Anglais ST2 Adoui

Module: English 2 year lmd Students
nd
Miss: B.Narimane
LECTURE 01: Overview of Clauses

Definition:
A clause is a group of words with its own subject and verb. Clauses allow you to
combine ideas to show their relationship. This adds logic and cohesion to your speech and
writing.
There are two types of clauses: independent clauses (main clauses) and dependent clauses
(subordinate clauses and relative clauses).
An independent clause is a complete sentence because it has its own subject and verb and
expresses a complete thought.
A dependent clause is part of a sentence, so it cannot stand alone.
Independent clause Dependent clause

He had no qualification ;however he got the job
Although the dependent clause shown on the previous chart has a subject and a verb, it
does not express a complete thought. As a result, it cannot stand alone.
A dependent clause often starts with a word that makes the clause unable to stand alone;
for example, however. These words are subordinating conjunctions.
Subordinating conjunctions link an independent clause to a dependent clause. Each
subordinating conjunction expresses a relationship between the dependent clause and the
independent clause.
The following chart lists the subordinating conjunctions used most often and the
relationships they express.
Subordinating conjunctions Relationship

Unless, provided that, if Condition
Because ,as Reason
Rather than, than, whether Choice
Though, although, even though, but Contrast
Where, Wherever Location
In order that, so Result
While, once, when, since, as, whenever, Time
after, before, until, as soon
LECTURE02: The Relative Clause
Definition: a relative clause is a dependent clause. It adds extra information or necessary

information about one of the nouns in the main clause. It goes immediately after the noun it is
related to. The relative pronouns “who, whose, which, that” introduce it.
1) The relative pronoun as subject of a relative clause.

E.g. A man is rich. He may spend his money foolishly.
The man who is rich may spend his money foolishly.
Note: ‘That’ is a possible alternative after all, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody and
those.
E.g. Nobody who/ that knew him liked him.
2) The relative pronoun as object of a relative clause.

E.g. There is the doctor. I met him yesterday.
There is the doctor whom/ who/ that I met yesterday.
Or: There is the doctor I met yesterday. (Relative pronoun omitted when used as
object).
3) Whose: is the possessive determiner form of “who”. It usually refers to a person or

people. It replaces his, her, and their or a possessive case (s).
E.g. The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.
(Relative clause- possessive)
.Relative pronouns used in relative clauses:
Subject Object Possessive

For person Who Whom/ That/ Whose
That Who
For things Which Which Whose/ of which
That That
LECTURE03: Active and Passive Voice
Active and passive sentences usually have the same meaning but the focus is different. In the
active voice the subject performs the action expressed and the focus is on the agent that does
the action.
For example:
Adam cleaned the kitchen
subject action object
In the passive voice the subject receives the action expressed in the verb. The object of the
active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. We use a passive verb to say
what happens to the subject. The focus of the sentence is on the subject that receives the
action.
The passive verb is formed by the verb to be (is, are, was, were, have/has been, was/were
being, will be……….) +the past participle of the verb .
E.g.
The kitchen was cleaned by Adam
subject action object
The person who makes the action is introduced by the preposition by in the passive sentence.
But in some cases the subject of the passive sentence is omitted, this happens when who or
what causes the action is unknown or unimportant. Look at the examples
Active Passive
Mary bought a book A book was bought by Mary
A thief stole my car My car was stolen (by a thief)
I read the message The message is read (by me)
Someone has opened the window The window has been opened
They are building a house A house is being built
They are building three houses Three houses are being built
*Formation of the Passive Form*

Active Passive
Present simple Am/is/are
She does the homework The homework is done (by her)
Past simple Was/were+past participle
He did the homework The homework was done (by him)
Present continuous Am/is/are +being+ past participle
She is doing the homework The homework is being done (by her)
Past continuous Was/were+being+past participle
He was doing the homework The homework was being done (by him)
Present perfect Have/has+been+past participle
She has done the homework The homework has been done(by her)
Past perfect Had+been+past participle
He had done the homework The homework had been done (by him)
Future(will) Will+be+past participle
She will do the homework The homework will be done (by her)
Future(going to ) Am/is/are going to+be+past participle
He is going to do the homework The homework is going to be done (by him)
Infinitive To be+past participle
She wants to do the homework She wants the homework to be done
Modal Modal+be+past participle
Ha can do the homework The homework can be done ( by him)
Gerund Being+past participle
They are building the house The house is being built
LECTURE04: Affixes
Prefixes and suffixes are grammatical “affixes” (prefixes come before the root word and
suffixes come after)
In very simplistic terms, prefixes change the meaning of words, and suffixes change their form
(including plural, tense, comparative, and parts of speech).
Some of the most common prefixes are:
Un, re, dis, inter….like for example unhappy, return, disagree, international.
Some of the most common suffixes are:
Able, ship, ly, hood, tion….like for example comfortable, championship, kindly, childhood,
starvation.
Exercise: Use the words between brackets in the appropriate form ( use prefixes or suffixes)
1. He was acting in a very (child)…childish…way

2. The team that he supported was able to win the (champion) championship
3. I think you should (consider) …reconsider ..your decision again.
4. She looked (happy)…unhappy….she started to cry.
Electricity:
Part one: Definitions
1) A jack: a jack is an electric socket fixed on the wall

2) A fuse: a fuse is a current breaker that melts if the current exceeds a particular level
3) A thermocouple: a thermocouple is a device for measuring temperature
4) A galvanometer: a galvanometer is a device used to detect the direction of small
electric current and measure its strength
5) The electric utility power station: it is the place where electricity is generated
Part Two: Fill in the gaps with the following words (produce, steam turbines, blades, forced,
generator, kinetic energy, electricity, mechanical)
Most of the electricity in the United States is produced in steam turbines. A turbine converts
the kinetic energy of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) to mechanical energy. Steam turbines
have a series of blades mounted on a shaft against which steam is forced and the shaft is
connected to a generator. The fuel is burned in a furnace to heat water in a boiler in order to
produce steam.
Part Three: Answer the following questions
1. What is a passive component? Give one example
A passive component cannot introduce net energy into the circuit. It also cannot rely on a
source of power e.g capacitors.
2. What is an active component? Give one example
An active component relies on a source of energy and usually can inject power into a
circuit. Active components include amplifying components e.g transistors.
3. What is an electric current?
It is the flow of microscopic particles called electrons flowing through wires and
components.
Waves and Vibrations:
What is a vibration:
A wiggle in time is a vibration, a wiggle can be described as a back and forth movement.
Therefore, a wiggle in time or what we call vibration is the time it takes an object to go to
another location and back to its original location.
What is a wave:
A wiggle in space and time is a wave. A wave cannot exist in just one place. It has to move
from one place to another. For example, light and sound move through space as waves.
What is a harmonic motion:
Any motion that repeats itself at regular intervals is called harmonic motion or periodic
motion.
A mechanical wave:
A mechanical wave is a wave that can only exist within a material medium such as air, water,
or rock.
A transverse wave:
With transverse waves, the vibrations are perpendicular to the direction of motion. In other
words, while the particles move up and down, the wave travels to the right or to the left.
Longitudinal waves:
With longitudinal waves, the vibrations are parallel to the direction in which the wave travels.
For instance, while the particles vibrate from left to right, the wave travels to the right.
2. Fill in the gaps with the following words (harmonic motion, back, forth, restoring force,
proportional)
A simple harmonic motion (SHM) is a special case of harmonic motion. A SHM is a back
and forth motion and it always requires a restoring force and the restoring force is
proportional to the displacement from equilibrium.
Hooke’s Law:
The bigger the restoring force the bigger the displacement. For instance, in simple harmonic
motion the restoring force is proportional to the displacement from equilibrium.

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Module: English 2 year lmd Students

LECTURE 01: Overview of Clauses

Independent clause Dependent clause

Subordinating conjunctions Relationship

Definition: a relative clause is a dependent clause. It adds extra information or necessary

1) The relative pronoun as subject of a relative clause.

2) The relative pronoun as object of a relative clause.

3) Whose: is the possessive determiner form of “who”. It usually refers to a person or

.Relative pronouns used in relative clauses:

Subject Object Possessive

Adam cleaned the kitchen

subject action object

The kitchen was cleaned by Adam

subject action object

*Formation of the Passive Form*

Some of the most common prefixes are:

Some of the most common suffixes are:

1. He was acting in a very (child)…childish…way

1) A jack: a jack is an electric socket fixed on the wall

Part Three: Answer the following questions

1. What is a passive component? Give one example

2. What is an active component? Give one example

3. What is an electric current?

What is a harmonic motion:

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Formation of the Passive Form