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Oshc Approved Bosh Training Modole
Oshc Approved Bosh Training Modole
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CONSAFE CONSTRUCITON SAFETY TRAINOR & CONSULTANT
DOLE STO Accreditation No. 1030-121619-0075
BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction: BOSH Framework ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Module 6: Responses to OSH Issues and Concerns | 3 – OSH Legislations ------------------------ 148
Module 6: Responses to OSH Issues and Concerns | 4 – OSH Program Development --------- 159
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CONSAFE CONSTRUCITON SAFETY TRAINOR & CONSULTANT
DOLE STO Accreditation No. 1030-121619-0075
BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
This is offered by the Occupational Safety and Health Center (OSHC), and DOLE-accredited Safety Training
Organizations (STOs).
Course Objectives
Terminal Objective: To provide the participants the basic knowledge and skills on the basic concepts and principles
of occupational safety and health (OSH) that will enable safety officers to develop and implement their company’s
safety and health program.
Specific Objectives:
At the end of the course, participants will be able to:
• identify existing & potential safety and health hazards and describe their effects to the human body;
• relate the effects of occupational illnesses and accidents to individuals, their families, communities and
workplaces;
• determine the appropriate control measures for specific hazards;
• describe the importance of effective OSH communication (OSH training and meetings);
• explain the roles of safety officers in the overall management of OSH program;
• identify the components of an OSH program; and
• develop a workplace-specific OSH re-entry plan.
COURSE OUTLINE:
• Why the need for OSH?
• Workplace Risk Assessment
• Accident Causation and Investigation
• Integrating Activity
• Communicating OSH
• Responses to OSH Issues and Concerns
2. Occupational health is a broad concept which explains how the different hazards and risks at work may
cause an illness and emphasizes that health programs are essential in controlling work-related and/or
occupational diseases.
3. Industrial hygiene discusses the identification, evaluation, and control of physical, chemical, biological
and ergonomic hazards.
• OSH encompasses the social, mental and physical well-being of workers is the “Whole Person”.
In other words, occupational health and safety encompasses the social, mental and physical well-being of workers,
that is, the “whole person”.
Successful occupational health and safety practice requires the collaboration and participation of both employers
and workers in health and safety programs, and involves the consideration of issues relating to occupational
medicine, industrial hygiene, toxicology, education, engineering safety, ergonomics, psychology, etc.
Occupational health issues are often given less attention than occupational safety issues because the former are
generally more difficult to confront. However, when health is addressed, so is safety - a healthy workplace is by
definition also a safe workplace. The reverse, though, may not be true - a so-called safe workplace is not necessarily
also a healthy workplace. The important point is that both health and safety issues must be addressed in every
workplace
The terms hazard and risk are often interchanged. Because you will be encountering these throughout the course
it is a must that you understand the difference between them.
Hazard – a source or situation with a potential to cause harm in terms of injury, ill health, damage to property,
damage to the environment or a combination of these.
Risk – a combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event with specified period or in specified
circumstances and the severity of injury or damage to the health of people, property, environment or any
combination of these caused by the event.
The hazards affecting the workplace under each major area should be detected, identified, controlled and, at best,
prevented from occurring by the safety and health officer of the company. Occupational safety and health should
be integrated in every step of the work process, starting from storage and use of raw materials, the manufacture
of products, release of by-products, use of various equipment and ensuring a non-hazardous or risk-free work
environment.
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CONSAFE CONSTRUCITON SAFETY TRAINOR & CONSULTANT
DOLE STO Accreditation No. 1030-121619-0075
BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
Our discussions will therefore flow from the three major areas of OSH and then on to the part where you will
prepare a re-entry plan to apply what you have learned in your specific workplace. If you are not working yet, we
can simulate a company, a household or a community that will benefit from your re-entry plan.
The occupational health and safety is about providing safety and health measures in different work environments
and sectors. It is an area that is concerned with the health, safety, as well as welfare of people engaged in an
organization. Every kind of work exposes individuals to a number of hazards, for instance, dangerous machinery,
loads that have to be manually handled, electricity, toxic substances, working with display screen tools, risk of fire,
or even psychological hazards like stress. It might seem obvious, but management of health and safety in the
workplace is very important because along with protecting employees, it also increases productivity when
employees are healthy and happy.
According to the report, globally 1,000 people are estimated to die every day from occupational accidents and a
further 6,500 from work-related diseases. The aggregate figures indicate an overall increase in the number of
deaths attributed to work: from 2.33 million deaths in 2014 to 2.78 million deaths in 2017.
Estimates suggest that circulatory system diseases (31 per cent), work-related cancers (26 per cent) and respiratory
diseases (17 per cent) contribute to almost three-quarters of the total work-related mortality. Diseases are the
cause of the great majority of work-related deaths (2.4 million deaths or 86.3 per cent), in comparison to fatal
occupational accidents (which make up the remaining 13.7 per cent). Together, these account for 5 to 7 per cent
of deaths globally (Christopher and Murray, 2016; ILO, 2006; Murray and Lopez, 1996.C
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CONSAFE CONSTRUCITON SAFETY TRAINOR & CONSULTANT
DOLE STO Accreditation No. 1030-121619-0075
BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
In addition, the most recent
estimates from the WHO
show that when accounting
for both deaths and
disability, the fraction of the
global disease burden in the
general population due to
occupation amounts to 2.7
per cent (WHO, 2018).
Recent research indicates that worldwide about 20 per cent of lower back and neck pain and 25 per cent of hearing
loss in adults are attributable to occupational exposures (WHO, 2018). This suggests both that occupational
exposures to traditional and well-known harmful physical, chemical, and biological agents continue to occur on a
large scale, and that there is still some way to go before the trend of increasing levels of occupational exposure to
such risk factors is reversed globally.
According to estimates, the burden of occupational mortality and morbidity is not equally distributed across the
world. About two-thirds (65 per cent) of global work-related mortality is estimated to occur in Asia, followed by
Africa (11.8 per cent), Europe (11.7 per cent), America
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CONSAFE CONSTRUCITON SAFETY TRAINOR & CONSULTANT
DOLE STO Accreditation No. 1030-121619-0075
BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
(10.9 per cent) and Oceania (0.6 per cent). This reflects the distribution of both the world’s working population and
hazardous work, as well as differing levels of national economic development. The rates of fatal occupational
accidents per 100,000 workers also show stark regional differences (Figure 1), with those in Africa and Asia between
4 and 5 times higher than those in Europe (Hämäläinen et al, 2017).
There are also differences in relative contributions of various causes of work-related mortality by region (Figure 2),
though this is also affected by differences in reporting and recording. Developed countries appear to have a higher
proportion of work-related mortality from cancers (over 50 per cent) and a much smaller proportion from
occupational accidents and infectious conditions (under 5 per cent). Africa has the highest relative share of work-
related communicable diseases (over a third) and occupational accidents (over 20 per cent) and lowest for cancers
(less than 15 per cent) (Takala et al, 2017).
These regional differences in work-related deaths and diseases reflect the multiple and multi-faceted national,
social, political, demographic and occupational differences between countries and regions globally. They also
reflect different capacities to manage health and safety issues in workplaces and different capacities of national
governments to effectively put in place and enforce health and safety rules. While there has been a long-term fall
in occupational accidents, in global terms this has been offset by the increase in occupational injury fatalities as a
result of the growing share of production to rapidly industrially progressing countries, particularly in Asia (Takala
et al, 2014). Occupational accidents and work-related diseases have a substantial global impact. While
underreporting of OSH data often undermines its reliability, the data here suggests that this impact varies according
to where workers live and work, reflecting inequalities in their exposure to risks.
Aiming to strengthen global capacity for evidence synthesis and disease burden modelling in occupational health,
the ILO and the WHO have joined efforts for estimating the global burden of work-related diseases and injury.
Source:https://safety4sea.com/ilo-2-78-million-workers-die-from-occupational-accidents-
annually/?fbclid=IwAR20rpdwPacXxx9Ol1cMSVwRDLJBuNFPvPCosh4Atl-57SK_xPMwITUKSqI
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CONSAFE CONSTRUCITON SAFETY TRAINOR & CONSULTANT
DOLE STO Accreditation No. 1030-121619-0075
BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
The Philippine Government estimates that 2.2 million Filipino workers in medium and large enterprises enjoy
effective occupational safety and health (OSH) protection and services. In other words, 17 of 18 persons in the
nation’s workforce of 38.8 million do not benefit from acceptable working conditions. Studies substantiate that
OSH conditions in micro-firms and the informal sector pose risks and hazards.
The ILO Country Office for the Philippines (CO-Manila) supports programs to promote a culture of safety and health
that bring OSH services to those that need them the most. A range of government and non-government agencies
are partners, with beneficiaries that include agrarian reform farmers, informal workers and trade unions and their
members. The office works with constituents – governments, workers and employers organizations to promote
ratification of the Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 2006 (No.187) .
A national occupational safety and health culture is one in which the right to a safe and healthy working
environment is respected at all levels, where governments, employers and workers actively participate in securing
a safe and healthy working environment through a system of defined rights, responsibilities and duties, and where
the highest priority is accorded to the principle of prevention.
• A total of 38,235 occupational accidents occurred in 2017. These work-related accidents were reported by
about 16.3 percent of the total 32,288 establishments employing 20 or more workers in 2017.
• As a result of workplace accidents, about 46,283 cases of occupational injuries were recorded in 2017. Both
cases of occupational accidents and cases of occupational injuries in 2017 were comparatively lower by
14.5 percent and 9.2 percent, respectively from 2015. (Figure 1)
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CONSAFE CONSTRUCITON SAFETY TRAINOR & CONSULTANT
DOLE STO Accreditation No. 1030-121619-0075
BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
MEASURES OF SAFETY PERFOMANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES
• The frequency rate in 2017 was registered at 1.75 percent. Approximately, there were 2 cases of
occupational injuries with workdays lost reported per 1,000,000 employee-hours of exposure.
• The incidence rate in 2017 was posted at 4.27 percent which indicates that there were around 4 cases of
occupational injuries with workdays lost per 1,000 workers.
• The severity rate was recorded at 9.68. This means that about 10 workdays were lost in cases of
occupational injuries resulting to temporary incapacity per 1,000,000 employee-hours of exposure.
TYPE OF INJURY
• Superficial injuries and open wounds were the most common type of occupational injuries with more than
half or 50.8 percent of the total cases reported. This was followed by dislocations, sprains and strains with
12.0 percent and fractures with 10.7 percent.
CAUSE OF INJURY
• The leading cause of work-related injury in establishments was stepping on, striking against or struck by
objects, excluding falling objects (36.3%). Other causes of injury include caught in or between objects
(21.0%) and falls of persons (10.5%).
AGENT OF INJURY
• The top three (3) agents of injuries in 2017 were machines and equipment (26.2%); materials and objects
(24.4%); and hand tools (18.3%).
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CONSAFE CONSTRUCITON SAFETY TRAINOR & CONSULTANT
DOLE STO Accreditation No. 1030-121619-0075
BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
MAJOR OCCUPATION GROUP
• By major occupation group, 30.2 percent of the total 20,797 cases of occupational injuries with workdays
lost in 2017 affected plant and machine operators and assemblers. Injuries to service and sales workers;
and elementary occupations followed at 19.3 percent and 18.7 percent, respectively.
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
• Occurrences of occupational diseases in
establishments employing 20 or more workers
accounted to 101,851 cases in 2017. This was a
decrease of 19.1 percent from 125,973 reported
cases in 2015. (Figure 3)
• Workers engaged in administrative and support service activities reported the highest share of cases with
occupational diseases with 31.8 percent. Followed by manufacturing industry (28.9%) and wholesale and
retail trade; repair of motorcycles (9.6%).
Source:https://psa.gov.ph/content/20172018-integrated-survey-labor-and-employmentisle-part-6-module-occupational-
injuries-and
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CONSAFE CONSTRUCITON SAFETY TRAINOR & CONSULTANT
DOLE STO Accreditation No. 1030-121619-0075
BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
OSH (Occupational Safety and Health) in companies is important for legal, economic, and moral reasons.
Legal. Legal reason for OSH is related to the compensatory, punitive, and preventative effects of laws that
protect the safety and health of workers. OSH legislation requires all organizations to ensure the safety, welfare,
and health of employees and to conduct all work related activities in such a manner that they should not pose any
harm to them.
Economic. There are powerful economic reasons for decreasing work concerning accidents as well as ill health.
In addition to decreasing costs, efficient safety and health management promotes the productivity of a business.
Ill health and diseases related to work can result in many days absence from work. Accidents can hinder normal
operations and is a possible addition to the operating costs of a company. Additionally, the strain and stress on
other employees can demotivate them, or might lead to more mishaps. The medical expenses incurred by injured
and ill workers in hospitals will be borne by the company.
Moral. It is morally right to safeguard a worker from any kind of harm. It is the duty of all the companies to
provide the best care to their employees. Friends and families would expect their loved ones who go out to make
their livelihood to come back home safe. The grief, pain, and suffering of people who have their health affected or
are hurt while working for their companies are felt by workers as well as their family members.
Safety Trends
In recent years there is a trend for companies:
• They pay more attention to safety-related matters than ever before.
• It is a fact that more companies are embracing safety perform better and have a higher retention
percentage in their workforce.
• The future of construction is shifting towards augmented reality
DO 198-2018:
• Refers to any employee or officer of the company trained by DOLE or DOLE-Accredited Training
Organization and tasked by the employer to implement an OSH program, and ensure that it is in accordance
with the provisions of OSH standards.
DO 198 - Section 14 – Safety Officer - In the implementation of OSH Program, safety officers shall be employed or
designated with the following duties and responsibilities:
• Oversee the overall management of the OSH Program in coordination with the OSH committee;
• Frequently monitor and inspect any health and safety aspect of the operation being undertaken
• with the participation of supervisors and workers;
• Assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at any time whenever work is
being performed or during the conduct of accident investigation by providing necessary information and
OSH reports as required by the OSH standards;
• Issue Work Stoppage Order (WSO) when necessary based on the requirements and procedures provided
by the OSH standards.
• Advises employers, supervisors and workers on matters of safety for their guidance
• Investigates accidents as part of the Safety Committee
• Coordinates safety training programs for employees and employers
• Make safety inspections of the plant as part of the Safety Committee
• Maintains or helps maintain an accident record system
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CONSAFE CONSTRUCITON SAFETY TRAINOR & CONSULTANT
DOLE STO Accreditation No. 1030-121619-0075
BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
DO 198-2018: Classification and minimum number of safety officer for all covered workplaces shall be as follows:
Work Accident It is an unplanned, unwanted, or unexpected occurrence that may result in personal injury, property
damage, work stoppage or interference or any combination thereof, which arises out of and in the course of
employment.
It causes the work system to break down since it intervenes between the worker, equipment, and environment
and the tasks to be performed. It is usually a contact with a source of energy above the threshold limit of the body
or structure.
SAFETY
Freedom from accident. Safety is the control of accidental loss,
In order for safety to be realized and properly implemented, the source/s of accident must be pinpointed.
* UNSAFE/SUBSTANDARD CONDITION (environmental) - the unsafe condition of the agency, which could have
been guarded or corrected. (ex. improper guarding, defective agencies, poor housekeeping, poor ventilation,
improper illumination, etc.)
• CIRCUMSTANCES which could permit the occurrence of an incident or accident
• DEVIATION from standard conditions (equipment, materials, or environment)
Risk
A combination of the probability of occurrence of a hazardous event and the severity of injury or damage to the health of
people caused by this event.
Risk Assessment Steps - European Agency of Safety and Health at Work
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CONSAFE CONSTRUCITON SAFETY TRAINOR & CONSULTANT
DOLE STO Accreditation No. 1030-121619-0075
BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
Source: https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/factsheet-81-risk-
assessment-key-healthy-workplaces
2. Health Hazards
• Working conditions which result in an illness
• Often, latency between exposure & disease
After the hazards are identified, the Risk of identified hazards must be established.
Risk- Chance of physical or personal loss. Risk is a potential problem that exists when persons or properties are
exposed to hazards.
Risk Assessment - overall process of estimating the magnitude of risk and deciding whether or not the risk is
tolerable
Upon doing the Risk Assessment, each hazard will now be categorized to Low, Medium and High, which also becomes the
priority rating for controlling the risks involved with these hazards. And to finally, reduce and eliminate the risks posed by
the hazards, control determination should be in place in response to the Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment
process.
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CONSAFE CONSTRUCITON SAFETY TRAINOR & CONSULTANT
DOLE STO Accreditation No. 1030-121619-0075
BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
Now to secure this process is religiously followed by the whole organization, a point person must spearhead the HIRAC
program. A safety officer could take that role and responsibility. Asides leading this program, here are the list of duties
and responsibilities of a Safety Officer:
Clear points
• Accidents and injuries result to losses of lives, limbs, time and property
• Most accidents at work could have been prevented
• Every workplace has different hazards, risk, levels of exposure. Tailor fit your OSH response.
• Conduct workplace risk assessment through hazards IDENTIFICATION, EVALUATION and CONTROL.
In a safety hazard assessment, it is important to be as thorough as possible because after all, you can’t protect your
workers against hazards you are unaware of and unprepared for. Avoid blind spots in your workplace safety
procedures by taking into consideration.
Objectives
Working on this module should help you to:
• Describe hazards from poor housekeeping
• Explain the causes and extent of fire incidents;
• Identify causes and effects of machine related accidents;
• Identify common hazards associated with materials handling;
• Enumerate common electrical hazards
• Develop control measures against hazards in the workplace before accidents and injuries can occur
What is Housekeeping?
OSHS RULE 1060: Premises of Establishments
• Good housekeeping is the foundation of a safe, healthy, and pleasant workplace.
• It is essential that all areas be kept clean, orderly, and with all necessary things in the proper places.
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CONSAFE CONSTRUCITON SAFETY TRAINOR & CONSULTANT
DOLE STO Accreditation No. 1030-121619-0075
BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
Housekeeping is a basic foundation for not only a safe workplace, but also a productive one. When housekeeping
is poor at a worksite employee are more likely to be hurt on the job. The unsafe conditions present due to poor
housekeeping is often a contributing factor or a direct cause for workplace injuries. It is important to realize the
impact housekeeping has on your ability to work safe.
2. Strain and sprain hazards - Sprain and strain injuries can result from
slip, trip, and fall incidents. They also can occur when heavy items are
not properly put away. When heavy or awkward objects are placed on
the floor and need to be picked up by a worker it creates a risk for
injury. Too often items have to be moved when there is poor
housekeeping in a work area just for the sake of getting them out of
the way. Because of unnecessary lifting, sprains and strains can occur.
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CONSAFE CONSTRUCITON SAFETY TRAINOR & CONSULTANT
DOLE STO Accreditation No. 1030-121619-0075
BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
C. GASES
Classification According To Hazards Characteristics:
1. Flammable
2. Explosives
3. Toxic
4. Corrosive
5. Emits hazards fumes or gases
6. Fragile
The 5S System
What is 5S?
• 5S Methodology was developed in Japan and it is system for organizing spaces so work can be performed
efficiently & effectively with safety and it is fundamental tool of lean manufacturing
- Lean Manufacturing it is all about optimizing processes and eliminating waste and we will become
more efficient.
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CONSAFE CONSTRUCITON SAFETY TRAINOR & CONSULTANT
DOLE STO Accreditation No. 1030-121619-0075
BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
• It is a systematized steps of good housekeeping to organize work areas, keeps rules and standards, and
maintain the discipline needed to perform a good job.
The Result of 5S
It is hoped that the implementation of 5S at the workplace will result in:
• Everyone will work together for more a productive work.
• The workplace will be more secure.
• There will be a bigger & cleaner workplace for everyone.
• Easily finding things & equipment needed.
• Better collaboration between employees.
• Reducing mistakes in making duties.
• Improves organization's image.
SOURCE: https://www.nikunjbhoraniya.com/2018/09/5S-methodology.html
Fire Hazards
Fire – The active principle of burning characterized by the heat and light of combustion (RA 9514). It is a rapid
oxidation process accompanied with the evolution of light and heat of varying intensities.
Fire safety - It refers to planning and infrastructure design aimed at reducing the risk of fire or impeding the spread
of a fire when one does break out.
Fire is the result of the chemical combination of a combustible material (fuel) with oxygen in the presence of
enough heat. If any one of the three is missing, a fire will not start. The relationship is called fire triangle. It is
important that every worker, not only supervisor, knows the main causes of fire, how fire spreads, how to fight
fire, and how to prevent fire.
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CONSAFE CONSTRUCITON SAFETY TRAINOR & CONSULTANT
DOLE STO Accreditation No. 1030-121619-0075
BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
Basic Chemistry of Fire
• Fuel. Or combustible materials. This includes many substances such as natural gas (methane), plastics,
wood, natural and artificial fibers, paper, coal and other living matter. Inorganic substances are also
combustible, substances like hydrogen, ammonium nitrate magnesium, phosphorus, sodium and sulfur.
• Oxygen. Fire normally draws its fire through the air, which is a mixture of 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen.
16% of oxygen is needed to sustain fire.
• Heat. Sufficient heat to raise the temperature of the fuel surface to a point where chemical union of the
fuel and oxygen occurs. The temperature at which the substance gives off these vapors or gases in sufficient
quantity to be ignited is called the “flash point” of the substance.
Sources of Heat:
Natural Sources Artificial Sources
• Chemical Action
• SUN
• Mechanical Energy
• INTERTION OF THE EARTH
• Electrical Energy
• LIGHTNING
• Nuclear Energy
https://slideplayer.com/slide/14885684/
• Chemical Reaction. Vapors of gases, which are distilled during burning process of a material, are
carried into the flame
Source: https://www.thinglink.com/scene/444045446306856961
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CONSAFE CONSTRUCITON SAFETY TRAINOR & CONSULTANT
DOLE STO Accreditation No. 1030-121619-0075
BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
Classes of fire
• CLASS “A” FIRE - wood, paper, cloth, plastic solid combustible materials that are not metal
• CLASS “B” FIRE - flammable liquids: gasoline, oil, grease, acetone any non-metal in a liquid state,
on fire. This classification also includes flammable gases.
• CLASS “C” FIRE - energized electrical equipment, as long as it is “plugged-in” it would be considered
as Class C fire.
• CLASS “D” FIRE - metals: potassium, sodium, aluminum, magnesium (can be experienced in
industrial setting)
• CLASS “K” FIRE – cooking oils and greases: animal fats and vegetable fats
20 | P a g e
CONSAFE CONSTRUCITON SAFETY TRAINOR & CONSULTANT
DOLE STO Accreditation No. 1030-121619-0075
BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
FIRE DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR
• Ignition Stage (Incipient Stage) - The point at which the four elements in the fire tetrahedron come
together, materials reach their ignition temperatures and a fire is started.
• Growth Stage - Fire begins to grow, other combustibles heat up, liberate flammable gases, and
ignite, the chain of reaction to other flammables and resulting in an increase in size.
• Flashover - Presence of huge smoke which indicates the rapid change of situation and Increasing
level of smoke with decreased visibility.
• Fully Developed Stage (Free-Burning Stage) - This stage is recognized as the point at which all the
contents within the perimeter of the fire’s boundaries are burning.
• Decay Stage – When the point at which all the fuels has been consumed is reached, the fire will
begin to diminish in size.
Source: https://www.esquiremag.ph/culture/the-7-deadliest-fires-in-the-philippines-in-the-last-50-years-a1729-20180327-lfrm
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
Industry runs on electricity. It is efficient, clean, relatively inexpensive, and safe to use when adequate
precautions are taken. When precautions are not taken, however, electricity is a killer.
This write-up explains some of the most common hazards, what you can do to protect yourself against
them and some of the steps this standard will require workers with a safe and healthful workplace.
Electrical wirings in industrial plants and homes are safely concealed behind walls, columns metal boxes,
cabinets and cover plates. The electrical system is strictly regulated by codes and standards to protect
against fire and shock.
All Local Government Units (LGUs) include the application for electrical permits to the procedure for
application of a Building Permit. The processing of building permits falls under the overall control and
supervision of the Office of the Building Official (OBO) of the LGU.
In processing the electrical permits, the Electrical Division of the OBO shall see to it that the applicant
complies with the standards and requirements on electrical safety in the Philippine Electrical Code (PEC),
the Electrical Engineering Law, and the concerned LGU.
The applicant shall first submit certain administrative and technical requirements as specified by the LGU.
The Electrical Division will then assess the completeness and correctness of the submitted documents and
forms. If satisfied, the Electrical Division within the indicative period of time and after payment of the
required fees by the applicant will then issue the Electrical permit. Source: https://www.doe.gov.ph/3-
how-avail-permits-solar-roof-tops-your-lgu?ckattempt=1
Electricity - a form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles (such as electrons or
protons), either statically as an accumulation of charge or dynamically as a current.
Source:https://www.aepenergy.com/2020/01/22/what-is-electricity/
The three most basic components of electricity are voltage, current, and resistance.
• VOLTAGE is like the pressure that pushes water through the hose. It is measured in volts (V).
• CURRENT is like the diameter of the hose. The wider it is, the more water will flow through. It is
measured in amps (I or A).
• RESISTANCE is like sand in the
hose that slows down the water
flow. It is measured in ohms (R or
Ω).
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SOURCE: https://www.freeingenergy.com/understanding-the-basics-of-electricity-by-thinking-of-it-as-water/
https://slideplayer.com/slide/3913949/13/images/29/Examples+of+conductors+and+insulators.jpg
Electrical Accidents
There are three direct and two indirect types of electrical accidents:
• Direct
- Electrocution or death due to electrical shock
- Electrical shock
- Burns
• Indirect
- Falls
- Fire
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What are the hazards of electricity?
• Shock
• Burns
• Arc-Blast
• Explosions
• Fires
Shock
Electric current travel in closed circuits through some
kind of conducting material. You get a shock when some
part of your body becomes part of an electric circuit. An
electric current enters the body at one point and exists
the body at location. High-voltage shocks can cause
serious injury (especially burns) or death.
Relatively small burn marks may be all that are visible on the outside. However, a severely shocked person
can suffer internal bleeding and severe destruction of tissues, muscles, and nerves. Finally, a person
receiving an electric shock may suffer broken bones or other injuries that occur from falling after receiving
a shock.
Burns
Burns can result when a person touches electrical wiring or
equipment that is improperly used or maintained. Typically,
such burn injuries occur on hands.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324008311/figure/fig2/AS:638
545421168640@1529252500298/Case-3-Table-1-A-The-electric-burn-
injury-at-the-time-of-presentation-to-our.png
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Arc-Blast
Arc-blast occur when high-amperage currents jump from
one conductor to another through air, generally during
opening or closing circuits, or when static electricity is
discharged. Fire may occur if the arcing takes places in an
atmosphere that contains an explosive mixture.
https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-
content/uploads/2016/11/arc-flash-low-voltage.jpg
Explosions
Explosion occurs when electricity provides a
source of ignition for an explosive mixture in the
atmosphere. Ignition can be due to overheated
conductor or equipment, or normal arcing
(sparkling) at switch contacts. OSHA standards, the
https://www.rlsmedia.com/sites/default/files/styles/collageformatter/public/collagef
National
ormatter/field/image/article/603x336_copy_96f39ba7-6341-45d6-80f5-
c73d4f1fe984.jpeg?itok=7L2XhcAH Electricity Code, and related safety standard have
precise requirements for electrical systems and equipment used in hazardous atmospheres.
Fires
Electricity is one of the most causes of fire both in our
homes and workplaces. Defective or misused electrical
equipment is a major cause, with high resistance
connections being one of the primary sources of ignition.
High resistance connections occur where wires are
improperly spliced or connected to other components such
as receptacle outlets and switches.
https:// https://in2fire.com.au/wp-content/uploads/class-e-
Heat develops in an electrical conductor from the flow of
fire-1536x1144.jpg_copy_96f39ba7-6341-45d6-80f5-
current. This heat rises the temperature of conductor. As a c73d4f1fe984.jpeg?itok=7L2XhcAH
result, resistance of the conductor increases, further raising the temperature.
Thus, circuit conducting a higher rate of current and regenerating more resistance that it can handle may
create enough heat to cause a fire.
ELECTRICAL FIRE - A failure or malfunction within the electrical components of equipment or machinery
can cause electrical fires. Electrical fires originate in electric wires, cables, circuit breakers, and within
electrical components
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Accidents and injuries in working with electricity are caused by one combination of the following factors:
As an employee, you can definitely affect the last factor in reporting instances of the first two factors, so
they can be remedied.
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The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has put forth several regulations that applies
to the use of electrically powered machinery.
There are also guarding requirements under resistance welding. These requirements touch on lockout/tag
out procedures during welding operations and points of operation guards for press welding machines.
In general, remember that any machine part, function, or process that may cause injury must be guarded.
Where the operation of a machine or accidental contact with it, can injure you or others, these hazards
must be either controlled or eliminated.
In addition, most machines and power tools are powered by electricity. Electrical hazards are equally
debilitating. Electricity will give you a shock if you accidentally become a ground. Breathing can stop and
nerve centers may be temporarily paralyzed. Your heartbeat is interrupted so blood stops circulating.
Heat from the current can cause internal bleeding and destruction of nerves or muscles. The severity of
injury depends on where current flows and how long, not the voltage. For example, did you knows that
60/1000 ampere can kill you if it passes through the chest?
You can see that it’s absolutely necessary to pay attention as you use equipment. A machine can be pretty
unforgiving if you slip up-be sure you’re in charge.
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Where Mechanical Hazard Occurs
• Exposed Machine Parts
• Workpiece Movement
• Noise
• Projectile Hazards
Rotating motion can be dangerous, even smooth, shaft ends, spindles, and horizontal or vertical shafting
are some examples of common rotating mechanisms which may be hazardous. There is added danger when
bolts, nick, abrasions, and projecting keys or set screw are exposed on rotating parts of machinery.
In running nip points, those locations that can capture body parts in rotating machinery parts, are common,
and dangerous hazards for the machine operator. There are three main types of in-running nips:
• Parts that rotate in opposite directions. These parts may be in contract or in close proximity to each
other. In the latter case, the stock feed between the rolls produces the nip point. This danger is
common on machinery with intermeshing gears, rolling mills, and calendars.
• Another type of nip point is created between rotating and tangentially moving parts. Some
examples would be the point of contact between a power transmission belt and its pulley, a chain
and sprocket, or rack and pinion.
• Nip points can also occur between rotating and fixed parts which create a shearing, crushing or
abrading action, for example, spooked hand wheels or flywheels.
Reciprocating motions may be hazardous because, during the back-and-forth or up-and-down motion, you
might get struck by or caught on a moving and stationary part.
Transverse motion (movement in a straight, continues lines) creates a hazard because a worker may get
struck by or caught in a pinch or shear points by a moving part.
Cutting action involves rotating, reciprocating, or transverse motion. The danger of cutting action exists at
the points of operation where fingers, head and arm injuries can occur and where flying chips or scrap
materials can strike the eyes or face. Such hazards are present at the point of operation in cutting wood,
metal or other materials. Typical machines, turning machines (lathes) or milling machines.
Punching action results when power is applied to a slide (ram) for blanking, or stamping metal or other
materials. The danger of this type of action occurs at the points of operation where stocks are inserted,
held, and withdrawn by hand, typical machinery used for punching operations are power presses and iron
workers.
Shearing action involves applying power to a slide or knife in order to trim or shear metal or other
materials. The hazard occurs at the point of operation where stock is actually inserted, held and withdrawn.
Machinery used for shearing operation includes mechanically, hydraulically, or pneumatically powered
shears.
Bending action results when power is applied to a slide in order to draw or stamp metal or other materials.
A hazard occurs at the point of operation where stock is inserted, held, and withdrawn. Powered presses,
press brakes, and tubing benders all use bending action.
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Causes Of Machine Related Accidents
• An individual making unwanted contact with a moving part of a machine.
• Something flying from the machine.
• A machine malfunction, including mechanical and electrical energy sources failure.
• Workpiece movement during a forming or cutting process
MATERIAL HANDLING
WHAT IS MATERIAL HANDLING?
OSHS RULE 1150: Materials Handling and Storage
• A technique which includes the art of lifting, moving, and storing materials
• It refers to any method used for moving materials:
o By people
o By people using equipment
Material Handling involve diverse operations such as hoisting tons of steel with a crane; driving a truck
loaded with concrete blocks; carrying bags or materials manually; and stacking palletized bricks or other
materials such as drums, barrels, kegs, and lumber.
The efficient handling materials are vital to industry. In addition to raw materials, these operations provide
a continuous flow of parts and assemblies through the workplace and ensure that materials are available
when needed. Unfortunately, the improper handling and storing of materials often result in costly injuries.
Other hazards include falling objects, improperly stacked materials, and various types of equipment. You
should make your employees aware of potential injuries that can occur when manually moving materials.
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lifting / handling activities, e.g. low back pain. It can also cause acute trauma such as cuts or fractures due
to accidents.
Mechanical Handling
Pertains to more rigid, powered and non-powered mechanics mainly for handling bulky and heavy items.
Mechanized materials-handling equipment is commonly used in many industries for assisting with
materials handling and storage due to higher efficiency and productivity at lower cost.
Although mechanical handling creates a new set of hazards, the net result (without efficiency benefit) is
fewer injuries, lower workers’ compensation expenses, and a more productive workplace.
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The following are Hazards Associated with Materials Handling
• Strains and sprains from lifting loads improperly or from carrying loads that are either too large or
too heavy,
• Falling load - Fractures and bruises caused by being struck by materials or by being caught in pinch
points, and
• Collision
• Cuts and bruises caused by falling materials that have been improperly stored or by incorrectly
cutting ties or other securing devices.
• Trapped between Objects
CLEAR POINTS
• A deteriorating housekeeping may be the first evidence of a deteriorating safety and health
program
• Lifting and moving things at work is something you probably do every day. Unfortunately, it’s also
an everyday cause of disabling injuries and even deaths!
• To produce fire, three things must be present at the time: Fuel, Heat and Oxygen.
• Mechanical hazards occur:
• at the point of operation,
• power transmission components and
• other exposed moving parts of the machine.
• Failure to ensure a safe design, proper work procedures, proper servicing and maintenance of
electrical equipment often result in bodily harm or death, property damage or both.
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In this module, we will introduce you to the processes involved in identifying and recognizing occupational
health hazards in the work environment and help you do this in a systematic manner.
Objectives
Working on this module should help you to:
• Explain the principles of Industrial Hygiene; and
• Identify health hazards in their workplace.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
is “the science and art devoted to the identification, evaluation and control of environmental factors or
stresses arising in or from the workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or
significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or citizens of the community.”
Source: Theory and rationale of industrial hygiene practice: Patty’s industrial hygiene and toxicology, p. 14
Implementing industrial hygiene practices such as exposure assessment and instituting control measures
to minimize occupational accidents and diseases and their costs as well as enhance productivity.
Industrial hygiene is interconnected with the different aspects of work – research and development,
production, medical/health, safety and management.
Company Responsibilities:
• A safe working environment.
• A safe system of work.
• Provide adequate facilities for the welfare of their employees.
• Provide information, training and supervision to ensure employees’ safety from injury and health
risk.
Employee’s Responsibilities
• Take reasonable care to protect own’s health and safety at work.
• Follow and Comply with the company’s Health and Safety guidelines primarily, the use of safety
devices and PPE.
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A. Classification of occupational health hazards
The various environmental stresses or hazards, otherwise known as occupational health hazards can be
classified as chemical, physical, biological, or ergonomic.
1. Physical Hazards. Problems relating to such things as extremes of temperature, heat stress,
vibration, radiation, abnormal air pressure, illumination, noise, and vibration are physical
stresses. It is important that the employer, supervisor, and those responsible for safety and health
are on guard to these hazards due to the possible immediate or cumulative effects on the health
of the employees.
a. Noise is one of the most common physical hazards present in the occupational setting.
Depending on frequency, amplitude (volume) and duration of exposure, hearing
protection may be required. Inadequate hearing protection or prolonged exposure to
noise can result in either temporary or permanent hearing loss.
• Frequency – measured in (Hertz) cycle per seconds
• Loudness or Intensity/ Amplitude – measured in decibel (Db)
• Duration – (in hours and minutes)
Types of noise
• Continuous noise is a steady noise with negligible level fluctuations during the
period of observation.
• Intermittent noise levels shift significantly during observation.
• Impact noise consists of one or more bursts of sound energy, each lasting less than
one second.
Noise is measured in units of sound pressure levels called decibels, named after Alexander Graham
Bell, using A-weighted sound levels (dBA). The A-weighted sound levels closely match the
perception of loudness by the human ear. Decibels are measured on a logarithmic scale which
means that a small change in the number of decibels results in a huge change in the amount of
noise and the potential damage to a person's hearing.
OSHA sets legal limits on noise exposure in the workplace. These limits are based on a worker's
time weighted average over an 8 hour day. With noise, OSHA's permissible exposure limit (PEL) is
90 dBA for all workers for an 8 hour day. The OSHA standard uses a 5 dBA exchange rate. This
means that when the noise level is increased by 5 dBA, the amount of time a person can be exposed
to a certain noise level to receive the same dose is cut in half. Source:
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/noisehearingconservation/loud.html
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Noise Health Effects
Exposure to high levels of noise can cause permanent hearing loss. Neither surgery nor
a hearing aid can help correct this type of hearing loss.
• Short term exposure to loud noise can also cause a temporary change in
hearing (your ears may feel stuffed up) or a ringing in your ears (tinnitus).
These short-term problems may go away within a few minutes or hours after
leaving the noise.
• Repeated exposures to loud noise can lead to permanent tinnitus and/or
hearing loss.
• Loud noise can create physical and psychological stress, reduce productivity,
interfere with communication and concentration, and contribute to workplace
accidents and injuries by making it difficult to hear warning signals. The effects
of noise induced hearing loss can be profound, limiting your ability to hear high
frequency sounds, understand speech, and seriously impairing your ability to
communicate.
Source: https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/noisehearingconservation/healtheffects.html
Exposure to whole-body vibration can cause discomfort or cause injury. It is also associated
with elevated health risk for low back pain in workers exposed for many years to intense
whole-body vibration. Stomach problems, headache and muscle pains have been reported
among workers with occupational exposure to whole-body vibration.
The harmful effect of vibration on the human body also arises from local or segmental
vibration.
Prolonged exposure of the hands to vibrating tools may lead to the development of
vibration disease, or “Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome” (HAVS). The risk of HAVS is increased
in the presence of other factors such as cold environmental temperature and long working
duration. HAVS is characterized by attacks of whitening (blanching) of one or more fingers
when exposed to cold; tingling and numbness in the fingers; and pain.
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ILLUMINATION HAZARD
• Bright - if the workplace illumination is higher than the recommended
• Dark - if the workplace illumination is lower than the recommended
Inadequate illumination may cause visual complaints among workers and cause
productivity problems. The usual complaints after working in poorly lighted areas are visual
fatigue, double vision, headaches, painful irritation, redness of the eyes or conjunctivitis
and frequent tearing or lacrimation.
d. Extreme temperature - Extreme temperatures (extreme heat and extreme cold) affect the
amount of work that people can do and the manner in which they do it. In industry, the
problem is more often high temperatures rather than low temperatures.
The body continuously produces heat through its metabolic processes. Since the body
processes are designed to operate only within a very narrow range of temperature, the
body must dissipate this heat as rapidly as it is produced if it is to function efficiently. A
sensitive and rapidly acting set of temperature-sensing devices in the body must also
control the rates of its temperature-regulating processes.
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o Clothing – working clothes style/design/mode and the
type of fabric can affect the body heat temperature.
The electromagnetic spectrum can be divided into two at a wavelength of about 10 nm,
which distinguishes
i. IONIZING RADIATION. For the ionizing region of the electromagnetic spectrum,
the energy incident upon a material is large enough to remove an electron from
an atom orbit to produce ionization
ii. NON-IONIZING RADIATION Visible light, infrared and microwaves are types of
non-ionizing radiation. X-rays and Gamma rays are examples of ionizing radiation.
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/xmYqrd8O_g740v7OQeN7s10e6iLF7Z10vJwu_BYMlYPG8KtmFc7yRYzQyHyRXQdkinuylbs71Bd5SO2kB4vf-
2xlEZ8ydmu5rD9YcT3M4SPjeG2PJm18Aeotx_pET0ZIeRN7zufoCeTgT6SG8Q
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f. Pressure - It has been recognized as from the beginning of caisson work (work performed
in a watertight structure) that men working under pressures greater than at a normal
atmospheric one, are subject to various illnesses connected with the job. Hyperbaric
(greater than normal pressures) environments are also encountered by divers operating
under water, whether by holding the breath while diving, breathing from a self-contained
underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA), or by breathing gas mixtures supplied by
compression from the surface.
Occupational health hazards arise from inhaling chemical agents in the form of vapors, gases, dusts,
fumes, and mists, or by skin contact with these materials. The degree of risk of handling a given
substance depends on the magnitude and duration of exposure.
a. Vapour A substance diffused or suspended in the air, especially one normally liquid or
solid.
i. Occupational Exposure
• Degreasing of metals
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• Printing
• Dry-cleaning
• Painting
• Laboratory Analysis
b. Mist A water in the form of particles floating or falling in the atmosphere at or near the
surface of the earth and approaching the form of rain.
i. Occupational Exposure
• Wastewater treatment
• Acids from electroplating
• Oil mists from cutting & grinding operation
• Mist from Spray painting operation
c. Fume Volatilized solid that condenses when they contact air
i. Occupational Exposure
• Soldering operation
• Welding
• Lead-battery making
• Mining operation
d. Dust Refers to the suspension of solid particles in air.
Dust are classified according to size:
• Total Dust – all dust particles in the area
• Respirable Dust – fraction of total dust which passes through a selector which
can be inhaled and deposited in the lungs
i. Occupational Exposure
• These dust particles are generated by physical processes such
as handling, grinding, drilling, milling and crushing operations
where solid materials are broken down.
e. Gases A basic state of matter, expands to fill the space available (e.g. carbon monoxide).
i. Occupational Exposure
• Using fuel-powered equipment
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3. Biological Hazards. Biological hazards are any virus, bacteria, fungus, parasite, or living organism
that can cause a disease in human beings. They can be a part of the total environment or associated
with certain occupations such as medical professions, food preparation and handling, livestock
raising, etc. Diseases transmitted from animals to humans are commonly infectious and parasitic
which can also result from exposure to contaminated water, insects, or infected people. Biological
hazards will be discussed further during the occupational health portion of this workshop.
Occupational Exposure
• Poor sanitation and housekeeping
• Hospital works
• Removal of industrial waste and sewage
• Poor personal cleanliness
4. Ergonomic Hazards. “Ergonomics” literally means the customs, habits, and laws of work. According
to the International Labor Organization it is “… The application of human biological science in
conjunction with the engineering sciences to achieve the optimum mutual adjustment of man [sic]
and his [sic] work, the benefits being measured in terms of human efficiency and well-being.”
2. Review of the process involved – The identity of the chemical intermediates formed in the course of an
industrial process and the toxicological properties of these intermediates may be difficult to establish.
Undesirable chemical by-products such as carbon monoxide resulting from the incomplete combustion of
organic material may be formed.
3. Knowing the raw materials, by-products and finished products – Knowing about the raw materials used
and the nature of the products manufactured will help you determine the specific contaminants to which
workers are actually exposed. Possible impurities in raw materials such as benzene in some solvents should
be considered.
4. Gathering workers’ complaints – the actual chemicals or substances handled may be determined by
interviewing the workers. More so, their complaints can also be gathered and assessed in the clinic record.
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5. GHS Labels and Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is a summary of important health, safety and toxicological
information on the chemical or the mixture ingredients. It should contain:
a. Identification of the Chemicals
b. composition/information on ingredients
c. hazard(s) identification
d. first-aid measures
e. fire-fighting measures
f. accidental release measures
g. handling and storage
h. exposure control/personal protection
i. physical and chemical properties
j. stability and reactivity
k. toxicological information
l. ecological information
m. disposal considerations
n. transport information
o. regulatory information
p. Other information including date of preparation of last revision
The SDS should conform to the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of classification and labeling of
chemicals (DO 136-14).
The GHS is an international standard for classifying chemicals and communicating its hazards. It is a basis
for establishing a comprehensive national chemical safety program, and a comprehensive approach to
defining and classifying hazards and communicating information on labels and safety data sheets.
The GHS was developed in Agenda 21 of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED) held in Brazil in 1992.
Benefits of GHS – All countries, international organizations, chemical producers, and users of chemicals
will benefit from the GHS as it will:
• Enhance the protection of humans and environment
• Facilitate international trade in chemicals
• Reduce the need for testing and evaluation of chemicals
• Assist countries and international organizations to ensure the sound management of chemicals
Elements of GHS
a. Hazard Classification Criteria has three major hazard groups namely physical, heath, and environmental
hazards. Based on the three classifications of hazards, the following compose the GHS criteria:
* Physical hazards – explosives, flammable gases/aerosols, oxidizing gases, corrosive to metal,
substances and mixtures which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases, and others.
* Health hazards – acute toxicity, skin corrosion/ irritation, serious eye damage/eye irritation,
respiratory or skin sensitization, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, aspiration hazards, and
others.
* Environmental hazards – hazardous to aquatic environment, hazardous to the ozone layer, and
others.
(Source: Globally harmonized system. (2011, June 01). Retrieved August 31, 2011, from Canadian Center for Occupational Health and
Safety Web site: http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/ghs.html)
Source: pinterest.ph/pin/564920346986001236/
The WEM is one of the technical services carried out by the OSHC to help companies comply with Rule
1070 of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS).
Objectives
• Describe Work Environment Measurement (WEM) and its importance in evaluating the hazards in
the workplace and monitoring exposure of workers
• Comply with industrial hygiene – related OSHS provisions and other issuances, laws and guidelines;
• Explain the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) and its importance in evaluating workers’ exposure.
Workplace Environment Measurement (WEM) is the quantitative evaluation of hazards cited in Rule
1077 of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS). Shall mean sampling and analysis carried
out in respect of the atmospheric working environment and other fundamental elements of working
environment for the purpose of determining actual conditions therein.
• The WEM shall be performed periodically as may be necessary but not longer than annually.
• WEM shall be conducted by trained personnel (internal).
• WEM shall be done only by DOLE or its accredited testing centers.
It is best that WEM be conducted on a regular basis. Work Environment Monitoring should be done at least
once a year.
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• The results of measurement are evaluated to determine whether or not they represent
actual health hazards which is being compared to with the accepted standards of maximum
allowable concentrations or levels.
Accepted Standards
• Occupational Safety and Health Standards
• American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ACGIH (Threshold Limit Values
(TLV) (Biological Exposure Indices (BEI))
• Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA)
• American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
Environmental Monitoring
Threshold Limit Value (TLV)
These are exposure guidelines that have been established for airborne concentration of many chemical
compounds. Concentrations of hazards that exceed the TLVs can cause adverse effects to humans.
Laboratory analysis results are compared with the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs). These are exposure
guidelines that have been established for airborne concentration of many chemical compounds.
Concentrations of hazards that exceed the TLVs can cause adverse effects to humans. There are three
categories of TLVs:
1. Time-Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) Concentration for an 8-hr workday and a 48-hours work of
exposure per week, (OSHS)
2. Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL) is the maximum concentration to which workers can be exposed
continuously for 15 minutes without suffering from any of the following:
a. Irritation
b. Chronic or irreversible tissue damage
c. Narcosis of sufficient degree to increase the likelihood of accidental injury, impair self-rescue or
materially reduce work efficiency.
3. Ceiling (TLV-C) is the concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working
exposure; otherwise, the exposed workers might be vulnerable to serious risks.
Evaluation
The measurement data will be compared with existing standards or guidelines:
• Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)
• Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)
• Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs)
• Recommended Exposure Limits (RELs)
• Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs)
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Exposure Limits
Action Level
• The level of a harmful or toxic substance/activity which requires medical surveillance,
increased industrial hygiene monitoring, or biological monitoring. (NIOSH and OSHA)
• Action Levels for TLV for chemical is 50% of its TLV
Standards or Guidelines
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Guidelines (ACGIH)
Clear Points
• The degree of hazard from exposure to harmful environmental factors or stresses would depend
on the following:
o Nature of the material involved
o Intensity of exposure
o Duration of exposure
o Individual susceptibility
• The employers shall exert effort to maintain, control and carry out WEM to their workplace
• Provisions of OSHS Rule 1077 including related DOLE issuances must be complied with.
• The conduct of WEM through area or personal monitoring is important to know the levels of
exposure of the workers to the different hazards in the workplace.
• Threshold Limit Value is defined and categorized into three Time Weighted Average, Short term
Exposure Limit and Ceiling
• Other references or guidelines may be used for health hazards that are not specified in the OSHS.
• The levels of exposure should be compared with the TLVs
o Measured values must be within or should not exceed the TLV to ensure health of the
workers.
o Measured values in action level or has exceeded the TLVs should be appropriately
controlled.
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Based on the type of work being performed, including consideration of factors such as the duration of the
task, the materials being used, and the potential for exposure, medical surveillance is either recommended
or required for the job. The monitoring of the workers who may have been exposed to a pathogen or
noxious thing in the environment is very important part of ensuring the health of the workers.
Monitoring
• Systematic continuous, repetitive health-related activities that should lead to corrective action.
TYPES OF MONITORING
Ambient Biological Medical Surveillance
Environmental
• Work • Blood • Pre-employment (Entrance)
Environment • Urine • Periodic Examinations
Monitoring • Special Examinations
• Transfer Examinations
• Separation Examinations
Environmental monitoring can be used to determine exposure by looking at the concentration of the
chemicals in the work environment. These tests would include airborne (inhalation exposure) samples
and surface wipe samples. If the overall dose of a chemical enters the body through routes other than
inhalation (i.e., ingestion or dermal) then biological monitoring of other media (like urine, exhaled
breath, or blood) may be a better determinant of overall dose than air sampling alone. Biological
monitoring also produces a pre-clinical measurement of the presence of the chemical, estimating the
amount which has proceeded from the external to the internal environment. Finally, medical
monitoring tests will be used by the physician to measure adverse health effect, or occupational illness,
in a particular individual. By the time medical monitoring produces an indication of the chemical, the
parameter measured is extent of biological effect, i.e., illness.
Secondary
Early detection of work-related health problems and determining its cause.
Monitoring Strategies
Monitoring
• Surveillance in occupational health practice covers periodic, systematic and continuous hazard
assessment and medical examination.
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• Surveillance data will provide trends or emerging patterns in workplace hazards and illnesses.
• Surveillance has to be followed by preventive action (appropriate control measures) and
evaluation of the effectiveness of intervention.
• Surveillance is conducted to meet regulatory requirements.
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Steps in Surveillance of Occupational Diseases:
Identification of
Hazard and exposure Selection of medical
adverse health
assessment screening tests
outcomes for each
hazard
Evaluation of control
measures.
• Ergonomic hazards are physical factors in the environment that may cause musculoskeletal
injuries.
o due to repetitive Nature of work, Uncomfortable working stations and Non-Recovery of
the body.
• Biological hazards also known as biohazards, refer to biological substances that pose a threat to
the health of living organisms, primarily that of humans.
o This can include medical waste or samples of a microorganism, virus or toxin that can affect
human health.
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BLOOD LEAD CONCENTRATION (µg/dL)
(Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry)
Chronic
• Represents cumulative damage to specific organ systems
• Many months or years to have recognizable clinical disease
• Inhalation of lead causing damage to the kidneys
• Inhalation of asbestos causing cancer to the lungs
Systemic
• Distant site from point of contact, may involve many organ systems
• Consumption of lead causing damage to the kidneys
• Exposure to carbon tetrachloride causing liver damage
• Exposure to arsenic causing hemolysis or red blood cells
• Urologic (bladder)
• Gastrointestinal (stomach, intestines)
• Dermatologic (skin)
• Teratogenic (birth defects)
• Carcinogenic (cancer)
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BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Sources of Biological Hazards
• Soil
o Insects, Plants, Birds, Animal and Humans
• Microorganisms
o Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites and Viruses
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What to do once you have identified biological hazards have been identified
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
• Regular cleaning of the workplace, pest prevention or extermination,
• Requiring that safety equipment be used and worn, and
• Proper disposal of materials and items that may pose a biological risk.
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
• Changing work processes and activities to make them more safe.
• Allowing proper sick leave to employees
• Providing immunization programs, and
• Limiting exposure to potential biological safety hazards and training staff to work safely around
them.
Tuberculosis
MORTALITY: TOP TEN LEADING CAUSES, 2013
BOTH SEXES
CAUSE OF DEATH
Number Rate
Diseases of the Heart 118,740 121.1
Diseases of the Vascular System 68,325 69.7
Malignant Neoplasms 53,601 54.7
Pneumonia 53,101 54.2
Accidents 40,071 40.9
Diabetes mellitus 27,064 27.6
Chronic lower respiratory diseases 23,867 24.4
Tuberculosis, all forms 23,216 23.7
Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis 14,954 15.3
Source: https://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/statistics/EB_HARP_Jan-Mar_AIDSreg2020.pdf
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Modes of transmission
https://844502.smushcdn.com/1708783/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/hiv-transmission_orig.png?lossy=0&strip=1&webp=1
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Source:https://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/statistics/EB_HARP_Jan-Mar_AIDSreg2020.pdf
Hepatitis B
Most common cause of liver cancer and liver Cirrhosis among Filipinos.
Mode of transmission:
• Sexual contact
• Mother to child (during pregnancy or childbirth)
• Infected blood
Exposure to contaminated blood or infected body fluids (semen, vaginal secretions, etc)
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What is COVID-19 is a disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus. 'CO' stands for corona, 'VI' for virus,
and 'D' for disease. Formerly, this disease was referred to as '2019 novel coronavirus' or '2019-nCoV.'
Ergonomics
“The scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of the interactions among human & other
elements of a system, & the profession that applies theory, principles, data, & methods to design in order
to optimize human well-being & over-all system performance.” - International Ergonomics Association Council,
2000
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We can optimize HUMAN WELL-BEING by proper implementation of Human Biological Science and
Engineering Science.
Risk Factors:
• Static posture
• Forceful exertion
• Repetitive movement
• Extreme range of motion
• Awkward posture
Health Effects:
• Low back pain
• De Quervain’s disease
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• Hand-arm vibration syndrom
Stress
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Substance Abuse
Physical
• Liver/ Kidney damage
• Cancer
• Heart diseases
• Brain damage
• HIV/ AIDS
Mental
• Altered perceptions
• Personality changes
• Paranoia
• Irritability
• Depression
Safety
• Impaired judgment
• Decrease coordination
• Loss of concentration
• Increase accidents
Productivity
• Impair performance
• Increase absenteeism
• Decrease productivity
• Increase healthcare costs
• Increase replacement costs
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5. Communication of Results
Medical surveillance
• Feedback of group results
• Ensure medical confidentiality
• Use codes instead of actual names of the employees.
6. Recordkeeping
• Test results, interpretation, record of notifications, AMR
• Exposure evaluations
• WEM, Biological monitoring
• Resulting environmental modifications
• Control measures implemented
• Requirements, procedures, and interpretation of findings for health surveillance as
specified by national legislation (e.g.TLVs)
DOLE/BWC/HSD/OH-47-A (AMR)
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• Occupational History
• Descriptions Of All Jobs Held
• Work Exposures
• Symptoms Or Illnesses At Previous Jobs
• Personal Protective Equipment Used
• Physical Examination
• Complete system review
• Cardiovascular, pulmonary, and musculoskeletal
• Eyes, ears, nasopharynx, abdomen
• Evaluation of susceptibility (obesity, smoking) to exposures and physical problems (heat
stress, noise)
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Clear Points
• The purpose of medical surveillance in occupational health is prevention of illness.
• When illness arises from a particular exposure, medical surveillance is necessary.
• There are various health effects for every health hazards present in my workplace.
• We can refer to Safety Data Sheet on the health effects of chemicals used in my workplace.
• Medical surveillance and biological monitoring are strategies done to check for any abnormalities
in the body at physiological and cellular levels.
• Safety Officer must classify the risk of the health hazards before implementing appropriate control
measures to address them.
• Medical surveillance has to be followed by preventive action and evaluation of the effectiveness
of intervention.
• Identification and Detection of COVID-19 well help Safety Officer in classifying risk of worker
exposure to COVID-19 in the workplace
Objectives:
Working on this module should help you to:
• Understand the importance and goal of risk assessment;
• Determine how to use the risk matrix and risk ratings upon identifying hazards in the workplace;
• Conduct workplace risk assessment;
• Determine classification of risk level of workplace
RISK ASSESSMENT is a term used to describe the overall process or method where you:
• Identify hazards and risk factors that have the potential to cause harm (hazard identification).
• Analyze and evaluate the risk associated with that hazard (risk analysis, and risk evaluation).
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• Determine appropriate ways to eliminate the hazard, or control the risk when the hazard cannot
be eliminated (risk control).
A risk assessment is a thorough look at your workplace to identify those things, situations, processes, etc.
that may cause harm, particularly to people. After identification is made, you analyze and evaluate how
likely and severe the risk is. When this determination is made, you can next, decide what measures should
be in place to effectively eliminate or control the harm from happening.
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A Hazard is simply a condition or set of circumstance that presents a potential for harm. Hazards are
divided into two broad categories:
Note: Many hazards can be identified using common knowledge and available tools. For example, you can
easily identify and correct hazards associated with broken stair rails and frayed electrical cords. Workers
can be a very useful internal resource, especially if they are trained in how to identify and assess risks.
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Health Hazards - Any agent or activity posing potential hazard
to health Identifying workers' exposure to health hazards is
typically more complex than identifying physical safety
hazards. For example, gases and vapors may be invisible, often
have no odor, and may not have an immediately noticeable
harmful health effect. Health hazards include chemical
hazards (solvents, adhesives, paints, toxic dusts, etc.), physical
hazards (noise, radiation, heat, etc.), biological hazards
(infectious diseases), and ergonomic risk factors (heavy lifting,
repetitive motions, vibration). Reviewing workers' medical
records (appropriately redacted to ensure patient/worker
privacy) can be useful in identifying health hazards associated
with workplace exposures.
How to accomplish it
• Identify chemical hazards –review SDS and product labels to identify chemicals in your workplace
that have low exposure limits, are highly volatile, or are used in large quantities or in unventilated
spaces. Identify activities that may result in skin exposure to chemicals.
• Identify physical hazards –identify any exposures to excessive noise (areas where you must raise
your voice to be heard by others), elevated heat (indoor and outdoor), or sources of radiation
(radioactive materials, X-rays, or radiofrequency radiation).
• Identify biological hazards –determine whether workers may be exposed to sources of infectious
diseases, molds, toxic or poisonous plants, or animal materials (fur or scat) capable of causing
allergic reactions or occupational asthma.
• Identify ergonomic risk factors –examine work activities that require heavy lifting, work above
shoulder height, repetitive motions, or tasks with significant vibration.
• Conduct quantitative exposure assessments –when possible, using air sampling or direct reading
instruments.
• Review medical records –to identify cases of musculoskeletal injuries, skin irritation or dermatitis,
hearing loss, or lung disease that may be related to workplace exposures.
Source: https://www.osha.gov/shpguidelines/hazard-Identification.html
Categories of Hazards
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• Gathering of workers’ complaints
• Safety Data Sheet
• Include non-routine activities such as maintenance, repair, or cleaning.
• Look at accident, incident & near-miss records.
• Include people who work off site either at home, on other job sites, drivers, teleworkers, with
clients, etc.
• Look at the way the work is organized or done (include experience of people doing the work,
systems being used, etc.).
• Look at foreseeable unusual conditions (for example: possible impact on hazard control procedures
that may be unavailable in an emergency situation, power outage, etc.).
How do you know if the hazard will cause harm (poses a risk)?
Each hazard should be studied to determine its' level of risk. To research the hazard, you can look at:
• Product information / manufacturer documentation.
• Past experience (knowledge from workers, etc.).
• Legislated requirements and/or applicable standards.
• Industry codes of practice / best practices.
• Health and safety material about the hazard such as safety data sheets (SDSs), research studies, or
other manufacturer information.
• Information from reputable organizations.
• Results of testing (atmospheric or air sampling of workplace, biological swabs, etc.).
• The expertise of an occupational health and safety professional.
• Information about previous injuries, illnesses, near misses, incident reports, etc.
• Observation of the process or task.
Remember to include factors that contribute to the level of risk such as:
• The work environment (layout, condition, etc.).
• The systems of work being used.
• The range of foreseeable conditions.
• The way the source may cause harm (e.g., inhalation, ingestion, etc.).
• How often and how much a person will be exposed.
• The interaction, capability, skill, experience of workers who do the work.
Ranking or prioritizing hazards is one way to help determine which risk is the most serious and thus which
to control first. Priority is usually established by taking into account the employee exposure and the
potential for incident, injury or illness.
By assigning a priority to the risks, you
are creating a ranking or an action list.
Table 1
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
based on knowledge and experience. In some cases, checklists or a probability matrix can be helpful. For
more complex situations, a team of knowledgeable personnel who are familiar with the work is usually
necessary.
As an example, consider this simple risk matrix. Table 1 shows the relationship between probability and
severity.
Severity ratings in this example represent:
• High: major fracture, poisoning, significant loss of blood, serious head injury, or fatal disease
• Medium: sprain, strain, localized burn, dermatitis, asthma, injury requiring days off work
• Low: an injury that requires first aid only; short-term pain, irritation, or dizziness
Table 2
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Let's use an example: When painting a room, a step stool must be used to reach higher areas. The individual
will not be standing higher than 1 meter (3 feet) at any time. The assessment team reviewed the situation
and agrees that working from a step stool at 1 m is likely to:
• Cause a short-term injury such as a strain or sprain if the individual falls. A severe sprain may
require days off work. This outcome is similar to a medium severity rating.
• Occur once in a working lifetime as painting is an uncommon activity for this organization. This
criterion is similar to a low probability rating.
When compared to the risk matrix chart (Table 1), these values correspond to a low risk.
The workplace decides to implement risk control measures, including the use of a stool with a large top
that will allow the individual to maintain stability when standing on the stool. They also determined that
while the floor surface is flat, they provided training to the individual on the importance of making sure the
stool's legs always rest on the flat surface. The training also included steps to avoid excess reaching while
painting.
Workplace Classification of establishments
Source: https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/risk_assessment.html
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HIGH RISK ESTABLISHMENT
Refers to a workplace where there is high level of exposure to safety
and health hazards, and probability of a major accident resulting to
disability, death or major illness is likely to occur if no preventive or
control measures are in place.
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/hierarchy/images/HierarchyControls.jpg
CLEAR POINTS
• When conducting hazard identification, it may help to work as a team and include both people
familiar with the work area, as well as people who are not - this way you have both the experienced
and fresh eye to conduct the inspection.
• There is no one simple or single way to determine the level of risk. Nor will a single technique apply
in all situations. The organization has to determine which technique will work best for each
situation.
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• Ranking or prioritizing hazards is one way to help determine which risk is the most serious and thus
which to control first.
• Any violation of the OSH Standards and other laws must be considered as immediately dangerous
or totally unacceptable.
Objectives
Upon completion of the module, participants will be able to:
• Explain the general principle of controlling health hazards in the workplace; and
• Identify the different methods of control and their importance in the control of health hazards.
“The correct Identification and careful evaluation of the hazards are extremely important and will
constitute the basis of appropriate control measure”
Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/4765316/
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Generalize Diagram of Controlling Hazards
Three 3 zones where control measures can be applied:
Control at the source and control along the path are sometimes also known as engineering controls
Engineering Control focus on the source of the hazard itself using strategies that include eliminating toxic
chemicals and replacing harmful toxic materials with less hazardous ones or substitution, enclosing work
processes or confining work operations, and installing general and local ventilation systems.
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Isolation places the hazardous process "geographically" away from the majority of the workers. Common
isolation techniques are to create a contaminant-free or noise-free booth either around the equipment or
around the employee workstations.
SUBSTITUTION
Involves changing chemical substances and/or process with less hazardous or harmful one. Factors to
consider: Hazard Assessment, Effectiveness, Compatibility, Exiting Control Measures and Waste Disposal
Substitution occurs when a new chemical or substance is use instead of another chemical. It is sometimes
grouped with elimination because, in effect, you are removing the first substance or hazard from the
workplace. The goal, obviously, is to choose a new chemical that is less hazardous than the original.
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Remember, however, that you need to make sure the substitute chemical or substance is not causing any
harmful effects, and to control and monitor exposures to make sure to the replacement chemical or
substance is below occupational exposure
limits.
Factors to consider:
• Hazard Assessment
• Effectiveness
• Compatibility
• Existing Control Measures
• Waste Disposal
If feasible, design or redesign the facility, equipment, or process to remove the hazard and/or substitute
something that is not hazardous or is less hazardous.
Examples include:
• Redesigning tools, equipment, machinery and materials
• Designing workstations to be more ergonomically correct
VENTILATION - The process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means to and from any
space.
Ventilation is a method of control that strategically "adds" and "removes" air in the work environment.
Ventilation can remove or dilute an air contaminant if designed properly. Local exhaust ventilation is very
adaptable to almost all chemicals and operations. It removes the contaminant at the source so it cannot
disperse into the work space and it generally uses lower exhaust rates than general ventilation (general
ventilation usually exchanges air in the entire room).
Local exhaust ventilation is an effective means of controlling hazardous exposures but should be used when
other methods (such as elimination or substitution) are not possible.
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• Air cleaning devices may also be present that can remove contaminants such as dust (particulates),
gases and vapours from the air stream before it is discharged or exhausted into the environment
(outside air), depending on the material(s) being used in the hood.
The design of a ventilation system is very important and must match the particular process and
chemical or contaminant in use. Expert guidance should be sought. It is a very effective control
measure but only if it is designed, tested, and maintained properly.
Because contaminants are exhausted to the outdoors, you should also check with your local environment
ministry or municipality for any environmental air regulations or bylaws that may apply in your area.
Source: https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/hazard_control.html
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
2. Local Exhaust
Ventilation
• Enclosure
hood
• Capturing
hood
• Receiving
hood https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/prevention/ventilation/hoods.html
• Enclosure hood - Enclosing hoods, or "fume" hoods, are hoods surrounding the process or point
where the contaminants are generated.
• Capturing hood - These hoods are located next to an emission source without surrounding
(enclosing) it.
• Receiving hood - These hoods are designed to "receive" or catch the emissions from a source
that has some initial velocity or movement.
Source: https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/prevention/ventilation/hoods.html
Purpose of Ventilation
• Ensure condition of thermal comfort
• To renew the air in the workplace, therefore diluting eventual air contaminants to acceptable
levels.
• To prevent hazardous air contaminants from generating into the working environment and
reaching the workers breathing zone.
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Rule 11058:
• Every employer shall provide their workers, free of charge, protective equipment for their eyes,
face, hands and feet, and lifeline, safety belt or harness, gas or dust respirators or masks, and
protective shields whenever necessary by reason of the hazardous work process or environment,
chemical, radiological, mechanical and other irritants or hazards capable of causing injury or
impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical
contact.
• The cost of the PPE shall be part of the safety and health program which is a separate pay item
pursuant to Section 19 of this Act.
• All PPE shall be of the appropriate type as tested and approved by the DOLE based on its standards.
The usage of PPE in all establishments, projects, sites and all other places where work is being
undertaken shall be based on the evaluation and recommendation of the safety officer.
Uses of PPEs
• Where temporary control measures are necessary before engineering controls are installed
• To supplement other controls in reducing exposure
• During emergencies
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Employers must ensure that their employees wear head protection if any of the following apply:
• Objects might fall from above and strike them on the head;
• They might bump their heads against fixed objects, such as
exposed pipes or beams; or
• There is a possibility of accidental head contact with electrical hazards.
Some examples of occupations in which employees should be required to wear head protection include
construction workers, carpenters, electricians, linemen, plumbers and pipefitters, timber and log cutters,
welders, among many others.
Whenever there is a danger of objects falling from above, such as working below others who are using
tools or working under a conveyor belt, head protection must be worn. Hard hats must be worn with the
bill forward to protect employees properly.
Hard hats must have a hard-outer shell and a shock-absorbing lining that incorporates a headband and
straps that suspend the shell from 1 to 1 1/4 inches (2.54 cm to 3.18 cm) away from the head. This type of
design provides shock absorption during an impact and ventilation during normal wear.
Protective headgear must meet ANSI Standard Z89.1-1986 (Protective Headgear for Industrial Workers) or
provide an equivalent level of protection. Helmets purchased before July 5, 1994 must comply with the
earlier ANSI Standard (Z89.1-1969) or provide equivalent protection.
Another class of protective headgear on the market is called a “bump hat,” designed for use in areas with
low head clearance. They are recommended for areas where protection is needed from head bumps and
lacerations. These are not designed to protect against falling or flying objects and are not ANSI approved.
It is essential to check the type of hard hat employees are using to ensure that the equipment provides
appropriate protection. Each hat should bear a label inside the shell that lists the manufacturer, the ANSI
designation and the class of the hat.
Some protective headgear allows for the use of various accessories to help employees deal with changing
environmental conditions, such as slots for earmuffs, safety glasses, face shields and mounted lights.
Optional brims may provide additional protection from the sun and some hats have channels that guide
rainwater away from the face. Protective headgear accessories must not compromise the safety elements
of the equipment.
Periodic cleaning and inspection will extend the useful life of protective headgear. A daily inspection of the
hard hat shell, suspension system and other accessories for holes, cracks, tears or other damage that might
compromise the protective value of the hat is essential. Paints, paint thinners and some cleaning agents
can weaken the shells of hard hats and may eliminate electrical resistance. Consult the helmet
manufacturer for information on the effects of paint and cleaning materials on their hard hats. Never drill
holes, paint or apply labels to protective headgear as this may reduce the integrity of the protection. Do
not store protective headgear in direct sunlight, such as on the rear window shelf of a car, since sunlight
and extreme heat can damage them.
Hard hats with any of the following defects should be removed from service and replaced:
• Perforation, cracking, or deformity of the brim or shell;
• Indication of exposure of the brim or shell to heat, chemicals or ultraviolet light and other radiation
(in addition to a loss of surface gloss, such signs include chalking or flaking).
Always replace a hard hat if it sustains an impact, even if damage is not noticeable. Suspension systems are
offered as replacement parts and should be replaced when damaged or when excessive wear is noticed. It
is not necessary to replace the entire hard hat when deterioration or tears of the suspension systems are
noticed.
Prescription Lenses
Everyday use of prescription corrective lenses will not provide adequate protection against most
occupational eye and face hazards, so employers must make sure that employees with corrective lenses
either wear eye protection that incorporates the prescription into the design or wear additional eye
protection over their prescription lenses. It is important to ensure that the protective eyewear does not
disturb the proper positioning of the prescription lenses so that the employee’s vision will not be inhibited
or limited.
Also, employees who wear contact lenses must wear eye or face PPE when working in hazardous
conditions.
Employers of workers in other job categories should decide whether there is a need for eye and face PPE
through a hazard assessment.
The eye and face protection selected for employee use must clearly identify the manufacturer. Any new
eye and face protective devices must comply with ANSI Z87.1-1989 or be at least as effective as this
standard requires. Any equipment purchased before this requirement took effect on July 5, 1994, must
comply with the earlier ANSI Standard (ANSI Z87.1-1968) or be shown to be equally effective.
An employer may choose to provide one pair of protective eyewear for each position rather than individual
eyewear for each employee. If this is done, the employer must make sure that employees disinfect shared
protective eyewear after each use.
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Protective eyewear with corrective lenses may only be used by the employee for whom the corrective
prescription was issued and may not be shared among employees.
Some of the most common types of eye and face protection include the following:
Each type of protective eyewear is designed to protect against specific hazards. Employers can identify the
specific workplace hazards that threaten employees’ eyes and faces by completing a hazard assessment as
outlined in the earlier section.
Welding Operations
The intense light associated with welding operations can cause serious and sometimes permanent eye
damage if operators do not wear proper eye protection. The intensity of light or radiant energy produced
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by welding, cutting or brazing operations varies according to a number of factors including the task
producing the light, the electrode size and the arc current. The following table shows the minimum
protective shades for a variety of welding, cutting and brazing operations in general industry and in the
shipbuilding industry.
Table
Filter Lenses for Protection Against Radiant Energy
Operations Electrode size Arc current Minimum*
in Protective shade
1/32” (0.8mm)
Shielded metal <3 < 60 7
arc welding 3-5 60 – 160 8
5-8 160 – 250 10
>8 250 - 550 11
Gas metal arc welding < 60 7
and flux cored arc welding 60 - 160 10
160 - 250 10
250 - 500 10
Gas tungsten arc welding < 50 8
50 - 150 8
150 - 500 10
Air carbon (light) < 500 10
Arc cutting (heavy) 500 - 1,000 11
Plasma arc welding < 20 6
20 - 100 8
100 - 400 10
400 - 800 11
Plasma arc cutting (light)** < 300 8
(medium)** 300 – 400 9
(heavy)** 400 - 800 10
Torch brazing 3
Torch soldering 2
Carbon arc welding 14
Gas welding: Light < 1/8 < 3.2 4
Gas welding: Medium 1/8 - 1/2 3.2 - 12.7 5
* As a rule of thumb, start with a shade that is too dark to see the weld zone. Then go to a lighter shade
which gives sufficient view of the weld zone without going below the minimum. In oxyfuel gas welding
or cutting where the torch produces a high yellow light, it is desirable to use a filter lens that absorbs the
yellow or sodium line in the visible light of the (spectrum) operation.
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** These values apply where the actual arc is clearly seen. Experience has shown that lighter filters may be
used when the arc is hidden by the workpiece.
Table
Construction Industry Requirements for Filter Lens Shade
Numbers for Protection Against Radiant Energy
Laser Operations
Laser light radiation can be extremely dangerous to the unprotected eye and direct or reflected beams can
cause permanent eye damage. Laser retinal burns can be painless, so it is essential that all personnel in or
around laser operations wear appropriate eye protection.
Laser safety goggles should protect for the specific wavelength of the laser and must be of sufficient optical
density for the energy involved. Safety goggles intended for use with laser beams must be labeled with the
laser wavelengths for which they are intended to be used, the optical density of those wavelengths and
the visible light transmission.
The table below lists maximum power or energy densities and appropriate protection levels for optical
densities 5 through 8.
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Table
Selecting Laser Safety Glass
Body Protection
Employees who face possible bodily injury of any kind that cannot be
eliminated through engineering, work practice or administrative
controls, must wear appropriate body protection while performing
their jobs.
• Temperature extremes;
• Hot splashes from molten metals and other hot liquids;
• Potential impacts from tools, machinery and materials;
• Hazardous chemicals.
If a hazard assessment indicates a need for full body protection against toxic substances or harmful physical
agents, the clothing should be carefully inspected before each use, it must fit each worker properly and it
must function properly and for the purpose for which it is intended.
Protective clothing comes in a variety of materials, each effective against particular hazards, such as:
• Paper-like fiber used for disposable suits provide protection against dust and splashes.
• Treated wool and cotton adapts well to changing temperatures, is comfortable, and fire-resistant
and protects against dust, abrasions and rough and irritating surfaces.
• Duck is a closely woven cotton fabric that protects against cuts and bruises when handling heavy,
sharp or rough materials.
• Leather is often used to protect against dry heat and flames.
• Rubber, rubberized fabrics, neoprene and plastics protect against certain chemicals and physical
hazards. When chemical or physical hazards are present, check with the clothing manufacturer to
ensure that the material selected will provide protection against the specific hazard.
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Hand and Arm Protection Rule 1085.01
• When selecting gloves, consideration should be given to the hazards to which the wearer may be
exposed to and the ease and free movement of the fingers.
If a workplace hazard assessment reveals that employees face potential injury to hands and arms that
cannot be eliminated through engineering and work practice controls, employers must ensure that
employees wear appropriate protection. Potential hazards include skin absorption of harmful substances,
chemical or thermal burns, electrical dangers, bruises, abrasions, cuts, punctures, fractures and
amputations. Protective equipment includes gloves, finger guards and arm coverings or elbow-length
gloves.
Employers should explore all possible engineering and work practice controls to eliminate hazards and use
PPE to provide additional protection against hazards that cannot be completely eliminated through other
means. For example, machine guards may eliminate a hazard. Installing a barrier to prevent workers from
placing their hands at the point of contact between a table saw blade and the item being cut is another
method.
The following are examples of some factors that may influence the selection of protective gloves for a
workplace.
• Type of chemicals handled.
• Nature of contact (total immersion, splash, etc.).
• Duration of contact.
• Area requiring protection (hand only, forearm, arm).
• Grip requirements (dry, wet, oily).
• Thermal protection.
• Size and comfort.
• Abrasion/resistance requirements.
Gloves made from a wide variety of materials are designed for many types of workplace hazards. In general,
gloves fall into four groups:
• Gloves made of leather, canvas or metal mesh;
• Fabric and coated fabric gloves;
• Chemical- and liquid-resistant gloves;
• Insulating rubber gloves (See 29 CFR 1910.137 and the following section on electrical protective
equipment for detailed requirements on the selection, use and care of insulating rubber gloves).
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Leather, Canvas or Metal Mesh Gloves
Sturdy gloves made from metal mesh, leather or canvas provide
protection against cuts and burns. Leather or canvass gloves also
protect against sustained heat.
• Fabric gloves protect against dirt, slivers, chafing and abrasions. They do
not provide sufficient protection for use with rough, sharp or heavy materials.
Adding a plastic coating will strengthen some fabric gloves.
• Coated fabric gloves are normally made from cotton flannel with napping
on one side. By coating the unnapped side with plastic, fabric gloves are
transformed into general-purpose hand protection offering slip-resistant qualities. These gloves
are used for tasks ranging from handling bricks and wire to chemical laboratory containers. When
selecting gloves to protect against chemical exposure hazards, always check with the manufacturer
or review the manufacturer’s product literature to determine the gloves’ effectiveness against
specific workplace chemicals and conditions.
• Natural (latex) rubber gloves are comfortable to wear, which makes them a popular general-
purpose glove. They feature outstanding tensile strength, elasticity and temperature resistance. In
addition to resisting abrasions caused by grinding and polishing, these gloves protect workers’
hands from most water solutions of acids, alkalis, salts and ketones. Latex gloves have caused
allergic reactions in some individuals and may not be appropriate for all employees. Hypoallergenic
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gloves, glove liners and powderless gloves are possible alternatives for workers who are allergic to
latex gloves.
• Neoprene gloves are made of synthetic rubber and offer good pliability, finger dexterity, high
density and tear resistance. They protect against hydraulic fluids, gasoline, alcohols, organic acids
and alkalis. They generally have chemical and wear resistance properties superior to those made
of natural rubber.
• Nitrile gloves are made of a copolymer and provide protection from chlorinated solvents such as
trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene. Although intended for jobs requiring dexterity and
sensitivity, nitrile gloves stand up to heavy use even after prolonged exposure to substances that
cause other gloves to deteriorate. They offer protection when working with oils, greases, acids,
caustics and alcohols but are generally not recommended for use with strong oxidizing agents,
aromatic solvents, ketones and acetates.
Any gloves with impaired protective ability should be discarded and replaced. Reuse of chemical-resistant
gloves should be evaluated carefully, taking into consideration the absorptive qualities of the gloves. A
decision to reuse chemically-exposed gloves should take into consideration the toxicity of the chemicals
involved and factors such as duration of exposure, storage and temperature.
The following are the requirements of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards:
• Workmen working in unguarded surface above open
pits or tanks, steep slopes, moving machinery and
similar locations, or working from unguarded surfaces
six (6) meters (20 ft.) or more above water or ground,
temporary or permanent floor platform, scaffold
construction or where otherwise exposed to the
possibility of falls hazardous to life or limb, shall be
secured by safety belts and life lines. In situations
where safety belts and life lines in guarded platforms
and scaffolds or temporary floors are not feasible,
safety nets shall be provided and installed.
• Window washers or cleaners working outside
buildings six (6) meters (20 ft.) or more above the
ground or other surfaces unless protected from falling
by other means, shall use safety belts attached to
suitable anchors.
• Workmen entering a sewer, flue, duct, or other similarly confined places shall be provided and
required to wear safety belts with life lines attached and held by another person stationed at the
opening ready to respond to agreed signals.
• Workers who are required to climb and work on top of poles six (6) meters or more shall use safety
belts. On top of structures where there is no place to strap a safety belt, a messenger line shall be
installed for strapping the safety belt or life line.
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Requirements:
1. Safety belts shall be made of chromed tanned leather, linen or cotton webbing, or other suitable
materials at least 11.5 cm. (4 1/2 in.) wide and 0.65 cm. (1/4 in.) thick and of sufficient strength to
support a weight of 114 kgs. (250 lbs.) without breaking.
2. Hardware used for safety belts should have a strength of approximately equal to the full strength
of the waist band. Buckles shall hold securely without slippage or other failure. This holding power
should be achieved by only a single insertion of the strap through the buckle in the normal or usual
way.
3. Belt anchors shall be made of metal machined from bar stock, forged or heat treated, capable of
supporting a pull of 2730 kgs. (6,000 lbs.) without fracture applied in the direction which the anchor
must withstand should a man fall. All anchors and fastenings shall be provided with means to
prevent turning, backing off or becoming loose. Anchor fittings with single thread section which is
merely screwed into reinforcing plates shall not be used. Metals recommended for belt anchors
are nickel copper alloy and stainless steel.
4. Life lines shall be made of good quality manila rope of at least 1.9 cm. (3/4 in.) diameter or
equivalent material such as nylon rope of at least 1.27 cm. (1/2 in.) diameter and shall be of
sufficient strength to support a weight of 1140 kgs. (2,500 lbs.) without breaking.
5. Safety nets shall not be less than 0.94 cm. (3/8 in.) diameter mesh ropes and not less than 1.90 cm.
(3/4 in.) diameter border ropes (perimeter) made of manila rope or other materials that can absorb
the impact of a falling body equally as nets fabricated from manila rope of the dimensions specified.
The mesh shall be arranged not to exceed 15.25 cm. (6 in.) on canters positively and securely
attached to avoid wear at each crossing point and at points of contact with the border.
6. Safety nets shall be equipped with adequately padded thimbler sockets or equivalent means of
attachments. Supports and anchorages shall be of sufficient size and strength to catch any falling
worker. The nets shall be attached to sufficient supports outside and beyond the area of possible
fall and supported at sufficient heights to prevent sagging to any solid object beneath when
cushioning the fall of a worker.
7. Safety belts, life lines and safety nets shall be inspected before use and at least once each week
thereafter. Defective belts, lines or nets shall be immediately discarded and replaced or repaired
before reuse.
Training
All employees who might be exposed to fall hazards shall be provided training to ensure that fall potentials
are recognized, and that each employee knows the procedure to be followed to minimize these hazards.
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• The correct procedure for erecting, maintaining, disassembling, and inspecting the fall protection
to be used.
• Work safely in hazardous areas by utilizing appropriate fall protection measures.
• The use, operations and limitations of fall arrest systems.
Emergency Management
During emergencies, hazards appear that normally are not found in the workplace. These may be the result
of natural causes (floods, tornadoes, etc.), events caused by humans but beyond control (train or plane
accidents, terrorist activities, etc.), or within a firm’s own systems due to unforeseen circumstances or
events.
You must become aware of possible emergencies and plan the best way to control or prevent the hazards
they present. Some of the steps in emergency planning include:
• Survey of possible emergencies;
• Planning actions to reduce impact on the workplace;
• Employee information and training;
• Emergency drills as needed.
Medical Programs
A company’s medical program is an important part of the safety and health system. It can deliver services
that prevent hazards that can cause illness and injury, recognize and treat illness and injury, and limit the
severity of work-related injury and illness. The size and complexity of a medical program will depend on
many factors, including the:
• Type of processes and materials and the related hazards,
• Type of facilities,
• Number of workers,
• Characteristics of the workforce, and
• Location of each operation and its proximity to a health care facility.
Medical programs consist of everything from a basic first aid and CPR response for sophisticated
approaches for the diagnosis and resolution of ergonomic problems. Depending on the size of the
site, this may be in-house or through arrangements made with a local medical clinic. Whatever the
type of medical program, it is important to use medical specialists with occupational health
training.
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Examples of situations in which an employee should wear foot and/or leg protection include:
When heavy objects such as barrels or tools might roll
onto or fall on the employee’s feet;
• Working with sharp objects such as nails or
spikes that could pierce the soles or uppers of
ordinary shoes;
• Exposure to molten metal that might splash on
feet or legs;
• Working on or around hot, wet or slippery
surfaces; and
• Working when electrical hazards are present.
Electrical hazard, safety-toe shoes are nonconductive and will prevent the wearers’ feet from completing
an electrical circuit to the ground. These shoes can protect against open circuits of up to 600 volts in dry
conditions and should be used in conjunction with other insulating equipment and additional precautions
to reduce the risk of a worker becoming a path for hazardous electrical energy. The insulating protection
of electrical hazard, safety-toe shoes may be compromised if the shoes become wet, the soles are worn
through, metal particles become embedded in the sole or heel, or workers touch conductive, grounded
items. Note: Nonconductive footwear must not be used in explosive or hazardous locations.
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Foundry Shoes
In addition to insulating the feet from the extreme heat of molten metal, foundry shoes keep hot metal
from lodging in shoe eyelets, tongues or other shoe parts. These snug-fitting leather or leather-substitute
shoes have leather or rubber soles and rubber heels. All foundry shoes must have built-in safety toes.
The soles of shoes should be checked for pieces of metal or other embedded items that could present
electrical or tripping hazards. Employees should follow the manufacturers’ recommendations for cleaning
and maintenance of protective footwear.
It is the final item on the list for a very good reason. Personal protective equipment should never be the
only method used to reduce exposure except under very specific circumstances because PPE may "fail"
(stop protecting the worker) with little or no warning. For example: "breakthrough" can occur with gloves,
clothing, and respirator cartridges.
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Air Purifying
Filtering air impurities which are present in the atmosphere before they are inhaled by the worker.
https://www.allsafetyproducts.com/apr-masks.html
N-SERIES FILTERS
• Filters restricted to use in those atmosphere free of oil aerosols
• filters at least 95% of airborne particles but is not resistant to oil
R-SERIES FILTERS
Filters intended for removal of any particle including oil based liquid aerosol. Used only for single shift (8
hours of continuous or intermittent use)
P-SERIES FILTERS
Filters intended for removal of any particle including oil based liquid aerosols. Should be used and re-used
for no more than 40 hours or 30 days whichever comes first.
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Air Supplying
Provides continuous supply of uncontaminated air. (Self-Contained Breathing
Apparatus (SCBA))
• Used in:
• Confined spaces or oxygen deficient areas
• Concentration of contaminant is high
• Fire-fighting
Where toxic substances are present in the workplace and engineering controls are inadequate to reduce
or eliminate them, respirators are necessary. Some atmosphere supplying respirators can also be used to
protect against oxygen-deficient atmospheres. Increased breathing rates, accelerated heartbeat, and
impaired thinking or coordination occur more quickly in an oxygen-deficient or other hazardous
atmosphere. Even a momentary loss of coordination can be devastating if it occurs while a worker is
performing a potentially dangerous activity such as climbing a ladder.
Respirators have their limitations and are not a substitute for effective engineering and work practice
controls. When it is not possible to use these controls to reduce airborne contaminants below their
occupational exposure levels, such as during certain maintenance and repair operations, emergencies, or
when engineering controls are being installed, respirator use may be the best or only way to reduce worker
exposure. In other cases, where work practices and engineering controls alone cannot reduce exposure
levels to below the occupational exposure level, respirator use is essential.
Where respirators are required to protect worker health, specific procedures are necessary to ensure the
equipment’s effectiveness.
How can you ensure proper protection?
Employers must establish and maintain an effective respiratory protection program when employees must
wear respirators to protect against workplace hazards. Different hazards require different respirators, and
employees are responsible for wearing the appropriate respirator and complying with the respiratory
protection program.
This should contain requirements for program administration, worksite-specific procedures, respirator
selection, employee training, fit testing, medical evaluation, and respirator use, cleaning, maintenance, and
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repair. Employees must use respirators while effective engineering controls, if they are feasible, are being
installed. If engineering controls are not feasible, employers must provide respirators and employees must
wear them when necessary to protect their health. The employee’s equipment must be properly selected,
used, and maintained for a particular work environment and contaminant. In addition, employers must
train employees in all aspects of the respiratory protection program.
A program administrator must be responsible for the program. This person must know enough about
respirators to supervise the program properly. Larger plants or companies with industrial hygiene, in-house
medical department, safety engineering, or fire prevention departments should administer the program in
liaison with the program administrator. In smaller plants without specialists, an upper-level
superintendent, foreman, or qualified person must serve as program administrator.
Any respirator program should stress thorough training of all respirator users. Employees must be aware
that a respirator does not eliminate the hazard. If the respirator fails, the user will be overexposed to
dangerous substances. To reduce the possibility of failure, the respirator must fit properly and be
maintained in a clean and serviceable condition.
Employers and employees must understand the respirator’s purpose and limitations. Users must not alter
or remove the respirator even for a short time, even if it is uncomfortable.
Whenever employers require respirator use, there must be a complete respiratory protection program.
Employers must have written operating procedures to ensure that employees use the respirators safely
and properly. Users must be familiar with these procedures and with the respirators available and their
limitations.
In workplaces with no hazardous exposures, but where workers choose to use respirators voluntarily,
certain written program elements may be necessary to prevent potential hazards associated with
respirator use. Employers must evaluate whether respirator use itself may actually harm employees. If so,
employers must medically evaluate employees and, if necessary, restrict respirator use, as well as comply
with program elements. Employers must inform employees voluntarily using respirators of its basic
information.
Employers must evaluate the effectiveness of a company’s respirator program regularly and modify the
written operating procedure as necessary to reflect the evaluation results. A labor-management team may
be effective in conducting these periodic evaluations.
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Considerations in Choosing the Right Equipment:
• Determining what the hazard is and its extent,
• Considering user factors that affect respirator performance and reliability, and
• Selecting an appropriate NIOSH-certified respirator. Equipment must be used in line with
specifications accompanying the NIOSH certification.
When selecting respirators, employers must consider the chemical and physical properties of the
contaminant, as well as the toxicity and concentration of the hazardous material and the amount of oxygen
present. Other selection factors are nature and extent of the hazard, work rate, area to be covered,
mobility, work requirements and conditions, as well as the limitations and characteristics of the available
respirators.
Air-purifying respirators use filters or sorbents to remove harmful substances from the air. They range
from simple disposable masks to sophisticated devices. They do not supply oxygen and must not be used
in oxygen-deficient atmospheres or in other atmospheres that are immediately dangerous to life or health
(IDLH).
Atmosphere-supplying respirators are designed to provide breathable air from a clean air source other
than the surrounding contaminated work atmosphere. They include supplied-air respirators (SARs) and
self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) units.
The time needed to perform a given task, including the time necessary to enter and leave a contaminated
area, is an important factor in determining the type of respiratory protection needed. For example, SCBAs,
gas masks, or air-purifying chemical-cartridge respirators provide respiratory protection for relatively short
periods. On the other hand, an atmosphere-supplying respirator that supplies breathable air from an air
compressor through an airline can provide protection for extended periods.
Hazards Respirator
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Smoke and other fire-related Positive-pressure SCBA.
contaminants.
TRAINING
Training is essential for correct respirator use. Employers must teach supervisors and workers how to
properly select, use, and maintain respirators. All employees required to use respiratory protective
equipment must receive instruction in the proper use of the equipment and its limitations. Employers
should develop training programs based on the employee’s education level and language background.
Training must be comprehensive enough for the employee to demonstrate a knowledge of the limitations
and capabilities of the respirator, why the respirator is necessary, and how improper fit, usage, or
maintenance can compromise the respirator.
Users should know that improper respirator use or maintenance may cause overexposure. They also should
understand that continued use of poorly fitted and maintained respirators can cause chronic disease or
death from overexposure to air contaminants.
Corrective eyeglasses worn by employees also present a problem when fitting respirators. Special
mountings are available to hold corrective lenses inside full facepieces.
A qualified individual must fit the facepiece and lenses to provide good vision, comfort, and proper sealing.
Tight-fitting respirators cannot provide proper protection without a tight seal between the facepiece and
the wearer’s face. Consequently, beards and other facial hair, the absence of normally worn dentures,
facial deformities, or jewelry or head gear that projects under the facepiece seal can also seriously affect
the fit of a facepiece. To ensure proper respiratory protection, check the facepiece each time you wear the
respirator. You can do this by performing either a positive-pressure or negative-pressure user seal check.
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Fit testing is required for tight-fitting facepiece respirators. You can test the effectiveness of the fit of the
facepiece two ways: qualitatively and quantitatively.
• Qualitative fit testing involves the introduction of a harmless odoriferous or irritating substance into
the breathing zone around the respirator being worn. If no odor or irritation is detected by the
wearer, this indicates a proper fit.
• Quantitative fit testing offers more accurate, detailed information on respirator fit. While the
wearer performs exercises that could induce facepiece leakage, a fit testing instrument numerically
measures the amount of leakage into the respirator. This testing can be done either by generating
a test aerosol as a test atmosphere, using ambient aerosol as a test agent, or using controlled
negative pressure to measure any leakage.
Users must inspect SCBAs at least monthly and ensure that air and oxygen cylinders are fully charged
according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The inspection should include a check of regulator and
warning devices to ensure their proper function. Employers must keep records of inspection dates and
findings.
Users should replace chemical cartridges and gas mask canisters as necessary to provide complete
protection, following the manufacturer’s recommendations. In addition, they should replace mechanical
filters as necessary to avoid high resistance to breathing.
Only an experienced person is permitted to make repairs, using parts specifically designed for the
respirator. This person must consult the manufacturer’s instructions for any repair and no attempt should
be made to repair or replace components or make adjustments or repairs beyond the manufacturer’s
recommendations. The employer must ensure that respirators are cleaned and disinfected as often as
necessary to keep them sanitary. In addition, the employer must ensure that emergency-use respirators
are cleaned and disinfected immediately after each use.
Respirators should be washed in a detergent solution and then disinfected by immersing them in a
sanitizing solution. Cleaner-sanitizers that effectively clean the respirator and contain a bactericidal agent
are available commercially. The bactericidal agent frequently used is a quaternary ammonium compound.
Strong cleaning and sanitizing agents and many solvents can damage rubber or plastic respirator parts. Use
these materials with caution or after consultation with the respirator manufacturer.
Users must store respirators in a way that protects them against dust, sunlight, heat, extreme cold,
excessive moisture, and damaging chemicals. When packed or stored, each respirator should be positioned
to retain its natural configuration. Facepieces and exhalation valves should rest in a normal position to
prevent the rubber or plastic from
deforming.
The medical evaluation can be performed by a physician using a medical questionnaire or by a medical
examination. This evaluation must be done before the employee is fit tested and uses the respirator in the
workplace. The employer must obtain a written recommendation from the physician for each employee’s
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ability to wear a respirator. Additional medical evaluations must be provided whenever health-care
professionals deem them appropriate.
In situations where the environment is or may be immediately dangerous to life or health, employers must
ensure that one or more employees are located outside the dangerous environment. These employees
must maintain visual, voice, or signal line communication with employees in the IDLH atmosphere.
In interior structural fire-fighting situations, employers must ensure that at least two employees enter the
structure and remain in visual or voice contact with one another at all times. Also, at least two employees
must be located outside the fire area to provide effective emergency rescue. All workers engaged in interior
structural fire-fighting must use SCBA.
Compressed air, compressed oxygen, liquid air, and liquid oxygen used for respiration must be of high
purity. Oxygen must meet the requirements (in case of the U.S) of the United States Pharmacopoeia for
medical or breathable oxygen. Breathing air must meet at least the requirement for Grade D breathing air
described in Compressed Gas Association (CGA) Commodity Specification G-7.1-1989. Compressed oxygen
must not be used in open circuit SCBAs or SARs that have previously used compressed air. Oxygen
concentrations greater than 23.5 percent must not be used with airline respirators unless the equipment
is designed for oxygen service.
Employers must supply breathing air to respirators from cylinders or air compressors. For testing cylinders,
see “Shipping Container Specifications of the Department of Transportation,” 49 CFR Part 178.
Employers must mark containers of breathing gas clearly and in accordance with NIOSH requirements, as
described in 42 CFR Part 84. Further details on the sources of compressed air and its safe use can be found
in the CGA pamphlet G-7.1-1989.
The compressor for supplying air must have the necessary safety devices and alarms. Compressors must
be constructed and situated to prevent contaminated air from entering the air supply system and be
equipped with suitable in-line, air-purifying sorbent beds and filters installed to ensure breathing air
quality. If using an oil-lubricated compressor, ensure that it has a high-temperature or carbon monoxide
alarm or both. If using only the high-temperature alarm, the employer must test the air from the
compressor frequently for carbon monoxide.
Air-line couplings must be incompatible with outlets for other gas systems to prevent accidental servicing
of air-line respirators with non-breathable gases or oxygen.
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Noise Reduction rating for Hearing Protectors
EARPLUGS
Hearing protectors placed inside the ear to block out noise. To work effectively, they should fit snugly into
the ear canal.
EARMUFFS
A device composed of a headband with two cushioned ear cups that form a seal around the outer ear,
covering it completely and blocking out the noise.
Generally, the louder the noise, the shorter the exposure time before hearing protection is required. For
instance, employees may be exposed to a noise level of 90 dB for 8 hours per day (unless they experience
a Standard Threshold Shift) before hearing protection is required. On the other hand, if the noise level
reaches 115 dB hearing protection is required if the anticipated exposure exceeds 15 minutes.
The next Table shows the permissible noise exposures that require hearing protection for employees
exposed to occupational noise at specific decibel levels for specific time periods. Noises are considered
continuous if the interval between occurrences of the maximum noise level is one second or less. Noises
not meeting this definition are considered impact or impulse noises (loud momentary explosions of sound)
and exposures to this type of noise must not exceed 140 dB. Examples of situations or tools that may result
in impact or impulse noises are powder-actuated nail guns, a punch press or drop hammers.
If engineering and work practice controls do not lower employee exposure to workplace noise to
acceptable levels, employees must wear appropriate hearing protection. It is important to understand that
hearing protectors reduce only the amount of noise that gets through to the ears. The amount of this
reduction is referred to as attenuation, which differs according to the type of hearing protection used and
how well it fits. Hearing protectors worn by employees must reduce an employee’s noise exposure to
within the acceptable limits noted in Table 8b.
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Manufacturers of hearing protection devices must display the device’s NRR on the product packaging. If
employees are exposed to occupational noise at or above 85 dB averaged over an eight hour period, the
employer is required to institute a hearing conservation program that includes regular testing of
employees’ hearing by qualified professionals
Formula:
• Earplugs
Approximate Noise Protective Level = Noise Level – [ (NRR – 7) x 0.5 ]
• Earmuffs
Approximate Noise Protective Level = Noise Level – [ (NRR – 7) x 0.75 ]
Reference:
www.osha.gov.: Safety and Health Management Systems
www.osha.gov. : Office of Training and Education, Industrial Hygiene
www.osha.gov. : Personal Protective Equipment, 2003
www.osha.gov. : Respiratory Protection, 2002
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Summary
THE HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS
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Clear Points
• All hazards can be controlled
• There are usually many alternative methods of control
• Some methods of control are better than the others
• Some situations will require more than one control method to obtain optimum results
• Controls should be introduced as a means to protect the health or comfort of workers along with
other objectives, including employee safety, reduction in environmental pollution and reduction
in economic loss.
• The Safety Officer shall ensure that effective controls are being implemented regularly monitored
and maintained.
Housekeeping is not just cleanliness. It includes keeping work areas neat and orderly, maintaining halls and
floors free of slip and trip hazards, and removing of waste materials (e.g., paper, cardboard) and other fire
hazards from work areas. It also requires paying attention to important details such as the layout of the
whole workplace, aisle marking, the adequacy of storage facilities, and maintenance. Good housekeeping
is also a basic part of incident and fire prevention.
Objectives:
Working on this module should help you:
• Explain the value of practicing good workplace housekeeping;
• Explain the principles of fire prevention, suppression and control;
• Enumerate ways of machine safeguarding;
• Demonstrate safe method of manual lifting and handling of materials;
• Identify the appropriate and approved types of PPE needed in a workplace; and
• Enumerate the steps in conducting job hazard analysis
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Planning a Good Housekeeping Program (5s)
A good housekeeping program plans and manages the orderly storage and movement of materials from
point of entry to exit. It includes a material flow plan to ensure minimal handling. The plan also makes
sure that work areas are not used as storage areas by having workers move materials to and from work
areas as needed. Part of the plan could include investing in extra bins and more frequent disposal.
A tool that represents the basic principles of housekeeping and workplace organization is called 5S. It is
more than cleaning and painting. It is a disciplined approach to keep the workplace efficient and
effective.
• Eliminates accident and fire hazards
• Maintains safe and healthy work conditions
• Saves time, money, materials, space, and effort
• Improves productivity and quality of work
• Boosts morale
• Reflects a well-run organization
5S Implementation;
Now we will see the implementation of 5S step by step
1S – Seiri or Sort:
• The first step is Sort in
this Methodology.
• Sorting means to sort
everything in each work
area that we need and
what we do not need?
• Sort means removing
unnecessary items or
materials from a
workspace.
• Keep only what is
actually required every
day from the
workspace.
• Materials, equipment, instruments, or any things that are not frequently used should be moved
to a separate, common storage area called Red Tag Zone.
• Items that are not used should be removed or recycled.
• Please do not keep anything in your workplace just because it might be used in the future.
• The whole team should spend a few hours going through the entire (inside cabinets, under and
behind machines… Everywhere !!!)
• All obvious scrap should be put in the scrap area/ Bin
• All unidentified things should be put in the Red tag/ quarantine area.
• Only items that are required should remain.
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2s – Seiton or Set in order:
• Set in order is for
organizing the items or
materials at the
workplace.
• Define Place for
everything and put
everything in its place
• We can use an
organized workplace
more efficiently and
effectively
• To arrange all necessary
items for the economy
of movement.
• Put things as per the frequency of use
• Provide safe storage – heavy items at a low level, light at a height.
• If any item is missing then we can easily find out it
4s – Seiketsu or
Standardize:
• After completion
of shine or clean,
standardize will
come.
• Standardize means
documenting all
necessary
processes or
activities.
• In standardize we
can turn Good
Practices into
Good Habits.
• By developing standards for process, all person knows what to do, how to do, and where to do,
etc.
• Give awareness about standardizing to all persons
• It will help them to remember the new standards and it encourages them to do the same.
• We can use labels, symbols, posters, and banners for standardization
How do we Standardize?
• Document standard ways of working (Standard Operating Procedure - SOPs),
• Standardize labeling, signage, and Flow
• Audits
Standard Work:
• Document the current agreed way of doing a process
• Provides a baseline for improvement
• Reduces variation between people/ shifts
5s Audit:
• Independent audit of an area
• Capture current state – Use color photographs
• Create simple audit sheets – with a score
• Conduct audits
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5s – Shitsuke or Sustain:
• Sustain needs to maintain 5s withing factory or work pace.
• Keep a record of progress with evaluations,
communication, and training related activity.
• Assign continuing responsibility.
• Sustain keeps watch on on-going training activity and
maintaining the established system.
• Maintaining Audits
• Maintaining Cleaning
• Making it “A way of life”
Source: https://www.nikunjbhoraniya.com/2018/09/5S-methodology.html
FIRE SAFETY
Fire safety has developed from the traditional respond to fire incidents through regulations, legislations and
other restrictions. This can be exemplified by the establishment of the first building regulations and the
development of fire insurance and other measures to prevent and control fire.
Fire prevention
• Refers primarily to measures directed towards avoiding the occurrence of fire. Effective fire
prevention work will mean better security, less fire losses and less tragedies.
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Prevent the Spread of Fire
• Compartmentation
• Fixed Fire Protection System
o Sprinklers
o Hydrants
o Fire Hose/ Fire Hose Cabinet
If any one of these four elements is eliminated, the fire will go out. There are four ways that a fire can
be extinguished:
• Isolate, contain, separate, cover, or remove the fuel source.
• Remove the heat source by applying a cooling agent which absorbs the heat. Water is the most
common cooling agent used to remove the heat from the reaction.
• Separate the oxygen from other essentials that make a fire by smothering the fire with a wet
blanket, throwing soil or sand on it, or covering it with a chemical foam or water fog.
• Stop the chemical reaction by applying certain chemical substances that break up this chain
reaction, such as sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) or potassium bicarbonate ("purple AK") or
sodium monophosphate (ABC dry chemical). Application of these chemicals will result in a
reduction of the combustion rate and the fire can be extinguished.
Source: http://corsafetydemo.corsafety.ca/fireexplosion/fir04/02fir04.htm
Using a fire extinguisher can be intimidating, especially if you do not know the proper
way to use it. Most fire extinguisher operate using the following P.A.S.S. technique:
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• When the fire is extinguish, stop pulling the trigger. In the event of a re-ignition, at least there
would still be contents inside the unit.
• Ensure that you have an escape path in case the fire is not extinguished
After Use:
• Have your extinguisher re-charge or replace immediately even if only partially discharged.
• A momentary discharged could cost total lost pressure.
• Bring your extinguisher to a qualified fire extinguisher service agency for re-charging, repair or test.
• Non-refillable extinguishers should be identified and a replacement should be obtained
immediately for continued fire protection.
• Do not dispose used fire extinguisher by throwing on fire
• Do not refill your extinguisher with any material other than that specified on the nameplate. This
may cause damage to the extinguisher causing to rapture, resulting to bodily injuries.
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• Dry chemical extinguishers, sodium bicarbonate rated for Class b and Class C fires is found in the
commercial kitchen for fighting grease fires
4. Class D Fires - fires involving combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium and
potassium
• There is no agent available that will effectively control fires in all combustible metals. Special
extinguishing agent must match the type of metal involved, hence extinguishers must have a
label which list the type of metal it can be used on.
5. Class K Fires – fires involving combustible cooking media such as animal and vegetable fats.
• The fuels are similar to Class B fuels but involve high temperature cooking oils and therefore have
special characteristics. Class K agents re usually wet chemicals, water-based solutions of
potassium carbonate-based chemical, potassium acetate-based chemical, or potassium citrate
based chemical or a combination.
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• Compliance to standards (OSHS, Fire Code)
Machine Safety
Safeguarding any machine part that may cause injury. It is the prevention of accidents when working with
machines.
Machine Guards
• Guards are barriers that prevent entry of an individual’s hands or other body parts into a hazard
area.
• Installed to minimize the risk of injury to machine operators or other persons from hazardous
machine parts, materials being processed, or scrap.
Requirements:
• Prevent employee contact with hazardous moving parts
• Secured and durable
• Prevent falling materials into moving parts
• Create no new hazards
• Must not interfere with worker productivity
• Should allow for proper and safe maintenance and lubrication
Preventing Access:
1. Fixed enclosing guards - If the hazard is on a part of the machinery which does not require
access it should be permanently guarded with fixed enclosing guards.
2. Movable Guards with interlocking switches – If access is required there needs to be a movable
(openable) guard which is inter-locked with the power source of the hazard in a manner which
ensures that whenever the guard door is not closed the hazard power will be switched off. This
approach involves the use of an interlocking switch fitted to the guard door. The control of the
power source of the hazard is routed through the switch section of the unit. The power source
is usually electrical but it could also be pneumatic or hydraulic. When guard door movement
(opening) is detected the interlocking switch will isolate the hazard power supply either
directly or via a power contactor (or valve).
Some interlocking switches also incorporate a locking device which locks the guard door closed
and will not release it until the machine is in a safe condition. For many applications the
combination of a movable guard and an interlock switch with or without guard locking is a
reliable and cost effective solution.
3. Two hand controls – There are other ways of preventing access while the machine is in a dangerous
condition. The use of two hand controls (also referred to as bi-manual controls) is common on
certain types of machinery. Two start buttons have to be operated at the same time to run the
machine. This ensures that both hands of the operator are occupied in a safe position (i.e. at the
controls) and therefore cannot be in the hazard area.
Note: This type of measure only protects the operator and does not give protection to other
personnel. A two-hand control system depends heavily on the integrity of its control and
monitoring system to detect any faults, so it is important that this aspect is designed to the correct
specification. The physical design should prevent improper operation (e. g. by hand and elbow).
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The machine should not go from one cycle to another without the releasing and pressing of both
buttons. This prevents the possibility of both buttons being blocked, leaving the machine running
continuously. Releasing of either button must cause the machine to stop. The use of two hand
control should be considered with caution as it usually leaves some form of risk exposed.
It is very useful however on applications such as teach mode pendants and inching controls
because it can give enhanced levels of protection when used in conjunction with other protective
devices.
4. Adjustable Guards
a. Adjustable Guards - There are many different ways to safeguard employees from machine
related accidents one way is with adjustable guards. An adjustable guard can be a
permanent part of the machine, and may be dependent on moving parts to function. Some
advantages that adjustable guards provide that fixed and interlocked guards don’t, is that it
provides a barrier that may be adjusted to facilitate a variety of production
operations. The guard can be created for many specific functions and can be adjusted
based upon the size of the stock. There are some limitations to it however, hands can enter
the danger area and workers may not be protected at all times, it may need frequent
maintenance, the operator could make the guard ineffective and it may interfere with the
workers visibility.
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Material Handling and Storage
Handling and storing materials involve diverse operations such as hoisting tons of steel with a crane;
driving a truck loaded with concrete blocks; carrying bags or materials manually; and stacking palletized
bricks or other materials such as drums, barrels, kegs, and lumber.
The efficient handling and storing of materials are vital to industry. In addition to raw materials, these
operations provide a continuous flow of parts and assemblies through the workplace and ensure that
materials are available when needed. Unfortunately, the improper handling and storing of materials
often result in costly injuries.
b. What to Do:
• Stand close to the load and face the way you intend to move
• Keep feet apart
• Be sure you have a good grip on the load
• Look forward to keep back straight
• Keep arms straight
• Tighten abdominal muscles
c. What to wear:
• Lightweight, flexible, tear and puncture-resistant clothing,
• Safety boots with toe slip-resistant soles, and
• Protective gloves, appropriate for the materials being handled.
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ELECTRICAL SAFETY
ELECTRICAL SAFETY (OSH Standard Rule 1210)
• The employer must train employees in safe work practices in working with electrical equipment.
• The training rules distinguish between workers & Authorized Personnel.
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7. Restore energy safely. When work is finished, check all tools are removed, all lines reconnected
or unblock, all guards have been replaced and other workers are safely out of harm’s way before
removing the lock and tag and turning the machine ON.
REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
DO 198-2018: The Right to Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Every employer, contractor or
subcontractor, if any, shall provide his or her workers, free of charge, PPE for any part of the
body that may be exposed to hazards, and lifeline, PFAS, gas or dust respirators or masks, and
protective shields whenever necessary by reason of the hazardous work process or environment
Source: https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3951.pdf
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PPE Program
• Written Policy
• Proper Selection of PPE
• Proper Training
• Maintenance Program
• Incentive System
• Enforcement
Clear Points
• The primary goal of fire safety efforts is to protect building occupants from injury and to prevent
loss of life.
• Guards are barriers that prevent entry of an individual’s hands or other body parts into a hazard
area.
• Operators must have proper skills training and are authorized to use machineries.
• Electrical equipment must be safe to use, properly maintained and free from recognized hazards.
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) are variety of devices and garments designed to serve as a
barrier between workers and workplace hazards.
What is an Accident?
Is an unexpected, unforeseen, unplanned and unwanted occurrence or event that causes damage or loss
of materials or properties, injury or death.
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Accident Causation
• Refers to the factors that are the primary
reasons behind an accident.
• For occupational health and safety
professionals, determining causation factors
in any workplace injury or accident is the key.
MAN
• Workforce
• Management of the workforce
• Policies
• Behavior
MATERIAL
• Used or Worked or made
METHOD
• Policies
• Programs
• Work Methods
MACHINE
• Tools
• Machinery
ENVIRONMENT
• Physical surroundings
• Natural environment
• Community, social & legal influences
“You can buy a person’s time, presence at workplace, and measured number of physical activities. But
you cannot buy perseverance, loyalty, enthusiasm, and heartfelt commitment. You must earn them. “
George L. Germaine
This study explains the rationale for focusing interventions on changing the behaviors and attitudes of
workers and management towards safety and health.
Heinrich’s Law
“In a workplace, for every accident that causes a major injury,
there are 29 accidents that cause minor injuries and 300
accidents that cause no injuries.”
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Heinrich's law is based on probability and assumes that the number of accidents is inversely proportional
to the severity of those accidents. It leads to the conclusion that minimizing the number of minor
incidents will lead to a reduction in major accidents, which is not necessarily the case.
The Dominoes
Heinrich posits five metaphorical dominoes labelled with accident causes.
They are;
• Social Environment and Ancestry,
• Fault of Person,
• Unsafe Act or Mechanical or Physical Hazard (unsafe condition),
• Accident, and
• Injury.
Heinrich defines each of these "dominoes" explicitly, and gives advice on minimizing or eliminating their
presence in the sequence.
Heinrich's Domino Model of Accident Causation
http://www.hrdp-idrm.in/live/hrdpmp/hrdpmaster/idrm/content/e5783/e17327/e24075/e27357/e27372/9heinrichsmodel.jpg
2. Fault of Person:
The second domino also deals with worker personality traits. Heinrich explains that inborn or
obtained character flaws such as bad temper, inconsiderateness, ignorance, and recklessness
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contribute at one remove to accident causation. According to Heinrich, natural or environmental
flaws in the worker's family or life cause these secondary personal defects, which are themselves
contributors to Unsafe Acts, or and the existence of Unsafe Conditions.
Heinrich defines four reasons why people commit unsafe acts "improper attitude, lack of
knowledge or skill, physical unsuitability, [and] improper mechanical or physical environment."
He later goes on to subdivide these categories into "direct" and "underlying" causes. For
example, he says, a worker who commits an unsafe act may do so because he or she is not
convinced that the appropriate preventative measure is necessary, and because of inadequate
supervision. The former he classifies as a direct cause, the latter as an underlying cause. This
combination of multiple causes, he says, create a systematic chain of events leading to an
accident.
4. Accident:
Heinrich says, "The occurrence of a preventable injury is the natural culmination of a series of
events or circumstances which invariably occur in a fixed and logical order." He defines accidents
as, "events such as falls of persons, striking of persons by flying objects are typical accidents that
cause injury.
5. Injury:
Injury results from accidents, and some types of injuries Heinrich specifies in his "Explanation of
Factors" are cuts and broken bones.
To be fair to Heinrich, he does insist that "the responsibility lies first of all with the employer." Heinrich specifies
that a truly safety-conscious manager will make sure his "foremen" and "workers" do as they told, and "exercise
his prerogative and obtain compliance ... follow through and see the unsafe conditions are eliminated." Heinrich's
remedy for such non-compliance is strict supervision, remedial training, and discipline.
• UNSAFE CONDITION
The physical or chemical property of a material, machine or the environment that may result in injury to a
person, damage or destruction to property and other losses; these could have been guarded or prevented.
o Unnoticed
o Uncorrected
• UNSAFE ACT
o A human action that departs from a standard or written job procedure or common practice, safety
rules, regulations, or instructions.
o A violation of a commonly-accepted safe procedures and or processes.
▪ Unaware
▪ Unable
▪ Unmotivated
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Cost of Accidents
Total costs of workplace accidents
Many employers only prepare for
the direct costs of an accident
which are usually covered by
insurance; however, this only
constitutes a very small portion of
the entire cost of an accident. The
truth is that the indirect costs of
workplace accidents, which are
often not covered by insurance,
are much higher than the direct
costs. According to the 2017
Liberty Mutual Workplace Safety
Index, the total cost for the most
disabling workplace injuries in
2014 was $49.9 billion. This
equates to 83.4% of the total cost
of all workplace injuries reported.
The two main types of costs are explained below along with common examples.
Direct Costs
The direct costs of workplace accidents are
usually covered by insurance. They include the
hospital bills of the affected employee, costs
of prescription medicines and therapy,
compensation payment made to the injured
employee, etc. In other words, they are costs
directly accumulated from the accident. They
can be easily calculated.
Indirect Costs
On the other hand, indirect costs of workplace
accidents are the costs which are not a direct
result of the accident. Therefore, they are not
usually insurable and all payments have to be
made from the pocket of the employer, or
from profit made through sale of the
company’s products and services. These costs
are usually much greater than direct costs,
with some studies even claiming that there is
$3 - $10 of indirect costs for every $1 of direct
costs. As indirect costs tend to vary, they are more difficult to calculate than direct costs.
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Some of the damages that indirect costs encompass include:
• Downtime of the injured employee or employees
• Cost of damage done to the machine, equipment or materials which were involved in the accident.
• Cost of overtime as a result of the accident like additional light and heat, additional supervision, lost
production, late deliveries, etc.
• Cost of selecting, employing, training, educating new employees or reshuffling existing employees to
minimize disruption of production as much as possible.
• Cost of those in managerial positions, as well as clerical positions, to investigate and process claim
forms and other paperwork, interviews, telephone calls, etc.
• Costs associated with any fines that may be applied due to injury and breaking any safety guidelines.
• Costs brought about by loss in productivity of all other employees and managers as a result of
disruption in production and delivery. In fact, loss in productivity cost companies $60 billion every
year according to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
• Costs brought about by decrease in productivity when the injured employee comes back to work.
This could be a result of physical injuries which have not completely healed yet, or psychological
trauma caused by the accident.
• Any medical bills which may not be covered by insurance which could include certain supplies and
equipment, personnel for therapy, treatment facilities, etc.
Source: https://www.noviqu.com/posts/cost-of-accident.html
Accident Investigation
• A methodical effort to collect and interpret the facts of accident.
• An inquiry as to how and why the accident occurred in order to explore actions that should be taken
to prevent or minimize recurrence of the accident.
Accident investigation is the process of determining the root causes of accidents, on-the-job injuries, property
damage, and close calls in order to prevent them from occurring again.
SOURCE: https://www.isri.org/docs/default-source/safety/accident-investigation-guide.pdf?sfvrsn=10
Earlier, it has been mentioned that a policy is needed in order that all incidents be reported so the appropriate
investigation can be performed. A thorough policy would require reporting the following types of accidents;
• Fatal accidents
• Accident causing injury or illness
• Diseases
• Dangerous occurrences
• Near Miss
Fatal - The Occupational Safety and Health Standards being implemented by DOLE require that accidents
resulting in death should be reported to DOLE Regional Office within twenty four (24) hours after occurrence
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using the fastest available means of communication, and within forty eight (48) hours upon receipt of the initial
report, be investigated.
Injury - Any injury that causes minor or first-aid treatment to serious, to permanently/totally incapacitate
workers should be reported.
Disease - All work-related diseases/illnesses due to exposure to unsafe working environment should also be
reported.
Dangerous occurrences - Any dangerous occurrences which may or may not cause serious bodily harm to
workers, or seriously damage the premises of employment should be investigated and reported by the
employer to DOLE Regional Office. These include fire, explosion of boiler and pressure vessels, collapse of
equipment or structures, etc.
Near miss - Near miss in an incident where no injury or property damage has occurred but where a slight
difference in position or timing could mean the occurrence of damage or injury.
What to investigate?
• Incidents and Accidents
• Medical Cases
• Damage to property
• Injury
• Theft
GATHERING INFORMATION
All information gathered during the course of the investigation should be properly reported and formally
recorded in an Accident Investigation Report. Although there are no established industry-standard formats
for recording the accident investigation into a report form, there are several aspects of the processes which
are common to most reports. Each company will generally develop its own format for the investigation
report, one that is acceptable to management. The report should answer the 5W and 1H in reporting of
accident.
• WHO was injured?
• WHAT happened?
• WHERE did accident occur?
• WHEN did the accident occur?
• WHY did the accident occur?
• HOW can similar accident be prevented?
The Occupational Safety and Health Standard provides for an accident investigation report using the prescribed
form (DOLE/ BWC/ OHSD/ IP-6a) which can be used by the companies on devising their company’s accident
investigation report from.
• Environment. The evaluation of the environment will provide information regarding the causes of
accident. Identify the environmental factors that might influence the accident such as weather
conditions, illumination, temperature, noise, ventilation, etc.
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• Physical Evidence. As the investigator, you should exercise extreme care in handling, collecting,
retrieving or otherwise identifying physical evidence. Investigators not familiar with the fragility of
these evidences might destroy it during the investigation process. Examples of the physical
evidence are equipment, tools and materials involved in the accident.
• Witnesses. A witness can be defined simply as any person who has information relating to the
accident. This includes anyone from those persons principally involved in the accident to those
who have seen or heard about the accident, or observed the work environment at the time the
accident occurred. A witness may also be someone who has knowledge of the events occurring
during any of the three (3) stages of the accident namely the pre-contact, contact and post-
contact.
• Existing Records. These could be employee, equipment, job or task, and previous accident
investigation records.
o Employee record Information regarding the victim’s age and gender, the department and
occupation in which he or she worked, work status (whether a full-time, part-time, or
seasonal employee), experience (how long has the victim been with the company, how
long in current occupation, how often had the employee repeated the activity engaged in
when the accident occurred), and employee’s training - should be reflected in the
employee’s record.
o Equipment record. The characteristics of the equipment associated with the accident
include the type, brand, size, and any distinguishing features of the equipment, its
condition, and the specific hazardous parts that may cause accident.
o Job or task record. The characteristics of task being performed by the employee include
his or her general task, the tools or equipment/ machine he or she is using/ operating. The
description should include the posture or location of the employee in doing the task and
whether the employee is working alone or with others.
o Record of previous accident investigation reports An accident investigation report form
is used to help investigators gather, at a minimum, the basic information that should be
recorded about each accident. The minimum data recorded for every accident identifies
the who, what, when, where, why and how (5W + 1H) of the accident.
In accident investigation, it is commonly understood that a combination of factors or causes must usually come
together under just the right circumstances to bring about accident. Information on accident causes have led
management to conclude that accidents are caused, they don’t just happen and causes can be determined and
controlled.
The four (5) elements that interact together for successful business operations are the following;
However, when something unplanned or undesired occurs within any of these elements, usually some adverse
effects might happen.
• MAN Obviously, the people of any successful organization are its greatest resources. But unfortunately,
statistics show that a high percentage of accidents have been attributed to human element. Influencing
factors that can affect human behavior and performance must be examined and evaluated for cause.
• MACHINE Equipment includes the tools and machines employees must work with in order to accomplish
their assigned works. In more recent years, the improper design of controls and displays on complex power
machines and equipment has been cited frequently as the primary source or cause of accident. The
improper use of hand tools, calibrating instruments, gauges or even a ladder to accomplish a given task
can also adversely affect the outcome of the job, to the point of accident. People can and often interact
with equipment or vice versa to have an accident.
• MATERIAL. The materials people use, work with or make provide another major source of accident cause.
Materials can be sharp, heavy, hot, cold, toxic or defective. In all cases, materials can be a major source of
energy contact that results in accident. Since people must interface regularly with materials in order to
perform their tasks, an examination of the relationship between potential accident sources becomes
extremely important in the accident investigation process. When one considers that people often use
equipment to process materials in daily operation, the complexity of accident source relationship becomes
even more evident.
• ENVIRONMENT. Environment is the physical surrounding in which work must be performed. This includes
the buildings that house the people and the air they breathe. It is also associated with lighting, noise level,
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and atmospheric conditions (temperature, air quality, humidity, etc.). The work environment represents
the source of causes of an ever-increasing number of diseases and health-related conditions.
• Method. To be more specific, the methodology, methods or techniques will affect the action's result.
Other factors concerned are workflow, choice of technical parameters, technical guidance and the
preciseness and execution of a workflow.
Review Records:
• Check training records
o Was appropriate training provided?
o When was training provided?
• Check equipment maintenance records
o Is regular PM or service provided?
o Is there a recurring type of failure?
• Check accident records
o Has there been similar incidents or injuries involving other employees?
Mandatory Reports
OSHS Rule 1050
Notification and Keeping of Records of Accident and/ or Occupational Illness
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• Annual Work Accident/Illness Exposure Data Report (AEDR) (DOLE/BWC/IP-6)
o 2 copies to concerned Regional Office & copy furnished BWC
o Submitted on or before January 30 of the following year with or without accident
This report shall be accomplished whether or not there were accident/illness occurrences during the period
covered and submitted to the Regional Labor Office or local government having jurisdiction not later than 30th
day of the month following the end of each calendar year.
Definitions
• Exposure - total number of hours worked by all employees in each establishment
• Disabling injuries - work injuries, which result in death, permanent total disability, permanent partial
disability or temporary total disability;
• Non-disabling injuries (Medical Treatment) - injuries which do not result into disabling injuries but required
first aid or medical attention of any kind;
AEDR Computations:
• FREQUENCY RATE: is the total number of disabling injuries per million-employee hours of exposure
o Frequency Rate - the total number of lost time injuries that will be experienced by the company
by the time they reached 1,000,000 employee hour exposure;
o Disabling injuries - work injuries, which result in death, permanent total disability, permanent
partial disability or temporary total disability;
o Non-disabling injuries (Medical Treatment) - injuries which do not result into disabling injuries but
required first aid or medical attention of any kind; and
Assuming:
• No. of Disabling Injuries = 10
• Total Emp-Hr-Exp = 500,000
Formula:
Frequency Rate (FR) = No. of disabling injury X 1,000,000
Total Employee-Hour Exposure
SEVERITY RATE - is the total number of days lost or charged per million-employee hours of exposure.
Assuming:
• Total days lost (Lost of Sight of One Eye) = 1,800 Days
• Total Emp-Hr. Exp = 500,000
Formula:
Severity Rate (FR) = Total days lost X 1,000,000
Total Employee-Hour Exposure
Other Requirements;
The following are examples of grounds of work stoppage due to condition or stage of being in imminent danger
Clear Points
• Accidents disrupts normal function of the organization due to injuries/ fatality of workers or damage to
property.
• Accident can be prevented from recurring through an efficient root cause investigation.
• Primary causes of accidents are unsafe/unhealthy acts & conditions
• Basic procedures in the conduct of accident investigation must be followed
• Results of accident investigation must be documented properly and thoroughly.
• Make recommendations based on the investigation.
• Dangerous occurrences in the workplace must be addressed.
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Instructions:
1. Provide a different workplace scenario / case (VIDEO)
Clear Points
• The simulated conduct of an OSH Inspection reinforces learning on the process of workplace
hazards identification.
• Identification of hazards is an initial step necessary to determine appropriate control measures
and risk assessment
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CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
Objectives
At the end of the session, the participants will be able to:
• Explain the roles of safety officers in the conduct of OSH trainings;
• Enumerate and discuss the stages of the training cycle;
• Describe basic presentation and facilitating skills;
• Prepare a training plan for their company.
How will efficient OSH communication help in achieving a safe and health workplace?
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Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
• Rights of workers
• Roles in OSH committee, OSH program
• Risk assessment, OSH audits
• WEM results, accident investigation reports
• Biological monitoring, medical surveillance
• Actions taken (ex. results of AMR..)
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Company Safety and Health Training Plan
Risk Assessment
WEM
Toolbox Meeting
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Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
Training
• Is a learning intervention;
• Improves match between job requirements and individual’s knowledge, skills, and attitudes;
• After training, the individual is able to apply learning immediately
• Examples: BOSH, COSH, PCO Training etc.
The Goal of Training: Learning – Aims for favorable change in perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors in a positive
direction of an individual group or organization.
• Learning
• Improved Performance
The Training Cycle begins long before the training program is conducted and continues after the program has been
completed. The figure is an illustration of the five stages of The Training Cycle.
First, you want to make sure there is a reason to conduct training. You may discover that after conducting the
analysis the relevant issue can be addressed by something other than training. For example, you may be able to do
on-the-job coaching, online content may exist that could be delivered either asynchronously or synchronously, or
you may feel that an article in the company newsletter alerts employees to the information needed.
Second, if you do determine that training is necessary, the analysis should tell you exactly what (content) should
be taught and how (by what methodology) it should be taught in the training session. It will also help determine
your training objectives.
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There are many ways to conduct assessments. You can use a formal instrument that measures a person’s skill or
knowledge, or one that simply measures a person’s preference. You can use written questionnaires or you can use
personal interviews with employees or supervisors. If you use interviews, you can meet with individuals one-on-
one, or you can conduct small focus groups. Another way to assess a need is to observe an employee working or
to take a work sample. You can also use records or reports that already exist, such as performance assessments
Your goal in collecting this data is to determine the gap between a job requirement and an individual’s actual skill
or knowledge. Bottom line is to determine what is preventing the desired performance. You use this information
in the next stage of The Training Cycle.
Develop objectives
How will efficient OSH communication help in achieving a safe and h Develop objectives
After you have determined that there is a legitimate training need, your next step is to state exactly what you want
the training to accomplish. You do this by writing objectives. There are two kinds of objectives from two
perspectives used in training:
The learning/performance objective: This is a statement of the performance (knowledge or skill) that is desired
after the training has been conducted. Whether you call them learning or performance objectives doesn’t matter,
as long as you realize that the purpose is to demonstrate what your participants have learned and can perform.
What behavior changes did they make?
The training objective: This is a statement of what the instructor hopes to accomplish during the training session.
This may be an outcome, or it may be a description of what the instructor plans to do in order to accomplish the
learning objectives. For example, “This session will create a positive learning climate that encourages participants
to get involved and to ask questions.”
Some trainers include both learning and training objectives in their design. Learning objectives are a required step
in every good training design. Training objectives help the trainer to focus on designing and delivering a first-class
training program by setting targets for the trainer to achieve.
Learners are told what the learning objectives are at the beginning of a training session. And preferably at the same
time they are told about the training.
If you haven’t already, you will decide the type of delivery that will be the focus to achieve the best results: onsite
classroom, virtual classroom, self-paced e-learning, performance support tools, self-study, or a combination of
these and others in a blended learning solution. What questions will help determine the location of the training?
• How many participants need new knowledge and/or skills?
• What level of trainer expertise will be required?
You may also decide whether to design the content at all. Given thousands of products available, you may decide
instead to purchase pre-designed off-the-shelf content and customize it. You also build in methods to ensure that
the learning is applied back on the job, and a process to evaluate the program’s effectiveness.
If you design it, a big task ahead of you is developing the materials. What participant materials do the learners
need? What audiovisual materials and equipment will you use? If it is an online course, what technical support will
you require? Will your learners require job aids — either paper or online? While this stage can be exciting, it can
also be exhausting.
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Implement the design
This is The Training Cycle stage where you actually conduct the program. A trainer completes a huge amount of
preparation before the program. Even after an excellent job of preparing, there is no guarantee that the program
will go off without a hitch. That’s why some trainers pilot a program with a group of pseudo-learners who provide
feedback before the session is ready for prime time.
You use both presentation and facilitation skills in both a traditional and virtual classroom. As a trainer, you’re a
presenter and a facilitator:
Presenters provide more information. If much of the information is new or technical, you may need to present. The
preferred role, however, is as a facilitator.
Facilitators play more of a catalyst role and ensure learners’ participation. A good trainer is often synonymous with
the term “facilitator.”
Excellent delivery skills are required whether you are facilitating a virtual or traditional classroom. While you’re
conducting the training, you want to constantly read your learners to see whether you’re meeting their needs. If
you see that an approach isn’t working, stop and try another. Don’t be afraid to stray from the agenda if that seems
to be the audience’s need. This is the stage where platform experience and good facilitation skills are required.
Evaluate performance
When it’s over, it’s not over. The evaluation stage is an important part of The Training Cycle for three reasons.
• First, the evaluation tells you whether or not the objectives were accomplished.
• Second, information from the evaluation stage should be fed into the assess-and-analyze stage. It is used
to improve the training program should it be conducted again. This is why this model is circular.
• Finally, evaluation information serves as the basis for determining needs for future programs or other
changes an organization may need to make.
Source: https://www.dummies.com/business/human-resources/employee-engagement/the-training-cycle-an-
overview/
PRESENTATION SKILLS
• Think of your audience in advance;
• Anticipate questions;
• Take a breath, pause!
• Speak slowly especially when you have participants who are non-native speakers
• Make eye contact; use appropriate hand gestures
• Sweep the room as you enter and deliver your opening spiel
• Stand confidently, dress neatly and appropriately
• Smile and the world will smile with you
Body Language
• Eye contact
• Posture
• Hand gestures
• Arms
• Legs
Visual Aids
• Any device used to help or aid in communicating ideas
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Non-Projected Visuals
• Writing Board
• Flip Chart
• Flash Card
Projected Visuals
• Video Projector
• Slides
• Films
Remember
• Think of your audience in advance;
• Anticipate questions;
• Take a breath, pause!
• Speak slowly especially when you have participants who are non-native speakers
• Make eye contact; use appropriate hand gestures
CLEAR POINTS!
• Practice, practice, practice!
• Verbalize…hear your presentation out loud
• Clarity – make your points and move on
• Ownership – take responsibility for your presentations
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CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
Objectives
Upon completion of the module, participants will be able to:
1. Define what is emergency (natural / man-made) and disaster
2. Identify the elements of an effective Emergency Preparedness Program
3. Enumerate basic preparations for common emergencies; and
4. Describe the concept on Fire Brigade Organization.
Definition of Terms:
Emergency
A serious situation or occurrence that demands immediate action.
Disaster
It is the result of a calamitous event causing massive death, injury or damage.
When an emergency occurs in the workplace, seconds can often be the difference between some extra paperwork
and risk to life and limb. The very nature of emergencies means you never know when you may be required to act,
so understanding the types of emergencies that may occur, and the steps that should be taken to handle them is
crucial.
A workplace emergency is an event that occurs and endangers your employees, clients, or the public; or risks
disrupting your workplace operations; or causes damage. Emergencies can take many forms, but will largely full
into two categories — natural and Man-Made Emergencies
Types of Emergencies
• Natural Emergencies: Events that are caused by the forces of nature
Natural emergencies are the hardest to plan for and predict due to their very nature. A natural emergency
could occur as a result of flooding, severe weather such as hurricanes or tornadoes, or forest fires. When
planning for natural emergencies you should consider that they will likely not be limited only your
workplace, which could affect logistical responses.
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• Volcanic Eruption
• Man-Made Emergencies: Man-made emergencies can be a result of human error or a willful intent.
Man-made Emergencies have an element of human intent, negligence or error involving a failure of a
man-made system, as opposed to natural disasters resulting from natural hazards.
• FIRE SERVICE
Who deal with potentially harmful fires, but also often rescue operations such as dealing with road traffic
collisions. Their actions help to prevent loss of life, damage to health and damage to or loss of property.
Emergency Preparedness
The objectives of this are to ensure that the company has developed and communicated plans that will allow for
the effective management of emergencies.
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2. Evaluate Resources – assess the available resources you have including the presence of trained
manpower to respond to emergencies
• Emergency Equipment
• Transportation
• Emergency Supplies
• Employees Training & Capabilities
• External Help Capabilities
3. Develop emergency plan and procedure- develop plans and procedures that should be observed
before, during and after the emergency
• Command, Control, and Communications
• External Communication
• Records Preservation
• Life Safety
• Property Protection
• Recovery and Restoration
• Community Outreach
4. Conduct training – train the right people who will respond to emergencies
• Information on Different Types of Emergencies
• Safety & Health Hazard Risk Assessment
• Incident & Accident Reporting
• Hazardous Communication Program
5. Conduct drills and exercises - simulation of possible emergency scenarios through drills and exercise will
prepare the employees in the event disasters and calamities will happen.
6. Educate public – conduct awareness programs for the general public so that they too will be prepared and
will be a source of your support system
• Co-existing Emergency Program
• Safety & Health Procedures & Protocols
• Duties of Other Person
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7. Integrate in community plan – it is important that the company keeps close coordination with the
locality/community in order to have a synchronized response Community officials should be involved in
the company’s emergency planning process and that the company be involved in local planning.
• Philippine National Police
• Bureau of Fire
• National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
Special Responses
Basic preparation for common emergencies
Flood
Evacuation Procedures: During an earthquake people at most workplaces are at greatest risk from:
• Collapsing ceilings,
• Window
• Light fixtures and
• Other falling objects.
What to do:
• Stay indoors
• Never attempt to walk or drive through flood waters.
• Look for NEWS updates
• Await instructions from emergency management officials.
Earthquake
Evacuation Procedures
• During an earthquake people at most workplaces are at greatest risk from:
• Collapsing ceilings and other falling objects.
• Light fixtures and Windows
What to do:
• If indoors, stay there. Take cover under sturdy furniture or against an inside wall.
• Stay away from window, skylights and other objects that could fall.
• Use stairways to leave the workplace if ordered to evacuate & Do not use the elevator.
• Be ready to rescue victims & move victims to a triage area if possible.
Explosion
Any workplace that handles, stores or processes flammable gasses, liquids and solids is vulnerable to explosion.
Explosions offer no warning, causing disorganization and panic.
What to do:
• Try to establish communication with emergency scene coordinators.
• Assess damage to the workplace and estimate human casualties.
• Administer first aid if it is safe to do so.
• Do not use elevators.
• Evacuate following an established procedure
Medical Cases
The most likely workplace emergency is a medical emergency. A serious medical emergency such as cardiac arrest
requires immediate attention – Response Time Is Critical.
What to do:
• Inform the Nurses & First Aiders.
• Evacuate the area surrounding the release.
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• Call the local emergency number, tell location and the nature of the emergency.
Spill Response
Any workplace that handles, stores or processes flammable gasses, liquids and solids is vulnerable to explosion.
Explosions offer no warning, causing disorganization and panic.
What to do:
• Call the local emergency hotline. Tell the dispatcher the workplace location and the nature of the
emergency. Do not move the victim.
• Notify an emergency scene coordinator for CPR or other first aid tasks.
• Inform the Incident Commander.
• Assist Professional Medical Responders when they arrive.
• Inform the victim's Supervisor.
Threats of Violence
Threats of violence maybe delivered in any form:
• Face-to-face
• By Fax or Telephone
• Email
• Threats can be directed toward the workplace or toward a specific person)
What to do:
• Activate a silent alarm if your workplace has one.
• Isolate the threatening person if it is possible to do so safely.
• Inform the Incident Commander.
Bomb Threats
• Take threats seriously.
• Don't use firearms or phones in the building- they generate radio waves that could trigger a bomb.
What to do:
• If someone find a package that may contain, or that may be a bomb, he or she should note its size, shape
and whether it emits a sound, then notify the Incident Commander.
• Call your local police station from outside the building to report the emergency and determine if an
evacuation is necessary.
• Use a communication method that does not generate radio waves to order the evacuation.
Although terrorist acts pose minimal risks to most workplaces, the devastating of recent acts have changed the
perception of a "SECURE WORKPLACE" and added a new dimension to emergency planning. What distinguishes
terrorist acts is the use of threats and violence to intimidate or force.
Fire
What to do:
• Activate appropriate alarms.
• Stay calm and do not panic. Alert others in your area.
• Evacuate as directed by your supervisor to your designated evacuation area. Walk, do not run. Remain in
the evacuation area until the supervisor has accounted for everyone and you have been instructed
otherwise.
• Never use an elevator during a fire. Always use the stairwell.
• If there is smoke in the room, stay low (the air is cooler and cleaner closer to the floor); hold a wet clothe
over your mouth and nose; and only break windows as a last resort.
• If a door is hot, do not open it. Use an alternate door if one is available and safe to use. If an alternate door
is not available, contact someone (if possible) and give them your exact location.
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• Close all doors as you leave. Do not lock them.
• If trained to use a fire extinguisher, and the fire is in the incipient stage, you may attempt to extinguish
the fire. Remember that your own safety is of primary concern.
• Never attempt to put out a fire alone.
REMEMBER:
• The head of the company, through its duly designated safety officer shall evaluate the potential magnitude
of a fire emergency within the company, and the availability of firefighting assistance from the BFP to
determine the nature of the organization to be established.
EVACUATION DRILL
PURPOSE
• Familiarize, train and rehearse the occupants with evacuation procedures so that order and control is
maintained in actual emergency.
• To determine if emergency escape facilities are sufficient for orderly evacuation of all occupants
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Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
GENERAL EVACUATION PROCEDURES
• When you hear an alarm, stop work activities and prepare to evacuate as directed by your supervisor.
• Proceed promptly to the nearest emergency exit. Walk quickly, but do not run.
• Do not Use elevators, instead use stairways to the designated safe assembly area. Safe assembly areas
should generally be away from the building, upwind and out of the way of incoming emergency personnel.
• Remain in the safe assembly area location so that the supervisory personnel may conduct a survey to
account for all building personnel. Do not disperse or move to other assembly locations.
• Do not re-enter the building until the emergency response team leader has deemed it safe and supervisory
personnel have given permission to go back into the facility.
Evacuation Map
https://alphaomegapros.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Untitled-design-67.jpg
Objectives:
Upon completion of the module, participants will be able to:
• Describe the employee’s compensation programs, entitlement and benefits. (ECP)
LEGAL BASIS
• Presidential Decree No. 626, as amended
• Employees’ Compensation and State Insurance Fund
COVERAGE
• Private sector workers who are compulsory members of the Social Security System (SSS) and sea-based
Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs).
• Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) Members
• Members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, elective government officials who are receiving regular
salary and all casual, emergency, temporary and substitute or contractual employees.
• Self-employed professionals (Posted on April 17, 2019 at ECC website)
When shall coverage of the employees under the Employees’ Compensation Program start?
• Employees shall be covered starting on the first day of their employment.
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When is sickness or injury compensable under the Employees’ Compensation Program?
• For the sickness and the resulting disability or death to be compensable, the sickness must be the result of
an occupational disease listed under Annex “A” of the Amended Rules on Employees’ Compensation with
the conditions set therein satisfied, otherwise, proof must be shown that the risk of contracting the disease
is increased by the working conditions.
• For the injury and the resulting disability or death to be compensable, the injury must be the result of
accident arising out of and in the course of the employment.
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• Entrepreneurial Training to accredited training institutions to enable the ODW to set up home-based
business.
OSH legislation and enforcement are key components of the government program to protect workers from work
accidents and illnesses; and
Here’s something else: Legislation and enforcement are not the only approaches used in improving OSH in the
Philippines. We have developmental strategies like the Zero Accident Program (ZAP), information drives and the
like in order to put a positive note in OSH administration. In cases of work disabilities, there is also the Employees
Compensation Program (ECP).
Objectives
Working on this module should help you to
1. Explain the government OSH regulations and other responses to existing and potential OSH
hazards;
2. Discuss the various strategies for OSH Administration in the Philippines; and
3. Identify the different OSH reportorial requirements and areas for compliance to the OSH
Standards.
The Standards provide the legal framework for all safety and health
programs of the Department of Labor and Employment imposing a
responsibility on the employer and a corresponding duty on all workers to observe safety and health measures at
the enterprise level.
The Standards are administered and enforced by the Department of Labor and Employment. Its enforcement is
carried out by the fourteen (14) Regional Labor Offices and their district offices nationwide. However, local
governments may be authorized by the Secretary of Labor to enforce the Standards within their respective
jurisdictions where they have adequate facilities and personnel for the purpose, as determined by and subject to
national standards prescribed by the DOLE.
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What is the purpose of OSH Standards?
OSH Standards aim to provide at least the minimum acceptable degree of protection that must be afforded to every
worker in relation to the working conditions and dangers of injury, sickness or death that may arise by reason of
the worker's occupation. The provision of OSH Standards by the State is an exercise of police power, with the
intention of promoting the welfare and well-being of the workers.
Imminent Danger - A situation caused by a condition or practice in any place of employment that could reasonably
be expected to lead to death or serious physical harm.
Employer - Any person, natural or juridical, including the contractor, subcontractor, and principal employer who
directly or indirectly benefit from the services of the employee.
Qualified First-Aider - Refers to industry determined specification of proficiency required for effective work
performance.
Worker - refers to any member of the labor force, regardless of employment status.
Low Risk Establishment - refers to a workplace where there is low level of danger or exposure to safety and health
hazards and not likely or with low probability to result in accident, harm or injury, or illness.
Medium Risk Establishment - refers to a workplace where there is moderate exposure to safety and health hazards
and with probability of an accident, injury or illness, if no preventive or control measures are in place.
High Risk Establishment - Refers to a workplace wherein the presence of hazard or potential hazard within the
company may affect the safety and/or health of workers & the public.
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DOLE STO Accreditation No. 1030-121619-0075
BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
DO 198-2018: Section 14 - SAFETY OFFICER
SAFETY OFFICER - refers to any employee or officer of the company trained by DOLE or DOLE-Accredited Training
Organization and tasked by the employer to implement an OSH program, and ensure that it is in accordance with
the provisions of OSH standards.
In the implementation of OSH Program, safety officers shall be employed or designated with the following duties
and responsibilities:
• Oversee the overall management of the OSH Program in coordination with the OSH committee;
• Frequently monitor and inspect any health and safety aspect of the operation being undertaken with the
participation of supervisors and workers;
• Assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at any time whenever work is
being performed or during the conduct of accident investigation by providing necessary information and
OSH reports as required by the OSH standards;
• Issue Work Stoppage Order (WSO) when necessary based on the requirements and procedures provided
by the OSH standards.
Minimum classification and number of safety officer for all covered workplaces shall be as follows:
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Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
DO 198-2018: Section 16 - SAFETY AND HEALTH TRAINING
• All OSH personnel shall undergo the prescribed
mandatory trainings from DOLE-accredited Safety
Training Organizations or its recognized training
institutions.
• Workers’ OSH seminars and
trainings/orientations required by the employer or by
other regulations in the performance of their task shall
be undertaken at no cost to the worker and considered
as compensable working time.
• Repeated violation of the same prohibited act shall be penalized of the corresponding fine plus 50% for
every in-stance of repeat violation
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Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
DO 13-1998 OBJECTIVES
• To ensure the protection and welfare of workers employed in the construction industry
• To ensure protection and welfare of the general public within and around the immediate vicinity of any
construction worksite as well as the promotion of harmonious employer-employee relationships
• To take into consideration industry practices and applicable gov’t. requirements
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Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
o Hazard assessments with corresponding remedial action or measures required. (HIRAC)
OBJECTIVES
Participants will be able to identify the prescribed administrative requirements and penalties for violations.
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Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
SUBMISSION DATE:
• Work Accident/Illness Report (WAIR) – Rule 1050
o 2 copies to concerned Regional Office & copy furnished BWC
o On or before the 20th day of the month following the date of occurrence of accident.
• Annual Exposure Data Report (AEDR) – Rule 1050
o 2 copies to concerned Regional Office & copy furnished BWC
o On or before the January 30 of the following year
• Report on Safety Organization (RSO) – Rule 1040
o 2 copies to concerned Regional Office & copy furnished BWC
o Within One Month after the organization
o At least on quarterly basis
• Minutes of the Meetings in Health and Safety Committee (MoM) – Rule 1040
o 2 copies to concerned Regional Office & copy furnished BWC
o On or before the 20th day of the month
• Annual Medical Report (AMR) – Rule 1960
o 2 copies to concerned Regional Office & copy furnished BWC
o On or before the last day of March of the year following the covered period.
OBJECTIVE:
This outlines the basic elements necessary for developing and implementing a successful safety program applicable
to almost all types of organization.
OSH PROGRAM
• Is a systematic plan to IDENTIFY, EVALUATE and CONTROL hazards and respond to EMERGENCIES.
• It lays out responsibilities, resources, and procedures for keeping the workplace safety and healthy.
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Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
This commitment should be translated into a written safety policy which should briefly and succinctly expresses
the company’s commitment to safety. It also indicates clearly that employees are expected to perform their duties
with safety foremost in their minds. Safety policy need not be long. In fact, a short and simple policy is better.
ORGANIZATION
A safety committee is a formal structure through which employees and management can funnel concerns and
suggestions about safety and health issues. This is a requirement of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards
(OSHS) Rule 1040.
The composition can be a major factor for the success or failure of the committee. It should be composed of a
broad cross-section of workers representing management, middle managers and the rank and file employees. This
offers the following advantages:
• It gives a constituent group where they are responsible
• It gives all employees a representative voice on the committee
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
One of the "root causes" of workplace injuries, illnesses, and incidents is the failure to identify or recognize hazards
that are present, or that could have been anticipated. A critical element of any effective safety and health program
is a proactive, ongoing process to identify and assess such hazards.
HAZARD EVALUATION
Systematic continuous, repetitive health related activities that should lead to corrective action
• Medical surveillance
o Pre employment (Entrance)
o Periodic examinations
o Special examinations
o Transfer examinations
o Separation examinations
• Engineering Control - Physical changes in processes or machinery designed to eliminate or control hazards.
o Machine guarding
o Substitution
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CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
o Isolation
o Ventilation
o General ventilation
o Local exhaust ventilation
• Administrative Control - Changes in work practices and organization to eliminate or control hazards.
• Personal Protective Equipment - Clothing or devices worn by employees to protect themselves against
hazards and contaminants.
• Visual Awareness is an effective way of getting the message across through signs, slogans and posters.
o Posters
o Signs
o Bulletin Boards
• Motivation - Is defined as the driving force behind all the actions of an individual. It involves moving people
to action that supports or achieves desired goals.
o Positive Reinforcement
▪ Awards Recognition - This can be an effective tool in maintaining employees’ interest in
the safety program.
o Negative Reinforcement
▪ Discipline - The practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behavior, using
punishment to correct disobedience.
MONITORING
To effectively maintain safe conditions, employee work practices as well as every portion of your physical plant,
equipment, and machinery, regular inspection must be conducted. These inspections should be both formal and
informal and include both employees and supervisors.
• Safety Inspection
• Accident Investigation
• Recording System
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Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
damage. A quick and proper response can only be possible through proper preparation, which involves a
combination of planning, practicing, evaluating, and adjusting to specific circumstances.
RE-ENTRY PLAN
1. As a Safety Officer, you are required to conduct the
Mandatory Worker’s OSH Seminar to all the workers
in your company. When do you propose to conduct
the said OSH seminar?
2. Aside from the conduct of Worker’s OSH Seminar, how do you intend to share the learnings of this training
to your co-workers? Check all that apply.
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DOLE STO Accreditation No. 1030-121619-0075
BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
A safety program is a plan or outline of activities conducted to promote consciousness among management and
workers in workplaces in order to eliminate or minimize accidents and/or illness to the lowest reducible level.
Safety program organization is the method employed by management to assign responsibility for accident
prevention and to ensure performances under that responsibilities.
This can be achieved basically through control of the working environment and control of people’s actions. Only
top management has the authority to implement such controls.
Policy Statement
An organization’s health and safety policy should be a clear statement of principles, which serves as a
guide to action. Senior management must be totally committed to ensuring that the policy is carried out
with no exceptions. Health and safety policy must be and be seen to be, on a par with all other
organizational policies.
As with health and safety programs, no one policy is suitable for all organizations. The policy statement
can be brief, but should mention:
• the objectives of the program
• the organization’s basic health and safety philosophy
• the general responsibilities of all employees
• the ways employees can participate in health and safety activities.
• Stated in clear and concise terms.
• Signed by the incumbent Chief Executive Officer
• Kept up to date
• Communicated to each employee
• Adhered to in all work activities.
Medical Department
• conducts pre-employment physical examination for proper physical check-up and proper
placement of worker
• periodic physical examination of workers exposed to harmful or toxic substances
• arrange surveys of new operations or processes to know what exposures are detrimental to
health that maybe present.
• Establish a system assigning injured workers on the kind of job they can handle in spite of their
condition
Personnel Department
Keeps records of lost time, accidents and sickness arising from work;
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CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
Collaborates with medical, employment and safety department relative to the placement of employees on the job;
arranges for cooperation and assistance in rehabilitation of injured employees; and establishes cross – file controls
to prevent unfit employees to work on job not approved for them.
Engineering Department
Expedites safety work request, particularly referring to correction of critical hazards;
Consults with the safety department before any new operation is started or new installations or changes to existing
buildings, processes, operations of equipment are put up.
Purchasing Department
Coordinates with the safety department on all purchases of equipment, tools, materials, and PPE’s.
Requisitions for hazardous substances and materials should be referred to safety department for proper
investigation and clearance.
Occupational Health Program – The branch of preventive medicine that aims to:
• Promote and maintain the highest degree of physical, mental, and social being of workers in
all occupation.
• Prevents among workers all departures from health caused by the working conditions.
• Protect workers in their employment from risk resulting from factors adverse to health.
• Place and maintain workers in an occupational environment adopted to his physiological and
psychological capacity.
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Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
Basic Principles of the Occupational Health Program:
A. Health Protection
3. First Aid
• Provide First Aid treatment and facilities
• Train and instruct workers in emergency medical procedures.
4. Medical treatment
• Provide necessary treatment to common medical illnesses.
B. Health Promotion
6. Assessment of health risk associated with the living environment
• Assess and prevent health risk with the living environment
• Assess lifestyle associated with health risk
• Provide employee information and assistance programs.
• Provide a system of record keeping to monitor the progress of controlling the health risk
1. Priority Setting – essence of planning is in setting priorities. This view reflects the resource
limitations.
2. Developing objectives, targets – use SMART approach: Specific, Measurable, Attainable,
Realistic, Time-bounded.
3. Designing evaluation and monitoring tools for the program.
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BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
Elements of Occupational Health:
The Worker:
• His generic composition
• His psychological characteristics His disease susceptibility
The Tool:
• Bio-mechanical design and specifications
Working Environment:
• Physical conditions
• Bio-mechanical conditions
to comply with the requirements of RA 11058 and DOLE Department Order 198-18 (its Implementing Rules and
Regulations) and the applicable provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS).
We acknowledge the company’s obligation and responsibilities to provide appropriate funds for implementing this
OSH program including orientation and training of its employees on OSH, provision and dissemination of IEC
materials on safety and health, provision of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) when necessary and other OSH
related requirements and activities, to ensure the protection for our workers and employees against injuries,
illnesses and death through safe and healthy working conditions and environment.
We commit to conduct risk assessment as required to prevent workplace accidents as well as comply with other
provisions of this OSH program. That we are also fully aware of the penalties and sanctions for OSH violations as
provided for in RA 11058 and its Implementing Rules and Regulations.
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DOLE STO Accreditation No. 1030-121619-0075
BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
[Signature] ______________________________
[Name] _________________________________
[President] / [Chief Executive Officer] / [Owner]
[Date] ;__________________________________
Kindly accomplish. Pls use additional pages if needed. You may also wish to attach your Company’s Risk Assessment
Matrix as substitute
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DOLE STO Accreditation No. 1030-121619-0075
BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
a. Routine : ( ) CBC ( ) Chest X-ray ( ) Urinalysis ( ) stool exam
b. Special: ( ) Blood Chemistry ( ) ECG ( ) others, please specify
c. Schedule of Annual medical examination: ( ) Q1 ( )Q2 ( )Q3 ( )Q4
d. Is random drug testing conducted? Yes_____ when_______) No ______
3.0 And 4.0 - Health Programs for the promotion, prevention and control
This refers to : Drug-free Workplace in compliance to RA 9165, Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in
compliance to (RA 8504) RA 11166, Tuberculosis in compliance to EO 187-03, Hepatitis B in compliance to DOLE
Advisory No. 05 Series of 2010, Mental Health in compliance to RA 11036.
(a) For establishments with less than ten workers and low risk establishments with ten (10) to fifty (50)
workers. – A SO1 shall establish an OSH committee composed of the following:
Chairperson : __________________________________________________
Name of Company owner or manager
Secretary : _________________________________________________
Safety officer of the workplace
__________________________________________________
Member : Name of at least one (1) worker, preferably a
union member, if organized
(b) For medium to high risk establishments with ten (10) to fifty (50) workers and low to high risk
establishments with fifty-one (51) workers and above. – The OSH committee of the covered workplace shall be
composed of the following:
Ex-officio : _______________________________________________
chairperson Name of Employer or his/her representative
Secretary : ________________________________________________
Name of Safety officer of the workplace
Ex-officio :
members ________________________________________________
Name of Certified first-aider/s
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CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
_________________________________________________
Name of OH nurse
_________________________________________________
Name of OH dentist, and OH physician, as applicable
__________________________________________________
Members : Name of Safety officers representing the contractor or
subcontractor, as the case may be,
___________________________________________________
Name of workers’ representatives who shall come from the
union, if the workers are organized, or elected workers through
a simple vote of majority, if they can unorganized.
(c) Joint Coordinating Committee: For two (2) or more establishments housed under one building or
complex including malls.
Chairperson : ________________________________________________
Name of Building owner or his/her representative such as the
building administrator
Secretary : _________________________________________________
Name of Safety officer appointed by the Chairperson
Members : __________________________________________________
Name of 2 safety officers from the building selected to the Joint OSH
Committee
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Name of two (2) workers’ representatives one from which must be
from a union if organized from any establishments under the building
(All members of the HSC shall perform their duties and responsibilities by the OSH law and its implementing
guidelines.)
Safety and Health Committee Minutes/Reports submitted to DOLE (pls attach latest OSH committee
minutes/report)
Yes ____ No ______
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CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
6.0 OSH Personnel and Facilities
6.1 Safety Officer
Safety Officer(s): (attach certificate of training/s prescribed by DOLE)(please use additional sheets as
necessary)
List of competent emergency health personnel within the worksite duly complemented by adequate medical
supplies, equipment and facilities based on the total number of workers. (Use additional sheet if necessary and
attach all required training certificates in this section.)
7.0 Safety and Health Promotion, training and education provided to workers
--Orientation of all workers on OSH
-Conduct of Risk Assessment, evaluation and Control
-*Continuing training on OSH for OSH Personnel
-*Work permit System
*(Applicable for medium to high risk establishments with 10 to 50 workers and low to high
risk establishments with 51 workers and above)
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CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
After the conduct of investigation, the company shall prepare and submit work accident report using the prescribed
form (WAIR). Moreover, other work accidents resulting to disabling injuries such as Permanent Partial Disability
and Temporary Total Disability shall be reported to the DOLE Regional Office within 30 days after the date of
occurrence of accident using the DOLE prescribed form (WAIR).
All near misses shall be recorded and reported. A system for notification and reporting of work accidents including
near misses within the company shall be developed and reviewed by the OSH Committee as necessary.
(Kindly submit reports on the following: Work Accident /Injury Report (WAIR), Annual Exposure Data Report
(AEDR), Annual Medical Report (AMR)
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DOLE STO Accreditation No. 1030-121619-0075
BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
12.0*Dust control and management and regulation on activities such as building of temporary structures and
lifting and operation of electrical, mechanical, communications system and other requirements *(Applicable for
medium to high risk establishments with 10 to 50 workers and low to high risk establishments with 51 workers and
above)
Kindly attach dust control procedures, plans on temporary structures, permits applicable for the operation of
electrical, mechanical, communications systems and other requirements
YES NO
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BLOCK 22, LOT 7, Hyacinth ST., Antipolo Hills, Brgy. San Luis, Antipolo City
Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
*(Applicable for medium to high risk establishments with 10 to 50 workers and low to high risk establishments with
51 workers and above)
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CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
(Example of Company violation policies)
Php _______ ; Annual estimated amount for OSH program implementation to include but not limited to the
following: orientation/training of workers, safety officer, OH personnel, purchase and maintenance of PPE, first
aid medicine and other medical supplies, safety signages and devices, fire safety equipment/tools, safety of
equipment ( i.e machine guards,) etc.
ANNEX A:
WORKPLACE POLICY AND PROGRAM ON PROMOTING WORKERS HEALTH AND ENSURING PREVENTION AND
CONTROL OF HEALTH-RELATED ISSUES AND ILLNESS
The company shall ensure that worker’s health is maintained through the following company programs
and activities:
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CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
a) Orientation and education of employees
b) Access to reliable information on illness and hazards at work
c) Referral to medical experts for diagnosis and management of illness or health-related concerns
d) Provide health-related programs such proper nutrition and exercise activities are made available to the
workers
The above-mentioned programs shall comply with the Government’s issuances on promoting healthy
lifestyle, addressing mental health in the workplace and preventing and controlling substance abuse.
In addition, company policies to protect workers’ rights arising from illness shall be guaranteed. The company shall
promote the following workers’ rights:
a) Confidentiality of information
b) Non-discrimination including non-termination
c) Work accommodation following a course of illness
d) Assistance to compensation
This policy is formulated for everybody’s information. The company is committed to ensuring workers’
health and providing a healthy and safe workplace.
______________________ ___________________________
DATE: ______________
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CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
Symptoms start about one day after exposure, but can be as long as 14 days.
Some people have no symptoms, most have a mild illness. It can be severe and sometimes fatal.
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Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info
CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
How to prevent COVID-19?
• MAINTAIN GOOD HYGIENE
o Wash your hands frequently with soap and water.
o Use alcohol-based hand sanitizer when soap and water are not readily available.
o Cover your coughs and sneezes. Use a tissue or your upper sleeve. Immediately throw the tissue in
a bin and wash your hands.
o Wear a mask/face covering/ fabric mask in public places, especially when it is difficult to maintain
1-2 meters (3-6 feet) distance from others. Follow local guidelines.
o Avoid touching shared objects (light switches, handrails, door handles etc) as much as possible. If
you must touch such objects, wash your hands or use sanitizer promptly afterwards. Ensure you
do not touch your face.
o Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces each day, more often if you think they’ve been
contaminated. Use normal cleaning supplies.
o Do not share food, drinks and personal items including mobile phones.
• Avoid Exposure
o Maintain social distancing within 1-2 meters
o Avoid activities which expose you to large groups of people.
o Maintain social distance while greeting visitors.
o Work from home, where possible.
o Avoid non-essential travel.
o Keep away from people who are sick
o Avoid visiting hospitals and other medical facilities unless you need medical care.
DTI AND DOLE INTERIM GUIDELINES ON WORKPLACE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF COVID-19.
Coverage
These guidelines shall apply to all workplaces, employers, and workers in the private sector.
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CONSAFE: Basic Occupational Safety and Health BOSH for SO2
• Alcohol/sanitizers shall be made available in the corridors, conference areas, elevators, stairways and
areas where workers pass;
• Workers, whether in office workstations or in operations area, shall always practice physical distancing
meaning at the minimum one (1) meter radius space (side, back, and front) between workers;
• Eating in communal areas is discouraged. It is best to eat in individual work area and all waste
shall be disposed properly.
• Canteens and kitchens should be cleaned and disinfected regularly.
Decontamination of workplace
• Workplace shall be decontaminated with appropriate disinfectant (e.g. chlorine bleaching solution and
1:100 phenol-based disinfectant)
• After decontamination of the work area, work can resume after 24 hours; and
• Workers present in the work area with the suspect COVID-19 worker shall go on 14 days home
quarantine with specific instruction from the clinic staff on monitoring of symptoms and possible next
steps. If suspect COVID-19 worker has negative result, co-workers may be allowed to report back to
work.
In the event that a worker is sick or has fever but is not suspected to have COVID-19
• Take adequate rest and take plenty of fluids;
• Practice personal hygiene to prevent spread of disease; and
• Seek appropriate medical care if there is persistent fever, when difficulty of breathing has started, or
when he/she becomes weak.
COVID-19 Testing
• Employers may test workers for COVID-19. Testing kits used and procured shall be the responsibility of
the employer.
• Workers with a negative test shall continue to work. They should be given appropriate advise and
instructions once they develop any health complaints or symptoms.
Reporting of Illnesses/Disease/Injuries
• The employer shall provide the DOLE through its Regional Office copy furnished DOH, monthly
reporting of illness, diseases and injuries utilizing the DOLE Work Accident/Illness Report Form (WAIR-
COVID19).
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Email Address: [email protected] Web page: www.consafe.info