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    Diuretics are used to manage medical conditions affecting fluid balance and blood pressure. There are three main types of diuretics: thiazide diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide which increase sodium and water excretion to reduce blood pressure; loop diuretics like furosemide which have a more potent effect and can be used intravenously; and potassium-sparing diuretics like spironolactone which reduce potassium loss. Each type has a different mode of action and potential side effects like electrolyte imbalances, so doses and other medications must be monitored.

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    A simple overview for diuretrics

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    Diuretics are used to manage medical conditions affecting fluid balance and blood pressure. There are three main types of diuretics: thiazide diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide which increase sodium and water excretion to reduce blood pressure; loop diuretics like furosemide which have a more potent effect and can be used intravenously; and potassium-sparing diuretics like spironolactone which reduce potassium loss. Each type has a different mode of action and potential side effects like electrolyte imbalances, so doses and other medications must be monitored.

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    28 views3 pages

    Diuretics

    Uploaded by

    Carl Simon Calingacion
    Diuretics are used to manage medical conditions affecting fluid balance and blood pressure. There are three main types of diuretics: thiazide diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide which increase sodium and water excretion to reduce blood pressure; loop diuretics like furosemide which have a more potent effect and can be used intravenously; and potassium-sparing diuretics like spironolactone which reduce potassium loss. Each type has a different mode of action and potential side effects like electrolyte imbalances, so doses and other medications must be monitored.

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    of 3

    V.

    DIURETICS
    Diuretics are used primarily to achieve specific therapeutic goals connected to the
    management of various medical diseases, particularly those affecting fluid
    balance and blood pressure regulation.

    DRUG THERAPY AND MANAGEMENT:


    1. Thiazide Diuretics
    Thiazide diuretics, such as hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone, lower blood
    pressure initially by increasing sodium and water excretion. This causes a
    decrease in extracellular volume, resulting in a decrease.
    in cardiac output and renal blood flow
     Mode of Action: Thiazide diuretics work on the kidney's distal convoluted
    tubules to block sodium and water reabsorption, resulting in higher urine
    output.
     Dosing Regimen: Typically taken orally, once daily in the morning.
     Adverse Effects: Electrolyte imbalances (e.g., hypokalemia,
    hyponatremia), increased urination, increased blood glucose levels, and
    higher uric acid levels are also common side effects. Because thiazide
    diuretics can cause potassium loss, potassium supplements or potassium-
    sparing diuretics may be recommended in addition to them.
     Interactions: Thiazide diuretics may interact with other potassium-lowering
    drugs, such as potassium supplements, potassium-sparing diuretics, and
    certain arrhythmia treatments.

    2. Loop Diuretics
    The loop diuretics (furosemide, torsemide, bumetanide, and ethacrynic acid) act
    promptly by blocking sodium and chloride reabsorption in the kidneys, even in
    patients with poor renal function or those who have not responded to thiazide
    diuretics. Loop diuretics reduce renal vascular resistance while increasing renal
    blood flow.
     Mode of Action: Loop diuretics work on the thick ascending loop of Henle
    in the kidneys to inhibit sodium and water reabsorption. They have a more
    potent diuretic effect compared to thiazide diuretics.

     Dosing Regimen: Depending on the severity of the disease, it is usually


    administered orally or intravenously (IV). In severe situations, IV
    administration is often used.
     Adverse Effects: Electrolyte abnormalities (particularly hypokalemia),
    increased urination, dehydration, and probable hearing issues (especially
    with rapid IV treatment) are also common side effects.
     Interactions: Loop diuretics can interact with other medications affecting
    potassium levels and may require monitoring and supplementation.

    3. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
    Amiloride and triamterene (inhibitors
    of epithelial sodium transport at the late distal and collecting ducts) as
    well as spironolactone and eplerenone (aldosterone receptor antagonists)
    reduce potassium loss in the urine. Drugs that block aldosterone have the
    added benefit of reducing the heart's occurrence of cardiac remodeling
    Failure.
     Mode of Action: Potassium-sparing diuretics work by blocking the action of
    aldosterone, a hormone that promotes sodium retention and potassium
    excretion. This results in increased sodium excretion and potassium
    retention.
     Dosing Regimen: Typically taken orally.
     Adverse Effects: Possible side effects include hyperkalemia (high potassium
    levels), gynecomastia (enlargement of breast tissue in males), and
    menstrual irregularities in females.
     Interactions: Potassium-sparing diuretics should be used cautiously with
    other medications that can increase potassium levels, such as ACE
    inhibitors, ARBs, and certain supplements.
    References:
    Finkel, Richard, et al. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews : Pharmacology.
    Philadelphia Etc., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Cop, 2009.

    Mayoclinic.org, 2023,
    www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/hydrochlorothiazide-oral-route/
    description/drg-20071549. Accessed 3 Oct. 2023.

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