Muslim Influence in The Sub-Continent
Muslim Influence in The Sub-Continent
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For nearly three hundred years after the conquest of Sindh by Muhammad bin Qasim,
there was no Muslim invasion of the subcontinent. In the tenth century, many
independent Muslim states emerged in Central Asia and India was invaded again by
Muslims—not the Arabs, but the Turks.
One of the prominent Sultan of the many independent Muslim states was Sabuktagin,
in Ghazni, the founder of the Ghaznavid Sultanate and father of Sultan Mahmud of
Ghazni.
In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, Turkish Sultans extended their territories and
invaded India from the North-west through Khyber Pass.
Mahmud, the Ghaznavid Sultan, expanded his kingdom up to Isfahan in the west and
to India in the east. He made seventeen invasions into India, including one against
the Shahi kingdom in the north. His lightning attacks were to gain the wealth of the
subcontinent. He raided Mathura, Thanesar, Kanauj, Nagarkot and, finally, the
temple city of Somnath.
Effects:
1. Punjab became a part of the empire of Ghazni.
3. Mahmud’s conquests paved the way for the Muslim conquest of India.
5. The invasions gave a severe blow to the art of India as several important temples were
destroyed by the invaders.
Since Muhammad Ghori had no heir, he used to say that his slaves would inherit his
empire. In 1206, when he was assassinated near Lahore, Qutbuddin Aibak became the
first Sultan of the Mamluk(Slave) dynasty, established in Delhi, which ruled India for the
next 84 years.
The Mamluk Dynasty (1206-90)
- Qutbuddin Aibak (1206-1210 AD)
- Aram Shah (1210-1211 AD)
- Shamsuddin Iltutmish (1211-1236 AD)
- Ruknuddin Feroz (1236 AD)
- Razia Sultana (1236-1240 AD)
- Weak rulers--Muiz-ud-din Bahram and Ala-ud-din Masud (1240-1246 AD)
- Nasiruddin Mahmud (1246-1266 AD)
- Balban (1266-1286 AD)
- Kaikobad (1286-1290 AD)
The Mamluk or Slave Dynasty class-7
Mamluk historians were prolific chroniclers and biographers, and the period of their by Digi Nurture
rule is known for its historical writings YOUTUBE
Their contribution in terms of architecture was also strikingly impressive. Mosques,
schools, monasteries, tombs, etc. were constructed during this period
Khiljis Dyansty (1290-1320)
For more information:
https://www.indianmirror.com/dynasty/khiljidynasty.html
The Delhi Sultanate passed from the Turks to the Afghans when the Khiljis took over.
Balban's weak successor, Kaikobad, was replaced by Malik Feroz Khilji, who took the
title of Jalaluddin Khilji. The Khiljis were said to be Turks who had settled in
Afghanistan. They will rule over the Delhi Sultanate for the next 30 years.
The Khilijis (1290-1320)
-Jalaluddin Khilji (1290–1296)
-Alauddin (1296–1316) The Khilji Dynasty class-7
-Shihabuddin Omar (1316) by Digi Nurture
-Qutbuddin Mubark Shah (1316–1320) YOUTUBE
-Khusrau Khan (1320)
The court languages of the Khiljis were Persian, followed by Arabic, their native
Turkoman language and some northern-Indian dialects. Although it was not their
native language, the Khilji sultans encouraged the use of Persian. This co-existence of Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1413)
different languages gave birth to an early form of Urdu.
For more information:
According to Ibn Batuta (a Moroccan traveller who came to India in 1333AD), the Khiljis
https://www.indianmirror.com/dynasty/tughlaqdynasty.html
encouraged conversion to Islam.
The Tughluq Dynasty (1320-1414) Case Study class-7 Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451)
by Digi Nurture
After Timur's invasion, the Sultanate of Delhi lost its power and broke up into many
YOUTUBE
small states. It was left to the Sayyid and Lodhi dynasties to continue it for another 125
years.
The Sayyids (1414-1451)
Malik Khizr Khan (1414–1421)
Timur's Invasion (1398)
Mubarak Shah (1421–1434)
Timur was of Turk and Mongol lineage: he was born in 1335 in Kesh, fifty miles south of Muhammad Shah (1434–1445)
Samarkand. A brilliant military leader, he became the head of the Chagatai Turks and Alam Shah (1445–1451)
started to bring large areas of central Asia under his command. Under the Turk, Malik Khizr Khan, a Sayyid who had been appointed Governor by
In 1398, Timur invaded northern India, attacking the Delhi Sultanate ruled by Sultan Timur, the Delhi Sultanate had shrunk and become confined to just Delhi and some
Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq of the Tughlaq dynasty. areas surrounding the city.
gained control of Bihar and founded the modern city of Agra on a site known as
Sikandarabad and he encouraged and patronized learning. During Sikander's time,
many reform movements took place in Hinduism and Guru Nanak in Punjab rejected
the caste system and founded the Sikh religion which was also influenced by the
doctrines of Islam.
Ibrahim Lodi ( 1517–1526), the eldest son of Sikandar, was the last Lodi Sultan of Delhi.
He had the qualities of an excellent warrior, but he was rash and impolitic in his
decisions and actions.
Ibrahim faced numerous rebellions and kept out the opposition for almost a decade.
He engaged in warfare with the Afghans and the Mughal Empire for most of his reign
and died trying to keep the Lodi Dynasty from destruction. Ibrahim was defeated in
1526 at the Battle of Panipat.[10] This marked the end of the Lodi Dynasty and the rise
of the Mughal Empire in India led by Babur.