Report Goal10

What is inequality?
Inequality is a state or condition in which there is lack of equality and fairness. It is a concept that
describes the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, privileges, or benefits among individuals
or groups within a society or a specific context. Inequality threatens long term social and economic
development, harms poverty reduction and destroys people’s sense of fulfilment and self-worth. This, in
turn, can breed crime, disease and environmental degradation.
Inequality can be seen in the country means among the people of one country and can be among the
countries of the world.
TYPES OF INEQUALITY
Some common type of inequalities which can be observed are listed below:
1. Income Inequality
2. Wealth Inequality
3. Gender Inequality
4. Racial and Ethnic Inequality
5. Educational Inequality
6. Healthcare Inequality
7. Rural-Urban Inequality
8. Political Inequality
INCOME INEQUALITY:
It means unequal distribution of income among people. It occurs when some individual or group of
people have significantly higher income than others.
In Pakistan rich people earn more than 16 times then poor people. It fuels crimes, squander talent and
thwarts talent.
FACTORS OF INCOME INEQUALITY:
Below there are some factors which affect

income equality
* Globalization
* Technological advancement
* Gender and race bias
* Economic conditions
* Education
* Taxation
WEALTH INEQUALITY:
Wealth inequality focuses on the unequal distribution of assets, property, and financial resources. It
considers factors such as property ownership, investments, savings, and inheritance.
10% of the whole human population holds 76% wealth of whole world and takes in 52% of income.
EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY:
Educational inequality arises when there are disparities in access to
quality education and educational outcomes among different social
groups. It includes unequal distribution of educational resources,
limited educational funds and unqualifies teachers.
In many countries, there exists a hierarchy or a main group of

people who benefit and acquire more education more than the
minority people groups or lower systems in that area, such as with
India’s caste system for example. Sometimes race, religion and
ethnicity can decide a child’s future and opportunities in education
and further. In Asian countries where girls who are already at a
disadvantage, adding to it have less education institute for them.
Pakistan has among the most out-of-school children in the world 23

million, and one of the biggest gaps between boys and girls,
measured both by enrolment and learning. For every 100 boys enrolled in school in Pakistan 86 girls are
enrolled.
GENDER INEQUALITY: It
means unequal treatment and having less opportunity based on
gender. It includes various aspects like unequal education
opportunity, educational segregation, disparities in pay, lack of
legal protection, poor health care, political representation and so
on.
An important driver of gender gaps are gender norms, poverty

and conflicts. In Pakistan, men are generally expected to be breadwinners and women are generally
expected to stay home. This leads to higher demand for school for sons than for daughters.
ETHNIC AND RACIAL INEQUALITY:
When some individuals or groups face unequal

treatment or opportunities based on their faith,
religion, language, race, and ethnicity. It can
involve disproportion in areas such as income,
employment, housing, criminal justice, education,
and health facilities.
HEALTHCARE INEQUALITY:
Healthcare inequality occur when some people or groups face
discrimination in accessing quality services, treatment, and
health outcome.
Social factors, including education, employment status, income

level, gender and ethnicity have a marked influence on how
healthy a person is. In all countries – whether low-, middle- or
high-income – there are wide disparities in the health status of different social groups. The lower an
individual’s socio-economic position, the higher their risk of poor health. Addressing disparities in
health and health care is important not only from an equality standpoint but also for improving the
nation’s overall health and economic prosperity. People of color and other underserved groups
experience higher rates of illness and deaths limiting the overall health of the nation.
RULAR URBAN INEQUALITY:
It means disparities in living conditions, access to basic and
economic opportunities compared to urban areas.

Rural communities often face challenges such as limited job
opportunities, inadequate healthcare and educational resources,
and insufficient infrastructure compared to urban areas. labor
productivity in rural areas rises at a slower rate than in urban areas.
TARGETS OF GOAL 10
1. By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40

percent of the population at a rate higher than the national average.
This target is simply related to income inequality and emphasizes promoting

economic growth. The bottom 40% of the population refers to those individuals or
households who earn very low compared to national income in the country. This
target emphasizes sustainable income growth which means long term income
sustainability and growth.
2. By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic, and political

inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin,
religion or economic or other status.
This goal focuses on empowering the social, economic, and political inclusion of
all individuals regardless of their age, gender religion, economic status, and
various other factors. This goal emphasizes developing a society which accepts
diversity and produces equal opportunity for everyone.
3. Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating

discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies, and
action in this regard.
This law simply stats that we need to eliminate all discriminatory laws while
promoting legislation policies and appropriate action which promote fairness
and equality. Discriminatory laws and policies can perpetuate systematic
inequality by unfairly favoring some groups based on their ethnicity, socio-
economic status, race, and any other factor which leads to unfairness.
Promoting appropriate legislation, policies, and actions involves implementing

measures that actively address inequalities and foster equal opportunities for all
individuals. This includes:
1. Anti-discrimination laws
2. Affirmative action policies
3. Equal pay and workplace fairness
4. Education and awareness
5. Access to justice
To achieve these goals, it is important to have collaboration between government, civil society
organization and individuals. Monitoring on a regular basis and reporting its progress is crucial to
identify gaps and ensure the effectiveness of policies and actions aimed at reducing inequalities and
promoting equal opportunity for all members of society.
4. Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve
greater equality.
Adopting policies with the aim of reducing inequality needs measures in

various areas such as fiscal, wage and social protection policies. These policies
are designed to reduce income disparities and provide a safety net for
vulnerable populations.
Increasing progressive taxation will ensure wealthier individuals contribute a

larger share of their income to support public services. Expanding social
spending like spending on healthcare and social care will bridge the gap
between different socioeconomic groups and will provide opportunities for everyone.
Government can fix the minimum wage to ensure that workers receive enough income to meet
their daily needs. The government can establish a wage insurance program which will provide
temporary financial assistance to those who lose their jobs.
5. Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and
strengthen the implementation of such regulations.
For this target we need to implement effective measures to ensure the

stability of the financial system. This can be achieved through various
actions. One example is the development of international regulatory
bodies with the authority to oversee and enforce financial regulations on
a global scale. This regulatory body would have the power to set and
enforce consistent standards for financial institutions worldwide, ensuring that they adhere to best
practices and maintain stability in the global financial system. It would monitor activities such as risk
management, capital requirements, and market conduct to prevent misconduct and protect
investors.

Report Goal10

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What is inequality?

FACTORS OF INCOME INEQUALITY:

Below there are some factors which affect

* Gender and race bias

In many countries, there exists a hierarchy or a main group of

Pakistan has among the most out-of-school children in the world 23

An important driver of gender gaps are gender norms, poverty

ETHNIC AND RACIAL INEQUALITY:

When some individuals or groups face unequal

Social factors, including education, employment status, income

RULAR URBAN INEQUALITY:

It means disparities in living conditions, access to basic and

economic opportunities compared to urban areas.

1. By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40

This target is simply related to income inequality and emphasizes promoting

2. By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic, and political

3. Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating

Promoting appropriate legislation, policies, and actions involves implementing

Adopting policies with the aim of reducing inequality needs measures in

Increasing progressive taxation will ensure wealthier individuals contribute a

For this target we need to implement effective measures to ensure the

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