This document summarizes different philosophies of education including their proponents and applications to teaching:
1. Perennialism focuses on teaching students to think rationally through exposure to great works of literature and science. Positivism uses scientific evidence and experiments to reveal truths about society.
2. Behaviorism gives full control to the teacher to maintain discipline through rewards and consequences for student behavior.
3. Essentialism aims to teach basic skills through difficult topics to prepare students for the next level. Progressivism is student-centered and uses projects and portfolios for evaluation.
4. Reconstructionism strives to instill a desire in students to improve the world through controversial issues. Constructivism
This document summarizes different philosophies of education including their proponents and applications to teaching:
1. Perennialism focuses on teaching students to think rationally through exposure to great works of literature and science. Positivism uses scientific evidence and experiments to reveal truths about society.
2. Behaviorism gives full control to the teacher to maintain discipline through rewards and consequences for student behavior.
3. Essentialism aims to teach basic skills through difficult topics to prepare students for the next level. Progressivism is student-centered and uses projects and portfolios for evaluation.
4. Reconstructionism strives to instill a desire in students to improve the world through controversial issues. Constructivism
This document summarizes different philosophies of education including their proponents and applications to teaching:
1. Perennialism focuses on teaching students to think rationally through exposure to great works of literature and science. Positivism uses scientific evidence and experiments to reveal truths about society.
2. Behaviorism gives full control to the teacher to maintain discipline through rewards and consequences for student behavior.
3. Essentialism aims to teach basic skills through difficult topics to prepare students for the next level. Progressivism is student-centered and uses projects and portfolios for evaluation.
4. Reconstructionism strives to instill a desire in students to improve the world through controversial issues. Constructivism
PHILOSOPHY TEACHING Perennialism Thomas Aquinas (1224 – Perennialism is a subject- 1274) centered philosophy in which Jacques Martin (1882 – 1973) the educator teaches students to think rationally. A perennial classroom is organized and well- disciplined, and teachers try to guide the thought process of students towards appreciation of great works such as literature and science discoveries. Positivism Auguste Comte (1789 – Positivism describes an 1857) approach to education that uses scientific evidence such as statistics and experiments to reveal a truth about how a society functions. It replaces political and religious ideas with pure science. The classes that fall under this approach could be engineering, computer science, theoretical physics, and biology. Behaviorism John B. Watson (1878 – This teacher-centered system 1958) gives full control to the educator, who maintains the classroom environment based on student’s behavior. Many people see behaviorism as a form of classroom management to maintain discipline. Teachers use intrinsic and extrinsic rewards whenever students perform a desired behavior. Essentialism William Bagley (1934) Essentialism is a teacher- James D. Koerner (1959) centered philosophy that aims H.G. Rickover (1959) to teach basic skills. Paul Copperman (1978) Essentialists believe that there Theodore Sizer (1985) is a universal pool of knowledge up for grabs and the fundamentals of teaching are the basis of the curriculum: science, history, math, and English, etc. This educational philosophy advocates training the mind by focusing on transmitting a series of difficult topics for the promotion of students to the next level. Progressivism John Dewey Progressivism is a student- centered form of teaching philosophy. Here, students follow the scientific method of questioning, and teachers evaluate them by assigning projects and portfolios. However, instead of dictating and controlling the teaching process, progressivists facilitate students with what they need. Reconstructionism George Counts Reconstructionism is another Harold Rugg student-centered philosophy Theodore Brameld that strives to instill a desire in students to make the world a better place. Reconstructionists focus on controversial world issues and current events to fuel their thinking process. These educators teach students the value of working together to bring about change by incorporating the curriculum with trending world events.
Conservatism Edmund Burke (1729 – 1797) Conservatism is the belief the
educational institutions should function according to their original purpose. It devalues any concepts that have not been maintained throughout history and should not be restored or be part of the curriculum. In terms of education, Conservatives believe in traditional exams and classrooms while opposing the idea of modern education methods such as online learning. Constructivism Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980) Constructivists believe in active participation. Constructivism recognizes the fact that learners construct knowledge based on their beliefs and experiences rather than passively take in information. Teachers use students’ experiences of the world to help them build their representations and incorporate new information. It’s almost like adding words to the dictionary or writing a poem. Humanism Abraham Maslow Humanism is based on the idea that students should have the choice in the learning process. In this model, students engage themselves in all aspects of learning with the teacher and peers to develop a curriculum and evaluation system specifically for that class.
Unlike most traditional
practices, it considers the individual interests and abilities of students to bring out the best of them. More importantly, teachers give students the center-stage allowing them to plan, collaborate, and make decisions together.