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Cupid and Psyche - Wikipedia
Cupid and Psyche - Wikipedia
In Apuleius
Violation of trust
The Wedding Banquet of Cupid and Psyche (1517) by Raphael and his workshop,
from the Loggia di Psiche, Villa Farnesina
Classical tradition
Apuleius's novel was among the ancient texts that
made the crucial transition from roll to codex form
when it was edited at the end of the 4th century. It
was known to Latin writers such as Augustine of
Hippo, Macrobius, Sidonius Apollinaris, Martianus
Capella, and Fulgentius, but toward the end of the
6th century lapsed into obscurity and survived what
was formerly known as the "Dark Ages" through
perhaps a single manuscript.[34] The Metamorphoses
remained unknown in the 13th century,[35] but copies
began to circulate in the mid-1300s among the early
humanists of Florence.[36] Boccaccio's text and
interpretation of Cupid and Psyche in his Genealogia
deorum gentilium (written in the 1370s and published
1472) was a major impetus to the reception of the
tale in the Italian Renaissance and to its
dissemination throughout Europe.[37]
One of the most popular images from the tale was
Psyche's discovery of a naked Cupid sleeping, found in
ceramics, stained glass, and frescos. Mannerist
painters were intensely drawn to the scene.[38] In
England, the Cupid and Psyche theme had its "most
lustrous period" from 1566 to 1635, beginning with
the first English translation by William Adlington. A
fresco cycle for Hill Hall, Essex, was modeled indirectly
after that of the Villa Farnesina around 1570,[39] and
Thomas Heywood's masque Love's Mistress
dramatized the tale to celebrate the wedding of
Charles I and Henrietta Maria, who later had her
withdrawing chamber decorated with a 22-painting
Cupid and Psyche cycle by Jacob Jordaens. The cycle
took the divinization of Psyche as the centerpiece of
the ceiling, and was a vehicle for the Neoplatonism
the queen brought with her from France.[40] The
Cupid and Psyche produced by Orazio Gentileschi for
the royal couple shows a fully robed Psyche whose
compelling interest is psychological, while Cupid is
mostly nude.[41]
Translations
Origins
Performing arts
Modern Adaptations
Psychology
Ancient art
Modern era
[122]
Paintings
See also
Visual arts
portal
References
1. Dorothy Johnson, David to Delacroix: The Rise of
Romantic Mythology (University of North Carolina
Press, 2011), pp. 81–87.
2. Lewis, C. S. (1956). Till We Have Faces: A Myth
Retold (https://archive.org/details/tillwehavefacesm
00lewi_0) . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 311 (http
s://archive.org/details/tillwehavefacesm00lewi_0/pa
ge/311) . ISBN 0156904365.
3. Stephen Harrison, entry on "Cupid," The Oxford
Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome (Oxford
University Press, 2010), p. 338.
4. Wagenvoort, H. (1980). "Cupid and Psyche". Pietas.
pp. 84–92. doi:10.1163/9789004296688_007 (h
ttps://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004296688_00
7) . ISBN 9789004296688.
5. Harrison, "Cupid and Psyche," in Oxford Encyclopedia
of Ancient Greece and Rome, p. 339.
6. Harrison, "Cupid and Psyche," Oxford Encyclopedia of
Ancient Greece and Rome, p. 338.
7. Entry on "Apuleius", in The Classical Tradition
(Harvard University Press, 2010), pp. 56–57.
8. E.J. Kenney, Apuleius: Cupid and Psyche (Cambridge
University Press, 1990), pp. 22–23
9. Papaioannou, Sophia (1 January 1998). "Charite's
Rape, Psyche on the Rock and the Parallel Function of
Marriage in Apuleius' Metamorphoses". Mnemosyne.
51 (3): 302–324.
doi:10.1163/1568525982611506 (https://doi.or
g/10.1163%2F1568525982611506) .
JSTOR 4432843 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/44
32843) . ProQuest 1299144271 (https://search.pr
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10. Jane Kingsley-Smith, Cupid in Early Modern
Literature and Culture (Cambridge University Press,
2010), p. 164.
11. The following summary is condensed from the
translation of Kenney (Cambridge University Press,
1990), and the revised translation of W. Adlington
by S. Gaseless for the Loeb Classical Library (Harvard
University Press, 1915), with reference to the
accompanying Latin text.
12. Papaioannou, "Charite's Rape, Psyche on the Rock,"
p. 319.
13. Max Nelson, "Narcissus: Myth and Magic," Classical
Journal 95.4 (2000), p. 364, citing S. Lancel,
"Curiositas et préoccupations spirituelles chez
Apulée," Revue de l'histoire des religions 160
(1961), pp. 41–45.
14. By the 6th-century mythographer Fulgentius; Joel C.
Relihan, Apuleius: The Tale of Cupid and Psyche
(Hackett, 2009), p. 65.
15. Cakes were often offerings to the gods, particularly in
Eleusinian religion; cakes of barley meal moistened
with honey, called prokonia (προκώνια), were
offered to Demeter and Kore at the time of first
harvest. See Allaire Brumfield, “Cakes in the liknon:
Votives from the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore on
Acrocorinth,” Hesperia 66 (1997) 147–172.
16. Apuleius describes it as served in a cup, though
ambrosia is usually regarded as a food and nectar as a
drink.
17. Philip Hardie, Rumour and Renown: Representations
of Fama in Western Literature (Cambridge University
Press, 2012), p. 116; Papaioannou, "Charite's Rape,
Psyche on the Rock," p. 321.
18. Relihan, The Tale of Cupid and Psyche, p. 79.
19. Stephen Harrison, "Divine Authority in 'Cupid and
Psyche': Apuleius Metamorphoses 6,23–24," in
Ancient Narrative: Authors, Authority, and
Interpreters in the Ancient Novel. Essays in Honor of
Gareth L. Schmeling (Barkhuis, 2006), p. 182.
20. Harrison, "Divine Authority in 'Cupid and Psyche'," p.
179.
21. Harrison, "Divine Authority in 'Cupid and Psyche'," p.
182.
22. Ariane van Suchtelen and Anne T. Woollett, Rubens
and Brueghel: A Working Friendship (Getty
Publications, 2006), p. 60; Susan Maxwell, The
Court Art of Friedrich Sustris: Patronage in Late
Renaissance Bavaria (Ashgate, 2011), pp. 172, 174.
23. Van Suchtelen and Woollett, Rubens and Brueghel, p.
60; Maxwell, The Court Art of Friedrich Sustris, p.
172.
24. Martha Hollander, An Entrance for the Eyes: Space and
Meaning in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Art
(University of California Press, 2002), pp. 11–12.
25. Michelle Facos, An Introduction to 19th Century Art
(Routledge, 2011), p. 20.
26. Manuscript Vat. Lat. 2194, Biblioteca Apostolica
Vaticana.
27. Danuta Shanzer, A Philosophical and Literary
Commentary on Martianus Capella's De Nuptiis
Philologiae et Mercurii Book 1 (University of
California Press, 1986), p. 69.
28. Relihan, The Tale of Cupid and Psyche, p. 59.
29. Martianus Capella, De Nuptiis 7; Chance, Medieval
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Cupid and Psyche in Apuleius' fabula, crucible of all
the fairy-tales in the world". In: The Tale of Cupid
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722-2.
31. Patricia Cox Miller, "'The Little Blue Flower Is Red':
Relics and the Poeticizing of the Body," Journal of
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33. Relihan, The Tale of Cupid and Psyche, p. 64.
34. Robert H.F. Carver, "The Rediscovery of the Latin
Novels," in Latin Fiction: The Latin Novel in Context
(Routledge, 1999), p. 257; Regine May, "The
Prologue to Apuleius' Metamorphoses and Coluccio
Salutati: MS Harley 4838," in Ancient Narrative.
Lectiones Scrupulosae: Essays on the Text and
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of Maaike Zimmerman (Barkhuis, 2006), p. 282.
35. Carver, "The Rediscovery of the Latin Novels," p.
259.
36. May, "The Prologue to Apuleius' Metamorphoses,"
pp. 282–284.
37. Jane Kingsley-Smith, Cupid in Early Modern
Literature and Culture (Cambridge University Press,
2010), pp. 11, 165.
38. Kingsley-Smith, Cupid in Early Modern Literature and
Culture, p. 168.
39. Kingsley-Smith, Cupid in Early Modern Literature and
Culture, pp. 163, 168. The fresco cycle,
commissioned by Sir Thomas Smith, was based on
engravings by the Master of the Die and Agostino
Veneziano (1536), which had been taken from the
work of Michiel Coxie that was modeled on the
Loggia di Psiche.
40. Kingsley-Smith, Cupid in Early Modern Literature and
Culture, p. 173.
41. Kingsley-Smith, Cupid in Early Modern Literature and
Culture, p. 176.
42. Ewa Lajer-Burchart, Necklines: The Art of Jacques-
Louis David After the Terror (Yale University Press,
1999), pp. 278–279.
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46. As described by a contemporary reviewer of the new
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56. "The tale [of Cupid and Psyche] has most of the
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here what certainly appears to be a real tale of the
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57. "Nous possêdons encore, dans l'histoire de Psyche,
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95. , entry on "Apuleius," Classical Tradition, p. 56.
96. Neumann, Erich. Amor and Psyche: The psychic
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in Novels by Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century
British Women (Associated University Presses,
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98. Levin, The Suppressed Sister, p. 14.
99. Relihan, The Tale of Cupid and Psyche, p. xvii; Jean
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104. Jean Bagnall Smith, "Votive Objects and Objects of
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105. Dominic Perring, "'Gnosticism' in Fourth-Century
Britain: The Frampton Mosaics Reconsidered,"
Britannia 34 (2003), p. 119, citing also M. Henig,
"Death and the Maiden: Funerary Symbolism in Daily
Life," in Roman Life and Art in Britain, British
Archaeological Reports 41 (Oxford, 1977).
106. "Audio slide show, online at "Hidden Treasures of
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107. R.L. Gordon, "Franz Cumont and the Doctrines of
Mithraism," in Mithraic Studies (Manchester
University Press, 1975), p. 239.
108. Leo Steinberg, The Sexuality of Christ in Renaissance
Art and in Modern Oblivion (University of Chicago
Press, 1983, 2nd ed. 1996), p. 5.
109. Gaisser, The Fortunes of Apuleius and The Golden
Ass, p. 20.
110. Entry on "Apuleius," Classical Tradition, p. 57.
111. According to Maria Grazia Pernis and Laurie
Schneider Adams, Lucrezia Tornabuoni De' Medici and
the Medici Family in the Fifteenth Century (Peter
Lang, 2006), p. 24, the Medici family commissioned
a pair illustrating the tale for the wedding of
Lucrezia Tornabuoni and Piero di Cosimo de' Medici
in 1444, owing perhaps to the appeal of Boccaccio's
allegory to the intellectual but devout Piero. Other
scholars hold the same view, but 1470 is perhaps the
more widely accepted date. See Julia Haig Gaisser,
The Fortunes of Apuleius and The Golden Ass: A
Study in Transmission and Reception (Princeton
University Press, 2008), p. 119, especially note 193
for further sources. In that case, the chests were
created for the wedding of Lorenzo de' Medici,
Piero's son, and Clarice Orsini.
112. Gaisser, The Fortunes of Apuleius, p. 119.
113. Bull, pp. 342-343
114. Vera Schuster, "The Pre-Raphaelites in Oxford,"
Oxford Art Journal 1 (1978), p. 7.
115. J. Kirk T. Varnedoe with Elizabeth Streicher, Graphic
Works of Max Klinger (Dover, 1977), p. 78.
116. The engraving at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (h
ttp://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/200
0.113) ; at the British Museum, in sections (http
s://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_onlin
e/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=147773
0&partId=1&searchText=1852,1211.63&page=1) ;
Bull, 342–343
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Ethnologie française. 21 (4): 386–391.
JSTOR 40989292 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/409
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Benson, Geoffrey C. (2018). "Cupid and Psyche and the
Illumination of the Unseen". In Cueva, Edmund; Harrison,
Stephen; Mason, Hugh; Owens, William; Schwartz,
Saundra (eds.). Re-Wiring The Ancient Novel, 2 Volume
set: Volume 1: Greek Novels, Volume 2: Roman Novels
and Other Important Texts. Vol. 24. Barkhuis. pp. 85–
116. ISBN 978-94-92444-56-1.
JSTOR j.ctvggx289.30 (https://www.jstor.org/stabl
e/j.ctvggx289.30) .
Bonilla y San Martin, Adolfo. El mito de Psyquis: un
cuento de niños, una tradición simbólica y un estudio
sobre el problema fundamental de la filosofía. Barcelona:
Imprenta de Henrich y Cia. 1908.
Edwards, M. J. (1992). "The Tale of Cupid and
Psyche". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 94:
77–94. JSTOR 20188784 (https://www.jstor.org/sta
ble/20188784) .
Felton, D. (1 October 2013). "Apuleius' Cupid
Considered as a Lamia ( Metamorphoses 5.17-18)".
Illinois Classical Studies. 38: 229–244.
doi:10.5406/illiclasstud.38.0229 (https://doi.org/10.
5406%2Filliclasstud.38.0229) .
Gaisser, Julia Haig (2017). "Cupid and Psyche". A
Handbook to the Reception of Classical Mythology.
pp. 337–351. doi:10.1002/9781119072034.ch23 (h
ttps://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119072034.ch23) .
ISBN 9781119072034.
E. J. Kenney (Ed.), Apuleius. Cupid and Psyche -
Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics. Cambridge
University Press. 1990. ISBN 0-521-26038-8.
Morwood, James (2010). "Cupid Grows Up". Greece &
Rome. 57 (1): 107–116.
doi:10.1017/S0017383509990301 (https://doi.org/
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JSTOR 40929430 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/409
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related by Apuleius. London: George Bell and Sons. 1910.
pp. xlvii-li.
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Folkloristic analysis:
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External links
Wikisource has original text related to this
article:
Cupid and Psyche
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cupid
and Psyche.
Tales Similar to Beauty and the Beast (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20170728093929/http://ww
w.surlalunefairytales.com/beautybeast/other.html)
(Texts of Cupid and Psyche and similar monster or
beast as bridegroom tales, mostly of AT-425C
form, with hyperlinked commentary).
Robert Bridges' Eros and Psyche at archive.org (htt
ps://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%2
2Bridges%2C%20Robert%20Seymour%2C%20184
4-1930%22%20eros) : PDF (https://archive.org/
details/cu31924013439025) or read online (htt
ps://archive.org/stream/cu31924013439025#pa
ge/n81/mode/2up)
Mary Tighe, Psyche or, the Legend of Love (1820)
HTML (http://web.nmsu.edu/~hlinkin) or PDF (h
ttp://web.nmsu.edu/~hlinkin/Psyche)
"Cupid and Psyche". A poem by Letitia Elizabeth
Landon from The Literary Souvenir, 1827.
Walter Pater, Marius the Epicurean, chapter 5
(1885)
Gutenberg Project: Walter Pater, Marius the
Epicurean, Vol. 1 (https://www.gutenberg.or
g/ebooks/4057) (plain text)
Blackmask: Walter Pater, Marius the
Epicurean: chapter 5 (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20060213105907/http://www.blac
kmask.com/books57c/7mrs1dex.htm)
Victorian Prose: Walter Pater, Marius the
Epicurean, Vol. 1 (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20070928061838/http://www.victoria
nprose.org/texts/Pater/Works/mar_85_1.p
df) (PDF)
The Baldwin Project: The Enchanted Palace
(http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?aut
hor=peabody&book=greek&story=cupid)
and The Trial of Psyche (http://www.mainles
son.com/display.php?author=peabody&book=
greek&story=psyche)
Thomas Bulfinch, The Age of Fable (1913)
Folktexts: Cupid and Psyche (http://www.pit
t.edu/~dash/cupid.html) by D. L. Ashliman
Hermetic Philosophy: Cupid and Psyche (http://ww
w.plotinus.com/myth_cupid_psyche_copy.htm)
(Illustrated with painting and sculpture.)
Cupid and Psyche: A New Play in Blank Verse (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20131112010158/htt
p://www.cupidandpsyche.net/)
Turn to Flesh Productions (http://www.turntofles
h.com)
Edwards, Lee R. (1979). "The Labors of Psyche:
Toward a Theory of Female Heroism". Critical
Inquiry. 6 (1): 33–49. doi:10.1086/448026 (ht
tps://doi.org/10.1086%2F448026) .
JSTOR 1343084 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/
1343084) . S2CID 162110603 (https://api.sem
anticscholar.org/CorpusID:162110603) .
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