Distribution System Modeling and Analysis 3rd Kersting Solution Manual

Distribution System Modeling and Analysis 3rd

Kersting Solution Manual

To download the complete and accurate content document, go to:

https://testbankbell.com/download/distribution-system-modeling-and-analysis-3rd-ker
sting-solution-manual/

Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters

Problem 6.1
Define the given:

⎛ 0.3375 + 1.0478j 0.1535 + 0.3849j 0.1559 + 0.5017j ⎞

zabc := ⎜ 0.1535 + 0.3849j 0.3414 + j ⋅ 1.0348 0.1580 + 0.4236j ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.1559 + 0.5017j 0.1580 + 0.4236j 0.3465 + 1.0179j ⎠
⎛ 5.9540j −2.0030j −0.7471j ⎞ ⎛1 0 0⎞
y abc := ⎜ −2.0030j 6.3962j −1.2641j ⎟ ⋅ 10
−6
⎜ ⎟ U := ⎜ 0 1 0 ⎟
⎝ −0.7471j −1.2641j 5.6322j ⎠ ⎜ ⎟
⎝0 0 1⎠
kVAload := 10000
pf := 0.85

kVLL⋅ 1000
kVLL := 13.2 VLN := mi := 2
3

Zabc := zabc⋅ mi Yabc := y abc⋅ mi

(a) Plug into the generalized constants equations

⎛ 0.99999 + 0.000003i 0.000001 + 0i −0.000003 + 0.000001i ⎞

a := U +
1
⋅ Zabc⋅ Yabc a= ⎜ 0 + 0i 0.999989 + 0.000003i −0.000002 + 0.000001i ⎟
2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ −0.000003 + 0.000001i −0.000001 + 0.000001i 0.99999 + 0.000003i ⎠

⎛ 0.675 + 2.0956j 0.307 + 0.7698j 0.3118 + 1.0034j ⎞

b := Zabc b = ⎜ 0.307 + 0.7698j 0.6828 + 2.0696j 0.316 + 0.8472j ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.3118 + 1.0034j 0.316 + 0.8472j 0.693 + 2.0358j ⎠

1 ⎛0 0 0⎞
c = ⎜0 0 0⎟
c := Yabc⋅ ⋅ Yabc⋅ Zabc⋅ Yabc
4
⎜ ⎟
⎝0 0 0⎠
⎛ 0.99999 + 0.000003i 0.000001 + 0i −0.000003 + 0.000001i ⎞
d := a d= ⎜ 0 + 0i 0.999989 + 0.000003i −0.000002 + 0.000001i ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ −0.000003 + 0.000001i −0.000001 + 0.000001i 0.99999 + 0.000003i ⎠
 Define the symmetrical component operator, LN-LL opeator and transform matrix

⎛⎜ 1 1 1 ⎞⎟
As := ⎜ 1 at at ⎟
j ⋅ 120⋅ deg 1 − j ⋅ 30⋅ deg 2
at := 1 ⋅ e t := ⋅e
3 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1 at at2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
j ⋅ 30⋅ deg
VLL := kVLL⋅ 1000⋅ e

i := 1 .. 3

Define the load LL voltages selecting Van as reference

⎛ VLL ⎞
⎜ 2 ⎟
VLLabc := ⎜ at ⋅ VLL ⎟ VLLabc =
(
arg VLLabc
i )=
i deg
⎜ a ⋅ VLL ⎟
⎝ t ⎠ 13200 30
13200 -90
13200 150

VLNabc := t ⋅ VLLabc VLNabc =

(
arg VLNabc
i )=
i i i deg
7621.0236 0
7621.0236 -120
7621.0236 120

Compute phase load currents

kVAload j ⋅ acos( pf )
Sph := ⋅e
3

⎛ 2833.3333 + 1755.9423j ⎞
S := Sph S = ⎜ 2833.3333 + 1755.9423j ⎟
i ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2833.3333 + 1755.9423j ⎠
⎯

Iabc :=
S ⋅ 1000
i
Iabc =
( )=
arg Iabc
i
i VLNabc i deg
i
437.3866 -31.7883
437.3866 -151.7883
437.3866 88.2117
 (b) Compute sending end LN voltages and line currents

VSabc := a⋅ VLNabc + b ⋅ Iabc VSabc =

(
arg VSabc
i )=
i deg
7971.9082 2.9725
8080.931 -117.4112
8074.3212 122.099

IS abc := c⋅ VLNabc + d ⋅ Iabc IS abc =

(
arg IS abc
i )=
i deg
437.3824 -31.7884
437.3824 -151.7881
437.3832 88.2119

Define matrix D and compute LL sending end voltages

⎛ 1 −1 0 ⎞
D := ⎜ 0 1 −1 ⎟ VSLL abc := D⋅ VS abc VSLL abc =
(
arg VSLL abc
i )=
⎜ ⎟ i deg
⎝ −1 0 1 ⎠ 13929.0729 33.0036
14025.2559 -87.6695
(c) Compute voltage unbalance 13834.9769 152.3209

3
1
Vavg :=
3
⋅
∑ VS abc
k Vavg = 8042.3868
k=1

⎛ 70.4786 ⎞
Vdev := Vavg − VSabc Vdev = ⎜ 38.5442 ⎟
i i ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 31.9344 ⎠

max( Vdev)
Vunbalance := ⋅ 100 Vunbalance = 0.8763
Vavg
(d) Compute sending and receiving end complex powers by phase

⎯
VS abc ⋅ IS abc ⎛ 2864.5191 + 1987.9923j ⎞
SS = ⎜ 2917.1353 + 1995.6723j ⎟
i i
SS :=
i 1000 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2931.6931 + 1969.0555j ⎠
⎯
VLNabc ⋅ Iabc ⎛ 2833.3333 + 1755.9423j ⎞
SR = ⎜ 2833.3333 + 1755.9423j ⎟
i i
SR :=
i 1000 i ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2833.3333 + 1755.9423j ⎠
 (e) Compute power loss by phase

i ( )
Ploss := Re SS − Re SR
i ( ) i
Ploss =
i
31.1857
83.8019
98.3598

3
Ploss t :=
∑ Ploss
k
Ploss t = 213.3474
k= 1

Problem 6.2

Length := 2 Zabc := zabc⋅ Length

Compute forward sweep matrices:

⎛1 0 0⎞ ⎛ 0.675 + 2.0956j 0.307 + 0.7698j 0.3118 + 1.0034j ⎞

A := ⎜ 0 1 0 ⎟ B := Zabc B = ⎜ 0.307 + 0.7698j 0.6828 + 2.0696j 0.316 + 0.8472j ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝0 0 1⎠ ⎝ 0.3118 + 1.0034j 0.316 + 0.8472j 0.693 + 2.0358j ⎠

⎛ 7620⋅ ej ⋅ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜
VSLN := 7620⋅ e − j ⋅ 120 ⋅ deg ⎟ VSLN =
(
arg VSLN
i )=
⎜ ⎟ i deg
⎜ j ⋅ 120⋅ deg ⎟ 7620 0
⎝ 7620⋅ e ⎠
7620 -120
7620 120

⎛ 2500 ⎞ ⎛ .9 ⎞
kVA := ⎜ 3500 ⎟ PF := ⎜ .85 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1500 ⎠ ⎝ .95 ⎠
⎛ 2250 + 1089.7247j ⎞
j ⋅ acos( PFi)
(
S := kVA ⋅ e ) S = ⎜ 2975 + 1843.7394j ⎟
i i ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1425 + 468.3748j ⎠

Initial conditions

⎛0⎞
start := ⎜ 0 ⎟ Tol := .0001
⎜ ⎟
⎝0⎠
X := Iabc ← start
Vold ← start
for n ∈ 1 .. 20
VLabc ← A⋅ VS LN − B⋅ Iabc
for i ∈ 1 .. 3
⎯
S ⋅ 1000
i
IL ←
i VLabc
i

Iabc ← IL
IABC ← d ⋅ Iabc
for i ∈ 1 .. 3
VLabc − Vold
i i
Error ←
i VLabc
i

Errmax ← max( Error )

( break) if Err max < Tol
Vold ← VLabc
for i ∈ 1 .. 3
⎯
VS LN ⋅ IABC
i i
S ←
i 1000
3
1
Vavg ←
3
⋅
∑ VLabc
k
k=1
for i ∈ 1 .. 3
dV ← VLabc − Vavg
i i

dVmax ← max( dV)

dVmax
Vunbalance ← ⋅ 100
Vavg
Out ← VLabc
1
Out ← Iabc
2
Out ← S
3
Out ← Vunbalance
4
Out ← n
5
Out
 VLabc := X VLabc =
(
arg VLabc
i )=
1 i deg
7278.8166 -1.1347
6957.5465 -124.6107
7668.8231 118.5968

Iabc := X Iabc =
( )=
arg Iabc
i
2 i deg
343.4624 -26.9767
503.0509 -156.399
195.5972 100.4019

⎛ 2332.3896 + 1187.2134j ⎞
S := X S = ⎜ 3085.3737 + 2274.6322j ⎟ kW+jkv
3 ⎜ ⎟ ar
⎝ 1404.0991 + 499.9189j ⎠

Vunbalance := X Vunbalance = 5.0275 %

4

Iterations := X Iterations = 6
5

Problem 6.3
PROBLEM 6.4

Compute phase load

currents

kVAload j ⋅ acos( pf )
Sph := ⋅e
3

⎛ 2833.3333 + 1755.9423j ⎞
S := Sph S = ⎜ 2833.3333 + 1755.9423j ⎟
i ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2833.3333 + 1755.9423j ⎠
⎯

Iabc :=
S ⋅ 1000
i
Iabc =
( )=
arg Iabc
i
i VLNabc i deg
i
437.3866 -31.7883
437.3866 -151.7883
437.3866 88.2117

zp := .186 + j ⋅ .5968 z0 := .6534 + j ⋅ 1.907

Zp := zp⋅ mi Z0 := z0⋅ mi

⎛ Z0 0 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1.3068 + 3.814j 0 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
Z012 := ⎜ 0 Zp 0 ⎟ Z012 = ⎜ 0 0.372 + 1.1936j 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜0 0 Z ⎟ ⎝ 0 0 0.372 + 1.1936j ⎠
⎝ p⎠
Compute the phase impedance matrix from the sequence impedances
−1
Zaabc := As⋅ Z012⋅ As

⎛ 0.6836 + 2.0671j 0.3116 + 0.8735j 0.3116 + 0.8735j ⎞ ⎛0 0 0⎞

Zaabc = ⎜ 0.3116 + 0.8735j 0.6836 + 2.0671j 0.3116 + 0.8735j ⎟ Yaabc := ⎜ 0 0 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.3116 + 0.8735j 0.3116 + 0.8735j 0.6836 + 2.0671j ⎠ ⎝0 0 0⎠
(a) Determine constants

⎛1 0 0⎞
an = ⎜ 0 1 0 ⎟
1
an := U + ⋅ Zaabc⋅ Yaabc
2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝0 0 1⎠

⎛ 0.6836 + 2.0671j 0.3116 + 0.8735j 0.3116 + 0.8735j ⎞

b n := Zaabc b n = ⎜ 0.3116 + 0.8735j 0.6836 + 2.0671j 0.3116 + 0.8735j ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.3116 + 0.8735j 0.3116 + 0.8735j 0.6836 + 2.0671j ⎠

⎛0 0 0⎞
cn = ⎜ 0 0 0 ⎟
1
cn := Yaabc + ⋅ Yaabc⋅ Zaabc⋅ Yaabc
4 ⎜ ⎟
⎝0 0 0⎠

⎛1 0 0⎞
d n := an dn = ⎜ 0 1 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝0 0 1⎠
(b) Compute sending end voltages

VSabc := an⋅ VLNabc + b n⋅ Iabc VSabc =

(
arg VSabc
i )=
i deg
8042.3138 2.5516
8042.3138 -117.4484
8042.3138 122.5516

VSLL abc := D⋅ VS abc VSLL abc =

(
arg VSLL abc
i )=
i deg
13929.6961 32.5516
13929.6961 -87.4484
13929.6961 152.5516

(c) Voltage Unbalance

3
1
Vavg :=
3
⋅
∑ VS abc
k Vavg = 8042.3138
k=1
 ⎛0⎞
Vdev := Vavg − VSabc Vdev = ⎜ 0 ⎟
i i ⎜ ⎟
⎝0⎠

max( Vdev)
Vunbalance := ⋅ 100 Vunbalance = 0
Vavg

(d) Sending and receiving end complex powers

⎯
VS abc ⋅ Iabc ⎛ 2904.4995 + 1984.2863j ⎞
SS = ⎜ 2904.4995 + 1984.2863j ⎟
i i
SS :=
i 1000 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2904.4995 + 1984.2863j ⎠

⎯
VLNabc ⋅ Iabc ⎛ 2833.3333 + 1755.9423j ⎞
SR = ⎜ 2833.3333 + 1755.9423j ⎟
i i
SR :=
i 1000 i ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2833.3333 + 1755.9423j ⎠
(e) Power losses

i ( )
Ploss := Re SS − Re SR
i ( ) i
Ploss =
i
71.1662
71.1662
71.1662

3
Ploss t :=
∑ Ploss
k
Ploss t = 213.4986
k= 1

Compare all of these results to those of 6.1. A lesson here is to see the significant differences.

PROBLEM 6.5
Define load impedances

⎛ 15⋅ ej ⋅ 30⋅ deg ⎞

⎜ 0 0 ⎟
Zload := ⎜ j ⋅ 36.87⋅ deg ⎟
⎜ 0 17⋅ e 0 ⎟
⎜ j ⋅ 25.84⋅ deg ⎟
⎝ 0 0 20⋅ e ⎠

Compute equivalent impedance of line in series with load

 ⎛ 13.6654 + 9.5956j 0.307 + 0.7698j 0.3118 + 1.0034j ⎞
Ztotal := Zabc + Zload Ztotal = ⎜ 0.307 + 0.7698j 14.2828 + 12.2696j 0.316 + 0.8472j ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.3118 + 1.0034j 0.316 + 0.8472j 18.6933 + 10.753j ⎠
(a) Compute the line currents

Iabc := Ztotal
−1
⋅ VLNabc Iabc =
( )=
arg Iabc
i
i deg
479.3057 -33.2903
420.3327 -159.5422
365.0987 92.324

(b) Compute the load voltages

Vloadabc := Zload⋅ Iabc Vloadabc =

(
arg Vloadabc
i )=
i deg
7189.5848 -3.2903
7145.6556 -122.6722
7301.9747 118.164

(c) Compute load complex powers

⎯
Vloadabc ⋅ Iabc ⎛ 2984.331 + 1723.0043j ⎞
Sload = ⎜ 2402.8388 + 1802.1358j ⎟
i i
Sload :=
i 1000 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2399.3868 + 1161.9761j ⎠
(d) Compute source complex powers

⎯
VLNabc ⋅ Iabc ⎛ 3053.3761 + 2004.9539j ⎞
SS = ⎜ 2470.2957 + 2039.4087j ⎟
i i
SS :=
i 1000 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2464.0844 + 1292.3555j ⎠
(e) Compute phase power losses
3 ⎛ 69.045 ⎞
( ) ( ) Ploss = ⎜ 67.4569 ⎟
Ploss := Re SS − Re Sload
i i i
Ploss t :=
∑ Ploss
k ⎜ ⎟
Ploss t = 201.1996
k= 1 ⎝ 64.6977 ⎠
(f ) From problem 4.1:
Tn := ( −0.4292 − 0.1291j −0.4373 − 0.1327j −0.4476 − 0.1373j )

3
arg( Ing)
Ing := −
∑ Iabc
k
Ing = 45.8957
deg
= 79.9927
k= 1
 arg( In)
In := Tn⋅ Iabc In = 16.8163 = 77.9422
deg

3 arg( Ig)
Ig := −
∑ Iabc − In
k
Ig = 29.0965
deg
= 81.1777
k=1

PROBLEM 6.6
Define load impedances

⎛ 15⋅ ej ⋅ 30⋅ deg ⎞

⎜ 0 0 ⎟
Zload := ⎜ j ⋅ 36.87⋅ deg ⎟
⎜ 0 50⋅ e 0 ⎟
⎜ j ⋅ 25.84⋅ deg ⎟
⎝ 0 0 20⋅ e ⎠
Compute equivalent line impedance in series with load impedance

⎛ 13.6654 + 9.5956j 0.307 + 0.7698j 0.3118 + 1.0034j ⎞

Ztotal := Zabc + Zload Ztotal = ⎜ 0.307 + 0.7698j 40.6827 + 32.0697j 0.316 + 0.8472j ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.3118 + 1.0034j 0.316 + 0.8472j 18.6933 + 10.753j ⎠

(a) Compute line currents

Iabc := Ztotal
−1
⋅ VLNabc Iabc =
( )=
arg Iabc
i
i deg
478.047 -34.8158
152.5939 -157.2549
356.4125 93.3231

(b) Compute load voltages

Vloadabc := Zload⋅ Iabc Vloadabc =

(
arg Vloadabc
i )=
i deg
7170.7054 -4.8158
7629.6951 -120.3849
7128.2497 119.1631

(c) Compute load complex powers

⎯
Vloadabc ⋅ Iabc ⎛ 2968.6783 + 1713.9672j ⎞
Sload = ⎜ 931.3947 + 698.5486j ⎟
i i
Sload :=
i 1000 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2286.5748 + 1107.3435j ⎠
 (d) Compute source complex powers

⎯
VLNabc ⋅ Iabc ⎛ 2991.043 + 2080.0538j ⎞
SS = ⎜ 925.628 + 703.9884j ⎟
i i
SS :=
i 1000 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2427.0927 + 1219.4733j ⎠
(e) Compute phase power losses, note the negative power loss on the lightly loaded phase b

i ( )
Ploss := Re SS − Re Sload
i ( i ) Ploss t :=
∑ Ploss
k
k= 1
⎛ 22.3647 ⎞
Ploss = ⎜ −5.7667 ⎟ Ploss t = 157.116
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 140.5179 ⎠
Note the apparent negative power loss on phase b. This happens when there is severe unbalanced flow of currents
on the line.
( f ) From problem
4.1:
Tn := ( −0.4292 − 0.1291j −0.4373 − 0.1327j −0.4476 − 0.1373j )

3 arg( Ing)
Ing := −
∑ Iabc
k
Ing = 232.3157
deg
= −174.1003
k= 1

arg( In)
In := Tn⋅ Iabc In = 102.5122 = −153.6658
deg

3 arg( Ig)
Ig := −
∑ Iabc − In
k
Ig = 140.8767
deg
= 171.182
k=1
3

∑ Iabc + In + Ig = 0
k
k= 1

PROBLEM 6.7
Define the phase impedance matrix

⎛ .4576 + j ⋅ 1.078 0 .1535 + j ⋅ .3849 ⎞

zabc := ⎜ 0 0 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ .1535 + j ⋅ .3849 0 .4615 + j ⋅ 1.0651 ⎠

Define the loads

 j ⋅ acos PFa( ) j⋅ 0
PF a := .9 Sag := 2000⋅ e Sag = 1800 + 871.7798j Vag := 7620⋅ e

j ⋅ acos PFc( ) j ⋅ 120⋅ deg

PF c := .95 Scg := 1500⋅ e Scg = 1425 + 468.3748j Vcg := 7620⋅ e

− j ⋅ 120⋅ deg
Sbg := 0 PF b := 1 Vbg := 7620⋅ e

⎛⎜ Sag ⎞⎟ ⎛ 1800 + 871.7798j ⎞

S := ⎜ 0 ⎟ S= ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ Scg ⎟ ⎝ 1425 + 468.3748j ⎠
⎝ ⎠
⎛ Vag ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 7620 ⎞
VLGabc := ⎜ Vbg ⎟
VLGabc = −3810 − 6599.1136j ⎟
⎜
⎜V ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ cg ⎠ ⎝ −3810 + 6599.1136j ⎠

Compute phase impedance matrix for the 2 mile line

dist := 2
⎛ 0.9152 + 2.156j 0 0.307 + 0.7698j ⎞
Zabc := zabc⋅ dist Zabc = ⎜ 0 0 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.307 + 0.7698j 0 0.923 + 2.1302j ⎠
Compute the load currents j := 1 , 3 .. 3

Iabc :=
S ⋅ 1000
i
Iabc =
( )=
arg Iabc
j
i VLGabc i deg
i
262.4672 -25.8419
0 101.8051
196.8504

(a) Compute the source voltages

⎛1 0 0⎞ ⎛ 0.9152 + 2.156j 0 0.307 + 0.7698j ⎞

a := U a = ⎜0 1 0⎟ b := Zabc b=⎜ 0 0 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝0 0 1⎠ ⎝ 0.307 + 0.7698j 0 0.923 + 2.1302j ⎠

⎛0 0 0⎞ ⎛1 0 0⎞
c = ⎜0 0 0⎟ d := a d = ⎜0 1 0⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝0 0 0⎠ ⎝0 0 1⎠
(
arg VSabc
i )
 VSabc := a⋅ VLGabc + b ⋅ Iabc VSabc =
( i )=
i deg
7933.9663 3.1266
7620 -120
7971.3592 120.9287

(b) Compute the source and load complex powers

⎯
VS abc ⋅ Iabc ⎛ 1821.8671 + 1008.5704j ⎞
SS = ⎜ ⎟
i i
SS := 0
i 1000 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1482.5699 + 514.0679j ⎠

⎯
VLGabc ⋅ Iabc ⎛ 1800 + 871.7798j ⎞
SR = ⎜ ⎟
i i
SR := 0
i 1000 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1425 + 468.3748j ⎠

(c) Compute the phase power losses

⎛ 21.8671 ⎞
( i)
Ploss := Re SS − Re SR ( i) Ploss = ⎜ 0 ⎟
i ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 57.5699 ⎠

(d) Neutral and ground currents cannot be computed becuase the phase line matrix was given before the
Kron reduction.
PROBLEM 6.8
Define phase impedance matrix per mile

⎛0 0 0⎞
zabc := 0 1.3292 + j ⋅ 1.3475 0 ⎟
⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎝0 0 0⎠

Compute phase impedance matrix for one mile of line

⎛0 0 0⎞
dist := 1 Zabc := zabc⋅ dist Zabc = 0 1.3292 + 1.3475j 0 ⎟
⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎝0 0 0⎠
Define load complex powers
 ⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
SR := ⎜ 2000⋅ ej ⋅ acos( .95) ⎟ SR = 1900 + 624.4998j ⎟
⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 0 ⎠
⎝ 0 ⎠
Define load LN voltages

⎛ VLN ⎞
⎜ 2 ⎟
VLN := 7500 VR := ⎜ at ⋅ VLN ⎟ VR
i
= ( )=
arg VR
i
⎜ a ⋅ VLN ⎟ deg
⎝ t ⎠ 7500
0
7500
-120
7500
120

Compute load currents

IR :=
SR ⋅ 1000
i
IR =
( ) = −138.1949
arg IR
2
i VR i deg
i
0
266.6667
0

Compute source LN voltages

VS := VR + Zabc⋅ IR VS =
( )=
arg VS
i
i deg
7500 0
7952.2792 -118.3377
7500 120

compute source and load complex powers

⎯
VS ⋅ IR ⎛ 0 ⎞
SS = 1994.5209 + 720.322j ⎟
⎜
i i
SS :=
i 1000 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠

⎯
VR ⋅ IR ⎛ 0 ⎞
SR = 1900 + 624.4998j ⎟
⎜
i i
SR :=
i 1000 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠
⎛ 0 ⎞
Compute phase power losses ( i)
Ploss := Re SS − Re SR ( i) Ploss = ⎜ 94.5209 ⎟
i ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠
PROBLEM 6.9
Define phase impedance and shunt admittance matrices per mile
 ⎛ 0.7891 + 0.4041j 0.3192 + 0.0328j 0.3192 + 0.0328j ⎞
zabc := ⎜ 0.3192 + 0.0328j 0.7982 + 0.4463j 0.2849 − 0.0143j ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.3192 + 0.0328j 0.2849 − 0.0143j 0.7982 + 0.4463j ⎠
⎛ j ⋅ 96.8897 0 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 10− 6 ⎛1 0 0⎞
U := ⎜ 0 1 0 ⎟
y abc := 0 j ⋅ 96.8897 0
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 0 j ⋅ 96.8897 ⎠ ⎜ ⎟
⎝0 0 1⎠
(a) Compute constants for 2 miles of line
dist := 2

Z := zabc⋅ dist Y := y abc⋅ dist

⎛ 0.9999 + 0.0002j −0 + 0.0001j −0 + 0.0001j ⎞

a := U +
Z⋅ Y
a= ⎜ −0 + 0.0001j 0.9999 + 0.0002j 0 + 0.0001j ⎟
2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ −0 + 0.0001j 0 + 0.0001j 0.9999 + 0.0002j ⎠

⎛ 1.5782 + 0.8082j 0.6384 + 0.0656j 0.6384 + 0.0656j ⎞

b := Z b = ⎜ 0.6384 + 0.0656j 1.5964 + 0.8926j 0.5698 − 0.0286j ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.6384 + 0.0656j 0.5698 − 0.0286j 1.5964 + 0.8926j ⎠

⎛ −0 + 0.0002j −0 − 0j −0 − 0j ⎞
c := Y +
1
⋅ Y⋅ Z⋅ Y c= ⎜ −0 − 0j −0 + 0.0002j −0 + 0j ⎟
4 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ −0 − 0j −0 + 0j −0 + 0.0002j ⎠

⎛ 0.9999 + 0.0002j −0 + 0.0001j −0 + 0.0001j ⎞

d := a d= ⎜ −0 + 0.0001j 0.9999 + 0.0002j 0 + 0.0001j ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ −0 + 0.0001j 0 + 0.0001j 0.9999 + 0.0002j ⎠

Define load kVA and voltage

kVA := 10000 kVLL := 13.2 PF := .85

⎛ ej ⋅ acos( PF) ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 2833.3333 + 1755.9423j ⎞
10000 ⎜ j ⋅ acos( PF) ⎟
SL := ⋅ e SL = ⎜ 2833.3333 + 1755.9423j ⎟
3 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ej ⋅ acos( PF) ⎟ ⎝ 2833.3333 + 1755.9423j ⎠
⎝ ⎠
Compute LN load voltage

kVLL⋅ 1000
VLN := VLN = 7621.0236
3
Define LN voltage vector
 ⎛ VLN ⎞
⎜ 2 ⎟
VR := ⎜ at ⋅ VLN ⎟ VR =
( )=
arg VR
i
i deg
⎜ ⋅ VLN ⎟
⎝ at ⎠ 7621.0236 0
7621.0236 -120
7621.0236 120

Define load current vector

⎯

IR :=
SL ⋅ 1000
i
IR =
( )=
arg IR
i
i VR i deg
i
437.3866 -31.7883
437.3866 -151.7883
437.3866 88.2117

(b) Compute source LN voltages and line currents

arg⎡( VS abc) ⎤
VS := a⋅ VR + b ⋅ IR
VSabc =
⎣ i⎦
=
i deg
7933.9663 3.1266
-120
7620
120.9287
7971.3592

IS := c⋅ VR + d ⋅ IR IS =
( )=
arg IS
i
i deg
436.579 -31.6184
436.571 -151.6185
436.576 88.3824

Compute source LL voltages

VLLS := D⋅ VS VLLS =
(
arg VLLS
i )=
i deg
14091.6169 30.7649
14228.7208 -89.2558
14156.2537 150.2739

(c) Compute voltage unbalance

3
1
Vavg :=
3
⋅
∑ VS
k
Vavg = 8174.6463
k=1
 ⎛ 33.4499 ⎞
Vdev := Vavg − VS Vdev = ⎜ 0.5251 ⎟
i i ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 32.9249 ⎠
max( Vdev)
Vunbalance := ⋅ 100 Vunbalance = 0.4092
Vavg

(d) Compute source and load complex powers

⎯
VS ⋅ IS ⎛ 3012.8044 + 1885.7055j ⎞
SS = ⎜ 3007.2511 + 1922.1092j ⎟
i i
SS :=
i 1000 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3038.4092 + 1899.3673j ⎠
⎯
(VR) i⋅ IRi ⎛ 2833.3333 + 1755.9423j ⎞
SR := SR = ⎜ 2833.3333 + 1755.9423j ⎟
i 1000 i ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2833.3333 + 1755.9423j ⎠
(e) Compute power loss by phase
3

i ( )
Ploss := Re SS − Re SR
i ( ) i
Ploss t :=
∑ Ploss
k
k= 1
⎛ 179.4711 ⎞
Ploss = ⎜ 173.9178 ⎟ Ploss t = 558.4647
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 205.0759 ⎠

PROBLEM 6.10
Define load impedances

⎛ 15⋅ ej ⋅ 30⋅ deg ⎞

⎜ 0 0 ⎟
Zload := ⎜ j ⋅ 36.87⋅ deg ⎟
⎜ 0 50⋅ e 0 ⎟
⎜ j ⋅ 25.84⋅ deg ⎟
⎝ 0 0 20⋅ e ⎠

Compute equivalent impedance of line in series with load

⎛ 14.5686 + 8.3082j 0.6384 + 0.0656j 0.6384 + 0.0656j ⎞

Ztotal := Z + Zload Ztotal = ⎜ 0.6384 + 0.0656j 41.5963 + 30.8927j 0.5698 − 0.0286j ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.6384 + 0.0656j 0.5698 − 0.0286j 19.5967 + 9.6098j ⎠
(a) Compute the load currents
 ⎛ 7621.0236
VS := −3810.5118 − 6600j ⎟
⎜
⎞
VS =
( )=
arg VS
i
⎜ ⎟ i deg
⎝ −3810.5118 + 6600j ⎠ 7621.0236 0
7621.0236 -120
7621.0236 120

IR := Ztotal
−1
⋅ VS IR =
arg IR( )= i
i deg
462.123 -31.0386
150.9834 -157.9771
359.6022 94.4966

(b) Compute the load LN voltages and line currents

VR := Zload⋅ IR
VR =
arg VR( )= i
i deg
6931.8446 -1.0386
7549.1694 -121.1071
7192.0444 120.3366

IS := c⋅ VR + d ⋅ IR
IS =
( )=
arg IS
i
i deg
461.408
150.0947
358.9829

(c & d) Compute source and load complex powers

⎯
VS ⋅ IS ⎛ 3017.6834 + 1805.1773j ⎞
SS = ⎜ 907.1129 + 696.8475j ⎟
i i
SS :=
i 1000 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2473.4663 + 1169.0417j ⎠

⎯
VR ⋅ IR ⎛ 2774.1952 + 1601.6823j ⎞
SR = ⎜ 911.8381 + 683.8811j ⎟
i i
SR :=
i 1000 i ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2327.6857 + 1127.2527j ⎠

(e) Compute power loss by phase and total three-phase

i ( )
Ploss := Re SS − Re SR
i ( )
i
Ploss t :=
∑ Ploss
k
k= 1
 ⎛ 243.4882 ⎞
Ploss = ⎜ −4.7253 ⎟
Ploss t = 384.5435
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 145.7806 ⎠
(f) The primitive impedance matrix from problem 4.10 is:

⎛ 0.505 + 1.456j 0.095 + 1.047j 0.095 + 1.047j 0.095 + 1.324j 0.095 + 1.046j 0.095 + 1.046j ⎞
⎜ 0.095 + 1.047j 0.505 + 1.456j 0.095 + 0.963j 0.095 + 1.046j 0.095 + 1.324j 0.095 + 0.963j ⎟
⎜ ⎟
0.095 + 1.047j 0.095 + 0.963j 0.505 + 1.456j 0.095 + 1.046j 0.095 + 0.963j 0.095 + 1.324j ⎟
zcn3 := ⎜
⎜ 0.095 + 1.324j 0.095 + 1.046j 0.095 + 1.046j 1.239 + 1.33j 0.095 + 1.047j 0.095 + 1.047j ⎟
⎜ 0.095 + 1.046j 0.095 + 1.324j 0.095 + 0.963j 0.095 + 1.047j 1.239 + 1.33j 0.095 + 0.963j
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.095 + 1.046j 0.095 + 0.963j 0.095 + 1.324j 0.095 + 1.047j 0.095 + 0.963j 1.239 + 1.33j ⎠

Define and display partitioned matrices necessary for Kron reduction

zp3abc := submatrix( zcn3 , 1 , 3 , 1 , 3 )

⎛ 0.505 + 1.456j 0.095 + 1.047j 0.095 + 1.047j ⎞

zp3abc = ⎜ 0.095 + 1.047j 0.505 + 1.456j 0.095 + 0.963j ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.095 + 1.047j 0.095 + 0.963j 0.505 + 1.456j ⎠

zp3an := submatrix( zcn3 , 1 , 3 , 4 , 6 )

⎛ 0.095 + 1.324j 0.095 + 1.046j 0.095 + 1.046j ⎞

zp3an = ⎜ 0.095 + 1.046j 0.095 + 1.324j 0.095 + 0.963j ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.095 + 1.046j 0.095 + 0.963j 0.095 + 1.324j ⎠
zp3na := submatrix( zcn3 , 4 , 6 , 1 , 3 )

⎛ 0.095 + 1.324j 0.095 + 1.046j 0.095 + 1.046j ⎞

zp3na = ⎜ 0.095 + 1.046j 0.095 + 1.324j 0.095 + 0.963j ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.095 + 1.046j 0.095 + 0.963j 0.095 + 1.324j ⎠

zp3nn := submatrix( zcn3 , 4 , 6 , 4 , 6 )

⎛ 1.239 + 1.33j 0.095 + 1.047j 0.095 + 1.047j ⎞

zp3nn = ⎜ 0.095 + 1.047j 1.239 + 1.33j 0.095 + 0.963j ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.095 + 1.047j 0.095 + 0.963j 1.239 + 1.33j ⎠
Define the neutral current transformation matrix:
 ⎛ −0.3326 − 0.2361j −0.2789 − 0.0266j −0.2789 − 0.0266j ⎞
t n = ⎜ −0.2789 − 0.0268j −0.3408 − 0.2726j −0.249 + 0.0135j ⎟
−1
t n := −zp3nn ⋅ zp3na
⎜ ⎟
⎝ −0.2789 − 0.0268j −0.249 + 0.0135j −0.3408 − 0.2726j ⎠

Compute neutral currents:

arg( In)
⎛ −144.771 ⎞
In := t n⋅ IR In = = ⎜ 163.9893 ⎟
i deg ⎜ ⎟
162.8483 ⎝ −60.6458 ⎠
85.7159
53.2808

Compute ground current:

⎡⎡ 3 ⎤⎤
arg( Ig)
Ig := − ⎢
⎢
⎢⎢ ∑ (
In + IR ⎥⎥
k k ⎥⎥ ) Ig = 65.6169
deg
= 125.9272
⎣⎣k = 1 ⎦⎦

PROBLEM 6.11
Define impedance and admittance matrices

⎛0 0 0 ⎞ ⎛0 0 0 ⎞
⎜
zabc := 0 0 0 ⎟ ⎜
y abc := 0 0 0 ⎟ ⋅ 10− 6
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 0 0.5287 + j ⋅ 0.5717 ⎠ ⎝ 0 0 j ⋅ 140.39 ⎠
Compute phase and shunt admittance matrices for 2 miles of line

⎛0 0 0 ⎞
Zabc := zabc⋅ 2 ⎜
Zabc = 0 0 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 0 1.0574 + 1.1434j ⎠

⎛0 0 0 ⎞
Yabc := y abc⋅ 2 ⎜
Yabc = 0 0 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 0 0.0003j ⎠
Compute abcd constants
⎛1 0 0 ⎞
a := U +
1
⋅ Zabc⋅ Yabc ⎜
a= 0 1 0 ⎟
2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 0 0.9998 + 0.0001j ⎠
 ⎛0 0 0 ⎞
b := Zabc ⎜
b= 0 0 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 0 1.0574 + 1.1434j ⎠

⎛0 0 0 ⎞
c := Yabc +
1 2
⋅ Yabc ⋅ Zabc ⎜
c= 0 0 0 ⎟
4 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 0 −0 + 0.0003j ⎠

⎛1 0 0 ⎞
d := a ⎜
d= 0 1 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 0 0.9998 + 0.0001j ⎠

Define load assuming Van is reference

j ⋅ 120⋅ deg
kVA := 3000 kVLN := 8 ⋅ e PF := 0.9 VLN := kVLN⋅ 1000
Compute load current:

kVA − j ⋅ acos( PF) arg( I)

I := ⋅e I = 375 = −145.8419
kVLN deg

Define load voltage and current vectors

⎛ VLN ⎞
⎜ 2 ⎟
VR := ⎜ at ⋅ VLN ⎟ VR =
( )=
arg VR
i
i deg
⎜ a ⋅ VLN ⎟
⎝ t ⎠ 8000 120
8000 -0
8000 -120

⎛0⎞
IR := ⎜ 0 ⎟ IR =
arg IR( ) = −145.8419
3
⎜ ⎟ i deg
⎝I⎠ 0
0
375

Compute source LN voltages and currents

VS := a⋅ VR + b ⋅ IR VS =
( )=
arg VS
i
i deg
8000 120
8000 -0
8545.1732 -118.5633
 IS := c⋅ VR + d ⋅ IR IS =
( ) = −145.5237
arg IS
3
i deg
0
0
373.9664

Compute source and load complex powers

⎯
VS ⋅ IS ⎛ 0 ⎞
SS :=
i i
SS = ⎜ 0 ⎟
i 1000 i ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2848.31 + 1448.8057j ⎠
⎯
VR ⋅ IR ⎛ 0 ⎞
SR :=
i i
SR = ⎜ 0 ⎟
i 1000 i ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2700 + 1307.6697j ⎠
Compute power loss by phase
⎛ 0 ⎞ 3
( ) ( ) Ploss = ⎜ 0 ⎟
Ploss := Re SS − Re SR
i i i ⎜ ⎟
Ploss t :=
∑ Ploss
k
Ploss t = 148.31
⎝ 148.31 ⎠ k= 1

PROBLEM 6.12

2.5' 4.5'
a b c Line 1: 336,400 26/7 ACSR
Line 1
2.0' 3.0' GMR 1 := 0.0244 r1 := .306 dia1 := .721
Line 2 a b c
6.0'
Line 2: 250,000 AA

GMR 2 := .0171 r2 := .41 dia2 := .574

n Neutral: 4/0 6/1 ACSR

30.0' GMR n := .00814 rn := .592 dian := .563

length := 10 kVLL := 24.9

( a)

Define conductor positions using the ground directly under conductor a on line 1 as reference.

dp := 0 + j ⋅ 36 dp := 2.5 + j ⋅ 36 dp := 7 + j ⋅ 36
1 2 3
 dp := 0 + j ⋅ 34 dp := 2.5 + j ⋅ 34 dp := 7 + j ⋅ 34
4 5 6

dp := 4 + j ⋅ 30
7

Compute off diagonal terms of the spacing matrix

i := 1 .. 7 j := 1 .. 7 D := dp − dp
i, j i j
Define diagonal terms of spacing matrix

n := 1 .. 3 D := GMR 1 D := GMR n
n, n 7, 7

m := 4 .. 6 D := GMR 2
m, m

Display spacing matrix

⎛ 0.0244 2.5 7 2 3.2016 7.2801 7.2111 ⎞

⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2.5 0.0244 4.5 3.2016 2 4.9244 6.1847 ⎟
⎜ 7 4.5 0.0244 7.2801 4.9244 2 6.7082 ⎟
D= ⎜ 2 3.2016 7.2801 0.0171 2.5 7 5.6569 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 3.2016 2 4.9244 2.5 ⎟ 0.0171 4.5 4.272
⎜ 7.2801 4.9244 2 7 4.5 0.0171 5 ⎟
⎜ 7.2111 ⎟
⎝ 6.1847 6.7082 5.6569 4.272 5 0.0081 ⎠
Define conductor resistance values

r := r1 r := rn
n 7

r := r2
m

Plug into Carson's equations:

:= 0.0953 + j ⋅ 0.12134 ⋅ ⎛⎜ ln⎛⎜ ⎞ + 7.934 ⎞

1
zp zp := r + zp
i, j D ⎟ ⎟ i, i i i, i
⎝ ⎝ i, j ⎠ ⎠

Partition primitive impedance matrix

zij := submatrix( zp , 1 , 6 , 1 , 6 )

⎛ 0.401 + 1.413i 0.095 + 0.852i 0.095 + 0.727i 0.095 + 0.879i 0.095 + 0.822i 0.095 + 0.722i ⎞
⎜ 0.095 + 0.852i 0.401 + 1.413i 0.095 + 0.78i 0.095 + 0.822i 0.095 + 0.879i 0.095 + 0.769i ⎟
⎜ ⎟
0.095 + 0.727i 0.095 + 0.78i 0.401 + 1.413i 0.095 + 0.722i 0.095 + 0.769i 0.095 + 0.879i ⎟
zij = ⎜
⎜ 0.095 + 0.879i 0.095 + 0.822i 0.095 + 0.722i 0.505 + 1.456i 0.095 + 0.852i 0.095 + 0.727i ⎟
⎜ 0.095 + 0.822i 0.095 + 0.879i 0.095 + 0.769i 0.095 + 0.852i 0.505 + 1.456i 0.095 + 0.78i
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.095 + 0.722i 0.095 + 0.769i 0.095 + 0.879i 0.095 + 0.727i 0.095 + 0.78i 0.505 + 1.456i ⎠
 zin := submatrix( zp , 1 , 6 , 7 , 7 )

⎛ 0.0953 + 0.723j ⎞
⎜ 0.0953 + 0.7416j ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0.0953 + 0.7318j ⎟
zin =
⎜ 0.0953 + 0.7524j ⎟
⎜ 0.0953 + 0.7865j ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.0953 + 0.7674j ⎠

znj := submatrix( zp , 7 , 7 , 1 , 6 )

znj = ( 0.095 + 0.723i 0.095 + 0.742i 0.095 + 0.732i 0.095 + 0.752i 0.095 + 0.787i 0.095 + 0.767i )

znn := submatrix( zp , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 )

znn = ( 0.6873 + 1.5465j )

Kron reduction

−1
zabc := zij − zin⋅ znn ⋅ znj

Display parallel phase impedance matrix

⎛ 0.45 + 1.103i 0.146 + 0.533i 0.145 + 0.413i 0.148 + 0.556i 0.152 + 0.485i 0.15 + 0.393i ⎞
⎜ 0.146 + 0.533i 0.455 + 1.087i 0.148 + 0.458i 0.15 + 0.491i 0.154 + 0.534i 0.152 + 0.432i ⎟
⎜ ⎟
0.145 + 0.413i 0.148 + 0.458i 0.452 + 1.096i 0.149 + 0.395i 0.153 + 0.429i 0.151 + 0.546i ⎟
zabc = ⎜
⎜ 0.148 + 0.556i 0.15 + 0.491i 0.149 + 0.395i 0.562 + 1.121i 0.156 + 0.502i 0.153 + 0.385i ⎟
⎜ 0.152 + 0.485i 0.154 + 0.534i 0.153 + 0.429i 0.156 + 0.502i 0.571 + 1.091i 0.158 + 0.424i
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.15 + 0.393i 0.152 + 0.432i 0.151 + 0.546i 0.153 + 0.385i 0.158 + 0.424i 0.565 + 1.108i ⎠

Neutral transformation matrix

−1
t n := −znn ⋅ znj
t n = ( −0.413 − 0.122i −0.423 − 0.127i −0.418 − 0.124i −0.429 − 0.129i −0.448 − 0.137i −0.437 − 0.133i )

Shunt admittance:
Compute terms of the image matrix
⎯
i := 1 .. 7 j := 1 .. 7 S := dp − dp
i, j i j
Display image matrix
 ⎛ 72 72.0434 72.3395 70 70.0446 70.3491 66.1211 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 72.0434 72 72.1405 70.0446 70 70.1445 66.017
⎟
⎜ 72.3395 72.1405 72 70.3491 70.1445 70 66.0681 ⎟
S = ⎜ 70 70.0446 70.3491 68 68.0459 68.3593 64.1249 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 70.0446 70 70.1445 68.0459 68 68.1487 64.0176 ⎟
⎜ 70.3491 70.1445 70 68.3593 68.1487 68 64.0703 ⎟
⎜ 66.1211 ⎟
⎝ 66.017 66.0681 64.1249 64.0176 64.0703 60 ⎠

Compute potential coefficient matrix

⎛ Si , j ⎞⎟
P := 11.17589⋅ ln⎜
i, j ⎜ Di , j ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Partition potential coefficient matrix

pij := submatrix( P , 1 , 6 , 1 , 6 )

⎛ 89.2936 37.5619 26.1008 39.7342 34.4831 25.3505 ⎞

⎜ 37.5619 89.2936 31.0079 34.4831 39.7342 29.6871 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
26.1008 31.0079 89.2936 25.3505 29.6871 39.7342 ⎟
pij = ⎜
⎜ 39.7342 34.4831 25.3505 92.6278 36.9239 25.4684 ⎟
⎜ 34.4831 39.7342 29.6871 36.9239 92.6278 30.3718
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 25.3505 29.6871 39.7342 25.4684 30.3718 92.6278 ⎠

pin := submatrix( P , 1 , 6 , 7 , 7 )

⎛ 24.7643 ⎞
⎜ 26.4627 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 25.5632 ⎟
pin =
⎜ 27.1347 ⎟
⎜ 30.254 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 28.5046 ⎠
pnj := submatrix( P , 7 , 7 , 1 , 6 )

pnj = ( 24.7643 26.4627 25.5632 27.1347 30.254 28.5046 )

pnn := submatrix( P , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 )
pnn = ( 99.5248 )
Kron reduction
−1
pparallel abc := pij − pin ⋅ pnn ⋅ pnj
 Display parallel phase impedance matrix

⎛ 83.1316 30.9773 19.7401 32.9824 26.9552 18.2579 ⎞

⎜ 30.9773 82.2574 24.2109 27.2683 31.6899 22.108 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
19.7401 24.2109 82.7276 18.3809 21.9162 32.4127 ⎟
pparallel abc = ⎜
⎜ 32.9824 27.2683 18.3809 85.2298 28.6754 17.6968 ⎟
⎜ 26.9552 31.6899 21.9162 28.6754 83.4311 21.7068
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 18.2579 22.108 32.4127 17.6968 21.7068 84.4639 ⎠

Compute shunt admittance

matrix
ω := 2 ⋅ π⋅ 60 ω = 376.9911

−1
y abc := ω⋅ pparallel abc

⎛ 6.0186 −1.2718 −0.4097 −1.518 −0.7543 −0.299 ⎞

⎜ −1.2718 6.2054 −0.7737 −0.7622 −1.3381 −0.5488 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
−0.4097 −0.7737 5.764 −0.299 −0.5376 −1.72
y abc = ⎜ ⎟
⎜ −1.518 −0.7622 −0.299 5.7275 −1.0342 −0.2919 ⎟ μS/mil
⎜ −0.7543 −1.3381 −0.5376 −1.0342 5.9194 −0.585
⎟ e
⎜ ⎟
⎝ −0.299 −0.5488 −1.72 −0.2919 −0.585 5.5432 ⎠

(b)
−6
Z := zabc⋅ length Y := y abc⋅ length ⋅ 10

⎛1 0 0 0 0 0⎞
⎜0 1 0 0 0 0⎟
⎜ ⎟
0 0 1 0 0 0⎟
U= ⎜
n := 1 .. 6 m := 1 .. 6 U := 0 U := 1
n, m n, n
⎜0 0 0 1 0 0⎟
⎜0 0 0 0 1 0
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝0 0 0 0 0 1⎠

1
a := U + ⋅ Z⋅ Y
2
 ⎛ 1 + 0i −0 + 0i 0 + 0i −0 + 0i 0 + 0i 0 + 0i ⎞
⎜ −0 + 0i 1 + 0i 0 + 0i 0 + 0i −0 + 0i 0 + 0i ⎟
⎜ ⎟
0 + 0i −0 + 0i 1 + 0i 0 + 0i 0 + 0i −0 + 0i ⎟
a=⎜
⎜ −0 + 0i −0 + 0i 0 + 0i 1 + 0i −0 + 0i 0 + 0i ⎟
⎜ −0 + 0i −0 + 0i 0 + 0i −0 + 0i 1 + 0i 0 + 0i
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 + 0i −0 + 0i −0 + 0i 0 + 0i 0 + 0i 1 + 0i ⎠

b := Z

⎛ 4.502 + 11.028i 1.464 + 5.334i 1.452 + 4.126i 1.477 + 5.56i 1.519 + 4.848i 1.496 + 3.931i ⎞
⎜ 1.464 + 5.334i 4.548 + 10.873i 1.475 + 4.584i 1.502 + 4.909i 1.545 + 5.336i 1.52 + 4.323i
⎜
1.452 + 4.126i 1.475 + 4.584i 4.523 + 10.956i 1.489 + 3.955i 1.531 + 4.287i 1.507 + 5.46i
b=⎜
⎜ 1.477 + 5.56i 1.502 + 4.909i 1.489 + 3.955i 5.616 + 11.212i 1.559 + 5.017i 1.535 + 3.849i
⎜ 1.519 + 4.848i 1.545 + 5.336i 1.531 + 4.287i 1.559 + 5.017i 5.706 + 10.913i 1.58 + 4.236i
⎜
⎝ 1.496 + 3.931i 1.52 + 4.323i 1.507 + 5.46i 1.535 + 3.849i 1.58 + 4.236i 5.655 + 11.082i ⎠

1
c := Y + ⋅ Y⋅ Z⋅ Y
4

⎛ 0.0001 + 0j −0 − 0j −0 − 0j −0 − 0j −0 − 0j −0 − 0j ⎞
⎜ −0 − 0j 0.0001 + 0j −0 − 0j −0 − 0j −0 − 0j −0 − 0j ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ −0 − 0j −0 − 0j 0.0001 + 0j −0 − 0j −0 − 0j −0 − 0j ⎟
c=
⎜ −0 − 0j −0 − 0j −0 − 0j 0.0001 + 0j −0 − 0j −0 − 0j ⎟
⎜ −0 − 0j −0 − 0j −0 − 0j −0 − 0j 0.0001 + 0j −0 − 0j
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ −0 − 0j −0 − 0j −0 − 0j −0 − 0j −0 − 0j 0.0001 + 0j ⎠

d := a
⎛ 1 − 0i 0 − 0i −0 − 0i 0 − 0i −0 − 0i −0 − 0i ⎞
⎜ 0 − 0i 1 − 0i −0 − 0i −0 − 0i 0 − 0i −0 − 0i ⎟
⎜ ⎟
−0 − 0i 0 − 0i 1 − 0i −0 − 0i −0 − 0i 0 − 0i
A= ⎜ ⎟
−1
A := a
⎜ 0 − 0i 0 − 0i −0 − 0i 1 − 0i 0 − 0i −0 − 0i ⎟
⎜ 0 − 0i 0 − 0i −0 − 0i 0 − 0i 1 − 0i −0 − 0i
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ −0 − 0i 0 − 0i 0 − 0i −0 − 0i −0 − 0i 1 − 0i ⎠
 −1
B := a ⋅b

⎛ 4.504 + 11.026i 1.466 + 5.333i 1.454 + 4.124i 1.479 + 5.559i 1.52 + 4.847i 1.497 + 3.929i ⎞
⎜ 1.466 + 5.333i 4.55 + 10.87i 1.477 + 4.583i 1.503 + 4.908i 1.546 + 5.335i 1.522 + 4.322i ⎟
⎜ ⎟
1.454 + 4.124i 1.477 + 4.583i 4.525 + 10.953i 1.49 + 3.954i 1.532 + 4.286i 1.509 + 5.459i ⎟
B=⎜
⎜ 1.479 + 5.559i 1.503 + 4.908i 1.49 + 3.954i 5.618 + 11.209i 1.561 + 5.016i 1.536 + 3.848i ⎟
⎜ 1.52 + 4.847i 1.546 + 5.335i 1.532 + 4.286i 1.561 + 5.016i 5.708 + 10.91i 1.581 + 4.235i
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1.497 + 3.929i 1.522 + 4.322i 1.509 + 5.459i 1.536 + 3.848i 1.581 + 4.235i 5.657 + 11.079i ⎠

(c) Define loads

⎛ 1440⋅ ej ⋅ acos( .95) ⎞

⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 1368 + 449.6399j ⎞
⎜
SL1 := 1150⋅ e j ⋅ acos( .9) ⎟ SL1 = ⎜ 1035 + 501.2734j ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ j ⋅ acos( .85) ⎟ ⎝ 1462 + 906.0662j ⎠
⎝ 1720⋅ e ⎠

⎛ 1300⋅ ej ⋅ acos( .9) ⎞

⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 1170 + 566.6569j ⎞
⎜
SL2 := 1720⋅ e j ⋅ acos( .85 ) ⎟ SL2 = ⎜ 1462 + 906.0662j ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ j ⋅ acos( .95) ⎟ ⎝ 1206.5 + 396.5574j ⎠
⎝ 1270⋅ e ⎠

Note: the only way to work this problem is to compute the load currents assuming the nominal voltage of
24.9 kV. Now treat the loads as constant current and follow Example 6.5:

kVLL⋅ 1000
VLN := VLN = 14376.0217 i := 1 .. 3
3

⎛ VLN ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜
Vload := VLN⋅ e
− j ⋅ 120⋅ deg ⎟
Vload =
(
arg Vload
i )=
⎜ ⎟ i deg
⎜ V ⋅ ej ⋅ 120⋅ deg ⎟ 14376.0217 0
⎝ LN ⎠ 14376.0217 -120
14376.0217 120

Compute load currents:

IR1 :=
SL1 ⋅ 1000
i
IR1 =
( )=
arg IR1
i
i Vload i deg
i
100.1668 -18.1949
79.9943 -145.8419
119.6437 88.2117
 ⎯

IR2 :=
SL2 ⋅ 1000
i
IR2 =
( )=
arg IR2
i
i Vload i deg
i
90.4284 -25.8419
119.6437 -151.7883
88.3415 101.8051

Define total load current vector: n := 1 .. 6

⎛ IR11 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ IR12 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ IR13 ⎟
IR := ⎜
arg IR( n)
⎟ IR
n
= =
⎜ IR21 ⎟ deg
⎜ IR ⎟ 100.1668 -18.1949
79.9943 -145.8419
⎜ 22 ⎟
⎜ IR2 ⎟ 119.6437 88.2117
⎝ 3⎠ 90.4284 -25.8419
119.6437 -151.7883
88.3415 101.8051

Define source voltage vector:

⎛⎜ VLN ⎞⎟
⎜ V ⋅ e− j ⋅ 120⋅ deg ⎟
⎜ LN ⎟
⎜ j ⋅ 120⋅ deg ⎟
VS := ⎜
VLN⋅ e
⎟ VS =
( n)
arg VS
=
⎜ VLN ⎟ n deg
⎜ ⎟ 14376.0217 0
⎜ VLN⋅ e− j ⋅ 120⋅ deg ⎟ 14376.0217 -120
⎜ ⎟ 14376.0217 120
⎜⎝ VLN⋅ ej ⋅ 120⋅ deg ⎟⎠ 14376.0217 0
14376.0217 -120
14376.0217 120

Solve for the load voltages assuming the constant current loads:

VR := A⋅ VS − B⋅ IR VR =
( n)
arg VR
=
n deg
13870.6387 -2.2208
13924.7052 -121.105
13593.1946 116.7861
 13755.1719 -1.7648
13555.6762 -121.3934
13741.904 116.7517

Load 1 voltages: i := 1 .. 3 VR1 := VR VR1 =

(
arg VR1
i )=
i i i deg
13870.6387 -2.2208
13924.7052 -121.105
13593.1946 116.7861

Load 2 voltages: VR2 := VR VR2 =

(
arg VR2
i )=
i i+ 3 i deg
13755.1719 -1.7648
13555.6762 -121.3934
13741.904 116.7517

Compute sending end currents:

IS := c⋅ VR + d ⋅ IR IS =
( n)
arg IS
=
n deg
100.9088 -17.9694
80.8733 -145.6197
120.2931 88.3527
91.0516 -25.5563
120.4096 -151.616
88.9939 101.8876

Line 1: i := 1 .. 3 IS 1 := IS IS 1 =
( )=
arg IS 1
i
i i i deg
100.9088 -17.9694
80.8733 -145.6197
120.2931 88.3527

Line 2: IS 2 := IS IS 2 =
( )=
arg IS 2
i
i i+ 3 i deg
91.0516 -25.5563
120.4096 -151.616
88.9939 101.8876

(d) VS1 := VS VS2 := VS

i i i i+ 3

⎯
VS1 ⋅ IS 1 ⎛ 1379.9054 + 447.5426j ⎞
SS 1 = ⎜ 1048.3299 + 502.7197j ⎟
i i
SS 1 :=
i 1000 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1472.173 + 907.3645j ⎠
 ⎯
VS2 ⋅ IS 2 ⎛ 1180.8941 + 564.6818j ⎞
SS 2 = ⎜ 1474.0962 + 907.4365j ⎟
i i
SS 2 :=
i 1000 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1215.9837 + 397.7354j ⎠
(e) Compute receiving end complex powers:
⎯
VR1 ⋅ IR1 ⎛ 1335.7288 + 382.3587j ⎞
SR1 = ⎜ 1011.6847 + 466.1127j ⎟
i i
SR1 :=
i 1000 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1428.2464 + 777.8773j ⎠
⎯
VR2 ⋅ IR2 ⎛ 1135.6383 + 507.4518j ⎞
SR2 = ⎜ 1398.941 + 820.5878j ⎟
i i
SR2 :=
i 1000 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1172.9083 + 313.1072j ⎠
⎛ 44.1766 ⎞
( )
Ploss 1 := Re SS 1 − Re SR1 ( ) Ploss 1 = ⎜ 36.6451 ⎟
i i i ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 43.9266 ⎠
⎛ 45.2559 ⎞
( )
Ploss 2 := Re SS 2 − Re SR2 ( ) Ploss 2 = ⎜ 75.1552 ⎟
i i i ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 43.0753 ⎠
(f)
arg( In)
In := t n⋅ IR In = 15.7211 = −44.2261
deg

⎛ 6 ⎞ arg( Ig)
Ig := −⎜ In + ⎟
⎜ ∑ IR
k⎟
Ig = 22.9991
deg
= −94.6003
⎝ k=1 ⎠
PROBLEM 6.13

Note: to work this problem go back to problem 6/12 and now assume the receiving end voltages are the
nominal that were used to compute the load currents.
n := 1 .. 3

(a) Define load voltages as nominal: i := 1 .. 6

VR := Vload
n n
VR
n+ 3
:= Vload
n VR =
( i)
arg VR
=
i deg
14376.0217 0
14376.0217 -120
14376.0217 120
14376.0217 0
14376.0217 -120
14376.0217 120
 Compute sending end voltages:

VS := a⋅ VR + b ⋅ IR i := 1 .. 3

LIne 1: VS1 := VS VS1 =

( )=
arg VS1
i
i i i deg
14901.4362 2.0677
14832.379 -118.9622
15199.2602 122.8749

VS2 := VS VS2 =
( )=
arg VS2
i
Line 2: i i+ 3 i deg
15009.3405 1.6179
15204.0229 -118.7569
15052.2773 122.9662

(b) Compute sending end currents: n := 1 .. 6

IS := c⋅ VR + d ⋅ IR IS =
( n)
arg IS
=
n deg
100.9255 -17.9439
80.8891 -145.5978
120.3122 88.3755
91.0717 -25.5309
120.4419 -151.5939
89.0116 101.9115

Line 1: i := 1 .. 3 IS 1 := IS IS 1 =
( )=
arg IS 1
i
i i i deg
100.9255 -17.9439
80.8891 -145.5978
120.3122 88.3755

Line 2: IS 2 := IS IS 2 =
( )=
arg IS 2
i
i i+ 3 i deg
91.0717 -25.5309
120.4419 -151.5939
89.0116 101.9115
 Compute sending end complex power:

⎯
VS1 ⋅ IS 1 ⎛ 1413.1324 + 514.663j ⎞
SS 1 = ⎜ 1072.4517 + 537.8791j ⎟
i i
SS 1 :=
i 1000 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1507.0527 + 1035.7485j ⎠

⎯
VS2 ⋅ IS 2 ⎛ 1216.3237 + 623.7323j ⎞
SS 2 = ⎜ 1538.6066 + 992.9704j ⎟
i i
SS 2 :=
i 1000 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1250.3787 + 481.3439j ⎠

⎛ 45.1324 ⎞
(c)
( )
Ploss 1 := Re SS 1 − Re SL1 ( ) Ploss 1 = ⎜ 37.4517 ⎟
i i i ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 45.0527 ⎠

⎛ 46.3237 ⎞
( )
Ploss 2 := Re SS 2 − Re SL2 ( ) Ploss 2 = ⎜ 76.6066 ⎟
i i i ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 43.8787 ⎠

PROBLEM 6.14

Partition the 6x6 impedance matrix:

Z11 := submatrix( Z , 1 , 3 , 1 , 3 )

⎛ 4.5015 + 11.0285j 1.4643 + 5.3341j 1.4522 + 4.1255j ⎞

Z11 = ⎜ 1.4643 + 5.3341j 4.5478 + 10.8726j 1.4754 + 4.5837j ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1.4522 + 4.1255j 1.4754 + 4.5837j 4.5231 + 10.9556j ⎠
Z12 := submatrix( Z , 1 , 3 , 4 , 6 )

⎛ 1.4775 + 5.5601j 1.5191 + 4.8484j 1.4958 + 3.9305j ⎞

Z12 = ⎜ 1.5015 + 4.9093j 1.5446 + 5.3359j 1.5205 + 4.3234j ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1.4888 + 3.9548j 1.5311 + 4.2867j 1.5074 + 5.4599j ⎠
Z21 := submatrix( Z , 4 , 6 , 1 , 3 )

⎛ 1.4775 + 5.5601j 1.5015 + 4.9093j 1.4888 + 3.9548j ⎞

Z21 = ⎜ 1.5191 + 4.8484j 1.5446 + 5.3359j 1.5311 + 4.2867j ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1.4958 + 3.9305j 1.5205 + 4.3234j 1.5074 + 5.4599j ⎠
 Z22 := submatrix( Z , 4 , 6 , 4 , 6 )

⎛ 5.6155 + 11.2117j 1.5595 + 5.0167j 1.5348 + 3.8493j ⎞

Z22 = ⎜ 1.5595 + 5.0167j 5.7063 + 10.913j 1.5801 + 4.2365j ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1.5348 + 3.8493j 1.5801 + 4.2365j 5.6547 + 11.0819j ⎠
Compute the ZX matrix:
ZX := Z11 − Z12 − Z21 + Z22

⎛ 7.1621 + 11.1199j 0.0032 + 0.5931j 0.0025 + 0.0895j ⎞

ZX = ⎜ 0.0032 + 0.5931j 7.1648 + 11.1137j 0.0038 + 0.2101j ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.0025 + 0.0895j 0.0038 + 0.2101j 7.1631 + 11.1178j ⎠
Equation 6.89 to compute equivalent impedance
matrix:
−1
Zeq := ( Z11 − Z12) ⋅ ZX ⋅ ( Z22 − Z12) + Z12

⎛ 3.2534 + 8.3523j 1.5221 + 5.0376j 1.5024 + 3.9736j ⎞

Zeq = ⎜ 1.5221 + 5.0376j 3.3235 + 8.1326j 1.5375 + 4.3693j ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1.5024 + 3.9736j 1.5375 + 4.3693j 3.2844 + 8.2544j ⎠
Assume nominal receiving end
voltages:
VR := Vload VR =
( i)
arg VR
=
i deg
14376.0217 0
14376.0217 -120
14376.0217 120

Compute load currents:

⎯

IR1 :=
SL1 ⋅ 1000
i
IR1 =
( )=
arg IR1
i
i VR i deg
i
100.1668 -18.1949
79.9943 -145.8419
119.6437 88.2117

IR2 :=
SL2 ⋅ 1000
i
IR2 =
( )=
arg IR2
i
i VR i deg
i
90.4284 -25.8419
119.6437 -151.7883
88.3415 101.8051
Compute total load current:

IR := IR1 + IR2 IR =
( i)
arg IR
=
i deg
190.172 -21.8227
199.3799 -149.4061
206.5568 93.9808

Compute sending end voltages and total sending end currents:

VS := VR + Zeq⋅ IR VS =
( i)
arg VS
=
i deg
14958.107 1.8317
15004.3003 -118.8101
15121.0091 122.8865

IS := IR IS =
( i)
arg IS
=
i deg
190.172 -21.8227
199.3799 -149.4061
206.5568 93.9808

Compute line currents using Equation6.87

IR1 := ZX
−1
⋅ ( Z22 − Z12) ⋅ IR IR1 =
( )=
arg IR1
i
i deg
102.4403 -24.2462
106.7093 -151.8834
110.5835 91.1415

IR2 := IR − IR1 IR2 =

( )=
arg IR2
i
i deg
87.9301 -18.999
92.8849 -146.5598
96.265 97.2428

Since shunt capacitance is ignored, the sending and receiving end line currents are
equal
IS 1 := IR1 IS 2 := IR2
(b) Compute sending end line complex powers
⎯
VS ⋅ IS 1 ⎛ 1376.3191 + 673.5933j ⎞
SS 1 = ⎜ 1341.677 + 873.7385j ⎟
i i
SS 1 :=
i 1000 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1421.9795 + 879.7775j ⎠

⎯
VS ⋅ IS 2 ⎛ 1229.2961 + 467.7196j ⎞
SS 2 = ⎜ 1233.3862 + 648.9081j ⎟
i i
SS 2 :=
i 1000 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1312.2489 + 629.9546j ⎠
(c) Compute complex powers off of each line at the receiving end
⎯
VR ⋅ IR1 ⎛ 1342.7769 + 604.7708j ⎞
SR1 = ⎜ 1302.6036 + 810.2773j ⎟
i i
SR1 :=
i 1000 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1392.3263 + 767.2917j ⎠
⎯
VR ⋅ IR2 ⎛ 1195.2231 + 411.526j ⎞
SR2 = ⎜ 1194.3964 + 597.0623j ⎟
i i
SR2 :=
i 1000 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1276.1737 + 535.3319j ⎠

Compute power losses on each line:

⎛ 33.5422 ⎞
Ploss 1 := Re( SS 1) − Re( SR1) Ploss 1 = ⎜ 39.0734 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 29.6531 ⎠

⎛ 34.073 ⎞
Ploss 2 := Re( SS 2) − Re( SR2) Ploss 2 = ⎜ 38.9898 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 36.0752 ⎠
WindMil Assignment
Distribution System Modeling and Analysis 3rd Kersting Solution Manual

Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters