MODULE 5 CST303 COMPUTER NETWORKS

1. What is UDP? Draw and explain UDP Datagram format.

● User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a Simple Transport Layer protocol,UDP is a part of the Internet
Protocol .

● Unlike TCP, it is an unreliable and connectionless protocol.

● UDP provides a way for applications to send encapsulated IP datagrams and send them without
having to establish a connection.

● The UDP enables process to process communication.

● A unique characteristics of UDP is that it provides no inherent on many platforms,an
application can send unique interface at the line rate on the link interface.
● Does not guaranteed delivery of ordered data and no flow control.
● UDP packets are called user datagram

UDP Datagram Format:

● UDP packet consists of header and data
● UDP header is an 8-bytes fixed and simple header.
● UDP port number fields are each 16 bits and range of port numbers is defined from 0 to
65535.

1. Source Port: Source Port is a 2 Byte long field used to identify the port number of
the source.
2. Destination Port: It is a 2 Byte long field, used to identify the port of the destined
packet.
3. Length: It is the length of UDP including the header and the data. It is a 16-bits
field.

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4. Checksum: Checksum is 2 Bytes long field. It is to verify that the end to end data is not
been corrupted by routers or bridges in the network.the algorithm to compute this is
known as the standard checksum algorithm.

2. What is TCP? Draw and explain TCP segment format. Explain TCP connection
establishment process

● It is a connection-oriented & reliable protocol for communications that helps in the

exchange of messages between different devices over a network.
● It lies between the Application and Network Layers
● It is a full duplex protocol, meaning that each TCP connection supports a pair of byte
streams, one flowing in each direction.
● It consist flow control mechanism,error checking and recovery of messages.
● TCP also implements a congestion-control mechanism.

● It provides good quality of services.

● TCP has packets called as segments(consists of header and data).
● The segment consist of 20-60 bytes header and the rest of data from application
programme.
● TCP provides the following facilities to:
1. Stream Data Transfer:From the application's viewpoint, TCP transfers a
contiguous stream of
2.Flow Control
Flow control limits the rate at which a sender transfers data. This is
done to ensure reliable delivery.

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3.Multiplexing

● To allow for many processes within a single host to use TCP communication facilities
simultaneously, the TCP provides a set of addresses or ports within each host.
● Whenever an entity accepts items from more than one source, this is
referred to as multiplexing (many to one). • whenever an entity delivers items to more

TCP HEADER FORMAT

TCP data is encapsulated in an IP datagram.

● Source Port Address –

A 16-bit field that holds the port address of the application that is sending the data
segment.

● Destination Port Address –

A 16-bit field that holds the port address of the application in the host that is receiving the
data segment.

● Sequence Number –
A 32-bit field that holds the sequence number.. It is used to reassemble the message at the
receiving end of the segments that are received out of order.

● Acknowledgement Number –
A 32-bit field that holds the acknowledgement number, the byte number that the receiver
expects to receive next. It is an acknowledgement for the previous bytes being received
successfully.

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● Header Length (HLEN) –

This is a 4-bit field that indicates the length of the TCP header by a number of 4-byte words in
the header.This is needed because the options field is of variable length.

● Control flags –
These are 6 1-bit control bits that control connection establishment, connection termination,
connection abortion, flow control, mode of transfer etc. Their function is:

○ URG: Urgent pointer is valid

○ ACK: Acknowledgement number is valid( used in case of cumulative

acknowledgement)

○ PSH: Request for push

○ RST: Reset the connection

○ SYN: Synchronize sequence numbers

○ FIN: Terminate the connection

● Window size –
This field tells the window size of the sending TCP in bytes.

● Checksum –
This field holds the checksum for error control. It is mandatory in TCP as opposed to UDP.

● Urgent pointer –
This field (valid only if the URG control flag is set) is used to point to data that is urgently
required that needs to reach the receiving process at the earliest. The value of this field is
added to the sequence number to get the byte number of the last urgent byte.

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3.What is DNS? Explain resource record and name server. Illustrate DNS working.

An application layer protocol defines how the application processes running on different
systems, pass the messages to each other:

● DNS stands for Domain Name System.

● DNS is a directory service that provides a mapping between the name of a host on the network
and its numerical address.

● DNS is required for the functioning of the internet.

● Each node in a tree has a domain name, and a full domain name is a sequence of symbols
specified by dots.

● DNS is a service that translates the domain name into IP addresses.

● This allows the users of networks to utilize user-friendly names when looking for other hosts
instead of remembering the IP addresses.

● The domain name space is divided into three different sections: generic domains, country
domains, and inverse domain.

—DNS is a directory lookup service that provides a mapping between the name of a host on the
Internet and its numerical address.

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Name Servers
● Name servers are the repositories of information that make up the domain database. The
database is divided up into sections called zones, which are distributed among the name servers.
● Name servers can answer queries in a simple manner.

● The response can always be generated using only local data, and either contains the
answer to the question or a referral to other name servers "closer" to the desired
information.

● The simplest mode for the server is non-recursive, since it can answer queries using
only local information.
● The simplest mode for the client is recursive, since in this mode the name server acts in
the role of a resolver and returns either an error or the answer, but never referrals.

Recursive Query vs. Iterative Query

If the server is supposed to answer a recursive query then the response is
either the resource record data or an error code.

In iterative mode, on the other hand, if the server does not have the information
requested locally then it return the address of some name server who might have
the information about the query. .

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Resource Records: Each domain name is associated with a record called the resource
record. The server database consists of resource records.

The resource records are used in the answer, authoritative and additional information
section of the response message. These are 4-tuples: (Name, Value, Type, TTL)

A: Name is hostname, Value the IP address

NS: Name is a domain
CNAME: Name is an alias hostname, Value its canonical name
MX: Name is an alias name for a mail server

DNS WORKING:

● DNS is a client/server network communication protocol. DNS clients send requests to

the.server while DNS servers send responses to the client.
● Client requests contain a name which is converted into an IP address known as a
forward DNS lookups while requests containing an IP address which is converted into a
name known as reverse DNS lookups.
● DNS implements a distributed database to store the name of all the hosts available on
the internet.
● If a client like a web browser sends a request containing a hostname, then a piece of
software such as DNS resolver sends a request to the DNS server to obtain the IP
address of a hostname.
● If DNS server does not contain the IP address associated with a hostname, then it
forwards the request to another DNS server. If IP address has arrived at the resolver,
which in turn completes the request over the internet protocol.

4.Explain SNMP basic components and their functions. Describe the basic commands
used in SNMP

The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a framework for managing devices in
an internet using the TCP/IP protocol suite.

It provides a set of fundamental operations for monitoring and maintaining an internet.

SNMP components –
There are 3 components of SNMP:
SNMP Manager –
It is a centralized system used to monitor network. It is also known as Network
Management Station (NMS)

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defines the format of packets exchanged between a manager and agent. It

reads and changes the status (values) of objects (variables) in SNMP packets.

SNMP agent –
It is a software management software module installed on a managed device.
Managed devices can be network devices like PC, routers, switches, servers,
etc.Defines the general rules for naming objects, defining object types
(includingrange and length), and showing how to encode objects and
values.

Management Information Base(MIB) –

MIB consists of information on resources that are to be managed. This
information is organized hierarchically. It consists of objects instances which are
essentially variables.

MIB creates a collection of named objects, their types, and their relationships to
each otherin an entity to be managed.

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The basic commands used in SNMP:

5.What is FTP? Explain its working in detail with the comments involved.

• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard mechanism provided by TCP/IP for copying a file from
one host to another.

• Although transferring files from one system to another seems simple and straightforward, some
problems must be dealt with first.

• For example, two systems may use different file name conventions.

• Two systems may have different ways to represent text and data.

• Two systems may have different directory structures.

• All of these problems have been solved by FTP in a very simple and elegant approach.

WORKING OF FTP:

● The FTP connection is established between two systems and they communicate
with each other using a network.
● So, for the connection, the user can get permission by providing the credentials
to the FTP server or can use anonymous FTP.
● When an FTP connection is established, there are two types of communication
channels are also established and they are known as command channel and
data channel.

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● The command channel is used to transfer the commands and responses from
client to server and server to client.
● As soon as the server and the client get connected to the network, the user
logins using User ID and password.
● The server verifies the user login and allows the client to access the files.

6.Explain MIME and its various features.

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) is an Internet standard that extends the format
of email to support:

1.Text in character sets other than ASCII .

2.Non-text attachments: audio, video, images, application programs etc.

3.Message bodies with multiple parts.

4.Header information in non-ASCII character sets Virtually all human-written Internet email and
a fairly large proportion of automated email is transmitted via SMTP in MIME format.

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FEATURES OF MIME

1. It is able to send multiple attachments with a single message.

2. Unlimited message length.
3. Binary attachments (executables, images, audio, or video files) may be divided if
needed.
4. MIME provided support for varying content types and multi-part messages.

7.Distinguish between TCP and UDP.

8. What are the email protocols?

There are two email protocols used

1. SMTP
2. MIME

SMTP—Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

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● SMTP is a simple ASCII protocol.

● The actual mail transfer is done through message transfer agents. To send mail, a
system must have the client MTA, and to receive mail, a system must have a
server MTA.
● The server starts by sending a line of text giving its identity and telling whether it
is prepared to receive mail.
● SMTP simply defines how commands and responses must be sent back and forth.
Each network is free to choose a software package for implementation.

● SMTP defines 14 commands. The first five are mandatory; every implementation must
support these five commands.
● The next three are often used and highly recommended. The last six are seldom used.
● Responses are sent from the server to the client. A response is a three digit code that may
be followed by additional textual information.

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) is an Internet standard that extends the format
of email to support:

1.Text in character sets other than ASCII .

2.Non-text attachments: audio, video, images, application programs etc.

3.Message bodies with multiple parts.

4.Header information in non-ASCII character sets Virtually all human-written Internet email and
a fairly large proportion of automated email is transmitted via SMTP in MIME format.

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