Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Readiness and Willingness To Perform Basic Life Support of Youth Residents in Selected Areas in Quezon City Basis For Webinar Program
Readiness and Willingness To Perform Basic Life Support of Youth Residents in Selected Areas in Quezon City Basis For Webinar Program
Keywords: automated external defibrillator (AED), basic life support (BLS), cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR), emergency, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, readiness, willingness, youth
revealed that almost 80 percent of out-of-hospital
Introduction cardiac arrests happen in the presence of a witness,
With cardiovascular diseases as the leading cause of and alarmingly, only 10 percent of those cases
death in the Philippines for the past decades until received cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) as most
now, sudden out-of-hospital cardiac arrests as bystanders were clueless on what to do or were
the predominant mode of death among Filipinos with worried to do CPR incorrectly. In Quezon City, the
heart problems is expected. In 2021, out-of-hospital country’s most populous city, approximately 7,000
cardiac arrests comprised approximately 15 percent people died as a result of heart disease in 2019
to 20 percent of deaths worldwide (Castanha, 2021). (Statista, 2022). The ever-increasing number of out-of-
This data showed a worryingly high number of hospital cardiac arrest cases was what urged the
people that were dying from cardiac arrest before researchers to choose this topic of study. The
they could reach the hospital. According to Yan et. al researchers have faced familiar losses due to cardiac
(2020), Asian countries have a decreased rate of arrests, which led to untimely demise of family
survival in out-of- hospital cardiac arrest cases with members because of the lack of knowledge of Basic
only 22.1 percent compared with North America and Life Support. As student nurses, the researchers
Europe, revealing that Asia has lagged behind other believe that learning Basic Life Support skills can
continents in adopting bystander CPR. Ischemic effectively minimize mortality as it triples the chances
heart disorders were the leading cause of death of survival when done effectively and early enough
among Filipinos between January to June 2022, (Martin, 2022).
accounting for 18.6 percent of overall mortality in
the Philippines (Philippine Statistics Authority, It is part of a person’s daily life that a variety of
2022). The Philippine Heart Association (2022) unanticipated events, which may be life-threatening,
can occur anywhere at any moment. A case study Responders. Families can also benefit from this
conducted by the Global Resuscitation Alliance study as this can give them confidence in
(2019) concluded that one of the reasons why the performing Basic Life Support on their loved ones.
Philippines faces a low survival rate of out-of- The findings not only provide the community
hospital cardiac arrests was due to the lack of information on the youth’s preferences in responding
community members’ knowledge to perform CPR. to sudden cardiac arrests, but also provide guidelines
Mekonnen & Muhye (2020) stated in their study that to the local government unit to plan approaches for
there is evidence showing that absence of community safety and awareness, such as Basic Life
training, inadequate knowledge, and lack of self- Support training for the youth. Moreover, this will also
esteem are some of the factors causing difficulties to allow educational institutions to anticipate the
bystanders to provide CPR. A study done by Mohd knowledge and capabilities of the students and work
Sharif et al. (2018) revealed that the youth receive on curricular strategies in learning experiences. With
very little education regarding first aid, and thus, collaborative efforts, the issues consequently can be
there is a pressing need to increase youth education in addressed. Future researchers can also use this study as
this matter for them to contribute to a safer a reference for research topics related to Youth
community. Readiness and Willingness to Perform Basic Life
Support.
To the researchers’ knowledge, there were no
published studies that assess the readiness and Research Questions
willingness of youth to perform Basic Life Support in
Quezon City. For this reason, it was necessary to The goal of this study was to assess the readiness and
conduct studies showing the importance of BLS willingness of youth in Quezon City to perform Basic
training in the chosen locale. Thus, the goal of this Life Support. It sought to answer the following
study was to assess the readiness and willingness to research questions:
perform Basic Life Support of the youth population
residing in Quezon City. Moreover, it was designed to 1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents
assess and measure the youth’s readiness and in terms of:
willingness to act in times of emergency. This study 1.1. age;
also aimed to create an effect through promotion of 1.2. sex;
knowledge and self-efficacy in Basic Life Support, 1.3. marital status;
thus enhancing public rescue and efforts in the long 1.4. educational attainment;
run, not only in the community but also the country at 1.5. socioeconomic status; and
large. With the data that were gathered and presented, 1.6. BLS training experience?
residents of the said city will be able to create courses 2. What is the level of knowledge of the respondents
of action such as conducting a webinar program for the towards Basic Life Support in terms of:
youth to help diminish the casualties in such 2.1. Recognition of Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA);
emergencies. 2.2. Provision of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
(CPR); and
The results of this study provide relevant and current 2.3. Utilization of Automated External Defibrillator
information that may be put to use by various roles in (AED)?
society. This study can be used as a source of 3. What is the level of self-efficacy of the respondents
teaching material for community health nursing to in performing Basic Life Support?
broaden the topic of Basic Life Support in the 4. Which of the following social categories are the
community. This study also benefits school nurses as respondents open and willing to perform Basic Life
this can have an impact on spreading responsibility Support on?
about Basic Life Support so that the constituents of 4.1. family and peers;
the school or university are better covered in the 4.2. strangers;
event of a medical emergency. The status of 4.3. male person;
Quezon City’s youth population on their readiness 4.4. female person;
and willingness to perform Basic Life Support can 4.5. pediatric individual;
serve as an influence for the youth, including the 4.6. adult individual;
medical and non-medical population, to improve 4.7. geriatric individual; and
knowledge and skills in Basic Life Support. This can 4.8. immunocompromised individual
also help society by effectively reducing mortality 5. Is there a significant difference between the
caused by out-of-hospital cardiac arrests, and can respondents’ demographic profiles in their readiness to
also be an important adjunct to Community First Aid perform Basic Life Support?
is the sample size of this research study. result of distress from the research, they were to be
immediately referred to the nearest public clinic with
Research Ethics the appropriate health professional.
The researchers guarantee that this study was carried Confidentiality was maintained by safeguarding the
out in an ethical, appropriate, and professional manner. data the researchers collected from the respondents.
The research study followed ethical standards in order The participants' anonymity was guaranteed by the
to protect the dignity, rights, and wellbeing of the researchers. All collected data were stored in
research participants. By offering and guaranteeing the password-protected folders and were only accessed by
participants' rights to anonymity, secrecy, freedom of the researchers and their statistician, with the
choice, and informed consent, the researchers were participants' knowledge via informed consent. Any
able to preserve their rights. Ethical principles copies of the participants' data will be safely discarded
governed the standards of conduct and served as moral once they are no longer required.
guidelines for the researchers in the process of
research. The ethical concepts of autonomy, Justice is practiced by being equally fair in all aspects
beneficence, nonmaleficence, confidentiality, justice, of individual treatment. The researchers ensured that
and integrity were practiced and used in this research the participants were treated fairly, without bias or
favors to the researchers’ interests.
study.
Autonomy is the participant's freedom to choose Integrity, which is the principle that affirms honesty,
whether or not to participate in a study. Answering the transparency, veracity, and respect by only stating the
truth, was carried in the entire research process. The
questionnaire was completely voluntary, and everyone
researchers ensure that this research study was devoid
was free to exercise their right to refuse. Participants
of any forms of dishonesty.
were not coerced into giving consent and participating.
The researchers did not offer any incentives or rewards
Research Instrument
that could unduly influence the respondents to
rationally participate and thus free of any undue To assess the readiness and willingness of the
inducements. In case a participant found the respondents towards providing Basic Life Support, the
questionnaire too uncomfortable, they were free to instrument utilized in this research study was a
withdraw their participation anytime during the researcher-made, four-part structured questionnaire
process without any penalty or loss of benefits. The with contents that were primarily based on literature
researchers respected any decisions made by the and study findings. The questionnaire consisted of the
participants. following parts:
Beneficence means that the researchers' actions must Part I: The first part of the questionnaire investigated
always be in the best interest or for the benefit of the the demographic information of the respondents,
participants. Participants were treated in an ethical which included the age, sex, marital status, educational
manner by making efforts to secure their well-being attainment, socioeconomic status, and prior Basic Life
and protect them from exploitation. Support (BLS) training experience.
Part II: The second part of the questionnaire assessed
Non-maleficence means to do no harm. Participants of the level of knowledge of the respondents regarding
this study were not subjected to potential risks of Basic Life Support. This part was further divided into
harm, injury, privacy, or confidentiality during the three (3) sections: (A) Recognition of Signs of Sudden
survey. The researchers ensured that the research study Cardiac Arrest, (B) Provision of Cardiopulmonary
did not cause any form of medical, physical, Resuscitation, and (C) Utilization of an Automated
emotional, or psychological harm to the participants, External Defibrillator. The type of questions
either intentionally or through omission. Questions corresponds to the topic of each section. Each section
involving events of sudden cardiac arrests and included multiple-choice theoretical and hypothetical
provision of Basic Life Support were all purely questions, for which responders had to select just one
theoretical and hypothetical. If this, in any case, best answer. This part of the questionnaire contained
caused psychological distress, the researchers were 35 items: 10 questions for section A, 15 questions for
obliged to encourage the participants to decline or section B, and 10 questions for section C. For each
disregard the survey and inform them that they are free question, correct answers received one point, while
to do so without facing any penalties or consequences. incorrect answers received zero points.
If a respondent required psychological assistance as a Part III: The third part of the questionnaire evaluated
the respondents’ current levels of self-efficacy submitted a letter of consent to the Program Head of
concerning the provision of Basic Life Support. the university's College of Nursing for approval of the
Perceived self-efficacy is an individual's own research survey. In February 06, 2023, the researchers
competence in carrying out a task. Based on this, the issued letters of permission to the barangay captains of
researchers defined self-efficacy as respondents' the three research locales in Quezon City to request
confidence in their ability to perform Basic Life permission to conduct the study, which were all
Support in an emergency. This part of the granted in the same month. However, one barangay
questionnaire consisted of 15 items, each of which did not allow the researchers to physically conduct the
used a 4-point Likert scale in each question (4 = survey; instead, the members of the barangay’s
Strongly agree, 3 = Agree, 2 = Disagree, 1 = Strongly Sangguniang Kabataan were the ones to disseminate
disagree). the informed consent and survey questionnaire due to
Part IV: The fourth part of the questionnaire explored the barangay’s COVID-19 restrictions.
the respondents’ openness and willingness to perform
Basic Life Support on different social categories. This In April 29, 2023, the data collection was done
part of the questionnaire consisted of 8 items, in which through dissemination of the survey questionnaires in
questions were inquiring about their level of which respondents were given sufficient time to
willingness to provide Basic Life Support if the out-of- accomplish truthfully. This study used both a face-to-
hospital cardiac arrest victim is (1) a family or peer, face and an online method of data gathering, with
(2) a stranger, (3) a male person, (4) a female person, online data collection as the priority method as this
(5) a pediatric individual, (6) an adult individual, (7) a grants safety, convenience, and timeliness to both the
geriatric individual, or (8) an immunocompromised researchers and the respondents. Prior to answering the
individual. A 4-point Likert scale was used in each questionnaire, the researchers provided a brief
question (4 = Willing, 3 = Somewhat willing, 2 = explanation of the purpose of the survey and asked for
Somewhat not willing, 1 = Not willing). the participants’ informed consent, confirming that the
information they provide will only be used for
The researchers have constructed their own research purposes. Given that the target respondents
questionnaire, which indicated the need to conduct a are youth, some necessary adjustments were made if
pilot study with a total of 10 participants to determine they fall under the underage (aged 15 to under 18)
the validity, which was computed with Cronbach alpha category. Thus, the researchers required an informed
with 0.7 level of significance to measure reliability. consent from the respondents’ parents or guardians
The said questionnaire was written in the English acquiring their permission to participate in the research
language. There was no need to translate the survey study, as well as from the underaged respondents
questions into the local language as the participant themselves. All participation in this research was
inclusion criteria indicates that respondents must be strictly voluntary. The participants had the option of
able to read and understand the English language. The choosing not to participate. Should the participants
researchers gathered data face-to-face with the use of a agree to participate, they are under no obligation to
survey instrument and electronically with the use of stay, and may withdraw their participation at any point
Google Forms. Before completing the survey, consent of the study without facing any repercussions. Since
forms were given to the respondents to verify that their individuals under the age of 18 are considered to be
participation was voluntary and that their personal among the vulnerable population, this was to ensure
information would remain confidential. The survey that they were not being exploited. The participants
questionnaire was validated by experts in the field of were allowed to contact the researchers to ask
study such as emergency or disaster nurses, accredited questions and obtain additional information about the
BLS trainers, and community responders, and a study, if there were any. Moreover, participants of this
grammarian. The sample size was computed by a study were not subjected to potential risks. Questions
statistician. involving events of sudden cardiac arrests and
provision of Basic Life Support were all purely
Data Collection theoretical and hypothetical. The questionnaire did not
ask for the participants' names, so their identities
Following the approval of the panel members and remained private and confidential. The survey took 15
validators, this research study was forwarded to the to 20 minutes, and participants were made aware that
university's Research Development and Innovation there are no penalties or repercussions for declining or
Center (RDIC) and Institutional Ethics Review disregarding the survey.
Committee (EIRC) for approval and issuance of an
ethical certificate. The researchers subsequently Throughout the process of this study, the researchers
adhered to the Data Privacy Act 2012, which is the law readiness to perform Basic Life Support between
concerning the “protection of privacy of individuals; respondents’ educational attainment, socioeconomic
regulation of the collection, recording, organization, status, and BLS training experience. It was also used
storage, modification, retrieval, consultation, use, to determine significant differences in the willingness
consolidation, blocking, erasure or destruction of to perform Basic Life Support between respondents’
personal data; and ensuring that the Philippines level of self-efficacy concerning Basic Life Support.
complies with international standards set for data The level of significance used was set at α = 0.05.
protection” (National Privacy Commission, 2022). The
duration to collect all the data needed took three
weeks. The respondents received a Certificate of Results and Discussion
Appreciation for their participation after taking the
survey. After gathering data from the respondents, the
data were counted, collected, and encoded in a This chapter shows the results of the survey conducted
Microsoft Excel file. The researchers secured the data in the study concerning the readiness and willingness
for confidentiality and were only accessible to the to perform Basic Life Support of youth residents in
researchers and the statistician. To protect their right to selected areas in Quezon City. A total of 385
data privacy, the obtained data were kept in password- respondents in the age cohort 15 to 24 years old
protected folders. These then were tallied, interpreted, completed the questionnaire. The results of the study
and analyzed by the researchers. Afterwards, the are presented below through tables and analysis which
collected data were deleted, shredded, destroyed, and were based on the identified research questions.
discarded once they were no longer required.
Table 1 displays the demographic profile of the
Data Analysis
respondents from selected areas in Quezon City. Out
After data collection, the researchers proceeded with
of 385 respondents, 300 (77.92%) were among the age
data organization and tabulation using Microsoft cohort 18 to 24 years old, and 85 (22.08%) were 15 to
Excel, a spreadsheet software program for data 17 years old. According to the United Nations’ (2023)
visualization and analysis. Descriptive statistics were definition, the youth are individuals included in the
utilized to describe the respondents’ demographic age cohort between 15 and 24 years, in which the ones
profile, level of knowledge, self-efficacy, and who are 18 years old and above are considered as
willingness to perform Basic Life Support on different adults, and those below 18 are of minor age.
social categories; and analytic statistics were used to According to Juariah & Purwaningsih (2022), these
analyze the significant differences among the variables age groups are characterized as the ones that are easily
based on the respondents’ answers. This means that motivated and quick learners. There are more adult
the qualitative variables were described in terms of respondents than minor respondents because it is
frequencies and percentages, whilst quantitative easier to acquire responses from adults as obtaining
variables were described in terms of means and responses from minor respondents required
standard deviations. A statistician carried out the parental/guardian consents and some parents/guardians
statistical analysis to verify the accuracy and reliability refused to do so.
of the study’s results using SSPS. Percentages and
frequencies were used to describe the respondents’ On the sex profile, a large number of respondents
demographic profiles and their openness and surveyed are females with 224 (58.18%) respondents,
willingness to perform Basic Life Support on different and males with 161 respondents (41.82%). The
social categories. The answers from the respondents’
respondents were mostly women as females are more
level of knowledge and self-efficacy concerning Basic
active with the use of social media than men, which
Life Support were measured using means and standard
corresponds with the prioritized manner of data
deviations. These were then classified based on the
collection which is answering through an online
mean of the scores from questions that utilized a 4-
point Likert-scale. Moreover, independent T-tests were questionnaire. A 2020 data showed that the global sex
used to determine the differences in the respondents’ ratio of women in the Philippines was 49.78 percent
readiness to perform Basic Life Support between those and that females are expected to account for almost
who are aged 15 to 17 and aged 18 to 24, between half of the total population as women, on average, live
those who are male and female, and between those longer than men (Ritchie & Roser, 2020).
who are single and married. One-way ANOVA was
used to determine significant differences in the
Table 1. Demographic Profile of the Respondents On educational attainment, the majority of the
respondents surveyed have tertiary education with the
frequency of 245 (63.64%). Table also showed a
frequency of 130 (33.77%) for secondary education,
and 10 (2.60%) for postgraduate. According to an
article seen in CPR Select (2022), young people are an
avid audience to learning regardless of sex, civil status,
or level of educational attainment. The respondents are
predominantly between the ages of 18 and 24, and this
age group is typically enrolled in tertiary education.
Education at higher levels, such as secondary or
tertiary education, is becoming increasingly significant
in today’s world as the majority of the population are
college graduates or higher (Philippine Statistics
Authority, 2022).
person’s willingness to administer Basic Life Support be taught among the youth as sudden cardiac arrests
when needed. can happen anytime and anywhere. This is to reduce
morbidity and mortality among victims of out-of-
Table 2. Levels of Knowledge hospital cardiac arrests.
characterize a pediatric cardiac arrest are suspended Red Cross (2021), 5 cm to 6 cm is the adequate depth
breathing and lack of response to verbal or physical of compression needed on an adult victim as any
stimuli. Congenital heart abnormalities are the leading deeper may damage internal organs, and any shallower
cause of sudden cardiac arrest in children (Simon's may not be enough to pump blood effectively
Heart, 2022). throughout the body.
The next lowest correct response was obtained for Table 2.2. Levels of Knowledge in terms of Provision
Questions 7 and 6, with only 139 and 151 respondents, of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
respectively. Both of these questions inquired about
the observable indicators that a person had a sudden
cardiac arrest. The general population typically
believes that sudden cardiac arrest only occurs when a
person collapses because that is its most obvious
presentation. Since the absence of pulse and breathing
is less obvious than a body collapsing, it is not
surprising that the respondents are less aware of it.
Aside from loss of consciousness, victims who
experience a sudden cardiac arrest also display
observable indicators such as the absence of pulse and
breathing (Mayo Clinic, 2021).
should not be used. According to a training workbook conduct a procedure and is one of the factors used to
provided by the Department of Health (2018), an AED assess the impact of BLS training on real-world
should not be used on a person who is in contact with outcomes. It is also important to note that self-efficacy
water. An AED should not also be used in a moving is not the quality of the actual performance, but rather
vehicle as movement may affect the analysis. It is also the individual’s self-perceived capabilities. Self-
important that the chest is completely dry and free of efficacy is also positively correlated with willingness
hair before placing the AED pads. Flammables such as as those with a level of self-efficacy that is higher are
gasoline and alcohol should not be around when using shown to have more willingness to learn Basic Life
an AED (Rowan-Salisbury School System, 2021). Support compared to those with a level of self-efficacy
that is low (Pei et al., 2019; Yoon et al., 2019).
The next lowest correct responses were obtained for
Question 6 with only 155 respondents and Question 5
Table 3. Levels of Self-efficacy
with only 161 respondents. These questions inquired
about the correct order in which an AED should be
utilized and the proper placement of AED pads on an
infant victim. The utilization of automated external
defibrillators (AED) in Basic Life Support is
uncommon among the general public, being the most
likely reason why these questions earned the lowest
scores as most people do not have access to an AED
and therefore have less opportunities to learn it.
According to Alvich (2021), a responder should turn
on the AED as soon as they have checked the victim
and the surroundings. Then, properly place the pads on
the patient so that the equipment can analyze the
patient’s heart rhythm and clear the victim.
Afterwards, a shock should be delivered as indicated
and proceed to giving CPR again. Moreover, the
proper placement of AED pads on infant victims
should be one pad in the center of the victim’s chest
and the other in the center of their upper back (AED
Leader, 2021).
provide Basic Life Support to strangers, and 42.34% 2020; Yi Ern et al., 2020; Grunau et al., 2020) stating
answered that they are somewhat willing to do so. This that the fear of personal health safety concerning the
figure is similar to the findings of a study conducted risk of the risk of infection transmission is the primary
by Mao et al. (2021), which discovered that just 34.1% explanation for the decrease in willingness to conduct
of their respondents shared willingness to perform CPR since the COVID-19 outbreak began.
CPR to strangers.
Table 5. Difference between demographic profiles in
The social category that obtained the next highest the readiness
percentage of willingness to administer Basic Life
Support on is women with 43.38% willing and 36.62%
somewhat willing. In comparison, 37.66% of the
respondents answered that they are willing to provide
Basic Life Support to men, and 41.56% answered that
they are somewhat willing to do so. This finding
contradicts the conclusion made by Dainty et al.
(2022) about how male victims of sudden cardiac
arrests have an increased likelihood of receiving Basic
Life Support in public locations compared with female
victims.
both men and women are now inclined to give aid in In terms of socioeconomic status, the ANOVA test
emergencies which results from an improvement in the showed an F-value of 0.482 with a P-value of 0.822
gender disparities surrounding the provision of reveals no significant difference between the
education among young men and women. This respondents’ socioeconomic status in their readiness to
discovery is similar with the findings of a study carry out Basic life Support, which leads to a decision
conducted by Khashaba et al. (2021) in which no of accepting the null hypothesis. This is because most
significant difference between sex and readiness of the respondents are students who are supported by
involving Basic Life Support was found. However, their parents and do not have a source of income yet to
this is in contradiction with prior research studies by have their socioeconomic status affect their readiness.
Wingen et al. (2022) and Mao et al. (2021) in which it While it was revealed in a study (Uny et al., 2022) that
was found that young males are less likely to perform BLS training courses being expensive was the most
CPR, whereas women are more willing to provide significant barrier to learning CPR, other studies
assistance in an event of a health emergency. On the (Dobbie et al., 2018; Fratta et al., 2018) also
other hand, it is found in a study by Krammel et al. discovered that many are willing to receive training in
(2018) that the male population has a higher likelihood CPR, despite their level of education and income, as
to initiate Basic Life Support compared to the female the likelihood of performing CPR was unaffected by
population. household income.
Regarding marital status, a T-test value of 1.454 with a Lastly, the respondents’ BLS training experience has
P-value of 0.147 shows that there is no significant an F-value of 5.968 with a P-value of 0.000 using the
difference between the respondents’ marital status in ANOVA test, which indicates that there is a significant
showing readiness to perform Basic Life Support, difference in readiness to conduct Basic Life Support
leading to a decision to accept the null hypothesis. between the participants who have previous BLS
Since the respondents are of young age, this reflected training and have no prior BLS training, leading to a
on the results. The respondents of this study are youth decision to reject the null hypothesis. Prior BLS
and most of them are students which means marriage training experience affects an individual’s readiness to
is not a priority, and does not affect their readiness to provide Basic Life Support compared to those who do
perform Basic Life Support. This is in contrast with not have prior BLS training experience since they
the findings of the study by Huang et al. (2019) in already have an idea on the right actions to take. The
which it was found that married people are more likely results held true with studies by Sturny et al. (2021),
to know how to perform CPR correctly than those who and Schmoker (2021) in which it was found that young
are single as they are more willing to learn BLS to be people who had previously been trained in BLS
able to save their loved ones in case of cardiac arrest improved and scored consistently higher in readiness
situation. in performing Basic Life Support. Similarly, in their
study, Alfakey and Alkarani (2021) found that students
Using the ANOVA Test, the educational level has an with previous BLS training reported a greater sense of
F-value of 5.849 with a P-value of 0.003, meaning that capability in administering Basic Life Support than
there is a significant difference between the students with no prior experience. This indicates that
respondents’ educational attainment in their readiness experience gained through training is one of the factors
to perform Basic Life Support, leading to a decision to that can affect an individual’s readiness to perform
reject the null hypothesis. Respondents with higher Basic Life Support (Juariah & Purwaningsih, 2022).
levels of educational attainment are more
knowledgeable and ready than those who only Table 6. Difference between the levels of self-efficacy
completed with lower levels since they are more likely in the willingness
to be provided with BLS education or have
participated in BLS training programs as Basic Life
Support is included in the curriculum of some courses
in tertiary level. Jarrah et al. (2018), Huang et al.
(2019), and Yan et al. (2020) discovered that
participants with tertiary levels of education are more
likely to have knowledge about CPR because they are Table 6 displays the difference between the
more likely to have previously participated in CPR respondents’ level of self-efficacy in their willingness
training courses than those with lower levels, leading to perform Basic Life Support. Using the ANOVA
to a higher level of readiness and willingness to
perform Basic Life Support.
Test, in order to reject the null hypothesis, the p-value arrests in the community, one should be fully equipped
must be less than 0.05. An F-value of 38.84 with a P- with knowledge and skills. As an example, the youth
value of 0.000 means that there is a significant are aware of the first few steps of Basic Life Support
difference between the respondents’ level of self- but are unaware of the specifics such as proper
efficacy in their readiness to perform Basic Life positioning and correct depth of chest compressions,
Support. This indicates that respondents with a high which are critical information that could either save or
self-efficacy are more willing or more likely to further endanger the victim's life. Additionally,
perform Basic Life Support in real life situations than improving the youth’s self-confidence in performing
those with low self-efficacy as they are more confident Basic Life Support in such training should also be a
in their abilities. In this study, self-efficacy is the focus as education increases confidence, especially in
perceived ability or the confidence of the respondents emergency situations where people may be hesitant or
to perform an action or procedure. Self-efficacy has a anxious. While some may express a willingness to
strong influence on willingness to provide Basic Life learn or perform Basic Life Support, this does not
Support in the occurrence of out-of-hospital cardiac necessarily imply that individuals are trained or
arrest (Wati et al., 2021). Self-efficacy was discovered sufficiently equipped to perform CPR in real-life
as the strongest predictor of whether a person will situations. While willingness to learn and intention to
administer first aid (Pei et al., 2019). These findings perform BLS are both positive indicators, proper
are supported by Huy et al. (2022), who found that training and education are required to translate
young people whose level of self-efficacy is high are willingness into effective action. Besides adding BLS
more inclined to give aid as compared to those with a training to the school curriculum, BLS training should
low level of self-efficacy, who are more hesitant to do also require different approaches and principles that
so. In addition, Yoon et al. (2019) concluded in their will empower students’ individual perception of their
study that self-efficacy considerably affects one’s skill. In terms of social categories, most of the youth
performance in Basic Life Support as it is positively are willing to administer Basic Life Support to their
correlated with willingness. own family and peers. Most of them have a fear of
contracting diseases as they are least willing to
administer Basic Life Support to immunocompromised
Conclusion
individuals. Regarding the demographic profile of the
youth, the researchers conclude that age, educational
To educate the youth on Basic Life Support is said to attainment, and BLS training experience have a
be a good way to reach different parts of the significant difference in their readiness and that sex,
community as they are almost always present in marital status, and socioeconomic status have no
different settings such as homes, schools, churches, significant difference in their readiness to perform
outdoor parks, or malls. For this reason, educating the Basic Life Support.
youth with Basic Life Support is a way to widen the
reach of a community’s area so that victims of out-of- The implementation of this study can benefit families,
hospital cardiac arrests will be given immediate aid. communities, educational institutions, local
This study aimed to measure the youth's readiness and governments, and society as a whole as this can
willingness to perform Basic Life Support. As a final significantly reduce morbidity and mortality in the
observation, youth in selected Quezon City barangays community. Educational institutions can incorporate
have a moderate level of knowledge-readiness and Basic Life Support training into their school
self-efficacy-willingness, highlighting the importance curriculum or offer extracurricular programs that teach
of providing the youth with comprehensive BLS students essential life-saving skills; communities can
education and training to further bridge the gap organize webinars, seminars, workshops, or awareness
between their readiness and willingness to perform campaigns to educate the public, including the youth,
Basic Life Support. The youth's knowledge of sudden regarding the significance of Basic Life Support and
cardiac arrests, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), provide opportunities for hands-on practice; and local
and automated external defibrillators (AED) may be governments can play an important role by enacting
moderate, but is lacking in important aspects that policies that mandate or elicit BLS training. Society
might considerably alter the results of Basic Life will benefit as well, by equipping the youth with the
Support performance. While there are areas for necessary knowledge and skills for Basic Life Support,
growth, having moderate knowledge regarding the the morbidity and mortality rate for out-of-hospital
components of Basic Life Support is still inadequate. cardiac arrest will be reduced.
This is because in order to effectively prevent
mortality among victims of out-of-hospital cardiac Based on the study findings and conclusions, the
Becker, T., Maciel, C., Gul, S., Cohen, S., Murphy, T., Tyndall, J.,
References Youn, T., Martin, E., & Restrepo, C. A. (2019). Bystander CPR:
Public Perception And Barriers. Critical Care Medicine, 47, 740.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000552272.80072.36
Abelsson, A., & Nygårdh, A. (2019). To enhance the quality of CPR
performed by youth layman. International Journal of Emergency Birkun, A., & Kosova, Y. (2018). Social attitude and willingness to
Medicine, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-019-0247-6 attend cardiopulmonary resuscitation training and perform
resuscitation in the Crimea. World Journal of Emergency Medicine,
Abelsson, A., Odestrand, P., & Nygårdh, A. (2020). To strengthen 9(4), 237. https://doi.org/10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2018.04.001
self-confidence as a step in improving prehospital youth laymen
Basic life support. BMC Emergency Medicine, 20(1). Castanha, C., Fernando Barbosa Tavarez, L., Leone, C., Da Silva
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-020-0304-8 Paiva, L., Elena Guerrero Daboin, B., Da Silva Freitas Marques, N.,
Zangirolami-Raimundo, J., & Daminello Raimundo, R. (2021).
AED Pad Placement Guide: What you need to know. (2021). AED Basic life support education: The impact of lecture-demonstration in
Leader. https://www.aedleader.com/aed-pad-placement/ undergraduate students of Health Sciences. Journal of Human
Growth and Development, 31(2), 283–290.
AED steps: Steps to use an AED . (2023). Red Cross. h t tp s :/ /d oi . o rg /1 0. 36 31 1/ jh gd .v 31 .1 15 09
https://www.redcross.org/take-a-class/aed/using-an-aed/aed-steps
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Three things
After an incident - First aid. (2023). National Health Sources. y o u m a y n o t know a b o u t C P R .
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/first-aid/after-an-accident/ h t tp s :/ / www. cd c .g ov /h e a rt di s ea s e / cp r. ht m l
Ahmad, A., Akhter, N., Mandal, R. K., Areeshi, M. Y., Lohani, M., Chilappa, R., & Waxman, M. (2021). Basic life support awareness
Irshad, M., Alwadaani, M., & Haque, S. (2018). Knowledge of basic and knowledge in high school students. Kansas Journal of Medicine,
life support among the students of Jazan University, Saudi Arabia: Is 14, 38–41. https://doi.org/10.17161/kjm.vol1414611
it adequate to save a life? Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 54(4),
555–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajme.2018.04.001 Chun, C. G., Liclican, F. T., Llave, K. M., Reyes, C. B., Angoluan,
S., Banal, D., & Manahan, E. (2021). Attitude, Knowledge, and
Alateeq, M., Al Harbi, N., Afifi, A., Tourkmani, A., Alharbi, T., & Practices on Basic Life Support Among Medical Laboratory Science
Albattal, S. (2018). Awareness of basic life support and Interns of Selected Universities in Metro Manila, Philippines.
cardiopulmonary resuscitation among female secondary school International Journal of progressive Research in Science and
students in government schools in Riyadh City, KSA. Journal of Engineering, 2(11). ISSN (Online): 2582-7898; SJIF:
F a m i ly M e d i c i n e and P ri m a ry Ca re, 7 (6 ), 1493. 5.494
h t tp s :/ /d oi . o rg /1 0. 41 03 /j fm p c.j fm p c_ 21 _18
Crist, C. (2019). Bystanders may hesitate to perform CPR for fear of
Alfakey, M., & Alkarani, A. (2021). Students’ knowledge and causing harm. Reuters.
attitudes toward Basic Life Support. International Journal of https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-cpr-hesitation-idUSKBN1
Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 10(3), 871. WH1XA
https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v10i3.21703
CPR - adult - series—Check for responsiveness. (2021).
A l v i c h , J. ( 2 0 2 1 ) . H o w to U s e an A E D . MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia.
h t t p s : / / w ww. a e d . u s / b l o g / a e d -i n fo / h o w -t o u s e -a n - aed/ https://medlineplus.gov/ency/presentations/100219_1.htm
American Psychological Association. (2023). Readiness. APA CPR - Fi rst aid . (2 0 2 3 ). NHS C h o i c e s.
Dictionary of Psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/readiness h t t p s : / / w ww. n h s . u k / c o n d i t i o ns / fi rs t - ai d/ cp r
American Red Cross. (2023). When can I stop performing CPR on CPR Select. (2022). Teaching basic life support (BLS) skills to kids.
an adult? Sharecare. CPR/AED and First Aid Certification Online Classes.
https://www.sharecare.com/health/first-aid-techniques/when-stop-cp https://www.mycprcertificationonline.com/blog/teaching-basic-life-s
r-on-adult upport-skills-to-kid
American Safety & Health Institute. (2020). How to position your Dainty, K. N., Colquitt, B., Bhanji, F., Hunt, E. A., Jefkins, T.,
hands for CPR. Leary, M., Ornato, J. P., Swor, R. A., & Panchal, A. (2022).
https://emergencycare.hsi.com/blog/how-to-position-your-hands-for- Understanding the importance of the lay responder experience in
cpr out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A scientific statement from the
American Heart Association. Circulation, 145(17).
Aquila Recovery Clinic. (2021). What is an integrated behavioral https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000001054
model? Aquila Recovery Clinic.
https://www.aquilarecovery.com/blog/what-is-an-integrated-behavio Data Privacy Act Primer. National Privacy Commission. (2022).
ral-model/ https://www.privacy.gov.ph/data-privacy-act-primer/#:~:text=It%20
(1)%20protects%20the%20privacy,data%3B%20and%20(3)%20ens
Automated External Defibrillators. (2020). Center for Devices and ures
Radiological Health.
https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/cardiovascular-devices/autom Department of Health. (2018). Basic Life Support Training:
ated-external-defibrillators-aeds#what Participant's Workbook.
Barrell, A. (2020). CPR steps: A visual guide. Medical News Today. Dobbie, F., MacKintosh, A. M., Clegg, G., Stirzaker, R., & Bauld,
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324712#children-and-i L. (2018). Attitudes towards bystander cardiopulmonary
resuscitation: Results from a cross-sectional general population students and associated factors in Hue, Vietnam. PLOS ONE, 17(7).
survey. PLOS ONE, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271567
h t tp s :/ /d oi . o rg /1 0. 13 71 /j ou rn al . po ne .0 19 33 91
IBM | Integrated Behavior Model by Icek Ajzen, Martin Fishbein.
Dumcke, R., Rahe-Meyer, N., & Wegner, C. (2021). Self-efficacy (2022). Besci.org.
and outcome expectancies of secondary school students in https://www.besci.org/models/integrated-behavior-model
performing basic life support. The Journal of Health, Environment,
& Education, 13. https://doi.org/10.18455/13001 International Labour Organization. (2018). Improving the Safety and
Health of Young Workers.
Estri, A. (2019). The Effect of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/-
Simulations on (Knowledge, Attitudes, and Skills) of Youth --safework/documents/publication/wcms_625223.pdf.
Organization Members in Candibinangun Village, Pakem District,
S l e m a n . Kn E L i fe S c i e n c e s , 4 ( 1 3 ) , 3 6 0 – 3 6 6 . Ismail, A., AlRayyes, M., Shatat, M., Al Hafi, R., Heszlein-Lossius,
h t tp s :/ /d oi . o rg /1 0. 18 50 2/ kl s .v4 i1 3 .52 66 H., Veronese, G., & Gilbert, M. (2019). Medical students can be
trained to be life-saving first aid instructors for laypeople: A
First Support CPR & First Aid Training. (2021). Broken Ribs feasibility study from Gaza, occupied palestinian territory.
During CPR. American Heart Association Authorized Center. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 34(6), 604–609.
https://firstsupportcpr.com/2021/05/31/broken-ribs-during-cpr/ https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19005004
Fratta, K. A., Bouland, A. J., Lawner, B. J., Comer, A. C., Halliday, Jarrah, S., Judeh, M., & AbuRuz, M. E. (2018). Evaluation of public
M. H., Levy, M. J., & Seaman, K. G. (2018). Barriers to bystander awareness, knowledge and attitudes towards basic life support: A
CPR: Evaluating socio-economic and cultural factors influencing cross-sectional study. BMC Emergency Medicine, 18(1).
students attending community CPR training. The American Journal https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-018-0190-5
of Emergency Medicine, 37(1), 159–161.
h t tp s :/ /d oi . o rg /1 0. 10 16 /j . aj e m. 2 018 . 05 .0 22 Juariah, J., & Purwaningsih, I. (2022). The Effect of Basic Life
Support Training on the Knowledge and Skills of Adolescents. KnE
Global Resuscitation Alliance. (2019). Implementation of the 10 Life Sciences, 7(2), 421–426.
steps to improve cardiac arrest survival at the Southern Philippines h t tp s :/ /d oi . o rg /1 0. 18 50 2/ kl s .v7 i2 . 103 36
M ed i ca l Ce nt e r. Globa l R e s u s c i t a t i o n Al li an c e.
https://www.globalresuscitationalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/201 Katona, Z., Tarkó, K., & Berki, T. (2022). First Aid Willingness
9/12/Philippines_Culture_of_Excellence.pdf Questionnaire for School Children: An Exploratory Factor Analysis
and Co r relatio n Study. Children, 9 ( 7 ) , 9 5 5.
Goyal, A., Sciammarella, J. C., Cusick, A. S., & Patel, P. H. (2022). h t tp s :/ /d oi . o rg /1 0. 33 90 /c hi ld re n 907 09 5 5
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. Kalluri, N. S., Knopov, A., & Kue, R. (2018). A service-learning
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470402 initiative to teach hands-only CPR to high school students:
Pumpstart. Journal of Education, 198(3), 240–246.
Grunau, B., Bal, J., Scheuermeyer, F., Guh, D., Dainty, K. N., https://doi.org/10.1177/0022057418818817
Helmer, J., Saini, S., Chakrabarti, A., Brar, N., Sidhu, N., Barbic, D.,
Christenson, J., & Chakrabarti, S. (2020). Bystanders are less willing Karuthan, S. R., Firdaus, P. J., Angampun, A. D.-A., Chai, X. J.,
to resuscitate out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims during the Sagan, C. D., Ramachandran, M., Perumal, S., Karuthan, M.,
c o v i d - 19 pandemic. Resuscitation Plus, 4. Manikam, R., & Chinna, K. (2019). Knowledge of and willingness
h t tp s :/ /d oi . o rg /1 0. 10 16 /j . re s plu . 202 0 .10 00 34 to perform hands-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation among college
students in Malaysia. Medicine, 98(51).
Hasegawa, Y., & Hanaki, K. (2023). Factors related to young h t tp s :/ /d oi . o rg /1 0. 10 97 / md .0 00 00 00 000 01 846 6
people’s willingness to perform Basic life support. Yonago Acta
Medica. https://doi.org/10.33160/yam.2023.02.014 Khashaba, A. S., Alharbi, M. K., Alghunaim, M. S., Alsemari, L. A.,
& Almohaimeed, W. S. (2021). Knowledge and awareness of basic
Highlights of the Preliminary Results of the 2021 Annual Family life support among nonhealth-care providers in Riyadh. Saudi
Income and Expenditure Survey. Philippine Statistics Authority. J o u r n a l of O r a l S c i e n c e s , 8 ( 1 ) , 3 8 .
(2022). h t tp s :/ /d oi . o rg /1 0. 41 03 / sj o s . sjo ra l s ci _6 1_2 0
https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-preliminary-results-2021-annua
l-family-income-and-expenditure-survey Kim, J. H., Wi, D. H., Lee, J. H., Song, H. J., Shin, S. D., Ro, Y. S.,
& Bae, K.-H. (2019). Effects of cholesterol levels on outcomes of
Horton, M. (2022). Simple random sample: Advantages and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a cross-sectional study. Clinical and
disadvantages. Investopedia. Experimental Emergency Medicine, 6(3), 242–249.
https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/042815/what-are-disadv https://doi.org/10.15441/ceem.18.057
antages-using-simple-random-sample-approximate-larger-
population.asp Kocol, D. (2019). Using the Prototype Willingness Model to Detect
Gender Differences in High Energy Drink Consumption. University
Huang, E. P. C., Chiang, W. C., Hsieh, M. J., Wang, H. C., Yang, C. of Twente.
W., Lu, T. C., Wang, C. H., Chong, K. M., Lin, C. H., Kuo, C. W., http://essay.utwente.nl/79236/7/Kocol.Dilara_BA_Psychology.pdf.
Sun, J. T., Lin, J. J., Yang, M. C., & Huei-Ming Ma, M. (2019).
Public knowledge, attitudes and willingness regarding bystander Kose, S., Akin, S., Mendi, O., & Goktas, S. (2020). Retracted: The
cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A nationwide survey in Taiwan. effectiveness of basic life support training on nursing students’
Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 118(2), 572–581. knowledge and basic life support practices: A non-randomized
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2018.07.018 quasi-experimental design. African Health Sciences, 20(2), 966–
976. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i2.53
Huy, L., Tung, P., Nhu, L., Linh, N., Tra, D., & Thao, N. et al.
(2022). The willingness to perform first aid among high school Kowalewski, D., Jaskiewicz, F., Kaniecka, E., Kozlowski, R.,
Marczak, M., & Timler, D. (2022). Factors influencing self- Onan, A., Turan, S., Elcin, M., Erbil, B., & Bulut, Ş. Ç. (2018). The
confidence and willingness to perform cardiopulmonary effectiveness of traditional basic life support training and alternative
resuscitation among working adults—a quasi-experimental study in technology-enhanced methods in high schools. Hong Kong Journal
a training environment. International Journal of Environmental of Emergency Medicine, 26(1), 44–52.
Research and Public Health, 19(14), 8334. h t tp s :/ /d oi . o rg /1 0. 11 77 /1 024 90 79 18 782 23 9
h t tp s :/ /d oi . o rg /1 0. 33 90 /i j e rp h1 91 48 334
Ortiz-Ospina, E., & Roser, M. (2020). Marriages and divorces. Our
Krammel, M., Schnaubelt, S., Weidenauer, D., Winnisch, M., World in Data.
Steininger, M., & Eichelter, J. et al. (2018). Gender and age-specific https://ourworldindata.org/marriages-and-divorces#marriages-are-be
aspects of awareness and knowledge in basic life support. PLOS coming-less-common
ONE, 13(6), e0198918.
h t tp s :/ /d oi . o rg /1 0. 13 71 /j ou rn al . po ne .0 19 89 18 Park, J. M., & Jun, S. (2018). The effects of knowledge, attitude, and
self-efficacy of CPR on willingness to perform CPR in family
Lin, Y., Cheng, A., Grant, V., Currie, G., & Hecker, K. (2018). members of patients with heart disease. Korean Journal of Adult
Improving CPR quality with distributed practice and real-time Nursing, 30(1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2018.30.1.79
feedback in pediatric healthcare providers – A randomized
controlled trial. Resuscitation, 130, 6 - 12. Pediatric Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation. (2019). Cancer Therapy
h t tp s :/ /d oi . o rg /1 0. 10 16 /j . re s u sc i t at io n. 20 18 .0 6. 02 5 A d v i s o r . https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-
support-in-m edicine/critical -caremedicine/pediatric -
Liu, N., Ning, Y., Ong, M. E., Saffari, S. E., Ryu, H. H., Kajino, K., cardiac-arrest-and- resuscitation/
Lin, C.-H., Karim, S. A., Rao, G. V. R., Ho, A. F., Lim, S. L., &
Pei, L., Liang, F., Sun, S., Wang, H., & Dou, H. (2019). Nursing
Siddiqui, F. J. (2022). Gender disparities among adult recipients of
students’ knowledge, willingness, and attitudes toward the first aid
layperson bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation by location of
behavior as bystanders in traffic accident trauma: A cross-sectional
cardiac arrest in Pan-Asian communities: A registry-based study.
survey. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 6(1), 65–69.
EClinicalMedicine, 44.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2018.11.003
h t tp s :/ /d oi . o rg /1 0. 10 16 /j . ec l inm . 2 022 . 101 29 3
Pelek, C., Ferreira Silva-Junior, M., & Müller, E. (2021). Level of
Mackenzie. (2021). How BLS training impacts your career.
knowledge about basic life support of undergraduate students from
SaveaLife. https://nhcps.com/how-bls-training-impacts-your-career/
the health area. Revista Brasileira De Educação Médica, 45(2).
https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-5271v45.2-20200516.ing
Mao, J., Chen, F., Xing, D., Zhou, H., Jia, L., & Zhang, Y. (2021).
Knowledge, training and willingness to perform bystander
Perman, S. M., Shelton, S. K., Knoepke, C., Rappaport, K., Matlock,
cardiopulmonary resuscitation among university students in
D. D., Adelgais, K., Havranek, E. P., & Daugherty, S. L. (2019).
Chongqing, China: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 11(6).
Public perceptions on why women receive less bystander
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046694
cardiopulmonary resuscitation than men in out-of-hospital cardiac
arrest. Circulation, 139(8), 1060–1068.
Martin, P. (2022). CPR Facts and Stats – What is the CPR Success
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037692
Rate? ProCPR.
https://www.procpr.org/blog/training/cpr-facts-and-stats Philippine Institute for Development Studies. (2022). Understanding
social classes in the Philippines: Which class do you belong to?
McCombes, S. (2019,). Descriptive research: Definition, types,
https://pids.gov.ph/details/news/in-the-news/understanding-social-cl
methods & examples. Scribbr.
asses-in-the-philippines-which-class-do-you-belong-to
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/descriptive-research/
Philippine Institute for Development Studies. (2020). Who are
Mekonnen, C. K., & Muhye, A. B. (2020). Basic Life Support identified rich, poor? Gov’t shows income class brackets in ph.
Knowledge and Its Associated Factors Among a Non-Medical https://www.pids.gov.ph/details/who-are-identified-rich-poor-gov-t-
Population in Gondar Town, Ethiopia. Open Access Emergency shows-income-class-brackets-in-ph
Medicine, 12, 323–331. https://doi.org/10.2147/oaem.s274437
Philippine Heart Association. (2022). Sudden cardiac arrest and the
Misachi, J. (2021). Biggest Cities in the Philippines. WorldAtlas. v a l u e of C PR . P h i l i p p i n e H e a r t A s s o c i a t i o n .
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-cities-in-the-philippines https://www.philheart.org/index.php/cpr/569-suddencardiac-arrest-a
.html n d - t h e - v a l u e - of-
cpr#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20American%20Heart,know
Mohd Sharif, N. A., Che Hasan, M. K., Che Jamaludin, F. I., & Zul %20how%20to%20perform%20CPR.
Hasymi Firdaus, M. K. (2018). The need for first aid education for
adolescents. Enfermería Clínica, 28, 13–18. Philippine Statistics Authority. (2022). Causes of Deaths in the
h t t p s : / / d o i . o rg / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / s 1 1 30 - 8 6 2 1 (1 8 )3 0 0 2 8 -7 P h i l i p p i n e s ( P r e l i m i n a r y as of 30 J u n e 2 0 2 2 ) .
https://psa.gov.ph/content/2022-causes-deaths-philippines-prelimina
Naim, M. Y., Griffis, H. M., Burke, R. V., McNally, B. F., Song, L., ry-30-june-2022.
Berg, R. A., Nadkarni, V. M., Vellano, K., Markenson, D., Bradley,
R. N., & Rossano, J. W. (2019). Race/ethnicity and neighborhood Philippine Statistics Authority. (2022). Educational attainment.
characteristics are associated with bystander cardiopulmonary https://psa.gov.ph/press-releases/id/166314#:~:text=Educational%20
resuscitation in pediatric out◻of◻hospital cardiac arrest in the attainment%20shows%20that%20majority,not%20specify%20their
United States: A study from CARES. Journal of the American Heart %20educational%20attainment.
Association, 8(14). https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.119.012637
Pranata, R., Wiharja, W., Fatah, A., Yamin, M., & Lukito, A. A.
Narayanan, A. (2022). The importance of children learning CPR. (2020). General population's eagerness and knowledge regarding
ResusciTech. basic life support: A community based study in Jakarta, Indonesia.
https://resuscitech.io/blog/the-importance-of-children-learning-cpr
Schmoker, K. (2021). Implementing CPR training in schools. Sigma Sudden cardiac arrest - Symptoms and causes. (2021). Mayo Clinic.
Nursing Repository. http://hdl.handle.net/10755/21953 https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arre
st/symptomscauses/syc-20350634
Section II: Emergency care/illness. (2021). Rowan-Salisbury School
S y s t e m . Süss-Havemann, C., Kosan, J., Seibold, T., Dibbern, N. M.,
https://www.rssed.org/site/default.aspx?PageType=3&ModuleInstan Daubmann, A., Kubitz, J. C., & Beck, S. (2020). Implementation of
ceID=169&ViewID=7b97f7ed -8e5e-4120 -848f- basic life support training in schools: A randomised controlled trial
a8b4987d588f&RenderLoc=0&FlexDataID=66&PageID=164#:~: evaluating self-regulated learning as alternative training concept.
BMC Public Health, 20(1).
Short, T., Baird, T., Dluzynski, D., Vanscoy, R., & Panchal, A. R. h t t p s : / / d o i . o rg / 1 0 . 1 1 8 6 / s 1 2 889 -0 2 0 -8 1 6 1 -7
(2020). Abstract 357: Will a college student perform conventional
cardiopulmonary resuscitation on a stranger? Circulation, Tadesse, M., Assen Seid, S., Getachew, H., & Ali, S. (2022).
142(Suppl_4). https://doi.org/10.1161/circ.142.suppl_4.357 Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards basic life support among
graduating class health science and medical students at Dilla
Siedlecki, S. L. (2020). Understanding descriptive research designs University; a cross sectional study. Annals Of Medicine And
and methods. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 34(1), 8–12. Surgery, 82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104588
https://doi.org/10.1097/nur.0000000000000493
The Theory of Planned B ehavio r. (2022). Bu.edu.
Simkus, J. (2022) Simple random sampling: Definition, steps and https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mph-modules/sb/behavioralchanget
examples. Simply Psychology. heories/BehavioralChangeTheories3.html
https://www.simplypsychology.org/simple-random-sampling.html
Tsai, M. F., Wang, L. H., Lin, M. S., & Chen, M. Y. (2019). What
Song, J., Guo, W., Lu, X., Kang, X., Song, Y., & Gong, D. (2018). Do Adolescents Learn From a 50 Minute Cardiopulmonary
The effect of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation on the Resuscitation/Automated External Defibrillator Education in a Rural
survival of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: A systematic review and Area: A Pre-Post Design. International Journal of Environmental
meta-analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Research and Public Health, 16(6), 1053.
Emergency Medicine, 26(1). h t t p s : / / w ww. m d p i . c o m / 1 6 6 0 -4 6 0 1 / 1 6 / 6 / 1 05 3
h t t p s : / / d o i . o rg / 1 0 . 1 1 8 6 / s 1 3 049 -0 1 8 -0 5 5 2 -8
United Nations. (2023). Youth. https://www.unesco.org/en/youth
Ssewante, N., Wekha, G., Iradukunda, A., Musoke, P., Kanyike, A.
M., Nabukeera, G., Wamala, N. K., Zziwa, W., Kamuhangire, L., Uny, I., Angus, K., Duncan, E., & Dobbie, F. (2022). Barriers and
Kajjimu, J., Luggya, T. S., & Tagg, A. (2022). Basic life support, a facilitators to delivering bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in
necessary inclusion in the medical curriculum: A cross-sectional deprived communities: A systematic review. Perspectives in Public
survey of knowledge and attitude in Uganda. BMC Medical Health. https://doi.org/10.1177/17579139211055497
Education, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03206-z
USC Libraries. (2022). Organizing your Social Sciences Research
Statista. (2022). Philippines: Mortality cases in NCR by City. Pape r: Qu a n t i t a t i v e M et hod s . R e s ea rc h Gui de s .
S t a t i s t a . h t tp s :/ / li bgu id e s .u s c .e du / wri tin gg ui de /q u an ti ta t iv e
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1120643/philippines-number-hear
t-disease-cases-ncr-by-city USCPR Online. (2022). 5 Reasons Why Basic Life Support (BLS)
Training is Essential. CPR and First Aid Guide. USCPR Online.
Statistics How To. (2021). Cochran's formula. Statistics How To. https://www.uscpronline.com/blog/5-reasons-why-basic-life-support
https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/find-sam -bls-training-is-essential/
Yi Ern, L., Teck Vui, L., Ramesh, S., Rajan, K., & Arangala , T. A.
(2020). Risk Perception and Willingness to Perform Basic Life
Support Following the 2019 Coronavirus Pandemic. International
Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, 5(3).
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343181377
Yoon, W., Ro, Y. S., & Cho, S.-il. (2019). A mediation analysis of
the effect of practical training on the relationship between
demographic factors, and bystanders’ self-efficacy in CPR
Performance. PLOS ONE, 14(4).