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Subject: Clinical Pharmacokinetics &pharmacotherapeutic Drug Monitoring
Subject: Clinical Pharmacokinetics &pharmacotherapeutic Drug Monitoring
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7. What is clearance? Give the relationship between clearance, drug dose and AUC.
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9. Define pharmacokinetics. Name and define three pharmacokinetic parameters that describe a
typical plasma level time curve.
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10. Define loading dose and maintenance dose. Give equations to calculate the same.
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16. Describe the principle of superposition and how it applies to multiple drug dosing.
17. Explain the role of nomograms and tabulations in the design of dosage regimen.
18. Explain the different methods of conversion of intravenous to per oral dosing.
19. Explain various factors considered in designing the dosage regimen for geriatric patients.
20. Explain the factors considered in the design of dosage regimen for paediatric patients. Give
any two formulae for the calculation of child dose.
21. Explain various factors considered in the design of dosage regimen for obese patients.
22. Why dosage adjustment is necessary in the obese patients. What are the pharmacokinetic
parameters to be considered in the dosage adjustment for obese patients?
23. The elimination half-life and Vd of tobramycin was reported to be 2.15 hrs and 33.5% of
body weight respectively. What is the dose for an 80 kg individual if a steady state level of
2.5 μg/ml is desired? Assume that the drug is given as iv bolus every 8 hrs.
24. The elimination half-life of an antibiotic is 3 hrs with an apparent volume of distribution
equivalent to 20% of bodyweight. The usual therapeutic range of this antibiotic is between
5-15 μg/ml. Calculate the dose and dosing interval that will just maintain the therapeutic
concentration.
25. Explain in detail determination of dose and dosing interval of a drug.
26. Enumerate the factors involved in calculation of drug dose in peadiatric patients.
27. Discuss the factors to be considered during the design of dosage regimen.
28. Explain the reasons for converting IV dose to oral dose. Add a note on START and STOP
criteria for drugs to be used in patients.
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32. Write the importance of loading dose in finding drug dosing intervals.
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33. Give the relationship between elimination half-life and drug dosing intervals
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38. What are the factors affecting the drug absorption in geriatric patients?
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39. Mention the factors affecting the drug distribution in obese patients.
40. Based on which property of drug, the drug dosage is adjusted in the obese patients and why?
41. Give any four factors considered in dosing obese patients.
42. Mention any four factors considered in dosing paediatric patients.
43. Give any two formulae for the calculation of paediatric dose.
44. Write the formula for the calculation of geriatric dose.
45. What are the factors considered in the conversion of IV to oral dosing?
46. What is the BEER’s criteria for drugs to be used in geriatric patients?
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66. Define TDM. Name any four drugs that require TDM.
67. Write the protocol for TDM of a drug.
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78. Describe the role of cytochrome P-450 enzymes in drug interactions. Add a note with
suitable examples and their clinical significance.
79. Explain the influence of drug interaction on drug metabolism with respect to enzyme
induction and enzyme inhibition.
80. Explain the effect of inhibition of biliary excretion of drugs and list out the drug interactions
which influence the biliary excretion.
Unit IV: (A. Dosage adjustment in renal and hepatic disease + B. Pharmacogenetics)
87. Explain the various pharmacokinetic changes observed in the renally impaired patients.
88. How do you adjust dosage regimen in renal failure patients based on elimination half life of
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drug?
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89. How do you adjust dosage regimen in renal failure patients based on total body clearance of
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drug?
90. Give the ideal characteristics of a marker to be used in the measurement of GFR.
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91. Explain various markers used in the measurement of glomerular filtration rate along with
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92. Define creatinine clearance. Enumerate various formulae used for the measurement of
creatinine clearance.
93. Explain the effect of hepatic disease on pharmacokinetics of drugs.
94. Describe peritoneal dialysis with its advantages and disadvantages.
95. Explain the Giusti-Hayton method for the dosage adjustment in uremic patients.
96. Describe the Wagner method for the dose adjustment in uremic patients.
97. The maintenance dose of gentamicin is 80mg every 6hrs for a patient with normal renal
function. Calculate the maintenance dose for a uremic patient with creatinine clearance of
20ml/min. Assume a normal creatinine clearance of 100ml/min.
98. What is the creatinine clearance for a 25 year old male patient with a serum creatinine of
1mg/dL? The patient is 5 ft, 4inches in height and weighs 103 Kg.
99. An adult male patient (52 years old, 75 kg) whose serum creatinine is 2.4 mg/dL is to be
given gentamicin sulphate. The usual dose of gentamicin in adult patients with normal renal
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function is 1 mg/kg every 8 hours by multiple IV bolus injections. Calculate the appropriate
dosage regimen of gentamicin sulfate for this patient.
100. Explain hemodialysis.
101. Explain methods of determining creatinine clearance.
102. Describe the methods of measurement of GFR and their significance.
value of 0.8 mg/dl. The patient is 5 ft 1 inch tall and weighs 69 kgs.
118. Name the metabolic markers used in liver function test with their normal values.
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122. Using the method of Cockroft and Gault, Calculate creatinine clearance for a 36 year old
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female patient with a serum creatinine value of 1.8 mg/dl. The patient is 5 ft 5 inch tall and
weighs 58 kgs.
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pharmacokinetics.
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