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1. Menstrual or bleeding phase
Hormones level - ▪ On day 1 pituatory hormones (LH,FSH) & ovarian hormones (Estrogen &
Progesterone) are low.

▪ Due to absence of negative feedback of estrogen and progesterone ,

levels of FSH & LH start increasing in terminal stage of this phase
Ovarian changes -

Uterine changes -

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Hormone levels
Pituitary
FSH LH

Developing Regressing
Developing follicle Mature follicle Corpus luteum Corpus luteum

Ovarian
events
Ovulation

Uterine events Hormone levels

Estrogen
Ovarian
Progesterone

Menses

Days
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 14 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29/1
Follicular phase Luteal phase Next cycle
Menstruation (Proliferative phase) (Secretory phase) begins

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HYPOTHALAMUS
GnRH
12th DAY 22nd DAY
Positive ANTERIOR PITUITARY Negative
Feedback Feedback
FSH & LH

Ovulation OVARY

Endometrium development Estrogen

Progesterone

Endometrial secretions

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2. Proliferative or follicular phase
▪ Duration – Day 6 to Day 14

Hormones changes-

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2. Proliferative or follicular phase

Ovarian changes -

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2. Proliferative or follicular phase

Ovarian changes -

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Hormone levels
Pituitary
FSH LH

Developing Regressing
Developing follicle Mature follicle Corpus luteum Corpus luteum

Ovarian
events
Ovulation

Uterine events Hormone levels

Estrogen
Ovarian
Progesterone

Menses

Days
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 14 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29/1
Follicular phase Luteal phase Next cycle
Menstruation (Proliferative phase) (Secretory phase) begins

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 TG: @Chalnaayaaar
2. Proliferative or follicular phase

Uterine changes - ▪ Endometrial hyperplasia (formation

of stratum functionalis)

▪ Myometrial hypertrophy (increase

in size of cells)

▪ Increase vascularity of
endometrium

▪ Ultimately increases the thickness of

the uterine wall

Stratum functionalis
Endometrium
Stratum basalis

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3. Luteal phase or secretory phase

Hormones changes-

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 TG: @Chalnaayaaar
3. Luteal phase or secretory phase

Ovarian changes -

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 TG: @Chalnaayaaar
3. Luteal phase or secretory phase

Uterine changes -

▪ Increases secretory nature of

endometrium.

▪ Increases adhesive nature of

endometrium

▪ Decrease myometrial
contractions

▪ Maintains thickness of the

uterine wall

Stratum functionalis
Endometrium
Stratum basalis

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Hormone levels
Pituitary
FSH LH

Developing Regressing
Developing follicle Mature follicle Corpus luteum Corpus luteum

Ovarian
events
Ovulation

Uterine events Hormone levels

Estrogen
Ovarian
Progesterone

Menses

Days
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 14 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29/1
Follicular phase Luteal phase Next cycle
Menstruation (Proliferative phase) (Secretory phase) begins

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 TG: @Chalnaayaaar

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❑ AMENORRHOEA
Absence of menstruation cycle.

❑ MENORRHAGIA
A normal menstrual blood loss is 50-80 ml, and does not exceed 100 ml.
In menorrhagia the menstrual cycle is unaltered but the duration and
quantity of the menstrual blood loss are increased.

❑ DYSMENORRHOEA
Painful menstruation

❑ POLYMENORRHOEA
In polymenorrhoea or epimenorrhoea, the menstrual cycle is reduced
from the normal of twenty-eight days to a cycle of two to three weeks
and remains constant at that increased frequency.

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TG: @Chalnaayaaar
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Beginner’s Box-4
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Question 03 First menstrual cycle starts at:-

(1) Parturition
(2) Menopause
(3) Puberty
(4) Implantation

Answer (3) Puberty

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Beginner’s Box-4
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Question 04 Menstrual cycle is generally of:-

(1) 21 days
(2) 28 days
(3) 38 days
(4) 40 days

Answer (2) 28 days

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Beginner’s Box-4
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Question 05 Which of the following hormones controls the menstrual

cycle in human beings ?
(1) FSH
(2) LH
(3) FSH, LH, Estrogen
(4) Only Progesterone

Answer (3) FSH, LH, Estrogen

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Structure of Egg

Oocyte/ovum is surrounded by membranes termed as the egg-membranes.

Oocyte / Ovum along with the egg-membrane are termed as the egg.

On the basis of origin, egg-membranes are of 3 types:

PRIMARY EGG MEMBRANE

SECONDARY EGG MEMBRANE
TERTIARY EGG MEMBRANE

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Structure of Egg

PRIMARY EGG MEMBRANE

This membrane is secreted by the oocyte itself.

Example: Zona Pellucida (mammals).

Perivitelline space OOCYTE

Zona pellucida

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Structure of Egg

SECONDARY EGG MEMBRANE

This is found outside the primary egg membrane and is secreted by the
ovary.
Example: Corona radiata

Corona radiata

Perivitelline OOCYTE
space

Zona pellucida

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Fertilisation

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Structure of Egg

TERTIARY EGG MEMBRANE

This is present outside the primary egg membrane.

It is either secreted by the uterus or the oviduct.
Example: Shell in terrestrial oviparous animals.
Absent in human eggs.

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Fertilisation

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Fertilisation

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Fertilisation

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Fertilisation

The union of male and female gametes is called syngamy.

Intermixing of their cytoplasm is called plasmogamy.

The fusion of pronuclei of sperm and ovum is called karyogamy.

The intermingling of their chromosomes is called amphimixis.

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Corona radiata
Zona pellucida

Perivitelline space

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Corona radiata
Zona pellucida

Perivitelline space

Cortical granule

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Corona radiata
Zona pellucida

Perivitelline space

Fertilization membrane

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Corona radiata
Zona pellucida

Perivitelline space
Male
pronucleus
Female pronucleus
2nd polar body

Fertilization membrane

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Corona radiata
Zona pellucida
Cortical granule

Perivitelline space

2nd polar body

Fertilization membrane

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Mechanism Of Fertilization

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Mechanism Of Fertilization

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Mechanism Of Fertilization

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Fertilisation

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Fertilisation

The paternal and maternal characters are transmitted to the offsprings

through the process of fertilisation.

The male gametes (sperms) the sex chromosome could be either

X Y X or Y, hence, 50 per cent of sperms carry the X chromosome
while the other 50 per cent carry the Y.

After fusion of the male and female gametes the zygote would carry
either XX or XY depending on whether the sperm carrying X or Y
fertilised the ovum.

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NCERT 2021-22, PAGE NO- 51

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NCERT 2021-22, PAGE NO- 51-52

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Beginner’s Box-5
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Question 01 Secondary egg membrane is formed by :-

(1) Oocyte
(2) Ovary
(3) Oviduct
(4) Uterus

Answer (2) Ovary

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Beginner’s Box-5
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Question 02 In human, egg is fertilised in :-

(1) Ovary
(2) Fallopian tube
(3) Uterus
(4) Vagina

Answer (2) Fallopian tube

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Beginner’s Box-5
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Question 03 Fertilisation is :-
(1) Fusion of diploid spermatozoon with diploid ovum
to form diploid zygote
(2) Fusion of haploid sperm with haploid ovum to form
haploid zygote
(3) Fusion of haploid sperm with haploid ovum to form
diploid zygote
(4) Fusion of diploid sperm with haploid ovum to form
triploid zygote

Answer (3) Fusion of haploid sperm with haploid

ovum to form diploid zygote

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Beginner’s Box-5
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Question 04 Sperm differs from egg in :-

(1) Having power of motility
(2) Having no stored food
(3) Production in more numbers
(4) All of these

Answer (4) All of these

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Beginner’s Box-5
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Question 05 Intermixing of cytoplasm of sperm and egg is known as :-

(1) Syngamy
(2) Plasmogamy
(3) Karyogamy
(4) Amphimixis

Answer (2) Plasmogamy

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