CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

An “International organization” is a membership group that operates across national borders for

specific purposes. Scholars of international relations consider international organizations to be of

growing importance in world politics. Examples of international organizations include the United

Nations (UN), African Union, European Union, and (EU).

Although organizations within the United Nations system are the first to come to mind when we

speak of International bodies, the term refers to a plethora of organizations, inter-governmental,

governmental and non-governmental, whose origin may be local, national, regional or global but

whose outreach is “international”. These institutions may be found in all countries, developed,

developing, middle-income, countries in transition, those in or emerging from conflict, and so on

(Mayanja, 2009). The formation of International organisations began with the Inter-

Parliamentary Union in 1889. This later became the League of Nations in 1919 with the main

purpose of creating a forum to advance dialogue and promote peace amongst the nations.

Then League of Nations can be seen as the first international organization that was formed. Its

first meeting was held in Geneva conference in 15 November 1920 with 42 nations present. The

last meeting was held in April 8 1946. Then later UN superseded the league when it failed. UN

was founded after World War II which ended in 1945. United Nations mission was to maintain

World peace, develop good relations between countries, promote cooperation in solving the

World’s problems and encourage respect for human right. Then league had many functions. As

UN is an international organization in the global level we equally have regional organizations

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like AU, EU, and NATO and so on, so then we have sub regional organization, in sub regional

we have ECOWAS, for West African states only.

International organizations according to Goldstein and Pevehouse (2009:232) is concrete,

tangible, structure, with specific functions and missions. International organization can be define

them as transnational organization most usually setup by charter, with mission and vision

transcending one state and geared towards performing specific functions. In love with this

Palmer (1985:298), argued that one of the promising developments of the nineteenth century in

interstate relations has been the proliferation of international organizations. Archer (1983:35),

added that every international organization must have hat is called irreducible characteristics

which are broadly grouped into three, First, it must have a membership which must consist of

two or more sovereign states Secondly, every international organization pursues the common

interest of the members” and every organization must have its aims and objectives spelt out in its

Constitution or Charter. Lastly, an international organization should have its own formal

structure of a continuous nature established by an agreement such as a treaty or constituent

documents. It is important to note that these organizations are created by sovereign states and can

only do what these states empower them to do. AN international organization is said to be

supranational organization if it has an authority to make regulations that are binding on its

member state (Konxheli&Sahiti,2012).

According to Nwankwo (2002), international organization falls into two categories: IGO’S and

NGO’S. Intergovernmental organizations (IGO’s), have national government as members.

Apparently hundreds of IGO’s functions all over the world because member nations have created

each of these organizations to serve a purpose that those nations find useful. The UN, OPEC,

WTO, NATO are good example of’ IGO’s. The organization and political groupings, such as the

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Arab League and African Union, are also IGO’s. In general, regional IGO’s have experienced

more success than global ones, and those with specific purpose have worked better than those

with broad aim. Another type of international organization identified by Nwankwo is

nongovernmental organizations (NGO’s). NGO’s are private organizations whose membership

and activities are international oriented. NG’s do not possess the legal status of national

governments. However, the UN and other international forums, recognize many NGO’s as

important political institutions. Examples of NGO’s are Roman, Catholic Church, Greenpeace,

the international Olympic committee. According to Abba (2010) the ECOWAS is an economic

bloc formed to address the issue of economic exploitation of the West African states by the

imperial and neo-imperial powers (Abouraia, 2014). The sub region (West Africa) was seen by

the economic world power as a place where cheap raw materials could be sourced, after which

they ‘dump their finished goods at exorbitant prices. ECOWAS was established to control these

excesses, and to ensure strong and unfettered economic trade relations among member states.

And it was championed by Yakubu Gowon (Nigeria) and the late GnassiigbeEyaderna (Togo).

Article 2 of ECOWAS charter says that;

It shall be the aim of the community to promote cooperation, and development in all fields of

economic activities particularly in the fields of industry, transportation, telecommunication,

energy, agriculture natural resources, monetary arid financial questions and in social and

cultural, matters for the purpose of raising the standard of flying of its people, of increasing and

maintaining economic stability, of fostering the closer relations among its members, and of

contributing to the progress and development of the African continent. It is against this backdrop

that this study sought to examine the role of international institution on Nigeria’s development.

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1.2 Statement of the Problem

The major justification for foreign aid is its potential to accentuate the level of economic and

human development. However, the experience of the developing countries has critically

challenge the ability of foreign aid in achieving its goals. Economic theories hypothesized that

foreign aid is necessary to fill the financing or investment gap in developing countries and

hereby lift the countries out of poverty trap (Sachs, 2014). Nevertheless, despite the large amount

of time and resources devoted to development assistance, there still remains a lack of theoretical

consensus surrounding the effectiveness of foreign aid. The nexus between foreign aid and

growth have been widely discussed in the literature, though there have been mixed findings;

while some authors found evidence supporting positive impact of foreign aid from international

institutions on growth of developing nations. Several other empirical works also found evidences

showing negative impact of foreign aid from international organizations on the growth of

nations. Moreover, there is a dearth of knowledgeon the actual role of these international

institutions on Nigeria’s development. This study sought to fill the gap.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to examine the role of international institution on Nigeria’s

development. Specific objectives include;

i. To identify the international institutions that influences Nigeria’s development.

ii. To ascertain the role of ECOWAS in Nigeria’s development

iii. To ascertain the role of the United Nations in Nigeria’s development

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1.4 Research Questions

The study sought to answer the following research questions:

i. What are the international institutions that influences Nigeria’s development?

ii. What is the role of ECOWAS in Nigeria’s development?

iii. What the role of the United Nations in Nigeria’s development?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

H01: ECOWAS does not play any significant role in Nigeria’s development.

H02:The United Nations does not play any significant role in Nigeria’s development

1.6 Significance of the Study

The study will serve as available materials for the sub-regional organizations and the

international community at large. It will equally be of help to the international political analysts

in general, Presidents and heads of states in African countries as they appreciate the need for

African nations to stay strong, as well as the obstacles to its successful advancement, both within

the ECOWAS sub-region and Africa in general.This study will be of immense benefit to other

researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to

build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a

guide for other study.

1.7 Scope of the Study

This study is on the role of international institutions on Nigeria’s development.The research

study covered members of the general public in Abuja metropolis for the primary data source.

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Secondary data were sourced from journals, books and the internet. For the primary data, the

study covered a fair balance of male and female respondents.

1.8 Limitations of the study

The demanding schedule of respondents at work made it very difficult getting the respondents to

participate in the survey. As a result, retrieving copies of questionnaire in timely fashion was

very challenging. Also, the researcher is a student and therefore has limited time as well as

resources in covering extensive literature available in conducting this research. Information

provided by the researcher may not hold true for all businesses or organizations but is restricted

to the selected organization used as a study in this research especially in the locality where this

study is being conducted. Finally, the researcher is restricted only to the evidence provided by

the participants in the research and therefore cannot determine the reliability and accuracy of the

information provided.

Financial constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in

sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection

(internet, questionnaire and interview).

Time constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic

work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

1.9 Definition of Terms

International Institutions/Organization:An international organization (also known as an

international institution or intergovernmental organization) is a stable set of norms and rules

meant to govern the behavior of states and other actors in the international system.

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Development: Development is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the

addition of physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components.

Economic Development: Economic Development is the creation of wealth from which

community benefits are realized. It is more than a jobs program, it's an investment in growing

your economy and enhancing the prosperity and quality of life for all residents. Economic

development means different things to different people.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter gives an insight into various studies conducted by outstanding researchers, as well

as explained terminologies with regards to examining the role of international institution on

Nigeria’s development. The chapter also gives a resume of the history and present status of the

problem delineated by a concise review of previous studies into closely related problems.

2.2 CONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK

Development

Development as a concept is a victim of definitional pluralism. It is a difficult word to define.

However, attempts have been made by erudite scholars to conceptualize development. Some of

these definitions will be explored for the purpose of this study. Gboyega (2003) captures

development as an idea that embodies all attempts to improve the conditions of human existence

in all ramifications. It implies improvementin material well being of all citizens, not the most

powerful and rich alone, in a sustainable way such that today’s consumption does not imperil the

future, it also demands that poverty and inequality of access to the good things of life be

removed or drastically reduced. It seeks to improve personal physical security and livelihoods

and expansion of life chances. Naomi (1995) believes that development is usually taken to

involve not only economic growth, but also some notion of equitable distribution, provision of

health care, education, housing and other essential services all with a view to improving the

individual and collective quality of life (Naomi, 1995). Chrisman (1984) views development as a

process of societal advancement, where improvement in the well-being of people are generated

through strong partnerships between all sectors, corporate bodies and other groups in the society.

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It is reasonable to know that development is not only an economic exercise, but also involves

both socio-economic and political issues and pervades all aspects of societal life.

National Development

The word “national development” refers to all aspects of national life. It considers all dimensions

and does not treat a sector in isolation. I would, therefore, define “national development” as the

advancement of various dimensions of national life which includes the empowerment and

development of individuals in the nation. One cannot, therefore, mention “national development”

without first recognising that the nation cannot be developed with ignorant and under-developed

citizens. On the other hand, a country cannot be said to be developed where the citizens live

below the internationally defined poverty level; or rather where the basic needs of the nationals

are not adequately met. This, therefore, means that to assess national development, one may need

to look at the issues that affect the citizenry and their standard of living as a tool to define the

extent of national development. These factors include the provision of health facilities and health

care delivery, the availability of social amenities and necessities like good roads, water,

electricity and communication. Others are the guarantee of the fundamental human rights for the

citizens especially with freedom of expression and right to liberty, maintenance of economic

stability by combating inflation and creation of jobs. Above all, one cannot talk about national

development without a stable government, political freedom and guaranteed security of lives and

properties. The formal and informal education of thecitizenry is fundamental to the successful

implementation of the aforementioned national development criteria. From the foregoing, we can

classify development into six major areas of impact on the national and individual lives. It is

these areas of development that we shall address to see if the international organisations in any

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way have played any role in Nigeria. These areas are social, political, economic; science and

technology advancement, as well as Industrial development, production; and National security.

Economic Development

Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries, regions or

communities for the well-being of their inhabitants. From a policy perspective, economic

development can be defined as efforts that seek to improve the economic wellbeing and quality

of life in a community by creating and/or retaining jobs and supporting or growing incomes and

the tax base, Economic development is a policy intervention endeavour with aims of economic

and social well-being of people. Typically it involves improvements in a variety of indicators

such as literacy rates, life expectancy, and poverty rates. Essentially, a country's economic

development is related to its human development, which encompasses, among other things,

health and education (Mayanja, 2009). Looking at the various definition of economic

development, it is obvious that it is primarily about the living conditions of the masses which in

turn affect the national output and income. Nigerian economy has been swinging and very

unstable over the years. According to UNICEF, “Nigeria possesses a stark dichotomy of wealth

and poverty. In spite of the country’s vast oil wealth, the majority of Nigerians are poor with 71

per cent of the population living on less than one dollar a day and 92 per cent on less than two

dollars a day. Although the country is rich in natural resources, its economy cannot yet meet the

basic needs of the people. Such disparity between the growth of the GDP and the increasing

poverty is indicative of a skewed distribution of Nigeria’s wealth”. Since the economy of a

nation is majorly about the living standard of the citizens, can we safely say that the International

organisations of which Nigeria has been a member have done anything to improve our well-

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being? The current Nigerian government is consistently emphasising diversification of Nigerian

Economy from oil-based economy to agricultural and technological economy. In response to

that, the World Bank, an international organisation under the United Nations granted a credit

facility to the tune of two hundred million dollars ($200,000,000) in March 2017 to enhance

Agricultural productivity and improve livelihood in Nigeria. In his words, Rachid Benmessaoud,

World Bank Country Director for Nigeria, “The project supports the country policy thrusts on

food security, local production, job creation and economic diversification. It responds to the

recurring issues of low productivity, limited farmers’ participation in agribusiness supply chains,

and institutional realignment in the agricultural sector. The project will tackle the key constraints

of the Nigeria agriculture sector, such as low productivity, lack of seed funds for establishing

agro-processing plants, lack of access to supportive infrastructure, and low level of technology

adoption and limited access to markets.

“Priority value chains under the project will include products with potential for immediate

improvement of food security, products with a potential for export and foreign currency earnings

(cocoa and cashew) and enhancement of the national production of crops including rice, maize,

cassava and wheat,” El HadjAdamaToure, Lead Agriculture Specialist at the World Bank., said

“The number of project’s direct beneficiaries is 60,000 individuals, 35 per cent of which will be

women. Overall, about 300,000 farm household members are indirect beneficiaries.” The Loan is

said to be at a very low-interestrate to be paid over a period of 25years. Just within the same

period the World Bank also granted another two hundred million dollars ($200,000,000) facility

for the multi-sectoral crisis recovery project for North-Eastern Nigeria. This is to cover projects

on primary and secondary education, health facilities, rural and urban road project. The duration

of the project is between 2017 and 2021. These two are just a few of the numerous projects being

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executed in Nigeria by the World Bank. UNICEF, another International Organisation under the

United Nations with a specialised interest in the welfare and education of children, is currently

contributing to the welfare of children internally displaced or disadvantaged by the Boko Haram

crisis in North East Nigeria. “We are making a difference in the areas we can reach, With the

World Food Programme and other partners, we are treating acutely malnourished children. We

are vaccinating children against measles and polio. We are providing safe water and sanitation

services”. In line with this assertion, the United Nations International Children Education Fund

(UNICEF) has been a major key player in the promotion and provision of vaccines for

immunization of children in Nigeria and the welfare and education of the girl child. In 2015, the

UNICEF through the sponsorship of Melinda and Bill Gate Foundation spent more than six

million dollars on the immunization and welfare of children in the North East of Nigeria

(Wintour, 2017). The United Nations and the Organisations under it are not alone in funding

projects with the aim of boosting the Nigerian economy and the welfare of the masses. The

European Union is part of this effort. Currently In the economic sector, The European Union is

involved in increasing access to sustainable electricity, supporting efforts to improve conditions

for economic growth with a focus on improving competitiveness and diversification,

development of renewable energy and energy efficiency measures and strengthening public

finance systems at state and federal levels, to create a stable environment for trade and

investment activities. The Union is doing this through its allocation of five hundred and thirteen

million (513,000,000) Euros over a period of 2014-2020. The EU contribution has been for the

eradication of polio and the rehabilitation of people affected by the Boko Haram crisis in the

Chibok area of Bornu States. Beyond the contribution to the economic stability of the nation,

Nigeria has also received help in the security of lives and properties of its citizens from

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international organisations. The one that readily comes to mind is the role of the African Union

in the combat of Islamic insurgency in Nigeria. Islamic insurgency (Boko Haram) is a national

menace and embarrassment. The terrorist group through suicide attacks, indiscriminate bombing

and community attack, made Bornu state a nightmare. The level of insecurity got to

unimaginable height, and almost beyond the national troops. The African Union, however, came

to the aid of Nigeria through the Chad troops. The troops drove the Islamic militants out of the

border towns which marked the beginning of victory over the terrorist group. The

Commonwealth of Nations of which Nigeria is a member has been contributing immensely to the

security issuesin Nigeria. Just recently, the British foreign Secretary Boris Johnson was in

Nigeria during which he visited Bornu state, the Boko Haram enclave. Thereafter it was

confirmed that the British government has over a period of time trained more than twenty-eight

thousand (28, 000) Nigerian soldiers in counterterrorism. The budget to be spent on Nigeria

security issues is two million pounds (£200.000.000) which will be spent not just on military

personnel training but also on infrastructures to enhance the welfare of the victims of these

terrorist attacks. While announcing this foreign aid, the British foreign minister said “This is

about helping a Commonwealth partner in its time of need as well as addressing the root causes

of international challenges such as migration” (Wintour, 2017.)

The Role of Institutions

Amongst other things, the detrimental effects of corruption to an economy cannot be

overemphasised (Larsson, 2006). On the one hand, aid could generate incentives which

perpetuate weak institutions, ease pressure to reform inefficient institutions, fuel high and rising

corruption rates as well as aid-dependency, promote inhibitive bureaucracy, all of which impacts

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negatively on government efficiency and economic growth (Knack and Keefer, 1995; Heller and

Gupta, 2002; Bräutigam, 2004; Clements et al., 2004; Harford and Klein, 2005; Moss et al.,

2006; Rajan and Subramanian, 2007). Angeles and Neanidis (2009) find that historical factors

(which created inequality of opportunity) and the dominance of elite groups are associated with

misappropriation of aid receipts. On the other hand, foreign aid could decrease corruption, if

donors match aid-giving to quality of governance infrastructure, making recipients gird existing

privileges (Williamson, 2009).Furthermore, one interesting role of aid plays in economic

development is being an amplifier of the quality of recipient’s institutions. With its amplification

effect, aid does not alter the path of recipient’s institutions; it strengthens good institutions and

worsens weak institutions (Dutta, Leeson, and& Williamson, 2011).

Studies on aid effectiveness question which is more profitable for development, between aid in

form of foreign grants or foreign grants. Aid in form of foreign loans were more economic

growth enhancing than grants in Cameroon (Giles, 1994), Bangladesh (Islam, 1992). Clements,

Gupta, Pivovarsky, and Tiongson (2004) push for studies that disaggregate aid flows into

monetized and non-monetized components. Aid is thought to work best in environments with

high quality institutions (presence of property rights, the risk of expropriation, and bureaucratic

quality), as part of an efficient developmental state (Burnside and Dollar, 2000). Furthermore,

there are differentials in the effectiveness of aid in the short run and over the long run. Studies by

Duc (2006) and Mallik (2008) provide evidence from other developing countries and sub-

Saharan Africa that although sustained aid flows may generate economic growth in the short run,

it has a negative impact on growth in the long run. Arguments against high aid-GDP ratios

highlight the Dutch disease effects (Younger, 1992), dependency effects, weakening of real

exchange rate and weakening of recipient countries’ export sector. Some socio-cultural factors,

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such as cultural diversity in Africa are also believed to account for ineffectiveness of aid (inter

alia Reusse, 2002).

The extant literature articulating the aid, institutions growth rhetoric is vast, considering several

developing country groups including sub-Saharan Africa. There is however, the need to examine

specific regional country groupings within sub-Saharan Africa (Western, Eastern, Central and

Southern Africa) to minimise the effects created by outliers and influential observations. An

analysis of the effect of aid flows to geographic clusters will also serve to account for regional

factors that could impact on differentials in recipient country effects. In addition, even as a post-

2015 development agenda becomes imperative, the host country policy interaction with

macroeconomic policy variables is necessary to situate the role of institutions in achieving

economic development and structural transformation.

Role of International Organisations

The role of any organisation is dependent on the aim or purpose behind the formation of such a

body. There is always an interesting area that attracts member states. The present-day realities

show that international entities play various roles which range from intrastate, intra-regional to

international roles. However, the general roles of international organizations include: acting as a

forum for interaction among the member states and aiding cooperation, assistance in solving

problems that are beyond state capacity, acting as instruments for furthering foreign policy

interests for states etc. They are also involved in organizing states around their common interests

and in pointing out the benefits of cooperation. Large regional bodies such as EU, have worked

extensively to promote economic cooperation. Others such as the Organization of American

States (OAS) and the Organization of African Unity (presently African Union), have controlled

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and managed conflict in their own regions” (Udalla, 2015). In addition to these, international

organizations have also provided to the Member States training, capacity development and a

variety of direct services to support victims of violence and to help develop national institutions

to be better positioned to address this scourge (Mayanja,2009). International organisations (IOs)

play a growing role as standard setting bodies in supporting regulatory co-operation. Evidence

shows that IOs contribute to International Regulatory Co-operation (IRC) by:

 Offering platforms for continuous dialogue on regulatory issues;

 Facilitating the comparability of approaches and practices;

 Providing member countries with flexible mechanisms to identify and adapt to new and

emerging regulatory areas or issues;

 Contributing to the development of a common regulatory language

 Developing international legal and policy instruments. (Oye, 2014)

In the words of Ernest Udalla, “First, the existence and operations of IOs bring about some form

of policy convergence in the international system. This results in some degree of uniformity and

conformity of nation-states to global guidelines and standards of policies that govern them.

Municipal policies must conform to international standards which are usually set by these

international organizations. This also provides an opportunity for policy exchange between and

among nation-states. Second, it sets before sovereign states blueprints of public policies and

goals which they can look up to in formulating their municipal policies. This reduces the burden

and time of articulating new policies by states. Third, the multiplicity of NGOs across borders

helps to spread world best practices across the world. NGOs help in the spread of democratic and

human rights principles by transferring knowledge and empowering the civil society of nations

to be able to make demands on their governments concerning different policy issues that need

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attention. Tendon (1991) while making case for NGOs and civil society in a state, posits that

“NGOs need to be seen as public institutions of civil society, engaged in the process of

strengthening civil society in its relationship visà-vis the state and the ruling elites”. For an

organisation like the United Nations, the prime goal of the United Nations since its inception is

maintaining peace and international security as well as the promotion of international economic

and social development, respect for human rights for all people, and the rule of law. From the

foregoing, the pertinent question to ask is how relevant are these International organisations to

national development? Have they been of any relevance to Nigeria as a nation in its development

processes? Let’s look at the development of the Nigerian Economy for example.

2.3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Two-gap model of economic growth

Up from the theoretical contributions on the two-gap model of economic growth in the seminal

contributions of Chenery and Strout (1966), two main theoretic strands have emerged in the

study of foreign aid. The first is the public interest theory which advocates that foreign

development assistance is necessary to fill the investment and foreign exchange gaps (Chenery

and Strout, 1966; Chenery and Carter, 1973; Levy, 1988) and is expected to ultimately bail out

countries from vicious poverty trap (Sachs, 2005; Abuzeid, 2009). According to this view, donor

countries serve the development interests of recipient countries in their decisions to render

development assistance, whether in form of loans and/or grants. Nevertheless, authors in line

with the public interest theory take cognisance of cross country differentials with respect to the

impact of aid on the development performance.

According to Morrissey (2001), aid could impact positively on economic growth if it increases

domestic savings and investment, capital productivity, promotes endogenous technical change

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and improves the capacity of the recipient country to import capital goods (Duc, 2006). While

noting that aid is no panacea for developing country problems, aid as a source of development

capital is most effective within countries characterised by good governance, transparency, sound

economic policies and effective deployment of new technologies (Sachs, 2014). On the other

hand, the public choice propositions argue that foreign aid is detrimental to the economic

development of recipient countries. Arguments in favour of this strand of thought amplify the

neutral as well as negative effects of aid flows to developing countries in the long term

(Djankov, Montalvo, and Reynal-Querol, 2008; Moyo, 2009), citing the utility maximizing

tendencies of bilateral aid as well as multilateral aid givers (Castrillo, 2011; Abouraia, 2014).

2.4 EMPIRICAL REVIEW

The question of how aid influences sustained growth and development in developing countries

has been the subject of heated intellectual debate over the past 20 decades. This has led to

empirical examinations of the aid-growth relationship. However, the empirical literature remains

inconclusive as to the foreign aid – growth narrative. While some studies find no effects, other

findings show a positive and strong relationship and others have found negative relationship

between aid and economic growth. Amongst studies that find positive and negative effects of

foreign aid on economic growth in recipient economies, are those which specify its conditional

and unconditional effects on development. Studies that assert a negative effect of aid on

development cite, amongst other things that aid is driven by, geopolitical motivations rather than

by altruistic efforts. Nevertheless, despite the heavy criticism on development assistance, the

improvements aid has caused in the provision of infrastructure, health facilities, education,

sanitation and the productivity of agriculture are undeniable (Arndt, Jones and Tarp, 2007;

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Sachs, 2014). Needless to say, some attempts have been made to explain the observed

divergence in the aid-growth literature (See Clemens, Radelet, Bhavnani and Bazzi, 2011).

The influential study by Burnside and Dollar (2000), a primer in the conditional strand of

literature on the aid growth relationship, find that aid causes growth only in countries that

maintain low inflation, are open to trade, has a liberalized financial sector and run low budget

deficits. Some other studies identified conditionalities to the aid-growth relationship, noting that

the effectiveness of aid is conditional on the presence of export price shocks (Collier and Dehn,

2001), climate shocks as well as volatility in the terms of trade (Guillaumont and Chauvet,

2001), socio-economic policy and institutional quality (Collier and Dollar, 2002; Heckelman and

Knack, 2008), totalitarian government (Islam, 2003), institutional quality (Burnside and Dollar,

2004), policy and welfare (Collier and Hoeffler, 2004). Conversely, the writings of Easterly

(2003), Easterly, Levine and Roodman (2004) and Roodman (2007) cast aspersion on the

conditional strand, stressing that the significance of interaction effects in such studies may be a

result of extensions in dataset as well as influential observations.

Other studies examine the unconditional effects of aid on development. Generally, these studies

posit that the inability to situate a positive effect of aid on growth can be attributed to

specification issues and time period considered. Noting the possibility of positive as well as

diminishing returns, most of such studies examine nonlinearity in the aid-growth relationship.

For instance, Hadjimichael, Ghura, Muhleisen, Nord, and Ucer (1995) find a significantly

positive impact of aid with diminishing returns in a generalized least squares cross section of 31

African countries, over the period 1986-1992. Other notable studies include those of Hansen and

Tarp (2000), Lensink and Morrissey (2000), Dalgaard and Hansen (2001), Hansen and Tarp

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(2001), Lensink and White (2001), Clements, Gupta, Pivovarsky, and Tiongson (2004),

Dalgaard. Hansen and Tarp (2004), Moreira (2005), Werker, Ahmed and Cohen (2009) inter alia.

Lensink and Morrissey (2000) included a convergence term in their regressions on a cross

section of 75 countries and find a strongly significant, positive, linear relationship between aid

and growth. However, the study further argued that uncertainties surrounding the size and timing

of aid could negatively impact on investment and economic growth. Using an identification

strategy which leans on the persistence of aid and the absence of direct effects on current growth

from lagged aid, Hansen and Tarp (2001) found a strong, non-linear impact of instrumented aid

growth that is not contingent upon influential observations. The study by Lensink and White

(2001), with the use of a two-stage least square estimator, confirms the non-linear impact of aid

on growth in a sample of 111 countries over the period 1975-1992. Similarly, in regressions

instrumented with lagged aid flows, Clements et al. (2004) find a positive, unconditional,

nonlinear, causal relationship between aid and growth. Even though, Dalgaard et al. (2004)

recognised the significant interaction between foreign aid and fraction of land in the tropics, the

study found an unconditional positive and nonlinear effect of aid in the absence of the interaction

(Clemens et al., 2011).Moreira (2005), using differenced GMM estimators for year 1998, find a

highly significant, positive and non-linear impact of aid in 48 countries.

The group of studies that found no relationship for the aid-growth analysis always propose a

rethinking in the official development assistance paradigm. According to Boone (1996)

development assistance has no effect on investment, growth and development outcomes, making

the marginal propensity to consume aid insignificant and marginal propensity to invest zero.

When outliers (influential observations) are removed from data samples, aid tends to have no

impact on growth (Dalgaard and Hansen, 2001; Dalgaard et al., 2004). After instrumenting for

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aid with the use of country size and political ties to donors, Rajan and Subramanian (2008) also

established no-growth evidence. Besides, using a more elaborate data to advance the work of

Burnside and Dollar (2000), Easterly et al. (2004) find that aid does not promote economic

growth, good policy environment notwithstanding. However, it is pertinent to note that the no-

growth evidence reported in some studies as cited above does not imply that, with sound policy

and institutional reforms, recipient countries cannot have a positive aid-growth experience (See

Barro, 1991; Ayodele, Cudjoe, Nolutshungu, and Sunwabe, 2005)

Among studies that highlight the negative effects of foreign aid on growth, there are arguments

for its Dutch disease effect, impact on corruption, dampening effect on quality of institutions and

governance, in recipient countries. There are also views on the diminishing returns of aid on

development by authors who posit that there is a threshold of aid-GDP ratio beyond which aid

may ease off effectiveness. This is owing to the fact that aid flows are noted to increase aid

dependency and reduce government drive for domestic resource mobilization. According to

Moss, Petterson and Van de Walle (2006), large and sustained aid flows tend to have negative

effects on the quality of institutions in low income countries. Thus, foreign aid tends to hinder

economic growth in countries with weak institutions, poor monetary policies, high rates of

corruption, bad governance or dampen the effectiveness of aid to developing countries (World

Bank, 1998; Svensson, 1999).

Aid effectiveness for generating economic development in low income countries is conditional

on good policies as well as well designed and implemented aid programmes (Burnside and

Dollar, 1997, 2000; Radelet, 2006). The study by Clemens et al. (2011), which highlight the

relevance of the type and timing of aid, show that aid influences economic growth giving

credence to the role played by country specific factors as well as quality of the aid projects.

21
Moreover, multilateral aid is allocated mostly in favour of good policy environments, even

though bilateral aid is not necessarily so allocated (Duc, 2006). Foreign aid also impacts on

sectoral competitiveness (Rajan and Subramanian, 2005; Feeny and Ouattara, 2009; Selaya and

Thiele, 2010). While most studies focus on specific sector effects, Selaya and Thiele (2010)

found the effect of aid on growth rates at the aggregate level as well as its disaggregated effects

on the tradable and non-tradable sectors.

2.5 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW

The review was done under the following: conceptual framework, theoretical framework and

review of empirical studies. Under the conceptual framework, the following concepts were

reviewed: Development, National development and related headings. The study was anchored on

the two-gap model of economic growth. The study also reviewed a number of empirical research.

22
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter covers the description and discussion on the various techniques and procedures used

in the study to collect and analyze the data as it is deemed appropriate.

3.2 Research Design

For this study, the survey research design was adopted. The choice of the design was informed

by the objectives of the study as outlined in chapter one. This research design provides a quickly

efficient and accurate means of assessing information about a population of interest. It intends to

study the role of international institution on Nigeria development topic under political

science.The study will be conducted in Borno state.

3.3 Population of the Study

The population for this study were residents in Maiduguri, Bornostate, Nigeria. A total of 134

respondents were selected from the population figure out of which the sample size was

determined. The reason for choosing Borno state is because of its proximity to the researcher.

3.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques

The researcher used Taro Yamane’s formula to determine the sample size from the population.

Taro Yamane’s formula is given as;

n = N

1+N (e)2
23
Where N = Population of study (134)

n = Sample size (?)

e = Level of significance at 5% (0.05)

1 = Constant

The sample size therefore is 100.

3.5 Research Instrument and Instrumentation

Data for this study was collected from primary and secondary sources. The primary source of

data collected was mainly the use of a structured questionnaire which was designed to elicit

information on the role of international institution on Nigeria development topic under political

science. The secondary source of data collections were textbooks, journals and scholarly

materials.

3.6 Validity of Instrument

The instrument of this study was subjected to face validation. Face validation tests the

appropriateness of the questionnaire items. This is because face validation is often used to

indicate whether an instrument on the face of it appears to measures what it contains. Face

validations therefore aims at determining the extent to which the questionnaire is relevant to the

objectives of the study. In subjecting the instrument for face validation, copies of the initial draft

of the questionnaire will be validated by supervisor. The supervisor is expected to critically

examine the items of the instrument with specific objectives of the study and make useful

suggestions to improve the quality of the instrument. Based on his recommendations the

instrument will be adjusted and re-adjusted before being administered for the study.

24
3.7 Reliability of Instrument

The coefficient of 0.81 was considered a reliability coefficient because according to Etuk (1990),

a test-retest coefficient of 0.5 will be enough to justify the use of a research instrument.

3.8 Method of Data Collection

This study is based on the two possible sources of data which are the primary and secondary

source.

a. Primary Source of Data: The primary data for this study consist of raw data

generated from responses to questionnaires and interview by the respondents.

b. Secondary Source of Data: The secondary data includes information obtained through

the review of literature that is journals, monographs, textbooks and other periodicals.

3.9 Method of Data Analysis

Data collected will be analyzed using frequency table, percentage and mean score analysis while

the nonparametric statistical test (Chi- square) was used to test the formulated hypothesis using

SPSS (statistical package for social sciences). Haven gathered the data through the

administration of questionnaire, the collected data will be coded, tabulated and analyzed using

SPSS statistical software according to the research question and hypothesis. In order to

effectively analyze the data collected for easy management and accuracy, the chi square method

will be used for test of independence. Chi square is given as

X2 = ∑ (o-e)2

Where X2 = chi square

25
 o = observed frequency

e = expected frequency

Level of confidence / degree of freedom

When employing the chi – square test, a certain level of confidence or margin of error has to be

assumed. More also, the degree of freedom in the table has to be determined in simple variable,

row and column distribution, degree of freedom is: df = (r-1) (c-1)

Where; df = degree of freedom

r = number of rows

c = number of columns.

In determining the critical chi _ square value, the value of confidence is assumed to be at 95% or

0.95. a margin of 5% or 0.05 is allowed for judgment error.

26
 CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introduction

This chapter deals with the presentation and analysis of the result obtained from questionnaires.

The data gathered were presented according to the order in which they were arranged in the

research questions and simple percentage were used to analyze the demographic information of

the respondents while the chi square test was adopted to test the research hypothesis.

4.2 Analysis of Demographic Data of Respondents

Table 1: Gender of Respondents

Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Male 65 65.0 65.0
Female 35 35.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0

Source: Field Survey.

Table 1 above shows the gender distribution of the respondents used for this study. Out of the

total number of 100 respondents, 65respondents which represent 65.0percent of the population

are male. 35 which represent 35.0 percent of the population are female.

27
Table 2: Age range of Respondents
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent
Valid 20-30years 15 15.0 15.0
31-40years 10 10.0 25.0
41-50years 25 25.0 50.0
51-60years 20 20.0 70.0
above 60years 30 30.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Survey.

Table 2 above shows the age grade of the respondents used for this study. Out of the total

number of 100 respondents, 15 respondents which represent 15.0percent of the population are

between 20-30years. 10respondents which represent 10.0percent of the population are between

31-40years. 25respondents which represent 25.0percent of the population are between 41-

50years. 20respondents which represent 20.0percent of the population are between 51-60years.

30respondents which represent 30.0percent of the population are above 60years.

28
Table 3: Educational Background of Respondents

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent
Valid FSLC 20 20.0 20.0
WASSCE/GCE/NECO 25 25.0 45.0
OND/HND/BSC 35 35.0 80.0
MSC/PGD/PHD 15 15.0 95.0
OTHERS 5 5.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Survey.

Table 3 above shows the educational background of the respondents used for this study. Out of

the total number of 100 respondents, 20 respondents which represent 20.0percent of the

population are FSLC holders. 25 which represent 25.0percent of the population are

SSCE/GCE/WASSCE holders. 35 which represent 35.0percent of the population are

OND/HND/BSC holders. 15 which represent 15.0percent of the population are MSC/PGD/PHD

holders. 5 which represent 5.0percent of the population had other type of educational

qualifications.

Table 4: Marital Status

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent
Valid Single 30 30.0 30.0
Married 55 15.0 45.0
Divorced 5 20.0 65.0
Widowed 10 15.0 80.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Survey.

29
Table 4 above shows the marital status of the respondents used for this study. 30 which represent

30.0percent of the population are single. 55 which represent 55.0percent of the population are

married. 5 which represent 5.0percent of the population are divorced. 10 which represent

10.0percent of the population are widowed.

Table 5: Category of Respondents

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent
Valid Civil servant 25 25.0 25.0
Self-employed 15 15.0 40.0
Students 25 25.0 65.0

Unemployed 35 35.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0

Source: Field Survey

Table 5 shows the category of respondents used for the study. 25 respondents representing

25.0perrcent of the population under study are civil servants. 15 respondents representing

15.0percent of the population under study are self-employed. 25 respondents representing

25.0perrcent of the population under study are students while 35 respondents representing

35.0perrcent of the population under study are unemployed.

30
4.3 Analysis of Psychographic Data

Table 6: World Bank influences Nigeria’s development

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent
Valid Strongly agree 30 30.0 30.0
Agree 42 42.0 72.0
Undecided 10 10.0 82.0
Disagree 10 10.0 92.0
Strongly disagree 8 8.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Survey.

Table 6 shows the responses of respondents if World Bank influences Nigeria’s development. 30

respondents representing 30.0percent strongly agreed that World Bank influences Nigeria’s

development. 42 respondents representing 42.0percent agreed that World Bank influences

Nigeria’s development. 10 respondents representing 10.0 percent were undecided. 10

respondents representing 10.0percent disagreed that World Bank influences Nigeria’s

development. 8 respondents representing 8.0percent strongly disagreed that World Bank

influences Nigeria’s development.

31
Table 7: There are no international institutions that influences Nigeria’s development

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent
Valid Strongly agree 10 10.0 10.0
Agree 15 15.0 25.0
Undecided 5 5.0 30.0
Disagree 40 40.0 70.0
Strongly disagree 30 30.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Survey.

Table 7 show the responses of respondents if there are no international institutions that

influences Nigeria’s development. 10 of the respondents representing 10.0percent strongly agree

that there are no international institutions that influences Nigeria’s development. 15 of the

respondents representing 15.0percent agree that there are no international institutions that

influences Nigeria’s development. 5 of them representing 5.0percent were undecided. 40 of the

respondents representing 40.0percent disagree that there are no international institutions that

influences Nigeria’s development. 30 of the respondents representing 30.0percent strongly

disagree that there are no international institutions that influences Nigeria’s development.

32
Table 8: ECOWAS increases policy harmonization (to facilitate trade) and good corporate

governance

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent
Valid Strongly agree 60 60.0 60.0
Agree 25 25.0 85.0
Undecided 10 10.0 95.0
Disagree 5 5.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Survey.

Table 8 show the responses of respondents if ECOWAS increases policy harmonization (to

facilitate trade) and good corporate governance. 60 of the respondents representing 60.0percent

strongly agree that ECOWAS increases policy harmonization (to facilitate trade) and good

corporate governance. 25 of the respondents representing 25.0percent agree that ECOWAS

increases policy harmonization (to facilitate trade) and good corporate governance. 10 of them

representing 10.0percent were undecided. 5 of the respondents representing 5.0percent disagree

that ECOWAS increases policy harmonization (to facilitate trade) and good corporate

governance.

33
Table 9: There are roles of ECOWAS in Nigeria’s development

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent
Valid Strongly agree 25 25.0 25.0
Agree 32 32.0 57.0
Undecided 13 13.0 70.0
Disagree 15 15.0 85.0
Strongly disagree 15 15.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Survey.

Table 9 shows the responses of respondents if there are roles of ECOWAS in Nigeria’s

development. 25 of the respondents representing 25.0percent strongly agree that there are roles

of ECOWAS in Nigeria’s development. 32 of the respondents representing 32.0percent agree

that there are roles of ECOWAS in Nigeria’s development. 13 of the respondents representing

13.0percent were undecided. 15 of the respondents representing 15.0percent disagree that there

are roles of ECOWAS in Nigeria’s development. 15 of the respondents representing 15.0percent

strongly disagree that there are roles of ECOWAS in Nigeria’s development.

Table 10: ECOWAS promotes peace, security and develop infrastructure

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent
Valid Strongly agree 65 65.0 65.0
Agree 30 30.0 95.0
Disagree 3 3.0 98.0
Strongly disagree 2 2.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Survey.

34
Table 10 show the responses of respondents if ECOWAS promotes peace, security and develop

infrastructure. 65 of the respondents representing 65.0percent strongly agree that ECOWAS

promotes peace, security and develop infrastructure. 30 of the respondents representing

30.0percent agree that ECOWAS promotes peace, security and develop infrastructure. 3

respondents representing 3.0percent were undecided. 3 of the respondents representing

3.0percent disagree that ECOWAS promotes peace, security and develop infrastructure. 2 of the

respondents representing 2.0percent strongly disagree that ECOWAS promotes peace, security

and develop infrastructure.

Table 11: The UN help to eradicate poverty, reduce inequalities and build resilience so

countries can sustain progress

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent
Valid Strongly agree 30 30.0 30.0
Agree 42 42.0 72.0
Undecided 10 10.0 82.0
Disagree 10 10.0 92.0
Strongly disagree 8 8.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Survey.

Table 11 shows the responses of respondents if the UN help to eradicate poverty, reduce

inequalities and build resilience so countries can sustain progress. 30 respondents representing

30.0percent strongly agreed that the UN help to eradicate poverty, reduce inequalities and build

resilience so countries can sustain progress. 42 respondents representing 42.0percent agreed that

the UN help to eradicate poverty, reduce inequalities and build resilience so countries can sustain

progress. 10 respondents representing 10.0 percent were undecided. 10 respondents representing

10.0percent disagreed that the UN help to eradicate poverty, reduce inequalities and build
35
resilience so countries can sustain progress. 8 respondents representing 8.0percent strongly

disagreed that the UN help to eradicate poverty, reduce inequalities and build resilience so

countries can sustain progress.

Table 12: The UN contribute actively to the maintenance of international peace, and

promote social and economic development in the developing world

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent
Valid Strongly agree 10 10.0 10.0
Agree 15 15.0 25.0
Undecided 5 5.0 30.0
Disagree 40 40.0 70.0
Strongly disagree 30 30.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Survey.

Table 12 show the responses of respondents if the UN contribute actively to the maintenance of

international peace, and promote social and economic development in the developing world. 10

of the respondents representing 10.0percent strongly agree that the UN contribute actively to the

maintenance of international peace, and promote social and economic development in the

developing world. 15 of the respondents representing 15.0percent agree that the UN contribute

actively to the maintenance of international peace, and promote social and economic

development in the developing world. 5 of them representing 5.0percent were undecided. 40 of

the respondents representing 40.0percent disagree that the UN contribute actively to the

maintenance of international peace, and promote social and economic development in the

developing world. 30 of the respondents representing 30.0percent strongly disagree that the UN

contribute actively to the maintenance of international peace, and promote social and economic

development in the developing world.

36
Table 13: The UN has helped Nigeria in employing its abundant power resources to

support the dismantling of apartheid and colonialism in Africa

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent
Valid Strongly agree 60 60.0 60.0
Agree 25 25.0 85.0
Undecided 10 10.0 95.0
Disagree 5 5.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Survey.

Table 13 show the responses of respondents if the UN has helped Nigeria in employing its

abundant power resources to support the dismantling of apartheid and colonialism in Africa. 60

of the respondents representing 60.0percent strongly agree that the UN has helped Nigeria in

employing its abundant power resources to support the dismantling of apartheid and colonialism

in Africa. 25 of the respondents representing 25.0percent agree that the UN has helped Nigeria in

employing its abundant power resources to support the dismantling of apartheid and colonialism

in Africa. 10 of them representing 10.0percent were undecided. 5 of the respondents representing

5.0percent disagree that the UN has helped Nigeria in employing its abundant power resources to

support the dismantling of apartheid and colonialism in Africa.

37
Table 14: There are roles of the United Nations in Nigeria’s development

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent
Valid Strongly agree 25 25.0 25.0
Agree 32 32.0 57.0
Undecided 13 13.0 70.0
Disagree 15 15.0 85.0
Strongly disagree 15 15.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Survey.

Table 14 shows the responses of respondents if there are roles of the United Nations in Nigeria’s

development. 25 of the respondents representing 25.0percent strongly agree that there are roles

of the United Nations in Nigeria’s development. 32 of the respondents representing 32.0percent

agree that there are roles of the United Nations in Nigeria’s development. 13 of the respondents

representing 13.0percent were undecided. 15 of the respondents representing 15.0percent

disagree that there are roles of the United Nations in Nigeria’s development. 15 of the

respondents representing 15.0percent strongly disagree that there are roles of the United Nations

in Nigeria’s development.

38
Table 15: The UN and partners continued advocacy which led to the presidential

declaration of a state of emergency in the WASH sector

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent
Valid Strongly agree 65 65.0 65.0
Agree 30 30.0 95.0
Disagree 3 3.0 98.0
Strongly disagree 2 2.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Survey.

Table 15 show the responses of respondents if the UN and partners continued advocacy which

led to the presidential declaration of a state of emergency in the WASH sector. 65 of the

respondents representing 65.0percent strongly agree that the UN and partners continued

advocacy which led to the presidential declaration of a state of emergency in the WASH sector.

30 of the respondents representing 30.0percent agree that the UN and partners continued

advocacy which led to the presidential declaration of a state of emergency in the WASH sector. 3

respondents representing 3.0percent were undecided. 3 of the respondents representing

3.0percent disagree that the UN and partners continued advocacy which led to the presidential

declaration of a state of emergency in the WASH sector. 2 of the respondents representing

2.0percent strongly disagree that the UN and partners continued advocacy which led to the

presidential declaration of a state of emergency in the WASH sector.

4.4 Test of Hypothesis

Hypothesis I

H0: ECOWAS does not play any significant role in Nigeria’s development.

Hi: ECOWAS play significant role in Nigeria’s development.

Level of significance: 0.05

39
Decision rule: reject the null hypothesis H0 if the p value is less than the level of significance.

Accept the null hypothesis if otherwise.

Table 16 Test Statistics

ECOWAS play significant role in Nigeria’s development

Chi-Square 105.520a
Df 3
Asymp. Sig. .000
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is
25.0.

Conclusions based on decision rule:

Since the p-value= 0.000 is less than the level of significance (0.05), we reject the null

hypothesis and conclude thatECOWAS play significant role in Nigeria’s development.

Hypothesis II

H0: The United Nations does not play any significant role in Nigeria’s development.

Hi: The United Nations play significant role in Nigeria’s development.

Level of significance: 0.05

Decision rule: reject the null hypothesis H0 if the p value is less than the level of significance.

Accept the null hypothesis if otherwise.

Table 17 Test Statistics

The United Nations play significant role in Nigeria’s
development

Chi-Square 70.347a
Df 2
Asymp. Sig. .000
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is
25.0.

40
Conclusions based on decision rule:
Since the p-value= 0.000 is less than the level of significance (0.05), we reject the null

hypothesis and conclude that the United Nations play significant role in Nigeria’s development.

41
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of international institution on Nigeria’s

development. Two hypotheses were formulated (generated) to guide the researcher. The first was

meant to find out if ECOWAS plays a significant role in Nigeria’s development. The research

also sought to uncover whether The United Nations plays a significant role in Nigeria’s

development.

To attain these goals, a test questionnaire was randomly administered to the general public in

Abuja metropolis for the primary data source. Secondary data were sourced from journals, books

and the internet. During data analysis, the student t-test analysis was employed.

The objectives of the study were to;

i. To identify the international institutions that influences Nigeria’s development.

ii. To ascertain the role of ECOWAS in Nigeria’s development

iii. To ascertain the role of the United Nations in Nigeria’s development

Findings from the study revealed that majority of the respondents were of the opinion that

i. ECOWAS plays a significant role in Nigeria’s development. Hence, we reject the null

hypothesis.

ii. The United Nations plays a significant role in Nigeria’s development. Hence, we reject

the null hypothesis.

42
5.2 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The primary purpose of this study is toexamine the role of international institution on Nigeria’s

development. Other secondary objectives guided the collection of primary data. A review of

existing literature on the subject of National development was presented in chapter two. Beside

the secondary data, a primary data was gathered through the use of questionnaires from the

sampled population selected for this study. A total of 100 respondents contributed to the findings

of this study.

In conclusion, it was found that the direction of the causality regarding the relationship between

international institutions and national development remains to be established clearly which bears

important implications for policy design.

The empirical evidences reveal that income per capita response weakly to foreign aid. Though

aid was found to be growth enhancing in conducive macroeconomic environment but its

marginal impact is negligible. In most cases, aid contributes about one-hundredth of a dollar to

economic wellbeing in developing Africa; the contribution becomes slightly meaningful for food

aid, health aid and engineering aid, where development assistance contributes about one-tenth of

a dollar to income per capita. Similarly, among the pro-development policies examined, only

macroeconomic policy significantly influences the aidgrowth nexus, institutions and our

indicator of development commitment drives the relation contrarily. Similarly, Africa’s trade

structure and financial system development failed to exert any meaningful variation on income

per capita.

In ensuring effective delivery of development assistance in Africa, there is need to develop

institutional arrangement that check elite capture of economic resources, corruption has been

43
adjudged as the reason why foreign assistance to developing countries is mostly wasted.

Likewise, development commitments and policy improvement should be considered a

prerequisite for aid recipient. Development assistance should be systematically link to improving

policies, trade structure and inclusive financial system that that guarantees development in the

product market and expenditure smoothening; in the same manner, donors should strengthen this

link.

A bigger understanding beyond the econometric data is necessary in order to figure out a clear

understanding on the direction of the relationship which may require historical lesson. This could

be an area of further research.

44
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 APPENDIX I
QUESTIONNAIRE

INSTRUCTION: Please endeavor to complete the questionnaire by ticking the correct

answer (s) from the options or supply the information where necessary.

SECTION A

1. Gender

a. Male

b. Female

2. Age range

a. 20-30

b. 31-40

c. 41-50

d. 51-60

e. Above 60

3. Educational qualification

a. FSLC

b. WASSCE/GCE/NECO

c. OND/HND/BSC

d. MSC/PGD/MBA/PHD

e. Others

4. Marital Status

a. Single

b. Married

52
 c. Divorced

d. Widowed

5. Category of Respondent

a. Civil Servant

b. Self Employed

c. Students

d. Unemployed

SECTION B

QUESTIONS ON THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTION ON NIGERIA

DEVELOPMENT TOPIC UNDER POLITICAL SCIENCE.

SA – Strongly Disagreed

A – Agreed

UD – Undecided

DA – Disagreed

SD – Strongly Disagreed

53
Objective One: To identify the international institutions that influences Nigeria’s development

S/N QUESTIONS SA A UD DA SD

6. World bank influences Nigeria’s development

7. There are no international institutions that influences Nigeria’s

development

Objective Two: To ascertain the role of ECOWAS in Nigeria’s development

S/N QUESTIONS SA A UD DA SD

8. ECOWAS increases policy harmonization (to facilitate trade)

and good corporate governance

9. There are roles of ECOWAS in Nigeria’s development

10. ECOWAS promotes peace, security and develop infrastructure

Objective Three: To ascertain the role of the United Nations in Nigeria’s development

S/N QUESTIONS SA A UD DA SD

11. The UN help to eradicate poverty, reduce inequalities and build

resilience so countries can sustain progress

12. The UN contribute actively to the maintenance of international

peace, and promote social and economic development in the

developing world

13. The UN has helped Nigeria in employing its abundant power

resources to support the dismantling of apartheid and

54
 colonialism in Africa

14. There are roles of the United Nations in Nigeria’s development

15. The UN and partners continued advocacy which led to the

presidential declaration of a state of emergency in the WASH

sector

55