42 14
d  ___22  = ___   11 
42 21
5 1 2 3 4 5 6
Probability x x x x   1 

__   1 
__
6 3
4x +  __
a 1  + __   1 = 1
6 3
6 1 __
4x =  __  − __     −   2  = __   1 
6 6 6 2
x =  __ 1 
8
P(rolling 3) = __  1 
8
b P(6 and 6) =  __ 1  × __   1  = __   1 
3 3 9
c P(2, 6) + P(6, 2) + P(3, 4) + P(4, 3)
1  ×  __
=  __ 1  + __   1  × __   1  + __   1  × __   1  + __
  1  × __
  1 
8 3 3 8 8 8 8 8
1   + ___
=  ___   1   + ___   1   + ___   1  
24 24 64 64
1   + ___
=  ___   1   = ___   11 
12 32 96
6 a Square
1 2 3 4
1 1, 1 2, 1 3, 1 4, 1
2 1, 2 2, 2 3, 2 4, 2
Pentagon
3 1, 3 2, 3 3, 3 4, 3
4 1, 4 2, 4 3, 4 4, 4
5 1, 5 2, 5 3, 5 4, 5
1.2
P(total of the scores is 5) = ___
b i   1 
  4   = __ 8  ____  × 100 = 7.5%
20 5 1.6
ii P(the scores have a difference of 1) 9 a 6.05 × 10−2
7
=  ___  b 4.0261 × 1011
20
iii
P(total of scores is 5 and scores have 10 a isosceles
a difference of 1) b 4.4 cm
= P(2, 3) + P(3, 2) c   1 × 5 × 4.4 = 11 cm2
__
2   = ___ 2
= ___    1  
20 10 d   1 × 5 × 4.4 × 6 = 66 cm3
__
iv P(total of scores is 5 or scores have a 2
difference of 1 or both) 11 a 6a + 4b
P(1, 4) + P(4, 1) + P(2, 3) + P(3, 2) b 4 × 9 + (3 × −2) = 36 − 6 = 30
+ P(4, 3) + (3, 4) + P(4, 5) + P(5, 4) c i x = 80
+ P(1, 2) + P(2, 1)
ii 3x = 21
10 __
=  ___  =   1  x = 7
20 2
iii 10x + 5 = 27
c i P(A or B) = __   1  x = 22
2
4 x = 2.2
___
P(A) =    
20 d 3r = p + 5
___ 7 p+5
P(B) =     r = _____
   
20 3
  11  ≠ __
  1 
3 × 1.2 + p × ( ____ )  = 4.73 m2
P(A) + P(B) = ___ 1.2
2
20 2 12 a
2
ii A and B overlap so P(A) + P(B)
b 4.73097 … × 0.2 = 0.946 m3
counts some possibilities twice.
0.946 × 1000 = 946 litres
Past paper questions c increase = 60.805 … litres
= 0.0608 … m3
____13 0.0608
1     = 0.06467... _______
   = 0.0128m = 1.29 cm
201 4.73
5.6% = 0.056 4pR  2
13 a p × 2.4 × 6.3 + p × 2.4  2 = _____     + pR  2
0.065 = 0.065 2
5 2 522p
_____
___
    = 0.056179 3pR  =    
89 25
5 13 522
So 5.6%, ___
   , ____
   , 0.065 R  2 = ______
   
89 201 25 × 3
____
√
2 1 − 0.15 = 0.85 522
R = ____
     = 2.64 cm
351
1  p × 4.5 2 × 10.4 = ____ 75
3  __     p
 1  × p × (____
   )  × 4
3 5 1  × p × 7.6  2× 16 − __ 7.6
2
b  __
4 7a(3a + 4b) 3 3 4
5 a 1 − 0.38 = 0.62 = 953 cm3
b 0
6 a 6.4 × 105
b 6 × 10−4
7 a
Colour Blue Red Yellow Green
Probability 0.15 0.2 0.22 0.43
b 200 × 0.2 = 40 times
Chapter 9
1 a Students’ own description of a number 1 a 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 ...
sequence. +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
b The term in position n, in other words, the
term in any position. b 3 8 13 18 233 28 33 38 ...
+5 +5 +5 +5 +5 +5 +5 +5
c Next term is 11 because you subtract 4
each time. c 3 9 27 81 243 729 2187 6561 ...
d Yes, once you know the rule for a
×3 ×3 ×3 ×3 ×3 ×3 ×3 ×3
sequence, you can use it to work out
the value of the term in any position. d 0.5 2 3.5 5 6.5 8 9.5 11 ...
In this sequence: Tn = 27 − 4(n − 1), +1.5 +1.5 +1.5 +1.5 +1.5 +1.5 +1.5 +1.5
so T20 = 27 − 4(20 − 1) = −49.
2 a Rational number can be written as e 8 5 2 –1 –4 –7 –10 –13 ...
a
fractions in the form __   or the decimal –3 –3 –3 –3 –3 –3 –3 –3
b
equivalent. Decimals must terminate or f 13 11 9 7 5 3 1 –1 ...
be recurring. Irrational numbers cannot –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –2

be written as fractions and they result in
non-terminating, non-recurring decimals. g 6 4.8 3.6 2.4 1.2 0 –1.2 –2.4
b p is irrational because it cannot be –1.2 –1.2 –1.2 –1.2 –1.2 –1.2 –1.2 –1.2
expressed as a fraction.
h 2.3 1.1 –0.1 –1.3 –2.5 –3.7 –4.9 ...
c 0.6666… = __   2 , so it is rational.
3 –1.2 –1.2 –1.2 –1.2 –1.2 –1.2 –1.2
3 a 5 2 a 81, −243, 729; rule = multiply previous

b 7 term by −3.
c 2 b Fr, Sa, Su; rule = days of the week.
d 1 c u, b, j; rule = skip 1 extra letter of the
4 alphabet each time.
Even Prime
12
3a   1 or any combination of an integer
x = __
3 2
6 7
18 2 and a half.
4 19 5
14 8 13 b x = 5 or any number with 5 in the units
10 11 place.
16 17 15
c x = any number ,0.
9 1
Exercise 9.2 b T6 = 48
c n2 + 2n
1 a 23, 27, 31
d T20 = 440
b 49, 64, 81
c −17, −31, −47 7 x = −2
2 a 1, −2, −5, …; −56 8 n=5

b 1, 0, −1, …; −18 9 a 2, 8, 18, 32, 50
1 , 2, 4.5, …; 200 b i 2n2 + 1
c  __
2 ii 4n2
d 0, 6, 24, …; 7980
iii 6n2 + 1
3 3
e  __, 1, __   1
  …; __
2 4 7 c n 1 2 3
f 2, 16, 54, …; 16 000 Sequence 5 6 11
3 a i 33 2n2 2 8 18
ii 2n + 3
Sequence − 2n2 3 −2 −7
b i 73
ii 5n − 2 n 4 5
c i 14 348 907
Sequence 20 33
ii 3n
2n2 32 50
d i 21.5
ii 1.5n − 1 Sequence − 2n2 −12 −17
e i −34 d −5n + 8
ii −3n + 11 e 2n2 − 5n + 8
f i −15
10 a 2n2 + n + 2
ii −2n + 15
b n2 + n + 11
g i −10.8
ii −1.2n + 7.2 11 a It has a constant 2nd difference of 4, so
sequence is quadratic.
h i 450
b 68
ii 2n2
c Tn = 2n2 − 4n − 2
4 a 4(2n − 1) d 4798
b 3996
12 a T5 = 30, T6 = 42
c 30
b Tn = n2 + n
d Rule is 8n − 4, so 8n − 4 = 154 should give
integer value of n if 154 is a term: c 240
d n = 10
8n − 4 = 158
  
8n = 158 13 a 2n − 1
n = 19.75
b 263
OR c 3n − 1
19th term = 148 and 20th term
= 156, therefore 154 is not a term.
5 3, 6
6, 9
6 a 1st difference: 5, 7, 9, 11
2nd difference: 2, 2, 2; so, sequence is
quadratic.
Fibonacci patterns
1 a The number of clockwise and the number
of anticlockwise spirals will often
be consecutive terms of a Fibonacci
sequence.
b Students will need to physically count
and keep track of the sections they have
counted to find the pattern.
2 There are many examples including seeds on a
sunflower, sections on the skin of a pineapple,
the arrangement of leaves on the stems of
plants. An online search will give a selection
of answers.
3 a An investigation will show that many
artists, including Salvador Dali and
Leonardo da Vinci, often produced work
using this ratio. It can also been seen in the
relationships between height and width
in buildings, for example in the Acropolis
and the Great Pyramid at Giza. The
golden ratio is also used to space out facial
features. Advertising logos and visually
appealing layouts often reflect the golden
ratio.
b In simple terms, the golden ratio can
be worked out using the dimensions
of a rectangle where the ratio a : a + b
is equivalent to b : a. There are many
examples of diagrams that show this.
Exercise 9.3
a Pattern
1 2 3 4 5 6 n 300
number n
Number of
4 7 10 13 16 19 m = 3n + 1 901
matches m
b Pattern
1 2 3 4 5 6 p 300
number p
Number of
1 3 5 7 9 11 c = 2p − 1 599
circles c
c Pattern
1 2 3 4 5 6 p 300
number p
Number of
5 8 11 14 17 20 t = 3p + 2 902
triangles t
d Pattern
1 2 3 4 5 6 p 300
number p
Number of
5 10 15 20 25 30 s = 5p 1500
squares s
8
Exercise 9.4 d  __
9
1 a 5, 9, 13, … 101 427
______
e    
b −2, 1, 4, … 70 10 003
311
1 , 9  __
1 ,14  __
1 , … 124  __
1 f  ____
4  __
c 99
2 2 2 2
3 Possible answers include:
d −1, −3, −5, … −49
a 2
1 , 2, 2  __
1  __
e 1 , … 13  __
1 _
2 2 2 b √ 5
f 1, 7, 17, … 1 249 c 1
g 1, 4, 9, … 625 d 2
h 6, 7, 9, … 16 777 221 4 The set of rational numbers and the set of
irrational numbers are both infinite sets. But
2 30 is T6 and 110 is T11.
the set of rational numbers is ‘countable’
3 T9 whereas the set of irrational numbers is
‘uncountable’. This might suggest that there are
4 a 153
more irrational numbers than rational numbers.
b n=6
The term ‘countable’ does not mean finite.
5 a The subscript n + 1 means the term after In this context we mean that, if you tried to
un, so this rule means that to find the term pair up every rational number with exactly
in a sequence, you have to add 2, to the one irrational number, you would have a lot of
current term (un). So, if the term is 7, then irrational numbers left over that you couldn’t
un + 1 is 7 + 2 = 9 pair up but no rational numbers would be
b −8, −6, −4, −2, 0 upaired.
5 Students’ own answers. Example: An
Exercise 9.5 ‘imaginary number’ is a quantity of the
form ix, where x is a real number___ and i is__the
1 a Rational positive square root of −1, e.g. √ − 3  = i√ 3 .
b Rational
c Rational Exercise 9.6
d Rational
1 a Let x = 0.6̇
e Irrational
Then 10x = 6.6̇
f Irrational
Subtracting:
g Rational
10x = 6.6̇
h Rational
−x = 0.6̇
i Rational
9x = 6
j Rational
6
k Rational So x = __  
9
l Rational
m Rational   2
Simplify x = __
3
n Irrational
b Let x = 0.1̇7̇
o Irrational
Then 100x = 17.1̇7̇
p Irrational
Subtracting:
6
2 a  __ 100x = 17.7̇
1
19 −x = 0.17̇
b  ___
8 So 99x = 17
427 17
c  _____ x = ___
   
1000 99
5
2 a  __ g As the fractions represent infinite 9 there
9 is no 1 at the end of the infinite 0 and so
1
__
b   0.999… = 1
9
8
__ 2 a
4.41 . 4.1 but 4.1 , 4.5
c  
9 b
Another 9 could be added to the end of
8
___
d   4.49999.
33
61 c Yes. X = 4.49̇ 
e  ___
99 10x = 44.9̇ 
32
___ 9x = 40.5
f  
99
40.5 9
206 x =  _____ =  __= 4.5
g  ____ 9 2
333 No.
233
____
h  
999
208 Exercise 9.7
i  ____ _
999 1 2 √ 7
a
j   1
_
___ b √ 7
45 _
17
___ 10 √ 3
c
k   _
90 3 √ 11
d
31
____
_
l   2 √ 6
e
990 _
27 5 √ 10
f
m  ___ _
11 15 √ 2
g
1034
_____
_
n   24 √ 2
h
333 _
248 −15 √ 7
i
o  ____ _
99 −12 √ 6
j
9990
_____
_
p   = 10 14 √ 2
k
999 _
5994 −10 √ 15
l
q  _____= 6
999 _
8 2 a √ 54
__
r   _
9 b √ 40
_
999
____ c √ 98
s   = 1
999 _
900 − √ 24
d
t  ____= 100 _
9 e √ 108
_
Recurring decimals − √ 72
f
1 a i 0.1 3 a
Student discussion; could include __
ii 0.01 changing them all to the form √ n .
_ _ _
iii 0.001 A 3 √ 5 , 3 √ 3 , 2 √ 5
_ _ _
iv 0.000 000 001 B 4 √ 6 , 3 √ 6 , √ 24
_ _ _
b As the number subtracted tends to 1, the C 2 √ 15 , 3 √ 6 , 4 √ 3
answer tends to 0. Yes it will reach 0. b Student discussion and ideas. Comparing
2 , __ like surds first can mean you don’t need to
c  __   2
3 9 convert all of them.
d 0.8̇  4 a Possible errors are:
8
e  __ 1: Added coefficients correctly but also
9 added roots.
4 , __ 5
f  __   , 0.9̇ , 1 2: Subtracted and added unlike surds.
9 9
_ _
b 1: 11 √ 3 + 3 √ 2 Exercise 9.8
_ _ _
2: 4 √ 5 + 3 √ 2 − 2 √ 3 _
1 a √ 35
_
5 Any numerical examples to show the b √ 33
expression are unequal. For example: _
_ _ _ _ 24 √ 6
c
a √ 4 + √ 9 = 2 + 3 = 5and √ 4 + 9 = √ 13 _
9 √ 30
d
= 3.605... _
_ _ _ _
b √ 9 − √ 4 = 3 − 2 = 1and √ 9 − 4 = √ 5 − 4 √ 30
e
= 2.236... f 54
_
6 5 √ 3 +
a
_
3 √ 7
_
6 √ 6
g
_
2 √ 11 +
b
_ _
3 √ 5 6 √ 2
h
_
− 2 √ 2 −
c
_ _
3 √ 5 4 √ 10
i
_ _ _
6 √ 2 − 2 √ 7
d 2 a √ 2
_ _ _
8 √ 5 − 4 √ 2
e b √ 6
_ _ _
8 √ 3 + 8 √ 2
f − √ 10
c
_ _ _ _
7 2 √ 5 + √ 5 = 3 √ 5
a √
2
1_  = ___
_ _ _
d  ___  
√
2 2
2 √ 3 + 3 √ 3 = 5 √ 3
b _
_ _ _
4 √ 3 − 6 √ 3 = − 2 √ 3
c e √ 15
_ _ _
6 √ 2 + 6 √ 2 = 12 √ 2
d 1
f  __
_ _ _ 3 _
5 √ 3 − 8 √ 3 = − 3 √ 3
e
_ _ _ g 6 √ 3
9 √ 3 + 4 √ 3 = 13 √ 3
f _
_
− 2 √ 3
h
_
8 a 1 + 5 √ 3 4 √ 3
i
_
b 3 √ 3 − 1 _
√ 5
c 1 j  ___
_
3
_
d √ 3 + 5 3 √ 10
k
e 8 9
_ _ l  __
f 3 √ 7 − 3 √ 2 2
_
_
9 4 + 2 √ 10 +
_
2 √ 5 3 2 √ 5 + 8
a
_
___ 2 __ 2 3 √ 2 + 3
b
10 x 2 = ( 2 √ 35 )  − ( 4 √ 7 )  _
− 2 √ 3 − 8
c
= 4(35) − 16(7) _
− 4 √ 5 − 24
d
= 140 − 112 _
6 √ 11 − 4
e
= 28 _
___ 4 − 8 √ 3
f
So, x = √ 28  _ _
__ __ 2 √ 2 + √ 10
g
= √ 4  × √ 7  _ _
__ 2 √ 3 + 3 √ 6
h
= 2 √ 7  _
2 √ 5 − 8
i
Checking for errors _ _
4 √ 5 + 8 √ 15
j
a 2D and 4C are incorrect. _ _
2 √ 6 − 4 √ 21
k
2A and 4D are correct. _
5 √ 10 − 20
l
b Possible mistakes are: _
In 2D the student has added the numbers 4 3 √ 2
a
_
instead of multiplying. 8 √ 3
b
_
In 4C the student
__ has only multiplied the 6 √ 2
c
numerator by √ 2 .
_
d 1 P = 6 √ 2 + 6 cm
b
_
5 √ 3 1 × ___
c  __
6
  _  × ___
6
e  ____   _ = 9 cm2
2 2 √ 2 √ 2
f 3
_
5 a 7p mm2
_ _
5 √ 3 L = 50 + 2 √ 7 mm and W = 30 + 2 √ 7 mm
b
5 a  ____ _
3 1528 + 160 √ 7
c
_
2 √ 11
_____ _
b −     6 a Length = 297 √ 2
_11 _______________
d = √ (  
_ 2
√ 15 297 √ 2 ) + 297 2 
c  ____
5 _ ______________
2 − √ 2 = √ 2  
97 2 × 2 + 297 2 
d   ______ _
2_ = √ 297 2 × 3

3 √ 5 _
e −  ____  = 297 √ 3

10 _
4 + √ 6
Alternatively,
f  ______ _______________
2 _
d = √ (  
_ 2
297 √ 2 ) + 297 2 
2 − √ 2
g  ______ _
10 = √ 264 627

_ ____________________
2 − √ 5
h = √ 9  
× 9 × 9 × 11 × 11 × 3
_ _
12 − 3 √ 3 
________ = (3 × 9 × 11) √ 3

i
   
13 _
_ = 297 √ 3

2 √

_______3  +1
j
   
11
_ Exercise 9.10
8 + 3 √ 7 
k
_ _ _ _ 1 a {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday,
2 √ 2  − 4 √ 6 
__________ 4 √ 6  − 2 √ 2  Friday, Saturday, Sunday}
l
    or __________
   
− 11 11
_ _ _ b {Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug,
10 √ 7  + 2 √ 12  − 2 √ 21  + 14 Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec}
6  _______________________
        
3 c {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36}
_
21 − √ 2  d {red, orange, yellow, green, blue,
7  _______
 
439 indigo, violet}
e {7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49}
Exercise 9.9
_ f {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29}
1 20 − 4 √ 7 cm
g {TOY, OYT, YTO, YOT, OTY, TYO}
2 a 4 cm
2 Various answers are possible. Examples
b 4 cm, 3 cm and 2.65 cm (students to include:
explain that they have rounded the
a hamster, mouse
decimal in 2.65)
_ b peas, beans
3 4 √ 59
a
c Dublin, Amsterdam
b 944 cm2
d Rhine, Yangtze
(√ ) ( 2 )
2 2
6_ 6 e redwood, palm
4 a h 2 =  ___  + ___
  _ 
2 √
f soccer, rugby
36 36 g Italy, Spain
=   ___+ ___
 
2 2
h Aconcagua, Kilimanjaro
72
=   ___ i Bach, Puccini
2
= 36 j lily, orchid
_
So, h = √ 36 = 6 cm
k 12, 15 Exercise 9.12

l flatback, Olive Ridley
1 a A = {6, 12, 18, 24} and
m Uranus, Neptune
B = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24}
n surprised, mad
b A ∩ B = {12, 24}
o African, American
c A ∪ B = {4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 18, 20, 24}
p pentagon, quadrilateral
2 a i P = {a, b, c, d, e, f }
3 a square numbers
ii Q = {e, f, g, h}
b continents of the world
b P ∩ Q = {e, f }
c even numbers less than 10
c i (P ∪ Q)9 = {i, j}
d multiples of 2
ii P ∩ Q9 = {a, b, c, d}
e factors of 12
3 a
4 a false A B
e
b true
b a
c true c
h g d
d false f
e true
Exercise 9.11 b
21 A B
1 a i A ∩ B = {6, 8, 10} 22 23
25 20 30
ii A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10} 26 27 24 32
35
31
b i 3 29 28 36 33
34
ii 8
2 a i C ∩ D = {a, g, u, w, z}
ii C ∪ D = {a, b, g, h, u, w, x, y, z} 4 a x=6
b Yes, u is an element of C and D. b n(V ) = 16
c No, g is an element of both sets and will c n(S )9 = 16
be an element of the union of the sets. 5
3 a Equilateral triangles have two sides equal. A B
b All equilateral triangles are isosceles,
so F is entirely contained within G.
The intersection is simply F.
4 a i T ∪ W = {1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10}
ii T ∩ W = {1, 3}
b Yes; 5 is not listed in T.
5 a {cat, bird, turtle, aardvark} 6 a
A
B
b {rabbit, emu, turtle, mouse, aardvark}
c {rabbit, cat, bird, emu, turtle, mouse,
aardvark}
d { } or ∅ C
e {rabbit, emu, mouse }

b
A
f {rabbit, cat, bird, emu, turtle, mouse, B
aardvark}
c b {equilateral triangle, square, regular

A
B pentagon, regular hexagon}
c {18, 21, 24, 27, 30}
4 {x : x is a multiple of 3 and 5}
C
5 a i {5}
d A
ii {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B
iii {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
iv {6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17}
v {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
C
b %
e c {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
A 15, 16, 17}
B
6 a A = {x, y : y = 2x + 4} is the set of
ordered pairs on a straight line. The set is
C
infinite, so you cannot list all the points
on the line.
f b B = {x : x3 is negative} is the set of
A
B negative cubes; any negative number
cubed will result in a negative cubed
number, so the set is infinite.
C
Practice questions
g
A
B
1 a Pattern number (n) 1 2 3 4
Number of dots (d ) 5 8 11 14
b d = 3n + 2
C
c 182
7 9 d 29
8 6 2 a
Exercise 9.13
1 a {x : x is a square number less than 101}
b Dots 1 2 3 4 5 6
b {x : x is a day of the week}
Lines 4 7 10 13 16 19
c {x : x is an integer, x , 0}
d {x : 2 , x , 10} c 298
e {x : x is a month of the year, x has 30 d 3n + 1
days} e 28
_ _ _ _
2 a {x : x is an integer, 1 , x , 9} 3 5 √ 2 − 2 √ 8 = 5 √ 2 − 2 √ 4 × 2
_ _ _
b {x : x is a letter of the alphabet, x is a = 5 √ 2 − 2 √ 4 × √ 2
vowel} _ _
= 5 √ 2 − 2 × 2 × √ 2
c {x : x is a letter of the alphabet, x is a _ _
letter in the name Nicholas} = 5 √ 2 − 4 √ 2
_
d {x : x is an even number, 1 , x , 21} = √ 2
e {x : x is a factor of 36} 4 45
3 a {41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49}
_
17 √ 3
_____
5  
b A B
6
_
5 √ 6 cm
6
7 a a = 29, b = 12
b p = 29, q = 180
_
40 + 4 √ 7 
________
8    
9
9 a 1
17 a 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21
b 3
b Fibonacci numbers
c {a, b, c, e, f, g}
c u13
d {e, g}
e {a, b, c, d, e, g} 18 a 1, 3, 6, 10, 15
f {a, b, c, d, f } b Triangular numbers
g {a, b, c, d, e, g} c n = 20
10 4 d   1 (n − 1)n
un−1= __
2
5029
11  _____ Practice questions worked
1665
12 x = 0.999 999 solutions
10x = 9.999 99 1 a 8, 11, 14
9x = 9 b 8 11 14
x=1
3 3
1
13  __ d = 3n + 5
3
c d(60) = 3 × 60 + 5
14 Bus Car = 185
d 89 = 3n + 5
3n = 84
53 4 21 n = 28
2 a
O O O O
29
a 82 b 13, 16, 19
b 21 c If d = number of dots and L = number of
lines.
c 29
L = 3d + 1 L(99) = 3 × 99 + 1
15 a A = {−3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} = 298
b 2 d 3n + 1
c (A ∩ B)9 = {integers NOT including 3 or 6} e 85 = 3n + 1
16 a 3n = 84
A B
n = 28
There are 85 lines in the pattern with
28 dots.
_ _ _ _ _
3 5 √ 2 − 2 √ 8 = 5 √ 2  _
− 2 √ 4_
  √ 2 
= 5_ √ √
2 − 4 2 
= √ 2 
_ _ _ _ _
3√ 3  × 5 √ 9 √ 5 
3 √ 3 × 5 √ 45  __________
4  __________
_  =      _ _ 
√ 15  √ 3 √ 5 
=3×5×5×3
= 225
_ _ _
__ √
3  7 √
3  7 √ 3 
5     + __
  _  =  __  + ____
  _ 2 
2 √
3  2 (√ 3  ) 
_ _
√ 3  7 √ 3 
=  __  + ____
   
2 3
_ _
3 √ 3 + 14 √ 3 
= __________
   
6
_
√
17 3 
= _____
   
6
_
10
6   1 × 3 √ 2  ×  ___
Area = __ _ 
2 √
3 
_
1 × 3 √_ 10 √ 3 
=  __ 2  × _____
  _ 2 
2 ( √ 3  ) 
_ _
= 5 √ 2  √ 3 
_
= 5 √ 6 
_ 2 _
7 a (3 + 2 √ 5  )  = 9 + 12 √ 5 + 4 × 5
_
= 29 + 12 √ 5 
Therefore, a = 29 and b = 12
_ 2 _
b (3 + 2 √ 5  )  = 29 + 12 √ 5 
_ _
12 √ 5  √ 45 
29 +  ________
= _ 
√ 45 
_
12 √ 225 
= 29 +  _______
_ 
√
45 
12 × 15
= 29 + _______
  _ 
√
45 
180
= 29 +  ____
_ 
√
45 
Therefore, p = 29 and q = 180.
_ _
3 _ ______ 3(4 − √ 7  )
7 _ ______________ 7(4 + √ 7  )
8  ______   +     =   
     _
______________
_   +   
     _ _  
√ √
4 + 7  4 − 7  (4 + √ 7  )(4 − √ 7  ) (4 + √ 7  )(4 − √ 7  )
_ _
12 − 3 √ 7 + 28 + 7 √ 7 
=  __________________
        _ 2
4  2 − ( √ 7  ) 
_
40 + 4 √ 7 
=  ________  
16 − 7
_
40 + 4 √ 7 
= ________
   
9
9 M ∩ N = {f } ⇒ n(M ∩ N )= 1
a 14
B C
b 3
c 6
d 2 53 x y
e 6
f 5
g 6 Z
10 x + y + 53 = 78 (78 travelled by car or bus or

C R
5 both)
53 + x + y + z = 107 (There are 107 in total)
so, z = 1 07 − 53 − 25 (Combining
15 − x x 7−x both pieces of information)
= 29
y + z = 50 (50 did not travel by bus)
y = 21
x = 78 − 53 − 21
15 − x + x + 7 − x + 5 = 24 =4
27 − x = 24 a 53 + x + z = 53 + 4 + 29
x=3 = 86
n( R ∩ C′) = 7 − x = 7 − 3 = 4 b y = 21
11 3.02̇ 04̇  = x c z = 29
10x = 30.2̇ 04̇  15 a A = {−3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
10 000x = 30 204.2̇ 04̇  b A ∩ B = {3, 6}
9990x = 30 174 n(A ∩ B) = 2
30 174 5029 c The elements not in both A and B = the
x =  ______  =  _____ 
9990 1665 integers that are not positive multiples of
3 between −4 and 7.
12 x = 0.9 ̇
10 = 9.9̇  16
A B
9x = 9
x = 1
13 0.3̇ 003̇  + 0.0̇ 330̇ 
Let x = 0.3̇ 003̇ 
10 000x = 3003.3̇ 003̇ 
3003
9999x = 3003 ⇒ x =  _____ 
9999
Similarly, 0.0̇ 330̇  = y
A B
10 000y = 330.0̇ 330̇ 
330
Therefore, 9999y = 330 ⇒ y = _____    
9999
3003 330
So, 0.3̇ 003̇  + 0.0̇ 330̇  =  _____  + _____
   
9999 9999
3333 1
=  _____  = __
   
9999 3
17 un+2
  = un+1
  + un 
a u 1 = u2  = 1
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21
b Th e Fibonacci sequence.
c 34 55 89 144 233
9th 10th 11th 12th 13th
It is in the 13th position.
  1  n(n + 1)

18 un  = __
2
a 1, 3, 6, 10, 15
b Triangular numbers
c 210 = __  1  n(n + 1)

2
n(n + 1) = 420
n  2 + n − 420 = 0

( n + 21)( n − 20) = 0
⇒ n = 20or n = −21
But n . 0so n = 20
d
un−1   1 (n − 1)( n − 1 + 1)
  = __
2
= __   1  n(n − 1)
2
Chapter 10
Getting started b x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
1 y y −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
6
5 y
6
4
5
3
4
2
1 3
2
−2 −1 O 1 2 3x
1
x
2 a y-value is 4 more than the x-value.
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
b y=x+4 −1
3 Gradient = 3 −2
y-intercept = −2
c x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
Equation of the line is y = 3x − 2
y −7 −5 −3 −1 1 3 5
Exercise 10.1 y
1 a x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 6
y −7 −4 −1 2 5 8 11 4
y 2
12
x
10 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−2
8
−4
6
−6
4 −8
2
x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 d x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−2 y −19 −14 −9 −4 1 6 11
−4 y
15
−6
10
−8
5
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−5
−10
−15
−20
e x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 h x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y 7 5 3 1 −1 −3 −5 y −8.5 −5.5 −2.5 0.5 3.5 6.5 9.5
y y
8 10
6
5
4
2 x
x
–4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−2
−5
−4
−6 −10
−8

f x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
i x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y 1 0 −1 −2 −3 −4 −5
y −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
y
2 y
3
1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 2
−1
−2 1
−3
x
−4
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−5
−6 −1
g x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 j x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 y −12 −8 −4 0 4 8 12
y y
10 15
9 10
8 5
7 x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
6 −5
5 −10
4 −15
3
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
k x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 n x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 y −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
y y
2
1 1
x
x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−1
−1
−2
−2
−3
−3
−4

−5
l x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −6
y 2 1 0 −1 −2 −3 −4
o x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y
3 y −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
2 y
4
1
x 3
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 2
−1
1
−2 x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−3
−1
−4
−2
−3
m x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 −4
y
8 p x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
7 y 3 2 1 0 −1 −2 −3
6 y
4
5
3
4 2
3 1
2 x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
1
−1
x
−2
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−3
−4
2 3
y g y = x + 2 is parallel to y = x − 2
+1
2x
y = −x + 2 is parallel to y = −x − 2
3−
y=
2x
2x
2 h Same coefficients of x but different
y=
y=
constant values.
+2 1
2x
Exercise 10.2
y=
x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 1 a x = −4
b x=2
−1
c x=7
−2
d y=7
e y=3
−3 f y = −6
The lines are parallel. 2 (h) x = – 7–
2
y (g) x = 12– (b) x = 3
6
5
3 a x −3 0 3 (i) 4 (f) y = 4
y=x+2 −1 2 5 3 (a) y = 3
2
1
x
b x −3 0 3
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−10 1 2 3 4 5 6 (c) y = −1
y = −x + 2 5 2 −1
−2
−3 (e) y = −3
c x −3 0 3 −4
y=x−2 −5 −2 1 −5
−6
(j) (d) x = −1
d x −3 0 3
y = −x − 2 1 −2 −5 Exercise 10.3
1 a 3
y
y = –x + 2 y=x+2
10 b 2
9
y = –x − 2 8 y=x−2
7 c 1
6
5 d −3
4
3 e −5
2
1 x f −1
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1
g  __
−2
−3 3
−4
−5
−6 h   2
__
−7 3
−8
−9 i − __  1
−10 4
4 a y = x + 2 cuts the x-axis at x = −2 2 a 3
y = −x + 2 cuts the x-axis at x = 2 b 1
y = x − 2 cuts the x-axis at x = 2 c 2
y = −x − 2 cuts the x-axis at x = −2 d −3
b y = x + 2 and y = x − 2 e −3
c −x + 2 and −x − 2 17
f  ___
4
d y = x + 2 and y = −x + 2
3 450 m
e y = x − 2 and y = −x − 2
f None of the graphs The gradient is equal to the coefficient of x in the
equation of the line.
Exercise 10.4 d y = −x + 3
5
y
1 a 4
y y = 4x − 5
4 3
3 2
2 1
x
1
x −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−1 −2
−2 −3
−3 −4
−5
−4
Gradient = −1
−5 y-intercept = 3
Gradient = 4
y-intercept = −5
e 1
y= x+2
b y y = 2x + 3 y 3
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
–1 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1
–2
−2
–3
–4 −3
–5 −4
Gradient = 2
−5
y-intercept = 3 1
Gradient =
3
y-intercept = 2
c y = –3x −2 y
5
4 f y=6−
1
x
y 4
3 9
8
2
7
1
x 6
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 5
−1 4
−2 3
−3 2
−4 1
x
−5
Gradient = −3 −4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 42
−1
y-intercept = −2
−2
1
Gradient =
4
y-intercept = 6
2 a y = –x + 4 y e y
5 y x= –+2
4
8
4 7
3 6
5
2 4
3
1 2
x
1
x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1 −8−7 −6−5−4 −3−2−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−2
−2
−3
−3 −4
x-intercept = −1 −5
y-intercept = 4 −6
−7
−8
b x + 2y = 4 y x-intercept = 4
3
y-intercept = −8
2
1 f y 2x − 3y = − 9
8
x
7
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 6
−1 5
4
−2 3
1
x-intercept = − 2
2
y-intercept = 2 1
x
−8−7 −6−5−4 −3−2−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
c y −2
y x+ 2 =3 −3
−4
6 −5
−6
4 −7
2 −8
x x-intercept = −4.5
0 1 2 3 4 y-intercept = 3
x-intercept = −2
3 y = mx + c Gradient y-intercept
y-intercept = 6
a  1 x − 2
y = __   1
__ −2
d x = 4y − 2 y 2 2
2
b y = −2x+ 1 −2 1
1
x c y = 2x+ 4 2 4
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 d y = 2x− 5 2 −5
−1
−2
e y = 2x+ 5 2 5
x-intercept = 1
– 1  x + 2 1 
4 f y = −  __  __
− 2
y-intercept = 1
– 3 3
2
g y = 3x− 2 3 −2
h y = −4x+ 2 −4 2
i y = 2x+ 4 2 4
j y = 6x− 12 6 −12
k  1 x − 3
y = __   1
__ −3
8 8
l y = −12x+ 6 −12 6
4 a y = 2x + 3 11 a 2 , e.g. y = __
Any line with gradient  __   2 x − 5
3 3
b y = −3x − 2
b Any line with same y-intercept,
c y = 3x − 1 e.g. y = 2x + 3
d y = 0.75x − 0.75 c y=3
e y = −2
f y=4 Investigation
3 No. Imagine a straight road with a straight
5 y = − __
a   x − 0.5 footbridge crossing above it. Both the road and
2
3 the bridge follow a straight line path, but they do
y = − __
b   x + 2 not cross because there is vertical distance between
4
them.
  1 x − 3
y = __
c
2
6 a y = −4x − 1 Exercise 10.5
1 y = −5x + 8
  1 x + 1
y = __
b
3 2 a
Gradient AB = −2;
c y = −3x + 2
  1 ; −2 × __
Gradient PQ = __   1 = −1,
d y = 5x + 2 2 2
so AB is perpendicular to PQ.
e y = 3x + 1
f y = −x + 2 1 ;  __
Gradient MN =  __
b 1 × −2 = −1,
2 2
g y = 2x − 3
so MN is perpendicular to AB.
y = __
h   2 x − 1
3 3   1 x + 5
y = − __
3
y =   1 x − 2
i __
4 4 a y = − __   1  or x + 2y − 1 = 0
  1 x + __
2 2
7 a y = 4x − 5
b y=x−3
b y = −3x + 17
5 Gradient A = −2, gradient B =  __ 1 :
9 6 2
y = __
c   x − __
  1 = −1, so A is perpendicular to B.
5 5 − 2 ×  __
17 71 2
y =  ___x − ___
d   10
4 4 6 Gradient AB = ___   ; gradient AC = −1, so AB
9
8 Any line with the same gradient, e.g. is not perpendicular to AC and figure cannot
be a rectangle.
a y = −3x − 5
b y = 2x + 13 7 a y = 5x − 18
x b y= x− 4
y =  __ − 3
c
2 c y=1
d y = −x − 4
8 2x − y + 6 = 0
e x = −8
f y=6
9 a, c
10 a y = 2x − 2
b y = 2x
c y = 2x − 4
  1
y = 2x + __
d
2
Exercise 10.6 d
5
y
y = 4x + 2
1 a y y = −5x + 10 4
12
3
11
2
10
1
9
x
8 −2 −1 0 1 2
−1
7
−2
6
−3
5 x-intercept = –0.5
4 y-intercept = 2
3
e y y = 3x + 1
2 3
1 2
x
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 1
−1 x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−2 −1
x-intercept = 2
y-intercept = 10 −2
−3
1
x-intercept = − −
b y=x
– −1 3
y 3 y-intercept = 1
4
3
f 3
y y = −x + 2
2
1 2
x 1
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
−1 −1 0 1 2 3
−1
−2
x-intercept = 3 −2
y-intercept = −1 x-intercept = 2
y-intercept = 2
c y y = −3x + 6
7 g y y = 2x − 3
6 2
5 1
4 x
−2 −1 0 1 2 3
3 −1
2 −2
1 −3
x
−4
−1 0 1 2 3
−1 −5
−2 −6
x-intercept = 2 x-intercept = 1.5
y-intercept = 6 y-intercept = –3
h 2x − 1
y y=− l y y = −12x + 6
3 6
2
1 5
x 4
−2 −1 0 1 2 3
−1 3
−2 2
−3 1
x-intercept = 1.5 x
y-intercept = −1 0 1 1
−1 2
i y y =x
–−2
1 4 x-intercept = 0.5
x y-intercept = 6
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
−1
2 a c=2
−2
b c = −4
−3
x-intercept = 8 y-intercept = −2 c c = −9
d c = −8
j y = 2x
–+1 y e c=4
5
3
f c=3
2
g c = −2
1
x h c=2
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−1
−2
Exercise 10.7
x-intercept = −2.5 1 a Length = 8.49 midpoint = (6, 9)
y-intercept = 1
b Length = 4.47 midpoint = (3, 8)
c Length = 5.66 midpoint = (6, 5)
k x
y= –+2
y 4 d Length = 3.16 midpoint = (4.5, 9.5)
8
7 e Length = 5 midpoint = (2.5, 5)
6 f Length = 1.41 midpoint = (11.5, 3.5)
5
4
g Length = 5 midpoint = (1, 3.5)
3 h Length = 6.08 midpoint = (4.5, 2)
2
1
i Length = 11.05 midpoint = (−2.5, 1.5)
x
2 AB = 5.39 midpoint = (3, 4.5)
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−2
CD = 4.47 midpoint = (−4, 6)
−3 EF = 8.60 midpoint = (−2.5, 2.5)
−4 GH = 7.07 midpoint = (3.5, 0.5)
−5
−6 IJ = 5.10 midpoint = (2.5, −3.5)
−7 KL = 12.6 midpoint = (1, −3)
−8
x-intercept = −8 y-intercept = 2 MN = 5.39 midpoint = (−3.5, −2)
OP = 7.81 midpoint = (−4.5, −4)
3 5.83
4 B
5 B c 7z2 + 15z + 2
6 AB = 6.40 d 4t2 + 17t − 15
AC = 4.24 e 2w2 − 23w + 56
BC = 7.28 f 16g2 − 1
g 72x2 + 23x − 4
7 a=7
h 360c2 − 134c + 12
8 E = (−6, −2)
i −2m2 + 10m − 12
Exercise 10.8 4 a −2x4 + 6x2y − 4y2

b −4x4 + 2xy2 − 4x3 y + 2y3
1 a x2 + 4x + 3
c 6x3 + 9x2y − 2xy − 3y2
b x2 + 10x + 24
c x2 + 19x + 90 5 a 15x3 + 21x2 − 24x − 12
d x2 + 15x + 36 b x3 − 5x2 − 25x + 125
e x2 + 2x + 1 c 12x3 + x2 − 9x + 2
f x2 + 9x + 20 d 4x3 + 32x2 + 80x + 64
g x2− 3x − 28 e 12x3 − 32x2 + 25x − 6
h x2 + 5x − 24 f 18x3 − 33x2 + 20x − 4
i x2 − 1 g x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 8
j x2 − x − 72 h 8x3 − 24x2 + 24x − 8
k x2 − 13x + 42 i x4y4 − x4
l x2 − 9x − 52 x 2 x 4
1 − ___
j  ___   + ___ 
81 18 16
m y2 − 11y − 42
n z2 − 64 6 a V = (2x + __   1 )(x − 2)2cm 3
2
o t2 + 13t − 68 b 2x3 − 7.5x2 + 6x + 2
p h2 − 6h + 9 c 0.196 cm3
g 2 + 3 __
q   1 g − 2
2
9 Exercise 10.9
r d 2 − ___
 
16 1 a x2 − 2xy + y2
2 a 12 − 7x + x2 b a2 + 2ab + b2
b 3 + 7x − 6x2 c 4x2 + 12xy + 9y2
c 6m2 − 17m + 7 d 9x2 −12xy + 4y2
d −8x2 + 2x + 3 e x2 + 4xy + 4y2
e 8a2 − 2b2 f y2 − 8x2 y + 16x4
f −8m2 − 2mn + 3n2 g x4 − 2x2y2 + y4
3 h 4 + 4y3 + y6
g x 2 + __
  x + __   1
4 8 i 4x2 + 16xy2 + 16y4
h 2x 2 − __ 2
  x − __   1 1   − ____
j  ____   1  
  1 + _____
3 6
4x 2 4xy 16y 2
i −36b − 26b + 42
2
9x 2 3xy y
2
j 6x2 + 9x − 15 k  ____−  ____+ ___  
16 4 4
k 6x3 + 9x2 + 2x + 3 b
4
l a 2 + ab + ___
 
l 15x4 − 18x2 + 3 4
3 a 2x2 + 9x + 9 m a b + 2abc4 + c8
2 2
b 3y2 + 10y + 7 n 9x4y2 − 6x2y + 1
____
2 16xy
4x _____
o   +   + 16 y 2
c (x − 4)(x − 3)
9 3
d (x − 4)(x − 2)
p x2 − 6x + 9
e (x − 8)(x − 4)
2 a 4x − 12
f (x − 7)(x − 7)
b 2x2 + 2x − 19
g (x − 10)(x + 2)
c 2y2 + 8x2
h (x − 9)(x + 2)
x 2 8x
d  ___+ ___
  − 2 i (x − 8)(x + 4)
2 3
j (x + 3)(x − 2)
e 6x + 13.8x + 3.6
2
k (x + 11)(x − 3)
f −16x2 + 8xy + 2x − 2y2
l (x + 12)(x − 2)
g −x2 + 3x − 22
h 4x2 − 12xy − 19y2 3 a ( y + 17)( y − 10)
i −2x3 − x2 − 17x b ( p − 6)( p + 14)
j 4x2 − 13x − 1 c (x − 12)(x − 12)
d (t + 18)(t − 2)
3 a −49
e (v + 15)(v + 5)
b 9
f 3(x + 4)(x + 3)
c 66
d 36 g 5(x + 1)(x − 2)
e 0 h 3(x − 5)(x + 2)
f 321 i 3(x − 1)2
j 2(x − 9)(x + 2)
Discussion k −2(x + 3)(x + 4)
The two numbers still multiply to give the constant l (x − 10)(x + 10)
term, but no longer add to give the coefficient of x
because they will be multiplied by the coefficients
of x in the brackets.
Exercise 10.11
For example, (2x + 1)(3x + 2) = 6x2 + 4x + 3x + 2 1 a (x + 6)(x − 6)
= 6x2 + 7x + 2. The 1 and 2 multiply to give the b ( p + 9)( p − 9)
constant term of 2, but they do not add to the give c (w + 4)(w − 4)
the coefficient of x (which is 7). This is because the
d (q + 3)(q − 3)
1 and 2 are multiplied by 2x and 3x respectively.
e (k + 20)(k − 20)
Exercise 10.10 f (t + 11)(t − 11)
g (x + y)(x − y)
1 a (x + 12)(x + 2)
h (9h + 4g)(9h − 4g)
b (x + 2)(x + 1)
c (x + 4)(x + 3) i 4(2p + 3q)(2p − 3q)
d (x + 7)(x + 5) j (12s + c)(12s − c)
e (x + 9)(x + 3) k (8h + 7g)(8h − 7g)
f (x + 6)(x + 1) l 3(3x + 4y)(3x − 4y)
g (x + 6)(x + 5) m 2(10q + 7p)(10q − 7p)
h (x + 8)(x + 2) n 5(2d + 5e)(2d − 5e)
i (x + 10)(x + 1) o (x2 + y2)(x2 − y2)
j (x + 7)(x + 1) p x( y − x)( y + x)
k (x + 20)(x + 4) 2 a (x + 3)2
l (x + 7)(x + 6) b (x + 2)2
2 a (x − 6)(x − 2) c (x − 7)2
b (x − 4)(x − 5) d (x − 9)2
e (6 + x)2 2   12 
x 2 − ___
x
f (7 + x)2
3 a 4x2 − 2x + 25
g (2 − x)2
b 2x2 + 8
h (5 − x)2 _
i (2x + 5)2 4 7 + 4 √ 3 
a
_
3 71 4 + 2 √ 3 
b
_
2 + √ 3 
4 6 c  ______
 
2
5 a y = 1.5x + 3
Exercise 10.12
b y=3
1 a x = 0 or x = 9 c y = −4x − 4
b x = 0 or x = −7
x 1
c x = 0 or x = 21 y = −  ___ − 3  __
d
10 2
d x = 4 or x = 5 e x=3
e x = −7 or x = −1 2x
y =  ___− 3
f
f x = −3 or x = 2 3
g x = −2 or x = −1 g y = −x
h x = −10 or x = −1 6 a y = 4x + 4
i x = 3 or x = 4 b y = −3x + 13
j x = 6 or x = 2
c y = 0.5x + 0.9
k x = 10 or x = −10
l t = −18 or t = 2 7 a (m − n)(m + n)
m y = −17 or y = 10 b 10 000 − 9
n p = −14 or p = 6 c (100 − 3)(100 + 3) = 97 × 103
o w = 12 8 a (x − 17)(x + 2)
2 a x = −5 or x = 2 b (4x − 7y)(4x + 7y)
b x = −2 or x = 1 9 x = 2 or x = −14
c x = 1 or x = −10 10 27x3 + 54x2 + 36x + 8
d x = 4 or x = −4 11 a i 6x(2x − 1)
e x = −9 or x = 4 ii ( y − 6)( y − 7)
f x = −4 or x = 4 iii (d + 14)(d − 14)
g x = 3 or x = 1
h x = 12 or x = 2 b i   1
x = 0 or x = __
2
i x = 2 or x = 1 ii y = 6 or y = 7
iii d = 14 or d = −14
Practice questions
12 20 cm or 380 cm
1 a 15x2 + 2x − 8
13 2 or 4
b x2 + 20x + 36
c 4x2 − 9
d 12y 4 − 5y2 − 3
_ 2 _
(2 + √ 3  )  _______
7 + 4 √ 3 
14 x = 7 or x = −2 c  ________ _ 2  =   _ 
(1 + √ 3  )  4 + 2 √ 3 
15 a (x − 21)(x − 29) _ _
b x = 21 or x = 29 (7 + 4 √ 3  )( 4 − 2 √ 3  )
=  ________________
   _ _  
c AD = 100 − 2x m (4 + 2 √ 3  )(4 − 2 √ 3  )
_ _
d Area = 100x − 2x2 28 − 14 √ 3 + 16 √ 3 − 8 × 3
_______________________
=          
e 100x − 2x2 = 1218 16 − 4 × 3
_
x = 21 or x = 29 4 + 2 √ 3 
=  _______
 
If x = 21, width = 21 m and length = 58 m 4
_
If x = 29, width = 29 m and length = 42 m 2 + √ 3 
=  ______
 
16 a b=6 2
3
b (7, 4) 5 y = __
a     x + 3
2
c y = −2x + 8 b y=3
d 5 units2 c y = −4x − 4
7
1   x − __
y = −  ___
d    
Practice questions worked 10 2
solutions e x=3
2  x − 3
y =  __
f
1 a
(3x − 2)(5x + 4)
3
= 15x2 − 10x + 12x − 8 g y = −x
= 15x2 + 2x − 8
6 a y = 4x + c
b (x + 2)(x + 18)
At x = 3, y = 16,
= x2 + 2x + 18x + 36
16 = 12 + c
= x2 + 20x + 36
c=4
c (2x + 3)(2x − 3) So, y = 4x + 4
= 4x2 + 6x − 6x − 9
b y = −3x + c
= 4x2 − 9
At x = 7, y = −8,
d (4y2 − 3)(3y2 + 1) −8 = −21 + c
= 12y4 − 9y2 + 4y2 − 3 c = 13
= 12y4 − 5y2 − 3 So, y = −3x + 13
2 (x − __
 x )(
1  x + __
 x )
1  = x  2− 1 + 1 − ___
 12  c y = 0.5x + c
x  At x = 3, y = 2.4,
___1
= x  −   2 
2
2.4 = 1.5 + c
x 
c = 0.9
3 a (2x − 5)2 = (2x − 5)(2x − 5)
So, y = 0.5x + 0.9
= 4x2 − 10x − 10x + 25
7 AB2 = (9 − 2)2 + (6 − 10)2
= 4x2 − 20x + 25
= 49 + 16
b
(x + 2)2 + (x − 2)2 = 65
= x2 + 4x + 4 + x2 − 4x + 4
AC 2 = (−6 − 2)2 + (−4 − 10)2
= 2x2 + 8
_ _ _ _ = 64 + 196
4 a (2 + √ 3  )(2 + √ 3  )= 4 + 2 √ 3 + 2 √ 3 + 3
_ = 260
= 7 + 4 √ 3 
_ _ _ _ BC 2 = (−6 − 9)2 + (−4 − 6)2
b (1 + √ 3  )(1 + √ 3  )= 1 + √ 3 + √ 3 + 3 = 225 + 100
_
= 4 + 2 √ 3  = 325
AB2 + AC 2 = 65 + 260 If x = 2, x2 − 3x + 7 = 4 − 6 + 7 = 5 ⇒

square
= 325 perimeter = 4 × 5
= BC 2 = 20 cm
Therefore the lengths satisfy Pythagoras’ 14 AB2 = (a − 3)2 + (4 − 3)2
theorem = a2 − 6a + 9 + 1
⇒the triangle is right angled. = a2 − 6a + 10
_ _ 2
8 a m2 − n2 = (m + n)(m − n) But AB = √ 2  ⇒ a  2− 6a + 10 = ( √ 2  ) 
b 9991 = 10 000 − 9 =2
= 1002 − 32 Therefore, a2 − 6a + 8 = 0
c 9991 =1002 − 32 (a − 4)(a − 2) = 0
= (100 + 3)(100 − 3) a = 4 or a = 2
= 103 × 97
15 5  x(x + 3) = (5  2)  x  2 − x − 7
9 a (x − 17)(x + 2)
Therefore, x( x + 3)= 2(x  2 − x − 7)
b (4x)2 − (7y)2 = (4x + 7y)(4x − 7y)
x  2+ 3x = 2x  2− 2x − 14
10 x2 + 12x = 28 So, x  2− 5x − 14 = 0
x2 + 12x − 28 = 0 (x − 7)( x + 2)= 0
(x + 14)(x − 2) = 0 x = 7or x = − 2
x = −14 or x = 2
16 a x  2− 50x + 609 = ( x − 29)(x − 21)
11 (3x + 2)3 = (3x + 2)(3x + 2)(3x + 2)
b 2x  2− 100x + 1218 = 0
= (9x2 + 6x + 6x + 4)(3x + 2)
x  2− 50x + 609 = 0
= (9x2 + 12x + 4)(3x + 2) (x − 29)( x − 21)= 0

= 27x3 + 54x2 + 36x + 8
x = 29or x = 21
12 a i 12x2 − 6x = 6x(2x − 1)
c 2AD = 100 − 2x
ii y2 − 13y + 42 = ( y − 7)( y − 6)
so AD = 50 − x
iii d 2 − 196 = d 2 − 142
= (d + 14)(d − 14) d Area = x(50 − x)
b Using previous answers: e
x(50 − x) = 609
i 6x(2x − 1) = 0 50x − 50x2 = 609
x = 0 or 2x − 1 = 0 x2 − 50x − 609 = 0
x = 0 or x = __  1  Therefore, x = 29 or x = 21
2
So, the rectangle is 21 × (50 − 21) = 21 × 29
ii ( y − 7)( y − 6) = 0
(or 29 × (50 − 21) = 29 × 21)
y = 6 or y = 7
b−2
iii (d + 14)(d − 14) = 0   1 
17 a  ______  = __
11 − 3 2
d = −14 or d = 14 2b − 4 = 8
13 Square ⇒all sides are equal in length 2b = 12
So, 2x2 + 3x − 9 = x2 − 3x + 7 b = 6
x2 + 6x − 16 = 0
(______
2 )
3 + 11 _____ 6+2
(x + 8)(x − 2) = 0 b     ,      , i.e. (7, 4)
2
x = −8 or x = 2
If x = −8, x2 − 3x + 7 = 64 +24 + 7 = 95 ⇒
square perimeter = 4 × 95
= 380 cm
c Gradient of perpendicular line
= −  ____1  = −2
(__
   )
1
2
y = −2x + c passes through (7, 4)
so, 4 = − 14 + c ⇒ c = 18
Therefore, y = −2x + 18
y
B(11, 6)
A(3, 2)
C D
–1
9 x

Line through A and B has equation
 1  x + c
y = __
2
and passes through (3, z),
3
 1 
    + c ⇒ c = __
so 2 = __
2 2
Therefore, y =  __ 1  x + __

 1 
2 2
This passes through x-axis. When y = 0,
1  x + __
 __  1 = 0⇒ x = − 1
2 2
Line through A perpendicular to AB
passes through the x-axis when
−2x + 18 = 0
Therefore, x = 9.
Area =  __ 1  AD × AC
2
=  __ 1  √________________
  
__________________
(9 − 3)  2 + (2 − 0)  2  √ (  
3 − − 1)  2 + ( 2 − 0)  2 
2
=  __ 1  √_ _
40  √ 20 
2
_ _ _ _ _
1
=  __  √ 8  √ 5  √ 4  √ 5 = 10 √ 2 
2
Chapter 11
Getting started e k = 10.4 cm
1 Student activity f h = 8.06 cm
g d = 6.08 m
2 a 11
h f = 13 m
b 2.5
c 2.38 4 a Right-angled
d 7 b Not right-angled
e 26 c Not right-angled
f 27.78 d Right-angled
e Right-angled
3 Student investigation into Pythagorean triples.
4 a a  − 1
2
______ a  + 1
2
______ Exercise 11.2
a    
2 2 1 53.2 inches
i 3 4 5
2 3.03 m
ii 5 12 13
3 277 m
iii 7 24 25
4 3.6 m
iv 9 40 41
5 0.841 m
b All the sets of numbers are Pythagorean 6 a 5.39
triples. They all satisfy the relationship
a2 + b2 = c2. b 3.16
c Other odd values of a also generate c 9.90
Pythagorean triples. d 10.30
When a = 1 the other values are 0 and 1. 7 P = 42.4 cm
These values satisfy the relationship
a2 + b2 = c2, but they are not a 8 6.02 cm
Pythagorean triple because 0 is not a 9 Height = 13.9 cm and area = 111 cm2
positive integer.
10 23.4 m
Exercise 11.1 11 Area is 45.0 cm2, so there is enough paint.
1 a x = 10 cm 12 4.24 cm
b y = 13.4 cm
Gradients and triangles
c h = 2.59 cm
d p = 1.62 cm 1–3 y
6
e t = 7.21 m 5
2 a x = 7.42 m 4
b y = 3.63 cm 3
c t = 8.66 cm 2
d p = 12 m 1
e a = 6 cm
−2 −1 O 1 2 3x
−1
3 a x = 2.80 cm
−2
b y = 4.47 cm
−3
c h = 4.28 cm
−4
d p = 8.54 km −5
6
Gradient of AB = __   = 3 Exercise 11.4
2
3 4 = 2 __6
Gradient of BC = __
  = 3 1a  __   = 1.2
1 2 5
4 The vertical length is always 3 × the horizontal The ratio of corresponding sides are not
length. The gradient of the line is 3. They are the same so the shapes are not similar.
the same. b All sides of shape 1 have length x and all
sides of shape 2 have length y so the ratio
5 It doesn’t matter where you draw the triangles,
of corresponding sides will be equal and
the gradient of the line is the same all the way
the shapes are similar.
along.
5
6 The length of the hypotenuse divided by the   4 = 1.3̇
c  __ = 1.25 __
4 3
shortest side is always equal to 3.16 (to 2 d.p.).
Ratios not equal, so not similar.
7 The ratios of corresponding sides are the same 80 60
for all the triangles and the internal ratios of   = 1.3̇
d  ___ = 1.3̇ ___
60 45
sides are the same for all the triangles.
Ratios of corresponding sides equal,
therefore they are similar.
Exercise 11.3 12 = 1.5 __9
e  ___   = 1.5
1 a Similar; all angles equal 8 6
b Similar; sides in proportion Ratios of corresponding sides equal,
c Not similar; angles not equal therefore they are similar.
d Not similar; sides not in proportion f They are not similar because not all
corresponding angles are equal.
e Similar; angles equal
f Similar; sides in proportion 2 a x=9
g Not similar; sides not in proportion b y = 14
h Similar; sides in proportion c p = 3.30
i Similar; angles equal d y = 7.46
j Similar; all angles equal e x = 50, y = 16
f x = 22.4, y = 16.8
2 a x = 12
g x = 7.5, y = 12.5
b y=5
h x = 178
c p = 12
d a = 12 3 x = 10
e b = 5.25 4 a
All the angles on any square are 90°, so all
f c = 5.14 corresponding angles are equal.
All squares have four equal sides, so the
3 AC = 8.75 cm
ratio of corresponding sides will always be
4 Angle BAC = Angle EDC (alternate angles) equal.
Angle ABC = Angle DEC (alternate angles) b The ratio of corresponding sides of
Angle ACB = Angle DCE (vertically opposite different rectangles will not always be
angles) equal.
All three angles are equal so the triangles are c Circles may be different sizes, but they
similar. are all identical in shape, so are therefore
similar to each other.
CE = 4.51 cm
d All regular shapes are similar. For
5 BC = 2.97 m example, all regular pentagons are similar
6 Lighthouse = 192 m to each other. Irregular shapes do not
behave in the same way.
7 r=8
8 x = 60

1 a 421.88 cm2 1 a i SM
b 78.1 m2 ii PQ
c 1562.5 m2 iii BC
d 375 cm2 b i MSR
2 a x = 24 cm ii EFG
b x = 30 m iii OPQ
c x = 2.5 cm c ABCDEFG is congruent to SMNOPQR
d x = 15 cm 2 a A, C
3 a Area will be 4 times larger. b D, F
b Area will be 9 times larger. c B, G
c Area will be smaller by a factor of 4. d E, H, L
4 8:3 3 a DEF similar GHI

b ABCD similar EFGH
Exercise 11.6 c MNOP congruent STQR
1 k2; k3 d ABCDEFGH congruent PIJKLMNO and
both similar to WXQRSTUV
2 a 4
e ABC similar MON
b 16 : 1
4
c 64 : 1
3 216 cm2
4 172 cm2 a b c
5 a 16 mm 5 Since triangle FAB and FED are congruent:

b 157.9 cm2 Angle FAB = angle FED and that makes
c 83.2 cm3 triangle CAE a right angled isosceles triangle.
6 20.83̇cm 3
a It follows that AC − BC = EC − DC,
21.3̇mm 3
b so BC = CD.
c 0.75 m3 BF = DF (corr sides of congruent triangles)
d 56.64 m3 Therefore BFCD is a kite (two pairs of
adjacent equal sides).
7 a 525 cm2
6 The two turns are the same so all the
b 6860 cm3 corresponding angles in the triangles must be
c 36 cm the same. Since they both walk 1000 metres
d 14.15 cm before turning then all three corresponding
side lengths must be the same and so the
8 Height 13 cm 11 cm 9 cm triangles are congruent.
Surface 81x
x cm2   121x cm  2
_____ ____
  cm  2
area 169 169 Practice questions
1331y
______ 729y
_____ 1 215 m further
Volume y cm3   cm  3   cm  3
2197 2197 2 4.21 m
9 x = 3.72 3 a 35 cm
b 37 cm
4 a a2 + b2 = c2 b 17, 144, 145

(7x) 2 + ( 24x) 2 = 150 2 (If a = 17 then uv = 1 × 17 because 17 is
49x 2 + 576x 2 = 22 500 a prime number and its only factors are 1
and itself. If you substitute the values of 1
625x 2 = 22 500
and 17 into the formulae for b and c then
x 2 = 36 you get b = 144 and c = 145.)
b 336 cm c Let a = prime ( p), then a = p × 1
5 3.7 km (so u = p, v = 1)
If b and c differ by 1 then:
6 4.5 cm
⇒ b + 1 = c
7 a Let angle CAB = x
p 2 − 1 2
Then angle ABC = 90° − x (angles in b = _______
 
triangle sum to 180) 2
Angle CAB = angle DCB = angle DAC = x p 2 + 1 2
c = _______
   
Angle BCA = angle BDC = angle CDA = 2
90° The difference between b and c is:
Angle ABC = angle CBD = angle ACD = c−b
90° − x p2 + 12 _______
p2 − 12
All corresponding angles are equal, so = _______
    −    
2 2
triangles ABC, CBD and ACD are similar.
  − (
2 2)
p2 1 p2 1
b By comparing ratios of corresponding     +  __
= __ __
    − __
   
2 2
sides in triangles ABC and CBD:
=1
AB = ___ BC
 ___  
CB BD
c __
__ a Practice questions worked
 a =  e solutions
ce = a  2 ___________ _
1 C = √ 521  2 − 320  2  = √ 169 041 
H
By comparing ratios of corresponding _
sides in triangles ABC and ACD: Difference = 350 + √ 169 041 − 521
AC = 240.1 m
AB = ___
 ___   ___________
AC AD 2 √ 4. 5  2 − 1. 6  2  = 4.21 m
c __
__ b _
  =   3a √ 21  2 + 28  2  = 35 cm = AC
b d
cd = b  2 b AD2 + AC 2 = 122 + 352
_
AD = √ 1369  = 37 cm
c a 2 + b 2 = ce + cd
= c(d + e) 4 a (7x)2 + (24x)2 = 1502
= c 2 49x2 + 576x2 = 22 500
625x2 = 22 500
8 a 16.8 cm
22 500
b 103 cm2 x = _______
   = 36
625
_
9 a a2 + b2 = c x = √ 36 = 6
b
(uv) 2 + ( ) = (
2 )
2 2
u 2 − v 2 u 2 + v 2 So, perimeter = 7 × 6 + 24 × 6 + 150
_______
  _______
 
2
= 42 + 144 + 150
u 2+ 2 u 2v 
u 4 − 2 u 2v 2 + v 4 _______________ 2 + v 2
   
    
    
⇒ u 2v 2+  _______________
   =     = 336 cm
4 4
⇒ 4 u v + u − 2 u v + v = u + 2 u v + v
2 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 4
⇒ u 4 + 2 u 2v 2 + v 4 = u 4 + 2 u 2v 2 + v 4
5 S b uv = 17 so u = 17 and v = 1
a = 17
17  2 − 1  2
5.6
b = ________
   = 144
2
17  2 + 1  2
c = ________
   = 145
2
1452 = 21 025 = 1442 + 172
J
4.2 so (17, 144, 145) is a Pythagorean triple.
___________
√ 5.6  2 − 4.2  2  = 3.70 km c
If a is prime, then a = uv and u and v are 1
3 and a or a and 1
6   r  
 __  = ___
8 12 To make b positive, u . 1, so u = a
3 × 12 9 and v = 1.
So r = ______
    = __
    cm
8 2 a  2− 1 a  2+ 1
b = ______
    and c = ______    
7 a
All three have the same angles. 2 2
a c a  + 1 ______
2 a  − 1
2
    ⇒ a  2 = ce
b  e__  = a__ c − b =  ______
  −    
2 2
b c a  2+ 1 − a   2+ 1
 __  = __     ⇒ b 2 = cd =  ______________
    
a b 2
c
a  2 + b 2 = ce + cd = __   2 
2
= c(e + d )
= 1
= c  2
____
8 a √ 3 343
 ____  × 12 = 16.8 cm
125
____ 2
( ____
b 
125 )
343
√
3
     × A = 201.6
A = 103 cm2
a  2+ b  2 = ( uv)  2 + (_______

2 )
2
u  2− v  2
9 a      
4 (uv)  2 + ( u  2− v  2)   2

_________________
=  
   
4
( u  2)   2 + 2 (uv)  2 + ( v  2)   2
___________________
=  
   
4
= (_______
2 )
2
u  2+ v  2
      = c  2
So, c  2= a  2+ b  2
Chapter 12
Getting started 4 For example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 15
1 He has used the ‘middle’ value of the ordered 5 Mode = none; mean = 96.4; median = 103
list. This is called the median. He will choose the median because it’s the
2 Most of the numbers are fairly close to the highest.
value given by Rohan, so it is reasonable. 6 4451.6 cm
3 The actual values for each of the 7 weeks are 7 2.38 kg
lost. Instead, they are represented by a single
value, which cannot give the full picture. 8 91.26̇  °C
4 Jess has not arranged the times in order but 9 For example, 3, 4, 4, 6, 8
has picked the middle value in the list. She has 10 For example, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9
considered the position only and not how the
value compares with the other values in the list. mX + nY
11  ________

m+n
5 Write the list in order and then take the
middle value: Units for averages
1 2.5 3 5.5 7 7.5 9.5 1 Mean = 3.22 metres
The middle value is 5.5 hours. Range = 2.8 metres
6 It would not change, because the middle 2 320 cm 280 cm 410 cm
number has not changed. 160 cm 440 cm
7 You can add the numbers up and divide by 7, 3 Mean = 322 cm
for example. This is called the mean. This can
Range = 280 cm
be useful if you want the average to change
when any of the values change. They have been multiplied by 100.
The mean and range are both multiplied by
Exercise 12.1 the same number as the original data.
1 a i Mode = 12 4 Changing the units changes the numerical

value of both the mean and range. This means
ii Median = 9
that you can make any mean or range bigger
iii Mean = 8 or smaller than any other just by changing
b i Mode = 8 the units of either value. If you fix the units
ii Median = 6 for both sets of data, then you are comparing
‘like-for-like’.
iii Mean = 5.7
c i Mode = 2.1 and 8.2 5 If you add m to each value, you also add m to
the mean BUT the range remains unchanged.
ii Median = 4.15
Because the values are all m units larger, then
iii Mean = 4.79 the overall mean will be the same m units
d i Mode = 12 larger. But the range measures the difference
ii Median = 9 between the largest and smallest values, both
of which have increased by the same value and
iii Mean = 11.7
so are the same distance apart.
2 Mean increased from 8 to 11.7 because of the
extreme value of 43 in(d). No change to mode
or median.
3 a i 54
ii 48.5
b i 84.25
ii 98.875
Exercise 12.2 b If she wants to suggest that the class is

doing better than it really is, she would
1 a Ru use the mode and say something like:
i Mean = 0.152 most students got 8 of 10.
ii Range = 0.089
6 a Stem Leaf
Oli
4 6
i Mean = 0.139
5 0045789
ii Range = 0.059
6 0112336689
b Ru
7 04
c Oli
2 a Archimedes median = 13 Key
Bernoulli median = 15 4 | 6 represents 46 kilograms
b Archimedes range = 16
b 12
Bernoulli range = 17
c The data has many modes.
c Bernoulli
d 74 − 46 = 28
d Archimedes
e 61 kg
3 Backlights. Footlights has the best mean
but the range is large, whereas Backlights 7 a Stem Leaf
and Brightlights have the same range but 12 156688899
Backlights has a higher mean. 13 01233468
14 002236
Exercise 12.3
15 0
1 a Mean = 4.5
b Median = 4 Key
c Mode = 4 and 5 12 | 1 represents 121 components
per hour
d Range = 8
b 29
2 a Price Frequency Total
c 132.5
$6.50 180 $1170
$8 215 $1720 Exercise 12.4
$10 124 $1240
1 a 141.7 cm
$4130 b 140 , h < 145
b $7.96 2 a 5.28 min
3 a Mode = no letters b 5 min 17 s
b Median = 1 letter c 2,t<4
c Mean = 0.85 letters 3 57.36 °C
d Range = 5 4 a Hawks: 76.7 kg
4 a Mode = 1 child Eagles: 78.4 kg
b Median = 2 children b 75 < M , 85 for both
c Mean = 2.12 children 5 39.2 cm
5 a i Mode = 8 marks 6 42.23 years
ii Median = 6.5 marks
iii Mean = 6.03̇ marks
Exercise 12.5 massive difference in consumption given

that the difference between the two IQRs
1 a Median = 6, Q1 = 4, Q3 = 9, IQR = 5 is only 0.375.
b Median = 17, Q1 = 12, Q3 = 21, IQR = 9
7 a
Test 1: range = 55; IQR = 82 − 39.5
c Median = 14, Q1 = 5, Q3 = 18, IQR = 13 = 42.5; median = 60.5
d Median = 3.4, Q1 = 2.45, Q3 = 4.95, Test 2: range = 69; IQR = 81.5 − 45
IQR = 2.5 = 36.5; median = 61.5
e Median = 15.65, Q1 = 13.9, Q3 = Test 3: range = 44; IQR = 71.5 − 45 = 26.5;
18.42, IQR = 4.53 median = 62
2 a 40.25 − 2.35 = 37.9 hectares b Interpretations will vary, but generally the
b Q1 = 3.55, Q2 = 7.2 and Q3 = 23.83 students performed worst on Test 3.
c In this case, the high range shows that the
data is very spread out but this is skewed Practice questions
by one high value, so the IQR is more 1 a 294 g
representative of the spread of sizes. b 15.2 g
3 Median = 6, Q1 = 4, Q3 = 8, IQR = 4 c 5
4 a Summer: median = 18.5, Q1 = 15.5, 2 5
Q3 = 23.5
3 a 38
Winter: median = 11.5, Q1 = 9.25,
b
Q3 = 12.75
b Summer: IQR = 8 Winter: IQR = 3.5 Sunshine Shade
c The lower IQR in winter shows that 4 0 2 3 6

car numbers are more consistent. In 8 3 2 1 1 0 2 2 2 4 9 9
8 3 1 2 0 5 8 9
poor weather people either use their
7 6 4 2 1 0 3 4 9
own transport or take transport more 9 5 4 3 4 5 5 9 Key
consistently. 1 5 Sunshine 9|4 represents 4.9g
Shade 3|4 represents 3.4g
5 a Julia: median = 23, Q1 = 13, Q3 = 24
Aneesh: median = 18, Q1 = 14, Q3 = 20 c 3.1 g
b Julia: IQR = 11 Aneesh: IQR = 6 d 1.9 g
c The IQR for the Algebraist is more e 5.1 − 0.4 = 4.7 g
consistent than that for the Statistician f 4.9 − 0.2 = 4.7 g
and is therefore more likely to have a g Those collected in sunshine were, on
particular audience while the variation is average, larger, but both were equally
greater for the Statistician and therefore spread out.
could appeal to a varying audience.
h 4.3 − 1.8 = 2.5 g
6 a i 6.5 i 3.4 − 1.2 = 2.2 g
ii 5.9 j There are no extreme values, which means
b i 10.85 that the range gives a sensible measure of
ii 14.05 spread as well as the interquartile range.
c i 3.275 4 a 1 and 21
ii 3.65 135 + 5n
b  ________
d At first glance it seems like country 42 + n
driving gets much better fuel consumption c 8
as it appears that the data is distributed d 2
more towards the higher end of the stems.
However, the smaller interval and the 5 a 24
decimal nature of the data mean that b 25 , T < 30
when you look at IQR, there is not such a c 30
Practice questions worked 4 a Total frequency = 42 + n

solutions 2 + n + 5 + 2 + 1 , 32
i.e. n , 22
1 a 14.7 × 20 = 294 g
and 11 + 2 + n + 5 + 2 + 1 . 21
b Total = 294 + 30 × 15.6 n . 0
= 762
So 1 < n < 21
762
Mean = ____     = 15.24 g b
50
762 + 184 2 × 21 + 3 × 11 + 4 × 2 + 5n + 6 × 5 + 7 × 2 + 8 × 1
____________________________________________
c  __________
 = 17.2             
50 + n 42 + n
135 + 5n
762 + 184 = ________
   
so 50 + n = __________
    42 + n
17.2
135 + 5n
n = 55 − 50 = 5 sweets c ________
   = 3.5
42 + n
2 Total tremors = 18 × 4.5 = 81 135 + 5n = 147 + 3.5n
Total in first 10 years = 10 × 4.1 = 41 1.5n = 12
81 − 41
In the last 8 years, mean =  _______
  n = 8
8
d Size 2
= 5 per year
5 a 16 + 5 + 2 + 1 = 24
3 a 19 + 19 = 38 insects
b 25 , T < 30
b
16 × 27.5 + 5 × 32.5 + 2 × 37.5 + 1 × 42.5
____________________________________
c           
Sunshine Shade 24
= 30 °C
4 0 2 3 6
8 3 2 1 1 0 2 2 2 4 9 9
8
7 6 4 2
3
1
1
0
2
3
0
4
5
9
8 9 Past paper questions
9 5 4 3 4 5 5 9 Key
1 5 Sunshine 9|4 represents 4.9g 1 a 2, 8, 14
Shade 3|4 represents 3.4g
b 6k − 4 = 422
19 + 1
______ 6k = 426
c    = 10this 31 g
2 k = 71
d 19 g
2 x2 − 7x − 5x + 35 = x2 − 12x + 35
e 51 − 4 = 47 g
x
f 49 − 2 = 47 g 3  ___ = sin 35°
12
g On average, those collected in the x = 12 sin 35°
sunshine are heavier.
= 6.88 cm
19 + 1
Need the ______
h    = 5thand 4 a (−3, −1)
4
19 + 1 3
3 × ______
   = 15th b  __ 
4 2
43 − 18 = 25 g 3
y = __
c     x − 1or y = 1.5x − 1
2
i 34 − 12 = 22 g
j No real outliers and data is fairly 5 a All three angles are the same.
symmetrical. AC 6
b  ____  = ___
   
Both IQRs are similar and both ranges are 27 18
similar.
 1  = 9 cm
AC = 27 × __
3
6 a 17
b 3n + 2
7 a
(−2, 4)
4 1
b i −  __  = −  __ 
8 2
ii y = −  __ 1  x + 3
2
c i and ii
y
L
6
5
A
4
1
C B
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
–1
–2

iii 9.25 units

8 a i
20
18
16
14
Frequency
12
10
0
Infant Child Adult Senior
Type of ticket
ii 17 − 12 = 5
iii adult
3
iv   12  = ___
___    = 0.3
40 10
b i 104 − 18 = 86
ii 18 27 31 45 60 72 104
median is 45
∑x
iii  ____ = 51
7
9 a 4, 10, 18, 28 14 a
b −7n + 32 %
.
10 x = 0.47  A B
49 42
.
45
10x = 4.7  
.
100x = 47.7   48
46 41
90x = 43 47
43
43
x = ___
    44
90
(_____
2 )
5 + 9 −5 + 3 50
11 a     ,  ______
  = (7, −1) C
2
_ _ _ _
b √ 4  2 + 8  2  = √ 16 + 64 = √ 80 = 4 √ 5 = 8.94 b i {41, 43, 47}
12 a 7a(3a + 4b) ii {44, 46, 49, 50}
b 5(4x2 − 9y2) = 5(2x − 3y)(2x + 3y) ∅
iii
13 a 20°
6.75
BE  =  _____
b  ___   ⇒ BE = 4.5 cm
5.2 7.8
780
c volume multiplier = ____    
32
____
780
√
3
height multiplier = ____
    
32
____
780
√
3
height = 2 × ____
     = 5.80 cm
32
Chapter 13
Getting started 2   2 m , 324 cm
3.22 m , 3 __
9
1 × 1 000 000 = 106
__1
3 125 ml ,   litre < 0.65 litres , 780 ml
2
4 60
× 1000 = 103 × 1000 = 103
5 a 14 230 mm, 0.014 23 km
b 19 060 mg, 0.000 019 06 t
c 2750 ml, 275 cl
Kilograms Grams Milligrams d 4 000 000 mm2, 0.0004 ha
e 1300 mm2, 0.000 000 13 ha
f 10 000 mm3, 0.000 01 m3
÷ 1000 ÷ 1000 6 a 27 m3
b 27 000 000 cm3
c 2.7 × 1010 mm3
÷ 1 000 000
7 a 1.09 × 1012 km3
2 Kilo = thousands b 1.09 × 1021 m3
Milli = thousandths c 1.09 × 1030 mm3
Centi = hundredths 8 a 1.13 × 102 cm3
3 Students’ conversion diagrams (examples b 1.13 × 105 cm3
could include: tonnes–kilograms−grams, or c 1.13 × 10−13 km3
amps–milliamps)
9 a 6
Exercise 13.1 b 20 g
1 a 4000 g 10 a No
b 5000 m b No
c 3.5 cm c Yes
d 8.1 cm 11 a Computers use a binary number system
e 7300 mg and ‘mega’ stands for 220. This is equal to
1 048 576.
f 5.760 t
b Examples include:
g 210 cm
Pico – a millionth of a millionth (÷1012)
h 2000 kg
Nano – a thousandth of a millionth (÷109)
i 1.40 m
Deca – 10 times
j 2.024 kg
Hecto – 100 times
k 0.121 g
Giga – a thousand million times (×109)
l 23 000 mm
m 35 mm
n 8036 m
o 9.077 g
Babylonian mathematics Exercise 13.3

1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60
1 a 20 02
2 Answers will depend on students’ research. b 45 min
Possible reasons are that 60 is a convenient
c 23 min
number because it has a lot of factors. It is
possible to count to 12 using the bones in 2 a 1 h 7 min
the fingers of one hand. So a base 60 system
might have come about by multiplying the b Aville 11 10
12 on one hand by the 5 fingers on the other. Beeston 11 45
Another possibility is that the number 60 Crossway 11 59
comes from the length of a growing season
for certain crops. So, a year would be Darby 12 17
approximately 6 × 60 days.
c 14 25
3 History appears to suggest that there
are 360 degrees in a circle because that is 3a 00 17
approximately the number of days in a full b 12 h 40 min
year. In reality, 360 is a very convenient c 5 h 46 min
number because it has so many whole number d i 01 29 or 13 34
factors. This means a circle can be divided into
smaller parts without having to use fractions ii unlikely to be 01 29 because it is in the
in any way. middle of the night – in the dark.
e i 1– 6 February (Wed–Mon)
Exercise 13.2 ii 1– 4 February (Wed–Sat)
1 a i 22 30 to 23 30
Exercise 13.4
ii 09 15 to 10 45
iii 19 45 to 21 10 1 a 11.5 < 12 , 12.5
b 09 30 b 7.5 < 8 , 8.5
c 99.5 < 100 , 100.5
2 3 h 39 min
d 8.5 < 9 , 9.5
3 9 min 47 s e 71.5 < 72 , 72.5
4 Monday 10 February 02 30 f 126.5 < 127 , 127.5
5 a Day Mon Tues Wed 2 a 2.65 < 2.7 , 2.75
Total b 34.35 < 34.4 , 34.45
7h 7h 7h
time c 4.95 < 5.0 , 5.05
55 min 55 min 25 min
worked d 1.05 < 1.1 , 1.15
Day Thurs Fri e −2.35 < −2.3 , −2.25
f −7.25 < −7.2 , −7.15
Total
7h 8h
time 3 a 131.5 < 132 , 132.5
53 min 24 min
worked b 250 < 300 , 350
b 39 h 32 min c 402.5 < 405 , 407.5
c $223.36 d 14.5 million < 15 million , 15.5 million
d i yes e 32.25 < 32.3 , 32.35
ii He entered 5 [DMS] instead of f 26.65 < 26.7 , 26.75
17 [DMS] and then subtracted 12°459 g 0.45 < 0.5 , 0.55
and got a negative time for the h 12.335 < 12.34 , 12.345
afternoon.
i 131.5 < 132 , 132.5
j 0.1335 < 0.134 , 0.1345
4 250 kg < 300 kg , 350 kg 12 a Max = 232.875; min = 128.625

5 a 99.5 m < 100 m , 100.5 m b i Max 5.32 and min 4.86
b 15.25 seconds < 15.3 seconds ii
Only 1 can be used. The value of a is
, 15.35 seconds 5 to 1 s.f. If we find the maximum and
minimum values to 2 s.f. we get 5.3
6 4.45 m < L , 4.55 m
and 4.9. This doesn’t tell us any more
than the answer is 5 to 1 s.f.
Exercise 13.5
13 Upper bound is 0.910 m/s
1 a 30.8 < a2 , 31.9 Lower bound is 0.769 m/s
b 13 900 < b3 , 14 100
c 5.43 < cd 3 , 5.97 Exercise 13.6
d 609 < (a2 + b2) , 615 1 a 140 °F
c
0.248 ,  ___2  , 0.252
e b 60 °F
b
c −16 °C
ab
2.66 , ___
f   , 2.82 d 38 °C
cd
c b 2a 4 lb
− 43.5 , __
g   a − __
  , − 46.5
d b 4 kg
(d b)
a __
__ c
h
2.66 ,   ÷   , 2.82 c 36 kg
__ d 132 lbs
( √ b)
a
i
48.9 , dc +    __  , 50.7
e i Correct
__
( b)
ii 18 lb = 8 kg
√
a
j
47.9 , dc −    __  , 49.7
iii 60 lb = 27 kg
2 37 kg < mass left , 39 kg iv Correct
3 a 3.605 cm < length , 3.615 cm; 3 a $16

2.565 cm < width , 2.575 cm b $64
b 9.246825 cm2 < area , 9.308 625 cm2 c £36
c 9.25 cm2 < area , 9.31 cm2 d £24
4 a 511 105 787 km2 < surface area 4a 165 min
511 266 084 km2 b 4.8 kg
b 1.086 525 72 × 1012 km3 < volume of c (40m) + 30 = 25
Earth , 1.087 036 906 × 1012 km3
⇒ m = −0.125 kg
5 The smallest number of cupfuls is 426.4, and You cannot have a negative mass of meat.
the largest is 433.6. As the graph assumes it will always take
6 Maximum gradient = 0.0739 at least 30 minutes to cook any piece of
meat, you cannot use this graph for meat
Minimum gradient = 0.06
with a very small mass that will take less
7 a 8.1 cm2 < area of ∆ , 8.5 cm2 than 30 minutes to cook.
b 5.76 cm < hypotenuse , 5.90 cm
8 63.4° < x° , 63.6°
45.2 % < (   × 100) , 46.7%

45
9 ___
98
10 332 kg < mean mass , 335 kg (3 s.f.)
11 117.36 < number of 5s , 117.84
5 a 2 a Monday: 8 hours 25 minutes

y
35 Tuesday: 8 hours 43 minutes
Wednesday: 8 hours 42 minutes
30
Thursday: 8 hours 38 minutes
25
Friday: 10 hours 17 minutes
20 b 44 hours 45 mins
Feet
15 c $400.51
d $352.45
10
3 a 33.5, 34.5
5
b 550, 650
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 c 12.685, 12.695
Metres d 665, 675
b 3600 ft (answer may vary +/− 100 foot) 4 12.25 kg, 12.75 kg
c 1050 m (answer may vary slightly if 5 a i 7540
answer to (b) varies from that shown)
ii 49 692
6 a y iii 9238.50
50
iv 25 426.50
Sploges in hundreds
40
b 1232.61
30
6 a 3.78 × 1011
20
b 378 500 < area of Japan , 377 500
10 c 335 people per square kilometre
0
x 7 a Approximately 18 litres
5 10 15 20 25
Squidges in hundreds b Approximately 6 gallons
c L = 4.5G. The formula is not exact
b 625 squidges (answer may vary) because the values read from the graph
c 224 000 ploggs (answer may vary: are approximate.
220 000 − 228 000) 8 a −1.55
b 1.53
Exercise 13.7 c 0.62
1 $18.50
9 a 4.116 × 103 cm3 < volume of cube
2 $4163.00 , 4.038 × 103 cm3
3 £7960 b 4.116 × 106 mm3 < volume of cube
, 4.038 × 106 mm3
4 $384.52
10 a 11.94 cm2
5 $2589.20
b 7.09 cm
6 $113.77 c 0.89
11 a 759 cm3
Practice questions
b 4.47 cm < a , 4.95 cm
1 a 104 km/h
b 69 mph

solutions
1 a Conversion graph, km/h to mph
80
60
mph
40
20
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
km/h
b Conversion graph, km/h to mph

80
60
mph
40
20
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
km/h
2 a 8.25
8.43
8.42
8.38
10.17
b 42 + 2 + 45 minutes = 44 hours and
45 minutes
c 44.75 × $8.95 = $400.51
d 0.88 × $400.51 = $352.45
3 upper bound lower bound
a 34.5 33.5
b 650 550
c 12.695 12.685
d 675 665
4 Greatest = 12.75 kg
Least = 12.25 kg
5 a i 1 US $ = 75.40 Indian Rupees
100 US $ = 100 × 75.40 Indian Rupees
= 7540 Indian Rupees
ii €1 = 82.82 Indian Rupees
€600 = 600 × 82.82 Indian Rupees
= 49 692 Indian Rupees
iii 1 Dhs = 20.53 Indian Rupees
450 Dhs = 450 × 20.53 Indian Rupees
= 9238.5 Indian Rupees
iv 1 SR = 20.10 Indian Rupees
1265 SR = 1265 × 20.10 Indian Rupees
= 25 426.50 Indian Rupees
b
1 Australian dollar = 56.79 Indian Rupees
  1  Australian dollar
1 Indian Rupee = ______
56.79
14 000
14 000 Indian Rupees = ______
   Australian dollars
56.79
= 246.52 Australian dollars
6 a 378 000 × 1000 × 1000 = 3.78 × 1011 m2 9 a Upper bound = 14.55 × 13.25 × 21.25
b Upper bound = 378 500 = 4116 cm3
Lower bound = 377 500 Lower bound = 14.45 × 13.15 × 21.25
= 4038 cm3
c 126 500
b Upper bound = 145.5 × 132.5 × 213.5
126 500 000
 ___________
 = 335 = 4 116 013 mm3
377 500
Lower bound = 144.5 × 131.5 × 212.5
7a 18.5 litres = 4 037 872 mm3
b 5.95 gallons
10 a   1  × 5.25 × 4.55 = 11.94 cm2
__
c L = kG 2_____________
18.5 = k × 4 b √   
5.35  2 + 4. 65  2  = 7.09 cm
18.5 4.65
k = ____
   = 4.625 c  ____ = 0.89
4 5.25
so, L is approximately equal to4.625G
11 a 7.52 × 13.5 = 759.375 cm3
The value of k was calculated using ________
estimates from the graph.   √

volume
A = ________
b
h
  
______
√
8 a 2.55 + 4.35 − 8.45 = −1.55 325
Upper bound = _____
     = 4.95 cm
2.55  2 13.25
b  _____ = 1.53 ______
√
4.25 275
2.55 Lower bound = _____
     = 4.47 cm
c  __________ = 0.59 13.75
8.55 − 4.25
Chapter 14
Getting started c 10
2x
1, 2, 4 y
+
8
y
=
10
6
5
4 4 (3, 4)
− 1
4 y=
3 2 −
5x
2 x
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5
1
x Solution is x = 3 and y = 4
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1 2 a x = −2, y = −2
−2 b x = 3, y = 3
c x = 3, y = −2
−3
d x = −1, y = 6
−4
−5 x = __
e   1 , y = − 2
7
−6 x =   4 , y =  __
f __ 4
3 3
9
3 3 square units 3 x = ___
a   , y = − ___  1
11 11
5 12 square units __ 5 3
__
b
x =   , y = −  
6 3 < A , 12 4 4
__ 7
Exercise 14.1 c
x =   , y = 1
4
1 a 25 22
y x =   , y =  ___
d ___
10 17 17
2x
8 4 a The scale can sometimes make it difficult

+y
to read off certain values, such as

=1
6 fractions, accurately.
0
4
(3, 4) b The equations must be solved
algebraically.
x+
2 2y
=1
1 When is there a solution?
x
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 1 y
Solution is x = 3 and y = 4 5
b y 4
3x + 2y = 7
3
4 2
2x
6x + 4y = −2
1
+y
3 −1
=
=4
y
−
x −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4x
2 (1, 2) −1
−2
1
−3
x
−4
−2 −1 0 1 2 3
Solution is x = 1 and y = 2
7 6
2 The lines are parallel and never meet, so x = __
h   , y = − ___  
there will be no solutions that work in both 3 13
118 5
equations at the same time. x = − ____
i   , y = − ___
 
55 11
3 The coefficients of x and y in the first equation 29 35
x =  ___ , y =  ___
j
have been multiplied by the same number to 4 12
get the second equation, BUT this is not true k x = 1, y = −4
for the right-hand sides.
l x = −1, y = −4
c d
4 If __
  a is not the same as __
  there will be
b m x = 5, y = −7
c d
solutions. If they ARE the same, then  __ and __
  7 3
a b x = − __
n   , y =  __
4 . 3 2
must both be equal to  __ 3 29
3 x =  __ , y =  ___
o
5 5
Exercise 14.2 4 a x = 3, y = 4
1 a x = 2, y = 5 b x = 2, y = 4
b x = 3, y = −2 c x = −3, y = 5
c x = −10, y = 6 d x = 6, y = 3
10
  4 , y = − ___
x = __
d   e x = 3, y = 5
3 3 f x = 3, y = −4
e x = −2, y = 4 g x = 5, y = 3
x = − ___
f   11 , y = 17 h x = 2, y = 4
3
i x = 2, y = 3
1
x =   , y =  __
g __ 1
2 2 j x = −2, y = 1
19 10 k x = −3, y = −2
x =   , y =  ___
h ___
17 17
  1 , y = 2
x = __
l
2 a x = 4, y = 4 2
b x = 2, y = 6 x = − __
m   1 , y = 3
2
c x = 1, y = 2
n x = −3, y = 4
d x = 5, y = −1
o x = 5, y = 8
e x = 3, y = 4
f x = 1, y = 3 112 , y = ____504
5 x =  ____
a −  
25 25
g x = 6, y = 3
b x = 3, y = −2
h x = 5, y = 4
c x = −8, y = −2
i x = 4, y = 3
d x = 6, y = −18
j x = 4, y = 6
e x = −0.739, y = −8.217
k x = 6, y = 6
f x = 5.928, y = −15.985 (3 d.p.)
l x = 4, y = 2
6 a 90 and 30
3 a x = 2, y = 4
b −14.5 and −19.5
b x = 4, y = 3
c 31.5 and 20.5
c x = −5, y = −10
d 14 and 20
d x = 5, y = 5
7 9 7 Pen drive $10 and hard drive $25
x = __
e   , y =  __
4 4 8 48 blocks (36 of 450 seats and 12 of 400 seats)
f x = 5, y = 3 9 Students will create their own problem for
6 9 each other.
x = __
g   , y =  ___
5 10
Exercise 14.3
1 a x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
b x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
c p
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
d y
−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
e q
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
f x
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
g x
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7
h x
–3.4 –3.3 –3.2 –3.1 2.8 2.9 3.0
i k
−4.6 −4.5 −4.4 −3.2 −3.1 −3.0
2 a {4, 5, …, 31, 32} i x . −15

b {8, 9, …, 18, 19} j g>4
c {18, 19, …, 26, 27} k w,8
d {−3, −2, −1} 7
k ,  ___
l
e {−3, −2, − 1, 0} 10
f {3, 4, …, 10, 11} 2 a y . 30
g {−6, −5, −4} b y < 30
h {4, 5, 6} c z . 62
i {3, 4} d k . 33
10
r ,  ___
e
Exercise 14.4 3
1 a x,2 3 a q , 12
b x.3 11
g <  ___
b
2
c   14
y < ___ 3
15 h > − __
c  
2
d y . −2
d h , 19
e c>2
f x < −1 e   44
y > − ___
3
g x,6
f n , 48
h p.3
13
v < − ___
g   3 y
6 4
31
___ 3
h
e .  
28 2
t . 9 __
i   1 1
x−y>0
4 x
109
____ −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
j
t .  
−1
4
−2
763
t . ____
k  
−3
4
4 a   11 , x , −2
− ___ 4 a y
2 5
b −3 , x < 9 4
y . 3 − 3x
3
c 6 , x < 13
2
16
d  ___, x < 7 1
3 x
16
  4
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
e − ___
  , x < − ___ −1
5 17
−2
5 a −3
p
−4
1 700 000
−5
b p > 1 700 000
6 78 + 28b < 630 b y
5
19 boxes (cannot load a fraction of a box) 4
3
Exercise 14.5 2
1
1 y
4 x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
3 −1
2y − 3x > 6
2 −2
1 −3 3x − 2y > 6
x −4
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−1 −5
−2
−3
c y
6
5
2 y 4
4 3
x<5
3 2
2 1
x + 2y , 4 x
1 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1
x –2
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−1 –3
−2 –4
–5
−3
–6
d y g y
5 5
4 y.3
4
3 3
0<x<2
2
2
1
1
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
−1 −10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10
−1
−2
−3 −2
−4 −3
−5 −4
−5
e 7
y
5 a Above
6
5
b Below
4 c Above and below
3 6 a y < 4x + 5
2 b x+y,3
1
x c   1 x + 1
y > __
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10 3
−1 3
d y < − __   x
−2
x + 3y < 10
2
−3
Shading the wanted region
−4
−5
Shading the wanted region for a single inequality
works well, but when there is more than one
inequality then it is more difficult because it
f y
5 is hard to see the region that satisfies all the
4 inequalities since shaded regions overlap. Only the
region that is shaded for all the inequalities will
3
count as the wanted region.
2
−3 , x , 5
1
Exercise 14.6
x
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10 1 y
−1 7
−2 6
−3 5
x=4
−4 4
x+
−5 3 2y
=6
2 x
=
1 y
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1
2 y d (x + 3)2 − 4
8
7
e (x − 2)2 + 8
6
f (x − 1)2 + 16
g (x + __
  )  − ___
2
5
5   21
2 4
x
4
h (x + __   ) − ___
+
2
7 57
y
 
=
3
2 4
5
y=2
2
i (x − __   )  − ___
2
3
1   21
2 4
y=0
j (x + __   ) − ___
x 7 2
81
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5  
−1 2 4
k (x − ___   ) − ____
2
13 165
 

2 4
3 y
8 l (x − 10)2 + 300
7
x=4 2 a x = 0.74 or −6.74
6
b x = −0.54 or −7.46
5
c x = 3.41 or 0.59
x
4
+
d x = 1.14 or −6.14
y
y=3
=
3
5
R e x = 2 or 1
2
f x = 11.92 or 0.08
1
3 a x = 3.70 or −2.70
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 b x = 1.37 or −4.37
−1
c x = 0.16 or −6.16
d x = 2 or 4
4 y < −x + 4, y . 2x + 1, x < 2 e x = 1.89 or 0.11
5 (3, 0), (2, 0), (2, 1), (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 0), (0, 3), f x = 5.37 or −0.37
(0, 2), (−1, 4) g x = 1.30 or −2.30
6 y h x = 3 or −1
5
+2 i x = 1.62 or −0.62
y=4 4 =
x
3
y 4 Students’ own choice of question.
2
3x +
1
Exercise 14.8
y=
x 1 a 3(x + 1)2 + 11
4
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1 b 2(x + 2)2 − 7
−2 c 6(x + 1)2 + 14
d 2 (   ) + __
2
3
−3
x + __   1
−4 2 2
−5
e 4(x − 1) + 7 2
f 2(x − 1)2 + 15
(0, 4) (1, 4) (2, 4) (1, 3)
g 5(x + 1)2 − 4
Exercise 14.7 h 3(x + __
  ) − ___
7
2
73
 
1 a (x + 3)2 + 5 6 12
2(x − __  ) − ___
2
3 33
b (x + 4)2 − 15 i  
4 8
c (x + 6)2 − 16
j 5(x + ___
  ) − ____
2
7 209
  3 a x = 3.73 or 0.268
10 20
b x = 3.30 or −0.303
k 2(x − ___
  ) − ____
2
13 161
 
c x = 0.896 or −1.40
4 8
d x = −0.851 or 2.35
l 3(x − ___   ) + _____
2
10 1100
 

3 3 e x = −1.37 or 0.366
2 a 108 f x = 0.681 or −0.881
b 120
4 a x = 4.79 or 0.209
c 135
b x = 0.631 or 0.227
d 144
c x = 0.879 or −0.379
e 150
d x = 1.35 or −2.95
f 165.6
e x = −2.84 or −9.16
3 a 2340 f x = 6.85 or 0.146
_ _
b 360 5 + √ 21 5 − √ 21
5 a x = _______
  or x =  _______
c 156 2 2
_ _
d 24 −3 + √ 65
________ −3 − √ 65
________
b x =   or x =  

4 4
_ _
Exercise 14.9 c
5 + √ 37
x =  _______
5 − √ 37
or x =  _______
6 6
1 a x = −3 or −4 _ _
b x = −6 or −2 x = − 2 + √ 3 or x = −2 − √ 3
d
_ _
c x = −7 or −4 x = − 4 + √ 7 or x = −4 − √ 7
e
_ _
d x = −5 or 1 5 + √ 15 5 − √ 15
x =  _______
f or x =  _______
e x = −8 or 2 2 2
f x = 8 or −20 6 x = 1.61 cm (−5.61 is not a solution because
g x = 4 or 2 length cannot be negative)
h x = 7 or −4 7 a 4.53 metres
i x = 8 or −3 b 248 months
j x = 8 or 4
k x = 11 or −9 Exercise 14.10
l x = 12 or −3 1 a (3x + 2)(x + 4)
m x = 6 or 4 b (2x + 3)(x − 1)
n x = 5 or 7 c (3x + 2)(2x − 1)
o x = −3 or 12 d (3x + 8)(x + 2)
2 a x = 0.162 or −6.16 e (2x − 5)(x + 2)
b x = −1.38 or −3.62 f (4x − 1)(4x + 9)
c x = −2.38 or −4.62 g (3x + 1)(x + 5)
d x = −0.586 or −3.41 h (4x − 1)(2x + 1)
e x = 3.30 or −0.303 i (2x + 3)(x − 2)
f x = 3.41 or 0.586 j (2x + 3)(x + 3)
g x = 7.16 or 0.838 k (3x + 8)(x − 2)
h x = 2.73 or −0.732 l (5x − 3)(2x + 1)
i x = 6.61 or −0.606 m (5x + 1)(x + 1)
j x = 8.24 or −0.243 n (2x − 1)(x − 9)
k x = 8.14 or −0.860 o (6x − 5)(2x + 3)
l x = −0.678 or −10.3
Exercise 14.11 h 3b
2
i  ____
1 As Exercise 14.10 3de
2 a (3x − 7)(2x + 3) 1  
j  ____
b −(2x + 3)(x + 5) 4 b 2
a
c (2x + 3y)(2x + 3y) 3 a  ___
5b
d (3x + y)(2x − 7y)
b ab
e x(x − 9)(x − 4)
b
f 2(3x − 4y)(x − 5y) c  __
2
g (3x + 2)(2x + 1) ac
___
d  
h (3x − 4)(x − 3) 4
abc
____
i 3(x − 5)(x − 8) e  

2
j p(x + 3)(x + 4) 9b
f  ___
k x(5x − 6)(x − 2) 4c
l 3x(4 − x)2 g (abc)2
m (x − 1)(x − 2) 3y
h  ___
n 4(x − 2)(x − 1) 4x
4x 2z
o (2x)(6x + 13) i  _____
3y
j 9
Exercise 14.12
18
1
x
a  __ 4 a  _____3 
2 17z
y x 3z
b  __ b  ____
4 2y
c 5 c  _______
3v
 
d 10 7u 2w 4
x+3
t
e  __ d  _____
6 x+4
x
u
f  __ e  _____
3 x+4
y 3
t
___
g   f  _____
10 y+1
y x−6
_____
h  __ g  
2 x−4
x+5
3z
___
i   h  _____
4 x−3
4t
__ i 8
j  
3 3x + 2
j  ______
xy 3x − 2
2 a  ___
3 x+3
k  _____
x x+8
b  ___
4y 2x − 3
l  ______
1 x+1
c  __
2 7x −1
m  ______
y x−4
d  __ 5y − 4
2 n  ______
e 5x y−7
3x −7
f 3b o  ______
5x − 4
2x
g  ___
3y
3x − 4
5 a  ______ Exercise 14.14
7x + 1
b x2 + y2 3y
1 a  ___
1 4
c  __
x 8t
___
b  
d x2 + 1 15
12u
____
e 1 c  
_
35
√ x 3 + y 3 
f z
d  ___
14
5(x + y)
Exercise 14.13 e  _______
12

x 2 3x
1 a  ___ f  ___
4 2
3 y 2 11y
b  ____ g  ____
14 8
3z 2 a
c  ____ h  ___
14 40
a
__
d  
t 2 i  __
3 2
7x + 18y
e 1 j  ________
63
1
f  __
6 19(x + 1)2
2 a  __________
3f 56
g  ___ 29pqr
2e b  ______
gh 2 136
h  ____ 93p
32 c  ____
i 2 70
71x
1   d  ____
j  ____ 84
2y 2
62x 2
2d e  _____
k  ___ 63
7c 33 − 5x
f  _______
l   r
____ 18
2pq
x+3
2
3z 2t 2
a  ______   3 a  _____
a
x 3
23
2xt b  ____
b  ___ 12a
3
19x
3
c  ____ c  ____
4xy 6y
3a + 2
64t 4y 4 d  ______  
d  _______ a 2
27
17
3 e  ___
e  _______________
   6x
4(x + y) 5(x − y)
7
f  ___
  1
________
f 5e
4(a − b)
2x + 5
_ 3 4 a  _____________
  
(√ z 2 + t 2 ) (x + 1)(x + 4)
g  ____________
432(x 2 + y 2) 5x − 7
b  _____________
  
z−t (x − 1)(x − 2)
h  _____
z − y
7x + 39
c  _____________
   5 14
(x + 2)(x + 7)
5 6 a 50 − x
d  ___
2x b x(50 − x) = 50x − x2
7 c 50x − x2
e  ____
6xy = −(x2 − 50x)
2 + x 2 = −{(x − 25)2 − 625}
f  ______
x
= 625 − (x − 25)2
x 2 + 2x + 5
g  __________ x = 25
2(x + 1)
d 625 m2
(x 2 − 1)(27y − 14)
h  _________________   7 (x + 4)2 − 33
63y 2 ___
2y − x 3 x = −4 ± √ 33 
i  _______
2x 2y 8 x = 1.41 or x = −6.41
+ 4xy −
4x 2y yz 2 − z 3 9 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
j  ____________________
       
12xyz 2
6y 3
1 10  ____  
k  _____ x 2
x+3
2 11 a 100 − x
l  _____
b  __ =  ___ and ( )
2 (100 − x) 2
(4)
x 2 x 2 100 − x
x+2 _______
  = _________
 
16 4 16
Practice questions x 2 (100 − x) 2
c  ___ + _________
  = 325
16 16
1 x = 2, y = 3
x = 40 or x = 60
2 a 18x − 4 , 88 d 40 cm
18x , 92
12 a (3x − 1)(x − 2)
x , 5.11
b (x − y)(x + y − 2z)
b 432 cm2
5+x
3 13  _____________
  
x (x + 2)(x − 2)
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 5(x − 3)2 + 6
4 a x 0 3 9 5(x − 3)2 > 0
y 9 6 0 5(x − 3)2 + 6 > 6 . 0
x−7
15  _____
b x 0 1 5 x+3
y 13 11 3 16 a 1−p
b p − p2
c y
14 3
2x + y = 13 c p = __  1 or p = __
 
12 4 4
15
10 d  ___
8 16
___
6 17 i √ 37 
x+y=9
4 ii 5
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 x
d x = 4, y = 5
18 a y
4 a x 0 3 9
6
5x
+ y 9 6 0
5 6y x
= =
30 y
1– x +1
4
y= 2
b x 0 1 5
3
y 13 11 3
2
c graph showing x + y = 9and 2x + y = 13
1
for 0 < x < 10, 0 < y < 15
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x d x = 4, y = 5
−1 1  n(n + 1) = 105
5  __
2 2
b + 2y = 8  ___
Greatest value for x n(n + 1) = 210
11
(occurs at intersection of x = y and n2 + n − 210 = 0
5x + 6y = 30) (n + 15)(n − 14) = 0
⇒ n = 14 or −15
Practice questions worked So, n = 14 because n . 0.
solutions
6 a
1 6x − 5y = −3 ①
y
5x + 4y = 22 ②
4 × ① → 24x − 20y = −12 ③
5 × ② →25x + 20y = 110 ④ x

2x + 2y = 100
③ + ④ → 49x = 98
2y = 100 − 2x
98
x = ___
   = 2 y = 50 − x
49
① →6(2) − 5y = −3 Width = 50 − x
12 + 3 = 5y b Area = xy = x(50 − x) = 50x − x2
5y = 15 c
50x − x2 = −(x2 − 50x)
y=3 = −{(x − 25)2 − 625}
Check in ②: 5(2) + 4(3) = 10 + 12 = 22  = 625 − (x − 25)2
So, x = 2 and y = 3. Maximum when x = 25 m
d Area = 25 × 25 = 625 m2
2 a 2(3x + 1 + 6x − 3) , 88
2(9x − 2) , 88 7 x2 + 8x − 17
= (x + 4)2 − 16 − 17
9x − 2 , 44
= (x + 4)2 − 33
9x , 46
46 x2 + 8x − 17 = 0
x ,  ___  (x + 4)2 − 33 = 0
9
46
___ __ 1 __1 (x + 4)2 = 33 __
b    = 5    and x
, 5    
9 9 9 x + 4 = ± √ 33  _
Largest possible x = 5 if x is an integer. x = −4± √ 33 
Largest area = (3(5) + 1)(6(5) − 3) 8 x2 + 5x − 9 = 0
= 16 × 27 ax2 + bx + c = 0
= 432 cm2
a = 1, b = 5, c = −9
_ _______________
3 − b ± √ b 2 − 4ac ____________________
− 5 ± √ 2  
5 2 − 4 × 1 × − 9 
x = ______________
      =      
2a _
2
− 5 ± √
61 
0 4 12 =  _________
 
_ 2
5 √ 61 
So, x = − __
    ± ____
   
2 2
9   1  (3x − 2) . 2

__ 14 5x2 − 30x + 51
4
= 5(x2 − 6x) + 51
3x − 2 . 8
= 5{(x − 3)2 − 9} + 51
3x . 10
= 5(x − 3)2 − 45 + 51
10
x . ___
    = 5(x − 3)2 + 6
3
So, 5(x − 3)2 >0 for all x
3x − 12 , 17 Therefore, 5(x − 3)2 + 6 > 6 . 0 so it is always
3x , 29 positive.
29
x ,  ___  (_____________
x − 4)( x − 3) (x − 7)(x + 7)
3 15           ×   _____________     
  
( x + 7)( x − 4) (x − 3)(x + 3)
10 29
So,     , x , ___
___     ( x + 7)
3 3 =   _______  
( x + 3)
4x 3x 
2
    ÷  ____4 
10 ___
3y 9y  16 a P(tails) = P(not heads)
4 x   1 1_____
 9 y  4  3 = 1 − P(heads)
=   _____
1  3 y  1
  ×     =1−p
1  3 x  2  2
4 y  3 b p(1 − p)
=   ____   3
x  2 c p(1 − p) = ___    
16
11 a 100 − x 3
p − p2 = ___    
x 100 − x 16
Squares have side __
b     and _______
   
4 4 16p − 16p2 = 3
so areas are  __    and ( )
2
(4)
x 2 100 − x 16p2 − 16p + 3 = 0
 _______    
4 (4p − 1)(4p − 3) = 0
x  2 ( 100 − x)  2 3
c   ___  +   __________
 = 325 p = __   1  or p = __   
16 16 4 4
x2 + x2 − 200x + 10 000 = 5200 3
d p =  __ 
2x2 − 200x + 4800 = 0 4
x2 − 100x + 2400 = 0 P(at least one head) = 1 − P(no heads)
(x − 60)(x − 40) = 0 = 1 − P(tails) × P(tails)
x = 60 or x = 40 = 1 − __  1  × __
  1 
4 4
d Smaller square: x = 40 cm 1  
= total wire used = 1 −  ___
16
= perimeter 15
=  ___ 
12 a 3x2 − 7x + 2 16
= (3x − 1)(x − 2) 17 x2 − 5x − 3 = 0
__________________
− ( − 5) ± √ (  − 5) 2 − 4 × 1 × ( − 3) 
__________________________
b x2 − y2 = (x − y)(x + y) x =         
2
2yz − 2xz = 2z( y − x) _
5 ± √ 25 + 12 
So, x2 − y2 − 2xz + 2yz =  ____________  
2
= (x − y)(x + y) + 2z(y − x) _
= (x − y)(x + y) − 2z(x − y) 5 ± √ 37 
=  _______  
= (x − y)(x + y − 2z) 2
_ _
5 + √ 37 
_______ 5 − √ 37 
_______
3 1   So, a =     and b =    
13   _____________
     +   _____ 2 2
( x − 2)( x + 2) x − 2
3 x+2
=   _____________
     +   _____________
    
( x − 2)( x + 2) ( x − 2)( x + 2)
x+5
=   _____________
    
( x − 2)( x + 2)
_ _
a − b =   __  +   ____  − (
  __  −   ____ )
5 √37  5 √37 
i
2 2 2 2
_
= √37 
_ _
5 √37  5 √37 
ii a + b =   __  +   ____  +   __  −   ____ 
2 2 2 2
=5
18 a
y y=x
1
6 y= x+1
2
O x
6
5x+6y=30
Region is triangle R
b 6
Chapter 15
Getting started 3 a 20 m
1 a
Student C is correct. b 34.8 m
b
Student A’s solution suggests that 1 cm
1 cm in the real world.
on the map is  ______
Exercise 15.3
50 000 1 a 270°
This would mean the real world is smaller
than the map. Instead, student A needed b 135°
to use the fact that 1 cm on the map is c 045°
50 000 cm in the real world. Student A has
2 a 082°
also converted cm to km incorrectly.
b 315°
Student B found the distance 1 950 000 mm
correctly, but has converted to km 3 a 110°
incorrectly. There are 1000 m in each km b 050°
and 1000 mm in each m. This means there
c 230°
are 1 000 000 mm in 1 km, so the answer is
1.95 km. d 025°
e 280°
2 It would also have 3000 seats, they would just
be smaller! It’s important to understand that 4 a 108°
a scale model has exactly the same features in b 288°
the same numbers. They are just a different
c 147 km
size.
14.4 5 a 9.6 km
3 0.32 × _____
  = 57.6 cm
0.08 b 090°
6 a 121° to 123°
Exercise 15.1
b 471.7 m
1 6.8 m × 5.2 m
2 a 3 cm Exercise 15.4
b 2.4 cm
1 Hypotenuse Opposite A Adjacent A
3 a 5.6 cm
a c a b
b 15°
b y z x
c p q r
Exercise 15.2
d l n m
1 a C
D e c d e
f e f g
100 m 2a opp(30°) = 5.7 cm

90 m
b opp(40°) = x cm
adj(50°) = x cm
75° 80° c opp(65°) = q m or adj(25°)
A B
120 m opp(25°) = p m or adj(65°)
b BCD = 92°; ADC = 113° hypotenuse = r m
c 80 m Lengths and angles in triangles
2 a 20° 1–3 Students’ own drawings and measurements.
b 3.4 m 4–5 The answers are all the same (0.577).
6 For angles of 30° and 60°, the value e 40.6 cm

opp(30°) f 115 m
of _________
  is 0.577 for all triangles.
adj(30°) g 2.61 m
7 For right-angled triangles with angles A and B,
opp(A) h 95.8 km
the value of  _______will be the same for any i 39.8 m
adj(A)
angle A whatever the side lengths of the 5 a 1.0724
triangle.
b 32.2 m
8 If you divide a different pair of sides the value
6 32.3 m
will be different, but for a given angle and a
given pair of sides the value will be the same 7 a 1.73
whatever the side lengths of the triangle. b 2
8 0.45 m
Exercise 15.5
9 36.18 m
1 a 0.700
b 1.04 Exercise 15.6
c 0.325
1 a 40.4°
d 1
b 60.0°
e 0.279
c 74.3°
f 0.323
d 84.3°
g 0.00873
h 0 2 a 22°
b 38°
2 tan A = __
a   1
2 c 38°
__ 3 d 70°
b
tan A =  
2
3a a = 35.0°
c tan A =   1
__
4 b b = 77.5°
tan B = 4 c c = 38.7°
3 d = 51.3°
tan x = __
d  
2 d e = 18.4°
n
e tan z =  __
m e f = 30°
m 4 71.8° (1 d.p.)
tan y =  __
n
5 21.2° (1 d.p.)
f tan C = a
g tan D = p2 6 a 13.3 (3 s.f.)
b 26.7 (3 s.f.)
3 a 5.20 cm
b 4.62 m 7 AB = 6.32 (3 s.f.)
c 35.7 m ACB = 64.6° (1 d.p.)
d 3.54 km
e 18 cm
Exercise 15.7
f 10.3 cm 4 3 4
1 a i  __ ii  __ iii  __
5 5 3
4 a 20.8 cm 7 24 7
b i  ___ ii  ___ iii  ___
b 16.1 cm 25 25 24
c 9.17 cm 12 5 12
c i  ___ ii  ___ iii  ___
d 7.85 cm 13 13 5
20 21 20
d i  ___ ii  ___ iii  ___ 6 a 25.9°
29 29 21
8 15 8 b 44.9°
e i  ___ ___
ii   ___
iii  
17 17 15 c 69.5°
4 3 4 d 79.6°
f i  __ __
ii   iii  __
5 5 3 e 26.9°
13
___ 84
___ 13
___
g i   ii   iii   f 11.5°
85 85 84
2 a 0.0872 7 1.93 m (2 d.p.)
b 0.9962 8 a 10.1 km (3 s.f.)
c 0.5000 b 14.9 km (3 s.f.)
d 0.8660 9 a 2.11 km
e 0.8660 b 5.87 km
f 0.5000 c 054°
g 0.9962 d 7.98 km
h 0.0872
10 a 473 m
g
3 cos 42° = __
a   e b 1608 m
c 11 a 14.1 m (3 s.f.)
sin 60° =  __
b a b 5.13 m (3 s.f.)
RQ
cos 25° = ___
c   12 552 m (3 s.f.)
RP
y 13 a x = 14.82 cm
sin u = __
d   r
q b y = 10.09 cm
cos 48 = __
e   r
c z = 44.99 m
e
sin 30° __
f   d a = 29.52 cm
f
b = 52.80 cm
cos 35° = ___
g   HI
JI 14 a i 0.577
x
__
h
cos u =   r ii 0.577
b i 1.11
4 a 0.845 m
ii 1.11
b 4.5 m
c i −1.73
c 10.6 km
ii −1.73
d 4.54 cm
d i 0.249
e 10.6 cm
ii 0.249
f 9.57 cm
sin x
g 14.1 cm ∴ tan x = _____
  cos x
h 106 cm 15 a i 1
i 4.98 cm ii 1
j 42.9 m b 1
k 2.75 m c sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
l 137 m
16 Students’ posters
5 a 81.9°
b 57.1° Exercise 15.8
c 22.0° 1 a 2 cm
d 30° b 9 cm
c 8 cm
2 a 16 cm The two angles add up to 360 degrees. Cos x and

_
5_ ____ 5 √ 3 cos (360 − x) are the same each time.
b  ___  =   cm
Tan 30 and tan 210 = 0.577
√
3 3
_ Tan 60 and tan 240 = 1.73
20 20 √ 3
c  ___
_  = _____
  cm
Tan 15 and tan 195 = 0.268
√
3 3 Tan 100 and tan 280 = −5.67
3 103.68 cm2
_
The two angles differ by 180 degrees. Tan x and
4 2 4 √ 3 m tan (x + 180) are the same each time.

1 a ABC = 16.2° 1 a −cos 60°
b BC = 17.9 m b sin 145°
2 AB = 13.856 cm (3 d.p.) c −cos 44°
d sin 10°
3 a ABC = 59.0°
e −cos 92°
b AB = 1.749 (3 d.p.)
f cos 40°
c Capacity = 4.05 m3
g sin 59°
4 ABC = ACB = 38.9° and BAC = 102.1°
h sin 81°
5 a 020° i cos 135°
b 281.9 m j cos 30°
c 98 668 m2
2 a 30, 150
6 a 3.5 m (1 d.p.) b 90
b DE = 6.1 m (1 d.p.)
c 45, 315
7 QT = 16 cm d 78.7, 258.7
8 a AOE = 72° e 150, 210
b AOM = 36° f 191.5, 348,5
c OM = 1.376 cm (3 d.p.) g 109.5, 250.5
d 0.688 cm2 h 60, 240
e 6.882 cm2 (3 d.p.) i 104, 284
9 77.255 cm2 3 a 45
10 6.882a2 cm2 b 120
na 2 c 55
11  __________ 
tan(_____
2n )
360° d 45
 
e 270
Investigation f 120
 1 
Sin 30 and sin 150 = __ g 270
2
h 90
Sin 10 and sin 170 = 0.174
Sin 60 and sin 120 = 0.866 i 696, 384
Sin 5 and sin 175 = 0.0872 4 30, 150, 210, 330
The two angles add up to 180 degrees. Sin x and
sin (180 − x) are the same each time.
Cos 30 and cos 330 = 0.866
Cos 60 and cos 300 = __ 1 
2
Cos 50 and cos 310 = 0.643
Cos 15 and cos 345 = 0.0644
5 a 30°, 150° Exercise 15.12

b 120°, 240°
1 AC = 8.62 cm
c 18.4°, 198.4°
2 DE = 22.3 cm
d No solutions
e 60°, 300° 3 P = 53.8°
f 30°, 150°, 330° 4 a TU = 18.7 m
6 41.4, 60, 300, 318.6 b U = 32.1°
c T = 52.9°
Exercise 15.11 5 a X = 60°
1 a 6.96 b Y = 32.2°
b 8.58 c Z = 87.8°
c 25.3 6 a Return = 14.4 km
d 38.8° b 296°
2 a 10.6 cm 7 51.6 m on a bearing of 274°
b 5.73 cm
c 4.42 cm Exercise 15.13
d 5.32 cm 1 a 10.0 cm2
e 6.46 cm b 15.0 cm2
f 155 mm c 52.0 cm2
3 a 54.7° d 17.2 cm2
b 66.8° or 113.2° e 22.7 cm2
c 69.8° or 110.2° f 24.2 cm2
d 25.3° or 154.7° 2 108 cm2
e 52.7° or 127.3°
3 0.69 m2
f 50.5°
4 42.1 cm2
4 C = 63°
5 a 30.6 cm2
AC = 15.9 cm
b 325.9 cm2
CB = 21.3 cm
c 1.74 m2
5 F = 25°
6 a 174 cm2
DE = 9.80
b 8.7 cm and 21.5 cm
EF = 14.9 cm
7 a Q = 22.6°
6 R = 32.2°
b P = 53.1°
P = 27.8°
QR = 7.0 cm
Exercise 15.14
7 a Y is opposite a side shorter than X, so
Y , X and therefore ,40°. 1 a AC = 25 cm
b Y = 30.9° and Z = 109.1° b EC = 13.0 cm
c XY = 22.1 cm c 27.5°
_
8 a ACB = 51° 2 EG = √ 50 m
a
_
b ABC = 52° AG = √ 75 m
b
c AC = 32.25 mm c AGE = 35.3°
3 a AC B = 53.1° 13 a 30°, 330°

b BC = 5 m b 88.4°, 268.4°
c CD = 4.2 m c 153.4°, 333.4°
d BM = 4.5 m d 180°
e BCD = 65° e 30°, 210°, 150°, 330°
4 a 14.9 cm f 30°, 41.8°, 138.2°, 150°
b 15.2 cm
c u = 11.4° Practice questions worked
5 a √
_
x 2 + y 2 
solutions
1 Window measures 250 cm by 350 cm
b 90°
_______
250 350
c √ x  2 + z 2  Drawing measures ____
    cm by ____
    cm
___________ 150 150
√
d x  2 + y 2 + z 2  ________________
Diagonal length = ( √

150 )
  + (
150 )
2 2
250
____ 350
  
  ____
     
Practice questions
= 2.87 cm
1 2.9 cm
2 1 2 cos 35° = 9.83 m
2 AC = 9.8 m, BC = 6.9 m
12 sin 35° = 6.88 cm
3 DAB = 47.9°
3 25
4 9.9 m
5 a X = 10.1 m (to 3 s.f.)
b y = 20.6° 72 72
6 a i QX = 60 tan 4° = 50.3 m
ii 78.3 m x
b i 250.3 m
90 – 25
ii 257.4 m = 65
iii 077°
    ⇒ x = tan  −1(___
   )= 47.9°
72 72
tan x = ___
7 a 5.16 m 65 65
b 3.11 m2 4 12 tan 35° + 1.5 = 9.90 m
8 a 7 cm 12 = tan 50°
5 a  ___
x
b 51.1° 12   = 10.07 m
x =   _________
9 a (90°, 1) tan 50°
b −1 b
Horizontal distance RS = 72 − 30 − 10.07
c 2 solutions = 31.93 m
12  
tan y =  _____
10 30, 150 31.93
⇒ y = tan  −1(  _____
31.93 )
11 a i AB = 107.3 km 12   = 20.60°
ii PAB = 66.6
iii 143.4° 6 a i 60 × tan 40° = 50.3 m
60
b i 5h ii  _________   = 78.3 m
cos 40°
ii 12 km/h
_ b i 250.3 m
√
3
  1_  or ___
____________
12 ____   √
ii
60 2 + 250. 3 2  = 257.4 m
4 √ 3 12
tan −1(_____
60 )
250.3
iii     = 77°to nearest degree
100
7 a AB2 = 32 + 82 − 2 × 3 × 8 × cos 15° b i  ____ = 5hours
20
AB = 5.16 m 60
___
ii    = 12 km/h
1
__
b    × 3 × 8 × sin 15° = 3.11 m2 5
2
_
  1  × (___
   )  __
2
8 a √
2  1  × __
__   2 
2
__________ 2 2

_____ 4
12   _   =   _ 
√ 3  × 1 √ 3 
8
1_ 
=  ____
d
5 4 √ 3 
_
4 √
3 
8 13 a    ⇒ x = 30°
cos x = ___
_ _
2

d  2 = √
4 2 + 4 2  = √ 32  b 2 tan x = 72
tan x = 36
x = 88.4°
c
2(tan x + 2)= 3
9 3
h tan x + 2 =  __ 
2
tan x = − __   1 
x 2
x = 153.4°
d = 32
_ 2 d cos x = −1
h  2 = 9 2 − ( √ 32  )
x = 180°
= 81 − 32
  1_ 
e tan x = ± ___
= 49 √
3 
_
h = √ 49 = 7 cm x = −30° + 180° or 30°
tan −1(__
   ) = 37.9°
7 = 30° or 150°
b
9 f
(3 sin x − 2)(2 sin x − 1) = 0
9 a (90°, 1)
  2  or sin x = __
sin x = __
  1 
b −1 3 2
c There are two, at x = 210° and 330°. x = 41.8°. 180° − 41.8° or x = 30°,
180° − 30°
  1 
10 cos 300° = __
2 so, x = 41.8°, 138.2°, 30°, 150°
⇒ x = 30° or 180° − 30°
= 30° or 150°
11 a i
_____________________________
AB = √ 1   
00  2 + 60  2− 2 × 100 × 60 × cos 80° 
= 107.3 km
sin PAB _________
________ sin 80°
ii   =  
   
100 107.3
PAB = sin −1(____________
107.3 )
100 sin 80°
   
= 66.6°
iii 360° − 150° − 66.6° = 143.4°
Chapter 16
Getting started 2 a, c Relationship between width
and length of leaves
1 It is likely to show positive correlation,
because temperatures are lower at higher 200
altitudes, so there would be greater snowfall 180
near the top of the mountain. There are lots 160
of other factors, such as the direction of the 140
Length (cm)
prevailing wind, the gradient of each slope 120
and the overall climate of the region. The 100
correlation may be very weak; the points could 80
be scattered much more. 60
40
2 Students will come up with their own ideas,
20
but possible examples include:
The heights and masses of 100 people. This is 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
likely to be a positive correlation. Width (cm)
Temperature and sales of rain jackets. This b Strong positive correlation.
is likely to be a negative correlation, because
d 40 cm
higher temperatures usually go with drier
weather. 3 a Relationships between mass of a dog
and duration of morning walk
Taking all of the schools in Japan, you could
40
plot the number of classrooms against the
number of miles from Mount Fuji. It is very 35
unlikely that these two values would show any 30
Mass of dog (kg)
correlation. 25
3 Just because there is a correlation between two 20

variables, it does not mean that one of them 15
‘causes’ the other to change. In this situation 10
it is likely that higher temperatures will mean
5
that ice creams sell better, but also that more
people are on the beaches, leading to shark 0
20 40 60 80
attacks. Duration of walk (min)
b Zero correlation
Exercise 16.1
4 a, c Relationship between number of
1 a Positive; weak assistants and queuing time
300
b Zero correlation
c Negative; weak 250
d Negative; strong
Waiting time (seconds)
200
150
100
50
0 10 20 30 40
No. of sales assistants
b Strong negative correlation.

d Value is outside the range of the collected
data and waiting time will be negative
time!
5 a A = 122, B = 92, C = 56, D = 28, E = 200
c Scatter diagram showing the relationship
between time watching TV and maths score
100
Maths score (%)
80
60
40
20
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time spent watching TV (min)
d 105 mins
e The correlation is strong and Aneesh’s
score is within the range of the collected
data. This means the estimate is likely to
be reliable. It can never be exact, but it is
expected to be close to the actual value.
Practice questions
1 a, c Relationship between price (£) and area
12 000
10 000
8000
Price (£)
6000
4000
2000
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Area (m2)
b Painting E because other paintings of a

similar size are much cheaper.
d $6400
e Value is outside the range of the collected
data.
2 a, c Comparison of 1st and 2nd year maintenance

5000
Repairs in second year (y) (minutes)
4000
3000
2000
1000
(f )
0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Maintenance hours (x)

d 1600 minutes
e Repair time is a negative number – value
is outside the range of the collected data.
f Approximately 130 hours – this is an
extrapolated value so might not be
accurate.

solutions
1 a y
12000
10000
8000
Price ($)
6000
4000
2000
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.25 2.5 3 3.5 x
Area (m2)
b E (circled above)
c See graph.
d 1.5 × 1.5 = 2.25 m2 is approximately equal
to $6100
e 2.1 × 2.1 . 4, which is outside the range
of the data, where the pattern may change.
2 a y
6000
5000
4000
Repairs
(minutes) 3000
2000
1000
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 x
Maintenance (hours)
b Strong, negative, linear correlation

c See graph
d
approximately 1750
e You would need to extend the line, but it
would then predict a negative repair time.
f
approximately 12.2 hours

1 5.665 < l , 5.675
2 10x + 5y = 15
x − 5y = 40
11x = 55
x=5
10 + y = 3
y = −7
x = 5, y = −7
3 a, c, d 8 area factor = 24 0002

y Area in cm = 32 × 24 0002
60
= 1.8432 × 1010 cm2
55
1 km2 = (1000 × 100) × (1000 × 100) cm2 = 1 ×
50 1010 cm2
45 Area = 1.8432 km2
3x − 1 − 2x − 4 x−5
40 9   ______________
     =   ______________
       
(x + 2)(3x − 1) (x + 2)(3x − 1)
35
Written test
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 x
Speaking test
b strong positive linear correlation

e 38
4 a
correct position of town B 9 cm from A at
angle of 140° from A
b i triangle constructed using points A
and B from part a and C 7 cm from A
and 5 cm from B, bearing of C from
A less than 140°
ii between 38° and 42°
5 a 2c − 3d
b 12x = 30
5
x = __   
2
c 27 − 9x
2A   =  2_________
d  _____
× 38.64 77.28
  = ______
   = 8.4
a+b 5.5 + 3.7 9.2
e i 3x = 5y
2y = x + 4
ii 3x = 5y
3x = 6y − 12
6y − 12 = 5y
y = 12, x = 20
6 Pupper = 2(12.5 + 4.5) = 2 × 17 = 34
7 (x + 2)2 − 4 − 9
a = 2 and b = −13
10 a y
0 x
90° 180° 270° 360°
b   1 
tan x = __ 13 a 75.6
3
b i 2a − 3b
x = 11.3°, 11.3° + 180°
3
= 11.3° or 191.3° ii  __ 
4
11 a
AC 2 = 6.42 + 10.62 − 2 × 6.4 × 10.6 c i x = −5
× cos 102° ii 20 − 12x = 23
AC = 13.5 cm 12x = −3
10.6
BX   = ______ 1
x = −  __
b  ______     ⇒ BX = 8.6 cm 4
sin 44 ∘ sin 58 ∘
d 32x6 = 9x6
1  × (8.68 + 6.4) × 10.6 sin 78° = 78.2 cm2
c  __
2 e 6x2 + 3xy − 10xy − 5y2 = 6x2 − 7xy − 5y2
_
12 a 13 × 24 + 20 × 24 + √ 231  × 24 + 2 × __   1  14 a 130 + 80 + 170 + 50 = 530 m
_ 2
100 2 + 150 2 − 120 2
× √ 231  × 13 = 1354 cm2 b cos u = _________________
         ⇒ u = 52.9°
2 × 100 × 150
f = cos  −1(____  ) = 28.1° __ f = cos −1( ____
170 )
_
150
b     1  × √ 231  × 13 c i
150
  = 28.1°
170 2
× 24 = 2371 cm 3
ii 360 − 28.1 = 332°
c 24.6°
d 14 982 m2 = 1.498 hectares
Chapter 17
1 Student answers will depend on how much
(  gross )
1 a Net net
they already know. They can use the key Employee b % _____
income ($)
words in this chapter, the glossary at the end
B Willis 317.00 47
of the book, a dictionary or online sources
(such as Investopedia) to find the meanings of M Freeman 158.89 35
words they don’t know.
J Malkovich 557.20 43
2 a 40 + 5% = 42 or 1.05 × 40 = 42 H Mirren 383.13 42
b 40 − 10% = 36 or 0.9 × 40 = 36
M Parker 363.64 43
100I
3 P = ____
a  
RT 2 a Mean weekly earnings: $836.63
100I b Median weekly earnings: $853.30
R =  ____
b
PT c Range of earnings: $832.50
100I
T =  ____
c
PR 3 a Difference between gross and net income:
M Badru: 3954.52
Exercise 17.1 B Singh: 724.79
1 $49.50 b Percentage of gross income that each
takes home as net pay:
2 $428.75
M Badru: 69.3%
3 a $13.50 B Singh: 57%
b $6.45
c 9.35 Exercise 17.3
d $12.15
1 Taxable Annual tax Monthly
e $13.68
income tax
4 $2085.75 a $98 000.00 $21 149.25 $1762.44
5 $474.30 b $120 000.00 $27 309.25 $2275.77
6 $8250 c $129 000.00 $29 829.25 $2485.77
7 Annie $319.20 d $135 000.00 $31 509.25 $2625.77

Bonnie $315.00 e $178 000.00 $43 856.75 $3654.73
Connie $300.30
2 a i Yes
Donny $403.20 ii No – he pays $6181.25
Elizabeth $248.85 iii $6181.25 = $4681.25
+ (40 000 − 34 000) × 0.25
b $67 616.75
c i She owes additional tax.
ii $238.25
Types of tax h $1370.00

Investigation i $190 500.00
Answers will vary from country to country, but the 3 4 years
basic definitions of terms are:
4 7% p.a.
a Value added tax – tax added at each stage of
a product’s lifespan as value is added, in other 5 33 years 4 months
words a consumption tax levied on a product 6a $32
repeatedly at every point of sale.
b $96
b General sales tax – tax levied on goods when
c i $40.80
they are sold at retail outlets, calculated as a
percentage of the value of the goods. ii $136.80
c Customs and excise duties – customs duties 7 a $11 700
are also called import taxes, they are levied b £3700
on good imported to a country to try and
c 15.4% (1 d.p.)
protect local industry that makes the same
items; excise duties are indirect taxes on the
sale of locally made goods or services, such as Exercise 17.5
alcohol, tobacco and energy. 1 a $100
d Capital gains tax – a tax on profit from the b $60
sale of assets.
c $460
e Estate duties – a tax on wealth or assets that
are inherited. 2 $2850
f Property taxes – rates and other taxes levied 3 a $141.83
on real estate. b $2072
g Air passenger tax – a charge levied on
passengers (often older than 16) who fly out 4 a £301
of different airports, varies from place. b 33.5% (1 d.p.)
h Corporate tax – direct tax on the income or 5 a $3657.80
capital of some businesses. b 13.09% (2 d.p.)

1 a $15.00 1 a $10 035.20
b $12.19 b $9920.00
c $62.50
2 $88 814.66
d $312.00
e $144.38 3 $380 059.62 (2 d.p.)
f $108.00 4 a $4998.09
g $190.04 b $5077.92
h $72.00 Personal finances
i $21 375.00 Students’ own discussion.
2 a 545.00
b 715.00 Exercise 17.7
c $1120.00 1 a 8.207 billion
d $1416.00 b 8.642 billion
e $1071.88 c 10.629 billion
f $1305.00
2 a 1882
g $803.85
b 1721
3 a Time (days) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Total number of
1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256
microbes (millions)
b y
60
Number of microbes (millions)
50
40
30
20
10
x
0 1 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 5 6 7 8
Time (days)
c i Approximately 6 million d Students’ own answers. Good advice is to

ii Approximately 12 million buy a low mileage one year old car. This has
already depreciated by about 20%, so you get
d Just over 4 days
good value for your money.
4 a 6.5 minutes
b 12 grams Exercise 17.8
5 $27 085.85 1 a i $5.00
6 a $10 120 ii 25.00%
b $8565.57 b i $50.00
c $5645.41 ii 10.00%
d $11 000(0.92)n c i $0.30
ii 20.00%
7 $2903.70
d i $0.05
8 a 7 137 564
ii 16.67%
b 10 years
2 a i $100.00
9 15 hours
ii 25.00%
Is it worth it? b i $0.10
a Around 20% ii 13.33%
b Students’ discussion, could include model and c i $0.25
make of car, colour, mileage done, whether it ii 5.00%
is maintained and serviced or not, whether or
d i $0.65
not it is in accident.
ii 10.00%
c $12 600
3 Percentage profit = 66.67%
Exercise 17.9 4 a $18.20

b 71.2%
1 a $156.00
b $400.00 5 $33.60
c $399.15 6 $647.51
d $500 7 a $30 000.00
2 $840 b $2 977.53
3 $3225 c $2 307.59
4 $360 8 28.07%
5 $220.80 9 11%
6 $433.55 for 10 and $43.36 each 10 a $24 300

b 25.9%
7 28%
11 a 619 173.64
8 a $41.32
b 13 years
b 37%
12 a Decreases by 16% every 2 minutes, so
Exercise 17.10 exponential decay.
b y
1 Original % Savings Sale 100
price ($) discount ($) price ($)
89.99 5 4.50 85.49 80
125.99 10 12.60 113.39
Temperature (°c)
60
599.00 12 71.88 527.12
22.50 7.5 1.69 20.81
40
65.80 2.5 1.65 64.16
10 000.00 23 2300.00 7700.00 20
2 Original Sale % 0
price ($) price ($) discount 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x
Time (minutes)
89.99 79.99 11
125.99 120.00 5 c 7.25 minutes
599.00 450.00 25
22.50 18.50 18
solutions
65.80 58.99 10
1 a 36 × 10.48 + 1.5 × 10.48 × 4.75 = $451.95
10000.00 9500.00 5
420.75 − 36 × 10.48 3
b  __________________
        ≈ 2  __  hours
1.5 × 10.48 4
Practice questions
2 a $15 × 0.8 = $12
1 a $451.95
b 15 × 0.8 × 1.2 = $14.4
b 2.75 hours
102
2 a $12 3  ____ = 1.085 ⇒ 8.5% increase
94
b $14.40
4 a 35 × 1.25 − 25.55 = $18.20
3 8.5% 18.20
b  _____  = 0.712… so 71% profit
25.55
96 − 80.6
5 (160 × 0.07 × 3) = $33.60 12 a  _________
  × 100 = 16.04%
96
6 500 × 1.093 = $647.51 80.6 − 67.7
 __________  × 100 = 16.00%
35 730.48 80.6
7 a  _________  = $30 000
1.06 3 Same decay (16%) each time.
35 730.48 b y
b  _________
  = $2977.54 100
12
35 730.48
c  _________
  × 0.775 = $2307.59 80
12
Temperature (°c)
14 875 − 10 700
______________
8  
     × 100 = 28.1% 60
14 875
2200 − 1950
9  ___________
  × 100 = 11.4% 40
2200
10 a 18 000 × 1.35 = 24 300 20
14 300 − 18 000
b  ______________
     × 100 = 25.9%
24 300 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x
11 a 100 000 × 1.210 = $619 173.64 Time (minutes)
b 100 000 × 1.213 = $1 069 932 after 13 years
c 7.8, 7.9 minutes
Chapter 18
Getting started (b) 12
(a) y = x2 + 1
1 a AB: Penguin moving downwards through (a) 10
(b) y = x2 + 3
(c) y = x2 – 2
air towards surface of the water; BC:
(d) y = –x2 + 1
Enters water and continues downwards; 8 (e) y = 3 – x2
CD: At C, penguin turns and starts to (c)
6
swim back upwards towards the surface.
b 6m 4
c 1 second
2
d 3.5 metres below the surface
e 5.5 seconds −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
f Students’ answers will vary. However, it is −2
likely to curve up above the x-axis again
as the bird surfaces and then curve back −4
down as it dives under the surface again.
(e) −6
2 a
Set A: all symmetrical about y, all pass
(d)
through origin (0, 0) and all ∪-shaped. −8
Set B: all symmetrical about y, all pass f When the value of the constant term
through origin (0, 0) and all ∩-shaped. changes the graph moves up or down the
Set C: all symmetrical about y and all y-axis.
∪-shaped, all have a y-intercept. 2 a C
b Set A and B: main difference is the width b B
of the graph, Set C, main difference is the
c A
y-intercept and that affects whether or not
graph has x-intercepts. d D
c If the coefficient of x is . 0 (positive) e E
the graph is ∪-shaped, if the coefficient
is , 0 (negative) the graph is ∩ shaped.
The value of the coefficient also affects
the width of the graph. As the coefficient
increases, the graph becomes narrower.
d i a is the y-intercept.
ii For a . 0, the graph is shifted
vertically upwards by a units and the
turning point is above the x-axis.
If a , 0, the graph is moved a units
down and the turning point is below
the x-axis.
Exercise 18.1
1 x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
a y = x2 + 1 10 5 2 1 2 5 10
b y= x2 +3 12 7 4 3 4 7 12
c y= x2 −2 7 2 −1 −2 −1 2 7
d y = −x2 + 1 −8 −3 0 1 0 −3 −8
e y = 3 − x2 −6 −1 2 3 2 −1 −6
Exercise 18.2 12
y
1 x −1 0 1 2 3 10
y= x2 − 2x + 2 5 2 1 2 5 y = x2 − 5x − 4
8
y
y = x3 –2x + 2 6
6
4
5
2
4
x
−4 −2 0 2 4 6 8
3
−2
2 −4
1 −6
−8
−1 0 1 2 3 x
−10
−12
2 x −2 −1 0 1 2
x2 4 1 0 1 4 3 x −3 −2 −1
−5x 10 5 0 −5 −10 y= x2 + 2x − 3 0 −3 −4
−4 −4 −4 −4 −4 −4
x 0 1 2
y= x2 − 5x − 4 10 2 −4 −8 −10
y = x2 + 2x − 3 −3 0 5
x 3 4 5 6 y
x2 9 16 25 36 5
y = x2 + 2x − 3
−5x −15 −20 −25 −30 4
−4 −4 −4 −4 −4 3
y = x2 − 5x − 4 −10 −8 −4 2 2
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5
4 x 0 1 2 3 4 Exercise 18.3
y= −x2 − 4x 0 −5 −12 −21 −32 1 a y
y y = –x2 – 4x (0, 0)
0 0 x x
1 2 3 4
–5 (1, −3)
–10 y = −3x2
–15
–20
–25
–30 b y
y = 3x2
–35
(1, 3)
x
5 x −6 −5 −4 −3 (0, 0)
y = −x2 − 6x − 5 −5 0 3 4
x −2 −1 0 c y
y = −x2 − 6x − 5 3 0 −5 1
y = x2
2
y
5
(1, 0.5)
y = x2 − 6x − 5
4 x
(0, 0)
2 d y
1 y = x2 − 4
x
−8 −6 −4 −2 0
(−2, 0) (2, 0)
−1 x
−2
−3
(0, −4)
−4
e y
−5
(0, 9)
6 a 6m
b 2 seconds
c 3 seconds (−3, 0) (3, 0)
x
d 4.5 m
e The water surface is at h = 0.
y = −x2 + 9
f y b y
y = 3x2 − 12 2.5
x = −1
2.0
(−2, 0) (2, 0) 1.5
x
1.0
0.5
(0, −12)
x
−1.5 −2.0 −1.5 −1.0 −0.5 0.5 1.0
−0.5
g y
1 −1.0
1 (0, )
(− , 0) 2
2 −1.5
x
( 1 , 0)
1 2 −2.0
y = −2x2 +
2
−2.5
c y
4
2 a y x = −1
6 3
x = −3
4 2
2 1
x
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2
−2
−1
−4
−2
−6
−8
d y
4
−10
2
−12
x
−14 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
−2
−4
−6
−8
x = −3
−10
e y h y
30 x = −2
x
25 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
−1
20
−2
15
−3
10
−4
5
−5
x
−4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 −6
−5
3 a y = −x2 − 4x + 5
−10
x=3 b y = 4 − x2
−15
c y = x2 − 3x − 4
d y = x2 − 2x − 3
f y
5 4 a (20, 0)
x=2 b 0 < x < 20
4
c −10 < h < 0
3 d h
2
0
x
1 10 20 30 40 50
−2
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 −4
−1
−6
−2
−8
−3
−10
−4
−12
g y
e Width = 40 m
2.0
x = 0.5 f Max height = 10 m
1.5
1.0
Exercise 18.4
0.5
1 a x −6 −4 −3 −2 −1
1  2 
x  2
y = __  __
− −0.5  __
− −1 −2
x 3 3
−1.0 −0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
−0.5
x 1 2 3 4 6
−1.0  2
y = __ 2 1   2
__ 0.5 1
 __
x 3 3
y
2
1 23
1 13
1
2
3
1
3 x
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –11 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
–
3
–2
3
–1
–113
–123
–2
b x −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
1
y = −  __ 0.2 0.25   1
__ 0.5 1 −1 −0.5 −
1 
 __ −0.25 −0.2
x 3 3
y
1.00 1
y=− x
0.75
0.50
0.25
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
0.25
0.50
0.75
−1.00
c x −6 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 6
6
y = −  __ 1 1.5 2 3 6 −6 −3 −2 −1.5 −1
x
y
6
6
5 y=− x
4
3
2
1
x
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5
−6
d x −6 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 6
2  1  1    2 
 4 
y = __  __
− −1 −1  __ −2 −4 4 2 1  __ 1 __
x 3 3 3 3
y c y
4 12
10
3
4 8
y= x
2 6
4
1
2
x x
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 −2.0 −1.5 −1.0 −0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 2
−2
−1
−4
−2
d y
−3 6
5
−4
4
2 a y
8 3
6 2
4 1
2 x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
x −1
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2 −2
−4
e y
−6 8
−8 6
b y 4
8
2
6
x
4
−15 −10 −5 5 10 15
2 −2
x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2
−4
−6
−8
f y b y
6 6
4 5
2 4
x
3
−15 −10 −5 5 10 15
−2
2
−4
1
−6
x
−8 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
−10
c Graph is still disjoint but both curves are
above the x-axis on opposite sides of the
3 a x 20 40 60 80 100 120
y-axis.
y 12 6 4 3 2.4 2
d Division by 0 is undefined.
b y 240 e y = 0 (the x-axis) and x = 0 (the y-axis)
y= x
14
f x = 0 and y = 3
12 g i y
0.5
10
x
8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−0.5
6
−1.0
4
−1.5
2 −2.0
0 x −2.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
−3.0
240
y = ____
c   x ii y
9
4 a x −4 −3 −2 −1 1
−  __ 8
2
y   1
___   1
__   1
__ 1 4 7
16 9 4
6
x   1
__ 1 2 3 4 5
2
y 4 1   1
__   1
__   1
___ 4
4 9 16
3
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
h
Suggested answer: The equation y = ax−1 3 a x = −1.3 and x = 2.3
can be written with positive indices y
a 9
as y = __
 x . This is the standard form of
a reciprocal graph and it will give a 8
hyperbola with two curves in opposite
7
quadrants. The equation y = ax−2 can be
a
written with positive indices as y = ___   2 . 6
x 
The range for this function is all positive
5
numbers, so the two curves of the graph
will be above the x-axis. If y = −ax−2, 4
a
the equation becomes y = −  ___2 and the y = x2 − x − 3
x  3
range will be negative numbers, meaning
that the two curves will be below the 2
x-axis.
1
Exercise 18.5 x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
1 a x = −1 and x = 2
−1
b x = −2.4 and x = 3.4
−2
c x = −2 and x = 3
−3
2 a x −3 −2 −1
y = −x2 − x + 1 −5 −1 1 −4
b x = −2.6 and x = −0.4

x 0 1 2
y
y = −x2 − x + 1 1 −1 −5 5
y = x2 + 3x + 1
4
b y 3
1 2
y = −x 2 − x + 1
x 1
0 x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
−1 −1
−2
−2
−3
−3 −4
−4
−5
c x = −1.6 and x = 0.6
4 a y 3 a x = 9.1 and x = 0.9

6
b x = −2 and x = 4
5 y = 4 − x2 + 2x
c x = 3.8 and x = −1.8
4
4 y
3 11
10
2 9 y = x2 + 2x + 3
1 8
7
x
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 6
−1 5
4
−2 3
2
−3
1
−4 x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1
b i x = −1.2 and x = 3.2 −2
ii x = 0 or x = 2 −3
y = −4
−4
5 a y
5 −5
4 y = x2 − 2x − 4
There are no points of intersection.
3
5 a x = −1, y = 9 and x = 7, y = 17
2 b x = −1.64, y = −0.27 and x = 2.14, y = 7.27
1 c x = 2, y = 5
x
6 a (1, 6) and (5, 14)
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
_ _ _ _
( 3 ) ( )
−1 √ 8 + 5 √ 14
14 _________ − √ 14 _________
8 − 5 √ 14
b ____
  ,  
and _____
  ,  

−2 3 3 3
_
(  , 5 + 3 √ 5 ) and

−3 1 + 3 √ 5
________
_
c
−4 2
_
(  , 5 − 3 √ 5 )
1 − 3 √ 5
________
_
−5
2
−6
Plotting simple cubic graphs
b i x = −1.2 and x = 3.2
Students should find that increasing the value of a
ii x = −1.8 and x = 3.8
makes the graph narrower and the value of d is the
iii x = −1 and x = 3 y-intercept. There is only ever one x-intercept and
____
Exercise 18.6 √
d
3
this is at the point −  __
a  .
1 a x = 2 and x = −1
b x = 2 and x = −2
c x = −2 and x = 1
d x = 1.2 and x = −0.4
2 Students’ own graphs.
a (0, 0) and (3, 9)
b (−1.4, −1.4) and (1.4, 1.4)
c (2, 0)
Exercise 18.7
1 x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
a y = 2x3 −54 −16 −2 0 2 16 54
b y = −3x3 81 24 3 0 −3 −24 −81
c y= x3 −2 −29 −10 −3 −2 −1 6 25
d y=3+ 2x3 −51 −13 1 3 5 19 57
e y= x3 − 2x2 −45 −16 −3 0 −1 0 9
f y = 2x3 − 4x + 1 −41 −7 3 1 −1 9 43
g y = −x3 + x2 − 9 27 3 −7 −9 −9 −13 −27
h y= x3 − 2x2 +1 −44 −15 −2 1 0 1 10
a y c y
60 40
40 y = 2x3 30
20 y = x3 − 2
20
10
x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 x
−20 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−10
−40
−20
−60
−30
b y
100 −40
80
d y
60 60
y = −3x3
40 50
20 40
x y = 3 + 2x3
30
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−20
20
−40
10
−60
x
−80 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−10
−100
−20
−30
−40
−50
−60
e y h y
10 y = x3 − 2x2 + 1
10 y = x3 − 2x2
x
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−10
−10
−20
−20
−30
−30
−40
−40
−50
−50
2 a
f y
50 x −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
40 y= x3 − 6x2 + 8x −15 −5.6 0 2.6 3
30 x 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

y = 2x3 − 4x + 1
20 y= x3 − 6x2 + 8x 1.9 0 −1.9 −3 −2.6
10 x 4 4.5 5
x y = x3 − 6x2 + 8x 0 5.6 15
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−10 b y
20
−20
15
−30 10
−40 5
y = x3 − 6x2 + 8x
−50 x
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−5
g y
40
−10
30
y = −x3 + x2 − 9 −15
20 −20
10 c i x = 0, x = 2 and x = 4
x ii x = 0.7, 1, and x = 4.3
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−10 3 a
−20 x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
−30   x
y = ___   3
−6.4 −2.7 −0.8 −0.1 0 0.1
10
−40 y = 6x − x2 −40 −27 −16 −7 0 5
x 2 3 4 5 6
  x
y = ___   3
0.8 2.7 6.4 12.5 21.6
10
y = 6x − x2 8.1 9.1 8.1 5.1 0
y
10
y = −x2 + 6x
8
6
x
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10
−2
−4
3
y= x −6
10
−8
−10
b x = 0 and x = 4.2
4 a The square root of a negative number is
undefined, so x cannot be negative and
the domain is x > 0.
b i y
12
10 y=4 x
8
y=3 x
6
y=2 x
4
2
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9x
−2
ii As a increases, the curve moves

further from the x-axis.
iii
Negative values of a mean that the
curve is reflected in the x-axis.
c Students’ sketches and notes will vary, but
the graph will be a reciprocal graph in the
first quadrant. Larger values of a move
the curve further from the origin and
negative values of a produce a reflection
in the x-axis.
Exercise 18.8
1 x −3 −2 −1 −0.5 −0.2 0 0.2 0.5 1 2 3
a y = 3 + x2 −  __ 2 12.7 8 6 7.3 13.0 N/A −7.0 −0.8 2 6.5 11.3
x
b 1
__
y = 3x −  x  −8.7 −5.5 −2 0.5 4.4 N/A −4.4 −0.5 2 5.5 8.7
c 2
y = − x + x2 +   __ 11.3 5 0 −3.3 −9.8 N/A 9.8 3.8 2 3.5 6.7
x
d y = −x − 2x+ 1
3 34 13 4 2.1 1.4 1 0.6 −0.1 −2 −11.5 −32
Note: The y-values are rounded to 1 decimal place.
y = 3 + x 2 − __ 2
a   x Exercise 18.9
25 1 a, b y
30
20
15 25
10
20
5
y = 3−x y = 3x
15
−15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15
−5
2
y = 3 + x2 − x 10
−10
−15 5
1 x
y = 3x − __
b   x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−5
y
10
1
y = 3x –x c The two graphs are symmetrical about the
8
y-axis.
6
4 2 a i 2
2 ii 0.8
x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 b y
−2 10
−4
8 y =10
x
−6
−8
6
−10
y = − x + x 2 + __
c 2
  x 4
y 2
12
10 x
8 –0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
6
4 x = 0.67 (but allow 0.66 − 0.68)
2
y = −x + x2 + x
2 3 a 2
x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 b 5.3 hours
−2
c 64
−4
−6
d 20 hours
−8 4
−10
400
d y = −x3 − 2x + 1
y
40 300
Temp (°C)
30
20
10 y = −x3 − 2x + 1
200
x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−10
−20
−30 100
−40
0 1 2 3 4
Time (min)
5 a 18 000 iii y
16 000 1.0
14 000
0.5
12 000
Population
10 000 x
0
8000
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−0.5
6000
4000 −1.0
2000
−1.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
−2.0
Time (months)
−2.5
b 3 months
c 64 000 −3.0
6 a Instructions will vary, but should include c

i Many possible answers. For example,
determining whether the graph is y = 4 × 2(x + 0) + (−6), with y-intercept
increasing or decreasing using the value of at −2.
a. If a is positive, the graph is decreasing;
ii
Greatest possible intercept for these
if a is negative, the graph is increasing.
values is 9. Many possible equations,
Use a + q to determine the y-intercept.
including y = y = 4 × 2(x + 0) + 5
Work out the asymptote by finding the
line y = q.
If a , 0, the graph is below the asymptote Exercise 18.10
and if a . 0, the graph is above the 1 a y
asymptote. 9
y = x2
b i y 8
2 7
x 6
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−2 5
−4 4
(i)
(ii) 3
−6
2
−8
1
−10
x
0
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
ii y
6 i 4
ii −1.75
4
b (−1.5, 2.25)
2
x
0
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−2
−4
−6
2 a y
300
200
Population
100
0 x
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
The gradient at point (1950, 170) is −4.4 f 49x6

people per year. g −16x3
b Rate of change of population in the h 84x11
village in 1950.
i −80x4
3 a y
10 2 a 6
b 3
8 c 32
y = x3 + 1
d −8
6
e −36
4 f 960
3 (3, 27)
2 A
Exercise 18.12
x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 1 a 4x3 + 5x4
−2 b 9x2 − 20x3
c 42x5 + 18x
−4
d x2 − 28x6
32
−6 30x 4 − ___
e   x 3
11
−8 f −14x + 18x5
16
b 3 36x 2 + ___
g   x 7
3
Gradients of tangents h −120x − 80x9
11
1 For the curve x2 the gradient of the tangent at i 8x − 36x2 + 20x3

any point is twice the value of x at that point. 32 6 3
− ___
j   x 3 + __
  x 2 − __
  x
2 For the curve x3 the gradient of the tangent at 11 7 2
any point is three times the value of x2 at that 2 a 93
point. b 52
c 12
Exercise 18.11 3 (1, 5) and (−2, −4)
(0, 0) or (    )
1 a 4x3 _
9
4 √ 3 , −__
b 6x5 4
c 9x8
d 12x2
e 24x
Exercise 18.13 c y = 56x − 144

d y = 18.25x − 19.25
1 a 5
9
b −4 e   1
y =  ___ x − ___
20 16
c 0
(  , 0)
34
___
2
d 7 19
e −3 3 0.25
f 8x − 4
(___
  , 2)
26
4
g 21x2 + 2 9
h x2 + x
i m Exercise 18.15
2 a 2x + 2 1 a (2, −3) min
b 5x4 + 8x3 b (−3, −13) min
c 2x − 1 c (4, 14) max
d 2x − 9 d (2, −8) min
e 16x3 + 24x2 e (1, −1) max
f (− __   ) min

f −10x + 20 3 13
  , − ___
g 4x + 5 2 4
g (___
10 20 )
3 89
h 6x − 7   , ___  max
i 24x + 23 h (−2, 15) max and (2, −17) min
j 12x − 13 i (0, 3) min and (4, 35) max
k 42x − 44 j (2, −4) min
l 2x + 6 k (0, −25) min
m 8x + 4
l (__   ) min
3 9
  , − __
n 18x − 12 4 8
3 6 m (3, 81) max and (4, 80) min
o  __ x 2 + __
  x
5 5 n (0, 0) min and (2, 4) max
14 x 6 + x 5
p  ___
3 2 m y
q 10x − 20
r 2x (3, 81)
3 67
(4, 80)
(3 3)
  2 , __
  1
x
4 __ 0
5 (__
  1 , −3)
3
6 (1, 5) and (2, −4)
n y
7 (2, 11) and (−2, −5)
8 a a = 2, gradient at x = 4 is 92
dy (2, 4)
b  ___  at x = −3 is 50
dx
x
0 3
Exercise 18.14
1 a y = 6x − 9
b y = −4x − 4
dh
3 a  ___ = 7 − 10t 3 a p = −10, q = 6.3, r = 9.2
dt
b 2.45 m b x 0.6 1 1.5 2 2.5
4 a 54 thousand y −10 −5.9 −3.7 −2.3 −1.1
5 a Length = 2 − 2x and x 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
width = 1 − 2x
y 0.3 1.9 3.8 6.3 9.2
V = length x width x
depth = x(2 − 2x)(1 − 2x) y
10
b The width is only 1 m and we are
subtracting two lots of x from this length. 8
So we can only subtract something less
than 0.5.
6
c x = 0.211, V = 0.192
4
Practice questions
1 a A: x = −2 2
B: y = −x
x
C: y = x2 − 2 0 1 2 3 4 5
D: y = 2x + 1
−2
b i (−2, 2)
ii (3, 7) and (−1, −1) −4
c (− __
3 3)
  1 , __
  1 −6
d D
−8
e C
−10
2 a x −2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0
y 7 5.25 4 3.25 3 c x = 2.9
d Gradient = 6
x 0.5 1 1.5 2 4 a vi
y 3.25 4 5.25 7 b ii
b y
c i
9 d iv
y=x 2
8
7 y = x2 + 3
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
c No, x2 will never equal x2 + 3

d i x = +2.4 or −2.4
ii x = +1.7 or −1.7
5 a i p = 160, q = 10, r = 2.5 Practice questions worked

ii M solutions
160
1 a
A: x = −2
140
B: y = −x
120 C: x2 − 2
D: y = 2x + 1
100
b i (−2, 2)
80 ii (−1, −1) and (3, 7)
60 c 2x + 1 = −x
3x = −1
40
x = __   1 
20 3
(−  __  ,  __
3 3)
1 1 
0 t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
d Graph D
iii Rate of change = 28.2 e C is symmetrical about the y-axis
b t=1
2a Missing values are 7, 3.25
6 x = 2.31 and y = 2.77 b, d y = x2
x = −0.65 and y = 1.78 y = x2 + 3
12
7 a y = 3(x + 1)2 − 4
b x = −1 11
c (−1, −4) 10
8 a 17 y=x 2
9
b 6x + 2
c 14 8
d y = 14x −11 7
e (___
  11 , 0) 6 y=6
14
5
−x − 21
9 y =  _______
4 4
10 a y = 2a − x
3
b Area = x(2a − x)
2
c A = x(2a − x) = 2ax − x
2
dA 1
 ___  = 2a − 2x
dx
2a − 2x = 0 ⇒ x = a −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3x
y = 2a − x = a c Meet when x2 + 3 = x2
So all sides have length a and the 3 = 0 which never occurs
rectangle is a square.
d Solutions are:
i 2.4
ii 1.7
0.3  3 6 160
3 p =  ____  − ___
a    = −9.982 = −10.00to 1 d.p. 5 p =  ____
a i  = 160
12 0.6 2  0
4.5  6
3 160 ____ 160
q =  ____  − ___
b    = 6.3 q =  ____   =    = 10
12 4.5 2  4 16
___
5  3 __6 160 160 5
c
r =     −    = 9.2 r =  ____   =  ____  = __
   
12 5 2 
6 64 2
b y ii y
10 160
9 140
8 120
7 100
6 80
5 60
4 40
3 20
2 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7x
1
iiim
0 160
1 2 3 4 5x
−1 140
−2 120
−3 100
−4 80
−5 60
−6 40
−7 20
−8 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7t
−9 Estimated gradient = −26
−10 b m = 160 − M
⇒160 − M = M
c Point of intersection with x-axis is when
x = 2.9 2M = 160
d Gradient is approximately equal to6.3 M = 80
160
4 a (vi) Negative quadratic curve   t  ⇒ 2  t= 2
So, 80 = ____
2 
b (ii) Exponential growth curve ⇒ t = 1
c (i) Cubic graph with positive y-intercept
d y-values are always negative
6 y = 2x2 − 3x − 1 ① 9 x = 5 ⇒ y = (5 − 3)2 = 4

3y − x = 6 ② Now y = (x − 3)2 = x2 − 6x + 9
Substituting ① in ② dy
___
    = 2x − 6
3(2x2 − 3x − 1) − x = 6 dx
6x2 − 9x − 3 − x = 6 dy
At x = 5,  ___  = 10 − 6 = 4
6x2 − 10x − 9 = 0 dx
_______________
10 ± √ 100
   − 4 × 6 × − 9  Gradient of tangent = 4
x = _____________________
      1 
12 Gradient of perpendicular normal = −  __
_ 4
5 √ 79  because 4 × −  __ 1 = 1
=  __  ± ____
   
6 6 4
_ 1  x + c
y = −  __
√
79 
41  ± ____
y =  ___     4
18 18 5 16 5 ___
4 = −     + c ⇒ c = ___
__     =   21 
    + __
7 a y = 3x2 + 6x − 1 4 4 4 4
1 21
So, y = −  __  x + ___
= 3(x2 + 2x) − 1    
4 4
= 3[(x + 1)2 − 1] − 1 10 a Perimeter = 2x + 2y = 4a
= 3(x + 1)2 − 4 So, 2y = 4a − 2x
b x = −1 y = 2a − x
c (−1, −4)
b Area = xy = 2(2a − x) = A
8 a x = 2 ⇒ y = 3 × 4 + 2 × 2 + 1 A = 2ax − x2
= 17 dA
dy c  ___  = 2a − 2x = 0when A is maximum
b  ___  = 6x + 2 dx
dx So, x = a when A is maximum
dy x = a and y = 2a − x
c  ___  at x = 2 = 6 × 2 + 2 = 14
dx = 2a − a
d Gradient 14 at (2, 17) =a
y = mx + c x = y = a and the rectangle is a square.
y = 14x + c
17 = 28 + c
c = −11
e y = 0 ⇒ 14x = 11
  11 
x = ___
14
so, (___
14 )
11
    , 0
Chapter 19
Getting started 2
Shape
Number of lines
of symmetry
1 It fits onto itself as it turns round a point, so it
has rotational symmetry. Square 4
3 a 2 Rectangle 2
b Possible solution: Equilateral triangle 3
Isosceles triangle 1
Scalene triangle 0
Kite 1
Parallelogram 0
Rhombus 2
Regular pentagon 5
c 1 Regular hexagon 6
d Possible solution:
Regular octagon 8

e Answers will vary; check each other’s
answers.
f Many options, but simplest solution is:
4
Exercise 19.1
1 a None
b CD, HG Exercise 19.2
c CD, HG
1 a 2
d AB b 5
e AB, EF c 2
f AB, CD d 6
g CD e 2
h AB, CD, GH f 1
g 1
h 1
2 b Regular Lines of Order of 2 a 4

polygon symmetry rotational b Infinite
symmetry c Infinite
Triangle 3 3 d 2 if base is a right-angled, isosceles triangle
Quadrilateral 4 4 e 2
Pentagon 5 5 f 2
Hexagon 6 6 g Infinite
h 7
Octagon 8 8
i 2
Decagon 10 10
c Lines of symmetry = order of rotational Exercise 19.4

symmetry in regular polygons 1 Each has a rotational symmetry of 2
d Number of sides = lines of symmetry
2 a Infinite
= order of rotational symmetry in regular
polygons b 1
c 2
d 8
4 There may be some variation, depending on
e Infinite
the font chosen, but the most likely answers
are: f 1
a ABCDEMUVWY
b HIOX Exercise 19.5
c HINOSX 1 a AB = 5 cm
5 Students’ own answers. b AB = 30 cm
c AB = 2.4 m
Exercise 19.3 2 Join OP and construct a line at right angles to
OP that will be the chord.
1
3 x = 43°
4 13.5 cm
5 AO = 9 cm
Area AOCB = 108 cm2
6 O is the centre of both concentric circles.
Construct OX perpendicular to AD.
∴ X is the mid-point of AD and BC
∴ BX = XC and AX = XD
AB = AX − BX = XD − XC = CD
7 a 17.3 cm
b 4.25 m
c 31.1 mm
__
8 10 √ 3  ≈ 17.3 cm
Exercise 19.6 Understanding the alternate segment theorem

1 Students should notice that the angle between
1 a x = 43°, y = 43°, z = 94°
the chord and the angle in the alternate
b x = 124°, y = 34° segment is equal. They can compare their
c x = 35° diagrams to the one given to check they used
d x = 48° the correct angles.
2 a x = 41.5 2 a Any two angles drawn in the same

segment are equal, this means that you
b x = 38°
can draw another angle in the alternate
3 a
Tangents subtended from the same point segment, using the diameter as one of the
are equal in length. lines forming the angle and know that it is
b i CAB = 70° still equal to y.
ii DAC = 20° b Triangle PAB is right angled as it is the
angle in a semicircle.
iii ADC = 70°
c Angle APB must be 90 − y.
Exercise 19.7 d The angle between the diameter and a
tangent is 90, so 90 − y + x = 90, so x = y.
1 a p = 50°, q = 65°, r = 65°
b b = 80° Exercise 19.8
c c = 30°, d = 55°, e = 45°, f = 45°
1 a 120°
d p = 85°, q = 105°
b 85°
e b = 60°
c 80°
f x = 94°, y = 62°, z = 24°
d 120°
g p = 85°, q = 65°
e 90°
2 a AOB = 2x f 90°
b OAB = 90° − x
2 Angle BTC = 180° − 30° − (180° − 60°) = 30°
c BAT = x because angles in a triangle add up to 180°.
3 a a = 70° So angle TDC = 30° by the alternate segment
b b = 125° theorem.
c c = 60°, d = 60°, e = 80°, f = 40° CTD = 180° − 60° − 30° = 90° (angle sum in a
triangle)
4 a 90° − x
So CD is diameter because the angle in the
b 180° − 2x segment is 90°.
c 2x − 90°
3 CTD = 90°
5 a
Draw the chords AD and BC. ADX and So TDC = 180° − 90° − x = 90° − x
BCX are angles in the same segment, so
So by the alternate segment theorem
they are equal. Similarly, angle DAX is the
CTB = 90° − x
same as angle CBX. AXD and BXC are
vertically opposite angles, so they are the But BCT = 180° − x
same, too. This means that both triangles So y + 180° − x + 90° − x = 180°
contain the same three angle and so they So 2x − y = 90°
are similar.
4 103°
  DX = ___
b Using similarity, ___   AX . You can then
CX BX
multiply through by CX and BX.
Practice questions 7 x = 26
Angle at centre = 2 × angle at circumference
1 a and e
360 − 4x = 2(3x + 50)
2 Order 3
360 − 4x = 6x + 100
3 a For example: 10x = 260
x = 26
8 a angle QSP = 60° (alternate segment
theorem)
b angle SQP = 60° (angle sum of triangle)
c angle PBQ = 60° (angle sum of triangle)
d angle QRS = 140° (PQRS is cyclic
quadrilateral)
9 a They are vertically opposite angles.
b Angles in the same segment
c From parts (a) and (b), angle BXA =
angle DXC and angle XAB = angle XDC.
This means that angle ABX = angle DCX.
So all three angles are the same and the
b For example: triangles are similar.
d Triangles ABX and DCX are similar so
the ratio of sides AX and BX is equal to
the ratio of sides DX and CX.
AX  = ____
 ____   DX 
BX CX
so (AX )(CX ) = (BX )(DX )
10 a Angle BAD = __
i   1 × angle = BOD =
2
1  × 86° = 43°
__
 
2
ii
Angle at centre = 2 × angle at
circumference.
b i Angle BCD = 180° − 43° = 137°
ii
Opposite angles of a cyclic
4 a = 90°, b = 53°, c = 90°, d = 53°
quadrilateral add up to 180°.
5 a 6
b 7 Practice questions worked
c 7 solutions
6 OPX = OQX = 90° (tangent perpendicular to 1 a Yes. The dotted lines are lines of
radius) symmetry. There is rotational symmetry
POQ = 150° of order 2 about the intersection of the
So, PXQ = 360° − 90° − 90° − 150° (angle sum lines of symmetry.
of quad) b Neither
Angle PXQ = 30° c Rotational symmetry only
d Reflection symmetry only
e Yes. Exactly the same as a. but with
rotational symmetry of order 4.
2 3
3 a 7 Reflex angle AOC = 360° − 4x° because angles

at a point add up to 360°.
Angle at centre = 2 × angle at circumference
360° − 4x = 2(4x − 50°)
360° − 4x = 8x + 100°
12x = 260°
260°
x =  _____ = 21.7°
12
8a 60° by the alternate segment theorem.
b 180° − 40° − 60° = 80°
(Angles in a triangle add up to 180°.)
c
QPB = 60° (Base angles of an isosceles
triangle are equal.)
b PBQ = 180° − 60° − 60° = 60° (Angles in
a triangle add up to 180°.)
d 180° − 40° = 140° (Opposite angles in a
cyclic quadrilateral add up to 180°.)
9 a
Vertically opposite angles
b
Vertically opposite angles
c
ABX = DCX (Angles in the same
segment are equal.)
and
BAX = CDX
So triangles ABX and DCX have the same
angles.
AX  = ____
d  ____   BX  because ratios of
4 a 90°, because a diameter and tangent DX CX
always meet at a right angle. corresponding sides are equal.
b 90° − 37° = 53° So (AX )(CX ) = (BX )(DX )
c 90°, because the angle in a semicircle is 1 × 86° = 43°
10 a BAD =  __
i
always 90°. 2
d 180° − 37° − 90° = 53° ii
Angle at centre = 2 × angle at
circumference
5 a 6
b i BCD + 43° = 180°
b One through end faces.
BCD = 137°
One through centre of each rectangular
face. ii
Opposite angles in a cyclic
6+1=7 quadrilateral adds up to 180°.
c 7
6 XPQ = XQP = 90° because a radius meets a
tangent at 90°.
Total angles in OXPQ = 360°
So PXQ = 360° − 90° − 90° − 150°
= 30°
Chapter 20
Getting started 2
6
Mass of children
1 a fx means number of passengers (x)

5
multiplied by the frequency ( f ).
Frequency density
4
b Find the product of x and f for each row.
c 32 3
d Sum of fx 2
e 1.625 1
f 1 0
6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
g 2 Mass, m (kg)
2 Answers will vary but should include that
the diagram shows a frequency diagram 3 Mass of actors
(histogram) and a frequency polygon. The 18
histogram shows non-overlapping class 16
Frequency density
intervals on the horizontal axis and the 14
12
frequency on the vertical axis. The frequency 10
polygon is plotted at the class midpoints and 8
shows the shape of the distribution. 6
4
2
Exercise 20.1 0
60 65 70
1 a Mass, m (kg)
No. of sweets Frequency Class Frequency 4 a Students’ ideas.

(n) (f ) width density b They both show the shape of the
100 < n , 200 18 100 0.18 distribution. In the histogram the larger
200 < n , 250 18 50 0.36 the area the greater the frequency for that
class interval, and in the stem-and-leaf
250 < n , 300 32 50 0.64 diagram the longer the leaves the greater
300 < n , 350 31 50 0.62 the frequency for that stem value.
350 < n , 400 21 50 0.42 c When you have too many individual items
400 < n , 500 20 100 0.2 of data to list separately on a stem-and-
leaf diagram.
b Number of sweets in jar
0.8
5 a 80
b 73
Freqency density
0.6
c 7
0.4
d Body fat is too low for intense physical
0.2 activity.
0 e No − the expectation is that soldiers are
100 200 300 400 500
Number of sweets (n) physically active and therefore keep their
body fat at a satisfactory level.
6 a Age (a) in years Frequency b

Heights of students
0 , a < 15 12 4.0
15 , a < 25 66 3.5
3.0
Frequency density
25 , a < 35 90
2.5
35 , a < 45 90 2.0
45 , a < 70 50 1.5
1.0
b 156 0.5
7 a No − frequency density and not frequency 0

140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210
given. Height (h cm)
b Yes − most of the bars are with the c 150 –160
boundaries of the speed limits.
d 75.7
c i
9 Answers will vary depending on the data that
Speed (km/h) Frequency Class Frequency students collect.
width density Check that students measure time in seconds
0 < s , 50 240 50 4.8 and collect the raw data by experiment before
50 < s , 65 320 15 21.3 they organise it into a frequency distribution.
A suitable scale might have a wider class at the
65 < s , 80 500 15 33.3 start (0–15 seconds) and end (.50 seconds)
80 < s , 95 780 15 52 with varied intervals between those values.
95 < s , 110 960 15 64 Histograms could be drawn on graph paper to
110 < s , 125 819 15 54.6 make it easier to work with frequency density.
125 < s , 180 638 55 11.6
ii 240 below the minimum speed limit
d 15%
8 a Height (h cm) Frequency

140 < h , 150 15
150 < h , 160 35
160 < h , 165 20
165 < h , 170 18
170 < h , 180 22
180 < h , 190 12
190 < h , 210 12
Exercise 20.2
1 a Height in cm 5 < h , 15 15 < h , 20 20 < h , 25 25 < h , 40
Number of plants 3 7 10 5
Cumulative frequency 3 10 20 25
b 21−25 cm
Exercise 20.3
c 30
Cumulative frequency
1 a 30.0 cm
20 b 27.5 cm
c 33.5 cm
10
d 6 cm
e 29.5 cm
0 10 20 30 40
Height (cm) 2 a i Paper 1: 48% Paper 2: 60%
ii Paper 1: 28% Paper 2: 28%
Median = 21 cm iii Paper 1: 52% Paper 2: 65%
2 a $36.25 b Paper 1: .66% Paper 2: .79%
b p = 12, q = 24, r = 35 3 a i 45 kg
c Amount spent on books ii 330 girls
40 b 10%
30 4 a Speed
200
180
20
160
140
120
10
100
80
60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 40
Amount spent ($) 20
d Median amount spent $37 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100110120 130140

Speed (km/h)
3 a Masses of children b Median = 102 km/h

50
45 Q1 = 92 km/h
40
35 Q3 = 116
30
c IQR = 24 km/h
25
20 d 14.5%
15
10
5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Mass in kg
b 19 kg
c 7
Practice questions 3 a We say we are 29 right up until the day we

become 30.
1 Time taken by home owners to
b y
complete a questionnaire 80
26
24
22 60
20
18
Frequency density
16 40
14
12
20
10
8
6 0
4 0 20 40 60 80 100 x
2 Age (year)
0 c Approximately 43
2 4 6 8 10 12
Time taken, t (min) d Approximately 56 − 40 = 18
e Approximately 12.5%
2 a
6
5
solutions
1 Time Number Frequency
density
4
0 < t , 2 2 2
 __  = 1
2
Frequency
3 ___18
density 2 < t , 3 18     = 18
1
25
2
3 < t , 4 25  ___  = 25
1
4 < t , 6 12  ___12  = 6
2
1
5
6 < t , 9 5  __  = 1.67
3
0
9 < t , 15 2 2  = 0.33
 __
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
6
Height (in cm)
30
b Height (h cm) Frequency 28
0 < h , 10 4 26 25
24
10 < h , 15 12
22
15 < h , 20 18 20
Frequency density
18
20 < h , 25 27 18
16
25 < h , 30 16 14
30 < h , 40 16 12
10
c 22.5 cm 8
6
6
4
2 1 1.67
0.33
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Time
2 a Additional bars have heights 0.4, 2.4, 3.6

b 5.4 × 5 = 22
3.2 × 5 = 16
1.6 × 10 = 16
4 × 5 + 12 × 12.5 + 18 × 17.5 + 22 × 22.5 + 16 × 27.5 + 16 × 35
_______________________________________________________
c             = 22.5
88
3 a We know there are no further ages until past 30.
b Age Cumulative
frequency
0 < t , 30 2
0 < t , 40 20
0 < t , 50 47
0 < t , 60 65
0 < t , 70 77
0 < t , 90 80
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Age
c approximately 52
d approximately 25
e approximately 28%

1 a 4
b
2 0.892€ to the dollar

3 8300 × 1.0566 = $11 509.64
4 a i
ii
b rhombus
5 a x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
y −1 4 7 8 7 4 −1
b y
9
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4x
−1
−2
c x=1
d x = −1.8, 3.8
6a 2.35 + 4.45 = 6.80

b 10 − 3.4 − 2 × 0.85 = 4.90
c i 34 × $8.25 = $280.50
ii $280.25 + 1.5 × $8.25 × 8 = $379.50
d 3.5 + 7 + 8 + 10.5 = 33 hours
e $85.20
f $13 891.50
7 a x=2
k
    ⇒ k = 8
i 4 = __
b
2
8 8
y =  __  =  ____  = 0.032
ii
x 250
c i x −8 −4 −2 −1
y −1 −2 −4 −8
ii y
8
−8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8x
−2
−4
−6
−8
d y=x
8 a 180 − 2 × 62 = 180 − 124 = 56°
360
180 −  ____ = 144°
b
10
c x = 90° − 58° = 32°
y = 90° − x = 58°
d 28° CED is alternate with the given 28° angle
_______
e √ 212 + 282  = 35 cm
9 a i 14a + 4a = 18a
ii 14a2
b 6, 9, 14
c i −6 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 6
x
y −2 −3 −4 −6 −12 12 6 4 3 2
ii and iii y
12
10
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6x
−2
−4
−6
−8
−10
−12
iv x = 1.5
110°
10 x =   _____
  = 55°y = 24°
2
11 x2 − 7x + 5 = 0
x2 − 2x + 1 = 5x − 4
y = 5x − 4
12 a i k < 10 k < 25 k < 35 k < 40 k < 50
Mass (k kg)
Cumulative frequency 3 22 43 48 50
ii 50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 k
Mass (kg)
iii ≈42
13 a i y
1
0
90° 180° 270° 360° x
−1
ii rotational symmetry order 2 about (180, 0)

3
b     ⇒ x = 48.6°, 180 − 48.6° = 131.4°
sin x = __
4
c i (x + 5)2 − 25 + 14 = (x + 5)2 − 11
ii y
14
O x
(−5, −11)
14 a x −3.5 −3 −2.5 −2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

y −4.1 2 5.1 6 5.4 4 2.6 2 2.9 6 12.1
b y
15
10
0
−3.5 −3 −2.5 −2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0.5 1 1.5 x
−5
c x = −3.3
d x3 + 3x2 + 2 = −2x
x = 2.2
e 2,k,6
2.65
15 a   _____ × 100 − 100 = 6%
2.5
b 500 × 1.0157 = $554.92
c 1.10620 = 1.3736… so 37.4 % increase
_____
r = _____
d  
22
√
2607
6400
   × 100 = 96%
16 a i range = 27 − 20 = 7, mode = 21, mean = 22.7

3
ii  ___ = 0.2143
14
b nx − (n − 1)(x + 1) = nx − (nx + n − x − 1) = −n + x + 1
c i 16.54
ii 25
20
Frequency density
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 t
Temperature (°C)
(x − 5)(x + 5) x + 5
17 a  _____________
    = _____    
(x − 5)(x + 4) x + 4
(x + 5)(x − 1) + x(x + 8) _____________
2x 2 + 12x − 5
b  _______________________
        =      
x(x + 1) x(x + 1)
dy
c i  ___  = 6x  2− 8x
dx
ii 6(42) − 8(4) = 6 × 16 − 32 = 64
iii 6x2 − 8x = 0
2x(3x − 4) = 0
x = 0 or x = __   4 
3
98
___
y = 6 or y =    
27
Chapter 21
Getting started 5 a 1 : 10
b 1 : 100
1 a 3:2
c 100 : 1
b 4:9
d 1 : 1 000
c 3 : 10
e 1 000 : 1
2 a 36°, 72°, 108° and 144°
f 1 : 60
108
b  ____= 30%
360 6 a 1:2
3 a Answers will vary but could include: cost b 1:8
of flooring or building; water flow/usages; c 3:8
salary or wages earned; cost of hiring;
d 3 : 25
speed of wind or athlete; cricket scoring;
heart rate for fitness; pressure exerted; e 3 : 200
exchange rates. f 1 : 20
b Examples could include: litres/km; g 8:5
pressure per square inch (psi); words per h 2 : 15
minute; gigabytes per second and so on.
7 a Length : width of a screen
4 a a = 1, b = 20, c = 12, d = 6 and e = 3.5
b 19.5 : 9 = 39 : 18; 16 : 10 = 8 : 5; 21 : 9 = 7 : 3
b y = 4x
c 24 cm
d Students’ own investigation and
Exercise 21.1 measurements.
1 a 1:1
b 1:5 Exercise 21.2
c 25 : 3 1 a x=9
d 3 : 10 b y = 24
e 3 : 20 c y=2
f 1:5 d x=6
g 10 : 4 : 8 = 5 : 2 : 4 e x = 176
2 a 12 : 5 f y = 65
b 5 : 12 g x = 35
3 a 2:3 h y = 180
b 3:4 i y = 1 400
c 11 : 16 j x = 105
d 1:2 k x = 1.25
l y=4
4 a 1 : 12
b 1:2 2 a x = 15
c 1:8 b x=8
d 7:6 c y = 20
e 10 : 3 d x = 2.4
f 5 : 12 e x = 0.6
f y = 3.25
g x = 5.6
h y = 7.2
3 a False: The order matters, so you cannot 8 37.5 cm

just reverse the ratios.
22.5 cm
b True
20 4 3
c False: ___
  = __
  and not __
 
15 3 4 9 1200 people
d False: 48 is 6 times 8, so the daughter’s 10 a pr  2 : 2pr
age must be 6.
= pr × r : pr × 2
e True
=r:2
4 a 1g 4  p r  3 : 4p r  2
b  __
b 1.33 g 3
c 7:5 = 4p r  3: 12p r  2
d 3:5 = 4p r  2 × r : 4p r  2 × 3
=r:3
5 a 18 : 25 : 5
b 1.67 g
Exercise 21.4
c 4.17 g
6 a 20 ml 1 (i) (ii)
b 2.5 ml a 1 : 200 0.005 : 1
7 15 750 kg b 1 : 250 0.004 : 1

c 1 : 25 000 0.00 004 : 1
Exercise 21.3 d 1 : 200 000 0.000 005 : 1
1 a 40 : 160 e 1 : 28.6 0.035 : 1
b 1 200 : 300 f 1 : 16 700 000 0.000 000 06 : 1
c 15 : 35
d 12 : 48 2 a 4m
e 150 : 450 b 6m
f 22 : 16 c 14 m
g 220 : 80 d 48 m
h 230 : 460 : 1 610 3 a 0.0012 m = 0.12 cm = 1.2 mm
2 0.3 l = 300 ml b 0.0003 km = 300 mm
c 0.0024 km = 2400 mm
3 Josh gets 27, Ahmed gets 18
d 0.00151 km = 1510 mm
4 Annie gets $50, Andrew gets $66.67 and
Amina gets $83.33 4 a Rectangle with dimensions:
100 mm × 250 mm
5 Students should draw a 16 cm line with 6 cm
b Rectangle with dimensions:
marked and 10 cm marked.
80 mm × 200 mm
6 N (kg) P (kg) K (kg) 5 5.5 mm
a 0.25 0.375 0.375 6 12 : 1
b 1.25 1.875 1.875 7 0.9625 mm
c 5 7.5 7.5 8 a 1740 km
d 6.25 9.375 9.375 b 1640 km
7 1.8 m : 2.25 m : 1.35 m c 1520 km
9a 0.9 m conditions become terrible, such as in the

b i 5.65 m event of a natural disaster or war when
people will move away and population
ii 4.05 m
density may be reduced.
iii 1.6 m
3 Answers will vary.
iv 1.98 m
a Ecologists study how increasing or
c i 11.34 m2
decreasing population density impacts
ii 9.3312 m2 biodiversity and use of resources.
iii 8.019 m2 b Epidemiologists may study how quickly
d 1.44 m2 infectious diseases spread in areas of high
e $59.39 population density.
c Planners may use population density to
Population density
make decisions about energy use and
Students may find information online, in social supply, fibre and data connections needed
studies textbooks or in an atlas. and transport links.
1 a Greenland is the least densely populated
area on Earth with 0.0259 people/km2, Exercise 21.5
the Sahel area in Africa has a population
1 a 2.4 kg/$
density of 2 people/km2. The most densely
populated places on Earth are usually b 0.12 l/km
small islands. Macau, for example, has c $105/night
19 737 people/km2 and Singapore has d 0.25 km/min
8000 people/km2.
e 27 students/teacher
b Small areas with lots of people will
f 3 hours/hole dug
automatically have a high population
density. Generally, though, high 2 a 9600 t
population densities are linked to ‘pull b 48 000 t
factors’ that attract people to live in a
particular area. 3 a 120 l
c Population density is a simple relative b 840 l
measure that doesn’t tell you how spread 4 7.4 minutes
out people are in the area mentioned,
so social scientists consider distribution 5 12.75 km
patterns as well. For example, Nepal has a 6 a 805 km
population density of 203 people per km2,
b 76.67 km
but Nepal is in the Himalaya, so people
are not evenly spread throughout the 7 a 3000 km
country. In fact, the capital Kathmandu b 312.5 km
has a population density of 19 726 people
per km2. 8 a 2 hours 40 minutes
b 2 hours 30 minutes
2 a Examples will vary. A healthy coral reef
would be densely populated with marine c 4 hours 26 minutes 40 seconds
animals, but if the coral bleached and d 1 hour 40 minutes
died or there was a tsunami, the animals e 34 days 17 hours 20 minutes
that lived on the reef would move away.
9 110 km/h
b Not generally in the modern world as
people tend to be limited in their choices 10 18.7 km/h
of moving or not. But worldwide, there
11 a 37.578 km/h
is a trend towards urbanisation as people
move to cities because they think the b 40.236 s
conditions there will be good for them.
Similarly, there are examples where
Exercise 21.6 iv The object is moving very quickly in the

direction of y at a constant speed, then
1 a 700 m stops and is stationary for a while, then
b 7 min continues in the same direction at the
c 09 07 and 09 21 same speed as before, then stops and
is stationary again. Example: a train
d Going to the library
travelling from Valladolid to Madrid,
2 a 45 min stopping at Segovia on the way.
b 17 54 v The object travels slowly at first, then very
c 17 15 quickly, then slowly again in the direction
of y. Example: an Olympic runner doing
3 a y Neo’s journey interval training.
10
vi The object is moving at a constant speed in
8
Distance (km)
the opposite direction to y, then it suddenly

6 changes direction and travels at a slightly
4 faster speed in the direction of y.
2 2 a 6 min
0 b 10 km/h
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 x
Time (minutes) c 3 min
b 18 minutes d 3.33 m/s
c 16 minutes 3 a
For the first 50 minutes the taxi travelled
a distance of 10 km at 12 km/h, then was
4 a Distance–time graph
stationary for 50 minutes, then took 20
30
minutes to return to starting point at
Distance (metres)
25
30 km/h. The taxi was then stationary
20
15
for 40 minutes, then travelled 5 km in 40
10 minutes at a speed of 7.5 km/h and was
5 then stationary for 40 minutes.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
b 130 minutes – the graph is horizontal.
Time (seconds) c 25 km
b 15 m d i 12 km/h
c 5m ii 10 km/h
iii 6 km/h
Exercise 21.7 iv 6.25 km/h
1 a and b 4 a 1500 m
Answers will vary, examples: b 2 m/s
i The object is moving in the direction of y c He was stationary.
at a constant speed. Example: a helium- d 0.5 m/s
filled children’s balloon released in a large
hall (with no breeze). 5 a
Other questions are possible, these are just
examples:
ii The object is stationary. Example: a
parked car. What is the total time taken to attain a
height of 16 m?
iii The object is moving in the direction of y
at a constant speed, then suddenly changes When was the helicopter descending?
direction, moving at a much faster speed. When was the helicopter ascending?
Example: a squash ball travelling towards During what time period was the vertical
the court wall, hitting it then bouncing speed the greatest?
back. At what speed was the helicopter
travelling between 2 and 4 seconds?
Exercise 21.8 c i 30 ft
ii 6.59 m
1 a i 0 km/h
d 6.49 m
ii 3 km/h
iii 8 km/h
Exercise 21.11
iv 2 km/h
1 a i 100
b From 10 00 until 10 20 the speed remains
constant at 8 km/h. ii 25
From 10 20 to 10 30 the speed drops iii 8
uniformly to 2 km/h. b 250 cm
c i 0.375 km
2 Number of
ii 0.833 km 120 150 200 300 400
people
iii 7.58 km
Days the water
d 3.64 km/h 40 32 24 16 12
will last
2 a 2 m/s2
3 a 8 days
b 35 m
b 2 days
c 3.5 m/s
4 722.86 km/h
3 a 1 m/s2
5 3 h 36 min
b 100 m
c 15 m/s
Exercise 21.12
Exercise 21.9 1 a 1.5
b 15
1 c, d, e, f, i
c 8
2 a a = 6, b = 15
2 p and q are not inversely proportional because p ×
6
y = __
b     x q is not constant.
5
4.5
3 a y = ____
  x
Exercise 21.10
62.5
1 $6.75 b y = _____
  x
2 60 min 2
y =  __
c x
3 70 s
0.28
d y =  _____
x
4 172.5 kg
4.8
5 10.5 km e y =  ____
x
6 a 320 g flour, 64 g sultanas, 80 g margarine, 4 a k = 5120
99 ml milk, 32 g sugar, 16 g salt
b y = 10
b 4:1
c y = 23.70
7 250 g d x = 5.98
8 a 550 km
5 x 0.1 0.25 0.5 0.0625
b 27 litres
y 25 4 1 64
9a 13 ft
b i 4m 6 x 25 100 3.70 1
ii 6.5 m y 10 5 26 50
7 a 2.5 e 18 km/h
b 1000 f 17.5 km
c 0.125 20
8 d =  ___t 2
a
864 9
8 F = ____
a    
p 3 b 35.6 m
b p=4 c 1.25 s
c F = 32 9 a
F, because it is a straight line through the
origin.
9 400
b B, because the y-coordinate of every point
10 6.4 on the line is the same.
11 60 c E.
12 a False d A. y decreases as x increases and it is a
curve. The answer is not C because this
b False
graph shows a straight line.
c True
e Also A. y decreases as x increases and it is
13 5 h a curve. The answer is not C because this
graph shows a straight line.
14 16 666. 7N (16.7 kN to 3 s.f.)
f C could be e.g. y = 4 − 3x. It will be an
15 a 2 °C equation in the form y = mx + c, where c
b As temperature varies inversely it will is positive and m is negative.
never reach −1 °C. D could be y = x2 + 3 or y = xn + c where
16 a 40 c is positive and m . 1.
b 6 10 a x = 0.06 m
17 25% b x = 0.72 m
c m = 9 kg
Practice questions Px 2
d E =  ____  
1 Raja receives $40 h 2
2 300 cm = 3 m e m = 116.7h kg
1.536
3 a 1.6 kg raisins 11 a R =  _____  
d  2
b 1.2 kg dates
b R = 0.0423
4 9 cups __________
5 a Bahram. He has ___

6
  2 of the set at the
  = __
15 5
c   √
1.536
d = ______
R
 
10 2 d 226 mm
start and  ___ = __
  of the set at the end.
25 5 e 1.15 ohms
b 8% increase
c The number of cards must be divisible by Practice questions worked
both 4 + 6 + 5 = 15 and 6 + 10 + 9 = 25. solutions
The LCM of 15 and 25 is 3 × 5 × 5 = 75.
1 7 + 5 = 12
6 a 1.31 × 10−6 metres.
$96
b 1.31 micrometres.   ____ = $8
12
7 a 90 km/h Raja receives 5 × 8 = $40
b 1080 km/h2 2 25 × 12 = 300 cm
c 15 km = 3m
  1 min
2 __
d
2
20 20 × 16 ____ 320
3 4 + 5 + 3 = 12 b d =  ___ × 4 2 = _______
    =     m
9 9 9
4.8
  ___ = 0.4
_______
12
a 4 × 0. 4 = 1.6 kg
20
9
 
9 × 3.5
c  ___ t 2 = 3.5⇒ t = _______
20 √
   = 1.25seconds
b 3 × 0.4 = 1.2 kg 9 a F Straight line through (0, 0).

b B y-coordinate the same for every point.
4 ×3 3 : 4 ×3
9 : 12 c y ∝ x 2 ⇒ y = kx 2
E
9 cups wholemeal x = 0⇒ y = 0, so E
y ∝ __
d 1 or y = __
  x
k
  x is a curve.
5 aInitially distribution in fractions:
6 ___
4   :  ___ 5
 ___   4   :  __
  :     i.e. ___ 2  :  __
1  As x increases, y decreases, so A.
15 15 15 15 5 3 k
y =  ___3 Also A.
e
Final distribution in fractions: x
6 10 9 6 9
2  :  ___ f C y = ax + b, with a . 0 and b , 0.
 ___  :  ___  :  ___  i.e. ___     :  __  
25 25 25 25 5 25 D y = bx2 + c, with b . 0 and c . 0.
Bahram has the same fraction in both.
10 x = km
9
 ___  30 = k × 5 ⇒ k = 6
25
___
b    = 1.08, i.e. 8% increase
a x = 6m
  1 
__
3 b x = 12 × 6 = 72 cm
c Must be divisible by 15 and 25. c 0.54 = 6m
LCM of 15 and 25 = 75 cards.
0.54
⇒ m =  ____  = 0.09 kg
6
118
6a  _______4  = 0.00131 mm d E = kx2
9 × 10
= 0.000 001 31 m P = kh2 ⇒ k = ___   P2 
h
= 1.31 × 10−6 m P x 2
So ⇒ E = ____   2 
d 1.31 × 10−6 × 10 6 = 1.31 micrometres h
P x 2
7 a
1.5 km/minute = 1.5 × 60 e 49P = ____
  2  ⇒ x 2 = 49h 2
h
= 90 km/h
1.5 so x = 7h metres
b  ___ = 0.3 km/minute/minute
5 7h
6m = 7h so m = ___     kg
c ( ______
2 )
15 + 5 6
× 1.5 = 15 km k
  11 R =  ___2 
d
d 2 __   1  minutes a 0.096 = ___
k
   
2 16
4
e  __  × 0.5 = 0.4 km/minute k = 16 × 0.096
5 = 1.536
f (________ ) × 0.5 + 15 = 2.5 km + 15 km
7.5 + 2.5 1.536
    so R = _____   2 
2 d
= 17.5 km
1.536
b R =  _____  = 0.0427ohms
8 a d ∝ t 2 36
______

d = kt 2
20 = k × 9
c d 2 = _____
 
1.536
R
________
  √
⇒ d = _____  
1.536
R
  

20
k = ___
   
9
d d = ________  √ 1.536
3 × 10 −5
   = 226 mm
20
⇒ d = ___    t 2 1.536
9 e R = _____  2  ⇒ R 3 = 1.536
R
3
_
R = √ 1.536  = 1.15ohms

Chapter 22
Getting started 3 a x = 13
b x=9
1 It means you should keep ___
a   1 of your
10 c x=2
speed + 2 vehicle lengths between you and
the vehicle in front. d x = 11
b 11 truck lengths 4 a i (s + 2q) cm
c 10 km/hr ii (4p + 3r) cm
d There is a partial variation; the faster you b i 3rs cm2
go, the more distance you need between ii (4ps + 8pq + 6rq) cm2
you and the vehicle in front.
x x 7x
5 t = ____
a   + ____
  = ____
 
2 a Cost of the USB port 320 240 960
b 1.8 is the cost of 1 metre of cable b 52.5 minutes
c 12.25 m Heart rates
3 a h = 3a − 12 1 Each value compares two different quantities:
12 + h ml/min, ml/beat, bpm.
a =  ______
b
3 2 Students’ own heart rates.
c h = 10.5 m
3 a Answers will vary. But for a HR of 70,
d 3m C = 70 × 80 = 5600 ml; The norm for C
is between 4 and 7 litres, so check that
Exercise 22.1 students get an answer in that range.
1 a 4x = 32 b Students’ own answers
x = 8 c 85.7 beats per minute
b 12x = 96 4 As R increases, C increases; as R decreases
x = 8 C decreases.
c x + 12 = 55 5 a
Inversely proportional; as one value
x = 43 increases the other decreases.
d x + 13 = 25 b Artery: 0.0016
Venae cavae: 0.000 316
x = 12
Arteriole: 1
e x − 6 = 14
c As the diameter decreases the resistance
x = 20 increases. The power of four means that if
f 9 − x = −5 the diameter is halved the resistance will
x = 14 becomes 16 times as great.
x d When the arteries become narrower the
g  __ = 2.5 resistance increases, which means that
7
x = 17.5 blood flow is reduced and the risk of
heart-related health problems increases.
28
h  ___
x  = 4
x = 7 Exercise 22.2
2 a y=3 1 Child = 15.5 years and parent = 46.5 years
b y = 12 2 Silvia has 70 marbles; Jess has 350 marbles.
c y = 46 3 Kofi has $51.25 and Soumik has $46.25
d y = 70
4 $250 and $500
____
5 9 years d √
x = _____
c+b
  a  
6 Width = 15 cm and length = 22 cm d − 2b − c
x =  __________
e m

7 48 km
f x = 3by
8 Pam = 12 years and Amira = 24 years p
x =  __
g m
9 6.30 p.m. np
x = ___
h   m
10 50 km
mk
x = ___
i  
Exercise 22.3 2
20
___
1 −8 and −5 or 5 and 8 j
x =   p
2 t = 2 seconds m − 3y
2 x = _______
a  

3
3 12
4t − c
x =  ______
b
4 4 and 7 4
y + 15
5 6 cm x =  ______
c
3
6 8 cm 5
x = __
d  
2
7 a 12 sides m
x =  ___ + y
e
b n not an integer when the equation is 4c
solved a
x = 2r − __
f   pr
8 a Width of smaller rectangle = (x − 1) cm
Since two rectangles are similar: 3 m =  ___
a E  
c 2
1 : x = (x − 1) : 1 100I
R =  _____ 
b
x(x − 1) = 1 PT
x2 − x − 1 = 0 2k
___
c
m =   2 
b x = 1.62 or x = −0.62 v
d 2A
___
b =   − a
c Negative solution can’t work as a length h
must be positive 3V
e ___
h =  
d Perimeter = 5.24 cm A
3V
____
9 0.836 seconds f
h =   2 
p r
10 (−7, −6, −5), (4, 5, 6) __
x = √ __
m
4 a   a  
11 7 or −2 _
x = √ m + y
b
12 3 cm by 8 cm _
c
x = √ n − m
13 1.96 seconds _
d
x = √ ay
14 6 or −4 __
√
ac
x = ___
e    
15 2.75 cm b
_
16 7 and 8 x = √ a + b 2 

f
__
x = √ __
n
g   m  
Exercise 22.4 m 2
x =  ___
h y
1 a x = m − bp
b x = pr − n a 2
x =  ___
i
m 5
x = __
c  
4 j x = y2 + z
k x = ( y + z)2
(a − b)
c 2
x = _____
l   8 a E = 49
___
√
  2E
v = ___
b m  
( b )
a−m 2
x = ______
m  
y 2 + 1 9 a V = 2 010 619 cm3
x = ______ ___
√
n  
V
3 r = ___
b    
y − a 2 ph
x =  ______
o
2 10 a A = 1.13 m2
a 2 + by 2 b A = 1.13 m2
x =  ________
p   ___
4y 2
5 a 38 °C c
d= √___
  4A
p  
b 100 °C 11 a SA = pr2 + 2prh
c 0 °C SA 1 ( 2
b Sealant = ___
  =  __ pr  + 2prh)
6 a 2.11 6 6
b 6.18 c 5.608 litres
c 0.40 Shadow maths
1 It means that as the time of day changes, the
Exercise 22.5 length of the shadow (L) changes.
b−x H , where a is
The function for this is L =  _____
1 a = _____
a   tan a
1−x
the angle of the light (usually the Sun)
a =  _________
b L
B+1+C 2 Students may remember how to do this from
5b primary science lessons, but they can find out
a =  _____
c how to use a shadow stick (basically a vertical
b−1
x(y + 1) ruler) to develop a ratio that they can apply to
a =  _______
d other objects. They may also discover online
y−1
calculators that use coordinates, time and
3−y
a = _____
e   shadow length to determine heights.
y−1
_____
a =  ______
f 2
√
m − n  
Exercise 22.6
__
2 c = √__ E  
  m
1 i f(2) = ii f(−2) = iii f(0.5) = iv f(0) =
_ a 8 −4 3.5 2
3 a = √ c  2− b   2 
b 8 −12 0.5 −2
2x
4 a y = ___
  + 2 c 3 −5 0 −1
3
b y = 3x − c d 11 11 3.5 3
4x + z e 0 8 −0.75 0
c  ______
3
f 6 −10 −1.875 −2
2(b − a)
d y =  ________ 2 a −5
3
2y b −1
5 a =  _____
1−y c 5
___
√
d −17
6   2A  
r = ___
u 3 a 0
___
7 x = ___ √
    
k
yz2 b
c
−4
5
d −3.9375
4 a 0 d 150
b −9 726
e  ____
c −2 25
d 5 4 a 26
b 7
5 a 16
c 26
b 16
d 29
c 1
5   4
gh(4) = 5, hg(4) = __
6   4
x = __ 5
3
1 6 a −56 + 16x2 − x4
7 x =  __
3 b 56 − 16x2 + x4
8 a x=6 c −56 + 16x2 − x4
  1
Domain: x > − __
b d 56 − 16x2 + x4
4
Range: y > 0 7 a −25
3
9 a x = −2 or 3 b  __
2
b x = −6 7
c − ___
 
10 a 2a 34
1
d  __
b 2a + 4 3
c 8a e −15
d 8a
8 a
(x 2 + 36) 2
_
11 a 9 √ x 8 + 36
b
b x=2 c 0
_
12 a 15 √
d
76
b 3
9   1 , which is undefined.
hgf(1) = __
c 1 0

x
1 a fg(x) = x + 3; gf(x) = x + 3 1 a  __
7
___
b fg(x) = 50 x 2 − 15x + 1;

  
gf(x) = 10 x 2 − 15x + 5 √
3 1
b ___
   
7x
3 _
c fg(x) = 27 x 2 − 48x + 22; c
√ x

  

gf(x) = 9 x 2 − 12x + 4 x−3
d  _____
4
4x2 − 36
fg(x) = ________
d   ; e 2(x − 5)
3
16x2 f 2x − 2
gf(x) =  _____ − 9 x
9 g  __ + 2
3
2 a −2x
2x − 9
______
b −4 h  

2
c 16 4x − 2
i  ______
d −2 2+x
3
_
3 a 9x + 4 √ x − 5
j
b 18x2 + 1
c 3456
x 2 − 8
k  ______ Practice questions
3
x+1 1 $2
l   _____
x−1
2 16 5c coins and 34 10c coins
2 g −1 (x) = 3(x + 44)
x 3 a 12T
3 a i f −1( x) = __
 
5 11 hours
ii ff−1(x) = x b  ___
6
iii f−1f(x) = x
c Time = ___   11 − T
b i f−1(x) = x − 4 6
ii ff−1(x) = x Distance = 48(___   11 − T)
6
iii f−1f(x) = x
x+7 12T + 48(___
d   11 − T)= 64
c i f −1(x) = _____
 
6
2
ii ff− (x) = x
1   2 = 40 minutes
T = __
3
iii f−1f(x) = x
_ Lana cycled 8 km
3
d i f −1(x) = √ x − 2
4 9 cm × 13 cm
ii ff−1(x) = x
5 16
iii f−1f(x) = x
30 30
x 2 + 1 6 a  ___ _____
x − 2 =   x + 4
e i f −1(x ) = ______
 

2
ii ff−1(x) = x 30(x + 4) − 2x(x + 4) = 30x
iii f−1f(x) = x 30x + 120 − 2x  2− 8x = 30x
9 2x  2+ 8x − 120 = 0
f i f −1(x) = __
  x
x  2+ 4x − 60 = 0
ii ff−1(x) = x
b 2x + 4 = 16
iii f−1f(x) = x
3
_ 7 84 cm
g i f −1(x) = √ x + 1
ii ff−1(x) = x 8 x =  ___1_  − 1
√ y
iii f−1f(x) = x z 2(y + 1)2
9 x =  _________  
4 a f−1(x) = g(x) (y − 1)2
b f−1(x) = g(x) 10 a False
c f−1(x) ≠ g(x) b True
d f−1(x) = g(x) c True
5 a 8 d False
b 20 11 a 14
c 11 b x = 1.26 or −0.26
6 a −10 c x = 1.76 or −0.76
5x + 2 d x=1
b  ______
20 4−x
e  _____

c x = 1.54 3
2 f 63x2 − 99x − 32
i − 56  __
d
5 25
ii 3 g x = ___
 
9
  4
− 7 __
iii h 18x − 36x3 − 39x2 + 57x + 40
4
5
12 a 1−x 36T = 24
1 − _____
 
1 +x 24  = __
________
ff(x) =     T =  ___   2 = 40minutes
1−x 36 3
1 + _____
 
1+x Distance to station = 12 × __   2  = 8 km
3
1+x−1+x
  ___________
1+x
____________ 4 y
=      
1+x+1−x
___________
 
1+x x
117 m2
2x
=   ___
2
=x
xy = 13 × 9
1−x 2(x + y) = 44 ⇒ x + y = 22
b
f −1(x) = _____
 
1+x
x = 13 and y = 9
1−x
fffff(x) = _____
c   Rectangle is 13 m by 9 m
1+x
13 a 7 5 n2 + (n + 1)2 = 545
3−x n2 + n2 +2n + 1 = 545
b  _____
4 2n2 + 2n − 544 = 0
c 4
n2 + n − 272 = 0
3
14 −  __ (n + 17)(n − 16) = 0 ⇒ n = 16
4
30
_____ 30
6     = ___
   − 2
Practice questions worked x+4 x
solutions ⇒30x = 30(x + 4) − 2x(x + 4)
a
⇒30x = 30x + 120 − 2x2 − 8x
1 6x + 3(x + 2) = 24
2x2 + 8x − 120 = 0
6x + 3x + 6 = 24
x2 + 4x − 60 = 0
9x = 18
x=2 b (x + 10)(x − 6) = 0 ⇒ x = 6 or x = −10
White paint costs $2 per litre. so, x = 6 because x . 0
Therefore, total = 6 + 6 + 4
2 Let x = number of 5c coins.
= 16
Let y = number of 10c coins.
7 1 (x + 1)(3x + 2)
(2x − 1)(x − 1) =  __
x + y = 50 ⇒ 5x + 5y = 250 ① 2
5x + 10y = 420 ⇒ 5x + 10y = 420 2x − 3x + 1 =  1 (3x2 + 5x + 2)
② 2 __
②−① 5y = 170 2
y = 34 4x2 − 6x + 1 = 3x2 + 5x + 2
x = 16 x2 − 11x − 1 = 0
_______________
3 a Distance = speed × time 11 ± √ 121
   − 4 × 1 × − 1 
x = _____________________
     
= 12T _ 2
11 ± √ 125 
5 =  _________
 
1 __
b     hours = ___  11  hours 2
6 6 _
11 − √
125 
c Remaining distance = 64 − 12T But  _________
  , 0⇒ x − 1would be
2
Time taken =  ___ 11  − T negative
6 _
11 + √ 125 
64 − 12T So, x =  _________
 
48 =  _________
d   2
  11 − T
___
Perimeter = x + 1 + 3x + 2
6 __________________
so 88 − 48T = 64 − 12T + √ (  
x + 1) 2 + ( 3x + 2) 2 
= 84.6 cm
  1_  = ______
  _1 _ 
_
8 √ x + ___ d g(x) = 2g(x) − 1
x √ x √ y
√
g(x) = 1
_ 1_ 
(√ x ) 2 + 1 =  ___
√ y 4 − 3x = 1
1_  3x = 3
x + 1 =  ___

y
√ x = 1
1_  − 1
x =  ___
e y = 4 − 3x
y
√
3x = 4 − y
_
√ x + z 4−y
9 y =  ______
_   x = _____
   
x − z
√
3
_ _
(√ x − z)y = √ x + z x ↔ y
_ _
y √ x − yz = √ x + z 4−x
So f−1(x) = _____
   
_ _
y √ x − √ x = z + yz 3
_
√ x ( y − 1) = z(1 + y) f
3(4 − 3x)2 − 3(4 − 3x) − 4 − 4{4 − 3(3x2 −
3x − 4)}
_ z(1 + y)
√ x = _______
 
  = 3(16 − 24x + 9x2) − 12 + 9x − 4 − 16 +
y−1 36x2 − 36x − 48
z 2( 1 + y) 2 = 63x2 − 99x − 32
x =  _________
 
( y − 1) 2
g
4 − 3(4 − 3x) = 17
10 a
fg(x) = (5 − x) − 5
4 − 12 + 9x = 17
= −x ≠ x
9x = 25
So, f (x) ≠ g(x)
−1
25
b g(5 − x) = 5 − (5 − x) x =  ___ 
9
=5−5+x h 3(3x2 − 3x − 4)2 − 3(3x2 − 3x − 4) − 4 −
=x (3x2 − 3x − 4)2
g (x) →5 − x
−1
= 2(3x2 − 3x − 4)2 − 9x2 + 9x + 12 − 4
c fg(x) = −x = 2(9x4 + 9x2 + 16 − 18x3 − 24x2 + 24x) −
d gf(x) = 5 − (x − 5) 9x2 + 9x + 12 − 4
= 10 − x ≠ fg(x) = 18x4 − 36x3 − 39x2 + 57x + 40
11 a f(−2) = 3(−2)2 − 3(−2) − 4 1−x
= 12 + 6 − 4 1 − _____
   
1 1 + x − 1 + x ___
+ x ____________ 2x
= 14 12 a ff(x) = _________
    =   
    =    = x
1 − x 1 + x + 1 − x 2
1 + _____
   
b 3x2 − 3x − 4 = −3 1+x
3x2 − 3x − 3 = 0 1−x
_____________ b f−1(x) = _____
   
3 ± √ 9  
− 4 × 3 × − 1  1+x
x = _________________
     
_ 6
1−x
c fffff(x) = f(x) = _____
   because ff(x) = x
3 ± √ 21  1+x
=  _______  
6 13 f(x) = 3 − 4x
x = −0.264 or 1.264 a f(−1) = 3 − 4(−1) = 7
c 3x2 − 3x − 4 = 0
_____________ b y = 3 − 4x
3 ± √ 9  
− 4 × 3 × − 4 
x = _________________
      4x = 3 − y
6
_ 3−y
3 ± √
57  x =  _____
 
=  _______
  4
6 x ↔ y
x = − 0.758 or 1.758 3−y
So, f−1(x) = _____    
4
c ff−1(4) = 4
5
14  ______   = − 2
2x − 1
5 = −4x + 2
4x = −3
3
x = −  __ 
4
Chapter 23
Getting started c
1 a A – flipped (reflected) across the y-axis
B – rotated 90° clockwise about the origin
C – moved right and down; D – enlarged
b A – reflection
B – rotation
C – translation
D – enlargement
2 a y
c i A, B and C
4
ii D
2
2 a Direction of
y=0x
movement 0 2 4 6
x y −2
If number is
right up
positive −4
If number is
left down b y
negative x=2
(2 )
4
b D C C′ D′
4
2
c A B B′ A′
Q
x
M −2 0 2 4 6
−2
N −4
P
c y
Exercise 23.1
4
1 a
2
y=1
x
−2 0 2 4 6
−2
−4
b
3 a y
C′ B′ B C
3
A
2
D′ D
1
E′ E x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
b B9 = (−1, 3) c y
c A is invariant – A and A9 are the same
2
point.
4 a and b
y x
−2 0
x=1
P P′
4
S Q Q′ S′ −2
R′
2 R"
R y=2
Q" S" 2 a 90° clockwise about (−6, 2.5)
P"
x b 180° about (3.5, 2)
−2 0 2 4 6
c 90° clockwise about (4, 0)
d 180° about (0, 0)
5 a and c e 90° clockwise about (−4, −1)
y
3 a Centre of rotation A; angle of rotation
D D′ 90° clockwise
F 2 F′
(a) b Centre of rotation point on line AC; angle
2 of rotation 180°
E E′
y=1 c Centre of rotation point on line AC; angle
1
of rotation 90° clockwise
E"
x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 a No
(c)
F" −1 b No
D"
c Yes
b F is at (−2, 3)
F9 is at (2, 3) Exercise 23.3
1 a
Exercise 23.2
Image Object
1 a y
4 b
C B
Object Image
B′
2
A
2 A → B(−
a 6) A → C(3 )
x 0 6
0
A → C(−
A → B(  0) 6)
C′ –2 2
b
−7 1
b y
4
A → B(0 ) A → C(  6)
c
5 −3
C
2
3
A B
B′ A′ c
x
−2 0 2 4 6
A
C′
−2
C
B
a
b
d
4 y b y
9
8
7
6 A"
C"
5 A (3, 5)
C 4
(−1, 4)
3
2 A′ B"
1 B (2, 1)
C′ x
−6 −5 −4−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−2 B′
−3 O x
5 X 9 (7, −1) 3 y
Y 9 (6, 4) 7
Z 9 (3, −7) 6
5
6 a and b 4
y C B
3
9 2
M′ (−2, 8)
8 N′ (2, 8) 1
P A x
7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
6 M N
O′ (2, 5)
4   1 ; centre of enlargement (0, −1)
Scale factor __
P′ (−2, 5)
5 2
4 5 Scale factor 1.5; centre of enlargement (4, 2)
3 P O 6 y
2
15
1
x 14
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 13
A
12
11
Exercise 23.4 10
9
1 a Scale factor 2; centre of enlargement 8
D B
7
= (8, 0) 6
b Scale factor 2; centre of enlargement 5
4
= (3, −2) A′ C
3
c Scale factor 2; centre of enlargement (−3, 4) 2 D′ B′
1
C′
d   1 ; centre of enlargement (0, 0)
Scale factor __ 0
x
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
2 a y 7 a 9.6 cm wide
b Length will be tripled.
c No; the image will not be in proportion.
d 2.5 cm long and 1.5 cm wide
8 a Scale factor is 0.75
b 1.78 times smaller
O x
9 a Answers will vary depending on how b y

students view the shapes. There are
5
translations – the large coloured stars
are moved to the right (or left) along 4
a line. There are enlargements of both 3

the star shapes and the frames. There 2
are reflections – for example, the large
1
coloured stars could be reflections of each
other. The smaller shapes containing the x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
blue, orange, green and turquoise stars −1
bottom centre of the design could also be −2
rotations around the centre of the space in
−3
the middle.
−4
b Answers will vary, but could include
−5
translating the larger shapes with the
coloured stars down to fit the spaces in −6
the bottom row, or reflecting that entire −7
row so it fits into the open space.
3 a–c
y
Exercise 23.5
5
1 a y = −x B′
4
b y=x−1
3
c y=2−x
2
2 a y
1
B
C′
5 x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
4 −1
A
3 −2
A′
2 −3
C
1 −4
x −5
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1
4 y
−2
3
F
−3 2
1 D E
−4 P x
−7−6 −5−4−3−2−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−5 −1
−2
−3
−4
−5
−6
−7
5 y 8 y
5 6
A J
4 5
3 4
N K
2 3
C B
2
1
1
x M L
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
–1 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 L′ 1 2 M′3 4 5
−1
B′ ′
C−2
K′ N′
−2
−3
−3 J′
−4
A′ −4
−5 −5
6 y
9 13
y
12 A′ A"
5 11
F′ 10
4 9 A
8
3 7
6
2 C" 5 C′
4 B′ B B" C
3 (2, 5)
1 2
E′ G′ 1 x
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 −9−8−7−6−5−4−3−2−10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
−1
−2
D′ 10 13
y
12
−3 11
10
−4
O′′ P′′ 98
7 Mʹ Nʹ
−5 M N
6
5
−6 N′′ M′′ 4 Pʹ
3 P O Oʹ
2
7 y 1 x
−9−8−7−6−5−4−3−2−10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5
4
M N
Exercise 23.6
3
2 1 (4 )
a
O 6
1
P′ Q P
x (4 )
b
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1Q′ 2 3 4 5 2
−1
O′ −2 (−
c 4)
2
(−
4)
−3
d
−4 2
′ M′
(  6)
N−5
e
−4
(0 )
f
4
(8 )
g
4
(  4)
h
−2
⟶ ⟶
2 P M S 2 GO = 1_2 GC
d  
M ⟶ ⟶
B e
3 DG = 1 CL
Q ⟶ ⟶
A D
R f
6 BE = 2 CL
(2 )
U T N
C P J 3 a
K
8
( 9)
V
L b
21
T W E F
Q ( 4.5)
c
L 10.5
(0.75
i   AB = (
4 )  DC = ( 4 ) 3)
⟶ ⟶ d
3 a
0 0
ii  BC = (
⟶
1 )  
⟶
AD = (
1 ) (1.5
e )
3 3 6
b They are equal. (−
f 36)

− 84
4 (4 )
a
2 g (1.5
)
6
( 5)
⎜ ⎟
b
−1
⎛ __ 5⎞
−  
3
( 6)
h  
c ___35
−1 ⎝ 9 ⎠
−  
( 0)
d
−3 Exercise 23.8
(−
e 4) 1 (  12)
a
3 −6
(5 )
f ( 3)
b
2 −5
Exercise 23.7 2 (  12)

−7
1 a ( 9)
− 21 3 (12
a )
⎜ ⎟
⎛ __ 3⎞
8
 
b   2 ( 8)
b
7 24
⎝−   2 ⎠
__
( − 4)
c
(−6
)
− 12
c
14 (2 )
d
(− 3)
0
d
( 0)
7
e
⎜ ⎟
⎛ __ 9⎞ 12
−  
e   4 (16
f )
21
___ 21
⎝   4 ⎠
(10
g )
(
4.5)
9
f
(−
2)
− 10.5
h
⟶ ⟶ −7
2 a  DF  = 2 JK
⟶ → 4 a 2q − 2p
b   JQ = 1_4 JF 
⟶ 1_ ⟶ b 2p + q
c   HP = 2 HF  
c p−q
5 a x+y d q +  __ 1 p
2
3 a
b  __ (x + y) 10 a   __
4 2
3
c − __  1 x + __
  y b −__
b
 
4 4 2
6 a 2a + 3b a−b
c  _____
3b 2
a +  ___
b 3a + 3b
2 d  _______
c b 4
b 11 (4, 5)
a + __
d  
2 ⟶
12 a   AB = b − a
Exercise 23.9 b
⟶ 1
  AM = __   (b − a)
2
1 a 4.12
⟶ __ 1
b 3.61 c   ON =   a
3
c 4.24
13 a i b−a
d 5
ii  __ 1 (b − a)
e 4.47
3
f 5
__   2 a
iii   1 b − __
g 5.83 6 3
2 a 10.30 iv   b −   2 a
1
__ __
6 3
b 13.04 ⟶ ⟶
b
  MN = NC    1 b − __
(they are both __   2 a) and
c 5 6 3
d 10 they share a common point N, so the
points M, N and C are collinear.
3 a 5
b 13 Perpendicular vectors
c 17 1 Students can draw any perpendicular vectors
to use.
4 a A(4, 2), B(−1, 3), C(6,−2)
2 If your vectors are ( ) and (   ) work
a c
  AB = ( 5)   = ( 7) = (
2)
⟶ ⟶ ⟶ b d
b − , CB − , AC
 
1 5 −4 out ac and bd. You will notice that for all
5 a 10 perpendicular pairs ac = − bd. You can also
b 8.60 write this as ac + bd = 0. The quantity
ac + bdis known as the scalar product of the
6 100 km/h two vectors.
7 6.71 km/h (3 s.f.)
8 b−a
a
Practice questions
3 b 1 a y
5
⟶ ⟶ ⟶
c
  CD = CA 
   
+ AD  4 C
⟶
So CD = − 2a + 3b − a = 3b − 3a = 3 AB 3
So CD is parallel to AB, so the triangles B 2 A
are similar. 1 x
−4 −3 −2 −10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
9 a −p + q −1
2 −p + q
b  __ −2
D
( )
3 −3
2 + ___
c  ___   1
3 3
2 A: reflection about y = 0 (x-axis) 6 a
B: translation ( 3)
y B'(4, 16)
− 16
2
C: enlargement scale factor 2, centre origin
14
D: rotation 90° anticlockwise about the origin
3 a ( 1)
i 12
−3 B(2, 8)
(−
ii 6) 10
A'(4, 10)
3
b
8
A(2, 11) C'(10, 8)
C(5, 7)
m 6
2
4 a (−1, 2)
b Scale factor −2 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 x
5 ( 3)
a b (0, 6)
−2
b Rotation 180° about centre (6, 0) c 2
d 4
c i 10 y
9
8 7 a 10
y
7
6 9
5
4 8
3 7
2
1 x 6
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5 C(9,5)
−2
−3 4
−4
−5 3
−6 B(3,2)
−7 2
1 b A(3,1)
ii 4:1 a x
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
–1 D(0,–1)
–2
b a−b
c |a| = 3.16
8 Translation (
a i 7 ) Practice questions worked
3
ii
Enlargement scale factor 3, solutions
centre origin 1 y
iii Rotation 90°, centre (2, 1) and C
translation (−
3)
1
iv Enlargement scale factor −2, centre B A
(0, 4)
b Shapes B, D
0 x
9 a 7
y
6
D
5
A′(3, 4)
4
B(1, 3)
3 l (b)(i) (4, −7)
2 (a)(i)
C(–1, 2)
1
A(5, 0) x
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1 (a)(ii) B′(3, 1)
−2 2 A: Reflection in x-axis
C′(1, −2)
B: Translation with column vector ( 3)
−3
−4 −
−5 2
−6 C: Enlargement, scale factor 2, centre (0, 0)
−7
D: Rotation 90° anticlockwise about (0, 0)
x
b y = __
ii  
2 3 a i m+n=(
3 − 2)
= (
1)
10 a b+c −4 + 1 −3
b+c+d
b ii 3n = (
3 × − 2) = ( 6)
−
3×1 3
⟶ ⟶
c   = − (b + c)
  DE = 2b and EC
b
So, following the path from B to A to D to 3
E to C,
4
c = −b + (b + c + d) + 2b − (b + c)
c = d + b
⟶
d   AD = b + c + d
= c + c = 2c 4 a Centre is (−1, 2).
So AD is parallel to BC and the b Scale factor is −2.
( 3)
quadrilateral is a trapezium.
5 a
−2
b Rotation, centre (6, 0), 180°
c i y
(−4, 2) (2, 2)
(10, 2)
R
S 0 3 6 10
(−4, −2) (−2, 2)
ii 22 = 4
6 a A1 (4, 16) ii Enlargement, scale factor 3,

centre (0, 0).
y iii
Rotation 90° anticlockwise
about (0, 0).
A (2, 11) B1
(4, 10) iv  2 , centre
Enlargement, scale factor −__
(0, 7). 3
b B, D
C1
B (2, 8) 9 a i and ii.
(0, 6) (10, 8)
C (5, 7)
y

4
l
x
2
b Centre is (0, 6), where the ray lines meet.

c 2 −2 0 2 4 6 x
d 22 = 4
−2
7 a y
C(9, 5) −4
 1  x
Equation of l is y = __
2
10 a b + c
B(3, 2) b b+c+d
E

b
A(3, 1)
a
0 x
C
b a−b=(
3 ) − (
3 ) = ( 0)
c
d
1 2 −1
_ _
c |a| = √ 3 2 + 1 1  = √ 10  = 3.16 B
8 a y D
b
12
11
10 A
9
E 8
⟶ ⟶
 DE  = −d + b + c = 2AB
  = 2b
7
6 C 2b = −d + b + c
5 B So, a + b = c
4
3 ⟶
d  AD  = b + c + d
2 A
D 1 = c + (b + d)
x = c + c
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ⟶
= 2c = 2 BC  
i Translation (
7 ) So, BC is parallel to AD.
3
⇒ ABCD is a parallelogram.
b 9 possible outcomes
Chapter 24 c 3
d 5
Getting started
e 4
1 Statement A: Not correct. You cannot assume
that both outcomes are equally likely. Think 2 a A AA
B AB
about what factors affect the weather. A C AC
D AD
Statement B: Not correct. It is a A BA
misconception that a probability gives the B BB
B C BC
proportion of outcomes that will actually D BD
happen. You can experiment to check this A CA
B CB
statement, but you can also think about a C C CC
simpler example, the probability of heads is D CD
0.5, but this does not mean you will get 10 A DA
B DB
heads if you toss a coin 20 times. D C DC
D DD
Statement C: Not correct. The probability of
b 16
 1 . It is no harder
each number on a dice is __
6 1
c  ___
to roll a 6 than any other number. You may 16
never have rolled four 6s in a row personally,
but you cannot base probability on personal
experience.
Exercise 24.2
Statement D: Not correct. Probability is not 1 1
2 H HH
1
based on patterns of recent events. 2 H
1
2
T HT
2 a % symbol for universal set (sample space) 4 outcomes
1
b Elements only in set A 2 H TH
1
c Elements shared by set A and set B 2 T
1 T TT
2
d Elements not in A or B but contained in
the universal set 2
=
1
P(TT or HH) = 4 2
e Elements only in set B
3 a n(A): number of elements in set A 2 a 8
10 B BB
8
×
8
10 10
A ∪ B: union of set A and B 8
10
B
8 2
2 R BR × 10
A ∩ B: intersection of set A and B 10
10
b n(A): number of elements in region A and 2

8
10 B RB
2
×
8
10 10
any intersections 10
R
2 2
A ∪ B: combine elements of set A and 2
10
R RR 10
×
10
set B with none repeated
A ∩ B: elements in the overlapping region b   1
P(RR) = ___
i
25
8
Exercise 24.1 ii P(RB) + P(BR) = ___
 
25
16
1 a 1st 2nd P(BB) = ___
iii  
draw draw 25
r
r b
g
r
b b
g
r
g b
g
3 a 5
R
12
5 R
12 7
12 W
5
7 12 R
12
W
7
12 W
25
i P(RR) = ____
b  
144
49
P(WW ) = ____
ii  
144
4 a 0.49
b 0.09
c 0.21
d 0.42
e 0.51
5 a 4
4
b  __
9
c   1
__
9
d He is equally likely either to buy two
birds, or to buy one of each.
Frequency trees
1 a
83 Patients
Cold Covid-19
Self-diagnosis
31 52
Cold Covid-19 Cold Covid-19
Actual diagnosis
18 13 20 32 (after testing)
b It clearly shows the outcomes.

c A frequency tree shows the actual data
values and a probability tree shows the
probabilities.
2 a Actual
Cold COVID-19
Self
Cold 18 13
COVID-19 20 32
b Students’ own opinion with justification.
3 a 0.62 5 a
b 41.94% P V
29 27 37
Exercise 24.3
1 1
a  __ 37
2
b   2
__ 32
3 b i  ___
65
c   1
__

93
ii  ____
6 130
d   1
__

27
iii  ____
3
130
e 1 37
iv  ____
2 130
B L 6 a 12
b 3
3 1 5
c 21
11 d 12
7
4 e  ___
a  __ 12
5 12
f  ___
b   1
__ 19
4
7 a
c   11
___ P N
20
3 a
8
H T
11 9
7
1 12 3
14 11
8
4
12
3
b  __
5 G
4 a
P C
b 7
c 14
5 7 8
3
12 = ___
d  ___  
80 20
8 8a x=9
5 b i 102
b i  ___ ii 17
28
5 ii 23
ii  __
7 17
c  ____
iii   1
__ 130
4
1
c  __
Exercise 24.4 4
1 a 1st card 2nd card d   1
___
24
12
51
13
51
3 = 25
13
51
13
51
C T
13
52
13
51 6 9 8
12
51
13 13
52 51
13
51 2
13
52 13
51
3
a  __
13
51
13
12
51
5
52 13
9
___
b  
51
13
17
51
13
51 4 a = 100
13
51
12
51 C A
58 22 20
13 12 ___ 3
i bP(♥♥) = ___
  × ___
  =  
52 51 51
13 12 ___ 3
ii P(♣♣) =  ___ × ___
  =  
52 51 51
26 26 ___ 13 b i 0.58
P(red, black) = ___
iii   × ___
  =  
52 51 51 11 or 0.275
ii  ___
iv P(♥♥ given first card is ♥) =  ___ 12 = ___
  4 40
51 17 60
5 a  ____ = 0.247
2 a 1
C 243
B 2
D
37
1 A
1
C 1
B b  ___ = 0.617
4 3 2
D 60
B
D 1
48
2
C c  ____ = 0.350
1
C 137
A 2
D 71
1 B 1
C 1
A d  ____ = 0.444
4 3 2
D 160
1
A
D 2
C 6 2n − 1
B 4n B
1
A 2
D
1
A 2n B
1 C 3 B 1
2
4 D 4n + 1
A G
D 1
2
B
B
A
1
2 B
C
A 2n + 1
1
1 D 3 B 1
2 4n + 1 G
4 C
1
A
C 2n
2
B G
4n
1
i  ___
b
24
1
ii  ___
24
iii 0
P(2 counters same colour) 9 a Locker 1 Locker 2 Locker 3
= P(BB or GG) 1
Sam Kerry
2n 2n + 1 ___
2n − 1 ______ 2n Raju 1
=  ______ × ______
  +   ×   1 2
Kerry 1 Sam
4n + 1 4n 4n + 1 4n 3
1
Raju 1 Kerry
3
4 n 2 − 2n 4 n 2 + 2n Sam 1
=  _________ + _________
  2
Kerry 1 Raju
4n(n + 1) 4n(n + 1) 1 1
3 Raju Sam
1
8 n 2 Kerry
=  _________ 2
Sam 1 Raju
4n(n + 1)
2n b Conditional – once the first name is
=  _____ chosen it cannot be chosen again, so the
n+1
second choice depends on the first, and so
7 a S on.
O K
A c 1 way
O
S K d 6 ways
A
e  __ 1
O 12 outcomes
K S 6
A
O   4
10 ___
A S 15
K
11 a Friday Saturday
1
b  ___ 0.83 Rain
12
Rain
c   1
___ 0.21
0.17 No rain
12
8 a L 0.3 Rain
M 0.79 No rain
1
Sn 5 R No rain
B 0.7
Sm
Sn b i 0.1743
M
1 1
R
ii 0.4113
6 L 5
B
1
12 P(rain both days) =  ___
Sm
1 Sn 50
6
L 96
M
1
R P(sun both days) =  ____
1
6
5
B 125
Sm 53
Sn P(1 day sun and 1 day rain) =  ____
1
6
250
L
1
R 5 M 13 a 5
Goes windsurfing
1 8
6
B 3 Good wind
Sm 4 3
Does not go windsurfing
Sn 8
1
6 L 1
1
B 5 M 1
16 Goes windsurfing
R 4 Not a good wind
Sm
15
16 Does not go windsurfing
Sn
15
Sm 1
L b  ___
5 M 32
R 33
B c  ___
64
1
b  ___ 31
d   ____
30 128
Practice questions 6 H G
1 a Starter Main Dessert

C L 6 7 a+b−4
I
R L
I 4
Soup L
F I 9 3
V L
I
C L a b
I
R L
Salad I
L S
F I
V L
I 19
n
1 7 a i  _____ 
b  ___ n+5
16
n 2 − n
2 a 10 ii  ____________ or equivalent
n + 9n + 20
2
b P(maths) = 0.84
n2 − n 7
c P(maths or physics) = 0.96 b  ____________  = ___
 
n + 9n + 20
2 22
84
3 a i  ____ = __  2 ⇒ 22(n2 − n) = 7(n2 + 9n + 20)
210 5
148 74 ⇒ 22n2 − 22n = 7n2 + 63n + 140
ii  ____ = ____
 
210 105
1320 44 ⇒ 22n2 − 22n − 7n2 − 63n − 140 = 0
b  _____ = ___
 
2730 91 ⇒ 15n2 − 85n − 140 = 0
4 a
Music Maths ⇒ 3n2 − 17n − 28 = 0
c n=7
35
12 25 78
P(exactly one black and one white) = ___
 
66
25
b P(music) = 0.264
c P(music given maths) = 0.243
5 a A B
c j
p
b
h
o a e
i f g q
d
r
u v
x t l
s m n w
k C y
b i {a}
ii {b, c, p}
iii {p}

solutions
1 a 1
2 Lassi
1 Curry
4 Ice cream
1
1 2 Lassi
4 Roti
Soup 1 Ice cream
4 Lassi
1 Fish
2 1 Ice cream
4 Lassi
Vegetarian
Ice cream
1
2 Lassi
1 Curry
4 Ice cream
1 1
2 1 2 Lassi
4 Roti
Salad 1 Ice cream
4 Lassi
Fish
1 Ice cream
4 Lassi
Vegetarian
Ice cream
b  1  ×  __
P(soup, curry, ice cream) = __ 1  × __
  1  = ___
  1  
2 4 2 16
2 a 10
130 + 80 ____ 210 ___
b  ________  =     =   21 
250 250 25
240 24
c  ____  = ___
   
250 25
3 i a
P(at least one green) = 1 − P(no green)
9 8
= 1 − ___     × ___
   
15 14
72
= 1 −  ____ 
210
148 74
=  ____  = ____
   
210 105
1 − P(same colour) = 1 − (
15 14 15 14 15 14 )
5 3 6 5
ii ___
    × ___   4   + ___
  4   × ___    + ___    × ___
   
20 + 12 + 30
= 1 −  ____________  
210
148 74
=  ____  = ____
   
210 105
10
b P(brown, not brown, not brown) × 3 = 3 × ___   4   × ___
  11  ×  ___ 
15 14 13
44 
=  ___
91
n
_____
4 a 7 a i    
Ma Mu n+5
n n(n − 1)
n − 1 ____________
ii  _____  × _____
    =      
n + 5 n + 4 (n + 5)(n + 4)
103 − x x 37 − x n(n − 1) 7
b  ____________
    = ___    
( n + 5)( n + 4) 22

22n(n − 1) = 7(n + 4)(n + 5)
25

22n  2− 22n = 7n 2 + 63n + 140
25 + 103 − x + x + 37 − x = 140
15n  2− 85n − 140 = 0
154 − x = 140 3n  2− 17n − 28 = 0
x = 25 c
(3n + 4)( n − 7) = 0
b 25 + 12 = 37 n = − __   4 or 7 but n . 0
25 3
c  ____  so, n = 7
103
Therefore, P(exactly one of each)
5 i
Z S = P(W, B) + P(B, W)
k 7 5 5 7
P c B = ___  × ___     + ___
    ×  ___ 
b 12 11 12 11
A h
70
=  ____ 
i
a
e
121
w
g
l f
q
d Past paper questions
n t
x m 1 a stationary
r C
j v u b The student is travelling fastest between
y the time 1300 and 1320 because the graph
is steepest then.
ii a {a}
2 a i
b {b, c, h, p}
%
c {p}
E M
6
5
H G 10 3
2 6
c 7 b 4
4 12 9
8
9 3 1 7
a
S d
ii 2
  2   = __
iii ___   1 
12 6
a+d=b+c−2
b No. 2 is prime and even.
a + b + c + d + 29 = 59 (Total number)
a + b + c + d = 30 3 Maxi travels 20 km before Pippa starts.
We need b + c = a + d Now 110 km apart.
110
= 32 − (b + 2) Both travel   ____ = 55 km further.
2
b + c = 16 20 + 55 = 75 km
4 a i enlargement, scale factor 4, centre of

enlargement (−4, −5)
ii rotation through 90° clockwise about
origin
b i and ii
y
4
3
C
2
1
A'
−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5x
−1
−2
B
−3
−4
A b
−5
−6
−7
8
c     = 2 ⇒ b = tan  −1 (2) = 63.4°
tan b = __
4
d Yes, they have the same three angles.
90° − 63.4°
=26.6
D
B
63.4° 63.4° E
5 a i
1.125 × 152 = 171
3
ii 152 + 171 + __    × 152 = 380
8
b 152 : 171 : 57
c 8 rows
d i $6 is 4 parts so 1 part is $1.50.
7 × 1.5 = $10.50
ii 9 × 1.5 = $13.50
iii 120 × $13.50 + 136 × $10.50 + 30 × 6
= $3228
3228
iv  _____ = 71.7%
4500
6 a rotation 90⁰ anticlockwise about (0, 0)

b enlargement, scale factor 3, centre (5, −7)
c and d y
9
8
7
B' 6
5 C
4
3
2
1
−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9x
−1
−2 A'
−3 A
B −4
−5
−6
−7
−8
−9
7 a (14 )

−6
b (− 12)
21
_
8 20 = k √ 25  = 5k ⇒ k = 4
_
y = 4 √ 36  = 24
9 a
i rotation 90⁰ anticlockwise about
(0, −1)
 1  centre
enlargement, scale factor __
ii
(6, 6) 3
b y
10
4
A'
2
C
−8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
−2
−4
−6 B
A
−8
−10
⟶ ⟶ ⟶
10   OS =   OP +   PS
⟶
4  ( PQ) 
= a +  __
9
= a +  __ 4  (−a + b)
9
5
=  __  a + __  4  b
9 9
11 2 × __  1  × __
  1  =  ___   1  
1  × 2 = ___
5 4 20 10
12 a fg(x) = 4(5x − 4) + 3 = 20x − 13
p = −13
5x − 1
y =  ______
b  
3
3y = 5x − 1
3y + 1
x = ______
   
5
3x + 1
h  −1(x) = ______
   
5
  k 2  5 = __
13 m = _______   k  ∴ k = 45
( p − 1)  9
45
m =  _______2 
( p − 1) 
45
m =  ___ 
25
9
=  __ 
5
14 a i 3m =(15
)
21
_ _
ii √ 10  2 + 24  2  = √ 676 = 26
⟶ ⟶ ⟶ 3
b   OE = OA
    = p+  __  q
+ AE
4
15 a i $7680 ii $34 240
b $5306.04
c 26.7%
36 515
 ______ = $33 500
d
1.09
9 5
e ___    (x + 290) = ___     x
22 12
x = 15 660
5
∴ Arun paid ___    × 15 660 = $6525
12
9
16 a 9 m s−1 in 50 s ___     = 0.18 m/s2
50
1000
b deceleration = 1944 ×  ___________  
3600 × 3600
= 0.15 m/s2
9
time =   _____   = 60 s
0.15
c y
9
Speed (m/s)
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 x
Time (s)
d  1 × 50 × 9 + (130 × 9) + __
distance = __  1 × 60 × 9 = 225 + 1395 + 270 = 1890 m
2 2
time = 240 s
1890
average speed =  _____ = 7.88m/s
240
17 a %
P Q
b %
M C
34 − x 34 − x
x
=6 …… = 11
…… ……
= 28
5
……
73 − x + 5 = 50
x = 28
c i 8
ii 11
iii 29
iv (C ∩ S ) ∩ B9
19
v ___
   
30
3
4   × ___
vi  ___   12   = ___
    = ____   2  
19 18 342 57
15 1 8 + 7 __
vii p(A) = ___     = __    p(B) = _____
    =   1  Same probability means they are equally likely.
30 2 30 2
18 a i 1.991 × 103
2(s − ut)
1  at  2 = s − ut ⇒ a = ________
ii  __    
2 t  2
b i (2x + 3)(x − 1) − (x + 1)(x − 2) = 62
2 x  2 + x − 3 − (x  2 − x − 2) = 62
x  2+ 2x − 1 = 62
x  2+ 2x − 63 = 0
ii (x + 9)(x − 7)
iii x = −9 or x = 7
_______________________________
19 a BC = √ 8   
0  2 + 115  2− 2 × 80 × 115 × cos 72° = 118.1 m
sin ABC ______sin 72
b  ________
  =    
115 118.1
ABC = 67.8°
c i 255⁰
ii 7.2⁰
d 11.8 km/h
distance
e  ________
 = sin 72
80
distance = 80 sin 72 = 76.1
76.1 m
20 a (32)2 + 1 = 82
x+2
b  _____
 
7
c gg(x) = (x2 + 1)2 + 1 = x4 + 2x2 + 2
a = 1, b = 2, c = 2
d 3  7x−2 = 81
3  7x−2 = 3  4
7x − 2 = 4
7x = 8
8
x =  __ 
7
21 a i 1.5 , h < 1.6
ii 1.62 m
7
14   = ___
i  ____
b    
120 60
ii 3(___
60 119 118 ) 20 060
7 7 6
    × ____
    × ____
    21  
  = ______
c i Height (h metres) h < 1.4 h < 1.5 h < 1.6 h < 1.7 h < 1.8 h < 1.9
Cumulative frequency 7 25 55 79 106 120
ii y
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 h
Height (m)
d i approximately equal to 1.63 m

ii 1.59 m

Igcse Maths 3ed Coursebook Answers

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CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ MATHEMATICS: CORE & EXTENDED COURSEBOOK

2 a 4 conjecture is much more difficult to prove

Why do mathematicians find prime numbers Exercise 1.8

Exercise 1.9 Exercise 1.11

6 Correct to 3 significant figures c i 65 240

d 33 2 Product = −36, which is negative ​⇒​ one

b LCM = 22 × 32 × 5 So, A must be 7. The possibilities are:

(​ 9 ​ + ​ 8 ​)​ × ​6​​ ​

​​​(​​(​√ 2 ​ )​​​ ​+ 23)​​​ ​​

​ ​)​​​ ​ = ​​(​ ___ √

4a $(3x + 2y) l 13xyz

a−c a+b+c a−b x−1 x+1 x

a+b a−b−c a+c

b Yes. Student’s own magic squares or

2 a 2x2 + 2xy p 6x2 + 12x − 9

Exercise 2.9 g x=2

c k ​​ _________ ​ × ​ ________ ​​

d E 4 60° and 120°

General results c angle ACE = 53° (angles on straight line)

d angle MLQ = 180° − 110° Exercise 3.7

2a x = 99° (co-interior angles supplementary) Q

d x = 112° (opposite angles of || gram)

Practice questions worked f

9 Check by measurement. 14 a Angle UVP is alternate with angle VPQ = a

Pictogram Bar chart Pie chart Line graph

Categorical data Numerical data

Brand of toothpaste used Shoe size

2 a Continuous e i Use existing data

2 a Amount ($) 0−9.99 10−19.99 20−29.99 30−39.99 40−49.99 50−59.99

3 Call length Frequency

Exercise 4.4 Exercise 4.5

2 Answers may vary depending on the scale

represents 25 000 000 arrivals

b African countries with the highest HIV/AIDS

2 a Temperature (ºC) 32−34 35−37 38−40 41−43

b Average summer temperature in 20 Middle East cities

3 a Local and international visitors on a

b Local and international visitors on a

Exercise 4.9 match they are even happier because their

2 Home language of people passing Exercise 4.10

1 ​​ d It dropped fairly steadily, returning to the

2 Students’ own discussions. For example, the 3 ​​| | | |​ | ​ 6

c No. of broken Tally Frequency 4 a Discrete

Means 4000 Means 1000

1 ​ = ​2​​ −5​​ 180° − 38°

b ​2​​ 3​ = ​(​2​​ 2​)​​ p​

b It is possible. For example: Exercise 5.2

12.50 7 13.44 3 a 0.000 025 kg

199.50 20 249.38 4 4.0208 × 1013 km

99.00 25 132.00 5 8.4 × 10−2 mm

Investigation: Standard form on a calculator 3 a 2.596 × 106

4 a 2.731 × 10−2 Practice questions worked

5 8.64 × 104 seconds 5 ​​3​​​ 1​

11 $1800 × 1.02 = $1836

2 a 7(3u − 7v + 5w) 2 They are all divisible by 3.

g 55.7 cm2 (3 s.f.)

d 24 cm2 6 2 × 12 cm pizza ≈ 226.2 cm2 and 24 cm

2 a Trapezium-based prism 6 1110 cm3 (3 s.f.)

− ​(p × ​​(________ )​​​ ​ × 35)​​cm​​ 3​

​2 × ​[p × ( ​​​ ​]​ + (​ p × 10.4 × 35)​ + [​ p × ​(10.4 − 1)​ × 35]​​cm​​ 2​

​ ×( ​ ​)​​​ ​× 1.5 = 2.31​ m3

8 Each sloping face is a trapezium.

Therefore, surface area

=​​12​​ 2​ + ​6​​ 2​+ 4 × (

d 33 2 Product = −36, which is negative ⇒ one

(  9  +   8 ) × 6 

((√ 2  )  + 23) 

   )  = ( ___ √

c k  _   ×    

1 d It dropped fairly steadily, returning to the

2 Students’ own discussions. For example, the 3 | | | | | 6

1   = 2  −5 180° − 38°

b 2  3 = (2  2) p

5 8.64 × 104 seconds 5 3  1

11 $1800 × 1.02 = $1836

− (p × (________ ) × 35)cm 3

2 × [p × ( ] + ( p × 10.4 × 35) + [ p × (10.4 − 1) × 35]cm 2

×(    )  × 1.5 = 2.31 m3

=12  2 + 6  2+ 4 × (

Probability x x x x   1 

  1  n(n + 1)

c 210 = __  1  n(n + 1)

Therefore, y =   1  x +

⇒ u 4 + 2 u 2v 2 + v 4 = u 4 + 2 u 2v 2 + v 4

a  2+ b  2 = ( uv)  2 + (_______

4 (uv)  2 + ( u  2− v  2)   2

So, c  2= a  2+ b  2

45.2 % < (   × 100) , 46.7%

estimates from the graph.   √

9   1  (3x − 2) . 2

Diagonal length = ( √