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Motion NOTESN1652951795368
Motion NOTESN1652951795368
"Motion is change
of position of an
object with time."
1. Motion
If we look around us, we find that there are number of objects which are in motion.
An object is said to be in motion if it changes its position with the passage of time.
Now observe the following bodies or objects to understand the meaning of the term "motion". Cars, cycles,
motorcycles, scooters, buses, rickshaws, trucks, etc. running on the road, birds flying in the sky, fish swimming in
water, all these objects are in motion. Very small objects like atoms and molecules and very large objects like
planets, stars and galaxies are also in motion.
Thus, all objects ranging from the smallest atom to the largest galaxy are in continuous motion.
Kinematics is the science of describing the motion of objects using words, diagrams, numbers, graphs and
equations.
"Motion is the change in position of an object with time."
2. Understanding motion
Concept of a point object (or particle)
Point object
An extended object can be treated as a point object when the distance travelled by the object is much greater
than its own size.
A point object (or particle) is one, which has no linear dimensions but possesses mass.
Examples : (i) Study of motion of a train travelling from Kota to New Delhi. (ii) Revolution of earth around the sun
for one complete revolution.
Describing motion
When a tree is observed by an observer A standing at the railway station, the tree is at rest. This is because position
of the tree is not changing with respect to the observer A (see fig.1).
(a) Motion of a ceiling fan (b) Motion of Earth about its axis (c) Motion of a spinning top
Fig.5 Examples of rotational motion
Examples of rotational motion
(1) The Earth’s spin on its axis.
(2) Motion of a fan or motor.
(3) Motion of blades of windmill.
(4) Motion of a spinning top.
(5) Motion of a grinding stone.
In rotational motion, the particles of the object move through the unequal distances in a given time depending
on their location in the object (see fig.6).
A y
B A'
B' x<y
Axis of
rotation
The particle which is located near the axis of rotation, covers less distance as compared to the particle that is
located far away from the axis. Motion of a car or cycle wheels is a combination of translational and rotational
motion (see fig.7).
Circular motion
When an object moves along a circular path, this type of curvilinear motion is called ‘circular motion’. For example,
motion of an athlete along a circular track is a circular motion. (see fig. 8)
Fig. 8 An athlete running on a circular path is an example of circular motion not the rotational motion.
Periodic motion
A motion that occurs when an object moves in a repeated pattern (a cycle)
over equal periods of time is called a periodic motion. The vibration (or
Examples : Motion of a pendulum, rotational motion of Earth, revolution of oscillation) of an object
is a cycle or a motion
Earth around the Sun, all are periodic motions. that is repeated over
Oscillatory motion and over with the same
time interval each time.
A motion that occurs when an object moves to and fro about its mean position
over equal periods of time is called an oscillatory motion or vibratory
motion.
Examples : Motion of a simple pendulum, motion of a vibrating stretched string, motion of an oscillating spring.
Mean position
A position in the path of an oscillating particle at which the net force acting on the particle is zero is called its
equilibrium position or mean position.
Examples : The vertical position or the lowest position of an oscillating pendulum is its equilibrium position or
mean position (see fig.9). When a pendulum is moved away from the mean position and then released, then it
again come towards the mean position and starts oscillating about its mean position. It moves and reaches
extreme positions on both sides of the mean position.
Extreme Extreme
position Mean position
position
I C
II
A B
A honeybee leaves the hive and travels 2 m as it returns to the hive. Is the displacement for the trip the
same as the distance travelled? If not, why not?
Honey bee
Hive
Explanation
No, the displacement and the distance are not same. This is because the
The displacement of
displacement is the change of position of object in motion while distance is length
a particle in a given
of path travelled by it. interval of time is
Here, the distance travelled = 2 m independent of choice
of origin.
While, the displacement = 0, because the position of honey bee is not changed.
1. Motion of a particle is shown below on a number line. Find the displacement from (a) A to B (b)
B to C (c) overall journey. Also, find distance for overall journey.
Final position
Initial position
C A
B
Intermediate position
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 (in meters)
3m
3. A particle moves along a circular path as shown in figure 15. Find distance travelled and displacement.
Distance Displacement
It is defined as the length of the actual path It is the shortest distance between two points in
1
traversed by a body. which the body moves.
Distance can be equal to or greater than the Displacement can be equal to or less than the
4
displacement. distance.
Distance travelled is not a unique path Displacement is a unique path between two
5
between two points. points.
The distance between two points gives full Displacement between two points does not give
6 information of the type of path followed by full information of the type of path followed by
the body. the body.
Distance never decreases with time. For a Displacement can decrease with time. For a
7
moving body, it is never zero. moving body, it can be zero.
1. In a long distance race, the athletes were expected to take four rounds of the track such that the line of finish was
same as the line of start. Suppose the length of the track was 200 m.
(ii) What is the displacement of the athletes when they touch the finish line?
(iii) Is the displacement of an athlete and the distance moved by him at the end of the race equal?
6. Speed
Speed of a body is the distance travelled by the body per unit time. The rate of change of distance is called speed.
s
v=
t
Unit
In SI system : m/s or ms–1
Speed is a scalar quantity, because it has magnitude but no direction. Speed is always taken positive.
Uniform speed
When a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, the body is to be moving with a uniform speed or
constant speed.
Examples : (i) A train running with a speed of 120 km/h. (ii) An aeroplane flying with a speed of 600 km/h.
Non-uniform speed
When a body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, the body is said to be moving with non-uniform
speed or variable speed.
Average speed
The average speed of the body in a given time interval is defined as the total distance travelled, divided by total
time taken.
1. A car travels first half distance with a uniform speed u and next half distance with a uniform speed v. Find
its average speed.
Solution
d d
Total distance = + =d [See fig.16]
2 2
Total time = t1 + t2 = t
d
d/2 s d/2 B
t1 = ...(i) t v A d/2
u
t1 t2
d/2 u v
t2 = ...(ii)
v Fig. 16 Numerical Ability 2 (1)
d
Vav = Putting the value of equation (i) and (ii),
t
d d 2 2uv
Vav Vav
d/2 d/2 d1 1 vu u v
u v 2u v uv
2. A car travels first half time with a uniform speed u and next half time with a uniform speed v. Find its
average speed.
Solution
t t
d1 u , d2 v [See fig.17]
2 2
t
t
Total distance d = d1 d 2 u t/2 t/2
2
A B
ut vt t d1 d2
d= (u v)
2 2 2 u v
t
(u v)
2 u v
Vav = Vav
t 2
Instantaneous speed
The speed of a body at any particular instant of time during its motion is called the instantaneous speed of the
body. It is measured by speedometer in vehicles.
1. On a 120 km track, a train travels the first 30 km with a uniform speed of 30 km/h. How fast
must the train travel the next 90 km so as to average 60 km/h for the entire trip?
Solution
Given; Total distance d = 120 km, Average speed Vav = 60 km/h
Total time = t =?
Totaldistance
Average speed =
Totaltimetaken
d d
= Vav = or t=
t v av
Putting the values,
120km
t= = 2 h .............(i)
60km / h
Distance travelled in first part of trip, d1 = 30 km, Speed in first part of the trip, v1 = 30 km/h
d1
Time taken in first part of trip, t1 =?, t1 =
v1
30km
Putting the values, t1 = =1h
30km / h
Time taken to complete second part of the trip
t2 = t – t1 = 2 – 1 = 1 h
Distance to be covered in second part of the trip, d2 = 90 km
Required speed in second part, v2 =?
dis tance d2 90km
Speed = , v2 = = = 90 km/h
time t2 1h
2. A bus going from Kota to Jaipur passed the 100 km, 160 km and 220 km points at 10.30 am,
11.30 am and 1.30 pm. Find the average speed of the bus during each of the following intervals:
(a) 10.30 am to 11.30 am,
(b) 11.30 am to 1.30 pm and
(c) 10.30 am to 1.30 pm.
Solution
(a) The distance covered between 10.30 am and 11.30 am is 160 km – 100 km = 60 km. The time interval is 1 hour.
The average speed during this interval is –
60km
v1 = = 60 km/h
1h
(b) The distance covered between 11.30 am and 1.30 pm is 220 km – 160 km. = 60 km. The time interval is 2 hours.
The average speed during this interval is –
60km
v2 = = 30 km/h
2h
(c) The distance covered between 10.30 am and 1.30 pm is 220 km – 100 km = 120 km. The time interval is 3
hours. The average speed during this interval is –
120km
v3 = = 40 km/h
3h
3. The average speed of a bicycle, an athlete and a car are 18 km/h, 7 m/s and 2 km/min.
respectively. Which of the three is the fastest and which is the slowest?
Solution
18km 18000m
18 km/h = = = 5 m/s
1h 3600s
2km 2000m
2 km/min = = = 33.3 m/s
1 min. 60s
Thus, the average speeds of the bicycle, the athlete and the car are 5 m/s, 7 m/s and 33.3 m/s respectively. So the
car is the fastest, and the bicycle is the slowest.
7. Velocity
The velocity of a body is the displacement of a body per unit time.
Displacement
Velocity
Time
The displacement covered by a body per unit time or the speed of a body in specified direction is called
velocity. y-axis (Vertical direction)
Velocity is a vector quantity. It can be positive, negative or zero (see fig.18). +
Unit
In SI system : m/s or ms–1 x-axis
– +
In CGS system : cm/s or cms–1 (Horizontal direction)
–
Uniform velocity Fig.18 Sign convention for velocity
When a body covers equal displacements in equal intervals of time in a
particular direction, the body is said to be moving with a uniform velocity (see fig.19).
A B C D motion
5m 5m 5m
1s 1s 1s
1s 1s 1s
Example : In circular motion, a particle may have constant speed but its direction changes continuously thus, its
velocity is non-uniform (see fig.21).
A
5m
1s 5m
1s
D B
1s 1s
5m
5m
C
Totaldisplacement
Average velocity
Totaltimetaken
x 2 x1
Vav =
t 2 t1
Average speed is always greater than or equal to magnitude of average velocity. Average speed is equal to average
velocity when particle moves in a straight line without change in direction.
Instantaneous velocity
The velocity of a body at any particular instant of time during its motion is called the instantaneous velocity of
the body.
A particle is thrown vertically upwards under gravity. What are the signs of
displacement and velocity in the given fig.22 [(a) & (b)] (P to Q) :
Explanation
(a) Here, displacement and velocity (average & instantaneous) both are positive.
velocity is positive.
A particle moves along a path ABC as shown in figure 23. The time taken during the journey is
2 seconds. Find the average speed and average velocity during the journey.
Final
position
8m
Initial
A B
position
6m
Fig.23 Numerical ability 4
Solution
Total distance travelled, s = AB + BC = 6 + 8 = 14 m
s 14
Average speed, Vav = 7m / s
t 2
Here, displacement = s AC AB2 BC2 (6)2 (8)2 100 10m
s 10
Average velocity, V av 5 m/s
t 2
Here, average speed is greater than average velocity because the direction of particle changes during motion.
1. Two buses depart from Jaipur, one going to Kota and one to Delhi. Each bus
travels at a speed of 30 m/s. Do they have equal velocities? Explain. Direction of velocity
2. One of the following statements is incorrect. (a) The car travelled around the represents direction of
motion of body. Also, sign
track at a constant velocity. (b) The car travelled around the track at a constant
of velocity represents the
speed. Which statement is incorrect and why? direction of motion of
3. At a given instant of time, a car and a truck are travelling side by side in adjacent body.
lanes of a highway. The car has a greater velocity than the truck. Does the car
necessarily have a greater acceleration? Explain.
4. The average velocity for a trip has a positive value. Is it possible for the instantaneous velocity at any point during
the trip to have a negative value? Justify your answer.
On any cloudy day or night, sometimes we see frequent lightning and hear the sound of thunder. The sound of
thunder takes some time to reach us after we see the lightning. This is because light travels with very high speed
(= 3 × 108 m/s) while sound travels with much lower speed (= 346 m/s).
To measure the distance (s) to the nearest point of thunder, we first measure the time interval (t) between the
lightning and thunder as observed by us using a stop watch (see fig.26).
5
Velocity in m/s = × velocity in km/h
18
5
18
ms
1
Km h–1
18
5
1. No, they do not have equal velocities. This is because the velocities have same magnitude but they do not have
same direction.
2. Statement (a) is incorrect. When a car travels around a track, its velocity is not constant because its direction
changes continuously.
3. The car may or may not have a greater acceleration. The instantaneous velocity of the car is greater than that of
the truck, but its acceleration may be positive, negative or even zero. The acceleration of car may be less than that
of truck (see fig.24).
Initial Intermediate
Net displacement is
position position
B +ve for the trip
A A B
Final Average velocity is
C
position +ve for the trip
Instantaneous (b)
(a) Velocity is
negative
1. Nisha swims in a 90 m long pool. She covers 180 m in one minute by swimming from one end
to the other and back along the same straight path. Find the average speed and average velocity
of Nisha.
Solution
Total distance = 180 m
Total displacement = 0
Time taken, t = 1 min. = 60 s
total distance
Average speed (Vav) =
total time taken
180m
Vav = = 3 m/s
60s
total displacement
Average velocity (Vav) =
total time taken
0
Vav = = 0 m/s
60s
8. Uniform and non-uniform motion
A moving body may cover equal distances in equal intervals of time or different distances in equal intervals of
time. On the basis of above assumption, the motion of a body can be classified as uniform motion and non-
uniform motion.
Uniform motion
When a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, however small may be the time intervals, in a
particular direction, the body is said to describe a uniform motion. (see fig.27)
60
Distance (m)
50
40
30
20
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Times (s)
Fig. 27 Distance-time graph for uniform motion
(i) An aeroplane flying at a speed of 600 km/h along north. In uniform motion,
(ii) A train running at a speed of 120 km/h along east. velocity of particle
(iii) Light energy travelling at a speed of 3 × 108 m/s in vacuum. remains constant i.e.,
its magnitude as well
Non-uniform motion as direction are
When a body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, the body is constant.
16
Distance (m)
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Times (s)
Fig. 28 Distance-time graph for non-uniform motion
Examples of non-uniform motion
(i) An aeroplane running on a runway before taking off.
(ii) A freely falling stone under the action of gravity. In uniform motion,
average speed/velocity
(iii) When the brakes are applied to a moving car.
is equal to
(iv) A fan rotating with constant speed is also a non-uniform motion.
instantaneous
9. Acceleration speed/velocity at any
point of time.
In uniform motion, the velocity remains constant with time. Thus, the change
in velocity for any time interval is zero. But, in non-uniform motion, velocity
changes with time. Thus, the change in velocity for any time interval has a non zero value.
The rate of change of velocity of a moving body with time is called acceleration.
Change in velocity
Acceleration
Time taken for change
v u
a
t
If body moves with uniform velocity, then v = u and then acceleration is zero i.e. a = 0.
Acceleration is a vector quantity. It can be negative, positive or zero (see fig.29).
y-axis (Vertical
+ direction)
If acceleration of a
x-axis particle is zero, this
– + (Horizontal direction) means its velocity is
constant i.e. the
–
particle is in uniform
motion.
Fig.29 Sign convention for acceleration
Unit of acceleration
In SI system : m/s2 or ms–2
If the velocity of an object increases with time, such a motion is called 'accelerated motion'. In such motion,
acceleration 'a' is considered positive for numerical problems.
Example : An object starts from rest and its velocity goes on increasing with time.
If velocity of an object decreases with time, such a motion is called 'retarded motion'.
In such a motion, acceleration is called 'retardation' or 'deceleration' and it is considered negative for numerical
problems.
Uniform acceleration
When a body moving in a straight line undergoes equal changes of velocity in equal intervals of time, the body is
said to be moving with a uniform acceleration. Also, uniform acceleration means an acceleration having a constant
magnitude and a constant direction (see fig.30).
A B C D
1s 1s 1s motion
A B C D
motion
1s 1s 1s
1. An object is sliding down on an inclined plane. The velocity changes at a constant rate from 10
cm/s to 15 cm/s in 2 seconds. What is its acceleration?
Solution
The situation is shown in fig. 32
A C
Fig. 32 Numerical Ability 6 (1)
Let us take BA as the positive direction. The velocity at t = 0 is u = +10 cm/s and that at t = 2s is v = +15 cm/s.
v u 15cm / s 10cm / s
Thus, a = =
t 2s
5cm / s
= = 2.5 cm/s2
2s
The acceleration is positive, which means it is in the direction BA.
Two cars are moving on straight sections of a highway. The acceleration of the first car A is greater than
the acceleration of the second car B and both accelerations have the same direction. Which one of the
following is true?
(a) The velocity of the first car is always greater than the velocity of the second car.
(b) The velocity of the second car is always greater than the velocity of the first car.
(c) In the same time interval, the velocity of the first car changes by a greater amount than the velocity of
the second car does.
(d) In the same time interval, the velocity of the second car changes by a greater amount than the velocity
of the first car does.
Explanation
Option (c) is true because the acceleration of the first car is greater than the acceleration of the second car, thus
in the same time interval, the velocity of the first car changes by a greater amount than the velocity of the second
car does.
Option (d) is reverse of option (c), thus it cannot be true simultaneously. It is therefore, a false statement.
Option (a) is false because initial velocity of car A may be less than the velocity of car B. After a certain time
interval, velocity of A will become more than the velocity of B.
Option (b) is also false because initial velocity of car A may be less or more than the velocity of car B. Even if the
initial velocity of car B is more than velocity of car A, after a certain time interval it will become less than that of
car A.
v u
a= , or v – u = at, or
t
1
or s = ut + at 2
2
or 2as = v2 – u2 , or
1. A car accelerates uniformly from 18 kmh–1 to 36 kmh–1 in 5 s. Calculate (i) acceleration, (ii)
distance covered by the car in that time.
Solution
Given, u = 18 km/hr = 5 m/s ; v = 36 km/h = 10 m/sec ; t = 5 s
v u 10m / s 5m / s
(i) a =
t 5s
a= 1 m/s2
1 2
(ii) s = ut + at
2
1
s=5×5+ ×1×5×5
2
s = 25 m + 12.5 m = 37.54 m
2. A train starting from rest, picks up a speed of 20 ms–1 in 200 s. It continues to move at the same speed for
the next 500 s. It is then brought to rest in the next 100 s. Calculate the value of uniform acceleration and
uniform retardation. Also calculate the distance covered by the train during retardation.
Solution
Given, u = 0, v = 20 m/s, t = 200 s
v u 20m / s 0m / s
a=
t 200 s
a = 0.1 m/s2
The train then moves with a constant velocity of 20 m/s for next 500 s, so the acceleration of the train is zero.
Now, the train comes to rest in next 100 s. So,
v = 0, u = 20 m/s, t = 100 s
v u 0m / s 20m / s
retardation =
t 100 s
a = – 0.2 m/s2
Distance covered by train during retardation
1 2
s = ut + at
2
1
s = 20 × 100 + × (– 0.2) × 100 × 100
2
s = 1000 m
3. A car initially at rest starts moving with a constant acceleration of 0.5 m s–2 and travels a distance of 25 m.
Find its final velocity.
Solution
Given, u = 0, a = 0.5 m/s2, s = 25 m
v2 = u2 + 2as
v2 = (0)2 + 2 × 0.5 × 25 = 25
v= 25 = 5 m/s
4. A body with an initial velocity of 18 km h–1 accelerates uniformly at the rate of 18 cm s–2 over a distance of
100 m. Calculate :
(i) The acceleration in m s–2
(ii) its final velocity in m s–1
Solution
18
(i) Acceleration = 18 cm/s2 = m/s2 = 0.18 m/s2
100
1800
(ii) Given, u = 18 km/h = = 5 m/s ; a = 0.18 m/s2 ; s = 100 m
60 60
In uniformly
v2 = u2 + 2as accelerated motion,
v2 = (5)2 + 2 × 0.18 × 100 acceleration is
v2 = 25 + 36 = 61 constant in both
magnitude as well
v= 61 = 7.8 m/s
as direction.
y-axis
Distance (m)
x-axis
Time (s)
Fig.33 s-t graph for a body at rest
When the body is in uniform motion
In uniform motion, v = constant.
Now, s = v × t
Since v is constant
s t, thus, the distance-time graph of such a body is a straight line, inclined to x-axis.
measure on y axis
Slope = = tan
measure on x axis
x 2 x1
Slope = =v
t 2 t1
Thus, slope of distance-time graph gives speed of the body (see fig.34).
600
Distance (m)
500
B
x2 400
300 (x2–x1)
A θ
x1 200 C
(t2– t1)
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Time (s)
t1 t2
Fig.34 s-t graph for a body in uniform motion (a = 0)
In a distance-time graph, more the slope of the graph of an object in motion, more will be its speed and vice-
versa.
Example : In given graph (see fig.35) speed of particle A is greater than the speed of particle B because slope of
graph of particle A is greater than slope of graph of particle B.
Distance (m)
B
VA>VB
θ1 θ2
time (s)
x same velocity
B
x0 A
O t
Distance
time time
Fig.37 s-t graph of an accelerated Fig.38 s-t graph of a retarded motion
motion (speed increasing with time) (speed decreasing with time)
A distance-time graph can never be parallel to y-axis (representing distance) because this line has inclination of
90°, and slope = tan = tan 90° = infinite, which means infinite speed; it is impossible.
Speed/velocity-time graph
The variation in velocity with time for an object moving in a straight line can be represented by a velocity-time
graph. In this graph, time is represented along the x-axis and velocity is represented along the y-axis.
The slope of the speed/velocity-time graph gives the acceleration of the body.
Area enclosed under a speed-time graph or velocity-time graph gives the distance covered by the body.
Speed or velocity
Time
v2
Speed or velocity
v2 – v1
v1
t2 – t1
θ
t1 t2
Time
B C
y-axis
Speed or velocity
v2 – v1 A
Speed or velocity
O A D Time x-axis
O time B
(a) (b)
Fig. 42 Area under v-t graph gives distance travelled by a body
Speed
t t
(a)
(b)
Fig.43 Check your concepts 3 (3)
12. Equations of motion by graphical method
Figure 1 represents a velocity-time graph, in which AB represents the initial velocity u, CE represents final velocity
v, such that the change in velocity is represented by CD, which takes place in time t, represented by AE (see fig.
45).
y-axis
C
Velocity (m/s)
at
B
v
D
u u
A
x-axis
E
t
time (seconds)
Fig. 45 An object moving with certain initial velocity u and attains final velocity v after time t.
Derivation of v = u + at
Acceleration = slope of the graph line BC
DE AB u
CD CE DE v u
a=
BD
=
BD
or a=
t BD AE t
CE v
v – u = at
v u at
Derivation of s = ut + at2
1 1 BD AE t
= AB × AE + (BD × CD) = u × t + [t × (v–u)]
2 2 CD CE DE v u
1
=u×t+ [t × (u + at – u)] [ v = u + at]
2
1
s ut at2
2
Derivation of v2 = u2 + 2as
From the velocity-time graph, distance covered = Area of trapezium ABCE
1 1
s= (AB + CE) × AE s = (u + v) × t ...(i)
2 2
Change in velocity
Acceleration =
Time
v u v u
a= t= ...(ii)
t a
(v u) (v u)
s= [ A2 – B2 = (A + B) × (A – B)]
2 a
v 2 u2
s= , or v2 – u2 = 2as, or v 2 u2 2as
2a
2. Since velocity and acceleration are in same direction, the velocity of particle increases with time (see fig.44).
↑
v
y
t→
1. Figure shows distance-time graph of two objects A and B. Which object is moving with greater speed when
both are moving?
B
Displacement
A
time
15 Speed (km/h) →
15
D C
10 10
5 5
A B
0 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40
time (min) time (min)
(a) (b)
20
15
10
5
0 5 10 15 20 25
time (in sec.) →
4. Figure shows the velocity-time graphs for two objects, A and B, moving along the same direction. Which
object has greater acceleration?
B
Velocity →
A
Time →
Fig. 49 Numerical Ability 7 (4)
Solution
The slope of the velocity-time graph of B is greater than that for A. Thus, the acceleration of B is greater than that
of A.
13. Circular motion
When a particle moves along a circular path, its motion is called 'circular motion' (see fig. 50).
v v
v v
Take a piece of thread and tie a small piece of stone at one of its ends. Move the stone to describe a circular path
with constant speed by holding the thread at the other end (see fig. 52).
tangential to the circular path at the position where the stone is released.
displacement'. It is denoted by θ.
The angle covered by a body per unit time is called angular velocity.
Angular displacement θ
Angular velocity = \ω=
Time taken t
Unit
Angular displacement : radian
an angle '' during a time interval 't'. Let the distance covered during time interval 't' be ' ' (see fig. 53)
Angular displacement = = r
or v r [using (2)]
2πr
Also, linear speed =
T
where 'T' is the time period for 1 revolution.
Centripetal acceleration
Circular motion is always accelerated and it has a radially inward acceleration called 'centripetal acceleration' (see
fig. 54).
v
v2 The acceleration
ac needed to keep an object
r
moving in a circular path
ac is called centripetal
(r)2 r 2 2
Also, ac r2 acceleration. It always
r r
acts towards the centre of
Fig. 54 Circular motion circular path.
always has radially inward
acceleration