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MINI

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Satu

S. Wale inv, t

What NATURE Sparing gives, orhalfdenies, – E.Rookersculp

See !healthfull INDUSTRY at large fupplies..
See in BRITANNIA'S Lapprofusely pours,
While heaven-born SCIENCE wells thincreafingStores.

Ecce ! ferunt Pueri Calathis Tibi Lilia plenis . VIRG .

KONKLIKE
BIBLIOTHEEK
 THE

GARDENERS DICTIONARY :

CONTAINING

The BEST and NEWEST METHODS

O F

CULTIVATING and IMPROVING

THE

Kitchen , Fruit, Flower Garden , and Nurſery ;

As alfo for Performing the

Practical Parts of AGRICULTURE :

INCLUDING

The MANAGEMENT of VINEYARD S,

WITH THE

Methods of MAKING and PRESERVING WINE,

According to the prefent Practice of

The moſt ſkilful Vignerons in the ſeveral Wine Countries in Europe.

TOGETHER WITH

DIRECTIONS for PROPAGATING and IMPROVING,

From REAL PRACTICE and EXPERIENCE,

ALL SORT S O F TIMBER TREE S.

THE EIGHTH EDITION,

Reviſed and Altered according to the lateſt SYSTEM of BOTANY ; and

Embelliſhed with feveral COPPER - PLATES , which were not in fome former Editions .
1

BY PHILIP MILLER, F. R. S.

Gardener to the Worſhipful Company of APOTHECARIES , at their Botanic Garden

in Chelsea, and Member of the Botanic Academy at Florence.

VIRG . Georg.
Digna manet divini gloria ruris.

LONDON,

Printed for the AUTHOR ;

And Sold by JOHN and FRANCIS RIVINGTON, at No. 62 , St. Paul's Church-yard ; A MILLAR ,
J. WHISTON, W. STRAHAN, J. HINTON, R. BALDWIN, B. WHITE , L. HAWES and
W. CLARKE and R. COLLINS, W. JOHNSTON, T. CASLON , S. CROWDER , T. LONGMAN ,
B. LAW, C. RIVINGTON, J. DODSLEY, W. GRIFFIN , T. CADELL , T. LOWNDES ,
S. BLADON, G. ROBINSON and J. ROBERTS, and T. PAYNE .

M. DCC. LXVIII.

L
KONINK .
O T H E EK
BIBLI
E
TE'SHAG .
 kxxxx

E
N
S
N
SPLE IL
U

J. Miller inv: et fecit

To the Moft Noble

1

HUGG H₁

Duke and Earl of NORTHUMBERLAND ,

EARL PER CY,

Baron WARK WORTH of Warkworth Caſtle, •

Lord Lieutenant and Cuftos Rotulorum of the Counties of

MIDDLESEX and NORTHUMBERLAND ,

Of the City and Liberty of WESTMINSTER ,

1

And of the Town and County of NEWCASTLE upon TYNE,

VICE ADMIRAL of all AMERICA,

And of the County of NORTHUMBERLAND ,

One of his MAJESTY's Moft Honourable Privy Council,

1

Knight of the Moſt Noble Order of the GARTER ,

And Fellow of the ROYAL SOCIETY.

-
 MAY IT PLEASE YOUR GRACE,

OUR Grace's kind Acceptance of two former

Editions of this Work , has emboldened me to

lay this at Your Grace's Feet, as a public Ac

knowledgment of the many ufeful Obfervations

and Inftructions, which Your Grace has at feveral

Times communicated to me for its Improvement.

If I have been fo happy as to employ them in fuch manner, as to

merit Your Grace's Approbation , I fhall have leſs Reaſon to doubt

that of the Public ; fince the moft skilful Perfons in this ufeful Branch

of Science, pay the higheſt Regard to Your Grace's Judgment.

The many Improvements which Your Grace is annually making

fo happily upon Your various Eftates, fufficiently demonftrate Your

Grace's fuperior Judgment ; but more particularly in a Country

almoſt deftitute of Timber : Where, if Your Grace continues

planting, fo ardently as for ſeveral Years paft, the whole Face of

the Country will be much altered for the better, and Your Grace's

Eſtate thereby greatly improved.

That Your Grace may long live to continue theſe Improvements,

and to be an Example to others, is the fincere Wiſh of

Your GRACE'S

Moft obedient humble Servant ,

CHELSEA ,
March 1, 1768 .

Philip Miller.

42
 1

PREFACE.

HE GARDENERS DICTIONARY having already gone through feveral editions, it may

T reaſonably be ſuppoſed, the public are well acquainted with the nature of it, which renders
it leſs neceffary to enlarge on that ſubject. The author therefore thinks himſelf obliged to
return his thanks for the kind reception his work has met with.

But as there may be fome, who may think that the republiſhing it is doing them an injury,
eſpecially thoſe who have purchaſed a former edition, it may not be amifs to make ſome apology
for this.

When the firſt edition was publiſhed, gardening was then much lefs known than at preſent ; and
therefore, as the knowledge of the art increaſed, it became more neceffary to enlarge on the
fubject, by adding the new improvements to the former, without which it would have been deem
ed imperfect : for as the author's fituation in life rendered him capable of being well informed of the
progrefs made in the art, by his great correfpondence both at home and abroad, he thought it
would not be unpleafing to communicate thoſe improvements to the public : in doing which, he has

1 been careful not to publiſh any thing imparted to him, until he was fully fatisfied of the facts by
experiments.
·

Others have ſuggeſted, that printing the improvements feparately would give ample fatisfaction
in this point ; but the author had made trial of former purchaſers fome years paſt, by publiſhing
ſeveral ſheets of new articles, by way of Supplement, for which there was ſcarce any demand ; ſo that
the few which were fold, would not defray the expence of paper and printing.

As the number of plants now cultivated in England, are more than double thoſe which were here
when the firſt edition of this book was publiſhed, the mentioning of them, together with their
culture, could not well be avoided in a work of this nature, therefore the author hopes his care in
inferting them will not be cenfured .

From the title of this book it may ſeem to be only a Dictionary on the art of gardening, but all
the branches of agriculture are included in it, in a more complete manner than can be found in
any other book extant, though written wholly on the fame fubject . Nor are the inftructions
here given for performing the work in every part taken up haftily, or upon flight experiment ;
but moſt of them are the refult of more than twenty years practice in different parts of England,
where the author has been permitted to fuperintend and direct the whole : therefore he can affure
the public he has been very cautious in recommending any thing, which he is not thoroughly con
vinced to be true.

It is amazing to fee, in moſt of the books which have been publiſhed concerning huſbandry, that
fcarce any
of the compilers have taken the leaſt notice of the common practice of fowing eight times
the quantity of Corn upon land that is neceflary, to the great expence and detriment of the farmers,
who are fo wedded to their old cuftoms, as not to be convinced of the error : for fo obftinate are

they in this matter, that unleſs the whole ground be covered with the blades of Corn by the ſpring,
they judge it not worth ſtanding, and in conſequence thereof frequently plough up their Wheat
and winter Corn, to fow the land with Barley, or other Lent Corn ; whereas, if the former
had been left ſtanding, it would have produced a better crop than any land can do where the blades
are very thick, as the author has frequently obferved. I have mentioned this to feveral far

mers, but the anſwer has conftantly been, that on rich ground a thin crop of roots will often pro
duce a large crop of Corn, but on poor land it will not pay coft, which is a very great abfurdity ;
for how is it poffible, that bad land can fupply proper nouriſhment to a greater number of roots
than better ground ? and where this practice is obferved , feldom more than three or four bufhels are
reaped from one fown ; whereas, where the fame quantity is fown upon the fame, or a like foil, and
has room to grow, the produce will be at leaſt fix or feven bufhels. Yet I have feen growing
upon land not very good, and uncultivated, for more than twenty years, which and was fown with
a Wheat
 PRE FAC E.

Wheat in drills, where three gallons of feed were allowed to an acre, a produce of nine quarters
per acre ; now this is no more than an eighth part of the feed ufually fown by farmers, who fel

dom reap more than one-third of this produce ; by which it appears plainly, that in the common
method of huſbandry, there is at leaſt eight times the quantity of feed fown upon the land that is
*
neceffary. How great a faving this would be in a whole country, I leave every one to judge, efpe
cially in fcarce years, when Corn is dear ; and what an expence is occafioned by the contrary prac
tice to the farmers, who notwithſtanding feem unwilling to alter their ancient cuſtoms . Thefe
matters are treated of under the articles AVENA , HORDEUM , SECALE , and TRITICUM .

Nor are the common farmers better managers of their paſture lands ; for on them they feldom
are at the trouble of rooting up bad weeds, which frequently over-run them ; theſe are often permit
ted to ſcatter their feeds, by which the land is ſtocked with a fupply of weeds for ſeven years or more,

tho' the utmoſt care be taken afterward to deſtroy them : but tho' there are fome farmers who may be

fuppofed more careful in this refpect, yet theſe leave in their head lands, and on their banks, hedge
rows, and the fides of ditches, a fufficient number of weeds to ſtock their fields when the feeds

are permitted to ſcatter : befide, theſe paſtures have rarely a fufficient quantity of manure allowed
them , eſpecially where there is much arable land ; nor is the dreffing laid on at a proper ſeaſon ; the
general rule with moſt of the farmers being to carry and ſpread the dung upon their paſtures , ſoon after
the crop of hay is taken off the ground ; and as this is done in fummer, the heat of the fun draws all
the moiſture from it, whereby the greater part of its goodneſs is evaporated and loft. But as theſe
points are more fully treated of in the body of this work, the author deſires the reader to refer
to them .

On the article of TIMBER perhaps many may ſuppoſe, the author has been too diffuſe in his in
ſtructions ; but if thoſe who are of that opinion will only confider, how material an article this is
to the welfare of this country, he flatters himſelf they will change their fentiments, eſpecially when
they reflect upon the great waſte that has been made of it for many years paſt ; as alſo that the
perfons now employed by the government to cultivate and improve it, deriving their own profits from
the waſte of timber, feem to think, that as their predeceffors have long practifed it, they have a
right to do the fame ; this is now carried to fo great an extravagance, that unleſs a ſpeedy ſtop be
put to it, the government will be greatly diſtreſſed for their marine. For although this practice began
in the Royal Foreſts, &c. yet ſeveral of the nobility and gentry, who had very great quantities of tim
ber growing upon their eftates , have deſtroyed a confiderable part of theirs alfo ; therefore, from a due
regard for the public, the author has treated of the beft methods for propagating and preferving
timber, which he hopes may not be diſpleaſing to the generality of his readers .

The feveral plants here propoſed for trial in the Britiſh dominions in America, are fuch as there
is reaſon to believe will fucceed in thoſe parts where the experiments are defired to be made,
and confined to fuch only, as may be of utility to the public, and real advantage to the inha
bitants of thoſe countries : furthermore, theſe experiments are propofed to be tried upon plants which
will not fucceed well in England, ſo as to render their culture practicable , and therefore will not in
terfere with the growth or trade of this country, and the confumption of which is very great here , ma
ny of them being of very confiderable uſe in our manufactures, which cannot be carried on without
them ; as namely the Safflower, Indigo, and feveral other forts uſed in dyeing, none of which will thrive
in this country to advantage, with many medicinal drugs, which , if introduced into the iſlands of Ame

rica, will certainly thrive there as well as in their native foils. Coffee and Chocolate grow equally well
there ; but the former being gathered before it is ripe, ill dried, and brought over to England in
ſhips freighted with rum and ſugars, the effluvia of theſe commodities are imbibed by the Coffee,
whereby it is rendered lefs valuable : as to the latter, it was formerly cultivated by the Spaniards in
the iſland of Jamaica , when they were in poffeffion of it, ſo as to furniſh the inhabitants with a quan
tity fufficient for their own confumption ; whereas the Engliſh inhabitants now refident there, pur
chaſe it of the Spaniards : theſe articles therefore require the public attention, for if the above commo
dities may be eaſily produced in the Britiſh colonies in America , they will not only fupply us with

fuch as are genuine, but alſo turn the balance of trade, greatly to the advantage both of Great- Britain
and her colonies.

It is alſo a great neglect of the inhabitants of the ſugar iſlands in America, to commit the care
of their plantations to overfeers, who at beſt go on in their ufual courſe, planting eight or ten
ſugar canes in each hill, ſo that if five or fix of them grow, they will be ſo cloſe as to ſpoil each
other ; for whenever theſe plants are ftinted in their growth, they are foon attacked by vermin,
which ſpread and multiply fo greatly, as frequently to deſtroy the whole crop, or at leaſt very much to
damage it ; and this they lay upon inclement ſeaſons, calling it a blight, whereas it proceeds from their
own covetous cuftom . A gentleman of learning, who had a confiderable eſtate in Jamaica, which was
bequeathed to him upon his arrival there, was determined to make trial of the horſe-hoeing huſbandry
among

1
 PRE FAC E.

among his canes. Accordingly he fet out one acre of land in the middle of a large piece, which
he caufed to be planted with canes at five feet diftance, putting but one to each hill ; theſe grew to
a very large ſize, and when ripe were cut, as alfo an acre from the beſt part of the piece in which
the others were planted : each of them then were boiled feparately to examine their produce, which
was nearly equal in the weight of fugar ; but where the plants grew fingle, the juice was boiled
with a ninth part of the fuel which the other required, and he fold the fugar for fix fhillings per
hundred weight more than he could get for the former. This fhews what advantages may be ex
pected, ifthe poffeffors of lands were careful to make trials.

The alterations made in the catalogues of trees and plants which are added at the end of the book,
have been done to prevent fwelling the work to too great a fize, therefore their ſpecific differences are
not inſerted at full length ; but as their generical titles are mentioned, and the figures to each ſpecies
denote them according to their reſpective fpecies referred to in the body of the book, the reader is
defired to turn to the ſeveral genera, where under each article, their ſpecies with their refpective titles
are inſerted at length, as alſo their culture and natural places of growth . The uſe of theſe ca
talogues, eſpecially to fuch as are not acquainted with the art of gardening, but particularly to
thoſe who ſet up for defigners of gardens, may be of great ſervice ; for if this part of planting were
duly attended to, there would not be ſo many abfurdities committed, as are now to be found in moſt
of theſe deſigns, where we often fee fome of the ſmalleſt growing ſhrubs placed, where the largeſt
trees ſhould have been planted.

In the whole of this performance, the author has principally aimed at rendering the inſtructions
given, as clear and intelligible as poffible to the practitioners, as well as to thoſe who are leſs acquainted
with the art ; in every particular he has obſerved all poffible regard to truth, not having advanced any
thing as fuch, but what he has been fully convinced of by his own experience : he hopes therefore for
indulgence from the public, for any imperfections or omiffions which may appear in the book, fince
in a work of fo great extent, it cannot be expected to be abfolutely perfect, though it is humbly hoped
there will not be found in it many faults.

Some errors of the preſs have accidentally crept in, occafioned by the author's other neceſſary
avocations, which frequently called him into the country during the time it was printing ; but as
moſt of theſe are corrected, and are not befides of themſelves of great importance, he hopes the can
did reader will pardon them.

The Gardeners Kalendar, inferted in moſt of the former editions, is in this omitted, many edi 1

tions of that piece having been printed in octavo ; it is preſumed therefore that few perſons who
have any inclination for the innocent diverfion of gardening, are without
it ; and as the adding any
thing to this work would have ſwelled it greatly, which the author withes he could have ſtill further
ſhortened ; and moreover it having been obferved to him, by many of his friends, that few per
fons would chufe to turn over fo large a volume, to find in it the articles they may have in a porta
ble one, the omiffion of the Kalendar was thought more adviſeable.

In the laſt edition of this work, the author adopted in a great meaſure the ſyſtem of Linnæus, which
was the prevailing method of ranging plants then in uſe among botaniſts ; but as many of the plants
which were treated of in the Gardeners Dictionary, were not to be found in any of Linnæus's works
then publiſhed, Tournefort's ſyſtem was alſo applied to take in ſuch as were not fully known to
Dr. Linnæus ; but fince that time the learned profeffor having made great additions to his works,

and thoſe additions being generally confulted for the names of plants, the author has now applied
Linnæus's method entirely, except in fuch particulars, where the Doctor not having had an oppor
tunity of ſeeing the plants growing, they are ranged by him in wrong claſſes ; as for inſtance, the Ilex
or Agrifolium is ranged in his fourth claſs, with thoſe plants whoſe flowers have four ſtamina or male
organs, and four ſtigmas or female parts of generation ; whereas thoſe plants have male flowers upon
fome, and female upon other plants. The Laurus Linnæus has placed in his ninth claſs, with thoſe plants
whofe flowers have nine ftamina or male organs of generation, and one female part ; but theſe plants

fhould alſo be ranged in his twenty-ſecond claſs, for all the fpecies of this genus have male and female
flowers on different plants. Theſe, with fome other alterations from Linnæus's fyftem, have been
made in this edition , where the author has given his reafons for fo doing, which he hopes will be ap
proved by the public.

Many plants are likewiſe omitted in this edition, ſeveral of them natives of England, but rarely
cultivated in our gardens ; as alfo many varieties accidentally arifing from feeds, as are moſt of
thoſe with double flowers, which, if enumerated, would have fwelled the book to an immoderate fize ;
however, moſt oftheſe varieties are caſually mentioned, to inform the reader of their reſpective difference,
which the author hopes will be deemed fufficient But as the variety of fruits, as well as of eſcu
len t
 PREFACE.

Tent plants, have been moſt of them, at leaſt the fine forts, greatly improved by culture, they are fully
treated of under their proper genera .

On this article a long feries of obfervations has been made by the author, who for near fifty years

has applied himſelf cloſely to this fubject ; for as many former botaniſts have enumerated a great

number of varieties as fo many fpecies, the ſtudy of botany was thereby rendered greatly perplexed ;
fome of the modern writers on this fubject, by going into the contrary extreme, have abridged the

ſpecies almoſt as much. Indeed it muſt be allowed, that aſcertaining the real ſpecific difference of

plants, would be of great fervice to the ſcience of botany ; but this cannot be done otherwiſe , than
from many years experience in their culture, eſpecially by obferving the varieties which ariſe from

the fame feeds , as alfo the difference produced by different foils and fituations , which is frequently fo
great as to perplex very good judges in this matter. There are likewife many other varieties which

have ariſen from feeds, faved from plants, and grown near others of a different fpecies, by which
means they have partaken of both ; but theſe hybridine plants rarely producing any feeds afterward ,
the alteration goes no farther.

AN
2

KONKLUKE
BIBLIOTHEEK

C
 Plate.1.

The differentParts of
Plants

RESULINE

‫תי‬

10

11

15

12

I.Miller,delin et Scuip.
 A N

ΙΟΝ
EXPLANATION

OF THE

TECHNICAL TERMS of BOTANY

Mentioned in this

"

WO R K.
1
3

ROOT, Radix, is that part of a plant, by first order (a) is called rays, the fecond (b) Pedicles.
which it naturally receives its nouriſhment. That umbel which confifts of one pedicle only is called
There are ſeveral forts of thefe, as a fimple umbel. See fig. 15. plate 1. That which
A
A fibrous Root, Radix fibrofa, is that which is compoſed both of rays and pedicles, is called a
confifts only of fibres. See plate 1. fig. 3. compound umbel, as fig. 13.
A tuberous Root, Radix tuberofa, is that which confifts A Corymbus differs from an umbel, in that the rays or
of an uniform flefhy fubftance, and is of a roundish pedicles are difpofed in fuch a manner, as to form a
figure. See plate 1. fig. 1 , 2. where it is cut ho Iphere. See plate 1. fig. 14.
rizontally through the middle. A twining ftalk, caulis volubilis, is one which twifts about
A bulbous Root, Radix bulbofa, is that which conſiſts any prop or tree without the help of tendrils.
of ſeveral coats involving one another, as is fhewn A climbing Stalk, Caulis fcandens, is that which faftens
plate 1. fig. 4, 5. or of feveral ſcales lying over itſelf to any prop or neighbouring fupport bythe help
one another, as in plate 1. fig. 6. The firſt of theſe of tendrils .
is called a tunicated Root, the laft a fquamous Root. A creèping Stalk, Caulis repens, is that which lies on the
A granulous Root, Radix granulofa, is a kind of gru ground, and propagates itſelf by emitting roots at the
mous root, with fmall knobs refembling fo many joints .
grains of Corn. See plate 1. fig. 7.. A trailing, or procumbent ftalk, Caulis procumbens, is
A tefticulated Root, Radix tefticulata, is a double tuber that which lies on the ground unless it is fupported ,
ous root, confifting of two fleſhy knobs reſembling a but does not emit roots .
pair of tefticles. See plate 1. fig. 8. A Tendril, Capreolus or Clavicula, is a part of a ſtalk, or
An afphodel Root, Radix afphodeli, is a kind of gru rather a branch from the fide of a ftalk, placed oppo
mous root, whofe fleſhy fibres fwell into large knobs fite to the leaf, which curls and lays hold on any adja
toward the bottom, refembling the dugs of animals. cent body, and thereby ſupports the ftalk, as in the
See plate 1. fig. 9. Vine, & c.
A grumous root, Radix grumofa, is one which is com A Fruit, Fructus, is that part of a plant which contains
pofed of feveral flefhy knobs ending in fibres. See the feed with its covering. Of this there are many
plate 1. fig. 10. different forms.
A Stalk, Caulis, is a part of a plant, receiving the A Cone, Conus, is a dry feed-veffel, confifting of feve
nouriſhment. from the root, and diftributing it into ral ligneous parts, adhering clofely together, and fe
the other parts with which it is cloathed, not having parating when ripe. Of this there are feveral forts
one fide diftinguiſhable from the other. The ftalk of which differ in their form and texture, as in plate 2 .
a tree is called the trunk or ſtem, i. e. Caudex. fig. 1. is a cone of the Pineafter, whofe ligneous fcales
A Branch, Ramus, is the divifion of a ſtalk. In trees end in fharp protuberances, which open by the warmth
it is generally called a bough. of the fun in the fpring, and eaſily emit the feeds..
A Pedicle, Pediculus, is that part of a ftalk, which im Fig. 2. plate 2. fhews the cone of the Cedar of Liba
mediately fuftains a leaf, a flower, or a fruit. Dr. nus, whoſe ſcales are fmooth, lying clofe over each
Linnæus has diftinguiſhed theſe. Thoſe which fuf other, and drop off, leaving the middle column on the
tain the leaves he calls Petiolus, and thofe which fuf branches. Fig. 3. plate 2. exhibits a cone of the Fir
tain the fruit, Pedunculus. tree, whoſe ſcales are ſmooth, and the form oblong.
A Spike, Spica, is a part of a ftalk thick fet with flowers Fig. 4, 5. plate 2. fhews the cone of the Cypreſs,
or fruits, in fuch a manner as to form an acute cone. which is of an irregular ſpherical form, and the icales
See plate 1. fig. 12. feparate, emitting the feeds from between them. Fig.
A Thyrfe, fee Thyrfus, differs from a ſpike in that the 6. plate 2. reprefents the cone ofthe Pine-tree, whole
flowers or fruits are fet more looſely on it, fo that there ſcales terminate in blunt protuberances .
are ſpaces vifible between them. Dry Seed-veffels, according to the number of cells into
A Panicle, Panicula, is a ſtalk diffuſed into ſeveral pe which they are divided, are called Unicapfular, Bi
dicles fuftaining the flowers or fruits. See Plate 1. capfular, Quinquecapfular, &c. See plate 2. fig. 8, 9.
fig. 11. An Apple, Pomum, is generally underſtood to be a fleshy
An Umbel, Umbella, is the extremity of a ſtalk or fruit inclofing feveral hard feeds in the center ; but it
branch, divided into feveral pedicles or rays, begin is very difficult to know what the ancients meant by
ning from the fame point, and opening in fuch a man the title Pomum, for this title is frequently uſed in
ner as to form an inverted cone. See plate 1. fig. 13. their writings to exprefs things of different forms,
When the pedicles (a), into which the ftalk is di therefore this epithet fhould be only applied to thofe
vided, are fubdivided into others of the fame form, fruits which are umbilicated, and contain many feeds.
upon which the flowers or fruits are difpofed (b). The See fig. 11 , 12. plate 2 .
b Acini
 An EXPLANATION of the Technical Terms of BOTANY.

Acini is by fome fuppofed to be the berries of Grapes A regular polypetalous flower, is when the petals are
and Currants, but is uſed in a more extenſive ſenſe equal in fize, and agree in pofition, as in fig. 3. plate 3.
by moſt of the writers on botany, who ftile the fmall An irregular polypetalous flower is when the petals do
protuberances of Mulberries, Strawberries, & c. fig. not agree together in figure and pofition. See fig. 9,
7. plate 2. Acini . 10. plate 3 .
A Clufter, Racemus, is a ſtalk divided or branched into A labiated, or Lip-flower, Flos labiatus, is an irregu
feveral pedicles, fuftaining the flowers or fruits thick lar monopetalous flower, divided ufually into two
fet together in an oblong form. See fig. 12. plate 2 . lips, as in fig. 6. plate 3. The upper lip a, is called
The firft of thefe conditions diftinguishes it from a the Creft, Galea, and the under one b, the Beard,
fpike, the laft from a panicle. Barba. Sometimes the creft is wanting, as in fig. 4.
A Pod, Siliqua, is a long membranaceous feed- veffel, plate 3. and then the ſtyle and ftamina fupply its
either flat or round, containing one or two rows of place. This is by fome called an unilabiated flower.
feeds. See fig. 13 , 14. plate 2. Some of thefe are A papilionaceous Flower, Flos papilionaceus, in fome mea
jointed, each of the fwellings containing one feed, as fure refembles a butterfly with its wings extended .
is fhewn, fig. 15. plate 2 . See fig. 5, 7. plate 3. It always confifts of theſe four
The Seeds of Corn and Grafs are called Grains , Grana. parts : the ftandard, Vexillum, a, which is a large feg
The leafwhich covers the grain is called Chaff, Gluma, ment or petal ; the two Wings, Ala, b, which compoſe
fig. 16. plate 2. a The Beard, Arifta. b is a fmall the fides ; and the Keel, Carina, c, which is a concave
needle proceeding from the chaff. The chaff which petal or fegment, refembling the lower part of a boat ;
has no beard is called naked . the keel is fometimes of one petal or fegment and en
A Plum, Prunum, is a fleshy veffel inclofing a hard tire ; fometimes it confifts of two petals or fegments
brittle fhell, in which is one or two feeds. adhering pretty cloſely together.
A Nut, Nux, is a feed covered with a hard, dry, brittle A Floret, Flofculos, is a little tube expanded at the top,
fhell. ufually into five fegments. See fig. 17, 20. plate 3 .
A Flower, Flos, is the organs of generation of both and fitting upon the embryo of a fingle feed a ; from
fexes, adhering to a common placenta, together with the inner part of the floret ariſe five ftamina b, which
their common coverings, or of either fex feparately, uniting together form a fheath c ; from the embryo of
with its proper coverings, if it have any. the feed a, arifes a ſtyle d, which paffes through the
Flowers are either male, female, or hermaphrodite. fheath c, to which it is connected , and is terminated
The male flowers have ſtamina and fummits, but have by a bifid ftigma which is generally reflexed , e. Theſe
no ovary or ſtyle. Female flowers have an ovary and are hermaphrodite.
ftyle, but have no ftamina or fummits . Hermaphro- A Semifloret, Semiflofculus, is tubulous at the baſe, and
dite flowers have both organs of generation. afterwards expanded in form of a tongue. See fig. 18.
The Ovary, Ovarium, or Germen, according to Linnæus, plate 3. Theſe generally form the rays of compound
is the rudiment of the fruit. See a, fig. 13. plate 3. flowers, and are female.
and fo is properly the female organ of generation. A compound Flower, Flos compofitus, is that which is
The Style, Stylus, is a body accompanying the ovary, compofed either of florets, fig. 19. plate 3. or femi
either arifing from the top of it. See b fig. 13. plate florets, fig. 15. plate 3. or both together, fig. 16,
3. or ftanding as an axis in the middle with the em and fig. 20.
bryos of the feeds round it, fig. 12. plate 3. and A Difk, Difcus, is an aggregate of florets forming, as it
is the ftigma. were, a plain ſurface, as in fig. 19. plate 3. Such
The Empalement, Calyx, is generally understood to flowers are called diſcous flowers.
mean, thoſe leſs tender leaves, which cover the other | A Ray, Radius, is ſeveral ſemiflorets ſet round a diſk.
parts of the flower. See fig. 11. a, plate 3. Theſe, See fig. 16. a, plate 3. in form of a radiant ftar. Such
according to Mr. Ray, are of an herbaceous colour. flowers are called radiated difcous flowers ; thoſe
The Petals, Petala, are thofe tender fine- coloured which have no fuch ray, are called naked diſcous, as
leaves, which are the moſt confpicuous parts of a fig. 19. plate 3.
flower. See fig. 11. b, plate 3. A headed flower, Flos capitatus, is that which is com
The Stamina or Filaments, according to Linnæus , poſed of florets and femiflorets collected into a round
which fome call Chives, are thofe flender threads which iſh head, and are all incloſed in one common fcaly
generally furround the ftyle. See c, fig. 11. plate 3. empalement, as in fig. 14. plate 3.
The Summits, or Apices, which Linnæus calls Anthera, A whorled Flower, Flos verticillatus, is when the flowers
are thoſe bodies which contain the farina fœcundans, are collected in whorls round the ftalks at the baſe of

or prolific powder, analagous to the male sperm in the leaves, as in fig. 20. plate 3.
animals ; theſe generally terminate the fummits. See A Mofs Flower, which rifes on a flender foot- ftalk from
d, fig. 11. plate 3. the plant, fig. 27. plate 3. with the head (or Capitu
Flowers, according to the number of their petals, are lum), fig. 28. and the cover (or Calyptra) which opens
called monopetalous, dipetalous, tripetalous, tetra and falls off when the feeds are ripe.
petalous, & c. A Cone cut through the middle longitudinally to repre
A regular monopetalous flower is that in which the pe fent how the feeds are lodged between the fcales. See
tal is not at all divided . See fig. 1. plate 3. or if di fig. 22. plate 3.
vided, the fegments are equal, as in fig. 2. plate 3. Fig. 24. plate 3. fhews the parts of a flower, a is the
An irregular monopetalous flower, is that in which the empalement, the germen, c the flyle, d the ftigma,
parts of the petal are unequal, as in fig. 3. plate 3 . e the ftamina, f the fummit, and g the fame entire.
thefe Dr. Linnæus calls ringent flowers. Mr. Ray, Fig. 21 , plate 3. fhews a flower with feveral nectari
Tournefort, and others, call all thofe monopetalous ums which fit cloſe to the germen a.
flowers, whofe petals are connected at their baſe, and Fig. 25. a fhews a germen, a ftyle, and ca ftigma.
fall off without feparating ; but Dr. Linnæus calls Fig. 26. fhews a grain of farina foecundans magnified,
them tetrapetalous or pentapetalous, when the petal
is divided into fo many parts near the bottom ,

PLATE

1
 An Explanation of Fruits .
Plate . 2 .

12

∞
1

1
1

1
36

10

1
5
3
13

14

a
со

16

I Miller del et Sc :

J
KC . 1605
PINNOTHER

!
 Plate 3.
DifferentStructures of
flower.
s

13 a
11

5
D

10

20
7

18

16
14

29

28

21 .

23 7
24 ·
22 26
25

J.Miller del et $0:

KONINKLIJKE
BIBLIOTHEEK
KOMINKLUKE
RIBLIOTHEEK
KONINKLIKE
K
BIBLIOTHEE

10.
 ХЕЗНОВА .
Зумажно
се
 Plate 4.

Different Structures of the Sexualparts of

plants.

+
33
9

13

10

II

18
16

15

14

21 22
19 20

25
24

26
23
27

LMillerdelin et Sculp.
 PLATE IV.

Contains the figures which explain the Syftem of Dr. Linnæus, who claffes the plants

by the number of ftamina in their flowers.

IG. 1. fhews a flower with one ftamina and one | Fig. 17, fhews a flower with four long and two fhorter
ſtyle, which he titles Monandria Monogynia. Itamina, and one ftyle, which he titles Tetradynamia.
Fig 2. fhews a flower with two ftamina and one ſtyle, Fig. 18, fhews a flower with five ftamina, which are
which he titles Diandria Monogynia. connected with the ſtyle in one body, which he titles
Fig. 3. fhews a flower with three ftamina and one ſtyle, Monadelphia Pentandria.
which he titles Triandria Monogynia. Fig. 19. fhews a flower with ten ftamina and one ſtyle,
Fig. 4. fhews a flower with four ftamina and one ſtyle, which are joined at the baſe into one body, which he
which he titles Tetrandia Monogynia. titles Monodelphia Decandria.
Fig. 5. fhews a flower with five ftamina and one ſtyle, Fig. 20, fhews a flower with many ftamina joined in one
whice he titles Pentandria Monogynia. body, with a many-pointed ftyle, which he titles Mo
Fig. 6. fhews a flower with five ftamina and two ftyles, nadelphia Polyandria.
which he titles Pentandria Digynia. Fig, 21. fhews a flower with fix ftamina joined in two
i Fig. 7. fhews a flower with fix ftamina and one ſtyle, bodies, which he titles Diadelphia Hexandria.
which he titles Hexandria Monogynia. Fig. 22. fhews a flower with ten ſtamina, nine of which
Fig. 8. fhews a flower with fix ftamina and three ſtyles, are joined together at their baſe, and the other is fe
which he titles Hexandria Trigynia. parated, with one ftyle, This he titles Diadelphia
Fig. 9. fhews a flower with ſeven ſtamina and one ftyle, Decandria.
which he titles Heptandria Digynia, Fig. 23. fhews a flower with many ſtamina, which are
Fig. 10. fhews a flower with eight ftamina and one ſtyle, • connected at their baſe into ſeveral cluſters or bunches ,
which he titles Octandria Digynia. which he titles Polyadelphia Polyandria.
Fig. 11. fhews a flower with nine ftamina and one ſtyle, Fig. 24. fhews a fingle floret of a compound flower,
which he titles Enneandria Monogynia. Theſe which are hermaphrodite have five ftamina and
Fig. 12. fhews a flower with ten ftamina and one ſtyle, one ſtyle, which are connected at their bafe. This 1
which he titles Decandria Monogynia. clafs he titles Syngenefia.
Fig. 13. fhews a flower with twelve ftamina and one Fig. 25. fhews a flower whofe ftamina are connected
ftyle, which he titles Dodecandria Monogynia. with, and ſeem to proceed from, the ftyle, which is
Fig. 14. fhews a flower with more than twelve ftamina, divided into two parts. This he titles Gynandria.
but lefs than twenty, and thefe arife either from the Fig. 26. fhews a flower of the fixteenth clafs, which is
petals or the empalement, and with one ſtyle, which of a different figure from thofe before reprefented ,
he titles Icofandria Monogynia. The ftamina of this ftand round the column formed
Fig. 15. fhews a flower with a great number of ftamina by the ftyle.
and one ſtyle, which he titles Polyandria Monogynia. +
Fig. 27. fhews a floret of the compound flowers fitting
Fig. 16. fhews a flower with two long, and two fhorter upon the germen or embryo of the feed, with the two
ſtamina, and one ſtyle, which he titles Didynamia. reflexed ftigmas on the top of the ftyle,

10

AN
 AN

N
NATIO
EXPLA

OF THE

AUTHORS NAMES
N and WORKS

Referred to by the

ABBREVIATIONS in this WORK.

C T. Phil. The Philofophical Tranfactions of C. B. P. Cafpar Bauhinus's Pinax to his Theatre of

Printed 4to .
A the Royal Society , Comoirs of the Royal A cof C.
C. Plants,
B. Prod at Bafil 1671
. Cafpar Bauhinus's Prodromus to his Thea
, 450 , as to
Α Act . Reg. Sc. The Memoirs of the Royal Aca
demy of Sciences at Paris. tre of Plants. Printed at Bafil 1671 , 4to.
Aldin. A Deſcription offome Rare Plants which were Cluf. Hift. Charles Clufius's Hiftory of Rare Plants.
cultivated in the Farneſian Gardens at Rome, by To Printed at Antwerp 1605, fol.
bias Aldinus. Printed at Rome 1625, fol. Cluf. Exot. Charles Clufius's Exotics, in ten Books.
Alpin. Ægypt. Profper. Alpinus's Natural Hiftory of Printed at Antwerp 1601 , fol.
Egypt, in two Parts. Reprinted in 4to at Leyden, Column . Ecphr. Fabius Columna's Ecphrafis, in two
1735. Parts. Reprinted in 4to at Rome, 1616.
Alpin. Exot. Profper Alpinus of Exotic Plants in two Commel. Rar. Defcriptions and Figures of Rare Exotic
Books. Printed in 4to at Venice, 1656. Plants, which were in the Phyfic- Garden at Amſter
Amman. Char. Paul Amman's Characters of Plants. dam, by Cafpar Commelin. Printed at Leyden 1706,
Printed in 12mo. 4to .
Amman . Hort. Paul Amman's Defcription of the Plants | Commel . Præl. Cafpar Commelin's Prelude to Botany.
in the Garden of Bofius. Printed in 4to. Printed at Leyden 1703, 4to.
Amman Joh. John Amman's Hiſtory of Ruffian Plants. Corn. James Cornutus's Hiftory of Canada Plants.
Printed in 4to at Peterſburgh, 1739. Printed at Paris 1635 , 4to .
Banifter. A Catalogue of Plants obferved in Virginia, Dale. Samuel Dale's Pharmacologia, in two volumes
by John Baniſter. Printed in Ray's Hiftory of Plants. 8vo. Printed at London 1710, and reprinted in one
Barrel. Icon. Jacob Barrelier's Hiftory and Figures of volume in 4to at London , 1735.
the Plants which he obferved in France, Spain, and Dale. Thom. Thomas Dale's Oblervations on many new
Italy. Printed at Paris in fol. 1714 . Plants which he difcovered in America. MS.

Bocc. Rar. Figures and Defcriptions of Rare Plants, ob Dalech . Hift. Jacob Dalechamp's General Hiſtory of
ferved by Paul Boccone in Sicily, &c. Printed at Plants. Printed at Lyons 1587, in two vols. fol.
Oxford 1674, in 4to. Dillen. Cat. John Jacob Dillenius's Catalogue of the
Bocc. Muf. Paul Boccone's Muſeum of Rare Plants . Plants which grow naturally about Giffam in Germa
Printed in Italian, in two Parts, at Venice, 1697, ny. Printed at Frankfort 1719, 8vo.
4to . Dod . Pempt. Dodonæus's Six Pemptedes. - Printed at
Boerh. Ind. An Index of the Plants growing in the Phy Antwerp 1616, fol.
:

fic-Garden at Leyden, by Dr. Herman Boerhaave. Dodart. Dodart's Commentaries to the Hiftory of Plants.
Printed at Leyden 1719 , in 4to. Printed at Paris 1676, fol.
Breyn. Cent. I. The first Century of Exotic Plants, by Elchr. Elchrodt's Index to the Plants in the Garden at
Dr. James Breynius. Printed at Dantzick, 1678, Carolfruhan. In three parts , 8vo .
folio. Ferrar. Help. John Baptift Ferrarius's Hefperides .
Breyn. Prod. I. & II . The firſt and ſecond Prodromus Printed at Rome 1646, fol.
to the Collection of Rare Plants, by Dr. James Brey Ferrar. Fl. Cult. The Culture of Flowers, by J. Baptift
nius. The first printed in 1680, the fecond in 1689, Ferrarius . Printed at Rome 1633 , 4to.
at Dantzick, in 4to. Both reprinted at Dantzick in Feuille. Ludovick Feuille's Phyſical, Mathematical, and
4to, by his Son John Philip Breynius . Botanical Obfervations, made in South America.
Burman. Dec. John Burman's Decades of Rare African Printed in three vols. 4to, at Paris. The first and
Plants. Printed in 4to at Amfterdam , 1738. fecond in 1714, and the third 1725.
Burman. Thef. John Burman's Treafury of Ceylon Flor. Virg. Flor. Virginica, or an Account of the Plants
Plants. Printed in 4to at Amfterdam , 1737. which have been obferved to grow in Virginia , by
Buxbaum. Cent. I. & II. John Chriftian Buxbaum's John Clayton, Efq; Publifhed by Frederic Grono
Century the Firſt. Printed at Peterſburgh 1728 , the vius at Leyden, in two parts, 8vo, 1739 .
Second 1729, both in 4to. Flor. Lugd . Flora Lugduno Batava, or a Catalogue
Cæfalp. Andrew Cæfalpinus of Plants. Printed at Flo of the Rare Plants which were growing in the Garden
rence 1583 , in 4to. at Leyden. Printed in 8vo at Leyden , 1695 .
Camer. Hort. Joacim Camerarius's Garden of Plants.
Flor. Zeyl. Flora Zeylanica, or a Catalogue of the
Printed in 4to at Frankfort, 1588.
Plants which were collected by Paul Herman in the
Catefb. Hift. Mark Catefby's Natural Hiftory of Caro Printed at
Inland of Ceylon, from 1670 to 1677.
lina, Florida, and the Bahama Iſlands. In two large Amfterdam in 8vo, 1748, by Dr. Linnæus .
volumes, fol. with cuts. Printed at London in fe
veral years. Garidel . Peter Garidel's Hiftory of the Plants growing
about Aix in Provence . Printed at Paris 1719, fol.

Ger.
 An EXPLANATION of the AUTHORS NAMES.

Ger. Emac. Gerard's Hiftory of Plants, improved by | Lob. Adv. Matthias Lobel's Adverfaria Stirpium
Thomas Johnfon. Printed at London 1633 , folio. Printed at Antwerp 1676, folio.
Grew. Nehemiah Grew's Anatomy of Plants. Printed Lob. Ic. Icons of Plants by Matthias Lobel. Printed
at London 爨 1652, fol. at Antwerp 1576, fol.
Hort. Chelf. A Catalogue of the Plants in the Chelfea- Lugd. A general Hiftory of Plants by Dalechamp.
Garden, by Mr. Ifaac Rand, F. R. S. Printed at Printed at Lyons 1586, two volumes in fol.
London 1739, 8vo. Magn. Peter Magnol, his Catalogue of the Plants grow
Hort. Amft. The Hiſtory of Rare Plants which were in ing about Montpelier. Printed in 8vo at Montpelier ,
the Phyfic-Garden at Amſterdam, by Cafpar and John in 1686.
Commelin, in two volumes, folio. Printed at Am Magn. Hort. Peter Magnol, his Catalogue of the Plants
fterdam 1697, and 1701 . in the Garden at Montpelier. Printed at Montpelier
H. Beaum. A Catalogue of the Exotic Plants which in 1697, 8vo.
were in the Gardens of Mynheer Van Beaumont in Malp. The Anatomy of Plants, by Marcellus Malpig
Holland. Printed at the Hague 1690, 8vo. hius. Printed at London in fol. 1679.
Hort. Elth. Hortus Elthamenfis, * or a Deſcription of Marcg. George Marcgrave, his Natural Hiſtory of Bra
the Rare Plants which were growing in the Garden at fil. Printed at Leyden 1648, fol.
Eltham , by John James Dillenius, in two volumes, Martyn. Cent. John Martyn, Profeffor of Botany at
fol. with figures. Printed at London 1732 . Cambridge, his five Decades of Rare Plants. Printed
Hort. Mal. The Plants which grow naturally at Mala at London 1728, 1729, &c. in large folio, with fi
bar, figured and defcribed by Henry Rheede Van gures of the Plants in their proper Colours.
Draakenſtain, in twelve volumes folio. Printed at Matth. Peter Andrea Matthiolus, his Commentaries on
Amfterdam from 1679 to 1703. Diofcorides. Printed at Venice 1558, fol.
Hort. Maur. A Catalogue of the Plants in the Garden Mentz. Chriftian Mentzelius's Indexes of Plants in feve
of Signior Mauroceni, by AnthonyTita, 8vo. Printed ral Languages. Printed at Berlin in fol. 1682.
at Padua 1713. Michel. Peter Anthony Micheli, his New Genera of
Hort. Cliff. Hortus Cliffortianus, or a Catalogue of the Plants. Publiſhed at Florence 1729, fol.
Garden of Plants at Hartechamp, belonging to Mr. Morif. H. R. Robert Morriffon, his Catalogue of the
George Clifford of Amfterdam, ranged according to Royal Garden at Blois, to which is joined his Prelude
the new Method of the fexes of Plants, by Dr. Charles to Botany. Printed at London 1699, 8vo.
Linnæus. Printed at Amfterdam in folio 1736, with Mor. Hift. An univerfal Hiftory of Plants, by Robert
elegant figures. Morriffon. Printed at Oxford 1679, 1680 , and 1699,
H. C. Hortus Catholicus, i. e. the Univerfal Garden, by three volumes in folio.
Franfcifcus Cupani. Printed at Naples 1696, 4to. Munt. Aloid. An Hiſtory of Aloes, by Abraham Mun
H. Edin. A Catalogue of the Plants growing in the tingius. Printed at Amſterdam 1668, 4to.
Phyfic-Garden at Edinburgh, by James Sutherland. Munt. Phyt. Muntingius's Phytographia. Printed at
Printed at Edinburgh 1683, 8vo. Leyden 1702, fol.
H. Eyft. Hortus Eyftettenfis, by Bafilius Befler. Print Munt. Herb. Brit. Muntingius's true Herba Britannica,
ed at Neurenberg 1613, fol. 4to, to which is frequently added his Aloidærum.
H. L. A Catalogue of the Plants growing in the Phyfic Printed at Amfterdam in 4to, 1698.
Garden at Leyden, by Paul Herman, M. D. Printed Niffol. Niffole, his Memoirs of Plants. Printed in the
at Leyden 1687, 8vo. Acts of the Academy of Sciences at Paris.
H. R. Monfp. A Catalogue of the Plants growing in Par. Bat. Prod. The Prodromus to the Paradifus Batavus.
the Royal Garden at Montpelier, by Peter Magnol. Printed at Leyden 1998, 4to.
Printed at Montpelier 1697, 8vo. Park. Parad. The Garden of pleafant Flowers, by John
H. R. Par. A Catalogue of the Plants growing in the Parkinfon. Printed at London 1629 , fol.
Royal Garden at Paris. Printed at Paris 1665, fol. Park. Theat. The Theatre of Plants, by John Parkin
Hort. Upfal. Hortus Upfalienfis, or a Catalogue of fon. Printed at London 1649 , fol .
the Exotic Plants growing in the Garden at Upfal in Pet. James Petiver, his Hiſtory of the Engliſh Plants.
Sweden, by Charles Linnæus . Printed at Amfter Printed at London in fol. with cuts, 1713.
dam in 8vo, 1748. Pif. Braf. William Pifo, his Natural Hiſtory of Brafil.
Houft. Houſtoun, Dr. William, a Manufcript Cata Printed at Leyden 1648, fol.
logue of the Plants which he had obferved growing Pluk . Alm. Almageftum Botanicum, by Leonard Pluk
in the Inlands of Jamaica and Cuba ; as alfo at Cam net. Printed at London 1696, fol.
peachy and La Vera Cruz, in the years 1728, 1729, Pluk Amal . Amaltheum Botanicum, by Leonard Pluk
and 1732. net. Printed at London 1703 , fol.
J. B. An Univerfal Hiſtory of Plants, by John Bauhin, Pluk. Mantiff. Mantiffa Almagefti Botanici, by Leonard
in three volumes. Printed at Embrun 1650, fol. Pluknet. Printed at London 1700, fol.
"
Juff. Juffieu . Anthony Juffieu, Profeffor of Botany in Pluk. Phyt. Pluknet's Phytographia, i. e. a Delinea
the Royal Garden at Paris, who has publiſhed fome tion of Plants. Printed at London 1691 , and 1692,
Memoirs of Plants, in the Acts of the Academy of fol. }
Sciences at Paris.´ Plum . Cat. Father Charles Plumier, his Catalogue of
Juff. Bern. Dr. Bernard de Juffieu, Demonftrator of American Plants. Printed at Paris 1703 , 4to.
the Plants in the Royal Garden at Paris, who has de Plum. Nov. Gen. New Genera of American Plants, by
livered to the Royal Academy of Sciences many cu Father Plumier. Printed at Paris 1713, 4to.
rious Obfervations on Plants which are printed in Plum. Pl . Am. A Deſcription of American Plants, by
their Memoirs. Father Plumier. Printed at Paris 1693 , fol.
Kemp. Ex. Dr. Englebert Kaempfer's Deſcription of Pon. Bald. John Ponæ, his Defcription of the Plants
the curious Plants which he obferved in Japan. Print growing upon Mount Baldus and Verona. Printed
ed at Limoguen in 1712, 4to. at Antwerp 1601 , fol.
Lin. Gen. Plant. Charles Linnæus, F. R. S. Doctor of Ponted. Pontedera, his Anthologia, or Difcourfe on the
Phyfic, and Profeffor of Botany at Upfal in Sweden, Flowers of Plants. Printed at Padua 1720, 4to.
who has publiſhed feveral Editions of his Method Raii Hift. Ray's Hiftory of Plants. Printed at Lon
of ranging Plants according to their Parts of Genera don 1686, and 1704 , in three volumes, folio.
tion. The firft at Leyden in 1737, and the ſecond Raii Meth. John Ray, his Method of claffing Plants
in 1754, at Stockholm, Svo. improved and augmented. Printed at Lond. 1703,8vo.
Lin. Sp. Plant. The Species of Plants by the fame Au Raii Syn. A Synopfis of the British Plants, by John
thor in two volumes, 8vo. Printed at Stockholm in Ray, augmented by Dr. Dillenius. Printed at Lon
1753, and the fecond Edition in 1765. don 1724, 8vo.
Lin. Mat. Med. Linnæus's Materia Medica, 8vo. Rauw. Leonard Rauwolf's Travels in the Eaft. Printed
Printed at Stockholm 1749 . at London.
Rea
 An EXPLANATION of the AUTHORS NAMES .

Rea. Flora, Ceres, and Pomona, by John Rea. Printed | Tab. Ic: Icons of Plants, by Tabernæmontanus. Print
at London 1676, fol. ed at Franckfort 1590 , fol.
Rivin. Auguftus Quirinus Rivini, his Order of ranging Tourn. Inft. Inftitutions of Botany, by Jofeph Pitton
Plants by the Figures of their Flowers. Printed in Tournefort. Printed at Paris 1716, 4to.
.
five Claffes at Leipfic in 1690, 1691 , and 1699 , in Tourn. Cor. A Corollary to the Inftitutions of Botany,
fol. with figures . by J. Pitton Tournefort. Printed at Paris 1703, 4to.
Roy. Flor. Leyd. Adrian Van Royen, Profeffor of Bo Trew. Chrift. Jacob Trew, Doctor of Phyfic, F. R. S.
tany at Leyden, his Prodromus, or Catalogue of the and of the Academy of Natural Curiofities, who has
Plants growing in the Phyfic-Garden at Leyden. publiſhed feven Decades of Rare Plants, finely illumi
Printed at Leyden 1741 , 8vo. nated, in folio, at Neurenberg.
Sauv. Flora Monfpelienfis, by Fr. Sauvage. Hague, 8vo, Triumf. John Baptiſt Triumfetta, his Obfervations on
1755. the Vegetation of Plants, with the Hiftory of the Plants
Scheuch. John Jacob Scheuchzer, his Obfervations growing about Rome. Printed at Rome 1685, 4to.
of the Plants he diſcovered growing on the Alps, in Triumf. Syl. John Baptift Triumfetta, his Syllabus of
three Journies. Printed at Leyden, in two volumes the Plants in the Phyfic- Garden at Rome.
4to, 1723 . Vaill. Sebaftian Vaillant, his New Genera of Plants.
Sloan. Cat. A Catalogue of the Plants growing in the Printed in the Memoirs ofthe Academy of Sciences.
Inland of Jamaica, by Sir Hans Sloane, M. D. Vaill. Dif. Sebaſtian Vaillant's Difcourfe on the Struc
Printed at London 1696, 8vo. ture of Flowers. Printed at Leyden 1718, 4to.
Sloan. Hift. A natural Hiſtory of Jamaica, by Sir Hans Volk. Flora Neurenbergenfis. An Account of Plants in .
Sloane, M. D. Printed at London 1707, and 1725, the Garden of Neurenberg, of Dr. Volkamer. Print
in two volumes, fol. ed at Neurenberg 1700, 4to.
Swert. A Florilegium, or a Collection of Flowers, by Zan. A Hiftory of Plants, by Jacob Zanoni. Printed
Swertius. Printed at Franckfort 1612 , fol. at Bologna 1675, fol .

THE
 THE

GARDENERS DICTIONARY.

ABI A BI

BELE- tree. See POPULUS . emarginatis bifariam verfis. The Balm of Gilead Fir
ABIES ; the Fir-tree. Abies taxi foliis, odore balfami Gileadenfis. Raii Hift.
The nameis derived from App .
abeo, to extend or ad 4. ABIES (Canadenfis) foliis linearibus obtufiufculis fub
vance. Others fay, it is membranaceis. The Newfoundland White Spruce Fir.
derived from abeo, to Abies foliis picea brevioribus, conis parvis biunciali
go away, becauſe the bus laxis . Rand.

bark fplits, and, as it 5. ABIES (Mariana) foliis linearibus acutis, conis mini
were, falls away, or is mis. The Black Spruce Fir of North America with very
broke off eaſily. fmall cones.
The CHARACTÉRs are , 6. ABIES (Americana) faliis linearibus obtufiufculis bi
The male flowers are dif fariam verfis conis fubrotundis . The Hemlock Spruce
pofed in a loose bunch, having no corolla, but many fta Fir.
mina, joined in form of a column at their baſe, but ſepa There is alſo another fort of Fir, which has been of
rate above, having erect fummits. The female flowers late years introduced from North America, by the
are collected in an oblong cone, each fcale including two, title of Red Spruce Fir of Newfoundland ; but fo
which have no corolla, a fmall germen with afingle ſtig far as we can judge by the young trees now growing
ma. These are fucceeded by membranaceous winged feeds. in the English gardens, it appears to be only a va
Dr. Linnæus, profeffor of botany at Upfal, whofe riety of the Black Newfoundland Spruce Fir. There
fyftem is generally followed at prefent, ranges this was alfo many years paſt a tree of the China Fir,
genus in the ninth fection of his twenty-firft clafs of growing in the garden of Mr. Morgan of Weftmin
plants, which includes fuch as have male and female fter, which is mentioned by Dr. Pluknet, but being
flowers, placed at diftances on the fame tree, whofe in a bad fituation it made little progrefs, the fmoke
ftamina are joined together in form of a column. of London being very hurtful to all forts of ever
To this genus he joins the Pine, Cedar, and Larch green trees ; but whether it was killed in that garden,
tree, fuppofing them only different fpecies of one ge or removed to any other, I do not know, for the
nus ; however, as there is great difference in the cul ground has been built upon many years .
ture of theſe trees, we fhall chooſe to continue the The firft and fecond forts of Firs are very common in
former method of arranging them under their different gardens and plantations of evergreen trees.
genera. It may not be amifs however to obferve, that The first grows in great plenty about Strafburgh, and
in the former editions of Linnæus's Genera Planta other parts of Germany; from whence the turpentine
rum, thefe plants were ranged under the article Abies , is brought to England. But it is fuppofed, that moft,
but in the laft edition he has thought proper to place if not all of thefe were originally planted ; however,
them under Pinus . the moſt beautiful of thefe trees are now growing up
The SPECIES, which are at prefent to be found in on mount Olympus, from whence I have received
the Engliſh gardens , are, cones, which were upwards of a foot in length. Thefe
1. ABIES ( Alba) foliis fubtus argenteis apice emargi are certainly natives of the place. Dr. Tournefort,
natis, conis erectis. Fir-tree whofe leaves are white on in his travels, mentions the Firs of mount Olympus
their under-fide, and indented at their points, commonly as the most beautiful trees in the Levant.
called Silver Fir. Abies taxi folio , fructu furfum The fecond fort, which is very common in the woods
.
fpectante. Tourn. Inft. R. H. of Norway, is the tree that affords the white deals,
2. ABIES ( Picea) foliis fubulatis mucronatis lævibus bi and grows in the vallies where the foil is very deep.
fariam verfis. The Norway Fir, or Pitch-tree. Abies There are two varieties of this fpecies, greatly differ
tenuiore folio, fructu deorfum inflexo. Tourn. Inſt. ing in the length and colour of their leaves, as alfo
R. H. the fize of their cones ; one of which has been dif
3. ABIES (Balfamea) folijs fubtus argenteis apice fub tinguiſhed by nurſery-gardeners, under the title of
A Long
 A BI A BI

Long Coned Cornifh Fir. The leaves of this are the fun in the middle of the day, by covering the
whiter, and much longer than the others ; the cones beds with mats, becaule too much fun frequently de
are alfo of a greater length than thofe of the common ftroys the plants when they are young. In this bed
fort, fo that by the appearance of the trees, any per the plants fhould remain until the following fpring,
fon might fuppofe them to be a diftinct fpecies. But when there fhould be a number of beds prepared in
from the feeds which were carefully taken from this the nurfery to receive the feedlings. In the begin
fort, both varieties of plants have rifen , therefore they ning of April they fhould be tranfplanted into the
muſt be only deemed varieties. beds, at the diſtance of fix inches row from row, and
From this tree the pitch is drawn, and hence it had in the rows at three inches afunder, fetting them in
the title of Picea, or Pitch-tree . a quincunx order. In removing theſe plants, they
The third fort was formerly growing in the Biſhop of fhould be very carefully raifed up with a trowel, fo
London's garden at Fulham ; and of late years there as not to break off the fibres of their roots ; nor should
has been a great number of the trees raiſed from the they be kept long out of the ground . During the
feeds which have been brought from America . This time they are out, their roots fhould be covered , to
fort makes very little progrefs after eight or ten years prevent the wind from drying their fibres ; and in
growth ; the only place in which the trees have made planting, the earth fhould be preffed cloſe to their
any figure, is at his Grace the Duke of Bedford's at roots, to prevent the air from penetrating to them.
Woburn-abbey in Bedfordshire. If the feafon proves dry, it will be proper to water
The fourth fort is a native of North America, from the plants every week once or twice, according to the
whence the feeds have been brought to England, and warmth of the weather ; the beds fhould alfo be co
great numbers of the plants raifed. This is called by vered with mats, to fcreen the plants from the fun,
the inhabitants in America, the White Spruce Fir. and drying winds, until they have taken good root ;
It grows naturally on the mountains and higher lands, after which time they will require little farther care,
and arrives to a much greater fize than moſt of the than to keep them clean from weeds. In thefe beds
other forts. Thofe in the gardens of the late Duke the plants may remain two years , at the end of which
of Argyle, at Whitton near Hounflow, are by much they fhould be tranfplanted into an open fpot of
the fineſt I have feen : but there must be fome trees ground, for their roots will in that time meet quite
of a greater age in Devonſhire, unleſs they have been over the beds. This ground, to which they are to
deſtroyed ; for in the year 1724, I received fome be removed, fhould be well trenched and cleared
branches of this tree full of cones, from a gentleman from all noxious weeds, and made level. The be
of that county, who had feveral of the trees then ginning of April, juft before the plants begin to
growing, which were of a confiderable ſize. fhoot, will be a good time to remove them. In take
The fifth fort grows naturally on moift land , in many ing up the plants, great care fhould be taken not to
parts of North America, but rarely arrives to the fize tear off or injure their roots ; nor fhould too many
of the fourth: however, the inhabitants of America of the plants be taken up at one time, but rather
ufe the branches of both indifferently in making of plant them as faft as they are taken up, that they
Spruce-beer, from whence the trees obtained the title may be as little time out of the ground as poffible.
of Spruce-trees. For the drying winds, which ufually happen at this
From both theſe ſpecies of Fir, exfudes a fine clear feafon, will greatly injure the roots of thefe plants, if
turpentine of a ftrong fcent, which the native Indians much expofed thereto .
uſe to cure green wounds, and alfo for fome internal The diſtance at which they fhould be placed in the
diforders ; and of late years the Engliſh phyſicians in nurſery, fhould be four feet row from row, and in
4
North America, have likewife adopted it into their the rows two feet afunder. This diftance may by
practice. fome be thought too great ; but if it be confidered
The fixth fort is alſo a native of America, from how much their roots fpread in the ground, as alfo
whence the feeds have been brought into Europe. that when they are planted nearer together, it will be
This tree does not thrive well in any part of England , very difficult to take up the plants again without cut
nor in many places of America ; though in fome par ting and tearing off their roots, efpecially if they are
ticular ſpots I have been informed there are very not all taken up clean at the fame time : thefe con
large high trees now growing. It is a native of many fiderations muſt have greater weight than that of the
parts of North America. lofs of a little ground, with all who have any regard
Thefe trees are all raifed from feeds taken out of to the future welfare of the plants. In planting them,
their polyfpermous cones. The way to get out the it will be advifeable to draw a line cross the ground,
feeds is, by expofing the cones to a gentle fire, which and to dig out a trench of a foot wide, into which
will caufe their fquamous cells to open, and readily the plants may be placed at the diftance of two feet
emit the feeds : but they fhould not be expofed to afunder. Then fill the earth into the trench, cover
too great a heat, for the cones of all the Firs open ing the roots of the plants with the fineft part of it,
much eaſier than thofe of Pines, eſpecially thofe of fcattering it carefully between the roots ; and when
the Silver and Balm of Gilead Firs, which, if per the whole trench is filled in, prefs the earth gently
mitted to hang late in the autumn, fall to pieces down with your feet ; but by no means tread it too
and ſcatter their feeds. This ought not to be done hard, especially if the ground be strong, or apt to
until the time of fowing them, which is beſt perform bind too clofe.
ed the latter end of March. When the plants are thus planted, if the feafon fhould
Thefe plants fhould be all raiſed in a nurſery, where prove dry, they ought to be watered , in order to fet
they may be protected from the birds, otherwife they tle the earth to their roots ; and if this be repeated
will be in danger of being deſtroyed when they first three or four times, (if the feafon fhould continue
come up. For as they bring up the hufk of the feed dry) it will greatly promote their taking new root,
on the top of the plant, the birds, in picking off the and fecure them from the injuries ofthe drying winds.
hufk, will break off the tops of the plants, whereby In this nurſery the plants may remain two or three
a whole bed may be loft in a few hours, if not care years, according to the progrefs they fhall have made ,
fully guarded from them. and during this time, the ground between the plant's
The beſt time for fowing theſe feeds is about the fhould be conftantly kept clean from weeds , and dug
latter end of March, or the beginning of April, ac between the rows every fpring ; in doing of which,
cording as the ſeaſon is more or lefs forward, on a care muſt be taken not to cut or injure the roots of
bed of light earth, covering the feeds about half an the plants : this is all the culture they will require
inch deep with the fame mould. If this bed be during their continuance in the nurfery. When they
netted over to keep off the birds, it will be a fure are tranfplanted into the places where they are to re
method of preventing them from deſtroying the main, the neceffary care to be taken is, in taking
young plants at their firft coming out of the ground ; them up, not to injure or cut off their roots, and to
at which time they fhould likewife be fcreened from let them be as little time out of the ground as poffible ;
7 and
 A BI ABI

and while they are out, to guard their roots from the
drying winds. The fureft time for removing theſe The metked of raifing the other forts ofFirs.
trees is about the beginning of April ; for though
they may be, and often are, removed with fuccefs at About the latter end of March, or the beginning of
Michaelmas, yet the fpring is the more fure ſeaſon , April ( according to the forwardness of the feafon, by
efpecially in moiſt land . which every perfon must be guided) prepare a very
Moſt of the kinds of Firs may be removed at the moderate bed, in length proportional to the quantity
height of fix or seven feet ; but thofe of two feet high of feeds to be fown, and where there are frames which
are muchbetter to tranfplant, and will in a fewyears gain can be fpared for this purpofe, thefe may be placed
the afcendant of taller trees : I would not, therefore, upon the bed ; but where thefe are wanting, the bed
adviſe the tranfplanting of thefe trees when they are fhould be cradled over with hoops, that they may be
"
much above two feet high, efpecially if they have covered with mats or canyafs ; then plunge the bed
ftood in the nurſery unremoved. For then their full of fmall pots, fuch as are commonly fold about
roots will have extended themſelves to a diſtance, London for four fhillings and two pence per hundred .
which must be cut in taking them out of the ground ; Thefe pots fhould be filled with light undunged earth,
and where great amputation is ufed either to the roots and the interftices between the pots may be filled up
or branches of thefe trees, the quantity of turpentine with any other earth which is neareft to the place ;
which commonly iffues from thefe wounds, will great then fow the feeds in thefe pots, covering them about
ly weaken the trees . There is another advantage alfo half an inch with the fame light earth. In drying winds
in planting them when finall, which is that of not the bed fhould be covered, to prevent the earth from
requiring ftaking to fecure them from being blown drying too fast, which would prove hurtful to the
down by ſtrong winds, which in talk trees is a great feeds ; nor fhould the feeds have too much wet, which
trouble or expence. And whoever will give them would be equally injurious to them : therefore the
felves the trouble to obferve, how much trees of two earth fhould be but feldom watered, and it muft ne
feet high exceed in growth thoſe which are removed ver be given in great quantities. When there is any
at a much greater height, will, I am fure, be con appearance of froft at night, the bed ſhould alſo be
vinced of the truth of what is here faid. covered. With this management the plants will ap
The common Spruce Fir is what affords the white pear in five or fix weeks time, when they muſt be
deals. The trees grow in the deep ftrong foils of carefully guarded from birds, as was before directed
Norway and Denmark ; but will grow likewife in al for the common forts, and alfo fcreened from the fun
.
moft any foil or fituation in England, provided it be in the middle of the day ; but they muft now have
not within the reach of the fmoke of great cities, freſh air admitted to them at all times when the wea
which is very injurious to all theſe forts of trees ; nor ther will permit. They may alfo be allowed to re
do they thrive near fo well in dunged land, as in freſh ceive any gentle fhowers of rain, but they fhould not
uncultivated foils. The difrepute theſe trees have have too great plenty of moisture, which will fre
been under for fome years paft, has been occafioned quently rot the young plants, and cauſe them to
by their being planted too cloſe together, or too near drop. Upon the judicious care of this, depends,
other trees, whereby the air has been excluded from the whole fuccefs ; for I have frequently feen great
their branches, which has occafioned moſt of their numbers of thefe plants deftroyed in one day, by be
under branches to decay ; fo that when viewed from ing either too much expofed to the fun, or from hav
the ground under their branches, they have a greater ing too much wet.
appearance of dead than living trees. But where they It may, perhaps, feem ftrange to many, that I fhould
have been allowed a good diftance, and planted in a direct the fowing the feeds of thefe trees which are fo
ftrong fresh foil, they have had their branches quite very hardy upon a hot-bed ; but from many trials I
feathered within fix or eight feet of the ground, and have always found they have fucceeded much better
that too in trees upward of fixty feet high ; therefore this way than any other, for the gentle warmth of
fhould not be planted nearer than twelve feet apart, the bed will not only cauſe the feeds to vegetate much
nor fhould they be fo near, where the plantation is fooner than theywould naturally do in the cold ground,
more than three rows deep. In this cafe, eighteen but the plants will alfo rife much ſtronger, and, con
or twenty feet afunder will be full near enough, efpe fequently, be in lefs danger of rotting in their fhanks.
cially where the trees are defigned to have their And as the warmth of the bed is only to bring up the
branches feathered near the ground, in which one of plants, fo there fhould be but little dung employed
the beauties of thefe trees confifts. in making it ; for after the plants are up, they muſt
The Silver Fir requires a ftronger land than the be inured to the open air, and treated as hardily as
Spruce, for in dry ground they feldom make any the common forts.
great progrefs ; and many times, even after they have There may be others, perhaps, who will object to
arrived to a confiderable fize, are deftroyed by very the directions given for fowing the feeds in fuch
dry feafons, where the foil is fhallow, or too dry. fmall pots, becaufe, where there is any quantity of
But when they are planted in a proper foil, they grow the feeds, it is ufual to fow them in boxes, or large
to a very large fize, and are extremely beautiful, hav pots but I can from many years experience aver,
ing the under fide of their leaves white, and the up that moft forts of feeds fucceed better when fown in
per fide of a dark green colour, fmall pots, than in boxes, or larger ones, and there
This fort of Fir, however, is frequently injured by fore recommend this practice.
frofts, when they happen late in the fpring, efpecially As the feeds of the Hemlock Fir will frequently re
while the plants are young. For when thefe are plant main in the ground four or five months, the pots,
ed in a warm fituation, they are apt to fhoct pretty in which they are fown, fhould not be difturbed, if
early, and if any fharp frofts happen after they have the plants come not up fo foon as may be expected ;
puſhed, the young fhoots are killed ; fo that they for unless upon ftirring the ground, the feeds are
lofe a year's growth, and are rendered fo very un found to be decayed, there may be hopes of their
fightly, that many times they have been pulled up growing the fecond fpring, for I have fometimes had
and thrown away. In cold fituations, however, where the feeds remain a whole year in the ground, and af
they do not begin to ſhoot ſo early, they are not ſub terwards come up very well : this caution , therefore,
ject to this difafter ; and, in many fuch places, thefe is given to prevent the pots from being too hastily
trees grow to a large fize, and have their beauty. I turned out .
have fometimes feen fome fine trees of this fort of The plants of theſe forts of Fir muſt be afterwards
Fir, which grew upon natural bogs , where, by ex treated in the fame way as the common forts, with
tending their roots, they had drained the ground to this difference only, that they ought to be tranfplant
a confiderable diftance round them. There were fome ed into a more fhady fituation and moifter foil. For
trees of this kind lately growing in England , up while the plants are young, they will not thrive if they
wards of ninety feet high, are much expoſed to the fun, or in a dry foil ; but
when
 ACA ACA

when they have obtained ftrength, they will bear the I received the feeds of this from Jamaica, where it
open fun very well, and in a moilt foil will make grows in great plenty. This is alfo an annual plant,
great progrefs ; whereas in dry ground they frequent which in England feldom exceeds the former fort in
ly ftint, and produce plenty of male flowers and cones, its ftature. The leaves of this greatly reſemble thoſe
by the time they get to the height of four or five feet. of the annual Nettle, and iting full as much when
When the branches of thefe rees are cut off to trim touched. It is too tender to thrive in the open airin
them up to have ſtems, it ſhould be done gradually, England, therefore the feeds fhould be fown in pots,
never cutting more than one tier of branches in one plunged into a hot-bed ; and if the plants do not come
year ; for if too many wounds are made at the fame up the first year, (which often happens ) the pots
time on theſe refinous trees, the turpentine will iffue fhould be put in fhelter in winter, and the following
out in fuch quantities as to weaken and check their fpring plunged again into a hot-bed, which will bring
growth. The beſt time for pruning thefe trees is in up the plants. Thefe must be tranfplanted into pots,
September, at which time they abound not ſo much and brought forward in hot-beds, otherwife they will
in turpentine as in the fpring, and, confequently, do not produce feeds ripe in England.
not bleed much. What flows out at that feaſon, is Theie plants have no beauty to recommend them , but
feldom more than is neceffary for covering the wounds, as they are preferved in feveral gardens for the lake
to prevent the wet and cold of the fucceeding winter of variety, I thought it neceffary to infert them here.
from penetrating the wounded parts. Theſe branches ACANACEOUS plants [ fo called from xavba ,
fhould be cut clofe to the trunk. Gr. a thorn or prickle ] are fuch as have prickly heads .
ABROTANUM , or Southernwood. See ARTEMISIA. ACANTHUS [ xab , fo called, as fome fay,
ABROTANUM FEMINA. See SANTOLINA. from anaba , a thorn . ] It is alfo called Branca Urfina,
ABRUS. See GLYCINE , or Bear's- breech.
ABSINTHIUM, Wormwood. See ARTEMISIA. The CHARACTERS of this plant are,
ABUTILON. See SIDA.
The empalement is compofed of three pair of unequal
ACACIA, Egyptian Thorn, or Binding Bean Tree. leaves. The flower is unequal, of one leaf, with a Jhort
See MIMOSA.
tube, the beard, or lower lip, being large, plain, and
ACALYPH A, three feeded Mercury . This genus erect. It has no upper lip. The famina and style
of plants is by Dr. Linnæus ranged in the ninth fec occupy the place of it. These are arched and stretched out
tion of his twenty-first clafs, which comprehends fuch beyond the empalement. There are two long and two
plants as have their male flowers furnished with one forter ftamina, which clofely coalefce to the ftyle, which
fet of united ftamina.
is fituated upon a roundijh germen, and afterwards be
The CHARACTERS are,
come an oval capjule, having two cells, each containing
The male flowers are in clusters fituated above the female one fleshy fmooth oblong feed,
in the fame plant. Thefe have no corolla : they have a This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnæus range in
four leaved empalement with feveralfhort ftamine, which the fecond fection of his fourteenth clafs, intuled Di
are joined at their bafe, having roundish fummits. The dynamia Angiofpermia, from the flowers having two
female flowers have a large empalement, a three leaved cup long, and two fhorter ftamina, and the feeds grow
which is permanent : they have no corolla. A roundijh ing in a cover.
The SPECIES are,
germen with three branching styles, and a long ftigma.
The cup afterwards turns to a capfule with three cells, 1. ACANTHUS (Mollis) foliis finuatis inermibus. Hort.
each containing one roundish feed. Cliff. The common, or smooth garden Bear's-breech.
The SPECIES are, Acanthus Sativus vel Mollis Virgilii. C. B.
1. ACALYPHA (Virginica ) involucris foemineis cordatis in 2. ACANTHUS ( Nigra) foliis finuatis inermibus glabris
cifis, foliis ovato-lanceolatis petiolo longioribus . Hort. lucidè virens ; Portugal Bear's-breech, with fmooth finu
Upfal. 290. i. e. Three feeded Mercury, whofe female ated leaves of a lucid green colour. Acanthus Lufitani
flowers have a heart-shaped empalement, and oval ſpear cus ampliffimo folio lucido. Juff.
Shaped leaves, with long foot-ftalks. Mercurialis tri 3 . ACANTHUS (Difccridis) foliis lanceolatis integerrimis.
coccos hermaphroditica. margine fpinofis. Gron. Ov. Middle Bear's-breech, with
2. ACALYPHA (Virgata) fpicis foemineis involucris cor intire leaves, having fpines on their borders.
datis ferratis , mafculis aphyllis diftinctis foliis lanceo 4. ACANTHUS ( Spinojus ) foliis pinnatifidis fpinofis . Hort,
lato-ovatis. Amoen. Acad. 5. p. 410. Three feeded Mer Cliff. 326. Prickly Bear's- breech. Acanthus aculea
cury, whofe female flowers have an indented heart -
shaped tus. C. B. P. 383.
empalement, diftinct from the male. 5. ACANTHUS (Ilicifolius) foliis repandis dentato-fpinofis,
3. ACALYPHA (Indica) involucris foemineis cordatis fub caule fruticofo aculeato. Ofb. it. 92. Shrubby Bear's
crenatis, foliis ovatis petiolo brevioribus . Flor. Zeyl. breech, with prickly leaves like Holly. Acanthus mala
" 341. Mercury, whofe female flowers have heart-shaped barius, agrifolii folio . Pet. fic. 10 .
crenated empalements and oval leaves. The firft fort is what is ufed in medicine, and is
The first fort grows naturally in Virginia, and feveral fuppofed to be the Mollis Acanthus of Virgil. The
other parts of North America, from whence I re leaves of this plant are cut upon the capitals of Co
ceived the feeds. It is an annual plant, which fel rinthian pillars .
dom grows more than a foot high, fending out fe Various have been the difputes among the learned
veral fide branches towards the bottom. The leaves are about the plant, which is mentioned under this title
very like thofe of the broad leaved Pellitory of the by Virgil, who have given fo many different charac
wall, and are placed alternately, having long foot ters to it, that no plant yet known will agree
ftalks, from the alæ, or wings of the leaf. The flow with them all. Many, therefore, have been of
ers are produced in finall clufters, the male always opinion, that there were two forts of the Acanthus ,
being above the female. Theſe make but a poor ap one of them a tree, and the other an herb. The tree
pearance, and reſemble thofe of the Pellitory fo much, is fuppofed to be the Egyptian Acacia, and the plant
that at a ſmall diſtance, any perfon might fuppofe the firft fort here mentioned ; but there yet remains
them to be the fame, till convinced by a nearer in a difficulty with regard to fome of the epithets applied
fpection. to that plant, as firft, where it is mentioned to be an
If the feeds of this fort are permitted to fcatter, the evergreen berry- bearing plant. Baccas femper fron
plants will come up in the fpring, better than if fown dentis Acanthi. As to its being evergreen , that may
by hand ; for if they are not put into the ground in be eafily conceived of our Acanthus, in the warm cli
Autumn, they rarely grow the first year. All the cul mate of Italy ; for in England, where the plants grow
ture this plant requires, is to keep it clear from weeds, in a warm fituation, they are feldom deftitute of leaves
and let it remain where it was fown , for it doth not more than fix weeks, unleſs the winter proves very fe
bear removing well. It flowers in Auguft, and the vere. We may alſo fuppofe, that the fleshy oval feed
feeds ripen in October, veffels of this plant might be taken for berries. But
1 The fecond fort is a native of the warmest countries . then with regard to its being a twining plant, flexi
tacuillem
 ACA ACE

tacuiffem vimen acanthi, it will by no means agree they are tranfplanted in the autumn, and the following
with this, or the Egyptian Acacia. However, as the winter prove cold, they will be in danger of being
botaniſts in general have agreed that the plant here deſtroyed.
mentioned is the Acanthus of Virgil, and there being Theſe plants take root very deep in the ground, fo
feveral entire columns of the Corinthian order yet that when they are planted in wet ground, their roots
remaining at Rome, upon whofe capitals the leaves will rot in winter: I have frequently traced them more
of this plant are fo well expreffed, as not to admit of than four feet, therefore they ſhould not be removed
any doubt of their being defigned from our Acanthus, after they have been growing long in a place, but the
and thefe columns being as antient as the time of fide ſhoots may be annually taken off, efpecially from
Vitruvius, there can be no doubt that this is the creeping kinds, otherwife they will fpread fo far,
the plant from whofe leaves Callimachus, a famous as to over-bear any of their neighbouring plants or
architect, compofed the capitals of the Corinthian fhrubs. When the forts with creeping roots are once
pillars. eſtabliſhed in a garden, they are with difficulty eradi
The fecond fort was difcovered in Portugal by Dr. cated, for every root which may happen to be left,
Bernard de Juffieu, demonftrator of plants in the royal will fhoot again, fo as to become troubleſome.
garden at Paris, from whom I received the feeds in A CARNA. See CNICUS.
1725, which fucceeded in the Chelſea garden, and ACAULIS, or ACAULOS [of a neg. and caulis a
frequently perfects feeds there ; which being fown, ſtalk or ſtem ; i. e. without ftalk ; ] a plant is faid to
conftantly produce the fame plants as the parent, and be acaulis, or without ftalk, whofe flower refts on
therefore must be a diftinct species. the ground, having no viſible ſtalk.
The third fort is at prefent very rare in England ; it ACER [ fo called according to Voffius, from acris, L.
grows naturally in the eaſt, and is by Dr. Linnæus becauſe of the very great hardneſs of its wood. ] The
ſuppoſed to bethe Acanthus of Diofcorides, but with Maple-tree.
what certainty. I cannot determine . This fort is not The CHARACTERS of this tree are,
fo hardy as either of the two former, fo requires ſhel The empalement of the flower is monopetalus, coloured, and
ter in the winter ; therefore the plants while young, cut into fivefharp fegments at the brim, and is permanent.
ſhould be kept in pots, and placed under a common The corolla is composed offive oval petals which ſpread
frame during the winter feafon ; where they may en open, and are larger than the empalement. It hath eight
joy the open air in mild weather, but fcreened from fhort awl- shapedftamina crowned by fimple fummits. The
hard frofts. When the plants have acquired ſtrength, germen is compreffed, and immersed in the large perforated
fome of them may be turned out of the pots, and receptacle. The style is flender. It bath two acuminated
planted in a border near a fouth wall, and in hard Stigma which are reflexed. The capfules are two, joined 1
frofts if they are covered with mats or hand-glaffes, at their bafe; they are roundish, each being terminated by
they may be fecured, and theſe plants will more cer a large wing, inclofing one roundish feed in each.
tainly flower than thoſe in the pots. This is ranged by Dr. Linnæus, in his twenty-third
The leaves of the fourth fort are deeply jagged, in claſs of plants, entitled Polygamia Monœcia.
very regular order, and each fegment is terminated The SPECIES are,
with a fharp fpine, as are alſo the foot-ſtalks of the 1. ACER (Pfeudo Platanus) foliis quinquelobis inæqualiter
leaves, and the empalement of the flower, which ren ferratis floribus racemofis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 1054. The
ders it troubleſome to handle either of them . greater Maple, falfely called Platanus. Acer majus mul
The fifth fort grows naturally in both Indies ; I re tis falfo platanus. J. B. The Sycamore-tree.
ceived it from the Spaniſh Weft-Indies. There is a 2. ACER (Campestre) foliis lobatis obtufis emarginatis.
good figure of this plant in Pluknet's Phytographia, Lin. Sp. Plant. 1055. The fmall, or commen Maple.
tab. 261, fig. 4. under the following title, Frutex In Acer campestre & minus . C. B. P. 431. By the French,
dicus fpinofus, foliis Agrifolii filiqua geminata brevi. Petit erable des bois.
This is a fhrub which riſes about four feet high, is 3. ACER (Negundo) foliis compofitis floribus racemofis.
divided into many branches, garniſhed with leaves, Hort 144. The Virginia Afb-leaved Maple. Acer maxi
very like thofe of the common Holly, both in fize and mum foliis trifidis vel quinquefidis Virginianum. Pluk.
fhape, and are armed with fpines in the fame manner; Phyt.
the flowers come out fingly, which are white, and 4. ACER ( Platanoides) foliis quinquelobis acuminatis a
fhaped like thofe of the common Acanthus, but cutè dentatis glabris floribus corymbofis. Lin. Flor.
fmaller. After the flower is paft, the germen becomes Suec. 303. The Norway Maple with Plane- tree leaves.
an oval bicapfular veffel, having one oblong feed in Acer platanoides. Munt. Phyt.
each cell. This fhrub is evergreen, but is too tender 5. ACER ( Rubrum) foliis quinquelobis fubdentatis fubtus
to thrive out of a ſtove in England, and can only be glaucis pedunculis fimpliciffimis aggregatis. Lin. Sp. !
propagated by feeds, which do not ripen in Europe. Plant. 1055. The fcarlet flowering Maple of Virginia.
The other forts are lafting plants, which may be pro Acer Virginianum folio majore fubtus argenteo fupra
pagated either by feeds, or parting of their roots ; if viridi fplendente. Pluk. Alm . 7.
by the former method, the feeds fhould be fown in 6. ACER ( Saccharinum) foliis quinquepartito-palmatis a
light dry foil, towards the end of March: if the cuminato dentatis. Lin. Sp. Plant 1055. The American
feafon proves favourable, the plants will appear in Sugar Maple.
May, and all the culture they require, is to keep them 7. ACER (Penfylvanicum ) foliis trilobis acuminatis ferru
clean from weeds, and where the plants are too cloſe, > latis floribus racemofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1055. The
to thin them , fo as to leave them about fix inches Mountain Maple of America.
afunder, which will be room enough for them to grow 8. ACER (Opalus ) foliis lobatis, minimè incifis fructu ra
till autumn, when they ſhould be tranfplanted where cemofo. The Italian Maple, commonly called Opalus.
theyare defigned to remain. The firft, fecond, and third Acer major folio rotundiore minùs laciniato & opalus
forts, being tenderer than the others, ought to be Italorum . Raii Hift.
planted in a warm border near a wall ; and as thefe 9 . ACER (Monfpefulanum ) foliis trilobis integerrimis. Prod.
do not multiply fo faft by their roots, fo they do not Leyd. 459. The Montpelier Maple. Acer trifolium . C.
require more room than three feet ; but the fourth B. P. 431 .
fort fpreads its roots to a great diſtance, therefore muſt 10. ACER (Cretica) foliis trilobis integerrimis fubtus pu A
have more than twice that room . This being hardy
befcentibus. Cretan Maple with three entire lobes to the
in reſpect to cold, may be planted between fhrubs, to leaves, which are fomewhat hairy on their under -
fide.
fill up vacant ſpaces, where it will thrive faſt enough, 1
Thefe trees are cafily propagated by fowing their
provided the ground be light, and not over wet, and feeds, which fhould be done foon after they are ripe,
when the plants are in flower, will make an agreeable in a bed of common earth, covering them about half
variety . If this fort is propagated by its root, it may an inch thick with light mould. The fpring following
be performed either in fpring or autumn ; but the they will appear above ground, and, ifkept clear from
three firſt muſt only be removed in the fpring, for if weeds, fome of the forts will grow above a foot high
B the
 A CE ACE

the firft fummer. The autumn following (if they made the experiment ; but I believe it can scarce fail .
are clofe in the feed-bed ) it will be proper to tranf Moft, if not all the other forts of Maples, take very
plant thera lato a nurfery, in rows at three feet diftance, well upon each other.
and two feet afunder in the rows ; in which place they The American Sugar Maple has fome refemblance to
may remain three or four years, by which time they the Norway, when the plants are young; but as they
will be large enough to plant out for good. grow up the leaves are more deeply divided , and their
If the feeds of any of the forts of Maple are kept out furfaces lefs fimooth, fo that they are then eafily diftin
of the ground till spring, they rarely come up the fame guifhed. From this tree the inhabitants of North
year, and many times do not grow; fo that the fureft America make a very good fort of fugar, in large
method of railing them is, to fow the feeds as foon as quantities, by tapping the trees early in the fpring, and
poffible when they are ripe ; and, if the feeds are to boiling the juice, which drawn out till the fæces fub
be tranfported to any diilance, it will be proper to fide , is the fugar ; but I am of opinion , that the people
put them up in fand, or earth , whereby their growing make fugar from more than one fort of Maple in
quality will be preſerved. America, for I have found that the Afn-leaved Maple
The firſt and fourth forts are very proper to make abounds with a faccharine juice, in full as great plenty
plantations near the fea, or to fhelter fuch plantations as any other fort. Mr. Ray and Dr. Liiter, prepared
of trees as are too nearly fituated thereto. For both a tolerable good fort of fugar from our greater Maple ,
thefe forts thrive, and refifts the spray, which is ufually by tapping fome of the trees in their bleeding feafon ;
blown from the fea, better than inoft other trees do. and I have obferved, upon cutting off branches from
The variegated fort is alfo raifed from feeds of the the fcarlet Maple in February, a great quantity of a
fame kind; and most of the plants fo raifed, will be very fweet juice hath flowed out for feveral days to
as finely ftriped as the old plant from whence the feeds gether.
were taken, which is not common to many other va The eighth fort of Maple is very common in moſt
riegated plants. parts of Italy, but particularly about Rome, where it
The common Maple is too well known to need any is one of the largeſt trees of that country, and is
particular account, it growing, very frequently, in efteemed for the fize of the leaves, which are large,
hedge-rows in moft parts of England. It is raifed in affording a great fhade; fo that thefe trees are fre
the fame manner with the former. quently planted by the fides of roads, and near habi
The Virginian flowering Maple was raiſed from feeds, tations. In England this tree is very rarely to be met
which were brought from Virginia many years fince with, though it is hardy enough to bear the open air ;
by Mr. John Tradefcant, in his garden at South Lam but as the feeds have not been brought over to Eng
beth, near Vauxhall, and fince, in the gardens of the land till lately, there are no large plants in the Eng
Bishop of London , at Fulham, where the trees have lifh gardens at prefent.
flowered for feveral years, and produced ripe feeds, The ninth fort is common in the fouth of France and
from which feveral trees have been raifed. It may be Italy; the leaves of this refemble thofe of the common
alſo propagated by laying down the young branches Maple, but are of a much thicker fubftance, and not
early in the fpring, giving them a little fit at a joint, fo large, but are of a fhining green colour. They
by which means they will have taken fufficient root in continue in verdure very late in the autumn, which
two years, to be tranfplanted elsewhere. They require renders the trees more valuable. At prefent, this fort
a fituation a little defended from the north-east winds , is not common in England. I raiſed feveral plants
efpecially while young ; and delight in a moift light from feeds, fome of which have for feveral years pro
foil, in which they thrive much better than in a dry duced good feeds in the Chelfea garden, where from
ground, and will produce more flowers, and better the fcattered feeds the plants come up annually in
feeds. This tree commonly flowers in the beginning plenty.
of April, and the feeds are ripe in five or fix weeks The tenth fort hath fome refemblance to the ninth.
after, at which time they fhould be fowed ; for they The leaves of this fort are of a much thinner tex
are very apt to perifh, if kept long out of the ground. ture, and their foot-ftalks are covered with a foft
There is another variety of the flowering Maple, hairy down, whereas thofe of the other are fmooth
which was fent from America to Sir Charles Wager, and ftiff. This fort grows naturally in the Levant.
and flouriſhed ſeveral years in his garden at Parfons Moſt of the forts of Maple which come from Ame
green, near Fulham. This is by the gardeners titled rica, are very impatient of heat while young ; their
Sir Charles Wager's flowering Maple. The flowers feeds therefore fhould be fown in a fheltered fituation ,
of this kind come out in large cluſters, and furround for if the plants are expofed to the full fun but one
the younger branches, fo as to appear at a fmall dif day, when they first appear, few of them will furvive
tance covered with them. It is now become pretty it , but efpecially the Sugar Maple, of which fort I
common in fome of the nurferies near London, fo conftantly loft moft of the plants, till I had the pre
that the former fort is not fo much efteemed, being caution to place the pots, in which the feeds were
lefs beautiful , but it is doubtful if they are dif fown, entirely in the fhade ; for no fooner are they
tinct species . expofed to the fun, but they are immediately attacked
The Afh-leaved Maple is a very ftrong fhooting tree, by infects, which in one day will devour their feed
and is, in Virginia, one of the largeit trees of this leaves, after which the plants fuddenly drop to the
kind. It must be planted in places not too much ex ground. This precaution therefore is neceffary to be
pofed to violent winds, being fubject to split thereby. obferved, in raifing moſt of the forts of Maple from
This tree ripens feeds very well in England , by which feeds.
means it is eafily propagated, or by cuttings planted The timber of the common Maple is far fuperior to
in autumn. the Beech for all ufes of the turner, particularly diſhes, '
The Norway Maple has a milky fharp juice, fo that cups, trenchers, and bowls ; and when it abounds with
few infects care to prey thereon, by which means the knots ( as it very often doth), it is highly efteemed by
leaves are feldom ea en or defaced ; and being ſmooth, the joiners for inlayings, & c. and alfo for the light
and of a fhining green, they have a much better ap neſs of the wood, is often employed by thofe that
pearance than thole of the Sycamore ; and in the fpring, make mufical inftruments ; and for the whitenefs of its
when the flowers are out, have great beauty. This wood, it was formerly in great requeſt for tables, & c.
tree is alfo raiſed by feeds, of which it affords great ACETOSA [ of acetofus, L. cager, four. ] The Sorrels
quantities, which rife and grow from the fcattered feeds are by Dr. Linnæus joined to the genus of Dock,
as well as the common fort ; it will alfo grow from under the title of RUMEX ; but as all the known fpe
cuttings, if they are planted in the autumn. cies of Sorrel, have male flowers growing upon dif
The variegated kind may alfo be propagated by in tinct roots from the female, therefore by his method
oculating a bud of the ftriped kind into one of the fhould be ranged in his twenty-fecond clafs titled Di
plain fort, though I am not at prefent fure whether it ceceia; therefore I have taken the liberty to feparate
will take upon any other fort of Maple, not having thefe from the Docks, rather to preferve their old title,
as
 A CE A C H

as the plants have been long ufed both in the kitchen been continued in the Difpenfaries as a medicinal plant,
and fhops . fo it is here inſerted.
The CHARACTERS are, The low creeping Northern Sorrel, is preferved in
It hath male and female flowers in different plants; the many gardens for the fake of variety, but has not been
male flowers have a three leaved empalement, in which ufed in the kitchen . This fort grows wild in moft of
are includedfix ftamina, crowned with flat oblong fummits, the northern counties, as alfo in Wales. I have ſeen
but have no corolla: the female flowers have alfo a three it growing in greatplenty in Yorkſhire and Weftmore
leaved empalement, in the center of which is fituated a three land . The leaves of this fort have very fhort foot
corneredgermen, fupporting a trifid ftylus. The germen af ftalks, and are indented at both ends. Thefe grow
terward turns to a triangular feed. near to the ground, and the flower-ſtems rarely rife
The SPECIES are , above fix inches high. The roots creep in the ground,
1. ACETOSA (Pratenfis) foliis fagittatis inferioribus pedi wherebyit multiplies exceedingly in a properfituation .
culatis caulinis feffilibus. Common or Meadow Sorrel. As this fort grows naturally in fhady moift places, fo
Acetofa pratenfis. C. B. P. 114. whoever is defirous to have it thrive in a garden, muſt
2. ACETOSA (Acetofella) foliis lanceolato-haftatis radice plant it in a north border and in a moift foil, where
repente. Common Sheep's Sorrel. Acetofa arvenfis lan it may be propagated in plenty, and be uſed for the
ceolata. C. B. P. 114. fame purpofes as the others.
3. ACETOSA (Scutatus) foliis cordato haftatis radice re The Alpine Sorrel is full as hardy as the common,
pente. Round leaved or French Sorrel. Acetofa rotun and as the leaves are much larger, fo they are better
difolia hortenfis . C. B. P. 114. for the uſes of the kitchen, having as pleafant an acid
4. ACETOSA (Digynus) humilis repens folio rotundo emar taſte, and being much more fucculent. This may be
ginato. Low creeping Sorrel with a round indented leaf. propagated either by feeds, or parting of their roots,
Acetofa rotundifolia repens Eborafcenfis folio in me in the fame manner as the common fort ; but the plants
dio deliquium patiente. Mor. Hift. require more room, for which reafon they ought not
5. ACETOSA ( Alpina) foliis cordatis acuminatis amplexi to be nearer than a foot from each other, eſpecially
caulibus. Alpine Sorrel, with heart-shaped pointed leaves in good ground.
embracing the stalks. Acetofa montana lato ari rotundo ACETOSELLA. See OXALIS .
folio. Bocc . Muf. ACHILLEA, Milfoil Yarrow, or Noſebleed.
6. ACETOSA (Lunaria) foliis fubcordatis, caule arboreo. The CHARACTERS are,
Sorrel-tree with roundish heart-shaped leaves. Acetofa It hath a compound radiated flower, confifting of many
arborefcens, fubrotundo folio. Pluk. Alm . 8. tubulous florets, which are hermaphrodite, and compofe
7. ACETOSA (Rofea) foliis erofis, valvulæ alterius ala the difk of the flower; the female flowers are ranged round
maxima membranacea declinata. Sorrel from Egypt the border, these have their corolla ftretched out on one fide
with bitten leaves, and large membranaceous valves declin like a tongue, which compofe the rays, all included in one
ing. Acetofa Ægyptia rofea feminis involucro. Shaw. common fealy empalement. The bermaphrodite flowers have
Pl. Afr. each fivefhortflenderftamina, accompanying asmallgermen,
8. ACETOSA (Sterilis) foliis oblongis pedunculis brevif which is fituated in the bottom, and refts upon a downy
fimus rarò florens. Northern barren Sorrel. This is the bed; the germen afterwards becomes a single oval feed,
Acetofa Mufcovitica fterilis. Mor. Hift. having a down adhering to it.
The firſt of theſe forts, though but ſmall in the fields, The SPECIES are,

yet, when fown in gardens, will produce fair large 1. ACHILLEA (Millefolium) foliis bipinnatis nudis, laci
leaves ; this is commonly cultivated in gardens. It niis linearibus dentatis. Hort. Cliff. 413. Common
muft be fown early in the fpring, in a fhady moiſt Yarrow, called alfo Milfoil, Stratiotes, and Nofebleed.
border; and if the plants are afterward removed into Of this there is a variety with purple flowers, which
another fhady border, at the diſtance of four or fix is often found growing naturally in England.
inches fquare, they will produce larger leaves, and 2 . ACHILLEA (Santolina) foliis fetaceis dentatis, denti
continue longer. This is the common Sorrel uſed in culis fubintegris fubulatis reflexis. Hort. Cliff. 412.
medicine ; but the Northern barren Sorrel is preferred Eaftern Sneezwortwith a Lavender-cotton leaf, andalar gė
to it in the kitchen-garden, becaufe it rarely runs to flower.
feed, but is increafed by parting the roots either in 3 . ACHILLEA (Tomentofa) foliis pinnatis hirfutis pinnis
fpring or autumn, and is fit for uſe all the year. linearibus dentatis . Lin . Sp . Plant. 897. WoollyYarrow
The round leaved (or French) Sorrel, is a more grate with yellow flowers.
ful acid, fo by many perfons is preferred to the other 4. ACHILLEA (Pubefcens) foliis pinnatis, foliolis lanceo
two forts for kitchen ufe; this is alfo a medicinal plant, latis incifis ferratis fubtus lanigeris. Hort. Cliff. 413 .
and ſhould not be wanting in any good garden : it is Eaftern Sneezwort with hoary Tanfey leaves, and the rays
a great runner at the root, by which means it is eaſily of the flower of a pale yellow colour.
propagated, and the roots planted at the diftance 5. ACHILLEA ( Abrotanifolia) foliis pinnatis fupra decom
of two feet fquare at leaft: it will agree better with pofitis, laciniis linearibus diftantibus. Flor. Leyd.
an open fituation than the other two forts. And if Prod. 175. Talleft Eaftern Yarrow, with a Wormwood
the Ĥower-ſtems and rambling branches are cut off in leaf and yellow flowers.
in the beginning of July, the roots will foon put out 6. ACHILLEA ( Clavenna) foliis pinnatifidis planis obtufis
new leaves, which will be tender and much better for tomentofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 898. Broad-leaved Alpine
kitchen uſes, than the older leaves ; fo that by cutting umbelliferous Wormwood.
down the ſhoots offome plants at different times, there 7 . ACHILLEA (Tanacetifolia) foliis pinnatis foliolis lineari
will always be a fupply of young leaves, which is the lanceolatis bafi furfum auctis. Flor. Leyd . Prod . 176.
only part of the plant ufed in the kitchen . And this EafternSneezwort with hoary Tanfey leaves, and a golden 11
fort is much preferable to the common Sorrel for foups, flower.
fo many perfons have of late years cultivated it in 8. ACHILLEA (Ageratum ) foliis lanceolatis obtufis acutè
their gardens, fince the uſe of Sorrel has been greatly ferratis. Hort. Cliff. 413. Commonly called Sweet Maud ļ
increaſed in England, by the introduction of French line.
cookery, it being an ingredient in many of their fauces 9 . ACHILLEA (Egyptiaca) foliis pinnatis foliolis obtusè
and foups. Infomuch that about Paris, Sorrel is cul lanceolatis ferrato dentatis. Hort. Cliff. 413. Hoary
tivated in as great quantity as almoſt any other ef Sneezwort with crafted pinnule.
culent plant . 10. ACHILLEA (Ptarmica) foliis lanceolatis acuminatis
The Sheep's Sorrel is a common weed in moft parts argutè ferratis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 898. Common Ptarmica
of England, growing upon dry banks and in gravelly or Sneezwort. Of this fort there is a variety with double
foils in great plenty; for as it propagates very faft by flowers which is preferved in gardens.
its creeping roots, fo wherever it once gets poffeffion 11. ACHILLEA ( Macrophylla) foliis pinnatis planis incifo
in the ground, it foon multiplies. This is rarely ad ferratis extimis majoribus coadunatis . Lin. Sp. Plant,
mitted to have a place in gardens, but as it has long 1265. Alpine Sneezwort with Feverfew leaves.
6 12. ACHILLEA
 ACH ACH

12. ACHILLEA (Nana) foliis pinnatis dentatis hirfutiffi any of it cultivated in the gardens for fale ; and when
mis floribus glomerato umbellatis . Lin . Sp . Plant. it is aſked for, the people in the markets commonly
2671. Hoary Alpine Milfoil, with a fpecious flower. give the fourteenth fort for it, which being a very
13. ACHILLEA ( Nobilis) foliis bipinnatis, inferioribus nu hardy plant, and eaſily propagated, is now generally
dis planis, fuperioribus obtufis tomentofis corymbis fold for the other. For though the true Maudlin is
convexis confertiffimis. Lin. Sp . 1268. Noble or Sweet hardy in refpect to cold, yet in wet winters the roots
Milfoil. are often killed by moisture, eſpecially thoſe which
14. ACHILLEA ( Alpina) foliis lanceolatis dentato -ferratis are in good ground ; but when the plants grow out of
denticulatis tenuiffimè ferratis. Hort. Cliff. 413. Al thejoints of walls, or in rubbish, they will live many
pine Sneezwort with leaves deeply ferrated, commonly called years without care. There are two other varieties of
White Maudlin. this plant which are found growing naturally in Spain,
The first fort here enumerated, is the common Yar one of them having longer and more compact umbels
row or Milfoil, which grows naturally on banks and of flowers, and the other hath broader leaves and
by the fides of foot- paths in moft parts of England, fmaller flowers ; but thefe approaching ſo near to the
fo is rarely allowed a place in gardens ; but being an common fort in every other particular, I thought it
officinal plant, it is here mentioned to introduce the would be needleſs to enumerate them as diftinct fpe
others . Of this there is a variety with purple flowers, cies. The common Maudlin is propagated by parting
which is frequently found wild in England ; but the of the roots, either in fpring or autumn ; and as it
plants feldom continue to produce purple flowers ripens feeds very well, fo it may be propagated by
long, when they are tranfplanted into gardens. The fowing the feeds in April. It flowers in June and July,
Yarrow creeps greatly by its roots, and alfo multiplies and the feeds are ripe in September.
by feeds, fo that it becomes a troubleſome weed, where The tenth fort is the common Sneezwort ; this grows
it is permitted to grow. wild in the woods and other fhady places, in many
The third fort is often planted in gardens for the fake parts of England, fo is not admitted into gardens ;
of variety. This is of humble growth, feldom rifing this creeps greatly by its roots, fo as to cover a large
more than eight or nine inches high. The leaves are fpot of ground foon. It is fometimes ufed in medi
finely cut, and are very hoary ; the flowers are of cine, and in the fpring the young tender fhoots are put
a bright yellow colour, and continue long in beauty. into fallads, to correct the coldness of other herbs ;
It grows naturally in the fouth of France, Spain, and and the roots are uſed for the tooth- ach, whence fome
Italy, but will live in the open air in England. It is have given the title of Field Pellitory to this plant.
increaſed by parting of the roots, the beſt time for There is a variety of this with double flowers, which
which is in October. is preferved in gardens, and is commonly known by
The fourth, fifth, feventh, and ninth forts, are na the title of double Maudlin. When this is planted
tives in the iſlands of the Archipelago. Theſe were in pots, fo as to confine the roots from creeping, the
introduced into France by Dr. Tournefort. The ninth ftalks will grow cloſer together, and then they make
fort hath very hoary leaves, which remain all the year; a tolerable appearance when in flower ; but where the
and the plants growing clofe and low, make a pretty roots have full liberty to run, the ſtalks. grow farther
appearance at all feafons.The flowers are produced diſtant from one another, in which cafe they make
in umbels on the top of the ftalks , which are yel but an indifferent appearance. It flowers in July and
low; thefe appear in June, July, Auguft, and Sep Auguft.
tember, and are of long duration, fo that frequently The fourteenth fort has fome refemblance to the
fome of them continue the greater part of the winter. tenth, but the leaves are longer, deeper cut on their
This fort muſt have a dry foil and a warm fituation , edges, and are of a darker green colour. This pro
where it will endure the cold of our ordinary winters pagates faft enough by its creeping root, and is very
in the open air, but in very fevere froft they are often hardy.
deftroyed; a few plants therefore ought to be fhel The eleventh and twelfth forts are natives of the Alps,
tered under a frame in winter, to preferve the kind . and confequently very hardy ; they multiply by feeds,
It is propagated by flips, which may be taken off and and alfo by parting of their roots , and will thrive in
planted in a fhady border, any time in fummer, when almoſt any foil, but love an open expofure. The ele
they will take root in about fix weeks, and then may venth produces many ſtalks which rife near three feet
be tranfplanted either into pots, or the borders where high, having looſe branching umbels of white flowers
they are to remain. This fort rarely perfects its feeds on their top, reſembling thofe of the common Sneez
in England . wort, but larger. The twelfth fort hath hoary leaves,
The fourth, fifth, and ſeventh forts , are of taller and the umbels of its flowers are more compact ; the
growth, propagating by their roots, and ripening feeds ſtalks of this do not rife more than a foot high. Both
in England, fo that they may be obtained in plenty ; theſe deſerve a place in gardens.
and as they require little care to cultivate them, being The thirteenth fort approaches near the firſt, but the
hardy enough to live in the open air, they may be leaves are of a pale green, and not fo long, or fo
allowed a place in gardens, where, by theirhoary leaves, much cut as thofe of the firft ; thefe have a ſtrong
they will make a pretty diverfity ; and their flowers ſweet ſcent when bruifed. It is equally hardy with the
continuing long, though not the moſt beautiful, yet firſt, and therefore requires little culture.
make a pretty contraft when intermixed with others . ACHRA S. See SAPOTA.
The fixth fort is a very humble plant ; the foot- ftalks ACHYRANTHES.
which fupport the umbels of its flowers, rarely rife The CHARACTERS are,
above fix inches high. As for the flowers themſelves, The empalement confifts offive pointed rigid leaves which
they are near as large as thofe of the common Sneez are permanent ; the flower bath no petals ; but in the cen
wort, white, and growing in flat umbels ; theſe ter of the empalement is fituated the pointal, having a bifid
appear in June and July. The leaves of the plant ftigma, attended by five ftamina, fupporting fmallfummits.
have fome likenefs to thofe of the common Worm
The pointal afterward becomes a fingle roundish feed, in
wood, and arevery hoary, growing clofe to the ground , clofed in the empalement.
decaying in autumn, fo that in winter they make The SPECIES are,
little appearance. This fpecies of Yarrow is propa 1. ACHYRANTHES (Afpera) caule erecto, calycibus re
gated by parting of the roots, either in fpring or au flexis fpicæ adpreffis . Fl. Zeyl. 105. Achyranthes with
tumn, and ſhould have a dry foil, for much wet in an upright ftalk, and a reflexed flower-cup. Amaranthus
winter will rot them. It never perfects its feeds here, ficulus fpicatus radice perenni. Bocc . Rar. Plant. 16.
tab. 9.
and therefore can only be multiplied the other way.
This fort is a native of the Alps. 2. ACHYRANTHES (Indica) caule erecto, foliis obversè
The eighth fort is commonly known by the title of ovatis undulatis floribus reflexis . Achyranthes with an
Sweet Maudlin in the markets ; it was formerly more erect stalk, obverse oval waved leaves and reflexed flowers.
ufed in medicine than at prefent, fo that there is fcarce
3. ACHYRANTHES
 A CO A CO
C O

3. ACHYRANTHES (Lappacea) caule erecto, fpicâ inter dria trigynia, from the flowers having many ftamina,
ruptâ, floribus externè lanatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 204. and three ftyles .
The SPECIES are,
Achyranthes with an upright ſtalk, a looſe ſpike, and the
outfide of the flower woolly. I. ACONITUM ( Lycottonum) foliis palmatis multifidis vil
4. ACHYRANTHES ( Lanata) caule erecto, fpicis ovatis la lofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 532. Yellow Wolfsbane or Monk
teralibus calycibus lanatis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 204. Achy fhood, with palmated hairy leaves finely divided. Aconitum
rantbes. with an erect stalk, and oval spikes of flowers lycoctonum luteum . C. B. P. 183 .
produced from the wings of the leaves, which are covered 2. ACONITUM ( Altiffimum) foliis palmatis, nervofis gla
with a foft down. bris. Greatest yellowWolfsbane, with nervous, smooth, pal
The firſt fort hath been long in the Engliſh gardens, mated leaves. Aconitum luteum majus ampliore caule
where it hath been preferved more for the fake of va amplioribufque foliis. Dod. p. 441.
riety, than for its beauty or ufe. It grows near three 3. ACONITUM (Variegatum ) foliis multifidis laciniis fe
feet high, with oblong pointed leaves ; the flowers mipartitis fupernè latis . Hort. Cliff. 214. Leffer Wolfs
come out in long fpikes from the extremity of the bane with blue flowers, whofe under leaves are cut into
branches, which are compoſed of an empalement, with many parts, and whofe upper have broader fegments. Aco
a ſtyle and five ftamina, but hath no petals, fo may nitum cæruleum minus, five napellus minor. C. B. P.
be ranged under the clafs of blink flowers. The plants 183.
of this fort muſt be raiſed on a hot-bed, and when 4. ACONITUM ( Anthora) floribus pentagynis foliorum
they have acquired ftrength, they may be tranfplanted laciniis linearibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 532. Wholefome
into the full ground, where they will flower in July, Wolfsbane with yellow flowers. Aconitum falutiferum
and their feeds ripen in September. If theſe are kept five anthora. C. B. P. 184.
in pots, and put into a warm green-houſe in winter, 5. ACONITUM (Napellus) foliorum laciniis linearibus fu
they will live two or three years, where perfons are pernè latioribus linea exaratis. Hort. Cliff. 214. Wolfs
inclined to keep them fo long. This fort grows na bane, or Monkshood, with large blue flowers. Aconitum
turally in the iſlands of America, and alfo in India cæruleum, five napellus. 1 C. B. Pin. 183 .
and Sicily. 6. ACONITUM (Pyramidale) foliis multipartitis , fpicis flo
The feeds of the fecond fort I received from Malabar, rum longiffimis feflilibus. The common blue Monkshood,
which have for fome years flouriſhed at Chelſea, and with a longfpike offlowers. Aconitum pyramidale mul
tiflorum. H. R. Par.
annually produced ripe feeds, which have never va
ried from the parent plant. 7. ACONITUM (Alpinum) foliorum laciniis pinnatifidis
The third and fourth forts grow naturally at the Cape flore maximo. Large flowered Monkshood, or Wolfsbane,
of Good Hope, from whence I received their feeds. of a blue purple colour. Aconitum cæruleo purpureum
Theſe are all preferved in botanic gardens for the fake flore maximo, five napellus. 4 C. B. P. 183 .
of variety, but have no great beauty to recommend 8. ACONITUM ( Pyrenaicum) foliis multipartitis laciniis li
them, to thoſe who do not cultivate plants for the im nearibus incumbentibus fquamofis . Hort. Upfal. 152 .
provement of that ſcience. Yellow Pyrenean Monkshood, or Wolfsbane, withfine cut
They may all be propagated in the fame manner as leaves. Aconitum Pyrenaicum luteum foliorum feg
the firſt, and will perfect their feeds the fame year ; mentis fibi invicem incumbentibus . Raii Syll. 367 .
but the plants of the three laft forts may be preferved 9. ACONITUM ( Cammarum) floribus fubpentagynis, fo
through the winter if placed in a ſtove, for they are liorum laciniis cuneiformibus incifis acutis. Lin. Sp.
too tender to be kept in a green-houſe where there is Plant. 751. Monkshood with flowers, having commonlyfive
not artificial heat. shaped.
Styles, and thefegments of the leaves awl-
TK
ACINOS. See THYMUS. 10. ACONITUM (Orientale) elatius, foliis palmatis flore
ACINUS, or ACINI, by good authors is not uſed magno albo. Eastern Monkshood, with a tall talk and
for the grape ftone, but the grape itſelf, as appears large white flower. Aconitum lycoctonum orientale
from the following paffage in Columella, Cum expref flore magno albo. Tourn. Cor.
feris vinacea, quæ acinis celantur. It is commonly uſed The fixth fort is the moft common in the Engliſh
for thoſe ſmall grains growing in bunches, after the gardens ; this is cultivated for the beauty of its long
manner of grapes, as Liguftrum, & c. fpike of blue flowers, which are brought to the mar
ACNIDA, Virginia Hemp. kets in London, towards the end of May, when it
This plant grows naturally in Virginia, and in fome commonly flowers ; fo that theſe being intermixed
other parts of North America, but is rarely cultivated with the Guelder Roſes and other flowers of the fame
in Europe, except in fome few botanic gardens, for ſeaſon, make an agreeable variety, when properly
the fake of variety. It hath male and female flowers blended, to adorn halls and other apartments. But as
growing upon different roots, fo is near of kin to the moſt of the ſpecies of Monkfhood are a deadly poiſon,
Hemp, under which title it has been ranged by fome not only to men but to brutes alfo, they ought not
former botanists . But as it is a plant of little beauty, therefore to be admitted into places where children or
and at preſent no uſe has been made of it, it is to ignorant perfons frequent, left by ſmelling to theſe
little purpoſe to ſay more of it here. flowers, they fhould draw fome of the farina into
ACONITUM , Wolfsbane, or Monkfhood, [of änwv, their noftrils, which may prove very hurtful to them,
or axn, a dart, becauſe the Barbarians uſed to daub as I can from experience affert for fact. We have an
their darts therewith ; others of ilxovéw, to accelerate, account of a man who was poifoned in the year 1732 ,
becauſe it haſtens death ]. by eating fome of this plant, which by an unſkilful
The CHARACTERS are, perfon was put into a fallad inſtead of Celery. This
The flower bath no empalement, but confifts offive unequal is particularly mentioned in the Tranſactions of the
petals, which vary in different fpecies ; the galea (or hood) Royal Society, N° 432. Dodonæus alfo relates a ſtory
is tubulous, and covers the otherparts of the flower like a of the bad effects of one fpecies of Monkshood, which
friar's cowl; the two lateral petals, which inclose the was recent in his time. Some unſkilful perfons had
Stamina andftyle are equal : thefe are concave andflightly gathered the young ſhoots of the blue Monkshood to
indented in the middle. The two lower petals are narrow eat in a fallad, and all that eat of them were feized
and oblong : in the bottom of the flower are placed two with terrible ſymptoms, and foon died. Dr. Turner
nectarii, upon which arefituated the ftyles ; in fome there alfo mentions, that fome Frenchmen at Antwerp eat
are two, in others three, and fome have five: theſe are the fhoots of this plant for thofe of Maſterwort, and
forked, andftretch out far beyond the ftamina, which are all of them died in two days, except two players who
numerous and irregular : after the flower is past, the ger threw them up by vomit. I have known perfons who
men become oblong feed- veffels terminated in a point, and by fmelling to the flowers, have been ſeized with
coalefcing at their base ; thefe have but one cell, which is fwooning fits, and have loft their fight for two or three
filled with angular roughfeeds. days .

This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnæus ranged in the The fourth fort is that which is made use of in me
third fection of his thirteenth claſs, entitled Polyan dicine, and is eſteemed an antidote to thoſe which are
с poiſonous,
 A CO ACT

poisonous. This is by fome writers titled Anthora, . inches each way, obferving to water them until they
and by others Antithora, as the poiſonous kinds have have taken good root in the ground ; after which
been called Thora. Whenever therefore any of the time they will require no other care but to keep them
fpecies ofthis genus is ordered in medicine, this is the clean from weeds, till the following autumn, when
fort intended. they may be tranfplanted to the places where they are
Moft, if not all the other forts are esteemed poifon to remain.
ous ; but thoſe with blue flowers are fuppofed to be of The common Monkfhood will grow under the ſhade
a much stronger quality, than the yellow or white of trees, in wilderneffes or woods, and will increaſe
flowered kinds. It is confidently affirmed, that the faft enough by means of its creeping roots ; but tho'
huntfmen on the Alps, who hunt the wolves and other moft of the other forts delight in fhade, yet few of
wild animals, dip their arrows into the juice of theſe them will thrive under trees, for which reaſon they
plants, which renders the wounds made by them deadly. fhould be planted in fhady borders which are not over
The fixth fort is the firft which flowers ; this grows hung by trees, where they will continue much longer
near four feet high, and the fpikes of flowers are up in flower, and thrive better than in an open expoſure.
ward of two feet long, fo that when it is in flower, it ACONITUM HYEMALE. See HELLEBORUS.
makes a pretty appearance ; and being very hardy, A CORUS, the Sweet Rufh.
The CHARACTERS are,
growing in any foil or fituation, and multiplying
greatly by the root, has induced many perfons to al It bath a fimple cylindrical ſtalk, which is closely covered
low it a place in their gardens, for the fake of its with fmall flowers, fo as toform a fort ofkatkin (or iulus) .
flowers, who being ignorant of its dangerous quali Thefe flowers have no empalement, but are compofed offix
ties, have permitted it to fpread and propagate greatly. concave obtufe petals. In the center of the flower is fituated
It flowers in May and June. The feeds are ripe in a fwelling germen, attended byfix ftamina, which are ex
September ; but as this fort multiplies fo greatly by tended beyondthe petals, and are crowned with thick double
the root, it is rarely propagated the other way. fummits; the germen afterward turns to a fhort triangular
The first and fecond forts are the next which flower ; capfule, having three cells, in which are lodged oval oblong
theſe come about the middle of June, and if the fea feeds.
fon is not warm, will continue in flower till Auguit. Dr. Linnæus ranges this genus in his fixth claſs of
The firſt grows upwards of three feet high, and the fe plants, entitled Hexandria monogynia, the flowers
cond above four, the fpikes of flowers too in this being having fix ftamina and one ftyle.
much longer than the former. We have but one SPECIES of this plant,
The third fort flowers a little later than either of thofe, AcORUS (Calamus) Roy. Leyd. 6. The feet fmelling Flag
but feldom grows more than two feet high, and the or Calamus. Acorus verus, five calamus aromaticus .
fpikes of flowers are much fhorter than either of the C. B. P. 34.
two laft. This plant grows naturally in ftanding waters which
The wholefome Wolfsbane flowers in the middle of are fhallow, and is found wild in fome parts of Eng
Auguft, and often continues in beauty till the middle land ; particularly in Norfolk, and alfo near Uxbridge
of September ; the flowers are not fo large as thofe of in Middlefex, and in feveral parts of the north. In
fome other forts, but being of a fulphur colour, make a Holland this plant abounds in moſt of their ditches
pretty appearance in the borders of the flower-garden. and ſtanding waters. The leaves of this plant, when
This fort will not thrive fo well under the fhade of broken, fend forth a ſtrong aromatic fcent ; the roots are
trees as many of the other forts, and therefore muſt much ſtronger, and have been long uſed in medicine.
have an open expofure . This may be transplanted into a garden, where if the
The ninth and tenth forts flower the beginning of ground is moist, it will grow very well ; but never
July. The ninth ufually grows about four feet high, produces its fpike, unlefs it grows in the water. It
but the tenth I have feen upwards of fix. This fort is loves an open fituation, and will not thrive well un
at preſent very rare in Europe. It was found by Dr. der the fhade of trees . The fpikes of flowers (which
Tournefort in the Levant, who fent the feeds to the are by many writers termed ( Juli ) appear toward the
royal garden at Paris, where it was firft cultivated in latter end of June, and continue till Auguft. When
Europe, and from that garden, others have been fur this plant is fixed in a proper fituation, it will multiply
niſhed with the feeds. by its creeping roots faft enough.
The eighth fort flowers in July. This grows about ACRIVIOLA. See TROPÆolum .
four feet high, having a long fpike of yellow flowers ACTEA, Herb Chriftopher.
The CHARACTERS are,
of a middling ſize, wherefore they may be allowed a
place among fhrubs, or in fuch parts of the garden as The empalement of the flower is compofed offour concave
are not frequented by children. obtufe leaves, which fall off; the flower bath four petals
The fifth, fixth, and ſeventh forts flower in Auguft, which are much larger than the empalement. In the center
when they make a pretty appearance ; and were it not is placed the ovalgermen, crowned with an oblique depreffed
for their noxious quality, would deferve a place in ftigma, attended by numerous fender ftamina, crowned with
every garden. There are two or three varieties ofthe eret double roundish fummits. After the flower is paft,
fifth fort, one with white, another with Rofe coloured , the germen becomes an oval or globular berry, having one
and a third with variegated flowers ; but theſe are cell, in which are lodged four feeds, which are roundish on
only varieties which often change. The Napellus mi their outfide, but angular where they arejoined.
nor is alfo apt to change in the colour of its flower ; Dr. Linnæus ranges this genus under his thirteenth
of this fort I have had fome plants with variegated clafs of plants, entitled Polyandria monogynia, the
flowers, but they changed in two years and became flowers having many ſtamina and one germen .
The SPECIES are,
plain, nor did their feeds produce any plants with va
riegated flowers. The feventh fort will grow to the 1. ACTEA ( Spicata) racemo ovato fructibufque baccatis .
height of five feet in good ground ; the flowers are Lin. Sp . Plant. 504. Common Herb Chriſtopher, or Bane
very large, but not many upon each ſpike. Theſe are Berries. Chriftophoriana vulgaris noftras racemofa &
of a deep blue colour. ramofa. Mor. Hift. p . 2 , 8.
All the forts of Monkfhood may be propagated by 2. ACTEA ( Alba) racemo ovato baccis niveis, radice tu
feeds, which ſhould be fown in the autumn, in a fhady berofa. American Herb Christopher, with white berries.
fituation : the plants often come up the first year, if Chriftophoriana Americana baccis niveis. Mor. Hift.
the feeds are fown in autumn, otherwiſe it is the fe P. 28.
cond fpring before they appear ; therefore the ground 3. ACTEA ( Racemofa) racemis longiffimis fructibus uni
fhould be kept clean from weeds all the following capfularibus. Lin. Sp . Pl. 504. American black or wild
fummer, and when the plants come up, they ſhould Snakercot. Chriftophoriana Americana procerior & lon
be watered in dry weather until they are fit to tranf giùs fpicata. Hort. Elth . 79.
1
plant ; when they are to be carefully taken up, and The firſt fort grows naturally in feveral places in the
planted in fhady borders, at the diftance of four northern counties of England : I found it in pretty
great
 "
ADA ADE

great plenty in a wood near Kirby Lonſdale, as alfo There is known but one SPECIES at prefent,
near Ingleborough Hill in Yorkshire. It grows two ADANSONIA . This is the Baobab. Alp. Egypt. c. 27. f. 28.
feet and a half high, the foot-ftalks of the leaves ariſe The young plants, and alſo moſt ofthe new branches,
from the root ; thefe divide into three fmaller foot have fingle fpear-shaped leaves towards their lower
ſtalks, each of which divide again into three, and part, but at their extremities the leaves have fome
1

theſe have each three lobes, fo that each leaf is com three, and others five lobes, of the fame fize and form
pofed of twenty-feven lobes (or fmall leaves). The as the lower, which are difpofed like a hand ; theſe .
flower-ftem which arifes from the root, is garniſhed are entire, ending in a point, and fall off in winter.
with leaves of the fame form, but are ſmaller. On the The ftems are large and woody, but of a foft texture,
top of the ftalk appears the flowers, which grow in and have generally a large fwelling near the root.
ramofe fpikes, and are of a pure white ; thele come It is propagated by feeds, which must be procured
out in May, and are fucceeded by black fhining ber from the country where it grows naturally (for it doth
ries about the fize of Peaſe, which ripen in the autumn . not produce any in Europe) ; theſe muſt be ſown in
This is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown pots, and plunged into a hot-bed, where, in about fix
foon after they are ripe ; for if they are kept out of weeks, the plants will come up, and in a fhort time
the ground till fpring, the plants will not come up after be fit to tranfplant ; when they fhould be each
till the year after, fo that a whole year will be loft. planted into a feparate pot, filled with light fandy
Theyſhould be fown on a fhady border, and kept clean earth, and plunged into a fresh hot-bed, obferving
from weeds. As the feeds feldom come up all at the to fhade them until they have taken new root ; after
fame time, the border in which they are fown fhould which time they fhould have free air admitted to them
not be diſturbed till the following autumn, to fee every day in warm weather, but muſt be fparingly
what plants may appear ; when the plants fhould be watered , for as their ftems are foft ( especially when
tranſplanted into a fhady border, where they may re young) too much wet will caufe them to rot. As the
main to flower. This plant hath a perennial root, plants advance in their growth, they are to be ſhifted
which lafts many years, but the ftalk is annual, and into larger pots, but mult conftantly be plunged into
periſhes in autumn, foon after which is the beſt time the bark-bed, being too tender to thrive in this coun
to tranfplant them. try without this artificial heat, therefore they muſt
The fecond fort grows naturally in North America, conftantly remain in the ftove with other tender exotic
from whence I have received the feeds ; the leaves of plants : the plants when young make great progrefs
this are fomewhat like thofe of the first fort, but are in their growth, where they are properly treated ; for
not fo deeply indented on their edges . The flowers in three years many of them have been more than fix
grow in a more compact fpike, and the berries are feet high, and have put out feveral lateral branches,
very white and tranfparent when ripe ; the roots of their ſtems were alſo proportionable ; but after four or
this is compofed of thick tubers, or knobs. This is five years growth, they are almoſt at a ſtand, their
an abiding plant, and delights in a light moiſt foil, annual ſhoots rarely exceeding two or three inches.
and a fhady fituation ; it may be propagated in the The account which Monfieur Adanfon gives of the
fame manner as the former. trees he faw at Senegal and other parts of Africa, in
The third fort is a native of North America, where regard tothe fize of them is amazing, feveral ofwhich
it is called Black Snakeroot, to diftinguith it from the he meaſured round their ftems from fixty-five to fe
common Snakeroot. This plant hath large compound venty feet in circumference, but their height was not
leaves, which riſe immediately from the root, and are extraordinary . The trunks of thefe trees were from
branched afterthe fame manner as the firſt fort, which eight to twelve feet high, dividing into many hori
grow more than two feet high. The flower-ftems fre zontal branches which touched the ground at their
quently rife to the height of four or five feet, being extremities ; thefe were from forty-five to fifty-five
terminated by a long ſpike of white flowers, which is feet long, and were fo large in circumference, that
reflexed at the top. This flowers in June, or be each branch was equal to a monftrous tree in Europe ;
ginning of July, but does not perfect feeds in and where the water of a neighbouring river had •
England. During the time of its flowering, the plant washed away the earth, fo as to leave the roots of one
makes a good appearance in a garden , and therefore of theſe trees bare and open to fight, they meaſured
deferves a place in the fhady borders, or among fhrubs ; one hundred and ten feet long, without including
where, if it be not over-hung by them, it thrives very thofe parts of the roots which remained covered with
well, and being hardy, will require no other care than earth or fand : for he defcribes the plains where the "
the fhrubs themſelves. It is generally propagated by trees grow to be a barren moveable fand, ſo that from
feeds, which are annually fent from North America ; its being continually fhifted by the winds, there are
it loves a moift light foil, and a fhady fituation. no tracts difcoverable, whereby perfons can be guided
The root of this plant is greatly uſed by apothecaries in travelling over them.
and phyſicians in America, in many diforders, and is Profper Alpinus in his hiftory of Egyptian plants, de
fuppofed to be an antidote againſt poiſon, or the biting fcribes this tree, to which he gives the title of Baobab,
of the rattle-fnake. 1
fo that it also grows in that country ; but he does not
ADANSONIA, Ethiopian four Gourd, or Monkies mention any of them to be near the fize of thoſe de
Bread. fcribed by Monfieur Adanfon .
This plant is fo named from one Mr. Adanfon, a There were fome plants of this fort in feveral gardens,
French furgeon, who refided fome years at Senegal, which were raifed from feeds obtained from Grand
in Africa, and during that time made feveral difco Cairo in the year 1724, by the late Dr. William She
veries in natural hiſtory, and brought home a curious rard, fome of which were grown to the height of
collection of feeds and plants. eighteen feet ; but in the fevere winter 1740, they
The CHARACTERS are, were all loft, and fince that time there has not been
It hath a cup-shaped empalement, divided into fivefegments any of the feeds brought to England, till the return
at the brim , which turn backward, and the empalement of Mr. Adanfon to Paris in 1754, who fent fome of
falls off: the flower has five roundish petals, whofe brims the feeds over here, which have fucceeded, and many !
are reflexed ; at the tail of theſe are fituated many ftamina of the plants are now upwards of eight feet high.
joined in a tube, which ſpread horizontally above, and are ADELIA, we have no Engliſh title for this genus of
crowned by kidney-fhapedfummits. The germen is oval, the plants.
ftyles arelong, variouſly intorted, having many hairy ftigma. The CHARACTERS are,
It hath a large ovalligenous capfule often cells,filled with a It bath male and female flowers upon different roots : the
farinaceous four pulp, inclofing many kidneyshaped feeds. maleflowers have an empalement of one leaf cut into five
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth fection of concave fegments, but no corolla ; it hath manyflenderſta
Linnæus's fixteenth clafs, intitled Monodelphia po minathe length ofthe empalement, crowned by roundish fum
lyandria, the flowers having many ſtyles which coalefce mits. The female flowers have a five leaved concave em
with the ftamina in one houfe,
palement which is permanent ; they have no coralla, but
7 a
 ADE ADO

à roundish germen with three fhort divaricated ſtyles, and feem to be ſmall, and of little beauty ; the fine branch
torn ftigma. The capfule bath three cells, each contain ing leaves of the plant, however, make a very hand
ing one roundish feed. fome appearance in the ſtove. The feeds are of a
This genus of plants, is ranged by Dr. Linnæus, in fhining black colour, and are ſomewhat larger than
the twelfth fection of his twenty-fecond claſs, which thoſe of the great Lentil, and nearly of the fame ſhape.
includes thoſe which have male flowers on diftinct This plant must be raiſed on a hot-bed, and after
plants from the female, whofeftamina join at their bafe. wards placed in the bark-ftove with other tender
The SPECIES are, exotics.
1. ADELIA (Bernardia) foliis oblongis tomentofis ferra ADHATOD A. See JUSTICIA.
tis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 1473. Adelia with oblong, woolly, ADIANTHUM, i. e. Maidenhair.
fawed leaves. The CHARACTERS are,
2. ADELIA ( Ricinella) foliis obovatis integerrimis. Lin. This genus is diftinguished from the other capillary plants
Sp. Plant. 1473. Adelia, with oval entire leaves. by the fructification, being confufedly joined in oval spots,
3. ADELIA ( Acidoton) ramis flexuofis, fpinis gemmaceis . and the points of the leaves reflexed.
Amoen. Acad. 5. 411. Adelia with flexible branches The SPECIES are,
and prickly gems . 1. ADIANTHUM (Capillus Veneris) frondibus decompofi
Theſe plants grow naturally in the iſland of Jamaica, tis foliis alternis pinnis cuneiformibus lobatis pedi
and are near a-kin to the Ricinus, or Croton , but cellatis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 1096. The true Maidenhair.
the male flowers growing upon different plants from Adianthum foliis Coriandri. C. B. P. 356.
the female, has occafioned their being ranged in a 2. ADIANTHUM ( Pedatum ) frondibus pedatâ foliolis pin
different clafs . Dr. Houftoun conftituted a genus of natis pinnis antice gibbis incifis fructificantibus. Lin.
them by the title of Bernardia, in honour to Dr. Ber Sp. Plant. 1095. American Maidenhair. Adianthum
nard de Juffieu, demonftrator of plants in the royal Americanum. Corn . Canad. 7. tab. 6.
garden at Paris ; but Dr. Linnæus has fixed the title 3. ADIANTHUM (Trapeziforme) frondibus fupradecom
of Adelia to them. The plants are propagated by pofitis foliolis alternis, pinnis rhombeis incifis utrinque
feeds, when theſe can be procured from the countries fructificationibus . Lin . Sp. Plant. 1097. The largest
where they grow, for they do not produce good feeds black American Maidenhair with branching ſtalks, and
in England. The feeds muſt be fown upon a hot leaves fhaped like the figure of a rhombus.
bed in the fpring, and when the plants are fit to re There are many fpecies of this genus, which are
move, they ſhould be each tranfplanted into a feparate natives of the East and Weft-Indies, greatly dif
fmall pot, filled with light earth, and plunged into a fering in fize and form from each other. I have up
hot-bed of tan, treating them in the fame manner as wards of thirty diftinct fpecies in my collection of
is hereafter directed for Croton. In the autumn, the dried plants, which to enumerate in this place, would
pots fhould be plunged into the tan-bed in the ftove, be fuperfluous, as they have not been introduced into
where, if they are kept in a temperate heat in winter, the Engliſh gardens. The three forts here mention
and not over- watered during that ſeaſon , the plants ed, are all that I have feen growing in England.
may be preſerved, and the fummer following will pro The firſt fort is the true Maidenhair, which is directed
duce flowers ; but as theſe have little beauty, the to be uſed in medicine ; but as it does not grow natu
plants are feldom propagated except in botanic rally in England, fo the Trichomanes is ufually fub
gardens. ſtituted for it, which grows in great plenty in feveral
ADENANTHERA . Prod . Leyd. 462. Baſtard parts of England . The other is a native of the fouth
Flower-fence. of France, Italy, and the Levant, from whence I
The CHARACTERS are, have received the plants. It ufually grows out of the
The empalement of the flower is of one leaf, flightly cut joints of walls, and the fiffures of rocks, fo that who
into five at the top ; the flower is of the bell-shaped kind, ever is inclinable to keep this plant in their gardens,
and is compofed of five petals, which are reflexed and con fhould plant it in pots filled with gravel and lime
cave on their underfide. In the center is fituated an oblong rubbish, in which it will thrive much better than in
germen, fupporting a style crowned with a ſingle ftigma , good earth ; but the pots muſt be ſheltered under a
this is attended by ten erect ftamina of the fame length, frame in winter, otherwife the plants are often killed
which are crowned with roundish fummits ; after theflower by the froft.
is past, the germen becomes a long compreſſed pod, con The fecond fort is often preſerved in gardens for the
taining many convexfmooth feeds, placed at a distancefrom fake of variety ; this may be preſerved in pots, and
each other. treated in the fame manner as the former ; for altho
Dr. Linnæus ranges this genus of plants in the firſt it will live through the winter in the open air in mode
fection of his tenth clafs, entitled Decandria mono rate feafons, yet in fevere froft it is fometimes de
gynia, the flowers having ten ftamina and one ger ftroyed. This grows naturally in Canada in fuch
men ; but he ſeparates it from the Poinciana, becaufe quantities, that the French fend it from thence in
the petals of the flower are equal, and the empale package for other goods, and the apothecaries at Paris
ment is of one leaf, whereas the Poinciana hath a five ufe it for the Maidenhair, in all their compofitions in
leaved empalement, and the petals are unequal. which that is ordered.
ADENANTHERA foliis decompofitis. Prod. Leyd . 462 . The third fort grows naturally in very warm coun
Baftard Flower-fence with decompounded leaves. tries ; I received it from Jamaica in a tub of earth
There is another fpecies, or at leaſt a variety of this among other plants. This fort will not thrive in Eng
kind, with fcarlet feeds, which is at prefent rare in land, unleſs it be preſerved in a ſtove, where its fhin
this country. I received the feeds of it from India, ing black ſtalks and odd fhaped leaves will afford
from which many plants have been raiſed, but they an agreeable variety among other exotic plants .
are of very flow growth in England. ADNATA, ADNESCENTIA, are thofe off
The fort here mentioned grows to a very large tree fets, or ſmall bulbs, which are produced from the
in its native country, but it is ſo tender as to require roots of bulbous plants, and are cloſely connected to
a ſtove to preſerve it through the winter in England, the parent root ; of this fort is the Narciffus, Amaryl
fo that there are no large plants in the Engliſh gar lis, Pancratium, & c.
dens at prefent ; the young plants which are not more ADONIDIS HORTI, i . e. the gardens of Ado
than two feet high, have large branching leaves, com nis, are plants, flowers, &c. in pots or cafes, fet on
pofed of many equal divifions, garniſhed with ſmall the outfide of windows, in balconies, & c.
oval leaves, which are placed alternately on the mid ADONIS, or FLOS ADONIS, Bird's- eye, or
rib, and are of a bright green colour. The ſtems of Pheafant's -eye.
the plants are woody, the bark of a brown colour, and The CHARACTERS are,
the leaves continue all the year ; but I have not ſeen The empalement of the flower is compofed of five concave,
any flowers produced in England as yet, but by fome obtufe, coloured leaves which fall off; the flower is com
dried famples which were brought from India, they pofed in fome fpecies offive petals, and in others oftwelve
or
 ADO ESC

or fourteen. In the center there are many germina collected its flowers the latter end of March, or the beginning
in a head, which are attended by a great number offort of April, according to the forwardnefs of the feafon:
Stamina, crowned by oblong inflexed fummits ; after the the ftalks rife about a foot and a half high, and when
the roots are large, and have ftood unremoved for
1

flower is paft, the germina become fo many naked feeds,

clofely adhering tothe pedicle, andforming an obtufe fpike. fome years, they will put out a great number of ſtalks
This genus is by Dr. Linnæus ranged in the feventh from each : thefe are garnifhed with fine flender leaves,
fection of his thirteenth clafs, entitled Polyandria which are placed in clufters at intervals. At the top
Polyginia, the flowers having many ftamina and many of each ftalk, is produced one large yellow flower,
germina. compofed of an unequal number of petals, the center
The SPECIES are, of which is occupied by a great number of germen,
1. ADONIS (Annua) floribus octopetalis fructibus furrounded by many ftamina ; after the flowers drop,
fubcylindricis. Hort. Upfal. 156. The common Adonis, the germen become naked feeds, clofely adhering to
or Flos Adonis, with fmall red flowers. the foot-ftaik, forming an obtufe fpike. Thefe ripen
2. ADONIS (Eftivalis) floribus pentapetalis fructibus in Auguft, and fhould be fown foon after, otherwiſe
ovatis. Annual Adonis with pale yellow flowers. Ado they feldom fucceed .
nis Sylveftris flore luteo foliis longioribus. C. B. P. When the plants come up, they muſt be carefully
178. kept clean from weeds, and , in very dry weather, if
3. ADONIS (Vernalis) flore dodecapetalo , fructu ovato . they are now and then refreſhed with water, it will
Lin. Sp. Plant. 771. Perennial Adonis with yellow promote their growth. They fhould remain in the
flowers, byfome titled fennel-leaved black Hellebore. Ado place where they are fown until the fecond year, for
nis Hellebori radice Buphthalmi flore . H. L. they make but flow progrefs while young. The beſt
There is a variety of the firſt fort, which hath been time to tranfplant them is in autumn, when they ought
long cultivated in the gardens ; the flowers of this to be planted where they are to remain, for if often
are larger, and the leaves fhorter, than thofe of the removed, they will not produce many flowers, nor
wild fort ; but, from many repeated trials of ſowing thoſe flowers be fo ftrong as on the plants which are
their feeds feparately, they appear to be only acci unremoved.
dental variations arifing from culture, and therefore ADOXA. Lin . Gen. 450. Mofchatellina. Tourn.
may be properly eſteemed as fuch . Inft. Tuberous Mofchatel, or Hollow Root. This
The fecond fort is undoubtedly a diſtinct fpecies. I is ranged in Linnæus's eighth clafs, entitled Octan
have cultivated both theſe forts above thirty years, and dria Tetragynia, the flower having eight ftamina and
have never obferved the fecond to vary either in the four ftyles .
fhape of its leaves, colour, make of the tower, or The CHARACTERS are,
growth of the plants, which are much taller than the The empalement of the flower is bifid and permanent, upon
firſt, the leaves thinner, fparingly fet on the ſtalks, which refts thegermen ; the flower is ofone leaf, which is
and of a lighter colour. cut into four acute fegments. The germen is fituated in
Both theſe forts are annual, and if the feeds are fown the center, fupportingfour erect Pyles, thefe are attended
in autumn, the plants will come up the following by eight flamina, crowned by roundish fummits ; after the
fpring; but when the feeds are not fown till fpring, flower is past, the germen becomes a round berry, resting
they rarely come up the fame year : fo that when the on the empalement, which hath four cells, each containing
feeds are permitted to fall on the ground, they gene a fingle compreffed feed.
rally fucceed better than when fown by art. The firft There is but one SPECIES of this genus .
fort grows naturally in Kent, particularly by the fide ADOXA. Hort. Cliff. 152. Bulbous Fumitory Hollow Root,
of the river Medway, between Rocheſter and Maid or tuberous Mofchatel. Radix cava minima viridi flore
ftone, where it is found in great plenty in the fields of Gerard.
which are fown with wheat ; but in the intermediate This plant grows naturally in fhady woods in divers
years when the fields are fown with fpring corn, there parts of England : I have frequently gathered it on
is rarely a plant of it to be found, which fhews the ne the top of Hampftead among the buthes, near the *
ceffity of fowing the feeds in autumn, for thofe fields wood ; it is a very low plant, feldom rifing more than
of fpring corn, if ſuffered to remain undisturbed after four or five inches high, theleaves refemble thoſe ofthe
the harveſt, will abound with this plant the following bulbous Fumitory, the flower-ftalk arifes immediately
year. For fome years paft, great quantities of the from the root, upon the top of which is placed four
flowers of this plant have been brought to London, or five fmall flowers of an herbaceous white colour ;
and fold in the ftreets by the name of Red Morocco. thefe appear the beginning of April, and the berries
Both thefe annual forts flower in the beginning of June, ripen in May, foon after which the leaves decay.
and the feeds ripen in Auguft and September ; this There is little beauty in this plant, but as fome perfons
must be underſtood of thole plants which arife from are fond of collecting the feveral kinds of plants in
feeds fown in autumn, or fuch as have fallen to the their gardens, which are not commonly found, it is
ground ; for when any plants come up from the feeds mentioned here. The roots may be tranfplanted any
fown in the fpring (which fometimes happen) they do time after the leaves are decayed, till winter ; theſe
not flower till July or Auguft, and their feeds feldom are tuberous, and fhaped fomewhat like a tooth.
ripen before October. They muſt be planted in the fhade, under ſhrubs ;
Thefe plants will thrive beft in a light foil, but may for if they are expofed to the open fun, they will not
be fown in any fituation, fo that by fowing fome in a thrive. The leaves and flowers fmell like Muſk, from
warm fituation, and others in the fhade, they may be whence it has been by fome called Mufk-Crowfoot.
continued longer in flower. The feeds ought to be ÆGILOPS, Wild Feftuc, a fort of grafs which grows
fown where the plants are to remain to flower, for naturally in many parts of Europe, fo is rarely culti
they do not bear tranfplanting, eſpecially if they are vated except in botanic gardens.
not removed while the plants are very young : there ÆGOPODIUM, Small Wild Angelica, or Goutwort ;
fore they ſhould be fown in ſmall patches in the bor this plant grows naturally in feveral places near Lon
ders of the flower garden, and when the plants come don, but the roots run fo faft in a garden, as to ren
up, they ſhould be thinned, leaving three or four in der it a troubleſome weed.
each patch, which will make a better appearance than ÆSCHYNOMENE. Lin . Gen. Plant. 769. Baf
where they grow fingle . tard Senſitive plant.
The third fort hath a perennial root, and an annual This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection of
ftalk. This grows naturally on the mountains of Bo Linnæus's feventeenth clafs, entitled Diadelphia de
hemia, Pruffia, and other parts of Germany, where candria ; the flowers of this clafs have ten ftamina,
the root is often uſed as the true Black Hellebore , nine of which are united, and the other is feparate.
though from the defcriptions given by the antients of The CHARACTERS are,
that plant, this by no means will agree with them : The empalement of the flower confifts of one leaf, cut
this has been long cultivated in gardens. It produces into two equal fegments, the upper being bifid, and the
D lower

D
 SC ESC

tower trifid , theflower is of the butterfly kind, the ftan are garniſhed with fmooth leaves, compofed of many
dard being large and fheart-
shaped ; the two wings are blunt pinnæ, fet by oppofite pairs ; the flowers, which
oval, and shorter than the standard ; the keel is moon are fmall, and of a deep yellow colour, come out
Shaped, and as long as theftandard. In the bottom ofthe from the wings of the leaves in long fpikes, which
flower is fituated an oblong hairy germen, fupporting an hang downward. After the flower is paſt, the germen
arched ftyle, attended by ten ftamina, nine of which coa becomes a taper-pointed fmooth pod, not jointed.
lefce, and the other is feparated from them ; after the The fifth fort rifes about three feet high, with a fin
flower is past, the germen becomes a long, plain, jointed gle herbaceous ftalk, feldom putting out any fide 1
pod, which feparates at thejoints, in each ofwhich is lodged branches. The flowers come out from the wings of
one kidney -
fhaped feed. the leaves, fometimes fingle, and other times two or
The SPECIES are , three upon each foot-ftalk ; thefe are ſmall, and of a
1. ÆSCHYNOMENE ( Afpera) caule fcabro leguminum ar pale yellow colour. After the flower is paſt, the ger
ticulis medio fcabris. Lin. Sp . Plant. 713. Baftard men becomes a long falcated pod, divided into eleven,
Senfitive plant with a rough ſtalk, and a jointed pod. or thirteen partitions, each containing a ſingle kidney
Mimofa non fpinofa major Zelanica. Breyn . Cent . 51 . ſhaped feed.
2. ÆSCHYNOMENE ( Americana ) caule herbaceo hifpido, The fixth fort rifes fix or eight feet high, with a
foliolis acuminatis, leguminum articulis femicordatis, woody ftem, fending out branches towards the top,
bracteis ciliatis . Lin . Sp . Plant. 1061. Baftard Senfi garniſhed with obtufe leaves ; the flowers are large,
tiveplant with a fringing herbaceous ftalk, pointed leaves, yellow, and fucceeded by large pods, including
and thejoints ofthe pods heart-shaped. Hedyfarum caule kidney-ſhaped feeds.
hirfuto mimofæ foliis alatis, pinnis acutis minimis gra The firft, third, and fourth forts, will live through
mineis. Sloan . Cat. Jam. the winter in England, if placed in a warm ftove ;
3. ÆSCHYNOMENE ( Arborea) caule lævi arboreo legu but as their ſtalks are fucculent, they must be kept
minum articulis femicordatis glabris . Prod. Leyd. dry in winter, otherwife they are very fubject to rot.
384. Baftard Senfitiveplant with a smooth tree- like ftalk, They ſhould be plunged into the tan-bed, for when
andfmooth jointed pods. Sefban caule fimplici glabro, put into a dry ftove, the fibres of their roots foon
foliis pinnatis glabris . Monier. grow dry, and their leaves hang and fade, which
4. ESCHYNOMENE ( Seban) caule herbaceo lævi, folio fhews their want of moisture ; but when they have
lis obtufis, leguminibus cylindricis æqualibus . Lin . water given them, it caufes the tender fibres of their
Sp . Plant. 1061. Baftard Senfitive plant with afmooth roots to perish, and the plants foon after decay.
ftalk, obtufe leaves, and equal cylindrical pods. Galega The fifth fort is annual, therefore the feeds fhould be
Egyptiaca filiquis articulatis . C. B. P. 352 . fown early in March on a hot-bed, and the plants
5. SCHYNOMENE ( Pumila ) caule herbaceo lævi, folio fhould be brought forward in the fpring, and after
lis acuminatis, leguminibus hinc ferratis medio fca wards placed in an airy glaſs-cafe, or a ftove in fum
bris. Lin. Sp . Plant. 1061. Baftard Senfitive plant, mer, for if they are expofed to the open air, the feeds
with a smooth berbaceous ftalk, pointed leaves, and fer rarely ripen in England.
rated rough pods. Hedyfarum annuum minus Zeyla The fixth fort grows to a large fhrub in hot countries,
nicum mimofæ foliis . Inft. R. H. 402 . but is with difficulty preferved through the winter in
6. ÆSCHYNOMENE (Grandiflora) caule arboreo, floribus this country. The plants are propagated by feeds,
maximis, leguminibus filiformibus. Lin. Sp . Plant. which muſt be fown on a hot-bed in the ſpring, and
1060. Baftard Senfitive plant with a tree-like ftalk, the plants, when fit to remove, fhould be planted in
large flowers, and flender pods. Galega affinis mala pots, and brought forward on a hot-bed, then fhould
barica arborefcens, filiquis majoribus umbellatis. Raii be plunged into the bark-bed in the ftove, where, if
Hift. 1734. they are tenderly treated, they will live through the
The firft fort rifes to the height of four or five feet, winter, and flower the fummer following.
having a fingle herbaceous ftalk, which is in fome Theſe are all propagated by feeds, which fhould be
parts rough. The leaves come out on every fide to fown on a hot-bed early in the fpring, and when the
ward the top, forming a fort of head ; theſe are plants have ſtrength enough to be removed, they
compofed of a great number of fmall leaves (or pin fhould be put each into a feparate fmall
ſmall pot, filled
næ ) which are ſmooth, and of a glaucous colour. with light earth, and plunged into a freſh hot- bed, to
The flowers come out from between the leaves, two bring them forward ; and as they advance in their
or three together upon long foot-ftalks ; they are growth, they ſhould be ſhifted into large pots, but
yellow, and fhaped like thofe of Peaſe. After the great care fhould be taken not to over-pot them, for
flower is paft, the germen becomes a flat jointed pod, if the pots are too large, the plants will not thrive.
about four inches long, which, when ripe, parts at The firſt, fecond, and fifth forts are annual, there
the joints, and in each diviſion is lodged a fingle kid fore muſt be brought forward early in the year, other
ney-ſhaped feed. wife they will not perfect their feeds ; but the third,
The fecond fort feldom rifes more than two feet high, fourth, and fixth forts may be preferved through the
but fends out three or four lateral branches ; theſe are winter, and will flower early the following fummer, and
clothed with narrow winged leaves, whofe pinnæ are their feeds will ripen in the autumn. The other forts
placed alternate on the midrib. The flowers come ufually flower in July, and their feeds ripen in October.
out from the leaves upon branching foot-ſtalks, five ESCULUS. Lin. Gen. 420. The Horfe Cheſtnut.
or fix together ; thefe are much less than thofe of the The CHARACTERS are ,
firſt fort, and of a paler yellow colour. After the The empalement of the flower confifts of one leaf, flightly
flowers are paſt, the germen becomes a jointed pod, cut into five fegments. The flower is compofed of five
having three or four fwelling divifions, in each of roundifh petals, folded at their border, and waved ; thefe
which is lodged a ſingle kidney-ſhaped feed . are narrow at their baſe, and are inferted in the empale
The third fort grows to the height of fix or ſeven feet, ment. In the center is placed a roundish germen, baving
with a fingle ftem ; the leaves are fmooth, and come a fingle style, crowned with a pointed ftigma, at
out towards the top of the ſtalk, as in the firft fort tended by fevenftamina, which extend to the length of the
they are compofed of many pinnæ, placed alternate petals, and are declining, crowned with upright fummits.
on the midrib. The flowers come out from the When the flower is paft, the empalement becomes a thick,
wings of the leaves, two or three together, being of roundish, echinated capfule, opening into three cells, in one
a copper colour, and as large as thofe of the firft fort. or two of which are lodged globular feeds.
After the flowers are paft, the germen becomes a This genus of plants, is, by Dr. Linnæus, ranged in
fmooth jointed pod, each divifion being half heart his ſeventh claſs, entitled Heptandria Monogynia , the
fhaped, and incloſing a ſingle kidney-ſhaped feed. flower having ſeven ſtamina and one ſtyle.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Egypt, and alſo The SPECIES are,

on the coaſt of Guinea, from whence I received the 1 . ESCULUS (Hippocastanum ) floribus heptandriis . Hort.
feeds. This hath woody ſtems and branches, which Upfal. 92. The common Horse Chestnut . Hippocafta
7 num
 ESC ESC

num vulgare. Tourn. Inft. Caftanea equini. Cluf. fider how much fafter a young tree will grow, than
Hift. I. p . 7. thoſe which are removed at a greater age, there can
2. ESCULUS (Pavia) floribus octandris. Lin. Sp . 488. be no excufe for planting large trees .
Scarlet Horfe Chestnut. Pavia. Boerh. Ind . Alt. 2. p. 260. This tree is not very nice in its culture, for it requires
The Horſe Cheftnut was brought from the northern little care in the management, and will thrive in moft
parts of Afia about the year 1550, and was fent to foils and fituations, but in a fandy loam they make
Vienna about the year 1588. It was called Caftanea the greateſt progrefs ; and if the foil be inclining to
from the ſhape of its fruit, and the title of Equini was moilture, the leaves will continue in verdure much
added to it from its being a good food for horfes longer, than in very dry ground.
⚫when ground . When theſe trees are tranfplanted, their roots fhould
This tree was in much greater efteem formerly than be preferved as entire as poffible, for they do not fuc
at prefent, for fince it is become ſo very common, few' ceed well, when torn or cut ; nor fhould any of the
perfons regard it. What has occafioned its being fo branches be ſhortened, for there is fcarce any tree,
feldom planted, is the decay of the leaves early in which will not bear amputation better than this ; fo
fummer; fo that where they are growing in gardens, that when any branches are by accident broken, they
their leaves frequently begin to fall in July, and occa fhould be cut off cloſe to the ftem, that the wound
fion a litter from that time, until all the leaves may heal over.
are fallen ; but notwithſtanding this inconvenience, There is fomething very fingular in the growth of
the tree has great merit, for it affords a noble fhade thefe trees, which is the whole fhoot being performed
in fummer; and during the time of its flowering, there in less than three weeks, after the buds are opened ;
is no tree has greater beauty, for the extremity of the in which time I have meaſured fhoots a foot and a half
branches are terminated by fine fpikes of flowers, fo long, with their leaves fully expanded : and no fooner
that every part of the tree feems covered with them ; are the flowers fallen, than the buds for the fucceeding
which are finely fpotted with a rofe colour, and theſe year are formed, which continue fwelling till autumn ;
being intermixed with the green leaves make a noble at which time the folding covers are fpread over with
appearance. a thick tenacious juice, which ferves as a pigment to
The former method of planting thefe trees in avenues defend the tender buds from the froft and rain in
and ftrait lines, has alſo been in fome meaſure the winter ; but upon the first return of warmth in the
+
occafion of their prefent difrepute, becauſe in fuch fpring, this melts and runs off, whereby the bud is at
plantations great part of their beauty is loft ; for when full liberty to extend. And what is remarkable in
their branches are fo far extended as to nearly meet, this pigment, it is never fo far hardened as to injure
moſt of the flowers which are produced are hid from the tender buds, which are always formed at the ex
fight, and as the trees grow larger, their branches tremity of the former year's fhoot ; a plain direction
will interfere with each other, and produce few flow not to ſhorten them, for by fo doing, the future ſhoots
ers ; the leaves will alfo decay much fooner in cloſe are entirely cut off.
plantations, than on ſingle trees : therefore the great In Turkey the nuts of this tree are ground, and mixed
beauty of them is, to ſtand ſingly at a diſtance from with the provender for their horfes, eſpecially thoſe
all other trees, upon lawns of grafs in parks, where which are troubled with coughs, or are broken winded ;
their fruit will be of great fervice to deer, who are in both which diforders, they are accounted very
very fond of them. In fuch fituations, when the trees good. Deer are very fond of the fruit, and at the
are grown to a good fize, there is not a finer object time of their ripening will keep much about the trees,
than they will afford during their feafon of flowering, but eſpecially in ftrong winds, when the nuts are
which is in May, and when the weather is moderate, blown down, which they carefully watch, and greedily
they will continue in beauty near a month. devour as they fall.
As this tree is quick in its growth, fo in a few years There are fome old trees now ftanding, which were
they will arrive to a fize large enough to afford a good planted fingle, at a great diftance from any other ;
fhade in fummer, as alfo to produce plenty of flowers . theſe are grown to a very large fize, and their heads
I have known trees which were raiſed from nuts, in form a natural parabola, and when their flowers are
twelve or fourteen years, large enough to fhade two in full beauty, there is not any tree yet known in
or three chairs under the ſpread of their branches, and Europe, which makes fo fine an appearance. I have
have been covered with flowers in the ſeaſon, ſo that meaſured fome of thefe trees, whofe branches -have
few trees make greater progrefs than thefe. But as extended more than thirty feet in diameter, and their
their wood is of little value, the trees ſhould not be heads have been fo clofe, as to afford a perfect ſhade
propagated in too great plenty a few therefore of in the hotteſt ſeaſons. Thefe were planted in 1679, 1
them placed at proper diftances in parks for ornament as appears by fome writings which are in the poffeffion
is as manyas fhould be preferved, the wood not being of the perfons, who have now the property of the
fit even for burning, nor any other ufe that I know of. land where they grow: fo that although they are of T
Theſe trees are propagated by fowing the nuts ; the quick growth, yet they are not of fhort duration .
beſt time for doing this is early in the fpring ; but the The Scarlet Horfe Cheſtnut grows naturally in North
America, where it rifes to the height of twenty feet, พ
nuts ſhould be preſerved in fand during the winter, "
otherwiſe they are apt to grow mouldy and rot. They but does not ſpread its branches to any great extent,
may indeed be planted in autumn, but then they will the flowers are wholly red, which are much fmaller
be in danger of rotting if the winter fhould prove very than thofe of the common fort, they are tubulous,
wet, as alfo of being removed or eaten by vermin. but want brims to expand, fo make but an indifferent
When the nuts fucceed, and have a proper foil, the appearance, when compared to the other : however
plants will ſhoot near a foot the firſt fummer ; ſo that for variety this ſhould have a place in gardens.
where they grow pretty clofe together, it will be pro It may be propagated by the nuts, if they are pro
per to tranfplant them the following autumn, when cured from the country where the trees naturally
they ought to be planted in rows at three feet diſtance, grow ; for the ſeaſons are feldom favourable enough
and one foot afunder in the rows : in this nurſery they to ripen them in England. The nuts ſhould be fown
may remain two years, by which time they will be fit in pots early in the fpring, and the pots plunged into
to plant where they are defigned to be continued ; for a moderate hot-bed to forward their growth ; toward
the younger thefe trees are planted out, the larger the end of May, the pot fhould be plunged into the
they will grow. But there are many who will object ground in a fouth- eaſt border, and in dry weather the
to their being planted out young in parks, becauſe plants fhould be duly watered, whereby they will ac
they will require a fence to fecure them against the quire ftrength by the autumn ; when it will be very
cattle ; which will alſo be neceffary, .whatever fize proper to fcreen the plants from early frofts which
they are when planted ; and if large, they muſt be often pinch the top buds, and occafion their decay in
well ſtaked to prevent their being difplaced by ftrong the winter, for while the plants are young they are
winds : which is another expence, and when we con impatient of frofts, but when they have obtained
ftrength
 A GA A GA

trength it feldom hurts them : the fpring following Vera Cruz. Aloe Americana ex Verâ Cruce foliis
the plants fhould be carefully feparated and planted anguftioribus minùs glaucis. Hort . Beam .
a foot diſtance from each other in a fheltered fituation ; The first fort here mentioned, has been long pre
and the following winter, if it proves cold, it will be ferved in the English gardens, where of late years
proper to cover the plants with fome light covering there have been feveral of the plants in flower. The
to protect them ; after the fecond winter they will re ftems of this when the plants are vigorous, generally
quire no farther fheltering. rife upward of twenty feet high, and branch out on
The common method now practifed by the nurſery every ſide, ſo as to form a kind of pyramid , the flen
men, who propagate thefe trees for fale, is by graft der shoots being garnished with greenish yellow flow
ing or budding them upon ftocks of the Horfe Cheft ers, which ſtand erect, and come out in thick cluſters
nut, but as the ftocks greatly out-grow the buds or at every joint. Theſe have fix long ftamina, crown
grafts, they have a bad appearance ; nor do the ed with yellow fummits , placed round the ſtyle, which
trees laft long. is alfo extended to the fame length as the ftamina.
ETHER [ of 9 , Gr. to burn or flame ; fome of After the flowers fall away, the germen, which is fi
the antients having fuppofed it to be of the nature of tuated beneath the flower, becomes an oblong trian
fire. ] It is ufually underftood to be a thin fubtile gular veffel, divided into three cells, filled with com
matter or medium, much finer and rarer than air it preffed feeds ; but thefe do not come to maturity in
felf, which commences from the limits of the at England:
mofphere, and poffeffes the whole heavenly space. When thefe plants flower, they make a fine appear
See ATMOSPHERE and AIR. ance, and continue a long time in beauty, if they are
AGAVE, Lin. Gen. 390. American Aloe. protected from the cold in autumn, as there will be a
The CHARACTERS are, fucceffion of new flowers produced, for near three
The flower has no empalement, is funnel - shaped, and of months, in favourable feafons . It has been generally
one leaf, which is cut at the brim into fix equal fegments ; believed, that this plant doth not flower until it is a
the oblonggermen is fituated below the flower, upon which hundred years old ; but this is a great miftake, for the
refts theflenderftyle, whichis extended a confiderable length time of its flowering depends on the growth of the
beyondthe petals, and is crowned by a three corneredftigma. plants ; fo that in hot countries where they grow faſt,
This is attended by fix erect ftamina, of the fame length, and expand many leaves every feafon , they will flower
crowned by narrow fummits ; after the floweris poft, the in a few years, but in colder climates , where their
germen becomes an oblong three corneredfeed veffel, having growth is flow, it will be much longer before they
three cells, which are filled with flat feeds. fhoot up their ftem. There is a variety of this fort
Dr. Linnæus has feparated the plants of this genus with ftriped leaves, which is now pretty common in
from the Aloe, to which they had been joined by for the English gardens.
mer botanists, becauſe the ftamina and ftyle in thefe The plants of the fecond fort are fo like thofe of the
flowers are extended much longer than the corolla, firft, as not to be diſtinguiſhed from them, but by
and the corolla reft upon the germen, which in the good judges. The principal difference is, the leaves
Aloe are not fo. We may alfo mention another diffe of this are narrower toward their extremity, and of a
rence in the growth of the plants, by which they may paler colour : the ſtems of this fort do not rife fo high
be diſtinguiſhed before they flower , which is, all the as the firft, nor do they branch in the fame manner,
plants of this genus have their center leaves clofely but the flowers are collected into a clofe head at the
folding over each other, and embracing the flower top, they are however of the fame fhape and colour.
ftem which is formed in the center; fo that theſe never There has been three or four plants of this fort, which
flower until all the leaves are expanded , to give the have lately flowered in England, one of which was in
ftem its liberty to advance , and when the flower is the Chelſea garden a few years paft. This fort feldom
paft, the plants die. Whereas the flower-ſtem of the puts out fo many offsets as the common Aloe.
Aloe, is produced on one fide of the heart or center The feventh fort greatly refembles thefe, fo that many
of the plant, fo they flower annually, and the leaves perfons have fuppofed it to be the fame ; but the
are always more expanded, than thofe of this genus. leaves of this are much thinner, the indentures on
The SPECIES are, their edges abundantly clofer, and not fo deep, as in
1. AGAVE ( Americana) foliis dentato -fpinofis fcapo ra either of the former ; the fpines too are blacker.
mofo. Gen. Nov. 1102. The Great American Aloe, How this differs from the others in flower I know not,
with a branching ftalk. Aloe Americano muricata . having feen none of their flowers produced in England.
J. B. Thefe three forts are hardy. I have known plants of
2. AGAVE (Virginia) foliis dentato- fpinofis fcapo fim the firſt fort live in the open air for fome years in mild
pliciffimo. Lin. Sp . Plant. 323. American Aloe with a feafons, but in fevere winters they are always killed ,
Simple Stalk. 1 if not ſheltered . They are propagated by offsets ,
3. AGAVE (Fatida) foliis integerrimis . Gen. Nov. Sp . which the first fort fends out in plenty, but the third
Pl. 323. American Aloe with stiff whole leaves. Aloe feldom puts out any ; fo thefe may be increaſed by
Americana viridi rigidiffimo & foetido folio piet dicta taking off fome of the larger roots, at the time when
indigenis. Hort. Amft. 2. p . 35 . the plants are fhifted, planting them in pots filled
4. AGAVE (Tuberofa) radice tuberosâ foliis longiffimis with light fandy earth, which will fhoot out and be
marginibus fpinofis . American Aloe, with a tuberous root come good plants, as I have experienced . The fe
and very long leaves, with spines on their edges. Aloe cond fort generally puts out fuckers enough for pro
Americana radice tuberosâ minor. Pluk . Alm . 19. pagation, though not in fo great plenty as the firft .
5. AGAVE (Vivipara) foliis reflexis, marginibus denta All thefe fhould be planted in pots filled with light
tis . American Aloe with reflexed leaves, whofe edges are fandy earth, and houfed in winter with oranges, myr
indented. This is by fome called the Childing Aloe, tles, &c. and during that feaſon , fhould have but lit
from its producing young plants after the flowers. tle wet. In the fummer they must be placed abroad
Aloe Americana fobolifera. Herm. H. Ludg. 16. in the open air, where they may remain till toward
6. AGAVE ( Karatto) foliis erectis lætè virentibus, mar the end of October, when they fhould be houſed
ginibus fufcis minimè ferratis. American Aloe with again. The feventh fort beinga little tenderer than the
long deepgreen leaves , edged with brown, and veryflightly other two, fhould be put into the green-houſe before
fawed. This is called in America Karattò. them, and may ſtay there a little longer in the fpring.
7. AGAVE (Vera Cruz) foliis oblongis marginibus fpino The third fort hath long narrow ftiff leaves, of a pate
#
fiffimis nigricantibus. American Aloe with oblong leaves, green colour, not indented on their edges, but fre
whofe edges are clofely befet with black ſpines, commonly quently a little waved : the fide leaves fpread open,
called Broad-leaved Aloefrom Vera Cruz. Aloe America but thofe in the center fold cloſely over each other,
na ex Verâ Cruce foliis latioribus & glaucis. H. L. and ftrictly furround the bud. The plants of this fort
8. AGAVE (Rigida) foliis lineari-lanceolatis integerrimis rarely grow more than three feet high, but the flower
rigidis aculeo terminatis. Narrow -leaved Alve from ſtem rifes near twenty, and branches out much like
that

t
 AGA AGE

that of the first, but more horizontally ; the flowers which is as often as is neceffary ; for if they have much
are of the fame ſhape, but ſmaller, and of a greener water given them, it rots their roots, and then their
colour. After the flowers are paſt, • inſtead of feed leaves will decay and infects infeft them. They fhould
veffels, young plants fucceed to every flower, fo that be fhifted every fummer into freſh earth, but muſt
all the branches are clofely befet with them. There not be put into large pots, for unleſs their roots are
was a plant of this kind which flowered in the Chelſea confined, the plants will not thrive.
garden 1755, the ftem of which begun to fhoot the AGERATUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 842. Baftard
beginning of October, and by the end of that month Hemp Agrimony.
was upwards of ten feet high, by the end of Novem The CHARACTERS are,
ber it was near twenty, and the lower lateral branches The flowers are included in one common oblong empale
were upward of four feet long, the others decreaſing ment, which is compofed of many fcales. Thefe are uni
gradually, fo as to form a regular pyramid. In De form, tubulous, and hermaphrodite, and little longer than
cember the ftalks were clofely garniſhed with flowers, the empalement, each being cut at their margin into five
and in the fpring, when the flowers dropped off, they fegments, which spread open. These have five flender fta
were fucceeded by young plants, which as they fell mina, crowned with cylindricaljummits : in the center of
off and dropped into the pots which ftood near, put theflower is fituated an oblong germen, fupporting afen
out roots and become good plants. This fort never derftyle, crowned by two fine fligmas. The germen after
produces offsets from the root, fo that it cannot be in ward becomes an oblong angular feed, crowned with its
creafed but when it flowers, at which time there will proper little cup, cut into five narrow fegments, which
be plenty enough. The old plant preſently after Spread open. The receptacle of the feed is small, naked,
dies. and convex.
The fourth fort hath leaves fomewhat like the third This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnæus ranged in
in fhape and colour, but they are indented on their his feventeenth clafs, entitled Syngenefia polygamia æ
edges, and each indenture terminates in a fpine ; the qualis, the flowers having their ftamina joined together
root of this fort is thick, and fwells juft above the fur in a cylinder, and there being male, female, and her
face of the ground, in other refpects it agrees with maphrodite florets included in the fame common em
the former. This fort hath not flowered in England, palement.
therefore I cannot tell how it differs in its flowers from The SPECIES are,
the other. I have raiſed this from feeds which were 1. AGERATUM (Conyzoides) foliis ovatis caule pilofo. Lin.
fent me from America, but the plants never put out Sp. Plant. 839. Bastard Hemp Agrimony, with oval
fuckers from the roots, fo that it can only be propa leaves and a bairy talk. Eupatorium humile Africa
gated by feeds. Dr. Linnæus fuppofes it to be the num fenecionis facie folio lamii. Herm. Pars 161.
fame with the third fpecies, but whoever fees the plants 2. AGERATUM. (Houstonianum ) foliis oppofitis petiolatis
will not doubt of their being different. crenatis, caule hirfuto . Baftard Hemp Agrimony, with
The fifth fort never grows to a large fize ; the leaves leaves having longfoot-ftalks placed oppofite, whofe edges
of it are ſeldom more than a foot and a half long, and are bluntly indented, and a hairy stalk. Eupatorium
about two inches and a half broad at their bafe ; theſe herbaceum meliffæ folio villofum flore coeruleo.
end in a ſlender fpine, being flightly indented on their Houft. MSS.
edges ; they are alfo reflexed backward toward their 3. AGERATUM ( Altiffimum ) foliis ovato cordatis rugofis
extremity, and are of a dark green colour. The floralibus alternis, caule glabro. Lin. Sp. Plant. 839.
flower-ſtem rifes about twelve feet high, and branches Baftard Hemp Agrimony, with rough, oval, heart -
shaped
out toward the top in the fame manner as the third leaves, flower branches growing alternate, and a smooth
fort ; the flowers are nearly of the fame fize and co falk. Eupatorium urticæ foliis Canadenfe flore albo.
lour as thofe of the third, and after they fall off, are H. L.
fucceeded by young plants in the fame manner. A The two firft are annual plants. The feeds of theſe
plant of this kind flowered in the garden at Chelfea, must be fown on a hot-bed in the fpring, and when
in December 1754. This never produces any fuckers the plants are come up and are ftrong enough to re
from the root, fo cannot be increafed until it flowers. move, they ſhould be tranfplanted into another mo
The leaves of the fixth fort are from two feet and a derate hot-bed, obferving to water and fhade them
half to three feet long, and about three inches broad, until they have taken root, after which time they muſt
being of a dark green colour, ending in a black fpine ; have a good ſhare of air in warm weather. In June
the borders of the leaves are of a brownifh red colour, they fhould be inured to bear the open air, toward
and flightly ferrated. Theſe ftand more erect than in the middle of which month, they may be tranfplanted
the other fpecies ; but as this fort hath not flowered into the full ground, where they will begin to flower
in England, fo I cannot fay how it differs from the in July, and continue flowering till the frofts in au
other. The plants of it were fent me from St. Chrif tumn deſtroy them. The feeds ripen in September
topher's, by the title of Koratto, which I fuppofe is and October, and when any of them fcatter upon the
given indifferently to other fpecies of this genus ; for ground, and the fame earth happens to be put on a
I have frequently heard the inhabitants of America hot-bed the following fpring, the plants will come up
call the common great Aloe by the fame name. in great plenty, as they frequently do in the open air ;
The eighth fort hath long, narrow, ftiff leaves, which but thefe plants will be too late to produce good feeds,
are entire, and are terminated by a ftiff black fpine. unleſs the fummer proves warm. The firſt fort grows
Thefe leaves are feldom more than two feet long, and naturally in Africa, and alfo in the islands of Ameri
little more than an inch broad, being of a glaucous ca ; for in tubs of earth which I received with plants
colour. The fide leaves ftand almoſt horizontally, from Jamaica, Barbadoes, and Antigua, I have had
but the center leaves are folded over each other, and plenty of the plants arife, from feeds which were ſcat
inclofe the flower-bud. This fort never puts out tered on the ground. The fecond fort was found
fuckers from the root, nor have I feen any plants of growing naturally at La Vera Cruz, by the late Dr.
this kind in flower, although there are many of them William Houftoun, who fent the feeds to Europe,
in the English gardens, fome of which are of a con which have fo well fucceeded in many gardens, as to
fiderable age .
become a weed in the hot-beds. There is a variety
The third, fourth, fifth, fixth, and eighth forts, are of this with white flowers, which arifes from the fame
much tenderer than the others, fo cannot be preferved feeds.
through the winter in England , unleſs they are placed The third fort grows naturally in North America, but
in a warm ſtove ; nor will they thrive if fet abroad in has been many years an inhabitant of the English gar
fummer, therefore they ſhould conſtantly remain in dens. This hath a perennial root and an annual ſtalk ;
the ftove, obferving to let them enjoy a great ſhare of theftalks will growfive or fix feethigh, and toward their
free air in warm weather. They require a light fandy tops put out fide branches : the leaves are ſhaped like
earth, and fhould have little wet in winter ; but in a heart. At the ends of the fhoots the flowers are pro
warm weather, may be gently watered twice a week, duced in large tufts, which are of a pure white , and
E thefe
 AGR A GR

thefe appearing in October, at a feafon when there is a which is a very good beverage for perfons in a fever,
fcarcity of other flowers, renders it more valuable. in which diforder I have known it often prefcribed by
This fort, is propagated by feeds, as alfo by parting good phyficians.
of the roots ; the latter method is commonly practifed The fourth fort is of humble growth, feldom rifing
in England, becauſe there are few autumns fo favour above two feet high ; the pinne of its leaves are
able as to ripen the feeds : but the feeds are frequent longer and narrower than either of the former, and
ly brought from North America, where this plant is the fpikes of flowers very ſhort and thick . The roots
very common ; for being light, they are enfily wafted of this are very thick, and fpread widely under ground,
about to a great diftance, where they come to matu by which it multiplies fafter than either of the other ;
rity ; fo that where there are any plants growing, all the feeds are alfo much larger and rougher than thoſe
the adjoining land is filled with the feeds of them. of the common fort . This was fent by Dr. Tourne
The best time for planting and tranfplanting the roots fort to the royal garden at Paris, and from thence the
of this plant, is in autumn, foon after their ſtalks de other botanic gardens have been fupplied with them.
cay, that they may have good root before the drying The fifth fort greatly refembles the other in the ſhape
winds come on, otherwife they will not flower ftrong, of its pinne ( or finaller leaves) but there are but three
or make a good increafe. The roots fhould be allowed upon each foot-ftalk ; the flower of this hath a double
three feet room every way, for as they fpread and in empalement, the outer one being fringed . There
creaſe very much, fo when they are cramped for are but feven or eight ftamina in each flower, and the
room, the plants ftarve, and in dry feafons their leaves feeds are fmooth, for which reafon Fabius Columna,
will hang. They delight in a rich moift foil and open and other writers on botany, have feparated it from
fituation, where they will produce many ſtalks from each the Agrimony, making it a diftinct genus.
root, which will grow to large as to form a confiderable All thefe forts are hardy perennial plants, which will
brush. This plant will bear the fevereft cold in winter. thrive in almost any foil or fituation, and require no
AGERATUM , or MAUDLIN. See ACHILLEA . other care but to keep them clear from weeds. They
AGERATUMPURPUREUM . See ERINUS.
may be propagated by parting of their roots, which
AGNUS CASTUS. See VITEX . fhould be done in autumn, when their leaves begin
AGRIFOLIUM. See ILEX. to decay, that the plants may be well eſtabliſhed be
AGRIMONIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 534. Agrimony.
fore the fpring. They ſhould not be planted nearer
The CHARACTERS arc, than two feet, that their roots may have room to
The empalement of the flower is of one leaf, which is cut fpread. They may alfo be propagated by feeds, which
into five aute jegments, and rests on the germen. The fhould be fown in autumn, for if they are kept out of
flower has five petals, which are plain and indented at their the ground till fpring, they feldom come up the fame
feafon .
extremity, but are narrow at their befe, where they are
inferted in the empalement. In the center arifes a double AGROSTEM MA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 516. Wild
Style,, refting on the germen, which is attended by twelve Lychnis or Campion.
The CHARACTERS are,
flender ftanina, which are crowned with double compreffed
fummits. After the flower is paft, the germen becomes two The empalement of the flower is permanent, of one leaf,
roundifo feeds fastened to the empalement. which is tubulous, thick, and cut into five narrow feg
This genus of plants is ranged by Dr. Linnæus in ments at the edge ; the flower is compofed of five petals,
the fecond fection of his eleventh clafs, entitled Do which are the length of the tube, but spread open at the
decandria digynia, the flowers having twelve ſtamina tcp. In the center is fituated an oval germen fupporting
and two ftyles . five ftyles, which are flender, erect, and crowned with
The SPECIES are, Simple ftigma. These are attended by ten ftamina, five of
1. AGRIMONIA (Eupatoria) foliis caulinis pinnatis impari which are inferted in the base of the petals, and the others
petiolato, fructibus hifpidis. Hort. Cliff. The common Stand alternately between : after the flower is poft, the ger
Agrimony. Agrimonia officinarum. Tourn. men becomes an oval oblong capfule, having one cell open
2. AGRIMONIA (Minor ) foliis caulinis pinnatis, foliolis ing into five divifions, which is filled with angular feeds.
obtufis dentatis. The white Agrimony. Agrimonia This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnæus ranged in
minor flore albo. Hort. Cath. the fifth fection of his tenth clafs, entitled Decandria
3. AGRIMONIA ( Odorata) altiffima, foliis caulinis pin pentagynia, the flowers of this divifion having ten fta
natis foliolis oblongis acutis ferratis. The fweet-feented mina and five ftyles.
Agrimony. Agrimonia odorata . Camer. The SPECIES are,

4. ACRIMONIA ( Repens) foliis caulinis pinnatis, impari 1 . AGROSTEMMA (Githago) hirfuta calycibus corollam
feffili, fructibus hifpidis. Lin . Sp . 643. Eofern Agri æquantibus petalis integris nudis. Lin . Sp. Plant. 435
mony with pinnated leaves and a thick creeping root. A Hairy wild Lychnis, whofe empalement is equal with the
grimonia orientalis humilis radice craffiffimâ repente corolla, and the petals entire and naked, commonly called
fructu in fpicam brevem & denfam congefto. Tourn . Corn Campion. Lychnis fegetum major. C. B. P.
Cor. 2. AGROSTEMMA (Celirofa) glabra foliis lineari-lanceola
5. AGRIMONIA ( Agrimoncides) foliis caulinis ternatis fruc tis petalis emarginatis coronatis. Hort. Upfal. 115.
tibus glabris. Hort. Cliff. 179. Three leaved Agrimany Smooth wild Campion with narrow spear-shaped leaves,
with finoothfruit. Agrimonoïdes Col. Echpr. and the petals ofthe flowers indented at their brim. Lych
The firft fort grows naturally in feveral paris of Eng nis foliis glabris calyce duriore. Bocc . Sic . 27 .
land, by the fides of hedges, and in woods. This 3. AGROSTEMMA ( Coronaria) tomentofa foliis ovato-lan
is the fort which is commonly ufed in medicine, and ceolatis, petalis integris coronatis . Hort. Upfal. 115.
is brought to the markets by thofe who gather herbs The fingle Rofe Campion. Lychnis coronaria Diofcori
in the fields . dis fativa . C. B. P. 203 .
The fecond fort is the fmalleft of all the fpecies ; the 4. AGROSTEMMA (Flos Jovis ) tomentofa petalis emargi-,
leaves of this have not fo many pinnæ as the common natis. Lin . Sp . Plant. 436. Umbelliferous Mountain Cam
fort, and the pinnæ are rounder, and the indentures pion. Lychnis umbellifera montana Helvetica. Zan.
The fpike of flowers is flen Hift. 128.
on their edges blunter.
der, and the flowers fmaller, and of a dirty white co The first fort grows naturally in the corn fields in moſt
lour. This fort grows naturally in Italy, from whence parts of England, fo is feldom admitted into gardens.
I received the feeds, and have conftantly found that The fecond fort grows naturally in Sicily, and being
the feeds of this when fown never vary. a plant of little beauty, 'is only preferved in botanic
The third fort grows near four feet high ; the leaves of gardens for the fake of variety.
this have more pinne than either of the former, which The fingle Rofe Campion has been long an inhabitant
are longer and narrower, ending in acute points ; the of the English gardens, where, by its feed having
ferratures of the leaves are fharper than any of the fcattered, it is become a kind of weed. There are
other, and when handled emit an agreeable odour. three varieties of this plant, one with deep red, another
The leaves of this fort make an agreeable cooling tea, with flesh-coloured, and a third with white flowers,
7 but
 1

AIR AIR

but thefe are of fmall efteem ; for the double Rofe 1 ceeds, thefe vapours before difperfed are congregated
Campion being a fine flower, has turned the others and condenſed into clouds, and thus fall back again
out of moft fine gardens. The fingle forts propagate into the form of water, rain, fnow, or hail.
faft enough by the feeds, where they are permitted to From the time of the entrance of the fpring till au
fcatter, for the plants come up better from felf-fown tumn, the evaporation is conftant ; but then it begins
feeds, than when they are fown by hand, eſpecially if to fail, and in the winter ceafes, to lay up fresh mat
they are not fown in autumn. ter for the coming feafon.
The fort with double flowers, which is a variety of And thus it is that frofty winters, by congealing the
the former, never produces any feeds, fo is only pro waters, and by covering the earth with a cruft, and
pagated by parting of the roots ; the best time for this thus impriſoning the exhalations, make a fruitful
is in autumn, after their flowers are paft ; in doing of fummer.
this, every head which can be flipped off with roots And this feems to be the reafon why in fome coun
fhould be parted. Thefe fhould be planted in a bor tries, where the winter is feverer than ordinary, the
der of fresh undunged earth, at the diſtance of ſix fpring is more than ordinary fruitful ; for in fuch
inches one from the other, obferving to water them places the exhalations being pent up a long time, are
gently until they have taken root ; after which they difcharged in the greater quantity, when the fun makes
will require no more, for much wet is very injurious them a paffage ; whereas, under a feebler cold, the
to them, as is alfo dung . In this border they may re flux would have been continual, and confequently no
main tillfpring, when theyfhould to be planted into the great flock referved for the next occafion .
borders of the flower-garden, where they will be very This vaporous matter then being at length received
ornamental during the time of their flowering, which into the atmosphere, is returned again in the form of
is July and Auguit. rain, a forerunner of a chearful crop.
The fifth fort grows naturally upon the Helvetian As the fun retires, the cold fucceeds, and thus the
mountains ; this is a low plant, with woolly leaves ; diverfity of the feafons of the year depends on a change
the flower-ftem rifes near a foot high ; the flowers in the face of the cruft of the earth, the prefence of
grow in umbels on the top of the ftalk, which are of the air, and the courfe of the fun.
a bright red colour. It flowers in July, and the feeds And hence we conceive the nature of meteors, which
ripen in September. It must have a fhady fituation, are all either collections of fuch vapours and exhala
and will thrive beft in a moiſt ſoil. tions, or difperfions thereof.
AIR [ Aer, Lat. 'Añp , of rỡ del pe , becauſe it always The fubtiler oils are always rifing into the air. Now
flows ; or as others, of a , to breathe. ] By air is two clouds, partly formed of fuch oils, happening to
meant all that fluid expanded mafs of matter which meet and mix, by the attrition, the oil frequently takes
furrounds our earth, in which we live and walk, and fire, and hence proceed thunder, lightnings, and
which we are continually receiving and cafting out other phænomena, which may be farther promoted
again by refpiration . by the difpofition of the clouds to favour the exci
The fubftance whereof air confifts, may be reduced tation .
to two kinds, viz. And hence arife great and fudden alterations in the
1. The matter of light or fire, which is continually air, infomuch that it fhall be now intenfely hot, and
flowing into it from the heavenly bodies. raife the fpirits perhaps to eighty- eight degrees in a
2. Thofe numberlefs particles, which is in form ei thermometer ; and yet, after a clap of thunder with
ther of vapours, or dry exhalations, are raifed from a fhower, it fhall fall again in a few minutes no lefs
the earth, water, minerals, vegetables, animals, &c. than twenty or thirty degrees.
either by the folar, fubterraneous, or culinary fire. It is therefore impoffible to pronounce what the de
Elementary air, or air properly fo called, is a certain gree of heat will be in any given place at any time,
fubtile, homogeneous, elaftic matter, the bafis or fun even though we know ever fo well the places and po
damental ingredient of the atmospherical air, and that fition of the fun and planets with refpect to us, fince
which gives it the denomination. it depends fo much upon other variable things , no
Air therefore may be confidered in two refpects ; ei ways capable of being afcertained .
ther as it is an univerfal affemblage, or chaos, of all The lower the place, the clofer, denfer, and heavier
kinds of bodies ; or as it is a body endued with its is the air, till at length you arrive at a depth where
own proper qualities. the fire goes out , fo that miners, who go deep, to
1. That there is fire contained in all air is demonſtra remedy this inconvenience, are forced to have re
ble, in that it is evident, that there is fire exifting in courfe to an artificial wind, raiſed by the fall of wa
all bodies, and to this fire it is that air feems to owe ters, to do the office of the other air.
all its fluidity ; and were the air totally divefted of Now, confidering the air as fuch a chaos, or affem
that fire, it is more than probable that it would coa blage ofall kinds of bodies, and a chaos fo extremely
lefce into a folid body; for it is found by many expe liable to change, it muſt needs have a great influ
riments, that the air condenfes and contracts itſelf fo ence on vegetable bodies.
much the more, the lefs degree of warmth it has ; 3. Air confidered in itſelf, or that properly called air.
and, on the contrary, expands itfelf the more, accord Befides the fire and exhalations contained in the cir
ing as the heat is greater. cumambient atmofphere, there is a third matter,
2. In refpect ofexhalations, air may be faid to be a ge which is what we properly mean by air.
neral collection of all kinds of bodies ; for there are no To define the nature of it would be extremely diffi
bodies but what fire will render volatile, and difperfe cult, inafmuch as its intimate affections are unknown
into air ; even falts, fulphurs, and ftones, nay and to us ; all we know is,
gold itfelf, though the heaviest and moft fixed of all 1. That air is naturally an homogeneous fimilar
bodies, are convertible into vapours by a large burn body.
2. That it is fluid.
ing-glafs, and are carried on high.
Thofe floating particles, thus raiſed from terreſtrial 3. That it is heavy.
bodies, are moved and agitated by the fiery particles 4. That it is elaftic.
divers ways, and are diffuſed through the whole at 5. That it rarefies by fire, and contracts by cold.
mosphere. 6. That it is compreffible by a weight laid thereon,
Of the matters thus raiſed in the atmoſphere, thoſe and rifes, and reftores itfelf upon a removal of the
which come from fluid bodies, are properly called va fame : all which circumſtances fhould incline it to
pours, and thoſe from folid or dry ones, exhalations. coalefce into a folid, if fire were wanting.
The caufe of this volatility and afcent is the fire, 1. Air is divided into real and permanent, and ap
without which all things would fall immediately down parent or tranfient.
towards the center of the earth, and remain in eternal Real air is not reducible by any compreffion or con
reft. denfation, or the like, into apy fubftance befides air.
Thus, ifthe air be full of vapours, and the cold fuc Tranfient air is the contrary of the former, and by
cold,
 AIR AIR

cold, &c. may be condenfed into original water ; the Alfo thin glafs bubbles, or bladders full of air, and
difference between permanent and tranfient air, exactly clofed, and put into the receiver of an air
amounts to the fame as that between vapour and exha pump, the air being exhauited out of the receiver,
lation , the one, e. g. being dry, and the other moift. the glais bubbles fly in pieces by the force of the air
included in them.
Hence, as Sir Ifaac Newton fays , it is, that as the
particles of permanent air are groffer, and arife from From thefe experiments , and many others, it appears ,
denfer bodies, than thofe of tranfient air or vapour, that the air we breathe near the furface of the earth

true air is more ponderous than vapour, and a noift is compreffed by its own weight into at leaſt 1679
atmoſphere lighter than a dry one. parts of the space it would poffefs in vacuo ; and if the
But this real air no where confifts in its purity, but fame air be condenfed by art, the ſpace it will occupy,
that air which concerns us, and the properties and ef when moft dilated, will be as 505000 to 1 , to that
fects of which are chiefly to be confidered, is that which it poffeffes when condenfed ; and Dr. Wallis
which has been before treated on and defcribed, which fuggefts, that we are far from knowing the utmoſt it
Mr. Boyle acknowledges to be the moſt heterogene is capable of.
ous body in the univerfe ; and Dr. Boerhaave fhews Nor does this power appear capable by any means to
it to be an univerfal chaos and colluvies of all the be destroyed or diminifhed ; for Mr. Boyle made fe
kinds of created bodies in the univerfe, and in which veral experiments to difcover how long air, brought
may be found whatever fire can volatize. to the greatest degree of expanfion he could reduce it
2. That the air is fluid, appears from the eafy paf to in his air-pump, would retain its fpring, and could
fage it affords to bodies through it ; as in the propa never obferve any fenfible diminution ; although the
gation offounds, fmells, and other effluvia ; for thefe air was clogged fome months with a weight that one
things flew it a body that gives way to any force im would admire how it fhould fupport one moment.
preffed, and in yielding are eaſily moved among them It is, indeed, a wonderful property in air, that it
felves, which are the properties of a fluid ; fo that fhould be capable of being contracted and extended
fcarce any body will call in queftion, whether air be infinitely; but, as hath been faid, it does not appear,
a fluid, and thence being always in motion, and al by all the experiments yet tried, that there are any
ways moving other bodies, for no furface of any li limits of its compreffion or expanfion ; but ftill by the
quor that is contiguous to the air, can be at reft. addition of a new weight, it will contract farther; and
3. As to the gravity or heavinefs of the air, that is by taking the weight away, will expand farther.
likewife eafily proved ; for that the air is heavy, fol 5. Air rarefes by fire, and contracts by cold .
lows from its being a body, weight being an effential The colder the air is, the lefs fpace it takes up ; and,
property of matter. on the contrary, the warmer the air is, it poffeffes the
Senfe and experiment fufficiently prove this : for, if larger fpace ; and fo cooling and compreffion have the
a perfon lay his hand upon an open veffel placed on fame effects upon air ; and fo cold and compreffion
an air-pump, and the air be exhaufted , he will fenfi keep pace with one another.
bly feel the load of the incumbent atmoſphere to in The fame holds of warming and diminiſhing of
creafe, and prefs upon the upper part of his hand, as weight, or heat and expanfion, which go hand in
the air is exhaufting. hand.
In like manner, a hollow fphere of five or fix inches And to the fame elaftic power before-mentioned , and
diameter, divided into two fegments exactly fitting its being expanded by heat, it is owing, that air in
each other, after the air is exhaufted out of them, are clofed in glafs veffels, at a time when it is much con
preffed together with a force equal to a hundred denfed, when it afterwards comes to expand by a far
pounds weight, and require the ftrength of two ftrong ther degree of heat, frequently burfts the bottles.
perfons to pull them afunder ; which, as foon as ever 6. Air is compreffible by aweight laid thereon, and rifes
the air is let into them again, will fall afunder by the and reftores itfelf upon a removal of the fame. This
mere weight of the under hemifphere. property has been fufficiently fhewn by what has been
Mr. Boyle found that a lamb's bladder, containing faid before, and efpecially under the head of elafticity ;
about two thirds of a pint, and blown up, and well wherefore, having confidered the properties of air, I
dried, loft about a grain and one eighth, when it was fhall take notice of fome of its operations and effects
pricked, and the air let out. as to the bufinefs of vegetation .
Mr. Gravelande found, that the air in a glaſs ball of Air, by being heavy and fluid, invefts the whole earth,
about two hundred and eighty-three inches capacity, and preffes all the bodies thercon with a great force,
weighed a hundred grains ; and according to Burcher equal to what they would fuftain from the preffure of
de Volder, a cubic foot of air is in weight one ounce, a column of 29 inches depth of mercury, or 32 feet
and twenty-feven grains. of water ; and conftringes and binds them down with
Mr. Boyle has computed, that the weight of any a force amounting, according to the computation of
quantity of air, near the furface of the earth, is to Mr. Pafchal, to 2232 pounds weight upon every
water as I to 1000 ; and Dr. Halley, as 1 to 800 ; fquare foot, or upwards of 15 pounds upon every
and Mr. Hawkſbee, as 1 to 885 ; and the gravity of fquare inch. Hence it prevents , e . g. the arterial
the fame quantity of air to the fame quantity of mer veffels of plants and animals from being too much
cury, as I to 10800 . diftended by the impetus of the circulating juices, or
Air therefore may be confidered as an univerfal oper by the elaftic force of the air fo plentifully lodged in
culum, or cover, which by its weight keeps all ter the blood of one, and the fap of the other. For,
reſtrial bodies down, and hinders them from flying off. The air preffes equally every way, as is confirmed in
4. The air is elaftic. Elafticity is a quality whereby what we obferve of foft bodies fuftaining this preffure
a body yields to any external impreffions by contract without any change of figure, and brittle bodies with
ing itself into lefs compafs ; and upon removing or out their breaking.
diminiſhing the impreffive power, returns to its for Air is a principal caufe of the vegetation of plants, an
mer ſpace or figure. And by this quality, the air is inftance of which we have from Mr. Ray, in the Phi
diftinguished from all other bodies in the atmoſphere ; lofophical Tranfactions of Lettuce-feed, that was
neither fire nor exhalations appearing to be elaftic, at fown in the glafs -receiver of the air-pump, which was
leaft in any notable degree. exhaufted and cleared from all air, which grew not
That there is fuch a quality in the air, is evident from at all in eight days time ; whereas fome of the fame
innumerable experiments ; and this property is infe feed that was fown at the fame time in the open air,
parable from it. A bladder full blown being ſqueezed was rifen to the height of an inch and a half in that
in the hand, the included air may be fenfibly per time ; but the air being let into the empty receiver,
ceived to refift the touch ; fo that upon ceafing to com the feed grew up to the height of two or three inches
prefs it, the cavities or impreffions, which were made in the space of one week.
in its furface, are immediately expanded again, and That a certain portion of air is neceffary to preferve
filled up.
the growing quality of feeds is manifeft, from many
repeated
 AIR AIR

repeated experiments ; by putting up feeds into glafs glafs a very elegant fhew, ftanding almoſt exactly in
bottles, and fealing the bottles hermetically, and in rank and file through the length of the leaves.
fix months thoſe feeds have loft their growing quality ; Whence it may be thought probable, that the air
whereas part of the fame feeds which were kept in freely enters plants, not only with the principal fund
bags, grew at the age of two years ; therefore it fhould of nourishment by the roots, but alfo through the
caution perfons not to exclude the air from their feeds, furface of their trunks and leaves, eſpecially at night,
if they intend they fhould grow. when they are changed from a perfpiring, to a ftrongly
Another inftance of the ufefulneſs of the air in vege imbibing ftate.
tation, is the Sedum, which will pufh out roots with Dr. Hales likewife tells us, that in all thofe experi
out earth and water, and live for feveral months : and ments that he tried to this purpoſe, he found that the
fome forts of Aloes, if hung up in a room entirely air entered very flowly at the bark of young shoots
fecured from frofts, will remain freſh for ſome years, and branches, but much more freely through old
though they will fenfibly lofe in their weight. bark ; and that in different kinds of trees it had dif
Air is capable of penetrating the porous and spongy ferent degrees of more or leſs free entrance.
parts of plants, and being , there contracted, and di And likewife, that there is fome air both in an elaſtic
lating itſelf again. and unelaftic ftate, mixed with the earth (which may
The air operates alfo within the bowels of the earth, well enter the roots with the nouriſhment), he found
and by its fubtilty perfpiring through the pores, affifts by feveral experiments, which he gives in the before
in the rarefaction of the crudities of the earth, and in mentioned treatife.
the difpelling all fuperfluous moiſture, entering into The excellent Mr. Boyle, in making many experi
the very pores and veins of the trees, plants, herbs, ments on the air, among other diſcoveries found, that
&c. carrying along with it thoſe falts contained either a good quantity of air was producible from vegetables,
in itſelf, or lodged in the earth ; which falts or juices, by putting Grapes, Plums, Goofberries, Peaſe, and
are altered according to the feveral figures or dimen feveral other forts of fruits and grains into exhauſted
fions of the different ftrainers or veffels of thoſe feve • and unexhauſted receivers, where they continued for
ral plants, which grow upon the fame fpot of earth, feveral days emitting great quantities of air.
which is fo impregnated with thefe falts : and thence This put the curious Dr. Hales upon farther re
thofe varieties in tafte and finell proceed, notwith fearches to find out whatproportion of air he could ob
ſtanding they all receive their nouriſhment from the tain out of the different vegetables, in which it was
fame ftock that is lodged in the earth. lodged and incorporated, which he performed by di
The air alfo affects the branches, leaves, and flowers vers chymio-ftatical experiments, which he gives in
of trees, plants, and herbs, entering and perfpiring many inftances in his treatife of the analyſis of the air,
through them, and even through the bark and body plainly fhewing in what manner he performed them,
of the tree ; and by the fame kind of fubtilty it does, and the events of them.
by its refreſhing breezes, moderate the intenſeneſs of That from half a cubic inch, or 135 grains of heart
the fun-beams, cooling, chearing, blowing, opening of Oak, fresh cut from a growing tree, there were 108
and extending all the offspring of nature. cubic inches of air generated, which is a quantity
The air fixes and infinuates its aërial fubftance into equal to 216 times the bulk of the piece of Oak ; that
the liquid fap of vegetables : and as all the agitations the weight of it was above 30 grains, one quarter
in nature proceed from the contrariety of parts inha part of the weight of 135 grains .
biting together, in this, aërial and liquid fubftances And he adds, that he took the like quantity of thin
being mixed, cauſe this agitation and motion in ve fhavings from the fame piece of Oak, and dried them
getables, or, more properly, fet it all into a ferment at fome diftance from a gentle fire for 24 hours ; in
(whether it be in the roots, or in the ftem) ; and it which time they evaporated 44 grains of moisture ;
rifes by co-operation of the fun (which is the third which 44 grains deducted from 135 grains, there re
agent in vegetation) up to the top of a tree, & c. as mains 91 grains for the folid part of the Oak : then 30
liquids rife by fire to the top of the containing veffel. grains will be one third of the weight of the folid part
This air, we find, produces a vibratory motion in fe of the Oak.
veral bodies ; and particularly in plants, the air vef He gives another experiment of Indian Wheat, which
fels thereof do the office of lungs : for the air con grew in his own garden, that he took 388 grains of
tained in them, ſometimes contracting, and fometimes it when it was not come to its full maturity, and that
expanding, according as the heat is increafed or di there were generated from it 270 cubic inches of air;
miniſhed, preffes the veffels, and eaſe them again by the weight of which air was 77 grains, viz. one fourth
turns ; and thus promotes a circulation of theirjuices , of the weight of the Wheat. 1
which could fcarce be otherwife effected. And again, that a cubic inch, or 318 grains of Peafe
Air, fays the learned Dr. Hales, is a fine elaſtic fluid , generated 396 cubic inches of air, or 113 grains, i. e.
with particles of very different natures floating in it, fomething more than one third of the weight of the
whereby it is admirably fitted by the great Author of Peaſe.
nature to be the breath or life of vegetables as well And again, that from one ounce, or 437 grains of
as animals, without which they can no more live nor Muftard feed, 270 cubic inches of air were generated,
thrive than animals can. or 77 grains, which is more than one fixth part of the
As a proof of the great quantities of air in vegetables, ounce weight.
he refers to the third chapter of his excellent treatiſe He likewife adds, that there is a great plenty of air
of Vegetable Statics, where he fays, in the experi incorporated into the fubftance of vegetables, which,
ments on Vines, the great quantity of air was vifible, by the action of fermentation, is routed into an elaſtic
which was continually afcending through the fap in ftate, as is evident from thefe experiments following.
the tubes ; which manifeftly fhews what plenty of it On the 2d day of March, he poured 42 cubic inches
is taken in by vegetables, and is perſpired off with of ale from the tun, which had been there fet to fer
the fap through the leaves. ment 34 hours before into a bolt head ; and from that
He adds feveral experiments, as to an Apple branch , time to the 9th of June, it generated 639 cubic in
Apricot branch, Birch, and other plants, to prove the ches of air, with a very unequal progreffion, more or
fame thing. lefs, as the weather was warm, cool, or cold ; and
And Dr. Grew has obferved, that the pores are fo fometimes, upon a change from warm to cool, it re
large in the trunks of fome plants, as in the better forbed air, in all 32 cubic inches.
fort of thick walking- canes, that they are viſible to From the 2d of March to the 16th of April, 12 cu
a good eye without a glafs ; but with a glafs, the cane bic inches of Malaga Raifins, with 18 cubic inches of
feems as if ſtuck at top full of holes with great pins, water, generated 411 cubic inches of air ; and then
fo large as very well to reſemble the pores of the ſkin again, it reforbed 35 cubic inches in two or three cold
in the ends of the fingers and ball of the hand. days. From the 21ft of April to the 16th of May,
In the leaves of Pines, they are likewife through a it generated 78 cubic inches ; after which, the 9th of
F June,
 A.I R ALA

June, it continued in a reforbing ftate, fo as to reforb into the earth, it is eafy to be concluded, that a dry,
13 cubic inches : that there were at that feafon many hufky, fcorching air, may be very prejudicial to the
hot days, with much thunder and lightning, which tender fibres of new planted trees.
destroys the elasticity of the air : there were generated It may be likewife fuppofed, that all bodies of earth
in all 489 cubic inches, of which 48 were abforbed. are more or less capable of imbibing the fluid air, and
The liquor was at laft vapid. of attracting fuch falts as either the air can give, or
On the 10th of Auguft, 26 cubic inches of Apples the earth is capable of receiving.
being mafhed, they generated 986 cubic inches of air AIZOON. Sempervive .
in 13 days time, which is a quantity equal to 48 times This name Dr. Linnæus has given to a plant near of
their bulk ; after which they reforbed a quantity equal kin to the Ficoides, which has been called Ficoidea,
to their bulk, in three or four days, notwithstanding by fome modern botanifts .
the weather was then very hot ; after which time they The CHARACTERS are,

were ſtationary for many days, neither generating nor It bath a permanent empalement of one leaf, which is cut
abſorbing . into five acutefegments at the top : there are no petals in
From which before-mentioned experiments on Raifins the flower, but the five-cornered germen refts on the em
and ale, the ingenious author concludes, that wine palement, fupporting five ftyles, which are crowned with
and ale do not turn vapid in warm weather by im fimple ftigma , thefe are attended by many hairy ftamina,
bibing the air, but by fermenting and generating too which are inferted into the empalement, and are crowned
much ; by which means they are deprived of their with fimple fummits. The germen afterward becomes a
enlivening principle the air : for which reafon, thefe fwelling five-cornered capfule, having five cells, in which
liquors are beft preferved in cool cellars , whereby this are lodged many roundifh feeds.
#
active invigorating principle is kept within due This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnæus ranged in
bounds ; · which when they exceed, wines are upon the fifth divifion of his twelfth claís, entitled Icofandria
the fret, and are in danger of being ſpoiled. Pentagynia, the flowers of this clais having more than
Upon thefe, and many other experiments, which the nineteen ftamina, and in this divifion they have five
learned author has given in his aforefaid treatife, he ftyles.
obferves, that this air which arifes in fo great quan The SPECIES are,
tities from fermenting and diffolving vegetables, is 1. AIZOON (Canarienfe) foliis cunciformi-ovatis floribus
true permanent air ; which is certain, by its continuing feffilibus. Hort. Upfal. 127. Sempervive with oval
in the fame expanded and elaftic ftate for many weeks wedge-shaped leaves, and flowers without foot-ftalks. Fi
and months ; which expanded watery vapours will not coidea procumbens portulacæ folio. Niffol. Act. Par.
do, but foon condenfe when cold . 1711 .
Upon the whole, he concludes, that air abounds in 2. ÁIZOON (Hifpanicum) foliis lanceolatis floribus feffili
vegetable fubftances, and bears a confiderable part in bus. Lin. Sp . Plant. 488. Sempervive with Spear
them and if all the parts of matter were only en fhaped leaves and flowers, having no foot-ftalks. Ficoidea
dowed with a ſtrongly attracting power, all nature Hifpanica annua folio longiore . Hort. Elth. 143.
would then immediately become one unactive co 3. ArzooN (Paniculatum) foliis lanceolatis floribus pani
hering lump . culatis . Lin. Sp . Pl. 448. Sempervive with spear -
shaped
Wherefore it was abfolutely neceffary , in order to the leaves and flowers growing in panicles. Aizoon foliis
actuating this vaft mafs of attracting matter, that there lanceolatis fubtus hirfutis. Prod . Leyd . 221 .
fhould be every where mixed with it a due proportion As we have no English names for thefe plants, fo I
of ſtrongly-repelling elaftic particles , which might have adopted this of Sempervive, which hath been
enliven the whole mafs by the inceffant action between applied to the Aloe and Sedum, both which have
them and the attracting particles. been alfo titled Aizoon and Sempervivum .
And fince thefe elaftic particles are continually in The firſt fort is a native of the Canary Islands : this
great abundance reduced by the power of the ftrong is an annual plant, which must be raiſed on a mode
attracters, from an elaftic to a fixed ftate, it was there rate hot-bed in the fpring; and when the plants are
fore neceffary that thefe particles fhould be endued fit to tranfplant, they fhould be carefully taken up;
with a property of refuming their elaftic ftate, when and planted each into a fmall pot filled with freſh light
ever they were difengaged from that mafs in which earth, and plunged into another moderate hot-bed,
they were fixed, that thereby this beautiful frame of obferving to fhade them from the fun until they have
things might be maintained in a continual round of taken freth root ; after which they muſt be hardened
the production and diffolution of vegetables as well as by degrees to bear the open air, into which they
animal bodies . fhould be removed in June, placing them in a fhel
The air is very inftrumental in the production and tered fituation, where they will flower, and ripen their
growth of vegetables, both by invigorating their fe feeds in September, foon after which the plants will
veral juices, while in an elaſtic active ſtate, and alfo perish.
by greatly contributing in a fixed ftate, to the union The fecond fort grows naturally in Spain ; this is alfo
and firm connexion of the feveral conftituent parts of an annual plant, whofe branches trail on the ground ;
thofe bodies, viz. their water, fire, falt, and earth . the flowers have no beauty, fo thefe plants are only
To conclude, by reafon of thofe properties of the air preferved by thofe who are curious in collecting rare
before-mentioned, it is very ferviceable to vegetables , plants for the fake of variety.
in that it blows up and breaks open the clouds, The third fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
thofe treaſures of rain, which fertilize the vegetable Hope, from whence the feeds were brought to Europe.
kind. This is alfo of humble growth, and perifhes foon after
The air alfo helps to waft or difperfe thofe foggy hu the feeds are ripe.
mid vapours which arife from the earth, and would Theſe may be propagated in the fame manner as the
otherwife ftagnate, and poifon the whole face of the firft, and when the plants have acquired ftrength, they
earth . may be planted in the full ground ; but they require
The air, by the affiftance of the fun, affumes and a poor fandy foil, for in rich ground they will grow
fublimates thofe vapours into the upper regions ; and very luxuriant in branches, but will not flower till late
thefe foggy humid vapours are, by this fublimation, in the feafon, fo rarely perfect their feeds ; but when
and the coercive power of the air and fun, rarefied they are planted in dry fand, or lime rubbish, they
and made of fecond ufe in vegetation . will be more productive of flowers, and lefs vigorous
And on the contrary, to the benign quality of the air, in their branches.
which is fo many ways fubfervient to vegetables, it ALA is the hollow of a ftalk, which either the leaf,
is alfo fometimes, and upon fome accounts, injurious or the pedicle of the leaf, makes with the ftalk or
and pernicious to them ; not only to the ligneous, branches ; or it is that hollow finus placed between
herbaceous, and flowery parts above, but alfo to the the ſtalk or branch and leaf, from whence a new off
roots and fibres below : for in that the air penetrates fpring is wont to put forth, which the French call,
7 Aiffelles

réas
 ALA ALA

Aiffelles des Plantes. Sometimes it is ufed for leaves against walls in court-yards to cover them, as alfo to
‫ره‬

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which confift of many lobes or wings. form evergreen hedges in gardens, for which purpoſe
Alæ is alſo uſed to fignify thofe petala of papiliona thefe were improper ; for their branches fhoot very
h
ceous flowers placed between the Vexillum and the vigorously, and being very pliant, they are frequently
d
Carina, which the French call, Les Ailes des Fleurs le dilplaced by the wind ; and in winter, when much
gumineufes. fnow falls in ftill weather, the weight of that which
Alæ is alfo ufed for thoſe extreme flender membrana lodges on the hedges, frequently breaks them down :
ceous parts of certain feeds ; as is the Bignonia Plu add to this the trouble of keeping them in order,
f which cannot be effected with lefs than three times
meria, the fruit of the Maple, &c. which the French
call Semences ailées. Again, clipping in a feafon, which is not only expenfive,
Alæ is uſed for thofe foliaceous membranes which run but alfo occafions a great litter in a garden : theſe in
the whole length of the ftem ; whence it is called, conveniencies have justly brought thefe hedges into
Caulis alatus, a winged ftalk ; in French, Tige ailée : but difeſteem .
modern writers have ftyled thefe foliis decurrentibus, The third fort with,filver-ftriped leaves, was alfo in
or running leaves, becauſe theſe alæ or wings are con great requeft fome years ago, for planting againft
nected with the leaves. out-houfes, and other buildings, to hide the brick
ALABASTRA, are thofe green herbaceous leaves work; but as thefe required to be ofteir clipped, and
that encompaſs flowers. Jungius explains Alabaf their branches frequently wanting to be fattened up
trum to be the globe, or roundiſh bud, that is but to the wall, which was troubleſome and expenſive,
juft peeping out. and this fort of wall hedges being great harbour for
ALATERNOIDES. See PHYLICA, CLUTIA, vermin, there has been of late but little demand for
and CEANOTHUS . thefe plants. The fort with gold- triped leaves is
ALATERNUS [ called 'Exasión , as though of pretty rare in the Engliſh gardens, and is not fo hardy
xala, an Olive, and wp , an Ilex], or evergreen as that with filver ftripes, fo that in fevere winters
Privet. they are often killed . But the tafte for theſe varie
The CHARACTERS are, gated plants is almoft loft in England, there being
It bath male and female flowers in different plants in few perfons now, who do not prefer the plain green
fome fpecies, and in others both forts offlowers on the leaves to thofe which are ftriped.
fame. The male flowers are compofed of an empalement The fecond fort was formerly in the English gardens,
of one leaf, which is funnel- fhaped, and cut into five feg in much greater plenty than at prefent. This was ge
ments at their brim ; to the fides of the empalement are nerally called Celaftrus, or Staff- tree. The leaves of
fixed five fmall petals ; at the base ofthefe petals are faſt this fort are placed at greater diftances than thofe of
ened fo many ftamina, which are crowned with round fum the first, fo that their branches appear thinly covered ´
mits. The female flowers have agreat resemblance to the with them, which may have occafioned their being
male, but have no ftamina. In the center is placed the difefteemed. The leaves of this are fhorter than thofe
germen, fupporting a trifidstyle crowned by a roundftigma, of the firſt fort, and are rounded at their foot-ſtalks
the germen afterward becomes afeft round berry, contain fomewhat like a heart-ſhaped leaf, the edges are alfo
ing three feeds. fawed.
Dr. Linnæus has joined this genus to the Rhamnus, The thrid fort has been an old inhabitant in fome
to which he has alſo added the Frangula, Paliurus, gardens, but was not much propagated till of late
and Zizyphus, and ranges them in his fifth clafs of years ; the leaves of this are much longer and nar
plants, entitled Pentandria Monogynia. rower than thofe of either of the other forts, and the
The SPECIES are,
ferratures on their edges are much deeper ; this fhoots
1. ALATERNUS (Phylica) foliis ovatis marginibus crena its branches more erect, and forms an handfomer buſh
tis glabris . Common Alaternus, with fmooth leaves in than any of the other, and is equally hardy, fo may
dented on their edges. Alaternus, 1 Cluf. Hifp. 56. be allowed to have a place in all plantations of Ever
2. ALATERNUS (Glabra) foliis fubcordatis ferratis gla greens. This grows naturally in the fouth of France,
bris. Alaternus with heart-fhoped fmooth leaves, which where the berries are gathered, and fold by the name
are farved on their edges. Alaternus minore folio. of Avignon berries, for the ufe of painters, &c. for
Tourn. Inft. 595. making a yellow pigment.
3. ALATERNUS (Angustifolia) foliis lanceolatis profunde Thefe forts are by fome fuppofed to be only varieties
ferratis glabris. Alaternus with Smooth Spear-shaped and not diftinct fpecies ; but from many repeated tri
leaves, which are deeply fawed. Alaternus monfpeli als, in raiſing them from feeds, I can affirm they do
aca foliis profundiùs incifis. H. R. Par. not vary, the feeds conftantly producing the fame fpe
4. ALATERNUS (Latifolia) foliis ovato-lanceolatis inte cies as they were taken from."
gerrimis glabris. Alaternus with Smooth oval Spear The fecond fort grows naturally about Turin, from
Jhaped leaves, which are entire. Alaternus Hifpanica whence I have been fupplied with the feeds.
latifolia. Tourn. Inſt. 596. All thefe forts are eafily propagated by laying their
The varieties of thefe plants are, the firft fort with branches down, as is practifed for many other trees.
variegated leaves, which is commonly called Bloatch The best time for this is in the autumn, and if pro
ed Phillyrea by the nurſery gardeners . And the third perly performed, the layers will have made good
fort with leaves ftriped with white, and another with roots by the autumn following, when they may be
yellow ; theſe are known by the Silver and Gold ftrip cut off from the old ftock, and planted either into the
ed Alaternus : but as theſe are, accidental varieties, nurfery, or in the places where they are defigned to
I have omitted placing them among the number of remain. When they are planted in a nurſery, they
fpecies. fhould not remain there longer than a year or two ;
The common diftinction of this genus from the for as they fhoot their roots to a great diftance on
Phillyrea, is in the pofition of their leaves, which in every fide, fo they cannot be removed after two or
the plants of this are placed alternately on the branch three years growth, without cutting, off great part of
es, whereas thofe of Phillyrea are placed by pairs them, which is very hurtful to the plants, and will
oppofite ; this is obvious at all feafons, but there are greatly retard their growth, if they furvive their re
more effential differences in their characters, as will inoval ; but they are frequently killed by tranfplant
be explained under the article Phillyrea. ing, when they have ftood long in a place. They
The firft fort has been long cultivated in the Engliſh may be tranfplanted either in the autumn or the fpring,
gardens, but the plain fort is now uncommon here ; but in dry land the autumn planting is beft, whereas
for the bloatched -leaved fort has been generally cul in moist ground the fpring is to be preferred.
tivated in the nurſeries, and the other has been almoſt The plain forts may alfo be propagated by fowing
totally neglected. their berries, which they produce in great plenty, buc
Theſe plants were much more in requeſt formerly the birds are greedy devourers of them ; fo that un
than they are at prefent, when they were planted lefs the berries are guarded from them, they will foon
be
 1

ALB ALC

be devoured whentheybegin to ripen. Theplantswhich a border in the front of a green-houſe, or ftove, where
arife from feeds, always grow more erect than thoſe the roots of moſt of the bulbous flowers may be plant
which are propagated by layers, fo are fitter for large ed in the full ground, and fcreened in winter from
plantations, as they may be trained up to ſtems, and froft ; in fuch fituations they thrive much better, and
formed more like trees ; whereas the layers are apt to flower ftronger, than when kept in pots.
extend their lower branches, which retards their up ALCEA. Lin . Gen. 750. The Hollyhock.
right growth, and renders them more like fhrubs . The CHARACTERS are,

They will grow to the height of eighteen or twenty The flower bath a double empalement, of which one isper
feet, if their upright ſhoots are encouraged ; but to manent. The outer one is spread open, and cut at the
keep their heads from being broken by wind or fnow, top into fix fegments ; the inner is larger, and flightly cut
thoſe branches which fhoot irregular fhould be fhort into five. The flower is composed of five petals, which
ened, which will caufe their heads to be clofer, and coalefce at their bafe, and spread open at the top in form
not in fo much danger. of a rofe. In the center is placed the round germen, fup
All the forts thrive beft in a dry, gravelly, or fandy porting a fhort cylindrical style, crowned with numerous
foil, for in rich ground they are often injured by ftigma, which is attended by many ftamina joined below to
froft, when the winters are fevere, but in rocky dry the pentagonal column, and Spreadopen at top ; these are
land they are feldom injured : and if in very hard crowned with kidney-fhaped fummits : after the flower is
froft their leaves are killed, yet the branches will re paft, the germen becomes a round, depreffed, articulated cap
main unhurt, and will put out new leaves in the ſpring. Jule, having many cells, in each of which is lodged one
ALBUCA, Baftard Star of Bethlehem . compreffed kidney-shaped feed.
The CHARACTERS are, This genus is ranged by Dr. Linnæus in his fixteenth
The flower has no empalement ; it has fix oblong oval pe clafs of plants, entitled Monadelphia Polyandria : in
tals, which are permanent ; the three outer spread open, this clafs the ftamina and ftyle coalefce and form a fort
and the three inner are connected : it bath fix three-cor of column in the center of the flower, from whence
neredftamina the length of the corolla, three of which are Dr. Van Royen has given to this clafs the title of Co
fertile, crowned with moveable fummits, the other three, lumnifera, and in this divifion there are a great num
which are barren, have no fummits. The nectarium is ber of ftamina.
fituated near the bafe of the three fertile ftamina ; it has The SPECIES are,

an oblong three-cornered germen, with a broad triangular 1 . ALCEA ( Rofea) foliis finuatis angulofis . Hort. Cliff.
Style, crowned by a pyramidal three- cornered ftigma ; the 348. Hollyhock with angular finuated leaves. Malva
capfule is three-cornered, having three cells filled withfmall rofea folio fubrotundo . C. B. P. 315.
plain feeds. 2 . ALCEA (Ficifolia ) foliis palmatis. Hort. Cliff. 348 .
This genus is ranged in the firft fection of Linnæus's
Hollyhock with banded leaves. Malva rofea folio ficus,
fixth clafs of plants, the flower having fix ftamina C. B. P. 315 .
and one ſtyle . Thefe are diftinct fpecies, whofe difference in the
The SPECIES are , form of their leaves always continues. The leaves of
1. ALBUCA ( Major) foliis lanceolatis . Lin . Sp . 438 . the firſt fort are roundish, and cut at their extremity
Starflower with Spear -
shaped leaves. Ornithogalum lu into angles ; whereas thofe of the ſecond are deeply
teo-virens. Indicum. Corn . Canad. cut into fix or feven fegments, fo as to refemble a
2. ALBUCA (Minor) foliis fubulatis . Lin. Sp. 438. Star hand.
flower with awl-shaped leaves. Ornithogalum Africa The various colours of their flowers being accidental,
num, flore viridi altero alteri innato . Herm . Parad . as alfo the double flowers being only varieties which
209. African Star-flower with a greenish yellow flower. have rifen from culture, are not by botanifts deemed
Theſe plants have been generally ranged under the diftinct fpecies . I have not enumerated them here,
genus of Ornithogalum, but as their flowers differ in therefore fhall only mention the various colours which
their form from the other fpecies of that genus, Dr. are commonly oblerved in their flowers ; which are
Linnæus has conftituted this genus for them. white, pale, red, deep red, blackish red , purple, yel
The firſt fort grows naturally in Canada, and in fome low, and flesh colour. Befides thefe, I many years
other parts of North America ; the root is bulbous ,
ago faw fome plants with variegated flowers, in the
from which ſhoot up eight or ten long narrow fpear garden of the late Lord Burlington , in London , raiſed
fhaped leaves. In the center of thefe arife a flower from feeds which came from China.
ftem a foot or more in height, garniſhed with a looſe Although thefe varieties of double Hollyhocks are
fpike ( or thyrfe) of greenish yellow flowers, each have not conftant, yet where the feeds are carefully faved
a long pedunculus, 1 which turns downward, having from the moſt double flowers, the greateſt number of
pretty large ftipula at their bafe , which are erect, and the plants will arife nearly the fame, as the plants from
end in fharp points. After the flower is paſt, the ger which they were taken , both as to their colour and
men fwells to a three-cornered capfule, having three . the fulness of their flowers, provided no plants with
cells filled.with flat feeds . 1 fingle or bad coloured flowers are permitted to grow
The fecond fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good near them . Therefore fo foon as any fuch appear,
Hope ; this hath alfo a pretty large bulbous root, they ſhould be removed from the good ones, that
from which arife four or five narrow awl-fhaped leaves, their farina may not fpread into the other flowers,
of a deep green colour : the flower-ftem which comes which would cauſe them to degenerate.
from the center of the root, is naked , and rarely rifes The firft fpecies grows naturally in China, from
more than eight or nine inches high, having five or whence I have often received the feeds. The fecond
fix greenish yellow flowers growing almoft in form of fort I have received from Iftria, where it was gathered
an umbel at the top : thefe are rarely fucceeded by in the fields, but thefe feeds produced fingle red
feeds in England . flowers only ; whereas from fome feeds of this fort,
The Canada Albuca is hardy, fo the roots may be which were given me by the late Charles Du Bois,
planted about four inches deep in a border of light Efq ; of Mitcham, in 1726, which he procured from
earth, where they will thrive, and produce their flow Madras , I raiſed many double flowers of ſeveral co
ers late in the fummer ; but as the feeds rarely ripen lours.
in England , and the bulbs do not put out many off Thefe plants, although natives of warm countries,
fets, the plants are not common in this country. yet are hardy enough to thrive in the open air in Eng
The African fort I raifed from feeds a few years paft ; land, and have for many years been fome of the
this generally flowers twice a year, the first time in greatest ornaments in the garden, toward the latter
March or April, and again in July or Auguft, but part of fummer ; but fince they have become very
has not produced any feeds. If the roots of this fort common, have not been fo much regarded as they de
are kept in pots, filled with light earth, and are ſhel ſerve, partly from their growing too large for ſmall
tered under a hot-bed frame in winter, they will thrive gardens, and their requiring tall ſtakes to fecure them
and produce flowers ; but the beft method is to have from being broken by ftrong winds. But in large
gardens,
 ALC ALE

gardens, where they are properly difpofed, they make pentaphyllea minima lobis fimbriatis. Bocc. Mufc. 1.
a fine appearance ; for as their fpikes of flowers P. 18.
grow very tall, there will be a fucceffion of them on The firſt fort grows naturally in moiſt meadows in
the ſame ſtems, more than two months ; the flowers feveral parts of England, but is not very common
on the lower part of the fpike appearing in July, and near London : the roots are compofed of many thick
as their ſtalks advance, new flowers are produced till fibres, which fpread greatly when they are in a pro
near the end of September. When the plants are per foil ; the leaves rife immediately from the root,
planted in good ground, their ſtalks often rife to fuftained by long foot-ftalks ; they are roundish, and
the height of eight or nine feet, fo that near fix feet fcalloped round the borders into feven or eight lobes,
of each will be garnished with flowers ; which when fhaped fomewhat like the Ladies fcalloped Mantles,
double, and of good colours, will make a fine appear from whence it had its name. The flower-ftems arife

ance, eſpecially if the various colours are properly between the leaves about a foot high, which divide
intermixed . into many branches, and are at each joint garniſhed
They are propagated by feeds, which, as hath been with one fmall leaf, thaped like thofe below ; the
already obferved, ſhould be carefully ſaved from thofe flowers are compofed of an herbaceous empalement,
plants whofe flowers are the moſt double, and of the in the center of which is the ftyle attended by four
beft colours. If theſe are preferved in their capfules ſtamina, crowned with yellow fummits ; fo that the
until fpring, the feeds will be better, provided they only beauty of this plant is in the leaves, which are
are gathered very dry, and care be taken that no ufed in medicine, and are eſteemed to be vulnerary,
damp comes to them in winter, which will cauſe their drying and binding, and of great force to ftop in
covers to be mouldy, and thereby ſpoil the feeds. ward bleeding.
The feeds fhould be fown on a bed of light earth, The fecond fort is much ſmaller than the firſt, the
about the middle of April, which must be covered leaves are much whiter and appear filky ; the flower
about half an inch deep, with the fame light earth ; ſtems do not branch out fo much, nor are the flowers
fome perfons fow them in fhallow drills, and others produced in fo large cluſters : their empalement is
ſcatter the feeds thinly over the whole bed. When broader, and the fegments more obtufe than thoſe of
they are fown in the former method, the plants gene the firſt fort.
rally come up thick, fo will require to be tranfplanted The third fort grows naturally on the mountains in
fooner than thoſe which are fown in the latter. By Yorkſhire, Weſtmoreland, and Cumberland , gene
the firſt, the feeds may be more equally covered, and rally upon moift boggy places. It is alfo a native of
kept clean with lefs trouble, becauſe the ground be Sweden and Denmark , the Alps, and other cold parts
tween the drills may be hoed. When the plants have of Europe, and is admitted into gardens for the ſake
put out fix or eight leaves, they ſhould be tranſplant of variety. The leaves of this fort are very white,
ed into nurſery-beds, at a foot diſtance from each and deeply cut into five parts like a hand ; the flower
other, obferving to water them until they have taken ſtems feldom rife more than fix inches high, nor do
good root ; after which they will require no farther the flowers make a better appearance than the other
care, but to keep them clean from weeds till Octo forts.
ber, when they ſhould be tranfplanted where they are The fourth fort grows naturally in Sweden, Lapland,
to remain. and other cold countries, fo is only to be found in
Some perfons let their plants remain a year longer in ſome few curious botanic gardens in this country.
the nurſery-beds to fee their flowers, before they re Theſe are all abiding plants, which have perennial
move them to the flower-garden ; but when this is roots and annual ftalks, which perish in autumn.
"
intended, the plants fhould be planted at a greater They may be propagated by parting their roots ; the
diſtance in the nurſery-beds, otherwiſe they will not beſt time for doing this is in the autumn, that their
have room to grow. However, I have always chofen roots may be eſtabliſhed before the drying winds of
to remove my plants the first autumn, for young the ſpring come on. They ſhould have a moift foil
plants more furely grow, than thoſe which are older; and a fhady fituation, otherwiſe they will not thrive
and if the feeds are carefully faved, there will not be in the fouthern parts of England. When they are
one in ten of the plants come fingle or of bad colours. propagated by feeds, they fhould be fown in the au
ALCHEMILLA, Ladies Mantle. tumn ; for when they are fown in the fpring, they
The CHARACTERS are, feldom grow the firſt year. They ſhould be fown on
The flower bath a permanent empalement of one leaf, a fhady moift border, and when the plants come up,
which isspread open at the brim, and cut into eight feg they will require no other care but to be kept clean
ments. There are no petals to the flower, but the center from weeds.
of the empalement is occupied by the oval germen, into ALDER-TREE. See ALNUS.
which is inferted a longstyle, crowned with aglobular ftig ALETRIS.
ma: this is attended by four erect stamina refting on the The CHARACTERS are,
brim ofthe empalement, and crowned with roundish fum The flower has no empalement, but hath one oblong oval
mits ; the germen afterwards turns to a single compreſſed petal, cut into fix fegments at the brim, and are perma
feed. nent ; it bathfix awl-shaped ftamina the length ofthe co
Dr. Linnæus ranges this genus in the firſt ſection of his rolla, whofe bafe are inferted in the fegments ; these are
fourth clafs of plants, entitled Tetrandria monogy crowned by oblong erect fummits, and an oval germen fup
nia, the flowers having four ſtamina and one ſtyle. porting an awl-shapedstyle the length oftheftamina, crown
The SPECIES are,
ed by a trifid ftigma. The germen afterward becomes an
1. ALCHEMILLA (Vulgaris) foliis lobatis ferratis, ſeg oval three-cornered capfule with three cells, filled with an
mentis involucro acuto . The common Ladies Mantle. gular feeds.
C. B. P. 319 . This genus of plants is ranged in Linnæus's firſt ſec
2. ALCHEMILLA foliis lobatis fericeis acutè ferratis, tion of his fixth clafs, the flowers having fix ftamina
fegmentis involucro fubrotundis. Smallfilvery Ladies and one ſtyle.
Mantle with lobated leaves fharply ferrated, and the feg The SPECIES are,
ments of the involucrum cut into roundifb fegments. Al 1. ALETRIS (Farinofa) acaulis, foliis lanceolatis mem
chemilla Alpina pubefcens minor. Tourn. Inft. R. branaceis, floribus alternis. Lin. Sp . 456. Aletris t
H. 508. without ftalks, fpear-ſhaped membranaceous leaves, and
3. ALCHEMILLA (Alpina) foliis digitatis ferratis. Flor. flowers placed alternate. Hyacinthus caule nodo, fo
Lapp. 61. Silvery Alpine Ladies Mantle with handed liis linguiformibus acuminatis dentatis. Flor. Virg. 38.
leaves. Alchemilla perennis incana argentea five fe 2. ALETRIS (Capenfis) acaulis, foliis lanceolatis undula
ricea fatinum provocans. Mor. Hift. 2. p. 195. tis, fpica ovata, floribus nutantibus. Lin. Sp . 456.
4. ALCHEMILLA (Pentaphylla) foliis quinatis multifidis Aletris without ftalks, wavedspear s
-haped leaves, and an
glabris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 123. Smooth five-leaved Ladies oval spike of alternate flowers.
Mantle, cut into many fegments. Alchemilla Alpina
G 3. ALETRIS
 ALE ALL

3. ALETRIS (Hyacinthoides) acaulis, foliis lanceolatis car though fair to appearance, yet I could never raife .
nofis, floribus geminatis. Lin. Sp . 456. Aletris with any plants from them ; but they are eaſily propagated
out ftalks, fleshy fpear -
shaped leaves, and flowers fet by from the fide heads , which they put out after
pairs. flowering.
4. ALETRIS ( Zeylanica ) acaulis, foliis lanceolatis planis The last three forts are too tender to live through the
erectis radicalibus. Aletris without stalks, and plain, winter in England, unless they are placed in a warm
Spear -
shaped, creat leaves rifing from the root. ftove ; nor will the third and fifth forts produce their
5. ALETRIS ( Fragrans) caulefcens, foliis lanceolatis am flowers, if the plants are not plunged into a tan-bed ;
plexicaulibus. Stally Aletris, with Spear -
shaped leaves for although the plants may be preferved in a dry
embracing it. Aloe Africana arborefcens, floribus al ftove, yet thoſe make but little progrefs there ; where
bis fragrantiffimis .
Hort. Amft. 2. tab . 4 . as when they are in a tan-bed, they will advance as
it much in one year as the other will in three or four ;
The first fort grows naturally in North America ;
hath a tuberofe root, from which ariſe feveral fpear the leaves will alfo be much larger, and the whole
fhaped leaves, and a naked ftalk fupporting a ſpike plant much ſtronger. The third fort will fometimes
of flowers placed alternate, of a greenish white co flower in a dry ftove, but the flower-ſtems will be
lour ; thefe appear in June, but are rarely fucceeded weak, and do not produce half fo many flowers as
by feeds in England . when in tan ; but the fifth has not yet flowered here
This plant is tolerably hardy, fo may be preferved when kept in the dry ſtove.
thro' the winter, if fheltered under a hot-bed frame ; The third and fourth forts propagate very faſt by
but as the feeds do not ripen here, and the roots in their creeping roots, which fend up many heads ;
creafe but flowly, the plants are at prefent rare in thefe may be cut off in June, and laid in the ſtove
England. for a fortnight, that the part wounded may be healed
The fecond fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good over ; then they fhould be planted in fmall pots, filled
Hope. This is a low plant, feldom rifing more than with light fandy earth, and plunged into a moderate
a foot high ; the leaves are fpear-fhaped and undu hot-bed of tanners bark, giving them but little wa
lated ; the foot-ftalks of the flower arife from the ter till they have put out good roots ; then they muſt
root, which fuftain feveral white nodding flowers, in be treated like other tender fucculent plants , never
fhape fomewhat like thofe of the Hyacinth. fetting them abroad in fummer.
The roots of this fort must be planted in pots filled The heads of the fifth fort when taken from the ſtems
with light earth, that they may be fheltered in a dry fhould be laid in the ftove a week, for their wounds to
airy glafs-cafe in winter, being too tender to thrive heal, then fhould be planted in pots and treated as
in the open air in England ; therefore the pots fhould the other.
be removed into fhelter in October, and during the ALESANDER, or ALEXANDER. See
winter feaſon, they fhould be fparingly watered . In SMYRNIUM .
May they ſhould be placed abroad in a fheltered fi- ALKEKENGI. See PHYSALIS .
tuation, and in warm weather muſt be frequently re- ALLELUJAH. See OXALIS .
freſhed with water ; with this management the plants ALLIARIA. See HESPERIS.
will flower ; but as they do not perfect their feeds ALLIUM [ of ' Axiw, Gr. to avoid or fhun, becauſe
here, nor do they increaſe faft by roots, the plants are many fhun the ſmell of it] , Garlick.
fcarce in England . The CHARACTERS are,

The third fort has been long preferved in the Engliſh The flowers are included in one common fpatha, which be
gardens, and has been known by the title of Guinea comes dry ; the flower is compofed offix oblong, erect, con
Aloe ; this hath thick fleshy roots like thofe of the cave petals, andfix awl-shapedftamina, which extend the
Flag Iris, which creep far where they have room . length of the petals, and are crowned with oblong fum
The leaves arife fingly from the root, and are near mits. In the center is fituated a fhort three-cornered ger
one foot and a half long, ftiff, waved, and have no men, fupporting a fingleftyle, crowned by an acute ftigma.
foot- talks, arifing immediately from the root, as do Thegermen afterward becomes an obtufe three-cornered cap
alfo the foot-ftalks of the flowers, which when the fule, opening into three parts, having three cells, filled
roots are ſtrong, are often a foot and a half high, gar with roundish feeds.
nished great part of their height with clear white The SPECIES are,
flowers, fhaped like thofe of the Hyacinth, whofe 1 . ALLIUM ( Sativum) caule planifolio bulbifero, bulbo
brims are cut into fix fegments, which are reflexed ; compofito, ftaminibus tricufpidatis. Hort. Upfal.
thefe feldom continue in beauty more than two or three 76. Common manured Garlick. Allium fativum.
days, and are never fucceeded by feeds here. C. B. P.
The fourth fort is alfo pretty common, in gardens 2 . ALLIUM (Scorodoprafum ) caule planifolio bulbifero,
where there are conveniencies for preferving exotic foliis crenulatis vaginis ancipitibus ftaminibus tricuf
plants. This hath fleshy creeping roots, which mul pidatis. Hort. Upfal. 77. The Rocambole. Allium
tiply greatly. The whole plant feldom rifes more than fativum alterum five allioprafum caulis fummo cir
fix inches high : the leaves are plain and upright, cumlocuto. C. B. P. 73.
arifing without foot-ftalks ; but as I have never feen 3. ALLIUM (Urfinum) fcapo nudo femicylindrico foliis
any flowers produced on the plants , I can give no de lanceolatis petiolatis umbellâ faftigiatâ. Lin . Sp.
fcription of them, but have followed Dr. Linnæus in Plant. 300. Broad-leaved wild Garlick, or Ramfons.
ranging it, though I have great reaſon to believe he Allium fylveftre latifolium. C. B. P.
has not feen the flower ; for he fuppofes this to be a 4. ALLIUM (Lineare) caule planifolio umbellifero um
variety of the third fort, which no perfon who is ac bella globosâ ftaminibus tricuspidatis corolla duplo
quainted with the two plants can ever admit. This longioribus. Lin. Sp . Plant. 294. Great round-headed
has been always known by the title of Ceylon Aloe. Garlick of the Holm lands. Allium Holmenfe fphæ
. The fifth fort rifes with an herbaceous ftalk to the rico capite. Raii Syn. 370 .
height of eight or ten feet high, having many joints, 5 . ALLIUM (Moly) fcapo nudo fubcylindrico foliis lan
and is adorned toward the top with a head of fpear ceolatis feffilibus umbellâ faftigiatâ . Hort. Upfal. 76.
ſhaped thin leaves, which are of a deep green colour The yellow Moly. Allium latifolium luteum . Tourn.
Inft. 384.
and reflexed at their ends, embracing the ſtalks with
their bafe. The foot -ftalks of the flower arife from 6 . ALLIUM ( Magicum) caule planifolio umbellifero ra
the center of the heads, which are generally two feet mulo bulbifero ftaminibus fimplicibus. Lin . Sp .
high, branching out on each fide, and fully garniſhed Plant. 296. Great broad-leaved Moly with Lily flowers..
with white flowers, in fhape fomewhat like thoſe of Allium latifolium liliflorum. Tourn. Inft. 384.
the third fort ; but thefe open only in the evening, 7 . ALLIUM ( Obliquum) caule planifolio umbellifero fta
when they emit a moft fragrant odour, but clofe again minibus filiformibus flore triplo longioribus foliis ob
in the morning, and are not of long duration ; but liquis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 296. Umbelliferous Garlick with
theſe are ſometimes fucceeded by feeds, which, al plain leaves, flender ftamina, which are three times the
5 length
 ALL ALL

length of the flower, and oblique leaves. Allium radice fcience of botany, may not fo readily turn to thofe
tunicatâ foliis planis linearibus caulinis capitulo um articles, therefore we fhall infert their culture under
bellato . Flor. Siber. 1. p. 49. their former titles.
8. ALLIUM ( Ramofum) caule fubplanifolio umbellifero The two firit fpecies are eafily propagated by planting
ftaminibus fubulatis longioribus umbellâ globosâ foliis the cloves, or fmall bulbs, in the fpring, in beds
linearibus fubconvexis, Lin. Sp. Pl. 296. Umbel about four or five inches diftance from each other,
shaped
liferous Garlick with half plain leaves, long awl- keeping them clean from weeds. About the beginning
Stamina, globular umbels, and narrow convex leaves. of June, the leaves of the firft fort fhould be tied in
9. ALLIUM (Rofeum) fcapo nudo umbellifero, pedicellis knots, to prevent their fpindling, or running to feed,
brevibus, petalis ovalibus, ftaminibus breviffimis, fo which will greatly enlarge the bulb . In the middle
liis linearibus. Lin. Sp. 432. Garlick with a naked of July, the leaves will begin to wither and decay,
-
umbelliferous ftalk, fbart foot ftalks, oval petals to the at which time they ſhould be taken out of the ground,
flower, very short ftamina, and linear leaves. Allium and hanged up in adry room, to prevent their rotting,
fylveftre five moly minus, rofeo amplo flore. Mag and may be thus preferved for winter ufe.
nol. II. The roots of the fecond fort may remain in the ground
10. ALLIUM ( Arenarium) caule planifolio bulbifero va till the leaves are decayed, when their bulbs may be
ginis teretibus fpathâ muticâ ftaminibus tricufpidatis. taken up and dried, to be preferved for ufe during
H. Scan. 227. Bulb-bearing Garlick, withplain leaves, the winter feafon ; but fome of the roots may be at
a taper vagina, and three pointed ftamina. the fame time planted again for the fucceeding year ;
11. ALLIUM ( Carinatum) caule planifolio bulbifero fta for this fort requires to be planted in autumn, ef
minibus fubulatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 297. Bulb-bearing pecially on dry ground, otherwife their bulbs will not
►
garlick withplain leaves, and awl-shapedftamina. Allium be large.
montanum bicorne anguftifolium flore dilutè purpu The third fort was formerly in greater efteem than
rafcente. C. B. P. 74. at prefent, it being rarely cultivated in gardens, but
12. ALLIUM (Sphærocephalon) caule terteifolio umbelli is found wild in moift fhady places in many parts of
fero, foliis femiteretibus , ftaminibus tricufpidatis co England ; and may be cultivated by planting the roots
rolla longioribus. Lin. Sp . 426. Umbelliferous Gar in a moift fhady border, at almoſt any time ofthe year ;
lick, with taper leaves which are longer than the petals. but the belt feafon is in July, juft as the green leaves
Allium five moly montanum purpureo flore. Cluſ. are decaying.
Hift. 1. p. 195. The fourth fort grows naturally in the Holm Iſlands,
13. ALLIUM (Flavum ) caule teretifolio umbellifero, flo from whence it has been tranfplanted into ſeveral gar
ribus pendulis, petalis ovatis , flaminibus corolla lon dens, where it is preferved more for the fake of va
gioribus. Lin. Sp. 428. Umbelliferous Garlick, with riety than uſe.
taper leaves and pendulous flowers, having oval petals, The eleventh and thirteenth forts grow wild in the
northern parts of England, but are by the curious in
andftamina longer than the corolla. Allium montanum
bicorne flore pallido odore. C. B. P. 75. botany preferved in their gardens. Theſe are very
14. ALLIUM (Senescens) fcapo nudo ancipiti foliis li hardy, and may be removed in July or Auguft, when
nearibus fubtus convexis lævibus umbellâ fubrotundâ their leaves begin to decay, and will thrive in almoſt
ftaminibus fubulatis. Hort. Upfal. 79. Greater any foil or fituation.
Mountain Garlick with leaves like Narciffus. Allium The fifth fort was formerly preferved in gardens for
montanum foliis Narciffi majus. C. B. P. 75. the fake of its yellow flowers, but having a very ſtrong
15. ALLIUM (Angulofum) fcapo nudo ancipiti foliis li Garlick fcent, moſt people have rooted it out of their
nearibus canaliculatis fubtus fubangulatis umbellâ fafti gardens.
giatâ. Hort. Upfal. 79. Garlick with a naked ftalk, The fixth fort is alſo preſerved by many perſons in
narrowhollow leaves, which are angular on their lowerfide, their gardens for the fake of variety, but as this hath
and a compact umbel. Allium montanum foliis Nar a very ſtrong ſcent, fo it is not often admitted to the
ciffi minus. C. B. P. 75. flower-garden.
16. ALLIUM ( Subhirfutum ) caule planifolio umbellifero The ninth and twelfth forts are fometimes permitted
foliis inferioribus hirfutis ftaminibus fubulatis. Lin. to have a place in gardens for the fake of variety.
Sp. Plant. 295. Umbelliferous Garlick with hairy under The feventh, eighth, and tenth forts grow naturally
leaves, and awl f
-haped ftamina, commonly called Diof in Tartary and Siberia, from whence their feeds were
coridis Moly. Moly anguftifolium umbellatum. C. B. ſent to Peterſburgh, and from thence fome of the bo
P. 75. tanic gardens have been fupplied with feeds ; theſe are
17. ALLIUM (Viltioralis) umbella rotundata, ftaminibus only preferved for the fake of variety.
lanceolatis corolla longioribus, foliis ellipticis. Lin. The fourteenth, fifteenth, and fixteenth forts, have
Mat. Med. 163. Umbelliferous Garlick with round um been planted in gardens for the variety of their flowers,
bels, Spear -
shapedftamina longer than the corolla, and el but of late years moſt people have turned them out,
liptical leaves. Allium montanum latifolium macu to make room for better forts. But the fixteenth
latum. C. B. P. 74. multiplies fo faft by offsets, as to render it difficult
18. ALLIUM (Defcendens ) caule fubteretifolio umbellifero, to extirpate them, when they have remained any time
pedunculis exterioribus brevioribus, ftaminibus tri in a garden.
cufpidatis. Lin. Sp. 427. Umbelliferous Garlick with This produces large umbels of white flowers, growing
half taper leaf, and three pointed ftamina. Allium on ftalks about ten inches high ; the time of flowering
moly latifolium, capite fphærico, flore purpureo. is in April and May.
Rudb. The nineteenth fort was brought from Virginia, and
19. ALLIUM (Canadenfe) fcapo nudó tereti, foliis linea is preſerved in botanic gardens for variety's fake, but
ribus capitulo bulbifero. Kalm. It. Canada Garlick with has no great beauty ; it is very hardy, and will thrive
* a naked taper ſtalk, linear leaves, and heads bearing bulbs. in the open air very well ; and is propagated by its
Allium bulbiferum Virginianum. Boerh. Ind . Alt. 2 . bulbs , which are produced in plenty on the top of
146. the ſtalks. Į
20. ALLIUM (Triquetrum ) fcapo nudo foliis triquetris, They are all of them very hardy, and will thrive in
ftaminibus fimplicibus. Lin. Sp. 431. Garlick with almoft any foil or fituation, and are eaſily propagated
a naked ftalk, triangular leaves, and fimple ftamina. either by their roots, or from feeds : if from the roots,
Moly parvum caule triangulo. C. B. P. 75. the beſt time is in autumn, that they may take good
We fhall not bring under this genus the Cepa and root in the ground before the fpring, which is necef
Porrum, as is done by Dr. Linnæus, left by too fary, in order to have them flower ftrong the following
clofely adopting his ſyſtem, we may render this work fummer. If they are propagated by feeds, they may
lefs intelligible to the practical gardener, and fuch be fown on a border of common earth, either in au
•
other perfons who may delight themſelves in the cul 窗 tumn, foon after the feeds are ripe, or in the fpring
1
ture of a kitchen-garden ; but not having ſtudied the following, and will require no farther care, but to
keep

•
 ALO ALO

keepthem clear from weeds ; in the following autumn, bicantibus obfcurioribus magis glaucis quam præce
the plants may be tranfplanted into the borders where dens . Boerh. Ind.

they are to remain for good. 7. ALOE (Plicatilis) foliis enfiformibus inermis ancipi
The greateſt part of theſe plants produce their flowers tibus floribus laxè fpicatis caule fruticofo . Aloe with
in May, June, and July. fword-
fhapedfmooth leaves, standing two ways, theflowers
The yellow Moly will grow about a foot high ; and growing in loofe fpikes, and a fhrubby ftalk. Aloe Afri
having fome beauty in the flowers, is worthy of a cana arborefcens montana non fpinofa folio longiffimo
place in fuch borders of the flower-garden , where few plicatili flore rubro. Com. Hort. Amft. 2. p. 5.
better things will thrive. Theſe increaſe plentifully 8. ALOE ( Brevioribus) foliis amplexicaulibus utrâque
both by roots and feeds. fpinofis, floribus fpicatis . Aloe with leaves embracing
The fixth and feventeenth forts grow upwards of two the ftalks, which are prickly on every fide, and flowers
feet high, and when they are in flower, make a pretty growing in fpikes. Aloe Africana caulefcens foliis glau
appearance ; and as they are not troubleſome to keep, cis breviflimis foliorum parte internâ & externâ non
may be allowed a place in the borders of the flower nihil fpinofa. Com . Præl. 71 .
garden. 9. ALOE (Variegata) floribus pedunculatis cernuis race
All the other forts are equally hardy, and will grow mofis prifmaticis ore patulo æquali. Lin . Sp . Plant.
in any foil or fituation ; but as they have little beauty, 321. Aloe with hanging flowers, having foot -
ftalks, and
they are rarely preſerved, except in botanic gardens Spreading equally at the brim. Aloe Africana humilis
for the fake of var ety. foliis ex albo & viridi variegatis . Com. Præl . 79.
ALMOND- TREE. See AMYGDALUS . commonly called Partridge- breaft Alce.
ALMOND -DWARF. See PERSICA. 10. ALOE foliis erectis fubulatis radicatis undique in
ALNUS. See BETULA. erme fpinofis. Hort. Cliff. 131. Aloe with erect
ALNUS NIGRA BACCIFER A. See FRAN awl-shaped leaves, fet with foft fpines on every part. Aloe
GULA. Africana humilis fpinis inermibus & verrucofis obfita.
ALOE [Gr. 'Aron ]. Com. Præl. 77. commonly called Hedge-bog Aloe.
The CHARACTERS are, 11. ALOE (Vifcofa) floribus feffilibus infundibuli formi
The flower is naked, having no empalement ; it is of one bus bilabiatis laciniis quinque revolutis fumma erecta.
leaf, having a long footh tube, which is divided at the Lin. Sp . Plant. 322. fhaped flowers,
Aloe with funnel-
top into fix parts, spreading open ; it hath fix awl without foot-ftalks, opening in two lips, and cut into five
fhaped ftamina, which are inferted at their base to the fegments, which turn backward, and are erect at the top.
germen, and are extended the length of the tube ; these are Aloe Africana , erecta triangularis & triangulari folio
vifcofo. Com: Præl. 82.
crowned with oblong fummits ; in the center is fituated the
oval germen, fupporting a finglestyle, which is of thefame 12. ALOE ( Spiralis ) floribus feffilibus ovatis crenatis feg
length with the ftamina, crowned with a trifid ftigma. mentis interioribus conniventibus. Lin. Sp . Plant.
The germen afterward becomes an oblong capfule, having 322. Aloe with oval crenated flowers, withoutfoot-stalks,
three furrows, which is divided into three cells opening in and the interior fegments clofing together. Aloe Africana
three parts, andfilled with angular feeds. erecta rotunda folio parvo & in acumen acutiflimum
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnæus ranged in exeunte. Com . Præl. 83.
the firft fection of his fixth cafs, titled Hexandria 13. ALOE ( Linguiforme ) feffilis foliis lingui formibus ma
monogynia, from the flowers having fix ftamina culatis floribus pedunculatis cernuis. Aloe with dwarf,
and one ſtyle . tongue-fhaped, fpotted leaves, and hanging flowers, which
The SPECIES are, bave foot -ftalks. Aloe Africana flore rubro folio ma
1. ALOE (Mitriformis) floribus pedunculatis cernuis co culis albicantibus ab utrâque parte notato. H. Amſt.
rymbofis fub-cylindricis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 319. i. e. 2. p. 15. commonly called Tongue Aloe.
Aloe with dependent flowers, bavingfoot f-talks which are 14. ALOE (Margaritifera) floribus feffilibus bilabiatis
ranged in a cylindrical corymbus. Aloe Africana mitri labio fuperiore erecto inferiore patente . Lin. Sp . Plant.
formis fpinofa. Hort. Elth. 1. p . 21. Mitre-ſhaped 322. Aloe with feffile flowers, gaping with two lips,
Aloe. the upper being erect, and the under Spreading. Aloe Af
2. ALOE (Barbadenfis) foliis dentatis erectis fucculentibus ricana folio in fummitate triangulari margaritiferâ flo
fubulatis, floribus luteis in thyrfo dependentibus . re fubviridi. Com. Hort. Amft. 2. p. 19. commonly
Aloe with erect, fucculent, awl-shaped leaves, andyellow called large Pearl Aloe.
flowersgrowingin a loofefpike, hanging downward. Aloe 15. ALOE ( Vera) foliis longiffimis & anguftiffimis mar
vulgaris. C. B. P. 386. ginibus fpinofis, floribus fpicatis. Aloe with very long
3. ALOE ( Arborescens) foliis amplexicaulibus reflexis, narrow leaves, having fpines on their bedges, andflowers.
margine dentatis, floribus cylindricis caule fruticofa. growing in fpikes. Aloe India Orientalis , ferrata fuc
Aloe with leaves embracing the stalks, which are reflexed cotrina vera flore Phoenicio. Hort. Beaumont. The
and indented on their edges, flowers growing cylindrical, Succotrine Aloe.
and a ſhrubby ſtalk. Aloe Africana caulefcens foliis 16. ALOE ( Glauca) caule brevi, foliis amplexicaulibus
glaucis caulem amplectantibus. H. Amft. Com bifariam verfis fpinis marginibus erectis floribus ca
monly called Sword Aloe. pitatis. Aloe with a fhortftalk, leavesftanding two ways,
4. ALOE ( Africana) foliis latioribus amplexicaulibus, which embrace the stalk ; the spines on the edges erect, and
margine & dorfo fpinofis, floribus fpicatis, caule fru flowers growing in a head. Aloe Africana caulefcens
ticolo. Aloe with broader leaves embracing the stalks, foliis glaucis brevioribus foliorum parte internâ & ex
whofe edges and back are fet with spines, flowers growing ternâ nonnihil fpinofa. Com. Præl. 71 .
in fpikes, and a ſhrubby ftalk. Aloe Africana caulef 17. ALOE ( Arachnoidea) feffilis foliis brevioribus planis
cens foliis minùs glaucis dorfi parte fupremâ fpinofa. carnofis apice triquetris marginibus inerme fpinofis.
Com. Præl. 68. Low Aloe withfhort, plain, fleshy leaves, triangular at their
5. ALOE (Difticha) foliis latiffimis amplexicaulibus ma ends, and borders fet with ſoft ſpines. Aloe Africana
culatis, margine fpinofis floribus umbellatis. Aloe humilis arachnoidea. Com. Præl . 72. commonly called
with very broad fpotted leaves embracing the ftalk, whofe Cobweb Aloe.

edges are fet with fpines and flowers, growing in an um 18. ALOE (Herbacea) foliis ovato-lanceolatis carnofis apice
bel. Aloe Africana caulefcens foliis fpinofis maculis triquetris angulis inerme dentatis, Hort . Cliff. 131 .
ab utrâque parte albicantibus notatis. Hort. Amftel . Aloe with oval, fpear-shaped, fleſhly leaves, baving three
2. p. 9. by fome called the Sope Aloe, and by others angles at their extremities, which are indented andfet with
Carolina Aloe.
foft fpines. Aloe Africana minima atro-viridis fpinis
6. ALOE (Obfcura) foliis latioribus amplexicaulibus ma herbaceis numeroſis ornata. Boerh. Ind. Alt. 2 .
P.
culatis margine fpinofis floribus fpicatis . Aloe with 131.
broad fpotted leaves embracing the ſtalks, whofe edges have 19. ALOE ( Retufa) floribus feffilibus triquetris bilabiatis
fpines, and flowers growing in a spike. Aloe Africana labio inferiore revoluto. Lin. Sp. Plant. 322. Aloe
Caulefcens foliis fpinofis maculis ab utrâque parte al withflowers divided into three parts, the under lip being
turned
 A LO ALO

turned back. Aloe Africana breviffimo craffiffi :noque their roots, and hung up in a warm room more than
folio flore fubviridi. Hort. Amft. 2. p. 11. commonly two years, and afterwards planted in pots, which have
called Cuſhion Aloe. grown very well, from whence the plant has been
20. ALOE (Verrucoſa) feffilis foliis carinatis utrâque ver called Sempervivum by the inhabitants of America.
rucofis bifariam verfis. Low Aloe with keel-ſhaped The third fort will grow to the height of ten or twelve
leaves, warted on every part, and standing two ways. feet, with a ſtrong naked ftem, the leaves growing
Aloe Africana foliis longis conjugatis fupra cavis mar at the top, which clofely embrace the ftalk ; they are
garitiferis flore rubro elegantiffimo. Boerh. Ind. Alt. about two inches broad at their baſe, growing nar
p. 2 , 131. commonly called Pearl-tongue Aloe. rower to a point, and are reflexed, and indented
21. ALOE (Carinata) feffilis foliis carinatis verrucofis apice on their edges, each being armed with a ftrong
triquetris carnofis. Low Aloe with fleshy, keel-shaped, crooked fpine. The leaves are of a fea-green colour,
Spotted leaves, which are triangular at their extremities. and very fucculent. The flowers grow in a pyra
This is the Aloe Africana flore rubro folio triangulari midal ſpike, are tubulous, and of a bright red colour.
verrucis & ab utrâque parte albicantibus notato. Hort. Theſe are in beauty in November and December.
Amft. 2. p. 17. This fort will live through the winter in a good green
22. ALOE (Ferox) foliis amplexicaulibus nigricantibus houfe, but they will not flower unleſs they have a
undique fpinofis. Aloe with dark green leaves embracing moderate fhare of warmth, therefore the pots fhould
the stalks, which are befet with spines on everyfide. Aloe be removed into a ſtove in October, which fhould not
vera cofta fpinofa. Munt. Phyt. commonly called be kept above temperate heat, in which fituation they
Aloe ferox. feldom fail to flower.
23. ALOE (Uvaria) floribus feffilibus reflexis imbricatis The fourth fort is fomewhat like the third, but the
prifmaticis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 323. Aloe with reflexed leaves are broader, and have ſeveral ſpines on their
flowers growing close to the stalk, in form of a prifm, lying backſide toward their extremities. The flowers ofthis
over each other like tiles on a boufe. Aloe Africana fo grow in a looſer ſpike, and the plants never put out
lio triangulari longiffimo & anguftiffimo floribus luteis any fuckers, fo that it is very difficult to increaſe.
foetidis. Hort. Amft. 2. p. 29. commonly called Iris The fifth fort feldom rifes much above two feet high,
Uvaria. the leaves are very broad at their bafe, where they
The firſt fort of Aloe grows with an upright ſtalk, to cloſely embrace the ftalk, and gradually decreaſe to
the height of five or fix feet, the leaves cloſely em a point. The edges are fet with fharp fpines, and
brace the ftalks ; they are thick, fucculent, broad at the under leaves fpread open horizontally every way;
their bafe, growing narrower, and ending in a point, theſe are of a dark green colour ſpotted with white,
of a dark green colour, and have ſpines on the edges, ſomewhat reſembling the colour of foft fope, from
as alſo a few on their upper furface; the leaves ftand whence fome have given it the title of Sope Aloe. The
erect, and draw together towards the top, where they flowers grow in umbels onthe tops of theſtalks, which
form the reſemblance of a mitre, from whence it is are of a beautiful red colour, and appear in Auguft
called the Mitre Aloe. The flower-fſtem riſes about and September. This fort is hardy, fo may be kept
three feet high, on the top of which the flowers come in a common green-houſe in winter, and in the fum
out in a fort of globular ſpike, but afterwards is mer placed in the open air.
formed into a cylindrical ſpike: theſe have long foot The fixth fort is fomewhat like the fifth in its manner
ftalks, which come out horizontally, and the flowers of growth, but the leaves are broader, of a lighter
7
hang downward; they are tubulous, and cut into fix green colour ; the edges and alfo the fpines are of a
unequal fegments to the bottom, three being alter copper colour, and the flowers grow in looſe ſpikes.
nately broader than the others. There are fix ftami This is as hardy as the former, fo may be treated in
na, three of which are as long as the tube of the the fame manner. It flowers in September.
flower, the other three are ſhorter. Theſe are crowned The ſeventh fort grows to the height of fix or ſeven
with flat oblong fummits of a gold colour. The feet, with a ſtrong ftem, toward the upper part of
three-cornered germen is fituated in the bottom of which are produced two, three, or four heads, com
the flower, fupporting a ſingle ſtyle, which is fhorter pofed of long, compreffed, pliable leaves, of a fea
than the ftamina, having no ftigma on the top. The green colour, entire, and ending in obtuſe points ;
tube of the flower is of a fine red colour, and the brim thefe are placed two ways, lying over each other with
is of a pale green, fo that it makes a pretty appear their edges the fame way. The flowers are produced
ance when the ſpikes of flowers are large. in fhort looſe ſpikes, which are of a red colour, and
This fort will live in a warm dry green-houſe in appear at different times of the year.
winter, and may be placed in the open air in fummer, The eighth fort is an humble plant, ſeldom riſing
in a fheltered fituation ; but the plants fhould not more than a foot high ; the leaves grow near the
have much wet, left it fhould rot their ſtems . With ground, which are broad at their bafe, where they
this management the plants will not grow fo faft, as embrace the ſtalk, and gradually diminiſh to a point ;
when they are placed in a ſtove, but they will be they are of a fea-green colour, with fome white 1
ftronger, and their ſtems will fupport their heads fpots ; their edges, and alfo their upper parts below
much better. and above, are befet with pretty fharp fpines ; the
The fecond fort is very common in the iſlands of flowers grow in looſe ſpikes, the tubulous part being
America, where the plants are propagated upon the red, and the brim of a light green colour.
pooreft land, to obtain the Hepatic Aloes, which The ninth fort is a low plant, feldom rifing above
are brought to England, and ufed chiefly for horfes, eight inches high. The leaves of this are triangular,
being too coarſe for medicine. and turn back at their extremity ; they are fleshy and
The leaves of this fort are about four inches broad at entire, their edges being very flightly fawed. Theſe
their baſe, where they are near two inches thick, and are curiouſly veined and fpotted, fomewhat like the
diminiſh gradually to a point, having a few inden feathers on a partridge's breaft, from whence it had
tures on their edges ; the leaves are of a fea-green co the name . The flowers grow in very loofe fpikes,
The upon ſtalks about one foot high; they are of a fine red
lour, and when young are spotted with white.
flower- ſtem rifes near three feet high, and the flowers colour tipped with green. This will live in a good
ſtand in a flender loofe fpike, with very fhort foot green-houſe through the winter.
I have raiſed a variety of this from feeds which I re a
ſtalks, hanging downwards. They are tubulous, and 1
cut into fix parts, of a bright yellow colour, and the ceived from the Cape of Good Hope, with broader .
ftamina ftand out beyond the tube. This never pro triangular leaves, which ſpread much more than thoſe
duces feed in England, and is too tender to live of the former, and are not fo beautifully ſpotted ; the
through the winter in our climate, in a common green flower-ftalks alſo grow much taller.
houſe, therefore it fhould be placed in a moderate The tenth fort is alfo a very low plant, never rifing
degree of warmth in that feafon. I have known plants to have ſtalks ; the leaves are broad at their baſe, but
of this kind, which have had an oiled cloth tied about are tapering to a point where they are triangular ;
H they
 ALO ALO

they are befet on their edges, and both furfaces, with muſt have little water. It feldom puts out offsets , fo
foft fpines, very clofely, from whence this plant had is generally increafed by planting the leaves.
the name of Hedgehog Aloe. The flowers grow in The eighteenth fort is alfo a fmall plant growing near
a looſe head, on the top of the ftalk , which is very the ground ; the leaves of this fort are almoft cylin-..
thick, but feldom a foot high : they are of a fine red drical toward their bafe, but angular near their ends, -
colour below, but of a pale green above . This fort and are fet with fhort foft fpines at the angles : thefe
may be preferved through the winter in a good green leaves are fhorter and of a darker green colour than
houfe, and placed in the open air in fummer. thofe of the former fort, and the plants produce many
The eleventh fort grows near a foot high, and is fur fuckers on every fide. I have raiſed a variety of this
nifhed with triangular leaves, from the ground up from feeds, which hath fhorter, whiter, and fmoother
ward ; .thefe are of a dark green colour, and are placed leaves , but this hath not yet flowered . This will live
in form of a triangle ; the flowers grow thinly upon in a common green- houfe in winter.
very flender foot- talks, and are of an herbaceous co The nineteenth fort hath very fhort, thick, fucculent
lour, and their upper part turns backward . This fort leaves, which are compreffed on their upper fide like
requires a moderate warmth in winter, ſo ſhould be a cuſhion, from whence it had the name. This grows
placed in a cool part of the ſtove. very close to the ground, and puts out fuckers on
The twelfth fort grows fomewhat like the former, every fide : the flowers grow on flender ftalks, and
being befet with leaves from the bottom, but theſe are of an herbaceous colour. This may be preferved
are rounder, and end in fharp points ; the flowers through the winter in a good green-houſe, but ſhould
grow upon taller ftalks, which branch out and grow have very little water during that feafon, efpecially
in long clofe fpikes. There is a variety of this fort when it hath no artificial heat.
which has been raifed from feeds, which is much The twentieth fort hath long narrow tongue-ſhaped
larger, the leaves thicker, and the flowers grow upon leaves, which are hollowed on their upper fide, but
taller ftalks, but this is only a feminal variety. keel-ſhaped below : thefe are cloſely ftudded on every
This fort may be preſerved through the winter in a fide, with fmall white protuberances, from whence
good green-houfe, but muft have very little water the plant hath had the title of Pearl Tongue Aloe.
given it during the cold weather. The flowers of this kind grow on pretty tall ftalks,
The thirteenth fort grows with its leaves near the and form loofe fpikes, each hanging downward : they
ground, which are about fix inches in length, and are of a beautiful red colour, tipped with green. This
haped like a tongue, from whence it had the title of fort produces offsets in plenty, and is fo hardy as to
Tongue Aloe. The flowers grow in flender loofe live in a common green-houſe through the winter. It
fpikes, each hanging downward, of a red colour below, flowers at different ſeaſons of the year.
and green at the top. This is pretty hardy, fo may The twenty-first fort hath fome refemblance to the laſt,
be kept in a common green-houfe in winter, and fet but the leaves are much broader and thicker ; thefe
abroad in fummer. There is a variety of this fort, ſpread out every way, and are not fo concave on their
with leaves much more ſpotted. upper furface, nor are the protuberances fo large as
The fourteenth fort is of humble growth ; the leaves thofe ofthe former ; the flowers are of a paler colour,
come out on every, fide without order near the ground , and the fpikes are fhorter. I have raiſed plants from
they are thick, triangular at their ends, and clofely the feeds of this fort, which have varied from the
ftudded with white protuberances, from whence it was original, but none of them approached near the twen
called Pearl Aloe. There is a finaller fort of this tieth fort. This is as hardy as the former fort.
which hath been long preferved in the English gar The twenty-fecond fort rifes to the height of eight
dens, but the manner of its flowering being the fame, or ten feet, with a ſtrong ftem ; the leaves grow on
I fufpect it to be only a variety. This may be pre the top, which clofely embrace the ftalk ; thefe come
ſerved through the winter in a common green -houſe. out irregularly, and ſpread every way ; they are near
It flowers at different ſeaſons of the year. four inches broad at their bafe, and diminish gradually
The fifteenth fort is the true Succotrine Aloe , from to the top, where they end in a fpine. They are of
whence the best fort of Aloe for ufe in medicine is a dark green colour, and clofely befet with fhort thick
produced. This hath long, narrow, fucculent leaves, fpines on every fide. This fort hath not as yet flowered
which come out without any order, and form large in England, nor does it put out fuckers, fo that it is
heads. The ftalks grow three or four feet high, and difficult to increafe. It must have a warm green
have two, three, and fometimes four of theſe heads, houſe in winter, and very little water.
1
branching out from it : the lower leaves ſpread out The twenty-third fort hath very long, narrow, trian
on every fide, but the upper leaves turn inward to gular leaves, fhaped like thofe of the Bull-rufh ; the
ward the center ; the flowers grow in long fpikes , Howers are produced in cloſe thick ſpikes, upon ſtalks
upon ſtalks about two feet high, each ſtanding on a near three feet high. They are of an Orange colour,
pretty long foot-ftalk ; they are of a bright red colour having fix yellow ftamina, which come out beyond
tipped with green : thefe generally appear in the winter the tube of the flower ; fo that when the plants are
ſeaſon. This fort may be preferved through the ſtrong, and produce large fpikes, they make a fine
winter in a warm green-houfe, but the plants fo ma appearance. It flowers in Auguft and September.
naged will not flower fo frequently, as thoſe which There is a variety of this with narrower leaves, and
have a moderate degree of warmth in winter. longer fpikes of flowers.
The fixteenth fort reſembles the eighth in fome par The foil in which theſe plants thrive beft, is one half
ticulars, but the leaves are much broader, and ſpread freſh light earth from a common (and if the turf is
wide on every fide ; whereas thoſe of the eighth are taken with it and rotted, it is much better) ; the reft
ranged only two ways, and are narrow. This flowers fhould be white fea fand and fifted lime rubbiſh , of
but feldom, whereas the fixteenth flowers annually in each of these two, a fourth part ; mix thefe together
the ſpring, and may be kept through the winter in a fix or eight months at leaſt before it is uſed, obſerving
common green-houſe . to turn it over often in the time.
The feventeenth fort never rifes from the ground, but The middle of July is a very proper ſeaſon to ſhift
the leaves ſpread flat on the furface ; theſe are plain, thefe plants ; at which time you may take them out
fucculent, and triangular toward their end. The of the pots, and with your fingers open the roots, and
borders of the leaves, and alfo the ridge of the angle ſhake out as much of the earth as poffible, taking off
on their under fide, are cloſely befet with ſoft white all dead or mouldy roots, but do not wound or break
fpines. The flower-ſtalk rifes about a foot high, is the young freſh ones : then fill the pot about three
very flender, and hath three or four ſmall herbaceous parts full of the above-mentioned earth, putting a
flowers ftanding at a diſtance from each other. Theſe few ftones in the bottom of the pot, to drain off the
are tubulous, and cut into fix parts at the brim, which moiſture ; and after placing the roots of the plant in
turn backward. This fort is tender, fo fhould be fuch a manner as to prevent their interfering too much
placed in winter in a moderate degree of heat, and with each other, put in as much of the fame earth, as
2 to
 A LO ALS

to fill the pot almoft to the rim, and obferve to ſhake Toward the middle of Auguft, begin to harden thefe
the plant, fo as to let the earth in between the roots ; young plants, by taking off the glaffes in good wea
and then with your hand fettle it cloſe to the roots of ther, and by railing them at other times with props ,
the plant, to keep it fteady in the pot ; then water that the air may freely enter the bed, which is ab
them gently, and fet them abroad in a fhady place, folutely neceffary for their growth, and to prepare
where they may remain ,for three weeks, giving them them to be removed into the houfe, which must be
gentle waterings, if the weather fhould prove hot done toward the end of September, and managed as
and dry. before directed for the old plants.
Toward the latter end of September, in a dry day, The African Aloes, for the most part, afford plenty
remove them into the houſe again, obferving to give of fuckers, by which they are increafed ; but thofe
them as much free open air as poffible, while the few that do not, may be most of them propagated ,
weather is warm ; but, if the nights are cool, you by taking off fome of the under leaves, laying them
muſt ſhut up the glaffes, and give them air only in to dry for ten days or a fortnight, as was directed for
the day ; and, as the cold increaſes, you muſt not the offsets ; then plant them in the fame foil as was
open the glaffes, but obferve to give them gentle directed for them, putting that part of the leaf which
waterings often, till the middle of October, when you adhered to the old plant, about an inch, or an inch
muft abate watering according to the heat of the houſe and a half (according to the fize ofthe leaf) into the
in which they are kept. For thoſe plants which are earth, giving them a little water to fettle the earth
placed in a ſtove, will require to be watered at leaſt about them ; then plunge the pots into a moderate
once a week, moft part of the winter ; whereas thoſe hot-bed, obferving to fcreen them from the violence
which are kept in a green-houfe without artificial heat, of the fun, and give them gentle refreſhings with
fhould not be watered oftener in winter than once a water once a week : the beſt feafon for this is in June,
month . that they may push out heads before winter.
When theſe hardier forts of Aloes are placed abroad The fecond fort produces the Aloes commonly fold
in fummer, they fhould have but little water given in the fhops for horfes, and is called Aloe Hepatica.
them ; and if much rain fhould fall during the time But it is from the fifteenth fort, the Succotrine, or
they are abroad, they fhould be fcreened from it : for beft fort of Aloes, is produced , which is done by
when they imbibe much wet in fummer, they fre cutting their leaves tranfverfly, and placing earthen
quently rot the following winter, efpecially if they are veffels under them to receive the juice which drops
not kept in a moderate warm air. Therefore, thofe from theſe cut leaves ; which juice, when infpiffated,
who chooſe to treat thefe plants hardily, fhould be becomes the Aloe which is ufed in medicine. But I
cautious of their receiving too much moiſture. believe in making the coarſer fort of Aloes, they preſs
The tender forts fhould conftantly remain in the ftove, the leaves, whereby a greater quantity of juice is ob
or be removed in fummer to an airy glaſs- cafe, where tained: but this is not near fo fine as the other.
they may have free air in warm weather, but be pro ALOE AMERICANA MURICATA . See
tected from rain and cold. With this management AGAVE.
the plants will thrive and increaſe, and fuch of them ALOIDES. See STRATIOTES .
as ufually flower, may be expected to produce them ALOPECUROS [ Gr. 'Anering ] , Fox-tail, a kind
in beauty at their ſeaſons. of graſs .
The hardier forts thrive much better when they are ALPINIA.
expoſed in ſummer, and fecured from the cold and This plant is fo called after Profper Alpinus, who
rain in winter, than if they are treated more tenderly. was a famous botaniſt in his time, and travelled into
3
For when they are placed in a ftove, they are kept Greece and Egypt, and has written two books in
growing all the winter, whereby they are drawn up • quarto of the plants of thofe countries.
weak ; and although they will flower oftener when The CHARACTERS are ,
they have a moderate ſhare of heat, yet in two or three It hath a trifid empalement, upon which refts the germen.
‫الی‬
years, the plants will not appear fo fightly as thoſe The flower is of one leaf, which is unequally divided at the
which are more hardily treated. top into four parts, and reſembles a perfonated flower ;
The twenty-third fort is hardy enough to live abroad the upperfegment which refembles the helmet, and also the
in# mild winters, if they are planted in a warm border two fidefegments, are indented in the middle, and the lower
and a dry foil ; but as they are often deſtroyed in fe one is divided into three parts at the brim ; in the center
vere winters, it is proper to keep fome plants in is placed the roundgermen, fupporting a singlestyle crowned
pots, 悉which may be fheltered in winter under a frame, with a three corneredftigma: this is attended by a fingle
to preferve the fort. This is propagated by feeds, Staminafixed to the tube of the flower, which is crowned
which the plants generally produce in plenty : the with a very narrow fummit. After the flower is past, the
feeds must be fown in pots foon after they are ripe, germen becomes an ovalfiefhyfruit, divided into threeparts,
and in winter fhould be ſheltered under a common inclofing feveral oval feeds, which have tails.
hot-bed frame : in the fpring the plants will come up, This genus of plants, is by Dr. Linnæus ranged in
when they ſhould be inured to bear the open air by his firit clafs, which is entitled Monandria Monogy
degrees ; and when they are large enough to remove, nia, the flowers of which have but one ftamina and
fome of them ſhould be planted in pots, and the other one ſtyle.
in a warm border, where they will require to be ſhel We know but one SPECIES of this genus, viz.
tered the following winter, as they will not have ob ALPINIA. Royen. Prod. 12. This is by father Plumier
tained fufficient ftrength to refift the cold. titled, Alpina racemofa alba Cannacori foliis. Nov.
Moſt of theſe Aloes are increafed by offsets, which Gen. 26. i. e. White branching Alpina, with leaves like
fhould be taken from the mother plant, at the time the flowering Reed.
when they are ſhifted, and muſt be planted in very This plant is a native ofthe Weft- Indies, from whence
fmall pots, filled with the fame earth as was directed it has been brought into fome of the curious gardens
for the old plants ; but if, in taking the fuckers off, of Europe, where it muſt be preſerved in a good
you obferve that part which joined to the mother root green-houſe, and the pots plunged into a tub of water,
to be moift, you muſt let them lie out of the ground otherwiſe it will not thrive in this country. The leaves
in a fhady dry place fix or eight days to dry before decay every winter, and are puſhed out from the roots
they are planted, otherwiſe they are very fubject to rot. every fpring, like the Maranta ; fo may be propa
After planting, let them remain in a fhady place ( as) gated by parting of the roots when the leaves decay.
was before directed in ſhifting the old plants ) for a ALSINE [ Gr. 'Axoi ], Chick-weed.
fortnight, when you ſhould remove the tender kinds Theſe plants are fo well known to most perfons, it
to a very moderate hot-bed, plunging the pots there will be needleſs to mention them in this place, unleſs
in, which will greatly facilitate their taking new root ; it be to caution perfons from permitting them to grow
but obferve to fhade the glaffes in the middle of the either in their gardens, or on dunghills, where they
day, and to give them a great fhare of air. will foon fhed their feeds, and become troubleſome
weeds ;
 ALT ALY

weeds , but as they are annual, they may with little ber. They should be fown in the places where they
trouble be deftroyed , if they do not stand to produce are to remain, for as the roots fhoot deep into the
* feed. ground, unleſs the plants are removed very young,
ALTHEA ['Arxix , fo called from dataívw, Gr. to they feldom furvive tranfplanting .
19
heal ], Marſhmallow. The fourth fort has a woody ftern, which riſes to the
The CHARACTERS are , height of four or five feet, and puts out many fide
The flower bath a double empalement ; the outer is branches. Theſe are garnished with leaves of dif
of one leaf, and is unequally divided into nine narrow feg ferent ſhapes ; thofe which are on the lower part of
ments at the brim ; the inner one is also of one leaf, cut the ſtalks are like a hand, very flightly cut toward
into five broad acute fegments at the top ; these are both their outfide , but thoſe which are placed on the upper

permanent. The flower bath five petals which coalefce part ofthe branches, are deeply cut into feveral parts ;
at their bafe, but fpread open above and are shaped like theſe are hairy, and grow alternately on the branches ;
a heart. There are many ftamina joined below , andform the flowers come out from the wings of the ftalks in
a kind of cylinder, but are loofe above, and inferted the fame manner as the other forts, but are not fo
in the column. In the center is placed the orbicular ger large as thofe of the common Marſhmallow ; they are
men, fupporting a short cylindricalstyle, crowned with nu of a deeper red colour, and the empalement is much
merous ftigma, which are of equal length with the fta larger. This fort feldom flowers the first year, unleſs
mina. The empatement afterward becomes an orbicular the fummer proves warm ; but when the plants live
depreffed capfule, divided into feveral cells, each contain through the winter, they will flower early the follow
ing one compreffed kidney-shaped feed. ing fummer, and produce good feeds. This grows
This genus of plants is ranged by Dr. Linnæus in naturally in Hungary and Iftria, from both which
the third fection of his fixteenth clafs, which is titled places I have received the feeds.
Monodelphia Polyandria, the ftamina being joined It is propagated by feeds, which ſhould be fown in
together to form a fort of column. the spring in the place where the plants are to re
The SPECIES are, main ; or if otherwife, the plants must be tranfplanted
1. ALTHEA foliis fimplicibus acuminatis acutè den young, elfe they will not fucceed. They fhould have
tatis tomentofis, Marshmallow withfingle woolly leaves, a fheltered fituation and a dry foil, otherwiſe they will
which are indented in ſharpfegments. Althea Diofco not live through the winter in England. When theſe
ridis & Plinii. C. B. P. 315. Common Marſhmallow. plants grow in a ftony foil, or in lime rubbiſh, they
2. ALTHEA (Officinalis) foliis fimplicibus angulato-ro will be ſtinted in their growth, but they will have leſs
tundioribus tomentofis. Marshmallow with angular, fap in their branches, fo will better endure the cold of
woolly, round-pointed leaves. Althæa folio rotundiori this climate. This fort feldom continues longer than
aut minùs acuminato. Sutherl . Edinb. two years in England, but as the feeds ripen here, the
3. ALTHEA (Hirfuta) foliis trifidis pilofo-hifpidis fupra plants may be had in plenty.
glabris. Hort. Cliff. 349. Marshmallow with trifid, ALTHEA FRUTEX. See HIBISCUs and La
bairy, pungent leaves. Alcea villofa . Dalechamp. Hiſt. VATERA.
594. ALYSSOIDES. See ALYSSUM and LUNARIA.
4. ALTHEA (Cannabina) foliis inferioribus palmatis fu ALYSSON ALPINUM LUTEUM. See DRABA.
perioribus digitatis . Hort. Cliff. 205. Marshmallow ALYSSON SEGETUM . See MY AGRUM.
with the under leaves ſhaped like a hand, and the upper ALYSSON SERPILLI FOLIO. See CLYPEOLA.
leaves more divided. Alcea fruticofo cannabino folio. ALYSSON VERONICE FOLIO. See DRABA.
Cluf. Hift. p. 2. pag. 25. ALYSSON VULGARE. See DRABA.
The firſt fort is the common Marſhmallow, which ALYSSUM, ["Aλucσov, of aλúsqw, Gr. to be mad ;
grows naturally in moift places in divers parts of Eng fo called, becauſe it was believed to have the virtue
land, and is frequently ufed in medicine. It hath a of curing madneſs . ] Madwort.
perennial root and an annual ſtalk . The plant grows The CHARACTERS are,
erect, to the height of four or five feet, and puts out The flower bath an oblong four-leaved empalement, which
a few lateral branches on the fide of the ftalks , gar falls away. It bath four petals in form of a cross, which
niſhed with leaves which are hoary and foft to the Spread open above the empalement. It hath fix ftamina,
touch ; they are angular, and placed alternately on two of which are shorter than the other four, crowned
the branches ; the flowers come out from the wings with broad fummits ; in the center of the flower is fitu
of the leaves, which are ſhaped like thoſe of the Mal ated the oval germen, fupporting a single style, crowned
low, but are ſmaller and of a pale colour. Theſe ap with an obtufe ftigma. After the flower is past, the ger
pear in June or July, and the feeds ripen in Septem men becomes a globular or compreſſed feed-veſſel, in which
ber. It may be propagated faft enough, either by are lodged feveral compreſſed feeds.
feeds or parting their roots. When it is propa This genus is ranged in the fifteenth clafs of Lin.
gated by feeds they ſhould be fown in the ſpring, but næus, entitled Tetradynamia Siliculofa ; the flowers
if by parting their roots, the beſt time is in autumn, of this claſs have fix ftamina, four of which are longer
when the ſtalks decay. It will thrive in any foil or than the other two, and the feed-veffels are fhort, in
fituation, but in moift places will grow larger than fome globular, and in others they are compreſſed.
in dry land. The plants fhould not be nearer toge The SPECIES are,
ther than two feet, for their roots fpread wide on 1. ALYSSUM ( Saxatile) caulibus frutefcentibus panicula
every fide. tis foliis lanceolatis molliffimis undulatis integris.
The ſecond fort is fomewhat like the firft, but the Prod. Leyd. 331. Madwort withfhrubby ftalks, flow
leaves are not fo long, nor do they end in a fharp ersgrowing inpanicles, and whole, foft, fpear-shaped waved
point, but are angular, and rounder than thoſe of the leaves. Alyffon Creticum faxatile foliis undulatis in
firft. I have cultivated this in the Chelſea garden canis. Tourn. Cor. 15.
many years, and find it retains its difference. 2. ALYSSUM (Halimifolium) foliis lanceolato-linearibus
The third fort grows naturally in Spain and Portu acutis integerrimis caulibus procumbentibus peren
gal; from both thefe countries I have received the nantibus. Hort. Cliff. 333. Madwort with whole,
feeds. This is a low plant, whofe branches trail on Spear-shaped, pointed leaves, and trailing perennial ſtalks.
the ground , unleſs they are fupported by ſtakes. The Alyffon halimi folio fempervirens. Tourn . Inft.
leaves and ſtalks are befet with ſtrong hairs ; the 3. ALYSSUM (Spinofum) ramis floreis fenilibus fpinifor
flowers come out at the wings of the ftalks, and are mibus nudis. Hort. Cliff. 332. Madwort, whofe
ſmaller than thofe of the common fort, having pur older branches have naked fpines. Thlafpi fruticofum
pliſh bottoms . The leaves are deeply cut into three fpinofum. C. B. P. 108.
parts, and have long foot-ftalks ; the ſtalks are wood- 4. ALYSSUM ( Montanum) ramulis fuffruticofis diffufis fo
dy, but feldom lait more than two years. liis punctato-echinatis. Hort. Upfal . 185. Madwort
If the feeds of this fort are fown in April, the plants > with fhrubby diffuſed branches and leaves, having prickly
will flower in July, and the feeds ripen in Septem punctures. Thlafpi montanum luteum. J.• B. 2. p. 928 .
5. ALYSSUM

8
 ALY ALY

5. ALYSSUM (Incanum ) caule erecto foliis lanceolatis in ous. This will grow from feeds, and alfo from cut
. canis integerrimis floribus corymbofis. Hort. Cliff. tings, if planted and managed as the former.
332. Madwort with an erect ſtalk, hoary fpear-shaped The third fort hath ligneous branches which rife about
leaves which are entire, and flowers collected into round two feet high ; theſe are armed with fmall fpines ; the
beads. Alyffon fruticofum incanum. Tourn. Inſt. leaves are hoary, fpear-fhaped, and thinly placed on
R. H. the ftalks without any order. The flowers are white,
•
6. ALYSSUM ( Clypeatum) caule erecto herbaceo filiculis crofs-fhaped, and grow in fmall cluſters at the extre
feffilibus ovalibus compreffo-planis petalis acumina mity of the branches. After the flowers are paft, the
tis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 651. Madwort with an erect her germen turns to an oblong feed-veffel, containing fe
veral round feeds.
baceous ftalk, pods growing cloſe to the stalks, which are
oval and compreffed, and the flower leaves pointed. Lu This may be propagated in the fame manner as the
naria leucoii folio filiquâ oblongâ majori. Tourn. firft fort, either by feeds or flips ; and when the plants
Inft. 218. grow in rubbish, or on old walls, they will laſt much
7. ALYSSUM (Sinuatum) caule herbaceo foliis lanceola longer, and endure the cold of our winters better than
tis dentatis filiculis inflatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 651 . thofe which are in a good foil. It grows naturally in
Madwort with an herbaceous ftalk, fpear-shaped indented Spain, Italy, and the fouth of France.
leaves, and fwollen feed- vefjels. Alyffoides incanum The fourth fort hath trailing branches, which lie on
foliis finuatis. Tourn . Inft. 213 . the ground ; theſe are garnished with oblong hoary
8. ALYSSUM (Creticum) caule herbaceo erecto foliis in leaves, which are rough to the touch, and are placed
canis lanceolatis integerrimis filiculis inflatis. Lin. alternately on every fide of the branches ; the flowers
Sp . Plant. 651. Madwort with an erect herbaceous are produced in ſmall clufters at the extremity of the
falk, boary, fpear s-haped, entire leaves, and afwellingfeed branches, which are of a dark yellow 'colour, and are
veel. Alyffoides fruticofum Creticum leucoii folio fucceeded by feed-veffels fhaped like thofe of the third
incano. Tourn . Cor. 15. fort. This grows naturally upon rocks and ruins, in
9. ALYSSUM (Veficaria) foliis linearibus dentatis, filicu Burgundy, and fome other parts of France, as alfo
lis inflatis angulatis acutis. Lin. Sp . 910. Madwort about Bafil. It may be propagated in the fame man
with linear indented leaves and fwollen pods, which are ner as the former forts, and when it grows in rubbiſh,
angular and acute pointed. Veficaria Orientalis, foliis the plants will continue fome years ; but in rich
dentatis . Tourn. Cor. 49. ground, they feldom live through the winter in
10. ALYSSUM (Deltoideum) caulibus fuffrutefcentibus England .
proftratis, foliis lanceolato-deltoidibus, filiculis hirtis. The fifth fort grows to the height of two feet, hav
Lin. Sp. 908. Madwort with trailing fhrubby stalks, ing ligneous ſtalks, which divide into feveral branches
deltoide fpear-shaped leaves, and hairy pods. Alyffon Cre toward the top. Thefe are garniſhed with hoary
ticum foliis angulatis, flore violaceo. Tourn. Cor. 15. fpear-shaped leaves, which are placed alternately on
11. ALYSSUM (Calycinum) caulibus herbaceus, ftamini the branches at the extremity of every fhoot, the
bus omnibus dentatis, calycibus perfiftentibus. Jacq. flowers are produced in round bunches, which are
Vind. 114. Madwort with herbaceous fialks, all the fmall, white, and crofs-fhaped ; thefe are fucceeded
Stamina indented, and a permanent flower-cup. Thlafpi by oval feed-veffels, which are full of brown feeds.
Alyffon dictum campeftre majus. C. B. P. 107. It grows naturally in the fouth of France, Spain, and
12. ALYSSUM (Campestre) caule herbaceo, ftaminibus Italy, chiefly on rocky or gravelly foils. When this
ftipatis pari fetarum, calycibus deciduis . Lin. Sp. is fown in a rich foil, it feldom furvives the winter ;
gog . Madwort with an herbaceous ftalk, and the but in lime rubbish, or upon old walls, it will con
flower-cup deciduous. Alyffon incanum, ferpylli folio, tinue feveral years. It flowers in June, July, Au
fructu nudo. Tourn. Inft. 217. guft, and September, and the feeds ripen foon after ;
The first fort is a low perennial plant, with a fleſhy which if permitted to fcatter, the plants will come
ftalk, which feldom rites more than one foot high, up, and require little care.
but divides into many lefs branches which grow near The fixth fort is a biennial plant with an herbaceous
the ground, fo that a fingle plant will ſpread to a con ftalk, which is garniſhed with oblong hoary leaves,
fiderable diſtance. The branches are garnifhed with placed alternately ; the flowers come out from the
long fpear-shaped leaves, which are hoary and waved wings of the ſtalks fingle, and are fucceeded by oval
on their edges, placed on without any order. The compreffed feed-veffels, fhaped like thofe of the Lu
flowers are produced in loofe panicles, at the extre naria, which contain many flat feeds. It grows natu
mity of every branch, and are of a bright yellow co rally in Spain and Portugal, from whence I have re
lour, confifting of four petals, placed in form of a ceived the feeds. It is propagated by feeds, which
crofs : thefe being numerous, make a fine appear muſt be fown upon dry ground, or lime rubbiſh ;
ance during their continuance. They appear the lat for in rich land the plants will grow too vigorous in
ter end of April, or the beginning of May, and if fummer, fo that in autumn they generally rot off and
the feafon is moderate, will continue three weeks in decay.
beauty. The feeds ripen in July, but it is only from The feventh fort is a low fpreading plant, which di
young plants that feeds can be expected ; for the old vides into finall branches ; thefe fpreadnear the ground,
plants, or thoſe which are raiſed from flips or cut and are garnifhed with oblong hoary leaves which
tings, rarely produce feeds in England. continue through the year : the flowers are produced
This plant is hardy, and although brought from a in fmall clusters at the extremity of the branches ;
more foutherly climate, yet, if planted in a dry, lean, they are of a bright yellow colour, confifting of four
or rubbiſhy foil, will endure our fevereft winters petals placed in form of a crofs. After the flower is
abroad. It is increaſed by ſowing the feeds in March paft, the germen becomes an oval fwelling feed-vef
in a light fandy foil, or by planting cuttings in April fel, which is filled with roundish feeds. This grows
or May ; which are very apt to take root, if kept naturally in the iflands of the Archipelago, but is
fhaded in the heat of the day, and gently refreshed hardy enough to live in the open air in England, in
with water.
a dry foil and a warm fituation . It is propagated by
The fecond fort feldom continues above two or three feeds, and feldom lafts longer than two or three years .
years with us, and muſt therefore be often fown to The eighth fort grows more erect, having an herba
preferve it ; or if the feeds are fuffered to fall, and ceous ftalk , which fends out a few lateral branches
remain upon the ground, the plants will rife without toward the top, garnished with oblong hoary leaves.
any trouble. This plant fpreads itfelf upon the The flowers grow in finall clufters at the extremity
ground, and never rifes to any height. It produces, of the branches, which are fucceeded by oval fwelling
at the extremity of its branches, very pretty tufts of feed-vefiels like the former. This feldom continues
fmall white flowers ; of which the plant is feldom de longer than two years in England ; it muſt have a
ftitute for fix or feven months fucceffively, for which warm dry fituation, otherwife it will not live in the
reafon it deferves a place in the gardens of the curi open air, and is propagated by feeds, which fhould
I be
 1

AMA A MA

be fown in Auguft, foon after they are ripe ; and if Amaranthus maximus. C. B. P. 120. Commonly
a few of them are potted in October, and ſheltered called Tree-like Amaranthus.
under a frame in winter, they will flower the follow 6. AMARANTHUS (Lividus) glomerulis triandris fubfpi
ing June, fo good feeds may be obtained the fame catis rotundatis, foliis rotundo-ovatis retufis. Lin . Sp .
year ; for thofe plants which arife early in the year, 1404. Flower-gentle with roundish jpikes offlowershav
grow luxuriantly in fummer, fo do not often live ing three ftamina, and roundish, oval, blunt leaves. Bli
through the winter, or ripen feeds. tum pulchrum rectum magnum rubrum. J. B. 2.
The ninth and tenth forts have trailing ſtalks, which p . 966.
fpread on the furface of the ground ; the plants pro 7. AMARANTHUS ( Flavus) racemis pentandris compofi
duce their flowers toward the extremity of the ftalks tis, fummo infimifque nutantibus, foliis ovatis mu
in loofe fpikes, which are formed like thofe of the cronatis. Lin . Sp . 1406. Flower-gentle with a com
other forts, having four petals in each in form of a pound Spike of flowers having five ftamina, and oval
crofs ; thofe of the ninth fort are fucceeded by fwollen pointed leaves.
feed-veffels, but the tenth, which flowers early in the 8. AMARANTHUS ( Blitum) glomeratis lateralibus trifidis
fpring, are rarely fucceeded by feed-vefiels in this foliis ovatis retufis, caule diffufo. Lin . Sp . Plant. 990 .
country. This is an abiding plant, which may be Flower-gentle with roundish heads at the joints of the
propagated from its trailing branches , which, if Stalks, oval blunt leaves, and diffuſed ſtalks. Blitum al
planted in April, will take root and become good bum minus. C. B. P. 118. The fmaller white Blite.
plants by the following autumn, when two or three 9 . AMARANTHUS ( Græcizans) glomerulis triandris axil
plants may be placed in a common frame for fhelter laribus foliis lanceolatis obtufis. Lin . Sp . Plant. 1405 .
in winter, to preferve the fpecies ; for in hard win Flower-gentle with flowers having three ftamina, which
ters, thofe which are expofed are fometimes deftroyed. grow in cluflers from the wings of the ftalks, and blunt
The eleventh and twelfth are both annual plants, fo Spear -
shaped leaves. Amaranthus floribus lateralibus
are propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown in a congeftis foliis lanceolatis obtufis . Flor. Virg. 116.
border of light earth in April, in fuch places where Commonly called Pellitory- leaved Blite.
the plants are to remain ; if thefe are thinned and 10. AMARANTHUS (Hybridus) racemis pentandris decom
kept clean from weeds, they will flower in July, and pofitis congeftis nudis, fpiculis conjugatis. Flor. Virg.
perfect their feeds in autumn. 148. Flower-gentle with five ftamina, decompounded
AMARANTHOIDES. See GOMPHRENA .
Spikes having double fpicule. Amaranthus fylveſtris
AMARANTHUS ['Aµáp ; of a privative, and maximus Nove Angliæ fpicis viridibus. Raii Hiſt.
papaiva, Gr. to wither ; fo called, becauſe the flower 201. Or Wild New England Blite with green ſpikes.
of this plant being cropped, does not foon wither ; II . AMARANTHUS ( Hypocondriacus) racemis pentandris
but being dried, keeps the beauty of its colour a compofitis confertis erectis, foliis ovatis mucronatis.
great while, ] Flower-gentle. Hort. Cliff. 444. Flower-gentle with five ftamina, erect
The CHARACTERS are,
clustered fpikes, and oval-pointed leaves. This is the
It bath male and female flowers in the fame plant. The Amaranthus fylveftris maximus Novæ Angliæ fpicis
flower bath no petals, but the empalement confifts of three purpureis. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 235. Commonly called
or five pointed fpear -
shaped leaves which are coloured and Purple Flower-gentle.
permanent ; this is common to bothfexes. The male flow 12. AMARANTHUS ( Spinofus) racemis pentandris cylindricis
ers have in fome species three, and in others five flender erectis axillis fpinofis. Hort. Cliff. 444. Flower-gentle
ftamina, which are of the fame length with the empale with five stamina, upright cylindrical ſpikes, and ſpines
ment, crowned with oblong fummits . The female flowers at the joints of the ftalks. Amaranthus Indicus fpino
have an oval germen, fupporting three fhort awl-
shaped fus fpicâ herbaceâ. H. L. 31 .
Styles, which are crowned with fimple ftigma. The em 13. AMARANTHUS ( Sanguineus) racemis pentandris com
palement afterward becomes an oval coloured feed-veffel pofitis erectis, lateralibus patentiffimis, foliis ovato
baving one cell, in which is lodged a fingle globular feed. oblongis . Lin. Sp. 1407. Flower-gentle with com
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnæus ranged in the pound fpikes, whofe lateral spikes fpread out, the upper
fifth divifion of his twenty-firft clafs, entitled Monce are erect, and oblong oval leaves. Amaranthus racemis
cia Pentandria, from their having male and female cylindricis lateralibus terminalibufque cruciatim pofi
flowers on the fame plant, and the male flowers hav tis. Fig. Plant. 22 .
ing five ftamina. 14. AMARANTHUS ( Retroflexus ) racemis pentandris late
The SPECIES are, ralibus terminalibufque caule flexuofo villofo ramis
1. AMARANTHUS (Tricolor) glomerulis triandris axilla retrocurvatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 991. Flower-gentle
ribus fubrotundis amplexicaulibus foliis lanceolato with fiveftamina, Spikes proceeding from the wings of the
ovatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1403. Flower-gentle with ftalks, and alfo at their extremities, and flexible, hairy, re
roundish heads, placed at the wings of the stalks embracing curved branches.
them, whofe flowers have three ftamina, and the leaves 15. AMARANTHUS ( Oleraceous) glomeribus triandris pen
are oval and fpear-shaped. Amaranthus tricolor. Lob. tandrifque, foliis ovatis obtufiffimis emarginatis ru
Icon. 252. i . e. Three coloured Amaranthus. gofis. Lin. Sp. 1403. Flower-gentle whofe globes have
2. AMARANTHUS (Melancholicus) glomerulis triandris ax flowers with three and five stamina, and rough, obtuſe, in
illaribus fubrotundis feffilibus foliis lanceolatis acu dented leaves. Blitum album majus . C. B. P. 118 .
minatis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 1403. Flower-gentle with 16. AMARANTHUS (Viridis ) glomerulis triandris, flori
three ftamina, roundish heads growing clofe to the stalk, bus mafculis trifidis, foliis ovatis emarginatis, caule
and acute-pointed fpear-shaped leaves. Amaranthus co erecto. Lin. Sp . 1405. Flower-gentle with globular
lore obfcuriori five mas. Tourn . Inft . 236. Ama heads whofe flowers have three ftamina ; the male are tri
ranthus bicolor. fid, oval, indented leaves, and an upright ſtalk.
3. AMARANTHUS (Triftis) glomerulis triandris rotunda 17. AMARANTHUS ( Cruentus) racemis pentandris decom
tis fubfpicatis, foliis ovato-cordatis emarginatis petiolo pofitis remotis patulo nutantibus, foliis lanceolato
brevioribus . Lin . Sp . 1404. Flower-gentle with three ovatis. Lin. Sp . Pl. 1406. Flower-gentle with de
Stamina, roundish heads growing from the wings of the compounded fpikes offlowers with five flamina, the outer
ftalks in fpikes, and oval heart-shaped leaves with fhort Spreading afunder, and oval fpear-shaped leaves. Ama
foot-ftalks. ranthus finenfis foliis variis, panicula fpeciofa patula.
4. AMARANTHUS (Caudatus) racemis pentandris decom Cent. tab. 6.
pofitis cylindricis pendulus longiffimis. Hort. Cliff. The firſt fort has been long cultivated in gardens for
443. Flower-gentle with fiveftamina, and very long, hang the beauty of its variegated leaves, which are of three
ing, cylindrical fpikes. Amaranthus maximus paniculâ colours, viz. green, yellow, and red ; theſe are very
longâ pendula femine rubello. Raii Hift. elegantly mixed : and when the plants are in full vi
5. AMARANTHUS (Maximus) racemis fubcylindricis pen gour, the leaves are large, and clofely fet from the
dulis, caule erecto arboreo. Flower-gentle with bang bottom to the top of the ftalks, and the branches
ing almoft cylindrical ſpikes, and an erect tree-like ftalk. form a fort of pyramid ; fo that there is not a more
6 beau
 AMA AMA

beautiful plant than this, when it is in full luftre. And thefe feeds will remain in the ground feveral
From the leaves of this plant being partly coloured years, and as often as they are turned up to the fur
like the feathers of parrots, fome botanifts have fe
ſe face, they will produce plants ; fo that when plants
parated this fpecies from the others, and conftituted are fuffered to ftand till their feeds fall, there will
a genus of it by the title of Pfittacus. be every fummer fresh crops of the plants for ſeveral
The fecond fort hath been introduced into the Eng years.
lifh gardens much later than the former. This grows The twelfth fort grows about two feet high, putting
to the fame height, and in the manner of its growth out many fide branches, fo as to form a bushy plant ;
greatly reſembles it ; but the leaves have only two the leaves are oblong, and the fpikes come out at
colours, which are an obfcure purple, and a bright every joint, where the ftalks are armed with fharp
crimſon ; theſe are fo blended as to fet off each other, prickles, and at the extremnity of the branches, the
and when the plants are vigorous, they make a fine fpikes are longer than thofe of the fide : thefe are
appearance. flender, and are inclining to a brown colour, fo make
The third fort hath no great beauty ; it grows about no great figure, therefore is rarely allowed to have
three feet high with an upright ſtalk, which fends out a place, except in botanic gardens.
fome lateral branches toward the top ; thefe are gar The feeds of the thirteenth fort were fent me from

niſhed with oval heart-shaped leaves. The flowers the Bahama Iſlands, as an efculent plant, bearing fine
are produced at the wings of the ftalks in roundifh flowers. This grows three feet high, with purple
fpikes, as alfo at the extremity of the branches, but ftalks and leaves ; the fpikes are fhort and cylindri
have very little beauty, fo do not deferve a place in cal ; thefe are frequently produced from the wings of
the flower-garden. The young plants of this fort are the ftalks, but at the extremity of the ſtalk arifes a
gathered to boil inftead of Spinach by the inhabitants large cluſter of fpikes which are placed croffwife, with
of India, where it grows naturally, and from thence one upright ftalk in the middle. Thefe are of a
I received the feeds of it as an efculent plant. bright purple colour at firſt, but afterward fade to a
The fourth fort grows naturally in America. This darker colour, as the feeds ripen.
hath an upright item , three feet high ; the leaves and The fourteenth fort is a native of North America,
ftalks are of a pale green colour ; the fpikes of flow from whence the feeds were fent to Europe, but is
ers are produced from the wings of the ftalks, and now become a common weed in many gardens near
alfo in cluſters at the extremity of the branches : London, fo is feldom allowed a place, except in bo
they are very long and hang downward, being of a tanic gardens .
bright purple colour. I have meaſured fome of theſe The fifteenth fort has no beauty, therefore not wor
fpikes, which were two feet and a half long, fo that thy of a place in gardens : this and the fixteenth fort
many of them have reached the ground. are eſteemed in fome parts of India as efculent herbs ;
The fifth fort hath a strong ftem, which rifes to the the inhabitants of thoſe warm countries, gather the
height of feven or eight feet, fending forth many ho herbs while young, and drefs them inſtead of Spi
rizontal branches toward the top, garniſhed with ob nach, but being much inferior to it, they are feldom
long, rough, green leaves. At the extremity of every ufed in thoſe countries where Spinach will thrive.
fhoot, the cylindrical ſpikes of a purple colour are Thefe plants grow from two to three feet high, and
produced, which hang downward ; but thefe are fel when they have room, will fend out many fide
dom half the length of thofe of the former fort, and branches ; but if their feeds are permitted to ſcatter,
are much thicker. This is the fort of Amaranth, there will be a plentiful fupply of plants the follow
which is directed by the college to be uſed in me ing fummer.
dicine. The feeds of the feventeenth fort were brought from
The fixth fort grows near three feet high, putting China, and the two firft years they were fown in Eng
out feveral fide branches, which are garnished with land, produced beautiful heads of flowers, which
oval blunt leaves ; at the ends of the branches the made a gay appearance ; but afterward the feeds de
fpikes are produced in cluſters and grow erect, theſe generated, and the plants which were produced from
are of a deep purple colour. them had little beauty ; which is the cafe with fome
The feventh fort grows near four feet high ; the others of this genus, fo fhould not be eſteemed as
ftalks are inclined to red ; the leaves are of an oval diftinct fpecies.
1
fpear-shaped figure, green colour, marked with pur The forts which are worthy of a place in the plea
ple fpots, and have very long foot-ſtalks. The fpikes fure-garden, are particularly the firit and fecond :
come out at the extremity of the branches in cluſters, thefe are tender, and require fome art and care to
as alfo from the wings of the ſtalks ; theſe are of a bring them to perfection in England, therefore
pale green colour, and grow erect. I have received their management will be hereafter more particularly
the feeds of this fort from Portugal, by the title of inferted.
Bredos, recommending it to be cultivated as a culi Next to thefe are the fourth, fifth, and thirteenth
nary herb. forts. The feeds of thefe fhould be fown upon a mo
The eighth fort grows naturally in moft of the warm derate hot-bed toward the end of March, and when
parts of Europe, and alfo in America ; for wherever the plants come up, they fhould have a large fhare
it is permitted to fcatter its feeds, the plants will come of air admitted to them in mild weather, to prevent
up the following fummer, and become troublefome their drawing up weak. When they are large enough
weeds, as will alfo the ninth fort ; fo thefe are feldom to tranfplant, there fhould be another moderate hot
cultivated, as they are only preferved in botanic gar bed provided, to which they fhould be removed,
dens for the fake of variety. The ftalks of both thefe placing them at fix inches diftance every way, cbferv
forts ſpread on the ground . ing to water them, as alfo to fhade them from the
The tenth fort grows upward of three feet high, and fun until they have taken new root ; after which the
fends out many fide branches, which are hairy, and air fhould be freely admitted to them, at all times
garniſhed with oblong rough leaves . The fpikes are when the weather is favourable ; their waterings ſhould
produced from the wings of the ftalks, as alfo at the be frequent, but not given in great quantities. As
extremity of the branches, growing horizontally, and the plants advance, and the warmth of the feafon in
are of a green colour. There is little beauty in this creafes, they fhould have a greater fhare of air, that
plant, therefore is feldom admitted to gardens, unleſs by degrees they may be hardened to bear the open
for the fake of variety. air. The beginning of June they may be taken up
The eleventh fort has been long in England, and was with large balls of earth to their roots, and planted
formerly propagated in flower-gardens, but is now fome into pots, and others into the borders of the
become a common weed, frequently growing upon pleaſure-garden, obferving to fhade them until they
dunghills for as the plants abound with feeds, fo have taken good root ; after which they must be fre
where they are permitted to fcatter, there will be quently watered in dry weather, eſpecially thofe in
plenty of the plants come up the following fummer. the pots, which will require watering every evening
in
 A MA AMA

in warm dry weather. The fifth fort will not thrive day from the violence of the fun, by covering the
in pots, fo fhould be planted in a rich light foil , glaffes with mats .
where, if it is allowed room, and plentifully watered In about three weeks more thefe plants will have
in dry weather, the plants will grow to a very large grown to a confiderable fize and ftrength, fo that you
fize, and make a fine appearance . muft now raife the glaffes very much in the day-time ;
The twelfth fort is alfo tender, fo whoever is inclina and when the air is foft, and the fun is clouded, draw
able to cultivate that plant, fhould treat it in the off the glaffes, and expoſe them to the open air ; and
fame manner as is directed for the former. repeat this as often as the weather will permit, which
The other forts are hardy enough to grow in the open will harden them by degrees to be removed abroad
air, fo may be fown on a bed of light earth in the into the places where they are to remain the whole
fpring, and when the plants are fit to remove, they feafon ; but it is not advifeable to fet thefe plants in
may be tranfplanted into any part of the garden, the open air till after the firft week in July, obferv
where they will thrive, and produce plenty of feeds, ing to do it when the air is perfectly foft, and, if
which, if permitted to fcatter, will flock the garden poffible, in a gentle ſhower of rain .
with plants. Let them at firſt be fet in fhelter for two or three
The two first forts must be fown on a good hot- bed days, where they may be fcreened from the violence
in February, or the beginning of March at fartheft ; of the fun, and ſtrong winds, to which they muſt be
and in about a fortnight's time, if the bed is in good inured by degrees . Thefe plants, when grown to a
temper, the plants will rife ; foon after which you good ftature, perfpire very freely, and muſt be every
mult prepare another hot-bed, covered with good, day refreſhed with water, if the weather proves hot
rich, light earth, about four inches thick ; then raiſe and dry ; otherwife they will flint, and never pro
up the young plants with your finger, fo as not to duce fo large leaves, as thoſe which are fkilfully
break off the tender roots, and prick them into your treated.
new hot-bed about four inches diſtance every way, This is the proper management, in order to have
giving them a gentle watering to fettle the earth to fine Amaranths, which, if rightly followed, and the
their roots ; but in doing this, be very cautious not kinds are good, in a favourable feafon, will produce
to bear the young plants down to the ground by hafty large fine leaves, and are the greatest ornament to a
watering, which rarely rife again, or at leaſt fo as to good garden for upwards of two months in the latter
recover their former ſtrength in a long time, but very part of fummer.
often rot in the ftems, and die quite away. Where perfons are curious in having thefe annual
In the middle of the day keep them fcreened with plants in great perfection, there fhould be a glafs
mats from the heat of the fun, and give them air by cafe erected with upright and floping glaffes on every
raifing up the glaffes ; and if the glaffes are wet, it fide, with a pit in the bottom for tan , in which the
will be proper to turn them every day, in good wea pots fhould be plunged ; if this is raifed eight or nine
ther, that they may dry ; for the moiſture which is feet to the ridge, and the upright glaffes are five
occafioned by the fermentation of the dung, and the feet, there will be room and height enough to raiſe
perfpiration of the plants, is of a noxious quality, and thefe and other annual plants to great perfection, and
very unkindly to plants ; fo that if the weather hap in fuch a building, many of thoſe tender annual
pens to prove bad, that you cannot turn your glaffes, plants, which rarely perfect feeds in this climate with
it will be of great fervice to the plants to wipe off all out fuch contrivance, may be every year brought fo
moiſture two or three times a day with a woollen cloth forward as to ripen their feeds.
to prevent its dropping upon the plants. When the AMARANTHUS CRISTATUS. See CELOSIA.
plants are firmly rooted, and begin to grow, you muft AMARYLLIS, Lily Daffodil.
obferve to give them air every day, more or lefs, as The CHARACTERS are,
the weather is cold or hot, to prevent their drawing It hath an oblong compreffed fpatha, (or fheath) which
up too faft, which greatly weakens their ſtems . inclofes the flower-buds, and open fide ways, becomes dry,
In about three weeks or a month's time, thefe plants and is permanent ; the flower bath fix fpear-shaped pe
will have grown fo as to meet, and will ftand in need tals. In the center is fituated the roundish furrowed ger
of another hot-bed, which ſhould be of a moderate men, fupporting a flenderftyle, crowned with a three-cor
temper, and covered with the fame rich earth about nered ftigma ; this is attended by fix awl-shaped stamina,
fix inches thick, in which they fhould be removed, which are crowned with incumbent fummits. After the
obferving to take them up with as much earth about flower is past, the germen becomes an oval capfule, opening
their roots as poffible, and plant them fix or feven in three parts, having three cells, which contain round
inches diftance every way, giving them fome water to feeds.
fettle the earth about their roots ; but be very careful This genus is ranged by Dr. Linnæus in the firſt fec
not to water them heavily, fo as to bear down the tion of his fixth clafs of plants , entitled Hexandria
plants, as was before directed ; and keep them Monogynia, from the flower having fix ftamina and
fhaded in the heat of the day, until they have taken one ftyle.
The SPECIES are,
freſh roots ; and be fure to refreſh them often gently
with water, and give them air in proportion to the 1. AMARYLLIS ( Lutea) fpathâ uniflorâ, corollâ æquali,
heat of the weather, covering the glaffes with mats ftaminibus declinatis. Lin. Sp . 420. Lily Daffodil
every night, left the cold chill your beds, and ſtop with a fingle flower in each spatha, which is equal, and
the growth of the plants. the ftamina declined. Lilio Narciffus luteus autumna
The middle of May you muft provide another hot lis major. Tourn. Inft. 386. Commonly called autum
bed, which fhould be covered with a deep frame , nal Narciffus.
that the plants may have room to grow. Upon this 2 . AMARYLLIS ( Atamafeo) fpathâ uniflorâ, corollâ æqua
hot-bed you muft fet as many three-penny pots as can li, piftillo declinato. Hort. Cliff. 135. Lily Daffo
ftand within the compaſs of the frame ; thefe pots dil with a fingle flower in each fheath, which has equal
must be filled with good rich earth, and the cavities petals, and the pointal declining. Lilio Narciffus Indi
between each pot filled up with any common earth, cus pumilus monanthos albus. Mor. Hift . 2. 266.
to prevent the heat of the bed from evaporating, and Commonly called Atamufco Lily.
filling the frame with noxious fteams : when the bed 3 . AMARYLLIS ( Formofiffima) fpathâ uniflorâ, corollâ in
is in good order to receive the plants, they fhould be æquali, petalis tribus genitalibufque declinatis . Hort.
carefully taken up with a trowel, or fome fuch in Cliff . 135. Lily Daffodil with one flower in each co
ftrument, obferving to preferve as much earth to ver, which has unequal petals, and the ftamina andftyle
their roots as poffible ; then place each fingle plant are declined. Lilio Narciffus Jacobæus flore fangui
in the middle of one of the pots, filling the pot up neo nutante. Hort. Elth. 195. Commonly called Fa
with the earth before defcribed, and fettle it cloſe to cobea Lily.

the root of the plant with your hands ; water them 4 . AMARYLLIS ( Sarnienfis ) ſpathâ multiflorâ , corollis re
gently, as before, and fhade them in the heat of the volutis genitalibus . Hort. Upfal . 75. Lily Daffodil
with
 A MÁ AMA

with manyflowers in one cover ; the petals equal, Spread of the Narciffus, fo are proper ornaments for fuch
open, and turned backward, with broken ftamina, com borders as are planted with Cyclamens, Saffron, Au
monly called Guernsey Lily. tumnal Crocus, Colchicums, and fuch low autumnal
5. AMARYLLIS ( Regina) 1pathâ multiflorâ, corollis cam flowers.
panulatis æqualibus, genitalibus declinatis. Hort. The tenth fort is more rare in England than any of
Cliff. 135. Lily Daffodil with many flowers in one cover, the other, at prefent. It was formerly in feveral curi
the petals equal and bell -
shaped, and the ftamina declined. ous gardens, but as it flowers at a ſeaſon when there
Lilio Narciffus polyanthos flore incarnato, fundo ex are fo many finer forts in beauty, it was neglected
luteo albefcente. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 115. commonly called and caft out of the gardens, whereby it is almoſt loft
Belladonna Lily. in England : it grows naturally in Spain and Portu
6. AMARYLLIS (Belladonna) ſpâtha multiflorâcorollis cam gal, where it flowers early in January. This is as
panulatis marginibus reflexis genitalibus declinatis. hardy as the first fort, and may be planted in the open
Lily Daffodil with many flowers in one cover, the petals borders, and treated in the fame manner, excepting
equal and bell-shaped, their borders turning backward, and that this will not lofe its leaves fo foon, fo fhould not
decliningftamina. Lilium Americanum puniceo flore, be taken out of the ground to tranfplant, till the end
Belladonna dictum. Par. Bat. 194. commonly called of July, or beginning of Auguft. It flowers in April
. Mexican Lily. or the beginning of May, but is not oflong duration.
7. AMARYLLIS (Longifolia) fpathâ multiflorâ, corollis The fecond fort is a native of Virginia and Carolina,
campanulatis æqualibus, fcapo compreffo longitudini in which countries it grows very plentifully in the fields
umbellæ. Flor. Leyd. 36. Lily Daffodil with many and woods, where it makes a beautiful appearance
flowers in one cover, the petals equal, and the cover com when it is in flower. The flowers of this fort are pro
preffed the length of the umbel. Lilium Africanum hu duced fingle, and at their firſt appearance have a fine
mile longiffimis foliis polyanthos faturato colore pur Carnation colour on their outfide ; but fades away to
purafcens. Par. Bat. 195. a pale, or almoft white, before the flowers decay.
8. AMARYLLIS (Zeylanica) ipathâ multiflorâ corollis cam This plant is fo hardy, as to thrive in the open air in
panulatis æqualibus, genitalibus declinatis fcapo te England, provided the roots are planted in a warm
reti ancipiti. Flor. Leyd. 36. Lily Daffodil with many fituation, and on a dry foil ; it may be propagated by
flowers in one cover, the petals equal, and the cover offsets from the roots. The flowers of this fort are
opening two ways. Lilio Narciffus Zeylanicus latifolius almoft as large as thofe of the fmall Orange Lily, but
flore niveo externè lineâ purpurea ftriato. Hort. do not grow above fix or eight inches high ; they ap
Amft. 1. 73 : commonly called the Ceylon Lily. pear the latter end of May, or beginning of June, and
fometimes it flowers in Auguft in this country.
9. AMARYLLIS (Ciliaris) fpathâ multiflorâ, foliis ciliatis.
Flor. Leyd. 37. Lily Daffodil with many flowers in one The third fort, which is commonly called Jacobea
cover, and the edges of the leaves hairy. Lilio Narciffus Lily, is now become pretty common in the curious
fphæricus Ethiopicus foliis guttatis & cilii inftar pi gardens in England, the roots fending forth plenty of
lofis. Pluk. Alin. 220. commonly called the African offsets, eſpecially when they are kept in a moderate
Scarlet Lily. warmth in winter : for the roots of this kind will live
10. AMARYLLIS (Vernalis) fpathâ uniflorâ, corollâ æquali, in a good green-houfe, or may be preferved through
ftaminibus erectis. Lily Daffodil with one flower in a the winter under a common hot-bed frame ; but then
cover, with equalpetals, and erectftamina. Lilio Nar they will not flower fo often, nor fend out fo many
ciffus luteus vernus. Tourn. Inft. 386. commonly calicd offsets, as when they are placed in a moderate ftove
Spring yellow Lily Narciffus. in winter. This will produce its flowers two or three
11. AMARYLLIS (Orientalis) fpathâ multiflorâ corollis times in a year, and is not regular to any feafon ; but
inæqualibus foliis linguiformibus. Buttn. Lily Daffodil from March to the beginning of September, the flow
with many flowers in a cover, whofe petals are unequal, ers will be produced when the roots are in vigour,
and leaves fhaped like a tongue. Lilio Narciffus Indicus The ſtems of thefe flowers are produced from the fides
maximus fphæricus , floribus plurimis rubris liliaceis . of the bulbs, fo that after the flowers produced on
Mor. Hift. 2. 268. Brunfwigia of Dr. Heifter. one fide are decayed, there is another ſtalk arifes from
12. AMARYLLIS (Capenfis) ipathà triflorâ corollis campa the other fide of the bulb ; but there is no more than
nulatis æqualibus gentialibus declinatis. Lily Daffodil one flower produced on the ſame ſtalk. The flowers
with three flowers in each cover, whofe petals are equal are large, and of a very deep red ; the under petals,
and bell-shaped, with decliningstamina. or flower-leaves, are very large, and the whole flower
The firit fort is very hardy, and increaſes very faft by ftands nodding on one fide of the ftalk, making a
offsets. The feafon for tranfplanting thefe roots is beautiful appearance .
any time from May to the end of July, when their It is propagated by offsets, which may be taken off
leaves are decayed, after which it will be too late to every year ; the best time to fhift and part thefe roots
remove them ; for they will begin to push out new is in Auguft, that they may take good root before
fibres bythe middle of Auguſt, or fooner if the ſeaſon winter ; in doing of this, there fhould be care taken
be moift, and many times they flower the beginning not to break off the fibres from their roots. They
of September ; fo that if they are tranfplanted, it will fhould be planted in pots of a middling fize, filled
fpoil their flowering. This plant will grow in any foil with light kitchen-garden earth ; and ifthey are kept
or fituation ; but it will thrive beft in a freſh, light, dry in a moderate degree of warmth, they will produce
foil, and in an open fituation ; i. e. not under the their flowers in plenty, and the roots will make great
dripping of trees, nor too near walls. It is com increaſe.
monly called by the gardeners, the Yellow Autumnal The fixth fort, which is commonly called the Mexican
Narciffus, &c. and is ufually fold by them with Col Lily, is not fo hardy as the former fort, fo muſt be
chicums, for autumnal ornaments to gardens ; for placed in a warm flove ; and if the pots are plunged
which purpofe this is a pretty plant, as it will fre into a hot-bed of tanners bark, the roots will thrive
quently keep flowering from the beginning of Sep better, and the flowers will be ftrong. This is in
tember to the middle of November, provided the creafed by offsets, as the others of this tribe ; and
froft is not fo fevere as to deftroy the flowers ; for al flowers uſually the beginning of fpring, when it makes
though there is but one flower in each cover, yet a fine appearance in the ftove : the flower-ftems of
there is a fucceffion of flowers from the fame root, this fort, feldom rife more than one foot high, each
efpecially when they are fuffered to remain three or ftem fupports two, three, or four flowers, rarely
four years unremoved . The flowers feldom rife above more than that number. The flowers are large, and
three or four inches high ; they are fhaped fomewhat of a bright copper colour, inclining to red ; the fpatha,
like the flowers of the large yellow Crocus ; the green or fheath, which covers the buds before they open,
leaves come up at the fame time, like the Saffron, and divides into two parts to the bottom , ftanding on
after the flowers are paft, the leaves increafe all the each fide the umbel of flowers, joined to the finall
foot-ftalks. 1
winter. The roots are bulbous, and fhaped like thoſe
K The
 A MA AMA

The eighth fort is alfo tender, and muſt be treated All thefe bulbous-rooted flowers delight in a loofe
in the fame manner as the fixth; this is more common fandy earth, inixed with good kitchen-garden mould ;
in the gardens in Holland than in this country, and and in the culture of them there fhould be but little
as it is a plant which increafes but flowly, will not be water given them at thofe times when their leaves de
very common here. This flowers ufually in June and cay, and the roots are not in a growing fate, for
much moisture at that time will often caule them to
July, and fometimes the fame root will flower again
in autumn ; for if the pots are plunged into a bed of rot; but when they are growing, and putting out their
tanners bark, the roots generally flower twice every flower-items, they fhould be frequently reireihed with
year, but the flowers are not of long duration. This water, but not given in too great quantities at a time.
grows naturally in the Weft-Indies, from whence I The pots, with the tender forts, fhould conftantly be
have received roots and feeds . kept in the ftove ; and in fummer they fhould have
The feventh and ninth forts are more hardy, and may as much free air as poflible ; for although fome of
be treated in the fame manner as the Jacobea Lily; thefe forts may be kept abroad in fummer, yet thofe
thefe will increafe pretty faft by offsets, when they do not thrive fo well, nor flower fo conftantly, as
are properly managed, eipecially the ninth, which thofe which are treated in the manner here de
fends out many offsets, fo as to fill the pots with roots , fcribed.

but it feldom flowers in England. The leaves of this The fifth fort, which is called the Belladonna Lily,
are long and narrow, not much unlike thofe of the was brought to England from Portugal, where the
Snowdrop. The petals of the flower turn back like gardens fome years ago abounded with thefe flowers ;
thofe of the Guernſey Lily, but are of a lighter co for the roots increafe very fait, especially in fuch
lour, rather inclining to fcarlet ; the roots of this are countries where they live in the open air.
air. The gar
fmall. The feventh fort ufually flowers in winter, if dens in Italy have allo great quantities of thefe flowers,
the pots are placed in a moderate ftove ; and as at efpecially about Florence ; where, at the feafon of
that feafon there are few flowers in the open air, their flowering, they are commonly fold in the mar
thefe are more valuable on that account. kets to adorn their rooms ; the Italians call it Nar
I received roots of both thefe forts from the Cape of ciffus Belladonna. This plant thrives fo well in Italy,
f Good Hope, which have fucceeded in the Chelfea as to need no other culture than the common Lily ;
garden. The feventh fort produces a great number and although it does not flower until Auguft, yet it
of flowers in each umbel, which are of a deep purple commonly produces good feeds in that country, from
colour, but the ftalk which fupports them, rarely rifes which they propagate them in great plenty ; but with
more than three or four inches high ; thefe flowers us they require are care, otherwife they cannot be
appear in December. The roots of this fort are very preferved . The roots of this fort were generally
large, and the leaves are long, but narrow. planted in poss , and placed under a hot- bed frame,
The cleventh fort is figured byFerrarius in his Garden to fcreen them from the froft in winter ; for as their
of Flowers, as alfo by Morrifon in his Hiftory of green leaves come out in autumn, and continue grow
Plants ; but Dr. Heifter has feparated this from the ing all the winter, fo when they are expoied to the
genus, and has conftituted a new genus by the title froft, whereby their leaves are killed, the roots will
of Brunfwigia, in honour to the duke of Brunfwic. be in danger of perifhing; but if they fhould furvive,
But although the ſhape of the flowers in this plant are they will be greatly weakened by it. With this cul
different from moft of the others of this genus, yet
ture the roots were preferved, but they did not con
as there is a unformity in the characteriſtic notes of ftantly flower, nor put out many offsets, fo that few
the genus, it ſhould not be feparated ; for the Ja gardens were furnished with this plant ; and of late
cobea Lily differs in the form of its flowers, from years the roots have been fcarce in Portugal, for the
the other fpecies, full as much as this, therefore might Jacobæa Lily having been introduced into that coun
for the fame reafon be feparated from this genus. try, has fupplanted the other, in moſt of their gar
This grows naturally at the Cape of Good Hope, dens, fo that the roots which have been brought from
from whence I have received the roots, which have
thence of late years for the Belladonna Lily, have
fucceeded in the Chelfea garden. The bulbs of this proved the Jacobea Lily.
fort are large and almoft round, the leaves are long, The method in which I have cultivated this plant for
broad, and rounded at their extremities,; thefe fpread fome years paft, with great fuccefs , is as follows. I
two ways on the furface of the ground ; and do not prepared a border clofe to a fouth-weft afpected wall ,
come up till after the flower-ftem appears, which is of about fix feet wide, in the following manner, viz .
generally in November; and after the flowers are paft, I removed all the earth to the depth of three feet,
the leaves increafe till fpring, and in May they begin then I put fome very rotten dung in the bottom, fix
to decay, fo that from the middle of June to October, inches thick, upon which I laid light garden mould
the roots are entirely naked of leaves. about twenty inches deep ; after making this level, I
The twelfth fort is alfo a native of Africa, I received placed the roots at fix inches diftance every way, and
the roots of this from the Cape of Good Hope with then covered them over with light fandy earth, to
the former. This produces its flowers in February the height of the border, whereby the upper part of
and March. The items of this rife near two feet he roots were five or fix inches buried, and in the
high, and have commonly but three flowers incloſed winter I covered the border all over with rotten tan
in each fheath, or cover. The flowers are as large as ners bark, three inches deep, to prevent the froft from
thofe of the Belladonna Lily, and are of the fame penetrating the ground ; and when the froft was very
form, growing erect, but of a deeper red colour ; fevere, I laid fome mats or ftraw over the leaves to
the leaves are long and narrow, and have a hollow protect them from being killed. With this manage
furrow on their upper fide, where there is a pale ftripe ment the roots have greatly increaſed, and have con
running the length of the leaves, and are very like ſtantly flowered every year ; fome of them have put
thofe of the American Pancratium. Thefe leaves de out two or three ftems, which grew near three feet
cay in fummer, about the fame time as thofe of the high, and produced many flowers in each umbel ,
former, and appear again at the fame ſeaſon . which have made a fine appearance during the month
Both thefe forts may be treated in the fame manner, of October. The green leaves come up foon after,
as hath been directed for the Jacobæa Lily, with this and abide all the winter and fpring until June, at
difference only, of placing thefe in winter in a flove, which time they decay ; foon after which the roots
where there is a moderate fhare of warmth, for the fhould be tranfplanted, for if they are let ftand till
roots of thefe will not endure fo much cold as thoſe, July, they will have fent forth new fibres , when it
nor fhould they have fo much water given them. will greatly injure the roots, if they are difturbed. If
The best time to tranfplant thefe roots is about the fome of thefe roots are planted in a warm border,
beginning of Auguft, when their leaves are quite de clofe to a fouth wall, and on a dry foil, they will
cayed, before they put out new fibres, for it will be thrive very well, efpecially if they are covered in fe
very improper to remove them afterwards.
vere froft ; and thete roots will flower much ftronger
than
 AMA AMB

than thoſe which are kept in pots, and will multiply by the outer roots, that they are perfectly flatted ;
fafter. and from the number of roots growing in each clufter,
The fourth fort is fuppofed to come originally from they are all rendered weak, and unfit to producë
Japan, but has been many years cultivated in the fuch large ftems of flowers, as thofe which have grown
gardens of Guernſey and Jerfey; in both which places, fingle, and are of a ſpherical figure.
they ſeem to thrive as well as if it was their native But when a perfon is poffeffed of a large number of
country ; and from thofe iflands their roots are fent thefe roots, it will be troublefome to preferve them
annually to the curious in moft parts of Europe, and in pots, therefore there fhould be a bed prepared of
are commonly called Guernſey Lilies. The roots of the following earth, in fome well fheltered part of the
this plant are generally brought over in June and garden, viz. Take a third part of freſh virgin earth
July; but the fooner they are taken out of the ground from a pafture ground, which is light, then put near
after their leaves decay, they are the better : for al an equal part of fea fand, to which you ſhould add
though the roots whichare taken up when their flower rotten dung, and fifted lime rubbish, of each an equal
ſtems begin to appear, will flower, yet their flowers quantity. With this earth (when well mixed and in
will not be fo large, nor will their roots be near fo corporated) you ſhould make your bed about two feet
good after, as thofe which were removed before they thick, raiſing it about four or five inches above the
had fent out freſh fibres. furface of the ground, if the fituation be dry ; but if
When theſe roots come over, they ſhould be planted the ground be wet, it fhould be raiſed eight or nine
in pots filled with freſh, light, fandy earth, mixed with inches higher. In this bed, about the beginning of
a little very rotten dung, and placed in a warm fitua July ( as was before directed), you ſhould plant the
tion, obferving now and then to refreſh the earth with roots about fix or eight inches afunder each way ; and
water : but by no means let them have too much wet, in the winter, when the froft begins, you ſhould either
which would rot their roots, efpecially before they cover the bed with a frame, or arch it over, and cover
come up. About the middle of September, fuch of it with mats and ftraw, to prevent their leaves from
the roots as are ftrong enough to flower, will begin being pinched with cold ; but in the fpring the co
to fhew the bud of their flower-ſtem (which is com vering may be entirely removed, and the bed kept
monly of a red colour) ; therefore you ſhould remove conftantly clear from weeds, during the fummer, ob
thefe pots into
a fituation where they may have the ferving to ftir the furface of the earth now and then ;
+ full benefit of the fun, and may be fheltered from and every year, when the leaves are decayed, you
ftrong winds : but by no means place them too near fhould fhift a little fresh earth over the beds , to en
a wall, nor under glaffes, which would draw them up courage the roots. In this bed the roots may remain
weak, and render them lefs beautiful. At this feafon until they are ftrong enough to produce flowers, when
they should be gently refreshed with water, if the they may be taken up and planted in pots, as was
weather be warm and dry ; but if it ſhould prove very before directed, or fuffered to remain in the ſame bed
wet, they fhould be fcreened from it. to flower.
When the flowers begin to open, the pots fhould be The roots of theſe plants do not flower again the fuc
removed under fhelter, to prevent the flowers from ceeding year (as in many other forts of bulbs ; ) but
being injured by too much wet : but they muſt not if their bulbs contain two buds in their center, as is
be kept too clofe, nor placed in a fituation too warm, often the cafe, they very often flower twice within the
which would occafion their colour to be lefs lively, compafs of three years ; after which, the fame indi
and haften their decay. The flowers of this plant vidual root does not flower again in feveral years, but
will continue in beauty (if rightly managed ) a full only the offsets from it.
month ; and though they have no fcent, yet, for the AMBROSIA [fo called from privative and
richnefs of their colour, they are juftly efteemed in Beores mortal, ] becauſe feigned by the poets to be the
the firft rank of the flowery tribe. food of the gods.
After the flowers are decayed, the green leaves will The CHARACTERS are,
begin to fhoot forth in length, and if ſheltered from It bath male and female flowers on the fame plant. The
fevere cold, will continue growing all the winter ; male flowers are compofed of manyflorets, which are in
but they must have as much free air as poffible in cluded in one common empalement of one leaf, whichis plain,
mild weather, and covered only in great rains or and extended the length of theflorets : each floret is of one
frofts ; for which purpofe, a common hot-bed frame leaf, funnel-fhaped, and cut into five parts at the brim ;
is the propereft ſhelter for them ; under which if they in the center is fituated the five fmall ftamina, which are
are placed, the glaffes may be taken off conſtantly crowned with pointed erect fummits. The female florets
every day in dry open weather, which will encourage are placed under the male in the fame fpike ; thefe have an
the leaves to grow ftrong and broad ; whereas when empalement of one leaf, which is pointed and permanent :
they are placed in a green-houſe, or not expofed to they have nopetals, but an oval germen placed inthe bottom
the open air, they will grow long and flender, and of the empalement, fupporting a flender Style, crowned
have a pale weak afpect, whereby the roots will be with two long hairy figma. The germen afterward be
come weak, fo that it feldom happens that they pro comes an ovalhard capfule with one cell, crowned with the
duce fowers under fuch management . acute fegments of the empalement, and incloſing one round
Thefe roost fhould be tranfplanted every fourth or ifb feed.
fifth year toward the latter end of June, or beginning This genus of plants, is by Dr. Linnæus ranged in
of July, and planted into freſh earth (but they fhould the fifth divifion of his twenty-firſt claſs , entitled Mo
} not be oftener removed, for that would retard their næcia Pentandria, from their having male and female
flowering. ) The offsets fhould alfo be taken off, and flowers in the fame plant, and the male flowers having
planted into feveral pots, which, in three years time, five ftamina.
will produce flowers ; fo that after a perfon is once The SPECIES are ,
ftocked with theſe roots, they may increaſe them, fo I. AMBROSIA ( Maritima) foliis multifidis racemis foli
as to have a ſupply of blowing roots, without being taris pilofis. Lin . Sp. Plant. 988. Ambrofia with
at the trouble or expence of fending to Guernſey every leaves divided into manyparts, and fingle hairy spikes of
year for freſh roots ; and the roots preferved here will flowers. Ambrofia maritima. C. B. P. Sea Ambro
flower ftronger than thofe which are ufually brought fia.
from thence, for the inhabitants of thoſe iſlands are 2. AMBROSIA (Elatior) foliis bipinnatifidis, racemis pa
not very curious in cultivating them. Their uſual niculatis terminalibus glabris. Hort. Upfal. 284.
method is to plant them at a great diftance in a bed Ambrofia with double winged leaves, a smooth loofe fpike
of common earth, where they let them remain for offlowersgrowing at the extremity of the branches. Am
many years in which time they produce fuch a num brofia maritima foliis artemifiæ inodoris elatior. H.
ber of offsets, that many times one fingle cluſter has L. 32 .
contained above a hundred roots , by which means, 3. AMBROSIA ( Trifida) foliis trilobis & quinquelobis ferra
thofe which grow on the infide are fo much compreffed tis. Lin. Sp.988 . Ambrofiawith leaves havingthree andfive
lobes,
 AM B JAME

lobes, which arefawed ontheir edges. Ambrofia Virginiana [ with other hardy annual plants, among which they
maxima, platani orientalis folio. Mor. Hift. 3. p. 4. will make a variety. Thefe will flower in July, and
4. AMBROSIA ( Artemififolia) foliis bipinnatifidis prime their feeds ripen in September.
ribus ramulorum indivifis integerrimis. Lin . Sp . The third fort is a native of North America, where
Plant. 988. Ambrofia with double winged leaves, and it is a very common weed. This often grows eight
the younger branches having entire leaves. Ambrofia or ten feet high ; and if it is planted in a rich moiſt
maxima inodora marrubii aquatici foliis tenuiter la foil, or is often watered, it will grow much higher,
ciniatis Virginiana . Pluk. Alm . 27. tab. 10 . and fpread out into many branches. The feeds of
5. AMBROSIA ( Arborefcens) foliis pinnatifidis hirfutis ra this plant, when fown in the fpring, feldom come up
cemis folitariis terminalibus, caule fruticofo perenne . the first year, but frequently remain in the ground
Ambrofia with hairy winged leaves, fingle pikes of until the following fpring ; fo that when the plants do
flowers growing at the extremity of the branches, and a not come up, the ground muft not be difturbed till
fhrubby perennialfalk. after the fpring following. When the plants come
The firft fort grows naturally in Cappadocia, &c. near up, fome of them may be tranfplanted into a moift
the fea fhore , this rifes about two feet and a half high, rich foil, allowing them at least four or five feet room
fending out branches, garnished with leaves divided every way ; if they are frequently watered in dry
into many parts, and upon being handled emit a ftrong weather, they will grow to a large fize ; but their
odour. The fpikes of flowers are produced from the branches must be fupported by ftakes, otherwife they
wings of the ftalks, which are long, fingle, and hairy; are very ſubject to break with ftrong winds. The
the upper part being furniſhed with many male flow flowers of this plant are not more confpicuous than
ers, and the lower part with female flowers ; thefe thofe of the Hemp, to which thefe are near akin ;
grow cloſe to the ftalk. After the flowers are paft, therefore are only preferved by fuch perfons as are
the female flowers are fucceeded by hard leafy cap curious in botany, for the fake of variety. If the
fules having one cell, in which is included a fingle feeds of this fort ripen and are fuffered to fcatter, the
round feed. This is an annual plant, which feldom plants will come up the following fpring, provided
perfects its feeds in England, unless the plants are the ground is not difturbed ; or if the feeds are fown
brought forward in the fpring; therefore the feeds in autumn, the plants will come up the following
fhould be fown in the autumn in a warm border, and fpring, and may be treated as above.
when the plants come up in the fpring, they fhould The fourth fort grows naturally in North America,
be tranfplanted into another warin border of poor from whence I have frequently received the feeds .
ground ; for when thefe plants are put into rich moift This divides into many branches, the lower part of
land, they grow very luxuriantly, fo do not flower which are garnished with whole leaves, but the upper
till late in the feafon. Therefore the beft method to part hath compound leaves refembling thofe of the
obtain good feeds, is to plant fome of the plants in fecond fort ; the fpikes of flowers are produced from
lime rubbish, to prevent their luxuriant growth, which the wings of the ftalks, in which this differs from the
will caufe them to flower early, whereby good feeds fecond. This may be treated in the fame manner as
may be obtained. the fecond fort.
If the feeds ripen and are permitted to ſcatter, the The fifth fort is a native of Peru, from whence the
plants will come up the following fpring without care; younger Juffieu fent the feeds to the royal garden at
for when the feeds are fown in the fpring, the plants Paris, and by the generofity of his brother Dr. Bar
: feldom come up the fame year, but will remain in the nard de Juffieu, I was favoured with this plant, which
ground a year before they vegetate . There is not has fucceeded in the Chelfea garden, where it annually
T
much beauty in this plant, fo it is not often admitted perfects its feeds.
to have a place in gardens, except in thofe where a This grows to the height of ten or twelve feet, with
variety of plants are preferved . a woody ftem, dividing into feveral branches, gar
The fecond fort grows naturally in the iflands of nished with hairy leaves, compofed of feveral winged
America, as alfo in Carolina and Virginia ; from the lobes, and are placed alternately upon the branches ;
two latter countries I have frequently received the the fpikes of flowers are fingle, hairy, and are pro
feeds, and in the tubs of earth which came with plants duced at the extremity of the branches. The female
from the former, the plants have come up in plenty, flowers (which are fituated below the male, on the
fo is undoubtedly a common weed there. This grows fame fpikes ) grow in fmall clusters, at feparate dif
morethan three feet high, dividinginto many branches ; tances, each having two long narrow fegments of the
garniſhed with winged leaves in fhape like thoſe empalement , which rife above the capfule or feed
of Mugwort ; at the extremity of each branch, the veffel.
loofe fpikes of flowers are produced, compofed of one This is a perennial plant, and may be propagated by
long ſpike in the middle, and three or four fhorter cuttings or feeds ; if by the former, they fhould be
lateral fpikes : thefe are finooth, and have male and planted in a fhady border, in either of the fummer
female flowers ranged in the fame manner as the months ; thefe will require to be frequently watered :
former ; the female flowers are fucceeded by feeds of in a month or five weeks they will have good roots,
the fame ſhape . therefore fhould then be taken up and pot;ed ; for
This fort will come up and thrive in the open air in when they are left longer in the full ground, they
England, but the plants fo raifed will not produce will grow very luxuriant, and not fo foon recover
good feeds, unlefs the feafon is warm ; therefore to their removal, as thofe which are tranfplanted earlier.
obtain them every year, it is neceffary to cultivate Thefe plants are hardy, fo may be expofed to the
them in the following manner. open air in fummer ; and in the winter, if they are
The feeds of this plant fhould be fown on a moderate fheltered in a common green-houfe, with Myrtles and
hot-bed in March, and when the plants are come up other hardy exotic plants, they will live feveral years.
two inches high, they muſt be tranfplanted into ano In mild winters, the roots of this plant have lived in
ther moderate hot-bed, allowing each plant three or the full ground in a warm border, without any co
four inches fquare ; obferving to water them pretty vering, but hard froft will kill them.
well, and fhade them until they have taken new root ; The feeds of this fort feldom come up the fame year,
afterward they muſt have a large fhare of fresh air when they are fown in fpring, but thofe which have
every day, when the weather is warm , and frequent fallen in the autumn, have grown the following year,
waterings, for they are very thirty plants. When the and fo have thofe which have been fown at the fame
plants are grown pretty ftrong, they muſt be taken ſeaſon.
up with balls of earth to their roots, and planted in AMELANCHIER. See CHIONANTHUS .
large pots filled with light earth ; and if they are AMELLUS, Star-flower.
placed on a very moderate hot-bed until they are well The CHARACTERS are,
rooted, it will greatly forward their flowering. Toward The common flower-cup is round and fcaly ; the flower is
the latter end of May they fhould be placed abroad ofthe compound radiated kind ; the hermaphrodite flowers
6
र compofe
 CHARGESEN

1 AME AMM
her
and from whence the feeds were fent to the imperial gar
compofe the disk, and the female the rays : the hermaphro
dite are tubulous, with five fegments ; the female are den at Peterſburgh, where the plants flourished and
ere tongue-fhaped, divided into two or three fegments ; the perfected their feeds, part of which were fent me by
ht first bave five fhort ftamina, an oval germen with a fien the late Dr. Amman, which grew in the Cheifea gar
Gift der ftyle, and two ftigmas ; the female are like them. den, where the plants annually produce feeds.
er, The flower-cup afterward contains one ovalfeed, crowned It is an annual plant with an upright talk, which
of with hairy down. rifes about a foot high ; toward the top it puts out
tip This genus of plants is ranged by Dr. Linnæus in two or three fall lateral branches, garnifhed with
nd the fecond fection of his ninteenth clafs ; the flowers fmall trifid leaves, fawed on their edges, of a very
do of this fection are compofed of hermaphrodite florets dark green colour ; at the extremity of the branches
in the center, and female in the circumference. the flowers are produced in fmall umbels ; they are
The SPECIES are , of a fine blue colour, as are alfo the upper part
1. AMELLUS (Lychnitis) foliis oppofitis lanceolatis obtu of the branches, and the leaves immediately under the
fis, pedunculis unifloris. Lin. Sp. 1276. Star - flower umbel ; fo that although the flowers are fmall, yet
with Spear-shaped obtufe leaves placed oppofite, and one from their colour with thofe of the upper part of the
T flower on each foot-ſtalk. ftalks, the plants make a pretty appearance, during
2. AMELLUS (Umbellatus) folijs oppofitis triplinerviis fub their continuance in flower. Ifthe feeds of this plant
J
e tus tomentofis, floribus umbellatus . Amoen . Acad. are fown in the autumn, or are permitted to fcatter,
7 5. p. 407. Star-flower with oppofite leaves having three the plants will come up early the following fpring,
veins, and flowers in umbels. and thefe will flower the beginning of June ; but
The first fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good thofe which are fown in the fpring, will not flower till
Hope. It rifes from two to three feet high, fending July ; and in dry feafons, the feeds will remain in the
out branches on every fide, garniſhed with fpear ground a whole year, fo that the beſt time for fow
fhaped leaves placed oppofite, terminated by flower ing them is in the autumn.
ftalks, each fupporting one Violet- coloured flower, When the plants come up, they will require no other
with a yellow difk, fhaped like thoſe of the After, care but to keep them clean from weeds , and where
which appear in July or Auguft. they are too cloſe to thin them ; for they do not thrive
This is a perennial plant, which is eafily propagated when tranfplanted, therefore the feeds fhould be fown
by cuttings, which, if planted in fhade during any where they are to remain .
of the fummer months, and duly watered, will put AMMANNIA. Houft. Nov. Gen. Lin. Gen.
Plant. 144 .
out roots ; theſe ſhould be taken up with balls of
earth to their roots, and planted in pots, that they The CHARACTERS are,
may be ſheltered in winter, either under a common It hath a bell- shaped, oblong, erect, permanent empale
frame, or in a green-houſe, where they may have ment, having four angles, and divided at the brim into
plenty of air in mild weather, otherwife they will eight flender parts. The flower bath no petals, but four
draw up weak and have little beauty. fienderftamina which are as long as the empalement in
The fecond fort grows naturally in Jamaica ; this which they are inferted. These are crowned with double
hath hoary ftalks which rife two feet high, fending fummits. In the center is fituated a large round germen,
out fide branches, which are garnifhed with oval Supporting a fhort style crowned with a ftigma ; the em
leaves placed oppofite ; the flowers which terminate palement afterward becomes a round capfule with four cells, 蓄
the branches grow in fmall umbels, but theſe have which are filled with ſmallfeeds. 1
little beauty. It may be propagated by feeds, which This genus is by Dr. Linnæus ranged in his fourth
-fhould be fown on a hot-bed in the fpring ; when the clafs of plants, entitled Tetrandria Monogynia, the
plants are fit to remove, two or three of them ſhould flower having four ftamina and one ſtyle.
be planted in pots, then plunged into a hot-bed of The SPECIES are ,
tan, to bring them forward to get ripe feeds in the 1. AMMANNIA (Latifolia) foliis femiamplexicaulibus,
autumn, otherwife the plants will require a ftove in caule tetragono. Hort. Cliff. 344. Ammannia with
winter. a fquare ftalk, and leaves embracing it halfround. Am
AMENTACEOUS flowers [of Amentum, Lat. a mannia paluftris, caule quadrangulari foliis anguftis.
ftring, thong, or latchet] are fuch as have an aggre Houft. MSS.
gate of fummits, hanging down in form of a rope, 2. AMMANNIA ( Ramofior) foliis fubpetiolatis caule ramo
or cat's tail, which is alfo called an Iulus ; as in Wil fa. Lin. Sp . Plant. 120. Ammannia with leaves hav
lows, Walnuts, Poplars, &c. ing fhort foot- ftalks and a branching fialk. Ludvigia
AMETHYSTE A. Lin. Gen. 32. Amethyſtina. aquatica erecta caule rubente, foliis ad genicula bi
Amman. Haller. Amethyft. nis longis anguftis hyffopi inftar flore tetrapetalo al
The CHARACTERS are, bo . Clayt.
The flower bath a permanent bell-shaped empalement of 3. AMMANNIA (Baccifera) foliis fubpetiolatis capfulis ca
one leaf, cut into five equal pointed fegments at the lyce majoribus coloratis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 120. Am
brim ; the flower is of one leaf, of the lip kind, divided mania whofe leaves havefhort foot - ftalks, and a coloured
into five unequal parts at the top ; the upper leaf is erect, feed- veffel larger than the flower-cup.
roundish, concave, and cut into two ; the lower lip is cut The first fort grows naturally in moift places inJamai
into three parts, the middle fegment being concave and of ca, from whence Dr. Houfton fent the feeds to Eng
the fame length with the upper lip, but the two fide feg land, which fucceeded at Chelfea, and have from
ments are shorter and erect. It hath two flender ftamina, thence been diftributed to most of the botanic gar
which stand under the upper lip, but are longer ; thefe are dens in Europe .
crowned with roundish fummits. In the center isfituated It grows about a foot and a half high, with an upright
a quadrifid germen, fupporting afingle style, crowned with fquare ftalk, and long narrow leaves fet in form of a tri
trvo acuteftigma : after the flower is past, the germen be angle, whofe bafe half furrounds it ; thefe grow the
comes four naked feeds, fhut up in the empalement. whole length of the ftem . They are of a pale green,
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnæus ranged in and of the confiftence of thofe of Purflane ; the ftalks
his fecond clafs of plants, entitled Diandria Mono are alſo fucculent, and of the fame colour with thoſe
gynia, the flower having two ftamina and one of that plant. The flowers come out in whorles round
ſtyle. the ftalks, at the joints where the leaves adhere, in
We know but one SPECIES of this genus, viz. Th clufters : thefe have no petals, fo make no great ap
AMETHYSTEA. Hort. Upfal. 9. Amethystina montana pearance, and are foon fucceeded by round feed-vef
erecta foliis exiguis digitatis trifidis ferratis, flofculis fels, which are full of fmall feeds.
cum comâ è coeruleo-janthinis. Amman. Ruth. 4. The plant muſt be raiſed on a hot - bed in the fpring,
i. e. Mountain upright Amethyst, with small, trifid, fawed and afterward removed to another hot-bed to bring
leaves, and the heads andflowers of ajacinth blue. it forward. When the plants have acquired ftrength,
This plant is a native of the mountains in Siberia, they ſhould be tranfplanted into pots filled with rich
L light
1
 AM M ΑΜΟ

light earth, and placed under a frame, obferving to land . When the feeds are fown in the fpring, they
fhade them till they have taken freth root ; then they feldom come up the fame year ; and if they thould
fhould be placed in a glafs- cafe or ftove to ripen their thofe plants will be weak and produce few feeds.
feeds, for the plants are too tender to thrive in the The fecond fort is a perennial plant, which is pre
open air in this country, unleſs the fummer proves ferved in botanic gardens for variety, but having lit
very warm. tle beauty, is rarely admitted into other gardens. It
The fecond fort grows naturally in Virginia and Ca may be propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown
rolina ; this is an annual plant, which rifes about a in the autumn, becaufe thofe fown in the ípring, fel
foot high , with red fucculent ftalks , putting out fide dom come up the fame year. It will grow in any open
It will
branches, which grow oppofite : the flowers are pro fituation, is very hardy, and thrives beft on a nioilt
duced fingle from the wings on the lower part of the foil.
branches, but toward the top they are in cluſters ; A MMI PERENNE . See SIUM .
theſe have no beauty, fo are only preferved in botanic A MOMUM . Lin. Gen. Plant. 2. Zinziber. C. B. P.
gardens for the fake of variety. This fort will per 35. Ginger.
The CHARACTERS are,
fect its feeds in the open air, if the plants are raiſed
on a hot-bed in the fpring, and planted in a warm The flowers are collected into a fcaly fpike, each having a
border. double (fpatha) or fheath ; the outer fheath loosely covers
The third fort grows naturally in China ; this is a the fcale, and the inner encompaffes the tube of the flower
very low plant, feldom rifing more than three inches with the parts of generation : the flower is of one leaf,
high ; the leaves are placed oppofite on the branches, tubulous below , but divided into three parts at the brim ,
and the flowers grow in whorles from the wings of the middle fegment being longer and broader than the others.
the ftalk. As this plant has little beauty, it is rarely In the bofom of the flower is fituated an oblong thick nec
preferved in gardens. It must be raiſed on a hot-bed tarium. From the tube of the flower arifes two flender
in the fpring, and treated in the fame manner as the Stamina, which are crowned with thick short fummits.
firft fort, with which management the feeds will ripen Under the receptacle of the flower is placed the round ger
, in England. men, fupporting a single style, which is as long as the
AMMI ["Au , Gr. ] Bifhops-weed. tube of the flower, crowned with a bairy ftigma. The
The CHARACTERS are,
germen afterward becomes an oval three-corneredfeed-vef
It is an umbelliferous plant ; the great umbel is compofed Jel, pening in three parts, containing feveral feeds.
of manyfmaller, which are difpofed like rays. The outer This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnæus ranged in
involucrum is composed of many narrow-pointed leaves, his first clafs, entitled Monandria Monogynia ; but
which are almost the length ofthe umbel. The small um it more properly belongs to his fecond, for the
bels have a short many-leaved involucrum . The flowers flowers of this have two ftamina, one of which is
are difform , each having five petals, which are heart joined to the upper fegment of the flower, and this
fhaped , thofe in the outer rays being large and unequal in foon lofes it fummits, to appears to be only a feg
fize, but thofe in the center, which compofe the difk, are ment. This I have conftantly found in all the flow

nearly equal. The flowers havefive flenderftamina, which ers which I have examined ; the flowers have but
are crowned with roundifh fummits. In the center of the one ſtyle.
The SPECIES are,
empalement is fituated the germen, fupporting two re
flexed styles, crowned with obtufe ftigma. The germen 1. AмOмUм fcаpo nudo fpicâ ovato. Hort. Cliff. 3.

afterward becomes a fmall, round, ftriated fruit, compofed Amomum with a naked ftalk and oval Spike offlowers.
of two feeds, which are plain within and convex on their Zinziber. C. B. P. 35. Ginger.
outfide. 2. AмOмUм fcapo nudo fpicâ oblongâ obtusâ. Hort.
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnæus ranged in Cliff. 3. Amomum with a naked ftalk and an oblong blunt
the fecond fection of his fifth clafs, entitled Pentan flower -fpike. Zinziber latifolium fylveftre . Hort .
dria Digynia, the flowers having five ftamina and two Lugd. 636. Broad-leaved wild Ginger, called Zerumbet.
ftyles. 3. AмOмUм fсapo bracteis alternis laxis, caule folio
The SPECIES are, rum altiffimo. Amomum withflower -ſtalks loosely branch
1. AMMI (Majus) foliis inferioribus pinnatis lanceolatis ing alternately, and very tall leaf-stalks.
ferratis, fuperioribus multifidis linearibus. Hort. The firft, which is the common Ginger, is cultivated
Úpfal. 59. Bishops- weed with under leaves, which are for fale in moft of the islands of America, but is a
winged, spear -
shaped, and fawed, and the upper leaves native of the Eaft- Indies, and alfo of fome parts of
are divided into many narrow segments. This is the the Weft-Indies, where it is found growing naturally
Ammi majus. C. B. P. 159. And the Ammi vulgare. without culture. The dried roots of this fort furnifh.
Dod. p. 415.
415 . Common Bishops-weed. a confiderable export from the British colonies in
2. AMMI (Glaucifolium ) foliorum omnium lacinulis lan America. The roots are of great ufe in the kitchen,
ceolatis. Guett. 2. p . 433. i . e. Bishops- weed with all as alfo in medicine ; and the green roots preferved as
its leaves cut in shape of a spear. Ammi petræum a fweatmeat, are preferable to every other fort.
glaucifolium perenne. Mor. Hift . 3. p . 295. The roots of this fort are jointed, and ſpread in the
The firft fort is annual ; of this there is a variety, ground ; thefe put out many green reed -like ſtalks in
which is mentioned by John Bauhin as a diftinct fpe the fpring, which rife to the height of two feet and a
cies, under the title of Ammi majus foliis plurimum half, garnished with long narrow leaves, cloſely em
incifis & nonnihil crifpis ; but I have frequently had bracing the ftalks at their bafe. The flower-ſtems
this variety arife from the feeds of the former, fo I afterward arife by the fide of thefe, immediately from
have not enumerated it as a different fort. the root ; thefe are naked, ending with an oblong
This plant is propagated by feeds, which ſhould be fcaly fpike ; from each of thefe fcales is produced a
fown in the autumn in the place where it is to re fingle blue flower, whofe petals are but little longer
main ; and in the fpring, the ground fhould be hoed than the fquamofe covering. The flowers appear in
to cut up the weeds, and alfo to thin the plants in September, and in about a month after the ftalks en
the fame manner as is practifed for Carrots, leaving tirely decay, fo that the roots remain inactive three or
them four or five inches afunder ; or if the ground is four months.
good where they grow, they must be left at leaſt fix The fecond fort grows naturally in India ; the roots
inches, for they will grow large and cover the ground ; of this are much larger than thofe of the firft, but are
after this they will require no farther care, but to jointed in the fame manner. The ftalks grow from
keep them clean from weeds. In June they will flow three, to near four feet high, garnifhed with oblong
er, and their feeds will ripen in Auguft, which fhould leaves, placed alternately, and embrace the ftalks at
be gathered as it ripens, otherwife it will foon ſcatter. their bafe. The flower-items arife immediately from
Theſe feeds are uſed in medicine, fo may be had in the root ; thefe are terminated by oblong, blunt,
plenty with this management ; for it will grow in any fcaly heads ; out of each fcale is produced a fingle
fituation that is open, but thrives beft on light fandy white flower, whofe petals extend a confiderable length
beyond
 ΑΜΟ AMY

beyond their fcaly covering. Thefe appear in Sep twelve or fourteen feet, garnished with very long
tember, and in November all the ſtalks perish in the winged leaves, in fhape like thofe of the common
fame manner as the Ginger. Acacia. , At the extremity of the fame year's fhoots,
The third fort hath thick fleshy roots, refembling the flowers are produced in long flender fpikes, which
•
thofe of the large Flag Iris ; in the fpring theſe fend are fmall, and of a deep purple colour ; the ftamina
forth many green reed-like ftalks, which rife to the ftand out beyond the petals, and are crowned with
height of feven or eight feet, garniſhed with very long yellowfummits ; after the flowers are paft, the germen
narrow leaves, fet alternately, cloſely embracing them turns to a fhort pod, having two kidney-fhaped feeds,
at their baſe. The ſtalks decay entirely in autumn, but thefe do not ripen in England.
and new ariſe from the, roots in the fpring, but it The feeds of this plant were fent to England from
hath not produced any flowers as yet in England, Carolina, by Mr. Mark Catefby, F. R. S. in 1724,
though the roots thrive and increaſe greatly where from which many plants were raiſed in the gardens
they are properly managed. near London ; thefe were of quick growth, and many
All theſe forts are tender, and require a warm ftove of the plants produced flowers in three years. At
to preſerve them in this country. They are eaſily prefent it is become very common in all the gardens
propagated by parting of their roots ; the beſt time and nurferies, where it is propagated as a flowering
for doing this is in the fpring, before they put out fhrub, for the ornament of the fhrubbery. It is ge
new ſhoots ; for they ſhould not be tranfplanted in nerally propagated by feeds, which are annually fent
fummer when they are in full vigour, nor do they to England from different parts of America ; for it is
fucceed fo well when they are removed in autumn , found in many of the northern colonies there, and it
becauſe they remain long after in an inactive ſtate ; may alſo be propagated by laying down of the
and during that time, if wet comes to the roots, it young branches, which in one year will make good
often caufes them to rot. When the roots are parted, roots, and may then be taken off and planted either
they ſhould not be divided into finall pieces, eſpecially in the nurſery, or the places where they are defigned
if they are defigned to have flowers ; for until the to remain. If they are put into a nurſery, they ſhould
roots have ſpread to the fide of the pots, they rarely not remain there inore than one year ; for as the plants
put out flower-ſtems, for which reafon they fhould make large fhoots, they do not remove well when
not be planted in very large pots. they have remained long in a place : they muſt have
Thefe plants thrive beft in a light rich earth, ſuch as a fheltered fituation, otherwife their branches will be
may be found in the kitchen-garden ; with this the broken by the winds. As theſe fhoots are large and
pots fhould be filled within two inches of the top, foft, their upper parts are generally killed by froſt in
then the roots ſhould be placed in the middle of the winter, but they put out fhoots again in plenty below
pots, obferving that their crowns are upwards, and the dead part the fpring following.
the pots filled up with the fame rich earth ; after this AMPHITHEATRE ['Aupalgov of appl, around,
the pots fhould be plunged into a hot-bed of tanners and dopa , to view, Gr. ] or temples of view erected
bark, and muſt be ſparingly watered, until their ſtalks on a double riſing, were eſteemed great ornaments to
appear above ground, when they will require a greater a large and noble garden. If this hill, or rifing
fhare of moisture, eſpecially during the warm fum ground, is of a femicircular figure, it will be ſtill the
mer months ; but in autumn the waterings must not better.
be often, nor in great plenty ; and during the winter Thefe amphitheatres are fometimes formed of Ever
feaſon, when the roots are inactive, very little water greens, as Hollies, Phillyreas, Lauruftinufes, Bays,
fhould be given them. The pots with thefe roots I &c. obferving to plant the fhortest growing fhrubs in
fhould conftantly remain plunged in the tan-bed, for the front, and the talleft trees behind, as Pines, Firs,
if they are taken out and placed on fhelves in the Cedars of Lebanon, & c.
ftove, their fibres frequently fhrink, which often oc They are alfo formed of flopes on the fides of hills,
cafions the roots to decay. and covered with turf, but are nowgenerally excluded
With this management all theſe forts have multiplied by all perfons of true tafte ; for the natural eafy flope
greatly with me, and the common Ginger has pro of fuch hills, is infinitely more beautiful than the ftiff
duced roots which have weighed five or fix ounces, angular flopes into which theſe amphitheatres are
but the others have been near a pound weight. commonly cut.
AMOMUM PLINII. See SOLANUM . AMYGDALUS. Lin . Gen. Plant. 545. ['Aµúy
AMORIS POMUM. See LYCOPERSICON. San , Gr.] The Almond-tree.
AMORPHA. Lin. Gen. Plant . 768. Baftard The CHARACTERS are,
Indigo. It bath a tubulous empalement of one leaf, which is cut
The CHARACTERS are, at the brim into five obtufe fegments ; the flower bathfive
The flower bath a permanent empalement of one leaf, oval, obtufe, concave petals, which are inferted in the em
which is tubulous, cylindrical, and cut into five fmall ob palement ; in the center of the outer flower is fituated a
tufe parts at the brim. The flower is of the butterfly roundish bairy germen, fupporting a fingle style the length
kind ; the upper petal, or ſtandard, is ſmall, concave, and of the framina, which is crowned by a round ftigma , this
erect ; this is inferted between the two upper fegments of is attended by a great number offlender erect stamina,
the empalement. It hath ten ftamina, joined at their bafe, which in many fpecies are not fo long as the petals of the
of unequal lengths, and crowned with fummits ; in the flower, thefe are crowned with flender fummits. After
center is fituated a roundish germen, fupporting an awl the flower is paft, the germen becomes an oval, compreffed,
Shaped ftyle, which is the length of the ftamina, and large fruit, with a thin, tough, bairy covering, having
crowned with a fingle ftigma ; the germen afterward be a longitudinalfurrow ; this opens andfalls away, leaving
comes a reflexed moon- shaped pod, having one cell, in an ovalcompreffed nut, which is furrowed and netted, in
1
which are lodged two kidney-fhaped feeds. clofing a fingle feed of the fame form.
This genus is by Dr. Linnæus ranged in his feven Dr. Linnæus has joined to this genus the Perfica, or
teenth clafs of plants, entitled Diadelphia Decandria ; Peach-tree, making them only different fpecies, rang
the flowers of this clafs have ten ftamina, nine of ing it in his twelfth clafs, entitled Icofandria Mond
which are joined, and one ftands off. gynia ; the flowers having from twenty to thirty fta
We know but one SPECIES of this genus, viz . mina, which are inferted to the empalement.
AMORPHA (Fruticofa). Hort. Cliff. 353. Baftard Indi The SPECIES are,
go. Barba Jovis Americana pfeudoacacia foliis flof 1. AMYGDALUS (Communis) foliis petiolatis ferratis pe
culis purpureis minimis. Cat. Hort. Chelf. 11 . talis florum emarginatis. Almond-tree with farved
This fhrub grows naturally in Carolina, where for leaves, having foot-ftalks, and the petals of the flower in
merly the inhabitants made a coarſe fort of Indigo dented. Amygdalus fativa. C. B. P. 441. Common
from the young fhoots, which occafioned their giving Almond-tree.
it the title of Baftard Indigo . 2. AMYGDALUS (Dulcis) foliis petiolatis marginibus cre
It rifes with many irregular ſtems, to the height of natis, corollis calyce vix longioribus. Almond- tree
with
 AMY ANA

with crenated leaves, baring foot flaiks, and the petals of trees do not flower till March, they feldom fail to bear
the flowers no longer than the empalement. Anygdalus plenty of fruit, many of which will be very ſweet,
dulcis putamine molliori. C. B. P. 441. Commonly and fit for the table when green, but they will not
called Forden Almond. keep long.
3. AMYGDALUS (Sativus) foliis lineari-lanceolatis acu They are propagated by inoculating a bud of thefe
minatis, marginibus crenatis. Almond- tree with point trees into a Plumb, Almond, or Peach stock, in the
flaped leaves, crenated on their edges.
ed, narrow , spear- month of July (the manner of this operation fee un
Amygalus fativa flore albo. der the article of INOCULATION ). The next fpring,
4. AMYGDALUS ( Orientalis) foliis lanceolatis integerri when the buds fhoot, you may train them up either
mis, argenteis perennantibus petiolo breviore. Al for ſtandards, or fuffer them to grow for half ftand
mond-tree with pear-shaped filvery leaves, which are en ards, according to your own fancy ; though the ufual
tire, and continue all winter, and very foort foot ftalks.
- method is to bud them to the height the ftems are in
Amygdalus Orientalis foliis argenteis fplendentibus. tended to be ; and the fecond year after budding,
Du Hamel. they may be removed to the places where they are to
5. AMYGDALUS ( Nana) foliis petiolatis ferratis bafi at remain. The beft feafon for tranfplanting thefe trees,
tenuatis. Almond with fawed leaves, which are nar if for dry ground , is in October, as foon as the leaves
rosed at the foot -
talk. Amygdalus Indica nana. Pluk. begin to decay , but for a wet foil, February is much
Alm. 23. tab. 11. Dwarf Almond with fingle flowers. preferable, and obferve always to bud upon Plumb
The firft is the common Almond , which is cultivated tocks for wet ground, and Almonds and Peaches
more for the beauty of its flowers, than for its fruit. for dry.
There are two varieties of this, one with fweet, the ALMOND , the Dwarf, with double flowers . See
other bitter kernels, which often arife from the fruit PERSICA.
of the fame tree. AMYRIS. See TOXICODENDRON . 1

The fecond fort is commonly known by the title of ANACAMPSEROS. See SEDUM.
Jordan Almonds ; the nuts of this kind are frequently ANACARDIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 467. Acajou.
brought to England ; thefe have a tender fhell, and Tourn . Inft. R. H. 658. tab. 435. The Cathew-nut,
a large fweet kernel. The leaves of this tree are or Acajou .
broader, fhorter, and grow much clofer than thofe of The CHARACTERS are ,

the common fort, and their edges are crenated . The It bath an empalement of one leaf , which is erect, and
flowers are very finall, and of a pale colour, inclining cut into five acute fegments at the brim. The flower is
to white. I have feveral times raifed thefe trees from of one leaf, having a fort tube, cut into five parts at the
the Almonds which came from abroad, and always top, which are reflexed, and are longer than the empale
found the plants to maintain their difference from the ment ; the flower bath ten flender femina, which are as
• common Almond.
long as the petal, crowned with finall fumvits. In
The third fort hath narrow fharp-pointed leaves, the center is placed a roundgermen, fupporting an acl
which are fawed on their edges ; the flowers are much fhaped ftyle, crowned with an acute figma. The germen
fmaller than thofe of the common Almond, and are afterward becomes a large, oval, flefly fruit, having a
white ; the fhoots of this tree are fmaller, and the large kidney-faped nut growing to its apex.
joints clofer than thofe of the common fort, nor is the This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnæus ranged in
tree fo hardy, therefore fhould have the advantage the firft fection of his tenth clafs , entitled Decandria
of a warm fituation, otherwife it will not thrive. This Monogynia ; the flowers of this having ten ftami
fort flowers early in the fpring, and rarely produces na and a fingle ftyle.
"
fruit in England. But from an old tree which grew We have but one SPECIES of this genus, viz.
againſt a fouth-west afpected wall, I have fome years ANACARDIUM ( Occidentale) Hort. Cliff. 161. the occiden
had the fruit ripe, which were well flavoured, but tal Anacardium , or Cafhew . Acajou. Pif. Hift. Braf. 58 .
their kernels were finall. This tree grows to the height of twenty feet or more,
The fourth fort was found growing near Aleppo, from in its native country, which is both Indies, but in
whence the fruit was fent to the duke D'Ayen in England the plants are with great difficulty preferved ;
France, who raiſed feveral of the plants in his curi though by their firſt ſhoot from the feeds, they appear
ous garden at St. Germains, and was fo good as to fo ſtrong and vigorous, as to promife a much greater
fend me a fhare of them, which are flouriſhing in the progrefs than they are ever feen to make.
Chelfea garden, where they have endured the open They are eafily raifed from the nuts, which are an
air for fome years, against a wall, without any cover nually brought from America in great plenty ; each
ing. The leaves of this tree are filvery, and very of theſe ſhould be planted in a ſmall pot filled with
like thofe of the Sea Purflane. Thefe continue moft light fandy earth, and plunged into a good hot- bed
of the year ; the flowers are very ſmall, and have not of tanners bark, being careful to prevent their hav
been fucceeded by fruit yet in England . I can give ing wet, till the plants come up, for the nuts fre
no farther account of its difference from the other quently rot with moisture. The reafon of my advifing
forts. the nuts to be each put into a feparate pot, is, be
The fifth fort is very common in the nurferies about caufe the plants feldom live when they are tranfplant
London, and is ufually fold with other flowering ed. If the nuts are frefh, the plants will come up
fhrubs to adorn gardens : this feldom rifes more than in about a month after planting, and in two months
three feet high, fending out many fide branches. The more they will be four four or five inches high, with
roots of this are very fubject to put out fuckers, by large leaves ; from this quick growth, many per
which it may be increafed in plenty, but if thefe are fons have been deceived by fuppofing them hardy,
not annuallytaken away, they will ftarve the old plants . and that they would continue the like progrefs, whereas
As thefe fuckers are very apt to creep at the root, and they feldom advance much farther the fame year.
put out fuckers again, thofe plants which are propa The plants must be conftantly kept in the ftove, for
gated by layers are much preferable. This fhrub they are too tender to live abroad in England, in the
flowers in April , at which time all the young fhoots warmest feafon of the year, nor will they thrive in a
are covered with flowers, which are of a Peach blof common green-houfe in fummer. As theſe plants
fom , and make a fine appearance when intermixed abound with a milky acrid juice, they fhould have
with fhrubs of the fame growth. but little water, even in fummer ; and in winter, if
The common Almond is cultivated in all the nurfe
they are fparingly watered once in a fortnight, it will
ries, and the trees are generally planted for the beau be fufficient, for their roots are tender and foon perifh
ty of their flowers. Thefe often appear in February, with moisture.
when the fpring is forward, but if froft comes after, When theſe plants are tranfplanted, it will be the
the flowers are foon deftroyed, fo that their beauty is beft method to break the pots, for the roots do not
of fhort duration, and in fuch feafons there are few put out many fibres to hold the earth about them, fo
ofthe Almonds which bear fruit ; whereas, when the that in fhaking them out of the pots , moſt of the earth
1 will
 ANA ANA

Ear will fall away from their roots, and when this hap with narrow decompounded leaves, whofe divifions are
pens, the plants feldom furvive it ; therefore in break plain. Cotula cretica minima chamameli folio capite
et, inflexo. Tourn . Cor. 37.
Bot ing of the pots, the fame caution muſt be had not to
diſturb the earth more than can be avoided ; then the 2. ANACYCLUS ( Orientalis) foliis compofitis fetaceis acu
plant, with the ball of earth to its roots, fhould be tis rectis. Hort. Cliff. 417. Anacyclus with compound,
fe
put into a pot one fize larger than that in which it briftly, upright, pointed leaves. Chamamelum Orientale
he had before grown, filling up the pot with light fandy foliis pinnatis. Tourn. Cor. 37.
_
earth, and plunge the pots again into the hot-bed. 3. ANACYCLUS (Valentinus) foliis decompofitis linearibus
Theſe plants fhould not be removed oftener than once laciniis divifis tretiufculis acutis floribus flofculofis.
er
a year, nor fhould they be put into large pots, for Hort. Cliff. 417. Anacyclus with decompounded narrow
--
unleſs their roots are confined, they will not thrive. leaves, whofe divifions are taper andpointed, and flofcular
With this management I have kept theſe plants fe flowers. Chryfanthemum Valentinum. Cluf. Hift. 1 .
1
veral years, but they are of flow growth after the firft P. 332.
feafon, fo that I have not raifed any of them more The two firſt forts grow naturally in the iſlands of
than two feet and a half high, and it is very rare to the Archipelago, from whence Dr. Tournefort fent
fee them in England more than half that height, their feeds to the royal garden at Paris. I have alfo
Es
though I have ſeen two of them in flower, one in the received the feeds of both theſe plants from Portugal,
h
late Sir Charles Wager's garden at Parfons-green, and fo that it may alſo grow naturally there, as do many
b the other in Chelſea garden. of thoſe plants which were difcovered by Tournefort
The pulpy fruit, to whofe apex this nut grows, is in the Levant. Thefe are low plants, whole branches
as large as an Orange, and is full of an acid juice, trail on the ground . The firſt fort has fine cut leaves
which is frequently mixed in the making of punch in like thofe ofChamomile ; the flowers are finall, white,
America. Many of thefe fruit have been brought to and grow fingle, with their heads declining , thefe
England, in cafks of rum for the fame purpoſe. are like thofe of the common Mayweed. The ſecond
The nut is of the fize and fhape of a hare's kidney, hath winged leaves like thofe ofthe Ox-eye ; the flow
but is much larger at the end which is next the fruit, ers are white, and like thofe of Chamomile.
than at the other. The outer fhell is of an Afh colour, The third fort grows naturally in Spain, from whence
and very ſmooth ; under this is another which covers I have received the feeds. This grows a foot and
the kernel, between theſe there is a thick black in half high, fending out many fide branches ; the leaves
flammable oil, which is very cauftic ; this will raiſe are finely divided like thofe of Chamomile, and are
blifters on the ſkin, and has often been very trouble hairy :: the flowers grow ſingle at the extremity of the
fome to thoſe who have incautiouſly put the nuts into branches, and are of a bright yellow colour, with a
their mouths to break the fhell. filvery fcaly empalement. Theſe are as large as thoſe
The milky juice of this tree will ſtain linen of a deep of the Ox-eye.
black, which cannot be waſhed out again ; but whether All theſe plants are annual : the feeds fhould be ſown
this has the fame property with that of the eaftern early in the ſpring in a border of light earth, where
Anacardium, has not yet been fully experimented ; they are defigned to remain, and require no other
care but to keep them clean from weeds, and thin
for the infpiffated juice of that tree is the beſt fort of
lac, which is uſed for ſtaining of black in China and the plants where they are too clofe. As thefe have
Japan. no great beauty, a few plants only may be left for
Dr. Grew mentions the juice being uſed for ftaining the fake of variety. They flower in July and Auguſt,
of cottons, but it is doubtful which of the fpecies he and their feeds ripen in September.
means ; though Sir Hans Sloane fuppofes it to be of ANAGALLIS. Lin. Sp. Plant. 189. Pimpernel.
the Acajou here mentioned . However, it may be very The CHARACTERS are,
well worth the trial ; if the inhabitants of the Britiſh The empalement is permanent, cut intofiveſharp fegments,
iſlands in America would tap a few of the trees in which are hollow . The flower is of one leafspread open, and
the bleeding feafon, and collect the juice in earthen cut into five parts at the brim ; it hath five erectftamina
pots, keeping it in a place free from duft, or covering which are fhorter than the petals, and are crowned with
the pots over with a linen cloth, to prevent duft from fingle fummits. In the center is placed the globular ger
mixing with it, and when it is of a proper confiftence, men, fupporting a flender inclining style crowned with a
fome trials may be made with it, to fee ifit has the bluntftigma. The germen afterward becomes a globular
fame property with the Japan lac, which if it has, 9
veffel with one cell, opening horizontally, in which are lodged
may prove a valuable commodity. feveral angularfeeds.
ANACYCLUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 869. Santoli This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnæus ranged in the
noides. Vall. Acad. Scien. firft divifion of his fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria
The CHARACTERS are, Monogynia, the flowers having five ftamina and one
It bath compound flowers, confifting of female and her ftyle.
The SPECIES are,
maphrodite florets, included in one common fcaly empale
ment ; the rays or borders beingformed of the female florets, I. ANAGALLIS (Arvenfis) foliis indivifis caule procum
which are tubulous, and stretched out in the form of a bente. Lin. Gen. Plant. 148. Pimpernel with un
tongue beyond the empalement. The hermaphrodite florets divided leaves and a trailing ftalk. Anagallis Phoenicio
which compofe the difk, are funnel-shaped, quinquefid, and flore. C. B. P. 252.
Spread open ; thefe have eachfive flender ftamina, which 2 . ANAGALLIS (Famina) foliis indivifis glaucis caule
are crowned with cylindrical fummits ; in the center is procumbente flore cæruleo. Pimpernel with undivided
placed an oblong compreffed germen, fupporting a flender glaucous leaves, a trailing ſtalk, and blue flower. Ana
Style, crowned with bifid ftigma. The femaleflorets have gallis cæruleo flore. C. B. P. 252 .
an oblong membraneous germen, fupporting a flender ftyle, 3. ANAGALLIS ( Monelli) foliis indivifis caule erecto. Lin.
crowned with two flender reflexed ftigma ; the hermaphro Sp. Plant. 148. Pimpernel with an undivided leaf and
dite florets are fucceeded by one oblong compreffedfeed. The upright talk. Anagallis tenuifolia Monelli. Cluf.
femaleflorets are fucceeded by afingle oblongfeed with broad App. T
borders or wings, which are indented at the top; thefe are 4 . ANAGALLIS (Latifolia) foliis cordatis amplexicaulibus,
placed on a convex receptacle. caulibus compreffis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 149. Pimpernel
This genus of plants is ranged by Dr. Linnæus in the with heart-shaped leaves, embracing thestalks which are
third fection of his nineteenth clafs, entitled Synge compreffed. Anagallis Hifpanica latifolio flore cæruleo.
nefia Polygamia fuperflua. The plants of this divifion Horteg. ·
have female and hermaphrodite flowers included in The firſt fort is very common in fields, and other
the fame common empalement. cultivated places, in moft parts of England. The
The SPECIES are, fecond fort is fometimes found wild in the fields, but
1. ANACYCLUS (Creticus) foliis decompofitis linearibus is lefs common than the firft in England. This is
laciniis divifis planis. Hort. Cliff. 417. Anacyclus fuppofed to be only a variety of the firft, but from
M thirty
 ANA ANA

thirty years cultivating it , I can affirm it never alters ; they begin to put out their leaves, and planted in a
and the plants before they fhew their flowers are fo warm fituation ; for if they are too much expofed to
different, as to be eafily diftinguifhed from the firft. cold winds, they will be in danger of being deftroyed
There is a variety of this with a deeper blue flower, in a hard winter. This method of propagating thefe
whofe feeds I received from Nice, and this hath re plants, is to fupply their defect in not producing ripe
tained its colour for three years, during which time I feeds in this country ; for the plants which are pro
have fown it in the Cheifea garden . duced from feeds, will be much handfomer, and will
There are all annual plants whicharife from feeds, and , rife to a much greater height.
iffuffered to remain till their feeds featter, will become If you propagate theſe plants from feeds, you fhould
weeds in the place ; fo that they are never cultivated, fow them on a moderate hot-bed the beginning of
except in botanic gardens for variety. The firit and March. If the feeds are good, the plants will appear
fecond forts are directed by the College of Phyſicians in a month after the feeds are fown ; when they fhould
for medicinal uſe. be inured by degrees to the open air, into which they
The third fort is a very beautiful, fmall, perennial plant, fhould be removed toward the end of May, placing
producing great numbers of fine blue flowers , in them in a fheltered fituation ; for this purpoſe the
April and May: this may be propagated by feeds , feeds fhould be fowed in pots, and plunged into a
which fhould be fown foon after they are ripe ; for if hot-bed, becaufe the plants do not bear tranfplanting
they are kept till fpring, they do not always fucceed : well till the fpring following : and as they are impa
this plant requires to be fheltered from extreme cold , tient of cold while young, fo the two first winters it
which will fometimes deftroy it in winter. will be proper to ſhelter them under a common frame,
The fourth fort was fent me from Spain by Mr. Hor where the glaffes may be drawn off every day in mild
tega, intendant of the royal gardens at Madrid. This weather, that the plants may enjoy the open air,
is a trailing annual plant, with broad leaves and blue which will prepare them for planting abroad when
flowers. It will eafily rile from feeds, and requires they have acquired proper ftrength : it will be very
no other care but to keep the plants clean from proper to keep thefe plants in pots three years , in
' weeds. which time they will have advanced to be in proper
There are two varieties of the firft fort, one with a condition for planting them into the places where they
white, and the other a fiefh-coloured flower ; but as are intended to remain ; the beft time for this is about
they are not conftant, I have not inferted them as the beginning of April, juft before the plants begin
different fpecies. There is alfo another with a worn to put out new leaves : at which time they fhould be
out purple flower, which has feveral years continued turned out of the pots, preferving good balls of earth
the fame in the Chelfea garden ; but as there is little to their roots, planting fome of them againſt warm
difference in the leaves of this and the firit, I have afpected walls, where they will not be in danger of
not enumerated it. fuffering by froft ; and the others may be planted in
ANAGYRIS, Stinking Bean-trefoil. warm fituations, where, if they are protected in fevere
The CHARACTERS are, winters, by covering the furface of the ground about
It bath a bell-shaped empalement, which is cut into five their roots with tanners bark, and fcreening their
parts at the brim, the upper fegment being much deeper heads with mats, they may be preferved feveral years .
cut than the others. The flower is of the butterfly kind, The fourth year from feeds thefe plants will begin to
the ftandard is heart-shaped, upright, bread, and indented. produce their flowers, and will continue flowering
This is much longer than the empalement ; the wings are every year after, fo will be very proper to intermix
oblong, plain, and longer than the ftandard ; the keel is growth in
warm fituations.
long and upright : it bath ten ftamina, which rife diftin&t,
and are equal, crowned withfinglefummits. In the center ANANAS, the Pine-apple.
The CHARACTERS are ,
is placed an oblong germen,fupporting afingle ftyle, having
a hairy ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a large The flower confifts of three oval petals, which are pro
oblong pod, which is reflexed at the point, in which is duced from the protuberances of the pyramidalfruit, and
lodgedfeveralkidney-fhapedfeeds. are ftretched out beyond the empalement. Thefe have fix
Dr. Linnaeus ranges this genus in his tenth clafs of awl-shaped ftamina, which fand within theflower, crowned
plants, entitled Decandria Monogynia, the flower with fpear-shaped fummits : the germen is fituated below
having ten ftamina, and one ftyle. the flower, fupporting aflender ftyle, crowned with a trifid
The SPECIES are, ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a cell, in which
1. ANAGYRIS (Fatida) foliis ovatis floribus lateralibus . is lodged feveral angular feeds.
Stinking Bean-trefoil with oval leaves, andflowers pro Dr. Linnæus has joined this to the Bromelia of father
ceeding from the wings of the ftalks. Anagyris foetida. Plumier, to which he has alfo added the Karatas of
C. B. P. 391 . the fame author, fuppofing them to be of the fame
2. ANAGYRIS (Cretica) foliis oblongis racemis longiori genus ; which miftake he may have been led into by
bus. Stinking Bean-trefoil with oblong leaves, and longer Plumier's figures, for he has joined the fruit of the
Spikes of flowers. Anagyris foetida Cretica oblongis fo Caraguata to the flowers ofthe Karatas, and vice versa.
liis luteis floribus. Barrel. Icon . The other differences will be exhibited under the ar
The first fort grows wild in the fouth of France, in ticle Karatas .
Spain and Italy : this is a fhrub which ufually rifes The VARIETIES of this are,
to the height of eight or ten feet, and produces its I.
1. ANANAS ( Ovatus) aculeatus, fructu ovato, carne al
flowers in April and May, which are of a bright yel bida. Plum. Oval-shaped Pine-apple, with a whitish
low colour, growing in fpikes, fomewhat like thoſe flesh.
of the Laburnum: the feeds are never perfected in 2. ANANAS (Pyramidalis) aculeatus, fructu pyramidato,
this country, which is the reafon of its prefent fcarcity carne aurea. Plum. Pyramidal Pine-apple, with a
in England . yellowish flesh, called the Sugar-loaf Pine.
The other fort is a native of Candia, and fome of the 3. ANANAS ( Glabra) folio vix ferrato. Boerh. Ind . Alt.
islands of the Archipelago, and at prefent very rare 2. 83. Pine-apple with smooth leaves.
in the English gardens . This fort hath longer leaves 4. ANANAS ( Lucidus ) lucide virens, folio vix ferrato.
than the former, and flowers later in the fummer, fo Hort. Elth. Pine-apple with fhining green leaves, and
that it never produces feeds. Scarce any spines on their edges.
Thefe may be both propagated by laying down their 5. ANANAS (Serotinus) fructu pyramidato olivæ colore,
tender branches in the fpring, obferving to tongue intus aureo. Pyramidal Olive-coloured Pine-apple, with
them in the fame manner as the layers of Carnations , a yellow flesh.
being careful in dry weather to fupply them with 6 . ANANAS (Viridis ) aculeatus, fructu pyramidato ex
water , which if duly performed, the layers will have viridi flavefcente . The green Pine-apple.
taken root by the following fpring, when they fhould There are feveral other varieties of this fruit, fome of
be cut off from the old plants, a little time before which may have been obtained from feeds ; and I
6 doubt
 ΑΝΑ ANA
1a
to doubt not but if the feeds were fown frequently, in the fruit, both which I have found to be equally
ved the countries where they are in plenty, there may be good, although by fome perfons the crown is thought
efe as great variety of thefe fruit, as there are of Apples or preferable to the fuckers, as fuppofing it will produce
Pears in Europe. And this I have found true by fruit fooner than the fuckers, which is certainly a mif
pe
fome trials which I have made by fowing the feeds, take ; for by conftant experience I find the fuckers
ro
vill which have always produced a variety of forts from (if equally ftrong) will fruit as foon, and produce as
thofe of the fame fruit. large fruit as the crowns.
This fruit (which is juftly esteemed for the richneſs of The fuckers and crowns muſt be laid to dry in a warm
ald
its flavour, as it furpaffes all the known fruits in the place for four or five days, or more (according to the
cf
world), is produced from an herbaceous plant, which moiſture ofthe part which adhered to the old fruit ; )
ear
hath leaves fomewhat refembling thofe of Aloe, and for ifthey are immediately planted, they will rot, ef
ald
are, for the moft part, fawed on their edges, but are pecially the crowns. The certain rule of judging
ey
much thinner, and not fo juicy as the Aloe : the fruit when they are fit to plant, is by obferving if the
ng refembles the cones of the Pine-tree, from whence it bottom is healed over and become hard ; for if the
he
is fuppofed to have its name. fuckers are drawn off carefully from the old plants,
Where this plant is a native, I believe is hard to de they will have a hard fkin over the lower part, fo need
7g termine ; but it is probably an indigenous plant in not lie fo long as the crowns, or thofe whofe bottoms
2 are moift. But whenever a crown is taken from the
Africa, where, I have been informed, they grow in
It
uncultivated places in great plenty. They have been fruit, or the fuckers from old plants, they fhould be
long cultivated in the hotteſt iſlands of the Weft- In immediately diveſted of their bottom leaves, ſo high
A

dies, where they are in great plenty, and extraordinary as to allow depth for their planting ; fo that they may
I, goodness ; but they have not been many years in the be thoroughly dry and healed in every part, left when
n
European gardens, fo as to produce fruit : the firſt they receive heat and moisture, they fhould periſh,
Y perfon who fucceeded in this affair, was Monfieur Le which often happens when this method is not ob
1 Cour of Leyden in Holland, who, after a great many ferved. If thefe fuckers or crowns are taken off late
T trials, with little or no fuccefs , did at length hit upon in the autumn, or during the winter, or early in the
F a proper degree ofheat and management, fo as to pro fpring, they fhould be laid in a dry place in the ſtove,
duce fruit equally good ( though not fo large) as thofe for a fortnight or three weeks before they are planted,
which are produced in the Weft-Indies, as hath been but in the fummer feafon they will be fit for planting
often affirmed by perfons who have lived many years in a few days .
there : and it is to this worthy cultivator of gardening, As to the earth in which theſe ſhould be planted, if
who did not fpare any pains or expence to accompliſh you have a rich good kitchen-garden mould, not too
it, that all the lovers thereof are obliged, for intro heavy, fo as to detain the moisture too long, nor over
ducing this king offruits amongſt them ; and it was light and fandy, it will be very proper for them with
from him that our gardens in England were firft fup out any mixture : but where this is wanting, you
plied, though we have fince had large quantities fhould procure fome frefh earth from a good pa ture ;
brought from America. I cannot here avoid taking which should be mixed with about a third part of
notice of a common error which prevails amongit rotten neats dung, or the dung of an old Melon or
many people, which is, that the plants brought from Cucumber-bed, which is well confumed. Thefe fhould
America are not ſo good as thole which came from be mixed fix or eight months at leaft before they are
M. Le Cour ; which is a great miftake, for were ufed, but if it be a year, it will be the better ; and
the people who fend over thefe plants from America fhould be often turned, that their parts may be the
careful to fend the best kinds, there would be found better united, as alfo the clods well broken. Ths
many better than thofe cultivated by M. Le Cour, earth fhould not be fcreened very fine, for if you only
who had his from thence at firft, as his gardener af clear it of the great ftones, it will be better for the
fured me ; and I have feen as good fruit produced plants than when it is made too fine. You fhould
from American plants, as any I have yet feen, and always avoid mixing any fand with the earth, unleis
fome three times larger than any I faw in M. Le it be extremely ftiff, and then it will be neceffary to
Cour's garden. have it mixed at leaft fix months or a year before it is
The firft fort is the most common in Europe ; but uſed ; and it muſt be frequently turned, that the fand
the fecond fort is much preferable to it, the fruit of may be incorporated in the earth, fo as to divide its
this being larger, and much better flavoured : the parts : but you ſhould not put more than a fixth part 1
juice ofthis fort is not fo aftringent as that of the firſt, of fand, for too much fand is very injurious to thefe 1
fo that this fruit may be eaten in greater quantity plants.
with lefs danger. This frequently produces fuckers In the fummer feafon, when the weather is warm,
immediately under the fruit, whereby it may be in thefe plants must be frequently watered, but you
creafed much fafter than the common fort ; fo that in fhould not give them large quantities at a time : you
a few years, it may be the moſt common fort in muſt alſo be very careful, that the moisture is not
England. detained in the pots, by the holes being ſtopped, for
The third fort is preferved by fome curious perfons that will foon deſtroy the plants. In very warm weather
for the fake of variety, but the fruit is not worth any they ſhould be watered twice or three times a week ;
thing. The fixth fort is at preſent the moſt rare in but in a cool feaſon, once a week will be often enough :
Europe, there being very few ofthe plants at prefent. and during the fummer feafon, you fhould once a
This has been efteemed the beft fort known, by fome week water them gently all over their leaves, which
of the moft curious perfons in America, many of will wash the filth from off them, and thereby greatly
whom have thrown out all the other forts from their promote the growth of the plants.
gardens, and cultivate only this kind. The plants of There are fome perfons who frequently ſhift thefe
this fort may be procured from Barbadoes and Mont plants from pot to pot, but this is by no means to be
ferrat, in both which places it is cultivated. practifed by thofe who propofe to have large well fla
The fort with very fmooth graſs-green leaves, was voured fruit ; for unless the pots be filled with the
raifed from feeds taken out of a rotten fruit, which roots, by the time the plants begin to fhew their fruit,
came from the Weft-Indies to the late Henry Heath they commonly produce fmall fruit, which have ge
cote, Efq; from whom I received one plant, which nerally large crowns on them, therefore the plants
hath produced large fruit : this, I am told, is what will not require to be potted oftener than twice in a
the people of America call the King Pine. I have feafon: the first time fhould be about the end of
fince railed fome plants of this kind from feeds, which April, when the fuckers and crowns of the former
were brought me from Jamaica. year's fruit (which remained all the winter in thoſe
Thefe plants are propagated by planting the crowns pots in which they were firft planted ) fhould be shifted
which grow on the fruit, or the fuckers which are into larger pots, i. e. thole which were in halfpenny,
produced either from the fides of the plants, or under or three -farthing pors, fhould be put into penny, or
at
 ANA A NA

at most three- halfpenny pots, according to the fize of low between the leaves, that it is impoffible to come
the plants ; for you mult be very careful not to over at them with a fponge to wash them off; fo that if
pot them, nothing being more prejudicial to theſe all thofe which appear to fight are cleared off, they
plants. The fecond time for fhifting of them is in will foon be fucceeded by a fresh fupply from below,
the beginning of Auguft, when you ſhould ſhift thoſe and the roots will be alfo equally infefted with them.
plants which are of a proper fize for fruiting the fol Therefore, wherever thefe infects appear on the plants,
lowing fpring, into two-penny pots, which are full the fafeft method will be, to take the plants out of
large enough for any of thefe plants . At each of the pots, and clear the earth from the roots ; then
thefe times of fhifting the plants, the bark-bed ſhould prepare a large tub, which fhould be filled with water,
be ftirred up, and fome new bark added, to raife the in which there has been a ſtrong infufion of Tobacco
bed up to the height it was at firft made ; and when ftalks ; into this tub you fhould put the plants, placing
the pots are plunged again into the bark-bed, the fome flicks acrofs the tub, to keep the plants im
plants fhould be watered gently all over their leaves , merfed in water. In this water they fhould remain
to wash off the filth, and to fettle the earth to the twenty-four hours ; then take them out, and with a
roots of the plants. If the bark-bed be well ftirred, fponge wafh off all the infects from the leaves and
and a quantity of good fresh bark added to the bed , roots, which may be eafily effected when the infects
at this latter thifting, it will be of great fervice to the are killed by the infufion ; then cut off all the ſmall
plants ; and they may remain in the fame tan until fibres of the roots, and dip the plants into a tub of
the beginning of November, or fometimes later, ac fair water, wafhing them therein, which is the moſt
cording to the mildneſs of the ſeaſon, and will require effectual way to clear them from the infects. Then
but little fire before that time. During the winter you fhould pot them in freſh earth, and having ſtirred
feafon thefe plants will not require to be watered up the bark-bed, and added fome new tan to give a
oftener than once a week, according as you find the fresh heat to the bed, the pots fhould be plunged
earth in the pots to dry : nor fhould you give them again, obferving to water them all over the leaves (as
too much at each time, for it is much better to give was before directed ) and this fhould be repeated once
them a little water often, than to over-water them, a week during the fummer feafon ; for I obferve theſe
efpecially at this feaſon. infects always multiply much fafter where the plants
You muft obferve never to fhift thofe plants which are kept dry, than in fuch places where the plants are
fhew their fruit, into other pots ; for if they are re fometimes fprinkled over with water, and kept in a
moved after the fruit appears, it will ftop their growing ſtate. And the fame is alfo obferved in
growth, and thereby cauſe the fruit to be ſmaller, and America, for it is in long droughts that the infects
retard its ripening, fo that many times it will be Oc make fuch deftruction in the fugar canes. And in
tober or November before the fruit is ripe ; therefore thoſe iſlands where they have had feveral very dry
you fhould be very careful to keep the plants in a feafons of late, they have increafed to fuch a degree,
vigorous growing ftate, from the first appearance of as to deftroy the greateft part of the canes in the
the fruit, becaufe upon this depends the goodnefs and iflands, rendering them not only unfit for fugar, but
fize of the fruit ; for if they receive a check after this, poifon the juice of the plant, fo as to difqualify it for
the fruit is generally fmall and ill tafted . making rum, whereby many planters have been
When you have cut off the fruit from the plants, ruined .
whofe kind you are defirous to propagate, you ſhould As thefe infects are frequently brought over from
trim the leaves, and plunge the pots into a moderate America on the Ananas plants which come from
hot-bed, obferving to refresh them frequently with thence, thofe perfons who procure their plants from
water, which will caufe them to put out fuckers in thence, fhould look carefully over them when they
plenty ; fo that a perfon may be foon fupplied with receive them, to fee they have none of theſe infects
plants enough of any of the kinds, who will but ob on them ; for if they have, they will foon be propa
ferve to keep the plants in health. gated over all the plants in the ftove where thefe are
There is not any thing which can happen to theſe placed therefore, whenever they are obferved, the
plants of a more dangerous nature, than to have them plants fhould be foaked (as was before directed) be
attacked by fmall white infects, which appear at firſt fore they are planted into pots.
like a white mildew, but foon after have the appear It was formerly the common practice of thoſe perſons,
ance of lice : thefe attack both root and leaves at the who cultivated this fruit in Europe, to build dry
fame time, and if they are not foon deſtroyed, will ftoves, in which they kept their plants in winter, pla
fpread over a whole ftove in a fhort time ; and in a cing the pots on fcaffolds ( after the manner in which
few weeks will entirely ftop the growth of the plants , Orange-trees are placed in a green-houſe), and in the
by fucking out the nutritious juice, io that the leaves fummer to place them in hot-beds of tanners bark
will appear yellow and fickly, and have generally a under frames. This was the method practifed in Hol
great number of yellow tranfparent fpots all over land for raifing this fruit, which by Monfieur Le
them . Thefe infects, after they are fully grown, ap Cour's gardener was firft taught thofe perfons,
pear like bugs, and adhere fo clofely to the leaves, as whom his mafter was fo kind as to fend the plants.
not to be eally wafhed off, and feem as if they had But as the culture of thefe plants have fince become
no life in them . They were originally brought from general in England, there has been great improve
America upon the plants which were imported from ments made, not only in the contrivances of the
thence, and I believe they are the fame infects which ftoves, but alſo in the culture of the plants. For by
have deftroyed the fugar canes of late years in fome the former method , the plants were kept upon fhelves
of the Leeward iflands. Since they have been in at least four or five months, whereby the extreme
England, they have fpread greatly in fuch ftoves, fibres of their roots became dry and hard ; for if the
where there has not been more than ordinary care plants were too often watered, it occafioned their rot
taken to deftroy them. They have alfo attacked the ting; fo that during the winter feafon, when the plants
Orange-trees in many gardens near London , and have fhould be preparing their fruit for the next fummer,
done them incredible damage ; but I do not find they they were at a ftand, making little or no progrefs,
will endure the cold of our climate in winter, fo that whereby the fruit did not appear early enough in the
they are never found on fuch plants as live in the open fpring to ripen in fummer, nor were the fruit fo
air. The only method I have been yet able to dif large.
cover for deſtroying thefe infects, is by waſhing the Therefore, to remedy this inconvenience, it is now
leaves, branches , and ftems, of fuch plants as they the practice of thofe perfons who are defirous to pro
attack, frequently . with water, in which there has pagate the fruit, to erect low ftoves, with pits therein
been a ftrong infufion of Tobacco-ftalks , which I find for the hot-bed, in the manner hereafter defcribed and
will deftroy the infects, and not prejudice the plants . figured ; thefe are built in different ways, according
But this method cannot be practifed on the Ananas to the fancy of the contriver. Some perfons build
plants, becaufe the infects will fuften themfelves fo them with upright glaffes in front, about four feet
high,
 28

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elow, high, fo that there is juft height enough for per day, may deftroy all the plants, or at leaſt ſo ſcald
hem . fons to walk upright on the back-fide of the bark them, that they will not get over it in feveral months.
bed. Others make but one flope of glaffes, from the It will be alſo very proper, in extreme hot weather,
lants,
top of the ſtove down to the plate, which lies about to fhade the glaffes in the middle of the day with
mats ; for the glaffes, lying fo near to the leaves ofthe
fix or eight inches above the bark-pit, fo that in the
front of this ſtove, there is no walk made between the plants, will occafion a prodigious heat at ſuch times.
bark-pit and the glaffes ; but the inconveniency of During the fummer feafon thefe plants muſt be fre
watering the plants, as alfo of coming near thoſe quently watered, giving them but little each time ;
plants which are placed in the front of the ftove to and in hot weather, they must have free air admitted
clean them, has, in fome meaſure, brought them into to them every day, from ten o'clock till four ; for
diſeſteem, ſo that few perfons now build them, tho' if they are kept too clofe, or have too much wet,
the expence is much lefs than of the other kind of they will receive a check in their growth, when the
ftoves ; but of both theſe ſtoves the figures and de infects will immediately fpread over them ; for there
fcriptions which are hereafter exhibited under the ar are generally fome of theſe infects on all theſe plants,
ticle of ftove, will be fufficient for any perſon to build which do not much injury to them while they are in
either of the forts. One of thefe ftoves about thirty a growing ftate ; but whenever they are unhealthy,
five feet long in the clear, with the pit or the tan the infects multiply greatly, and contribute to their
reaching from end to end, and fix feet and a half decay. There are fome perfons who regulate the heat
wide, will contain about fourfcoure fruiting plants ; of their ftoves by thermometers in fummer, but at
ſo that whoever is defirous to have this fruit, may that feafon this is unnecefiary, for the outward air in
eafily proportion their ftove to the quantity of fruit hot weather is frequently greater than the Ananas heat
which they are willing to have. marked on the thermometers, fo that the heat of the
But it will be alfo neceffary to have a bark-pit under ftoves at that feafon will be much greater. The uſe
a deep frame, in order to raiſe the young plants ; in of the thermometer is only in the winter, during the
which you ſhould plunge the fuckers, when they are time the fires are continued, by which it is eaſy to
taken from the old plants, as alfo the crowns which judge when to increafe or diminish the fires ; for at
come from the fruit, fo that this frame will be as a that feafon, the ftoves fhould not be kept to a greater
end

nurſery to raiſe the young plants to fupply the ftove : warmth than five or fix divifions above Ananas, nor
T
S but thefe plants fhould not remain in theſe frames fuffered to be more than as many divifions below it.
n longer than till the beginning of November, unleſs In winter the plants muſt have lefs water, but they
the frame is built with brick-work with flues in it to will require to have it repeated once a week, giving
y them but little each time : when the plants are placed
warm the air (in the manner hereafter defcribed and
figured), which are very uſeful, as nurſeries, to keep into the tan for the winter feafon (which ſhould be
the young plants till they are of a proper fize to pro done about the beginning of October) the tan-bed
? duce fruit , ſo that you may keep theſe either warmer ſhould be renewed, adding two thirds of new tan, to
or cooler than the ftove, according as the plants may one third of the old. If this be well mixed, and the
require, fo that the ftove may be every autumn filled new tan is good, the bed will maintain a proper de
only with bearing plants, whereby a much greater gree of warmth till February, at which time it will
quantity offruit may be annually produced, than can be proper to ſtir up the bed, and add a load or two
be where young and old plants muſt be crowded into of new tan, fo as to raiſe the bed as much as it funk
the fame ftove. But where there are no conveniences ſince the autumn ; this will give a freſh heat to the
of this kind, the young plants, about the middle or bed, and keep the plants growing ; and as the fruit
latter end of October, muſt be removed into the ſtove, will now begin to appear, it will be abfolutely necef
and being fmall, may be crowded in among the larger fary to keep the plants in a growing ſtate, otherwiſe
the fruit will not be large.
plants ; for as they will not grow much during the
winter feafon, they may be placed very cloſe together. In April it will be proper to ftir up the tan again,
The beginning of March, where there is no nurfery and if the bed has funk fince the laft ftirring, it will
for the young plants, they muſt be removed out into be proper to add fome fresh tan to it ; this will renew
the hot-bed again, which fhould be prepared a fort the warmth of the bed, and forward the fruit. At
night before, that the tan may have acquired a proper this time it will be proper to fhift the young plants,
heat: but you ſhould be careful that the tan be not which are defigned to produce fruit the following
too hot, for that might fcald the fibres of the plants, year ; the tan-bed into which theſe are plunged muft
if they are fuddenly plunged therein . Therefore if be renewed, in order to forward their growth, that
you find the bark too hot, you ſhould not plunge the they may have ftrength enough in autumn to pro
pots above two or three inches into the tan, letting duce good fruit, for in this is the principal care re
them remain fo until the heat of the tan is a little quired.
abated, when you fhould plunge the pots down to Thoſe plants which fhew their fruit early in Febru
their rims in the bed. If the nights fhould continue ary, will ripen about June ; fome forts are at leaſt a
cold after theſe plants are removed into the bed, you month or five weeks longer in ripening their fruit than
muſt carefully cover the glaffes with mats ; otherwiſe others, from the time of the appearance of the fruit :
by coming out of a warm ſtove, they may receive a but the feafon in which the fruit is in greateſt perfec
fudden check, which will greatly retard their growth, tion, is from the beginning of July, to the end of
therefore muſt be carefully avoided ; becauſe the fooner September ; though in March, April, and October,
the plants are fet growing in the fpring, the more I have frequently caten this fruit in pretty good per
time they will have to gain ftrength, in order to pro fection ; but then the plants have been in perfect
duce large fruit the following feafon. health, otherwife they feldom are well flavoured.
You ſhould not plunge the pots too cloſe together in The method of judging when the fruit is ripe, is by
this frame, but allow them a proper diſtance, that the the fmell, and from obfervation ; for as the feveral
lower part of the plants may increaſe in bulk, for it forts differ from each other in the colour of their
1
is on this that the magnitude of the fruit depends ; fruit, that will not be any direction when to cut them ;
becauſe when the plants are placed too close, they nor fhould they remain fo long as to become foft to
draw up very tall, but do not obtain ftrength ; fo that the touch before they are cut, for then they become
when they are taken out of the bed, the leaves are flat and dead, as they do alfo when they are cut long
not able to fupport themſelves ; but all the outward before they are eaten, therefore the fureft way to have
long leaves will fall down, leaving the ſmaller middle this fruit in perfection, is to cut it the fame day it is
leaves naked, and this fometimes will caufe them to eaten ; but it muſt be cut early in the morning, be
rot in the center . You muſt alfo obferve, when the fore the fun has heated the fruit, otherwife it will be
fun is very warm, to raise the glaffes of the hot-bed, hot, obferving to cut the ftalk as long to the fruit as
in order to let out the fteam ofthe bed, and to admit poffible, and lay it in a cool, but dry place, preferv
fresh air; for one neglect of this kind, in a very hot ing the ftalk and crown unto it, until it is eaten.
N That
 A NA A NA

That fort with green fruit, if fuffered to ripen well, root is placed in a glaſs of water a few hours, the buds
is of an Olive colour ; but there are fome perfons who of flowers will fwell, open, and appear, as if newly
cut them before they are ripe, when they are not fit taken out of the ground, to the great ſurpriſe of moft
to be eaten, for no other reafon but to have them people.
green : and although many perfons have much recom The plant is annual, fo can only be propagated by
mended this fort for its excellent flavour, yet I think feeds, which rarely ripen in England, unleſs the feeds
the Sugar-loaf fort is much to be preferred to it. are fown upon a hot-bed in the fpring, and the plants
This Sugar-loaf fort is eaſily diſtinguiſhed from all afterward put into pots, which fhould be plunged
the other, by its leaves having purple ſtripes on their into another hot-bed to bring them forward ; for al
infide the whole length. The fruit is of a paler co though the feeds will come up in the full ground
lour than the others when ripe, inclining to a ftraw where the foil is dry, yet the plants rarely rife to any
colour. This fort was brought from Brafil to Ja fize, nor do they perfect feeds unleſs the fummer is
maica, where it is efteemed far beyond the other very hot and dry : but if the plants are kept in a
kinds. frame, giving them free air in warm weather, they
The next in goodneſs to this, is what the inhabitants will flower in June, and the feeds will ripen in Sep
• of the iſlands in America call the Montſerrat Pine ; tember.

the leaves of this are of a dark brown, inclining to ANATOMY ['Avaloµía, of 'Avaléµva, Gr. to diffect],
purple on their infide ; the protuberances of the fruit a diffection.
are longer and flatter than thoſe of the common fort. Anatomy of plants is a cutting, dividing, or feparat
I raiſed feveral plants of this fort from feeds which ing the parts or members of plants, in order to dif
I received from the iſland of St. Thomas, where this cover the fize, form, ftructure, and ufes of their fe
1. fruit is in greater perfection than in any of the Britiſh veral veffels, for the better promoting their culture.
iflands. Anatomiſts have obferved a great fimilitude betwixt
As fome of the fruit produce feeds in England, when the mechanic frame of plants and animals : the parts
the greater number have no appearance of any, I of plants feeming to bear a conftant analogy to thoſe
doubt not whether there are not fome with male, and of animals ; and the economy, both vegetable and
others with hermaphrodite flowers ; becauſe thoſe animal, feem to be formed on the fame model.
fruit which have feeds, are remarkably different from The parts of a plant are the root, the wood, the bark,
'the others, when cut through the cells in which the and the pith .
feeds are lodged, lying nearer to the center of the 1. The roots of the plants are fpongeous bodies,
fruit than the abortive cells, which are chiefly clofe whoſe parts are difpofed for the eafy admittance of
to the rind ; but not having diftinguiſhed this dif certain humid particles, which are prepared in the
ference till the fruit was cut, I had no opportunity of ground. The quality of the root is found much to
examining their flowers . depend upon the fize of its veffels and pores.
I have continued this title of Ananas to the genus, Monfieur Renaume fuppofes the root of a plant to do
being the moſt generally known and uſed , left by al the office of all the parts in the abdomen of animals,
tering it, the practical gardeners fhould be rather con which ferve to nutrition, as the ftomach, inteftines,
fufed than inftructed : and I was the rather inclined & c.
to this, as Dr. Linnæus has miſtaken the characters Dr. Boerhaave confiders the roots of plants to be
of the three genera, which he has joined in one. The compofed of a number of abforbent veffels, which are
different varieties are alfo enumerated, for the fake analogous to the lacteals in animals .
of thoſe who cultivate the fruit, though they are not The root, according to Dr. Van Royen, is that part
diftinct fpecies, but vary in their fhape, colour, and of the plant by which the nutriment is taken in, or
flavour, the fame as other fruits. Therefore, as this that by which the aliment is attracted, as Theophraf
work is intended to inftruct the practical gardener, tus has defined it : but it is not all that part, which is
the mentioning thefe varieties is more excufable here, committed to the earth, to be nouriſhed by the mat
than in thoſe books which are only intended for the ter which is about it, which is properly to be called
improvement of botany. the trunk of the root ; this is to be referred rather to
ANAPODOPHYLLON. See PODOPHYLLUM. the ftalk or ſtem, than to the root, in that it confifts
ANASTATICA, Rofe of Jericho. of the fame implicated kinds of veffels ; but that part
The CHARACTERS are, which is by its furface contiguous to the exterior ma
*
It hath a four leaved empalement, which falls off; the trix, which, being perforated with infinite little
flower has four petals placed croffwife, whichspread open, mouths, promotes the received moiſtures, that they
whofe tails are the length of the tube of the empalement, may be afterwards carried, by veffels not unlike to
and fix awl s
-haped ftamina, two of which are fhorter than lacteal ones, into the very body of the plant ; this is
the other four, crowned with roundish fummits, and a properly to be called the root.
fmallbifid germen, ſupporting an awl-shaped ftyle the length Which definition, although it may feem too ftrict,
of the ftamina, and is permanent, crowned by a beaded is the moſt general, and applicable to all plants ; for
Jummit. The germen afterward becomes a fhort bilocular it agrees as well with them which have no root, as
pod, having an awl-shaped partition placed obliquely to the the vulgar opinion is, as to thoſe which have a mani
pad, and is longer. felt root ; of the former kind there are but very few
We have but one SPECIES of this genus in the Eng plants, but of the latter a great many.
liſh gardens, viz. As to thoſe that want a manifeft root, the fuperficies
ANASTATICA (Hierocuntica ) foliis obtufis, fpicis axillari of them is found to be perforated on all fides with
bus breviffimis , filiculis ungulatis fpinofis . Lin. Sp . very ſmall holes, by which they take in their nutri
895. Rofe ofJericho with obtufe leaves, ſhort ſpikes of ment, as in the Pomo Aurantio, called Neptuni, or
flowers at the wings of the ftalks, and prickly pods. Pila Marina by fiſhermen, and many other fubmarine
This plant grows naturally in Paleſtine and Cairo, in plants ; and in theſe the whole fuperficies ferves for
Tandy places near the fea. The ftalks are ligneous roots, as is plainly feen in fome ftony plants that
though the plant is annual ; it rifes five or fix inches grow under the fea, and may be in fome fort proved
high, dividing into many irregular branches ; the to be deduced from the analogy of animals ; for theſe
flowers which are fmall and white, are difpofed in being become fui generis, take in aliment, not only
fhort ſpikes at the wings of the ftalks, and have little by the mouth, but alſo the whole furface, expofed to
beauty ; theſe are fucceeded by fhort prickly pods, the moift air, feems to ferve to the fame defign . But
having two cells, in each of which are two feeds. although theſe ſubmarine bodies have, by moft natu
It is preſerved in botanic gardens for the variety, and ralifts, been ranged with vegetables ; yet, by later
in fome curious gardens for the oddnefs of the plant, difcoveries, many of them have been found to confift
which, if taken up before it is withered, and preferved of beds of infects, incloſed in ſmall cavities of theſe
entire in a dry room, may be long preferved ; and incrufted bodies, therefore ſhould rather be ranged
after being many years kept in this fituation, if the with minerals.
But
 ANA A NA
is
But thofe plants that are endued with a confpicuous parts of vegetables, and are turgid with a concocted
DE

root, and more obvious to the fenfes, differ among juice, which feems far more elaborate than is the
themſelves very much inin this part : for fome are bul moiſture contained in the fibres or utricles ; and the
bous, fome are fquamous, or tuberous, others gru mouths of theſe veffels being of a different figure,
mous, others fibrous, and laftly, others nodous ; pour forth fometimes a various liquor, according to
Els
which, as it will be fufficient to have taken notice of its peculiar nature, chiefly near the outward region of
ts
the primary differences of roots, I fhall omit their the cortex ; fo the Tithymalus and Cichory com
-d
]. particular definition in thisplace, and referthem totheir monly diſtil a milky humour, and the Cyprefs, Fir,
feveral heads, where each of them fhall be particu and Pine, a certain fpecies of turpentine.
larly deſcribed. And by how much thefe circles are more outward,
y
The first part of the root, which is called the Epi by fo much the middle ſpaces between the two zones
dermis, or cuticle, is, for the most part, of a brown are greater ; and are leffened always towards the more
or duſky colour, very thin, and eafily peeled off from inward in a certain proportion, which feems to de
the under fkin (if it be firſt ſoaked in warm water) ; pend on this, viz. the outward air acting on all fides
which being viewed by a microfcope, fhews its moſt with an equal preffure, and by a certain power preffes
tender ftructure much like a net pierced through with the fecond ; and this alfo by this means, is preffed by
many fmall holes. And theſe little orifices of the its own condenſed air, and preffes together thofe
epidermis being dilated, and filled with the received which are more inward, becauſe it cannot exert its
moiſture, reſembling veficles, which, being exhaufted force upon the external air ; therefore the ſecond cir
yearly by the mutation of the air, become confoli cle is neceffarily more compreffed than the firft, and
dated, and periſh ; to wit, this being driven out by the third more than the fecond, and fo of the reft.
a new cuticle growing under it, after the fame man And the utricles placed between the circles are preffed
ner as fquammigerous animals annually caft the old by the fame proportion ; which, by degrees, are more
epidermis, a new cuticle coming under it ; fo that and more exhaufted ; thence the inner circle lofes
thefe little veffels, fibrils, or by what name foever they moft of all the compreffed and condenfated utricles,
are called, may not unfitly be compared to the veins and by degrees grows folid.
of animals . And this is properly called Liber (the inward bark),
But the other part, which on the outfide conftitutes and is that circle, which, being middlemoft by place
the cortex, or outer bark, and on the infide the li and nature, between the cortex, or outward bark,
ber, or inner bark, is called cutis ; in which there and the wood, comes neareſt to the nature of the
are parts to be confidered of a four-fold kind. wood, and in time paffes into it ; for the cortex lofes
1. Certain ftrong fibres, cohering and elaftic, ftretched every year one fuch circle, and becomes wood, which
out vertically with the lateral fibres cómmunicating may be diftinguiſhed from the former circles of the
among themſelves, and compacting, or thruſting in root, ftock, or trunk ; and if they are cut horizon
the former, they form a hollow cylinder, or zone, tally, will fhew the number of ſuch circles, and how
under the epidermis ; and this hath another under it, many years the tree is old.
which alfo includes a third ; and fo of the reft, to the And this fucceffive mutation of the cortex into li
moſt inward of all, which luxuriates near the wood, ber, and of liber into wood, is like to that we ob
and is by a peculiar name called liber, or inward bark. ferve in the human body in the beginning of a cal
And theſe zones, or girdles, although they are moft lus ; for a callus conſiſts of ſkin, but fo compreffed ,
innumerable, may all be peeled off as the lamelle of that all the veffels are loft ; and that ſkin, being be
bulbs, when the fap flows through them ; and inaf come folid, is increaſed , and grows to a greater bulk.
much as thoſe fibres in the harder roots of trees are But befides theſe hitherto defcribed, there occur cer
almoſt of a bony nature, they procure a firmness to tain peculiar veffels (of which mention has been made
the cortex or outward bark ; and thefe fibres are in in defcribing the cortex), which are found full of
all plants, and appear as well in grafs as in the Cedar turpentine, gum, or a certain concreted juice proper
tree, although they are more compact in trees, than to them ; the conſtant progress of which is not very
in plants of a tenderer ftructure, which are more eaſily confpicuous in all of them, by reafon of the tranfpa
fuftained. rency of the moisture.
2. In the areas, or ſpaces, which are between the fi 5. The fifth and laft part is the moſt inward, the
bres and their anaftomofes, there are every where medulla or pith, difpofed in the middle center of the
membranaceous veffels full of moiſture, or little utri root ; and as it feems different from the former, fee
cles, which, in the area, or intercepted ſpaces that ing this is fometimes wafted, and that never, this ap
are of a different figure, are found to be various, and pears more fungous, that more durable.
accommodated to all the ſpaces ; but all theſe utri As to the manner of the root's performing its func
cles communicate among themſelves, as is beſt ſeen tion, it may be obferved, that the root having im
in the greater celandine, when we ſqueeze out that bibed the faline and aqueous juices of the earth, and
golden coloured liquor with which it is filled ; and faturated itself with them, for the nouriſhment of the
the middle ſpaces betwixt theſe zones have like utri tree, thofe juices are put into motion by heat ; which
cles, and all the fibres conftitute hollow canals ; but having entered the mouths of the arterial veffels from
the utricles have receptacles communicating among the root, they mount to the top with a force anſwer
themſelves. able to what fets them in motion ; and, by this means,
3. Aereal veffels , or trachea, are open from the they gradually open the minute veffels rolled up, and
lower to the upper part of the plant, and are twiſted expand them into leaves.
or curled after an admirable manner, and difpofed 2. The wood ; this is confidered as confifting of ca
round about with fibres and utricles in form almoft of pillary tubes, running parallel from the root through
a ſpiral line, which in their cavities contain an elaſtic out the ftalk. Some call the capillary tubes arterial
air ; which being affected by the external air, firſt ex veffels, becaufe the fap rifes from the root through
panded, and afterwards condenfed, will be changed thefe. The aperture of thefe tubes are, for the moſt
after a like manner, and feel the fame viciffitudes of part, too minute to be perceived by the bare eye, un
cold and heat, and will undergo a reciprocal motion lefs in a piece of charcoal, cane, or the like.
of cold and heat. This action is exerted in the vef Wood, fays Dr. Grew, by microſcopical obfervati
fels filled with moisture, which when they cannot be ons, appears to be only an affemblage of infinitely
condenfed, give place, and are driven to thoſe that minute canals, or hollow fibres, fome of which arife
are higher, and are moved forward. from the root upwards, and are difpofed in form of
4. Laftly, befides fibres, utricles, and tracheæ, a a circle ; and the others, which are called infertions,
peculiar kind of veffels appear, containing the moi tend horizontally from the furface to the center, fo
ftures, as it feems fecreted by the organical difpofi that they crofs each other, and are interwoven like the
tion of the plant itſelf, which water, or moiften not threads of a weaver's web.
only the cortex, but the wood, and the reft of the
Befides
 ANA ANA

Befides the capillary tubes, &c. before-mentioned , from returning back, while it expands by the fpongi
there are other larger veffels, which fome call venal neſs of the pith without the help of valves.
veffels, which are difpofed on the outfide of the arte And the Rev. Dr. Hales is of opinion, that it is very
rial veffels, between the wood and the inner bark, and probable, that the particles of water that immediately
lead down to the covering of the inward root. Theſe adhere to, and are ſtrongly imbibed into, and attract
veffels are fuppofed to contain the liquid fap found in ed by, every fibre of the ſpongy pith, will fuffer fome
plants in the fpring, &c. degree of expanfion before they can be detached by
The Rev. Dr. Hales tells us in his excellent treatiſe the warmth of the fun from each attracting fibre ; and,
on Vegetable Statics, that, in order to find whether confequently, the maſs of ſpongy fibres, of which the
there was any lateral communication of the fap and pith confifts, muft therefore be extended.
fap-veffels, as there is of the blood in animals, by And that the pith may be the more ferviceable for
means of the ramifications and lateral communica this purpoſe, nature has provided in moſt ſhoots a
tions of their veffels ; he took a young oak-branch, ftrong partition at every knot, which partitions ferve
ſeven or eight inches diameter, at its tranfverfe cut, fix not only as plinths or abutments for the dilating pith
feet high, and full of leaves ; and having cut a large to exert its force on, but alſo to prevent the too free
gap to the pith, feven inches from the bottom , and * retreat of the rarefied fap from the pith.
of an equal depth the whole length, and alfo cut an But a dilating spongy fubftance, by equally expand
other gap four inches above that on the oppofite fide,
ing itſelf every way, would not produce an oblong
he fet the end of the ftem in water, and in two nights fhoot, but rather a globous one, like an apple ; to
and two days time it imbibed and perfpired thirteen prevent which inconvenience it is obfervable, that
ounces ; while another like oak-branch, fomewhat nature has provided ſeveral diaphragms, befides thoſe
bigger than that, but with no notches cut in its ſtem, at each knot, which are placed at ſmall diſtances acroſs
imbibed twenty-five ounces . the pith, thereby preventing its too great lateral dila
From this and many other experiments he there men tation.
tions, he fays, we ſee a moft free lateral communi Theſe are very plain to be ſeen in the fhoots of the
cation ofthe fap and fap-veffels, thofe great quanti Walnut-tree, and the fame may be obſerved in the
ties of liquor having paffed laterally by the gaps ; in pith of the branches of the Sun-flower, and ſeveral
that, by feveral experiments on cylinders of wood, other plants, where thofe diaphragms are not to be
little evaporated by the gaps. diftinguithed while the pith is full and replete with
The bark is the exterior part of trees, ferving them moiſture ; yet when it dries up, they are often plain
for a ſkin or covering : it is generally of a fpongy tex to be feen. And it is farther to be obferved, that
ture, and communicates with the pith by a multipli where the pith confifts of diftinct veficles, the fibres
city of fmall fibres paffing through the capillary tubes, of thofe veficles are often found to run horizontally,
of which the wood confifts : fo that the roots having whereby they can the better reſiſt the too great lateral
imbibed the proper nutriment of the tree, it is carried relaxation of the root.

up by the warmth of the fun, through the fine arte The trunk and branches of a tree, bear a reſemblance
rial veffel of the tree, to the top of it ; and being to the exterior members and limbs of an animal,
there condenſed by the cold, it does, by its own gra which it may ſubſiſt without, though the rotting and
vity, return down by the veffels which lie between mortification of them oftentimes occafion a total de
the wood and the inner bark, which perform the of ftruction of it. Accordingly the like effects are found
fice of veins ; and as it paffes by, leaves fuch parts from the wounding or lopping of a tree, as from the
of its juice as the texture of the bark will receive, wounding or cutting off a limb, an extravafation, cal
and requires for its fupport. lus, or the like.
Some are of opinion, that that foft whitiſh rind, or A leaf is part of a plant extended into length and
fubftance, which lies between the inner bark and the breadth in fuch a manner, as to have one fide diſtin
wood, does the office of veins and fome call this a guishable from the other. The leaves, according to
third bark, and fuppofe it to differ from the other in Malpighius, confift of fo many interwoven utricles,
nothing but having clofer fibres , and that it contains as to be not much unlike a pulmonary net, and ferve
the liquid fap, gums, &c. which are found in the inftead of lungs to the plant. As the perfpiration
plants in the ſpring and fummer months, which har and refpiration are chiefly performed thereby, thofe
dens by degrees, by means of the fap it tranfmits, and veffels are very confpicuous when the leaves are dif
is imperceptibly conveyed into the woody part ofthe fected . In the day-time, when the heat hath rarefied
tree. the mounting juices, fo as to become fpecifically
The bark ferves for divers purpoſes ; for it not only lighter than the air, they flow out through the pores
tranfmits the nutritious juices of the plants, but allo of the leaves, and evaporate, which is the occafion of
contains divers fat oily humours , to defend the inner the leaves becoming fo flaccid in very hot weather ;
parts from the injuries of the weather. As animals but in the night, when by the cold the juices are
are furnifhed with a panniculus adipofus, ufually re more condenfed, then the leaves are erected again, and
1 plete with fat, which invefts and covers all the fleshy draw in a great fhare of nourishment from the air.
parts, and fcreens them from external cold ; fo are Theſe leaves we may obferve to be of different tex
" tures on each fide, the upper furface being for the
plants encompaffed with a bark, replete with fat juices,
by means whereof the cold is kept out, and, in win moft part fmooth, the better to fhoot off the redun
ter-time, the fpicule of ice prevented from fixing dant moiſture, while the under furface is many times
and freezing the juices in their veffels ; whence it is, of a rough and cottony texture, by which it is capa
that fome forts of trees remain ever-green throughout ble of retaining the moiſture ; for which reafon we
the year, by reaſon their barks are more compact, find, if by bad management, &c. the fhoots of trees
and contain a larger quantity of oil than can be ſpent are nailed to a wall, &c. fo as to turn the furfaces of
and exhaled by the fun. the leaves the wrong fide upwards, the fhoots will be
The pith is the inward central part of a tree or plant, at a ſtand, until the leaves have obtained their proper
anfwering to the medulla, or marrow of an animal. difpofition. Thefe leaves, as the learned Dr. Hales
As for its fubftance, it confifts of little tranfparent obferves, are carefully diftributed at fmall diftances
globules, chained or linked together, fomewhat like throughout the whole length of the fhoots, and ferve
the bubbles that compofe the froth of liquor. as fo many jointly- acting powers, placed at different
Some fuppofe, that the circulation of the fap is ef ſtations, thereby with more eafe to draw plenty of fap
fected by means of the pith, others by the bark, and to the extending root.
others by the wood . A flower is the more tender part of a plant, remark
Borelli, in his book De Motu Animalium, fuppofes able for its colour, or form, or both, cohering with
the tender growing fhoot to be diftended like foft wax, the rudiment of the fruit, and contains the organs of
by the expanſion of the moisture in the fpongy pith ; generation ; fome of thefe flowers contain the male
which dilating moisture, he concludes, is hindered * organs, as the ftamina and apices, which are loaded
with
7

í
 ANA ANC

L mentitious part, it is earthy, watry, poor, acid, and

with the farina foecundans, which, when ripe, is
fcattered into thofe flowers which are female, and con fcarce oily at all.
fift only of the ovarium, with the ftyle and ftigma, It is further prepared in the trunk and branches,
which are furrounded with the petals. Other flowers though it continue acid ftill ; as is perceived by the
there are, which have both fexes contained in the tapping or perforating of a tree in the month of Fe
fame flower ; theſe are called hermaphrodite flowers. bruary, when it diftils a watry juice that is fenfibly
A fruit, Kaprès, is not that part of a plant which is acid.
eatable, but rather the feeds, with their covering, The juice being carried hence to the germs, or buds,
fhould be called the fruit. This covering cheriſhes is more connected ; and when it has here unfolded the
the feeds until they come to maturity, and defends them leaves, theſe come to ferve as lungs for the circula
from the injuries of the weather, as that they are not tion and further preparation of the juice ; for when
hurt thereby ; and alfo prepares the juices defigned thofe tender leaves are expofed to the alternate action
for their nouriſhment, that it may with eafe enter their of heat and cold, moift nights, and hot fcorching
fmall bodies in a juft proportion. days, they are expanded and contracted alternately ;
The motion of the nutritious juices of plants is pro and the more, by reafon of their net-like texture.
duced much like that of the blood in animals, by the By fuch means, the juice is farther altered and di
action of the air ; and, in effect, there feems to be gefted, as it is farther yet in the petala, or leaves of
fomething equivalent to reſpiration throughout the the flowers, which tranfmit the juice now brought to
whole plant . a further fubtilty to the ftamina ; the ftamina com
Malpighius was the firft who obferved, that vegeta municate it to the farina, or that duft which appears
bles confifted of two feries, or orders, of veffels. on the apices, where it undergoes a further matura
1. Thoſe which have been treated of before, which tion, and ſheds into the piftil ; and there acquiring its
receive and convey the alimental juices, and which an laft perfection, it becomes the original of a new fruit
fwer to the arteries, lacteal veffels, veins, & c. of ani or plant .
mals ; and, ANCHIUSA. Lin. Gen. 167. Bugloffum. Tourn .
2. The trachea, or air-veffels, which are long hol Inft. R. H. 133. tab. 53.
low pipes, in which the air is continually received and The CHARACTERS are,
expelled, i. e. infpired and expired, within which tra The empalement is oblong, taper, and permanent, cut into
chee all the former veffels are contained . five acute fegments which are erect. The flower is of one
Hence it follows, that the heat of the year, nay, of leaf, having a cylindrical tube the length of the empale
a fingle day, hour, or minute, muft have an effect ment ; at the brim it is cut into five upright fegments,
on the air included in thefe tracheæ, i. e. it must ra which spread open, but the chaps are clofed, and have five
refy it, and, of confequence, dilate the tracheæ ; prominent little fcales. There are five short ftamina in
and hence alfo a perpetual ſpring or fource of ac the chaps of the flower, which are crowned with oblong
tion muſt ariſe, to promote the motion of the fap in fummits. In the bottom of the flower are fituated four
plants. germen, having a flender Style, crowned with an obtuſe
For when the trachea are expanded , the veffels which Stigma. The germen afterward becomes four oblong blunt
contain the juices, are, by that expanſion, preſſed ; feeds fhut up in the empalement.
and, by that means, the juice contained is continu Dr. Linnæus ranges this genus of plants in the firft
ally propelled and accelerated ; and, by this propul fection of his fifth clafs of plants, entitled Pentan
fion, the juice is continually comminuted, and ren dria Monogynia, the flowers having five ſtamina and
dered more and more fubtil, and adapted to enter a fingle ftyle.
into veffels ſtill finer and finer ; the thickeſt part of it The SPECIES are,
being at the fame time fecreted, and depoſited into 1 . ANCHUSA (Officinalis) foliis lanceolatis fpicis imbri
the lateral cells , or loculi of the bark , to defend the catis fecundis. Hort. Cliff. 46. Alkanet with Spear
plant from cold, and other external injuries. fhaped leaves, and fruitful imbricated fpikes, or greater
The veffels, or containing parts of plants, confift of Garden Buglofs. Blugoffum anguftifolium majus.
mere earth, bound or connected together by oil, as a C. B. P. 256.
gluten, or glue ; which being exhauſted by fire, air, 2 . ANCHUSA ( Angustifolia) racemis fubnudis conjugatis.
age, or the like, the plant moulders, or returns again Prod. Leyd. 408. Alkanet with conjugated half naked
into its earth or duft. Spikes. Borago fylveftris perennis flore rufo kerme
Thus vegetables being burnt by the moft intenſe fino . Zan . Hift . 49.
fire, the matter of the veffels is left entire and indif 3 . ANCHUSA ( Undulata) ftrigofa foliis linearibus dentatis
foluble, notwithſtanding its utmoft force ; and, of pedicellis bracteâ minoribus calycibus fructiferis in
confequence, is neither water, nor air, nor falt, nor flatis. Læfl. Lin. Sp . Plant. 133. Alkanet with narrow
fulphur, but earth alone. indented leaves, fmall foot-ftalks to the branches, and a
Juice is a liquid fubftance, which makes part of the fwelling empalement over the feeds. Bugloffum Lufita
compofition of plants, and communicates itſelf to all nicum echii folio undulato. Tourn. Inft. 134.
the other parts, and ferves to feed and increaſe them ; 4 . ANCHUSA ( Orientalis) villofa-tomentofa, ramis flori
and is that to plants that blood is to animals. Theſe bufque alternis axillaribus, bracteis ovatis. Lin. Sp.
juices are of divers forts ; aqueous, grumous, • bitu 191. Alkanet with branches and flowers growing alter
minous, oleaginous, refinous, vinous ; of all taſtes nately from the wings of the ftalks, and oval bractea or
and colours . floral leaves. Bugloffum Orientale flore luteo. Tourn.
This juice or fap of plants, is a humour furniſhed by Cor. 6.
the earth, and changed in the plant ; it confifts of 5 . ANCHUSA (Virginiana) floribus fparfis caule glabro.
fome foffil, or other parts, which are derived from Lin. Sp. Plant. 133. Alkanet with flowers growing
the air or rain ; and others, from putrefied animals, thinly, and a fmooth ftalk. Anchufa minor lutea Vir
plants, &c. fo that, confequently, in vegetables are giniana Puccoon indigens dicta quâ fe pingunt Ame !
contained all kinds of falts, oil, water, earth, and, ricani. Pluk. Alm . 30. Called by the inhabitants of Vir
probably, all kinds of metals too, inasmuch as the ginia, Puccoon.
afhes of vegetables always yield fomewhat which is 6. ANCHUSA (Sempervirens) pedunculis diphyllis capita
attracted by the load-ſtone. tis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 134. Alkanet with foot -ftalks hav
The juice enters plants in the form of a fine ſubtil ing two leaves. Bugloffum latifolium ferpervirens.
water, which by how much the nearer it is to the root, C. B. P.
fo much the more it retains of its proper nature ; and 7. ANCHUSA (Cretica) foliis lanceolatis verrucoſis ſemi
the farther it is from the root, the more action it has amplexicaulibus, floribus capitatis, caule procum
undergone, and approaches the nearer to the nature bente. Alkanet with warted and fpear-shaped leaves em
of the vegetable ; and, of confequence, when the bracing the ftalk half round, flowers growing in a head,
juice enters the root, the bark of which is furnished and a trailingftalk. Bugloffum Creticum verrucofum
with excretory veffels, fitted to difcharge the excre perlatum quibufdam. H. R. Par.
O 8. ANCHUSA
 ANC AND

8. ANCHUSA (Tinctoria) tomentofa, foliis lanceolatis ob flowers grow in loofe fpikes, upon a ſmooth ſtalk .
tufis, ftaminibus corolla brevioribus. Lin. Sp . 192 . This is propagated by feeds, which, if fown in the
Anchufa with woolly, fpear-shaped, blunt leaves, and the fpring, feldom grow the first year.
Stamina oftheflower shorter than the corolla, or true Al The fixth fort is a very hardy perennial plant, with
kanet of the fhops. weak trailing branches, garnifhed with broad, rough,
9. ANCHUSA (Azurea) foliis longis hirfutis , floribus capitatis deep green leaves ; the flowers are blue, and come
reflexis, pedunculis iongiffimis . Alkanet with long hairy out between the leaves on the fpike, like the fourth
leaves, andflowers collected into beads which are reflexed, fort ; the plants frequently grow out of the joints of
and very long foot-ftalks. Borago fylveftre Cretica flore old walls, in thofe places where any of the plants have
azureo. Zan. Hift. 51 . been near ; for when the feeds are permitted to ſcatter,
The first fort is the Buglofs, whofe flowers are or there will be an abundant fupply of the plants. Thefe
dered to be uſed in medicine. This fends up ftalks flower great part of the year.
about two feet high, having oblong rough leaves, The feventh fort is a low, trailing, annual plant, whoſe
placed alternately, at the extremity of the fhoots. The branches feldom extend more than fix inches ; theſe
flowers are produced in clufters, which are of a fine lie on the furface of the ground, and are thinly fet
blue colour; thefe come out with foot-ftalks from the with fpear-shaped, fmall, warted leaves, which half
wings ofthe leaves, and are collected into finall heads . furround the talk at their bafe. The flowers are
The flowers are of one leaf, having a long tube, fpread fmall, of a bright blue colour, and are collected into
open at the top in fhape of a funnel. After the flower fmall bunches at the extremity of the branches. The
is paft, it is fucceeded by four naked feeds, fituated plants perifh foon after their feeds are ripe, which if
at the bottom of the empalement, which drop out as permitted to ſcatter, the plants will come up better
they ripen . than when they are fown . Thefe do not bear tranf
The roots of this fort feldom continue longer than two planting, fo fhould remain in the places where they
years, eſpecially in good ground, for they are fub come up .

ject to rot in winter, unlefs when they happen to grow The eighth fort rifes near as high as the firft, to which
in rubbiſh, or out of an old wall, where they will live it bears great refemblance in its leaves and branches ;
feveral years ; for in fuch places the plants are ftinted but the leaves and branches are more woolly, and the
in their growth, fo their branches are firmer and not ftamina of the flowers are fhorter than the corolla;
fo full of juice as thofe which grow in better foil. the root alfo is red . This plant grows naturally in
The plants may be easily propagated by feeds, which the fouth of France and Spain, but is equally hardy'
may be fown in the autumn, upon a bed of light fandy with the firft fpecies, and may be cultivated in the
earth ; and in the fpring, when the plants are ftrong fame manner.
enough to remove, they fhould be planted in beds at The ninth fort is a perennial plant, with broad rough
two feet diftance, obferving, if the feafon proves dry, leaves, like thofe of the fixth ; the branches grow
to water them till they have taken root, after which more erect, and the flowers which are of a bright
they will require no farther care but to keep them azure colour, are collected into fpikes, coming out
clean from weeds . If the feeds of this plant are per fingly from between the leaves. This is a hardy plant,
mitted to ſcatter, the plants will rife in plenty, which and may be propagated in the fame manner as the
may be managed in the manner before directed. There former.
is a variety of this with white flowers, but this will ANDRACHNE, Baftard Orpine.
not retain its difference from feeds . The CHARACTERS are,

The fecond fort grows to the height of two feet when It kab male and female flowers on the fame plant. The
cultivated in gardens, but in the places where it grows male joreer bath a five-leaved empalement, which is equal
wild, is rarely more than a foot. The leaves of this and withers. The flower is compofed offive flender leaves
are narrow, and leſs hairy than thoſe of the first ; the indented at the top, which are shorter than the empalement.
fpikes of flowers come out double, and have no leaves At the bottom of each petal is fituated an herbaceous nec
about them ; the flowers are fmall, and of a red co tarium, to which the fiveflender ftamina are joined , thefe
lour. The roots will continue three or four years in are crowned with fingle fummits. The female flowers come
poor land. out from the wings of the stalk near the male. Thefe have
The third fort is a biennial plant, which perifhes foon a permanent five-leaved empalement, but no petals ; there
after the feeds are ripe. This grows two feet high, are five nectariums as in the male, and a globular germen
and fends out many lateral branches, which are gar Supporting three flender ftyles which are bifid, crowned
nifhedwithlong, narrow, roughleaves, which are waved with a roundftigma. The germen afterward turns to a
on their edges: the flowers are of a bright blue colour, three cornered globular capfule, having three cells, in each
and grow in an imbricated fpike ; and after theſe fall, of which are lodged two triangular obtufe feeds.
the empalement turns to a fwollen veffel inelofing the The SPECIES are,
feeds. 1 . ANDRACHNE (Telephioides) procumbens herbacea. Lin.
The fourth fort is a perennial plant, with long trailing Sp. Plant. 1014. Herbaceous trailing Andrachne. Te
branches which lie on the ground ; the under leaves lephioides Græcum humifufum flore albo. Tourn .
Cor. 50 .
are long, broad, and hairy, but thefe diminiſh as they
are nearer the top, and thoſe which come out on the 2. ANDRACHNE (Fruticofe) erecta arborea. Ofb. It. 228.
fpikes between the flowers are fhort and roundiſh. Shrubby tree-like Baftard Orpine.
The flowers are yellow, and about the fize of thofe of 3. ANDRACHNE (Arborea) foliis ovatis obtufis, fubtus
the common Buglofs ; there is a fucceffion of thefe on incanis, caule arboreo. Bastard Orpine with oval blunt
the fame plants great part of the year, which renders leaves, hoary on their under fide, and a tree-like ftalk.
them more valuable. This, though a native of the The firft fort is a low plant, whofe branches trail upon
Levant, is hardy enough to live in the open air in the ground. The leaves are fmall, of an oval fhape,
*
England, if it hath a dry fandy foil. It may be pro fmooth, and of a fea-green colour. It is found wild
pagated by feeds in the fame manner as the firft fort, in fome parts of Italy, and in the Archipelago, from
and if the feeds are permitted to ſcatter, the plants whence Dr. Tournefort fent the feeds to the royal
will rife without care. garden at Paris : but being a plant of no great beauty,
The fifth fort is a native of North America, where it it is feldom cultivated, except in botanic gardens for
T grows naturally in the woods, and being an early plant, variety. If the feeds of this plant are fown on a mode
generally flowers before the new leaves come out on rate hot-bed in March, the plants will arife in about
the trees ; fo that in fome of the woods, where this a month after, when they may be tranſplanted each
plant abounds, the furface of the ground feems covered into a ſmall pot, and plunged into another very mo
with bright yellow flowers. It is known in that country derate hot-bed to bring the plants forward, but in
by the title Puccoon . It is a perennial plant which mild weather they ſhould have plenty of air admitted
feldom rifes a foot high in good ground, but not to them, and often refrefhed with water : in June
above half that height, where the foil is poor ; the they will produce flowers, and the feeds will ripen in
Auguft
 AND AND

Auguft and September, foon after which the plants fruitful, loofe fpikes, cylindricalflowers, and oblong crè
will decay. nated leaves placed alternately. Vitis idea Americana,
1 The fecond fort grows naturally in China, and alfo at longiori mucronato & crenato folio, floribus urceolatis
La Vera Cruz in New Spain, where it riſes twelve or racemofis . Pluk . Alm . 391 .
fourteen feet high; the branches are garniſhed with 4. ANDROMEDA (Arborea) racemis fecundis nudis, co
fpear-shaped, pointed, finooth leaves, under which the rollis rotundo -ovatis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 394. Andromeda
foot-ftalk ofthe flowers are produced ; thefe are pretty with naked fruitful Spikes, and oval roundish flowers.
long and hang downward : the flowers are ſmall, of an Frutex foliis oblongis acuminatis floribus fpicatis uno
herbaceous white colour, fome of which are male, and verfu difpofitis. Catefb. Carolin. 1. p. 71. commonly
others female, but when the latter are fituated at too called Sorrel-tree in Carolina.
great diftance from the former, there is rarely any 5. ANDROMEDA (Caliculata) racemis fecundis foliaceis
feeds within their covers ; though they feem very fair ▸ corollis fubcylindricis, foliis alternis lanceolatis obtufis
to fight, yet upon being opened there will no feeds punctatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 394. Andromeda with leafy
be found in them ; whereby ſeveral perfons have been fruitful fpikes, cylindricalflowers, and obtufe fpear -
shaped
deceived, who have ſown them, without raifing a leaves, withpunctures placed alternately. Chamædaphne.
fingle plant. Buxb. Act . 1. p . 241.
The third fort was diſcovered by the late Dr. William The first fort is a low plant which grows naturally on
Houſton, growing naturally at Campeachy ; this has bogs in the northern countries, but is with difficulty
a ftrong woody ftem, which rifes more than twenty preſerved in gardens ; and having little beauty, is
feet high, fending out branches on every fide, which feldom cultivated except in botanic gardens. I re
are garniſhed with oval blunt leaves, hoary on their ceived the feeds from Peterſburgh, which came up in
under-fide, and having pretty deep furrows on their the Chelſea garden, but did not continue more than
upper, placed alternately on the branches : the flow one year.
ers I have not feen, for the plant which rofe fromthe The fecond fort grows naturally in North America :
feeds in the phyfic garden did not produce any, tho' this is a low fhrub, which fends out many woody
it grew upward of fourteen feet high ; nor were there ftalks from the root, garniſhed with oval leaves placed
any flowers upon the trees at Campeachy, at the time alternately; the flowers are collected in fmall bunches :
Dr. Houſton was there, the feeds being then ripe ; of thefe are fhaped like thofe of the Strawberry-tree,
theſe the doctor fent many to Europe which appeared and are of an herbaceous colour. They appear in
very fair, but on being opened, no kernels were found June and July, and fometimes are fucceeded by fruit,
within them, fo that but one plant was raiſed from which feldom ripen in England .
all the feeds. The third fort is alfo a native of North America.
Theſe two forts are very tender plants, fo that when This fhrub grows about four feet high, fending out
good feeds can be obtained, they fhould be planted feveral branches, which are clothed with oblong leaves
in pots, plunging them into a hot-bed oftanners bark, placed alternately ; the flowers grow in loofe fpikes
obferving to water them as the earth becomes dry in from the ends of the branches ; they are of the pitcher
the pots ; and when the plants come up, and are fit fhape, like thofe of the Arbutus, but are à little
to remove, they fhould be each planted in a finall longer, and appear in July, but do not produce feeds
pot, plunged into a tan-bed, fhading them until they in this country .
have taken freſh root, after which they fhould have The fourth fort grows naturally in Virginia and Ca
free air admitted to them in warm weather, but muft rolina ; in the latter it is much larger than in the for
be conftantly kept in the bark-ftove. mer, the climate being warmer ; fo many ofthe trees
There is alſo another fort which I have raiſed from and fhrubs grow to a much greater height there. In
feeds, fent me from Jamaica ; the whole form of the Virginia, it is a fhrub growing ten or twelve feet
feeds agree with thofe of the third fort, as do alfo high, but in Carolina it rifes twenty feet. The branches
the plants, but the leaves are fomewhat like thoſe of are very flender, bending downward ; thefe are gar
the Laurel, but are much larger ; this hath not as yet nifhed with leaves placed alternately, which are oblong
flowered in Europe. and pointed : the flowers grow in long naked ſpikes,
ANDROMEDA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 485. We have coming out from the fides of the branches, which are
no Engliſh name for this plant. of an herbaceous colour, and are ranged on one
The CHARACTERS are, 3.
fide of the ftalk ; they are oval, and fhaped like a
The empalement is cut into five fmall acutefegments ; this pitcher.
is coloured and permanent. The flower is of one leaf, oval, The Sifth fort grows naturally in Siberia, and alfo in
bell-shaped, and divided into five parts at the brim, which North America ; it is a low fhrub which grows on
are reflexed. It bath ten awl- shapedstamina, which are moffy land, fo is very difficult to keep in gardens.
Shorter than the petals to which they are fixed ; these are The leaves are fhaped like thoſe of the Box-tree, and
crowned with noddingfummits having two horns. In the are of the like confiftence, having feveral fmall punc
center ofthe flower isfituated a round germen, Supporting tures on them ; the flowers grow in ſhort ſpikes from
a cylindrical ftyle, which is longer than the ftamina, and the extremity of the branches : theſe are produced
crowned with a blunt ftigma. Thegermen afterward turns fingle between two leaves, they are white and of a
to a roundpentagonal veffel having five cells, which are cylindrical pitcher fhape.
filled with fmall roundfeeds. All the forts, except the fourth, are very hardy plants,
This genus ofplants is ranged by Dr. Linnæus in the which delight in moift ground ; they increaſe by their
first divifion of his tenth clafs, entitled Decandria creeping roots, which put up fuckers at a diſtance,
Monogynia, the flowers having ten ftamina and one and may be taken off with roots, and tranfplanted
germen. where they are defigned to remain, for they do not
The SPECIES are , bear to be often removed.
1. ANDROMEDA (Polifolia) pedunculis aggregatis, co The fourth fort requires to be fheltered from hard
rollis ovatis, foliis alternis lanceolatis revolutis. Lin. froft in winter, but in the fummer fhould be fre
Sp. Plant. 393. Andromeda with aggregate foot - ftalks, quently watered. It is a difficult plant to keep in
gar
oval petals, and fpear-shaped leaves growing alternately. dens, as it grows naturally on boggy places, and re
Polifolia. Buxb. Act. 2. p. 345. quires a greater heat than that of this climate. It may *
2. ANDROMEDA (Mariana) pedunculis aggregatis corol be propagated by feeds, which fhould be procured
lis cylindricis foliis alternis ovatis integerrimis. Lin. from America, where it is known by the name of
Sp. Plant. 393. Andromeda with aggregate foot- ftalks, Sorrel-tree.
cylindrical flowers, and oval entire leaves placed alter ANDROSACE. We have no Engliſh name for
nately. this plant .
3. ANDROMEDA (Paniculata) racemis fecundis nudis pa The CHARACTERS are,
niculatis, corollis fubcylindricis foliis alternis oblongis The flowers grow in an umbel ; they have a many-leaved
crenulatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 394. Andromeda with naked, general involucrum. Each flower bath a five-cornered em
6
palement
 AND A NE

palement of one leaf, flightly indented at the top in fre genefia Polygamia equalis, there being many her
acute points, this is permanent : the flower is of one leaf, maphrodite flowers included in one common empale
ment.
having an oval tube, inclofed by the empalement, but is
plain at the brim, where it is divided into five parts. It The SPECIES are,

bathfivefmallframina within the tube, which are crowned 1 . ANDRYALA ( Integrifolia) foliis integris ovato oblongis
with oblong erectfummits. In the center is fituated a round tomentofis. Guett. Stamp . 2. p . 384. Downy Sowthiftle
1
germen, fupporting a short flender style, crowned by a glo with oval, oblong, entire, downy leaves. Sonchus lanatus.
Dalech. Hift. 1116.
bular figma , the empalement afterward becomes a round
capfule of one cell opening in five parts, which is full of 2 . ANDRYALA ( Ragufina) foliis lanceolatis indivifis den
round feeds. ticulatis acutis tomentofis, floribus folitariis. Lin. Sp .
Dr. Linnæus ranges this genus of plants in the firſt Plant. 1136. Downy Sowthiftle with indented, Spear
fection of his fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Mono Shaped, woolly leaves. Sonchus villofus luteus minor.
C. B. P. 124.
gynia, the flower having five ftamina and one ſtyle.
The SPECIES are , 3. ANDRYALA ( Sinuate ) foliis runcinatis. Lin. Sp. 1137.
1. ANDROSACE ( Maxima) perianthiis fructuum maximis. Downy Sowthistle with plain-fhaped leaves.
Hort. Upfal. 36. Androface with the largest empalement 4. ANDRYALA (Lanata ) foliis oblongo- ovatis fubdentatis
to the fruit. Androface vulgaris latifolia annua. Tourn . lanatis, pedunculis ramofis. Amoen . Acad. 4. p . 288.
Inft . R. H. 123 .
Downy Sowibifle with woolly, oblong, oval leaves, and
2. ANDROSACE ( Septentrionalis) foliis lanceolatis dentatis branching foot f-talks. Hieracium montanium tomen
glabris perianthiis angulatis corollâ brevioribus. Flor. tofum. Hort. Elth . tab. 150.
Suec. 160. Androface with fmooth, indented, fpear -
shaped The first is an annual plant, which grows naturally
leaves, and an angular empalement shorter than the petals. in the fouth of France, Spain, and Italy, and is pre
Alfine verna Androfaces capitulis . C. B. P. 251 . ferved in botanic gardens for the fake of variety. This
3. ANDROSACE (Villofa ) foliis pilofis perianthiis hirfutis. grows a foot and a half high, with woolly branching
Lin. Sp . Plant. 142. Androface with hairy leaves and ftalks, having leaves fcatteringly fet on them , which
empalement. Sedum Alpinum hirfutum lacteo flore. are oblong and downy. The flowers are produced in
C. B. P. 284. fmall clufters at the top ofthe ftalks, which are yellow,
4. ANDROSACE (Carnea ) foliis fubulatis glabris , umbella and like thofe of the Sowthiftle, fo do not make any
involucrum æquante. Lin. Sp. 204. Androface with great appearance . It is eafily raifed by feeds, which
fmooth awl-fhaped leaves, and the umbel offlowers equal fhould be fown in the fpring, in the place where the
to the involucrum . plants are to remain, and will require no other culture
5. ANDROSACE (Latca) foliis linearibus glabris, um but to thin them where they are too clofe, and keep
bellâ involucris multoties longiore. Lin. Sp. Plant. them clean from weeds. It flowers in July, and the
142. Androface with narrow smooth leaves, and the umbel feeds ripen in September.
much longer than the involucrum. Androface Alpina pe The fecond is a perennial plant, which grows natu
rennis angustifolia glabra flore fingulari . Tourn. Inft. rally in Spain, from whence I received the feeds, as
R. H. I have alfo from the Cape of Good Hope . The leaves
The first fort grows naturally in Auftria and Bohemia of this plant are extremely white, and are much in
amongſt the corn : this hath broad leaves which ſpread dented on their edges ; the flower-ftalks grow about
near the ground, from the center of thefe the foot a foot high, having fmall cluſters of yellow flowers,
ftalks arife, which are terminated by the umbel of which appear in July ; the feeds fometimes ripen in
flowers, like thofe of the Auricula ; under the umbel England, but not every year. The roots creep, by
of flowers is a large empalement , which is permanent ; which the plants may be propagated . They love a
the flowers are compofed of five finall white petals ; light dry foil, in which they will live in the open air
thefe appear in April and May, the feeds ripen in in this country.
June, and the plants foon after periſh. The third fort grows naturally in Sicily, and alſo
The other forts are much finaller than this, fome of near Montpelier ; the lower leaves of this fort are in
them feldom growing more than three inches high, dented and woolly, but thofe upon the ftalks are en
having very ſmall flowers, fo make little appearance. tire ; this ſeldom rifes more than a foot high, fupport
They grow naturally on the Alps and Helvetian ing a few yellow flowers at the top.
mountains, as alfo in Siberia, from whence I have The fourth fort grows in Spain and Portugal ; the
received the feeds of three or four fpecies. Theſe are leaves of this are broader, longer, and more downy,
only preferved in botanic gardens for the fake of va than either of the other forts, the flower-ftalks rife
riety, and all the forts except the firſt ſhould have a more than a foot high, branching into feveral foot
fhady fituation. ſtalks, each fuftaining one large yellow flower, fhaped
The feeds of all the forts fhould be fown foon after like thofe of Hawkweed, which are fucceeded by
they are ripe, otherwife they feldom grow the fame oblong black feeds crowned with down.
year. They flower ufually the beginning of April, Thefe two plants are propagated by feeds, in the
and their feeds are ripe the end of May ; which, if fame manner as the former, which fhould be fown in
permitted to fcatter, will come up, and often fucceed autumn, for when they are fown in the fpring, the
better than thofe which are fown . The annual forts plants feldom rife the fame year.
perifh as foon as the feeds are ripe, but the others ANEMONE ['Aveμún , of arp , Gr . the wind ; fo
will live in an open border for feveral years, and re called, becauſe the flower is fuppofed not to open,
quire no other care, but to keep them clean from except the wind blows. ] Wind- flower.
weeds. The CHARACTERS are ,
ANDROSÆMUM. See HYPERICUM .
The flower is naked having no empalement, and confifts
ANDRYALA. Lin . Gen. Plant . 820. Downy Sow of two or three orders of leaves or petals , which are oblong,
1
thiftle. and difpofed in three feries over each other. It hath a
The CHARACTERS are, great number offlenderftamina which are fhorter than the
It bath a fhort, round, hairy empalement, cut into many petals, and are crowned by double fummits which are erect ;
equal fegments ; the flowers are compofed of many berma between these are fituated many germen, which are collected
phrodite florets of one leaf, which are uniform, and lie into a head, fupporting a pointed style crowned with a blunt
over each other, ftretched out like a tongue on one fide. ftigma. The germen afterward become fo many feeds in
There are five ftamina in the flowers ; these are crowned clofed with a down which adheres to the foot-ftalk, and
by cylindricalfummits, which are tubulous. The germen forms an obtufe cone.
is fituated at the bottom of each floret, with a flender Dr. Linnæus ranges this genus of plants in the fixth
Style, crowned by two reflexed ftigma. The germen after fection of his thirteenth clafs, entitled Polyandria Po
ward becomes a fingle ovalfeed, crowned with down. lygynia, from the flowers having many ſtamina and
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnæus ranged in germen,
the firit fection of his nineteenth clafs , entitled Syn
The
 ANE A NE
e The SPECIES are,
are large and very double, and, when properly ma
1. ANEMONE (Sylveftris) pedunculo nudo feminibus fub naged, are extremely beautiful. I shall therefore pro
rotundis hirfutis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 540. Anemone with ceed to give ample directions for their culture, which,
is if duly obferved, every perfon may have theſe flowers
a nakedftalk and a round head of hairy feeds. Anemone
fylveftris alba major. C. B. P. 176. in perfection .
s. 2. ANEMONE (Nemorofa) feminibus acutis foliolis incifis Take a quantity of freſh untried earth (from a com
caule unifloro. Hort. Cliff. 224. Anemone withpointed mon, or fome other pafture land) that is of a light
n feeds, cut leaves, and afingle flower. Anemone nemo fandy loam, or hazel mould, obferving not to take it
p. rofa flore majore. C. B. P. 176. above ten inches deep below the furface ; and if the
7 3. ANEMONE (Apennina) feminibus acutis foliolis incifis turf be taken with it the better, provided it hath
2

Dr. petalis lanceolatis numerofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 541 . time to rot thoroughly before it is ufed : mix this with
Anemone with pointed feeds, cut leaves, and many spear a third part of rotten cow dung, and lay it in a heap,
fhaped flower leaves. Ranunculus nemorofus flore pur keeping it turned over at least once a month for eight
pureo-cæruleo. Park. Theat. 325. or ten months, the better to mix it, and rot the dung
4. ANEMONE (Virginiana) pedunculis alternis longiffimis and turf, and to let it have the advantages ofthe free
3. fructibus cylindricis feminibus hirfutis muticis. Lin. Sp. air : in doing this be careful to rake out all great
Plant. 540. Anemone with very long alternatefoot-ſtalks, ftones, and break the clods (but by no means fift
and cylindricalfpikes ofchaffy feeds. Anemone Virginiana or fcreen the earth, which is found very hurtful to
tertiæ Matthioli fimilis flore parvo. H. L. 645. many forts of roots ) ; for when the earth is made very
5. ANEMONE (Coronaria) foliis radicalibus ternato-de fine, upon the first great rains of winter or fpring,
compofitis, involucro foliofo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 539. the fmall particles thereof join clofely together, and
Anemone with lower leaves decompounded, and a leafy form one folid maſs, ſo that the roots often periſh for
involucrum. Anemone tenuifolia fimplici flore. C. B. bad want offome finall ftones to keep the particles afunder,
P. 174. and make way for the tender fibres to draw nouriſh
1 6. ANEMONE (Hortenfis) foliis digitatis. Lin. Sp . Plant. ment for the fupport of the root.
540. Anemone with hand- ſhaped leaves. Anemone hor This earth fhould be mixed twelve months before it
tenfis latifolia. 3 Cluf. Hift. 1. p. 249. is ufed, if poffible ; but if you are conftrained to uſe
1 7. ANEMOME (Dichotoma) caule dichotoma, foliis feffili it fooner, you must turn it over the oftener, to mellow
bus oppofitis amplexicaulibus trifidis incifis. Amæn. and break the clods ; and obferve to rake out all the
Acad. 1. p. 155. Anemone with aforkedſtalk, and trifid parts of the green fward, that are not quite rotten,
before you uſe it, which would be prejudicial to your
cut leaves growing oppofite, which embrace the ſtalks.
8. ANEMONE (Thaliroides) foliis caulinis fimplicibus roots, if fuffered to remain. The beginning of Sep
verticillatis, radicalibus duplicato ternatis. Lin. Sp . tember is a proper feafon to prepare the beds for
763. Anemone with fimple leaves on theftalk, growing in planting (which, if in a wet foil, fhould be raiſed with
whorles, and thofe at the root double ternate. this fort of earth fix or eight inches above the furface
The first fort grows naturally in many parts of Ger of the ground, laying at the bottom fome of the
many; this approaches near to our Wood Anemone, rakings of your heap to drain off the moiſture ; but
but the feeds of it are round and hairy ; the flower is in a dry foil, three inches above the furface will be
large and white, but having little beauty, is feldom fufficient) : this compoft fhould be laid at leaſt two feet
planted in gardens. and a half thick, and in the bottom there fhould be
The fecond fort grows wild in the woods in many parts about four or five inches of rotten neats dung, or the
of England, where it flowers in April and May, rotten dung of an old Melon or Cucumber- bed, fo
making a pretty appearance in thofe places where that you must take out the former foil of the beds to
they are in plenty. The roots of this may be taken make room for it.
up when their leaves decay, and tranfplanted in wil And obferve in preparing your beds, to lay them (if
derneffes, where they will thrive and increafe greatly, in a wet foil) a little round, to fhoot off the water ;
if they are not diſturbed ; and in the fpring, before but in a dry one, let it be nearer to a level ; in wet
the trees are covered with leaves, they will have a land, where the beds are raiſed above the furface, it
very good effect, in covering of the ground and will be proper to fill up the paths between them in
making a pleaſing variety at that ſeaſon. winter, either with rotten tan or dung, to prevent the
The third fort is found growing naturally in fome froft from penetrating into the fides of the beds, which
parts of England, but particularly at Wimbledon in often deſtroy their roots . The earth fhould be laid
Surry, in a wood near the manſion-houſe, in great in the beds at leaſt a fortnight or three weeks before
plenty ; but it is not certain that they were not origi you plant the roots, that it may fettle ; and when you
nally planted there, as they are not found in any other plant them, ftir the upper part of the foil about fix
place in that neighbourhood. This fort flowers at the inches deep, with a fpade ; then rake it even and
fame time with the former, and when intermixed with fmooth, and with a ſtick draw lines each way of the
them, make a fine variety. This may be tranfplanted bed at fix inches diſtance, ſo that the whole may be
from the woods as the former. in fquares, that the roots may be planted regularly :
There are of theſe two forts, fome with double flow then with your three fingers make a hole in the cen
ers, which have been obtained from feeds. Thefe ter of each fquare, about three inches deep, laying
make a finer appearance, and continue longer in flower therein a root with the eye uppermoft ; and when you
than the fingle, but are only to be procured from the have finiſhed your bed, with the head of a rake draw
gardens, where they are cultivated. As thefe are only the earth fmooth, fo as to cover the crown of the roots
feminal varieties, I have not enumerated them with about two inches.
the others. The beft feafon for planting thefe roots, if for for
The fourth fort grows naturally in North America, ward flowers, is about the latter end of September ;
from whence the feeds are frequently fent to England. and for thoſe of a middle feaſon, any time in October;
This is a very hardy plant, and produces plenty of but obferve to perform this work, if poffible, at or I
feeds in England, but having little beauty, fcarce nearthe time of fome gentle fhowers ; for ifthe roots
deferves a place in gardens, unleſs for the fake of are planted when the ground is perfectly dry, and
variety. there fhould no rain fall for three weeks or a month
The fifth and fixth forts are natives of the eaſt, from after, they will be very apt to grow mouldy upon the
whence their roots were brought originally ; but have crown, and if they once get this diftemper, they feldom
been fo greatly improved by culture, as to render come to good after.
them fome of the chief ornaments to our gardens in You may alſo referve fome of your Anemone roots
the fpring. The principal colours of theſe flowers are till after Chriſtmas, before you plant them, left by
red, white, purple, and blue, and fome are finely the ſeverity of the winter your early planted roots
variegated with red, white, and purple . There are fhould be deftroyed, which fometimes happens in
many intermediate fhades of theſe colours ; the flowers very hard winters, efpecially in thofe places where
P they
7

1 A
 ANE ANE

they are not covered to protect them from froft : theſe of good fingle (or what the gardeners call Poppy
late planted roots will flower a fortnight or three Anemonies) of the best colours, and fuch as have
weeks after thofe which were planted in autumn, and more leaves than common , and have other good pro
many times blow equally as fair, efpecially if it prove perties ; theſe ſhould be planted early, that they may
a moift fpring, or that care be taken to refreſh them have ftrength to produce good feeds, which will be
gently with water. ripe in three weeks or a month's time, after the flow
But then the increaſe of theſe roots will not be near ers are paſt ; when you muſt carefully gather it, other
fo wife it will be blown away in a fhort time, it being
great as thofe of your firft planting, provided they
were not hurt in winter ; and it is for this reafon all inclofed in a downy fubftance. You muſt preferve
thoſe who make fale of thefe roots, are forward in this feed till the beginning of Auguſt, when you may
planting ; for although it may happen, by fharp either fow it in pots, tubs , or a well prepared bed of
pinching frofts inthe fpring, that their flowers are not light earth in the doing of it you muſt be careful not
fo double and fair as thofe planted a little later, yet to let your feeds be in heaps, to avoid which is a thing
if they can preferve the green leaves ofthe plants from little underſtood , and is what I have been informed of
being injured, the roots will greatly increaſe in bulk ; by the late Mr. Obadiah Lowe, gardener at Batterfea,
but in fuch gardens where thefe flowers are preſerved who for feveral years raifed large quantities of thefe
flowers from feeds. His manner was thus :
with care, there is always provifion made to cover
them from the injuries of the weather, by arching After having levelled his bed of earth, in which he
the beds over with hoops, or frames of wood, and intended to fow his feeds, he rubbed the feeds well
covering them with garden- mats or cloths, in frofty between his hands, with a little dry fand, in order to
nights, and bad weather, efpecially in the fpring of make them feparate the better ; then he fowed them
.
the year, when their buds begin to appear ; for other as regularly as poffible over the bed ; but as thefe feeds
wife, if you plant the beft and moft double flowers, will itill adhere clofely together by their down, he
the black frofts and cutting winds in March will cauſe took a ſtrong hair brush, with which he gently fwept
them to blow fingle, by deftroying the thrum that is over the whole bed, obferving not to brush off the
in the middle of the flower ; and this many times feeds ; this brush will fo feparate the feeds, if care
hath occafioned many people who have bought the fully managed, as not to leave any entire lumps ; then
roots, to think they were cheated in the purchaſe of gently fift fome light earth, about a quarter of an
them, when it was wholly owing to their neglect of inch thick over the feeds ; and, if it fhould prove hot
covering them, that their flowers were fingle. dry weather, it will be advifable to lay fome mats
In the beginning of April your firft planted roots will hollow upon the bed in the heat of the day, and now
begin to flower, which will continue for three weeks and then give them a little water ; but this muſt be
or more, according to the heat of the weather, or given gently, left by haftily watering you wash the
the care taken in covering them, during the heat of feeds out of the ground ; but be fure to uncover the
the day, with mats or cloths : after theſe are paft bed at all times when there are gentle fhowers, and
flowering, the fecond planted forts will come to fuc every night, that the feeds may have the benefit of
ceed them, and thefe will be followed by thofe planted the dews ; and as the heat of the weather decreaſes,
in the fpring; fo that you may have thefe beauties you may begin to uncover your bed in the day time
continued for near two months together, or fometimes alfo.
longer, if the fealon prove favourable, or proper care In about ten weeks after fowing, the plants will be
is taken to ſhade them in the heat of the day. gin to appear, if the ſeaſon has proved favourable, or
The beginning of June, the leaves of your first blown your care in management hath not been wanting,
roots will begin to decay ; foon after which time you otherwife they many times remain a whole year in the
' muſt take them out of the ground, clearing them from ground. The firft winter after their appearing above
decayed ſtalks, and washing them, to take the earth ground, they are fubject to injuries from hard frofts,
clean from the root ; then fpread them on a mat in a or too much wet, against both of which you muſt
dry fhady place till they are perfectly dried, when equally defend them ; for the froft is very apt to loofen
you may put them up in bags, and hang them out the earth, fo that the young plants are often turned
of the reach of mice, or other vermin, which will out of the ground, after which a ſmall froft will de
deſtroy many of the roots if they can come at them. ftroy them ; and too much wet often rots their tender
Obferve alfo to take up the latter planted roots as roots, fo that all your former trouble may be loft in
foon as their leaves decay ; for if they are fuffered to a fhort time for want of care in this particular ; nor
remain long after in the ground, and there fhould fall do I know of any thing more deftructive to thefe ten
fome fhowers of rain , they would foon put forth freſh der plants, than the cold black frofts and winds of
fibres, and make new fhoots, when it would be too February and March, from which you muſt be careful
late to remove them : at the time when you take up to defend them, by placing a low reed fence on the
the roots, is the proper feafon for breaking or parting north and eaft fides of the bed, which may be move
them, which may be done by feparating thoſe that able, and only faſtened to a few ſtakes to fupport it for
you would choose to make all poffible increaſe from, the prefent, and may be taken quite away as the feafon
into as many parts as you can conveniently, provided advances, or removed to the fouth and weft fides of
each one of them have a good eye or bud ; but thoſe the bed, to fcreen it from the violence of the fun,
you intend to blow ftrong, fhould by no means be which often impairs thefe plants when young.
parted too fmall, which greatly weakens their flow As the fpring advances, if the weather fhould prove
ering. dry, you must gently refresh them with water, which
The principal colours in Anemonies are, white, red, will greatly ftrengthen your roots ; and when the green
blue, and purple ; and thefe in fome of them , are cu leaves are decayed, if your roots are not too thick to
riously intermixed ; but the moft prevailing colours remain in the fame bed another year, you must clear
amongst our Engliſh raifed Anemonies, are white and off all the weeds and decayed leaves from the bed,
red ; though of late we have received from France and fift a little more of the fame prepared good earth ,
great varieties of blues and purples, which are ex about a quarter of an inch thick over the furface, and
ceeding fine flowers, and being intermixed with the obferve to keep them clear from weeds during the
English flowers , make a fine variety : we thould there fummer feafon, and at Michaelmas repeat the fame
fore obferve, in planting the roots, to diftribute the earthing , but as thefe roots fo left in the ground,
different colours , fo as to make an agreeable mixture will come up early in the autumn , the beds fhould be
of each in every bed, which will greatly add to their carefully covered in frofty weather, otherwife their
beauty. leaves will be injured, whereby the roots will be
But fince all the fine varieties of thefe flowers were weakened, if not deftroyed . If your roots fucceed
first obtained from feeds, no good florift, that hath well, many of them will flower the fecond year, when
garden room, fhould neglect to fow them : in order you may felect all fuch as you like, by marking them
to which, we should provide ourselves with a quantity with a tick ; but you fhould not deftroy any of them
6 until
 BEST

ANE ANG

PY
until after the third year, when you have feen them
. fmall, make little appearance, fo the plant is rarely
_ve
blow ſtrong, at which time you will be capable to preferved, except in botanic gardens for variety it
TO
judge of their goodneſs ; for until the roots have ac is a very hardy plant, and multiplies very faft where
ay
25

quired ftrength, the flowers will not fhew themſelves it is allowed to have a place.
be
2

to advantage. The eighth fort is a very humble plant, feldom rifing

By this time your roots will be too thick in the feed more than fix inches high. This grows naturally in
er
bed to remain, therefore you muft, as foon as their the woods of North America, where it flowers early
ng green leaves are decayed, fift the earth of your bed in the fpring, when it makes a pretty appearance ,
ve
through a very fine fieve, in order to get out the efpecially if many of the plants grow in cluſters :
} roots, which can be no otherwife found, as being fome of theſe flowers are double, which make a bet
of
fmall, and fo nearly the colour of the ground ; but ter appearance than the fingle, and continue longer
ot
in doing this, obſerve not to diſturb the ground too in beauty. The leaves of this plant are very like
deep, fo as to endanger the burying any of the roots ; thofe of Meadow Rue ; the ftalks have leaves grow
for, notwithſtanding all your care, many fmall roots ing in whorles, and are terminated by a fingle flower :
will be left behind, therefore as foon as you have fift this fort fhould be planted under the fhelter of trees,
ed your whole bed, and taken out all the roots you and if the furface of the ground is covered with rotten
can find, you muſt level the earth of your bed again, tanners bark in winter, it will greatly preferve the
ne and let it remain till next year, when you will find a plants.
F
2

plentiful crop of roots come up again ; the young ANEMONOIDES. See ANEMONE .
50 roots which you take up muſt be dried, as was directed ANEMONOSPERMOS. See ARCTOTIS .
n
for the old ones, but ſhould be planted again three A NETHUM, Dill, from a and b , to run up,
s weeks before them, that they may increaſe in ftrength, becauſe it is quick of growth.
e fo as to flower ſtrongly the fucceeding year. The CHARACTERS are,
t The fingle ( or Poppy) Anemonies will flower moſt It is an umbelliferous plant, having many umbels, which
t part of the winter and fpring, when the feaſons are have no involucrum. The umbels are uniform, and com
favourable, if they are planted in a warm fituation, pofed of many smaller ones. The flowers have five spear
1 at which time they make a fine appearance, therefore Shaped petals, each of these have five flender ftamina,
deferve a place in every flower-garden, eſpecially as crowned with blunt fummits ; under the flower is fituated
I they require little culture ; for if theſe roots are taken the germen, fupporting two fmallftyles crowned with blunt
S up every other year, it will be often enough ; and Stigma ; the germen afterward becomes two compreffed feeds
when they are taken up, they ſhould be planted again having borders.
very early in the autumn, otherwife they will not This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection
flower till the fpring. There are fome fine blue co of the fifth clafs of Linnæus's genera, which is enti
lours amongſt theſe fingle Anemonies, which, with tled Pentandria Digynia, the flowers having five fta
the Scarlets and Reds, make a beautiful mixture of mina and two styles .
colours ; and as theſe begin flowering in January or We have but one SPECIES of this genus, viz.
February, when the weather is cold, they will conti ANETHUM (Graveolens) fructibus compreffis. Hort. Cliff.
nue a long time in beauty, provided the froft is not 106. Dill with compreffed feeds. Anethum hortenfe.
too fevere. The feeds of thefe are ripe bythe mid C. B. P. 147. Common Dill.
dle or end of May, and muſt be gathered daily as it There are two other varieties which are mentioned
ripens, otherwiſe it will foon be blown away by the as diftinct fpecies by the botanifts, but I have fre
winds. quently fown them, and have always found them
The Anemone grows naturally in the Levant, parti prove to be only varieties arifing from the fame feeds.
cularly in the iſlands of the Archipelago, where the This plant is propagated by fowing the feeds, which
borders of the fields are covered with them of all the fhould be done in autumn foon after they are ripe ;
colours, but the flowers are fingle, and have been for if they are kept out of the ground till ſpring, they
greatly improved by culture. In France they were frequently mifcarry ; or if any of the plants come
long cultivated before they were much known in Hol up, they often decay before they have perfected their
land or England. Tournefort mentions two French feeds. They love a light foil, and will not bear to be
gentlemen, Meffrs. Malaval and Bachelier, who con tranfplanted, but muft be fown where they are to re
tributed greatly to the improvement of theſe flowers ; main, and fhould be allowed eight or ten inches room
and of the latter he relates a pleaſant ſtory, as fol to grow, otherwife they will draw up very weak, and
lows : There was a certain lawyer to whom Mr. Ba produce few lateral branches, whereby their leaves
chelier had refuſed to communicate the feeds of his will decay, and be rendered uſeleſs, nor will they
fine Anemonies, and finding he could not obtain any produce to good feeds ; therefore the beft way is,
either by friendſhip or money, a fancy came into his when the plants are come up, to hoe them out, as is
head, to make a viſit to Mr. Bachelier, with ſome of practifed for Onions, Carrots, &c. leaving the plants
his friends who were in the fecret ; he ordered his about eight or ten inches afunder every way, obferv
lacquey who fupported the train of his gown, to let ing to keep them clear from weeds ; and when the
it drop on a bed where the Anemonies grew, which feeds begin to be formed, you fhould cut up thofe
he wanted, whofe feeds were then ripe. They walked that are intended to be put into the pickle for Cucum }
a confiderable time talking on various fubjects, and bers, leaving thoſe that are intended for the ufe of
when they came to the fpot where the Anemonics the feeds until they are ripe ; at which time it ſhould
grew, a merry gentleman of the company began a be cut, and fpread upon a cloth to dry, and then
ftory, which engaged the attention of Mr. Bachelier ; beat out for ufe : if you let the feeds fall upon the
at which time the lacquey, who was no fool, let fall ground, the plants will rife the next fpring without
his maſter's train over the bed, and the feeds having any care, fo that the trouble of fowing their feeds may 1
a downy covering, ftuck to the gown, which the boy be fpared.
afterwards took up again, and the company went for ANGELICA [ of Angelus, fo called, as fome quacks,
ward. The virtuofo took leave of Mr. Bachelier, and &c. pretend, from the angels, on account of its ex
went directly home, where he carefully picked off the cellent qualities . ]
feeds which had ftuck to his robes, and fowed them, The CHARACTERS are,
which produced very beautiful flowers. It is an umbelliferous plant, the greater umbel being com
The feventh fort grows naturally in Canada and Si pofed of many fmall ones ; the involucrum, or cover of the
beria ; the roots of this creep and multiply greatly large umbel, is composed offive fmall leaves, and thofe of
in the ground, the lower leaves are deeply cut ; the the fmaller of eight, and the empalement of the flowers
ftalks rife two feet high, garniſhed with leaves placed are indented in five parts. The flowers ofthe whole um- .
oppoſite, which embrace the ftalks , and the flowers bel are uniform, each of them confift offive petals which
are produced from the forks of the ſtalks upon flen fallaway; thefe have five ftamina, which are longer than
der foot-ftalks ; thefe flowers are white, and being! the petals, and are crowned with fingle fummits. The
germen
 ANG ANG

germen is fituated below the flower, Supporting two re theſe ſtems in May, which will occafion their putting
flexedftyles, crowned with obtufe ftigma ; the germen af out heads from the fides of the roots, whereby they
terward becomes a roundish fruit splitting into two, and may be continued for three or four years ; whereas,
compofed of two feeds, which are plain on one fide, convex if they had been permitted to feed, their roots would
on the other, and are bordered. periſh foon after.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
The gardeners near London, who have ditches of wa
of Linnæus's fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Digynia, ter running through their gardens, propagate great
from the flowers having five ſtamina and two ſtyles. quantities of this plant, for which they have a great
The SPECIES are, demand from the confectioners, who make a fweet
1. ANGELICA ( Sativa ) foliorum impari lobato. Flor. meat with the tender ſtalks of it cut in May.
Lapp. 101. Angelica with leaves composed of an unequal This plant is alfo ufed in medicine, as are alfo the
number oflobes. Angelica fativa. C. B. P. 155. Gar feeds ; therefore where it is cultivated for the feeds,
den Angelica. there ſhould be new plantations annually made to fup
2. ANGELICA ( Archangelica) altiffima foliorum lobatis ply the places of thoſe which die, for when they are
maximis ferratis. Tallest Angelica with leaves compofed permitted to feed, they laft but two years.
of large ferrated lobes. Angelica fcandiaca Archange ANGUINA. See TRICOSANTHes .
lica. Tabern. Icon . 82 . ANGURIA, the Water Melon , or Citrul.
The CHARACTERS are,
3. ANGELICA ( Sylvestris) foliis æqualibus ovato-lanceo
latis ferratis. Hort. Cliff. 97. Angelica with equal leaves, It bath male and female flowers growing at feparate dif
compofed of oval fpear-shapedlobes which arefawed. An tances on the fame plant ; the flowers of both fexes are of
gelica fylveftris major. C. B. P. 155 . shaped kind, of one leaf, and have empale
the open bell-
4. ANGELICA ( Atropurpurea) extimo foliorum pari co ments of the fame form . The male flowers have three
adunato folio terminali petiolato. Prod . Leyd. 103 . fhort ftamina, which are joined together at the top ; these
Angelica with the extreme pair of leaves joined, and ter are crowned by flender fummits. The female flowers reft
minated with a foot -ſtalk. Angelica Canadenfis atro upon an oval germen, fupporting a cylindrical ftyle, crowned
purpurea. Cornut . Canad. 198. by three large ftigma, which are gibbous , the germen af
5. ANGELICA ( Lucida) foliis æqualibus ovatis incifo-fer terward becomes an oblong fleshy fruit, having five cells
ratis. Hort. Cliff. 97. Angelica with equal leaves and filled with compreffed feeds, which are rounded at their
oval lobes, which are cut andfawed. Angelica lucida extremity.
Canadenfis. Cornut. Canad. 196. Dr. Linnæus joins this genus to the Gourd, but who
The first fort is the common Angelica, which is cul ever will allow the fruit to be a characteriſtic in de
tivated in the gardens for medicinal ufe, as alfo for termining the genera, muſt keep them ſeparate ; for
making a fweetmeat, which is by fome greatly eſteem the Gourd hath but three cells, whereas the Angu
ed. This grows naturally by the fide of rivers in ria has five.
northern countries. This genus is ranged in the tenth fection of Linnæ
The fecond fort grows naturally in Hungary, and us's twenty-first clafs of plants, entitled Monoecia
fome parts of Germany. This hath been fuppofed to Syngenefia, from the flowers being male and female
be only a variety of the firft by many modern bota in the fame plant, and the ftamina and fummits grow
hifts , but from many years experience in the culture ing together.
of this plant, I could never obferve any alteration in We have but one SPECIES of this genus , viz.
it ; for all the plants which I raiſed from feeds, proved ANGURIA foliis multipartitis. Water Melon with leaves
exactly the fame as the parent plant, and when plant cut into many parts. Anguria Citrullus dicta. C. B. P.
ed in the fame foil with the common fort, they were 312. Of this there are feveral varieties which differ in
twice their fize. The leaves were alſo much larger, the form and colour of their fruit ; but as thefe vary an
and deeper fawed on their edges, the umbels much nuallyfrom feeds, it is needlefs to enumerate themhere.
larger, and the flowers were yellow. This fort feldom This fruit is cultivated in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and
continues longer than two or three years, fo that moſt other warm countries in Europe ; as alfo in Afri
young plants fhould be raiſed to preferve the fpecies . ca, Afia, and America, and is by the inhabitants of
The feeds fhould be fown in autumn, for thofe which thofe countries greatly efteemed for their wholfome
are fown in the ſpring ſeldom fucceed . cooling quality ; but in England the fruit is not fo
The third fort grows naturally in moift meadows, univerfally eſteemed , though fome few perfons are
and by the fides of rivers in many parts of England , very fond of them. I fhall therefore give full direc
fo is feldom admitted into gardens. tions for raiſing them, fo that fuch perfons as are will
The fourth and fifth forts grow naturally in North A ing to be at the expence and trouble of it, may not
merica, from whence their feeds were fent to Europe, be at a lofs for inftructions.
where the plants are preferved in gardens for the fake Firft provide fome feeds, which fhould be three or
of variety ; but as they have no ufe and but little four years old ; for new feeds are apt to produce vi
beauty, they are not admitted into many gardens. gorous plants, which are feldom fo fruitful as thofe of
They are both very hardy plants, and may be eafily a moderate ftrength. The beft forts to cultivate in
propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown in au England, are thofe with fmall round fruit, which
tumn, and when the plants are large enough to re come from Altracan, thofe with very large fruit, fel
move, they must be tranfplanted into a moift foil, dom ripen well in this climate. Having provided
•
and have a fhady fituation, allowing them two feet good feed, you ſhould prepare a heap of new dung
room on every fide. They grow four or five feet the beginning of February, which fhould be thrown
high, and put out many fhoots from the root, efpeci in a heap for about twelve days to heat, turning it
ally the fecond year from feed, when they will flower over twice, mixing it well ; then you ſhould make a
in June, and the feeds ripen in September. The roots hot-bed, in which thefe feeds, as alfo Cucumber-feeds
of thefe forts feldom continue longer than two or three and Muſk Melons may be fown. The dung fhould
years. The common Angelica delights to grow in a be well wrought in making the bed, and must be
very moift foil ; the feeds of this plant fhould be fown beaten down pretty clofe with a dung- fork, that the
ſoon after they are ripe, for if they are kept until the heat may not be too violent, and of longer continu
fpring, feldom one feed in forty will grow. When ance. When the dung is thus laid, you ſhould cover
the plants are come up about fix inches high, they it about four inches thick with good light earth, and
fhould be tranfplanted at a large diftance, for their having fpread it very even, you fhould put the frame
leaves extend very wide ; the beft place for this plant and glaſs over it, leaving it to warm four or five days
1 is upon the fides of ditches, or pools of water ; where before you put the feeds into it, obferving, if the
being planted about three feet aſunder, they will fteam rifes pretty much, to raife up the glafs to let it
thrive exceedingly. The fecond year after fowing, pafs off : then, if you find your bed in proper tem
they will ſhoot up to flower ; therefore if you have a per, you may fow your feeds therein in drills, cover
mind to continue their roots, you fhould cut down ing them over with earth about half an inch. After
this,
 ANN ANN
ang
hey this, if you find your bed very warm, you must give leaves, which are concave and pointed. The flower
as, air in the day-time by raifing the glaffes ; but if the bath fix petals, three large and three alternately
uld bed is cool, you muſt cover it well with mats every fmaller. The ftamina is fearce difcernible, but there are
night, as alfo in bad weather. In four or five days many funimits on eachfide the germen, which is fituated
Wa after, you muſt prepare another hot-bed to receive at the bottom of the flower, having no ftyle, but an ob
eat thefe plants, which will be fit to tranfplant in ten tufe ftigma. The germen afterward becomes an oval, or
reat days, or a fortnight at moft, after the feeds are ſown ; oblong fruit, having a fealy rind, and one cell, in which
Eet this bed need not be very large, for a few of theſe are lodged many oval fmooth feeds.
plants will fill a large quantity of frames, when they This genus of plants is ranged in the feventh ſection
he are planted out for good, and while the plants are of Linnæus's thirteenth clafs, entitled Polyandria Po
young, there may be a great quantity kept in one lyginia, the flowers of this divifion having many ſta
ds,
light ; fo that thofe perfons who raiſe early Cucum mina and ſeveral germen.
ap
bers and Muſk Melons, may alfo raiſe theſe plants in The SPECIES are,
are
the fame bed ; for two or three lights will be fufficient 1 . ANNONA ( Reticulata) foliis lanceolatis fructibus ova
to raiſe plants of all three kinds, to fupply the largeſt tis reticulato-areolatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 537. Annona
families, until they are planted out for good. In with fpear-shaped leaves, and ovalfruit which are netted,
the management of thefe plants while young, there or wrought in fquares. Guanabanus fructu aureo &
is little difference from the directions given for raiſing molliter aculeato. Plum. Nov. Gen. 43. The Custard
Muſk Melons, therefore I need not repeat it here. Apple.
of
The chief thing to be obſerved, is, to let them have 2. ANNONA (Muricatis) foliis ovali-lanceolatis glabris
ee a large fhare of air whenever the weather will permit, nitidis planis pomis muricatis. Hort. Cliff. 222. An
otherwife the plants will draw up weak, and be good nona with plain, Smooth, shining, oval, fpear -
shaped
for little. As theſe plants will require two or three leaves, and a prickly fruit. Guanabanus fructu è vi
hot-beds to bring the fruit to perfection, it will be ridi lutefcente molliter aculeato. Plum . Nov. Gen.
f. the better way to put the plants into baſkets, when 43. The Sour Sop.
they have gotten four leaves, as is directed for raifing 3. ANNONA ( Squamofa ) foliis oblongis fructibus obtusè
r early Cucumbers ; but you fhould not plant more fubfquamatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 537. Annona with ob
than two plants in each baſket, for if one of them long leaves, and obtufefcaly fruit. Guanabanus foliis
lives it will be fufficient ; therefore when both the odoratis fructu fubrotundo fquamofo. Plum. Nov.
plants fucceed, you ſhould draw out the weakest and Gen. 43. The Sweet Sop.

I moſt unpromifing of them, before they begin to put 4. ANNONA (Paluftris) foliis oblongis obtufis glabris,
out their ſide ſhoots, otherwiſe they will entangle and fructu rotundo, cortice glabro. Annona with oblong,
render it difficult to be performed, without greatly blunt, fmooth leaves, and round fruit, with a smooth
injuring the remaining plant. fkin. Guanabanus paluftris fructu lævi viridi. Plum.
The baſkets in which theſe plants are to be planted, Nov. The Water Apple.
need not be more than a foot diameter ; fo that one 5. ANNONA (Cherimola) foliis latiffimis glabris, fructu
light will contain eight of them, which will be fuffi oblongo fquamato, feminibus nitidiffimis. Annona with
cient for twenty-four lights, when they are planted very broad fmooth leaves, oblong fealy fruit, and very
out for good ; for where the plants are vigorous, one fhiningfeeds.
fingle plant will ſpread ſo far as to fill three lights ; 6. ANNONA (Africana) foliis ovato-lanceolatis pubeſcen
and if they have not room, they ſeldom ſet their fruit tibus fructu glabro fubcæruleo. Annona with oval,
well. Spear-shaped, downy leaves, and ſmooth bluishfruit. Gua
Theſe baſkets may remain in the nurſery-beds until nabanus fructu fubcæruleo. Plum. Nov. Gen. 43 .
the plants have fpread, and put out many runners ; The Sweet Apple.
匦
for when the heat of this bed declines, it is foon re 7. ANNONA (Afiatica) foliis lanceolatis glabris nitidis fe
vived by adding a proper lining of warm dung to cundum nervos fulcatis. Hort. Cliff. 222. Annona with
the fides of the bed quite round ; fo that when they neat fpear-shaped leaves, with nervous furrows. Guana
are taken out of this bed, and placed in the ridges banus fructu purpureo. Plum. Nov. Gen. 43. The
where they are to remain, the heat of the beds will Purple Apple.
laft fo long as to fet their fruit, which is of great con 8. ANNONA (Triloba) foliis lanceolatis frutibus trifidis.
fequence ; for when the plants are ridged out very Lin. Sp. Plant. 537. Annona with spear-shaped leaves,
young, the beds are generally made of great thick and trifid fruit. Annona fructu lutefcente lævi ferotum
nefs in dung, in order to continue their heat ; fo arietis referente. Catefb. Car. 2. 85. The North Ame
that for fome time after they are made, they are rican Annona, called by the inhabitants Papaw.
fo extreme hot, as to endanger the fcalding of the The first fort ufually grows to the height of twenty
plants ; and by the time the fruit begins to appear, five feet, or upwards, in the Weft-Indies, and is well
there is little heat left in the beds, which often occa furniſhed with branches on every fide ; the bark is
fions the fruit to drop off, and come to nothing. fmooth, and of an Afh colour ; the leaves are oblong,
After theſe plants are placed in the beds where they of a light green colour, and have feveral deep tranf
are to remain, you muſt carefully lead the fhoots as verſe ribs or veins, ending in acute points ; the fruit
they are produced, fo as to fill each part of the frame, is of a conical form, as large as a tennis-ball, of an
but not to croud each other ; and be careful to keep Orange colour when ripe, having a foft, fweet, yel
them clear from weeds, as alfo to adinit fresh air lowish pulp, of the confiftence of a cuſtard, from
whenever the weather will permit ; they muft alfo be whence the title of Cuftard Apple was given to it.
frequently watered, but do not give it them in great The ſecond fort is not fo large as the firft, rarely rifing
quantities. In fhort, there is little difference to be above twenty feet high, and not fo well furnished
obferved in the management of thefe, from that of with branches ; the leaves are broader than thofe, have
Muſk Melons, but only to give them more room , a fmooth furface without any furrows, and are of a
and to keep the beds to a good temperature of heat, fhining green colour ; the fruit is large, of an oval
and when the fruit appears, to admit air freely to the fhape, irregular, and pointed at the top, being of a
plants, in order to fet their fruit ; but when the nights greenifh yellow colour, and full of ſmall knobs on
are cold, the glaffes muſt be covered with mats to the outfide ; the pulp is foft, white, and of a four and
・
keep the beds warm, without which this fruit will fweet tafte intermixed, having many oblong dark- co
feldom come to good in this country . loured feeds.
ANIL. See INDIGOPHERA . The third fort is a tree of humbler growth, feldom
ANISUM , or ANISE. See PIMPINELLA. rifing more than fifteen feet high, and is well furniſhed
ANNONA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 613. Guanabanus. with branches on every fide ; the leaves of this fort
Plum . Nov. Gen. 10. The Custard Apple, &c. have an agreeable ſcent when rubbed ; the fruit is
The CHARACTERS are, roundiſh and ſcaly, and when ripe turns of a purple
The empalement is compofed of three small heart s
-haped colour, and hath a fweet pulp.
The
 ANN ΑΝΤ

The fourth fort commonly grows from thirty to forty leaves, and cauſe them to decay ; but when carefully
feet in the Weft-Indies. This hath oblong pointed managed, their leaves will continue green all the win
leaves, which have fome flender furrows, and when ter, and make a very good appearance in the ftove
rubbed have a ſtrong fcent ; the fruit of this fort is at that ſeaſon .
feldom eaten but by the negroes ; the tree grows in As thefe plants advance in their growth, they ſhould
moiſt places in all the iflands of the Weft-Indies. be fhifted into larger pots ; but this must be done
The fifth fort is much cultivated in Peru for the 1
with caution, for nothing is more prejudicial to them
fruit, and from thence the feeds have been brought than over-potting them. They muſt alſo conſtantly
to England, and many plants have been raiſed . This remain in the tan-bed, otherwife they will make but lit
grows to be a very large tree in the natural country tle progrefs ; for although they will live in a dry ftove,
of its growth, and is well furniſhed with branches, yet they will make little progrefs, nor will their leaves
which are garniſhed with leaves of a bright green co appear fo fine, as when they are preferved in a vigo
lour, which are much larger than thoſe of any of the rous growing ſtate ; and it is more for the beauty of
1
other forts. The fruit is oblong and ſcaly on the out their leaves, than any hopes of their producing fruit
fide, and of a dark purple colour when ripe ; the in this country, that they are preferved in ftoves : for
fleſh is foft and fweet, has many brown feeds inter though there has been fome of the forts which have
mixed, which are very ſmooth and fhining ; the fruit produced flowers in England, yet none have ever
is eſteemed by the Peruvians as one of their moft de fhewn their fruit here.
licate forts. This has produced flowers in England, Some of theſe plants are twelve or fourteen feet high
but no fruit. in our gardens, and a few years ago there were plants
The fixth and ſeventh forts grow in fome of the of the fifth fort in the garden at Chelfea, which were
French iſlands, as alfo in Cuba, in great plenty ; theſe more than twenty feet high, and produced flowers
grow to the height of thirty feet or more ; their fruit two or three years. The ftove in which theſe plants
are eſteemed by the inhabitants of thoſe iſlands, who are placed, fhould, during the winter feafon, be kept
frequently give them to fick perfons, as they reckon to the Ananas heat, marked on the botanical thermo
them very cooling and wholefome. meters. The earth ſhould be light and rich in which
The eighth fort grows plentifully in the Bahama they are planted, and the tan-bed ſhould be frequently
iſlands, where it feldom riſes to more than ten feet turned over and refreshed . Their waterings muſt be
high, having ſeveral ſtems ; the fruit of this fort are frequent in fummer, but not in too great quantity.
ſhaped like a Pear inverted . This is feldom eaten In the winter they must have it but feldom, a little
but by the negroes, and is the food of guanas, and once a week in open weather, and, in froft, once in
other animals. a fortnight or three weeks, will be fufficient.
This fort will thrive in the open air in England, if ANTHEMIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 870. Chamomile.
it is planted in a warm fheltered fituation ; but the The CHARACTERS are,
plants fhould be trained up in pots , and ſheltered in It is a plant with a compound flower, whofe common
winter for two or three years, until they have ac empalement is hemifpherical, compofed of many Scales
6 quired fome ſtrength ; then they may be turned out which are equal. The border, or rays of the flower, is
of the pots in the fpring, and planted in the full compofed of many female florets, whofe petals arestretched
ground, where they are to remain. This fort has pro out like tongues on one fide, and are indented in three
duced flowers in the curious garden of his grace the parts at their extremity. The middle, or disk of the flower,
duke of Argyle, at Whitton, near Hounflow, where is compofed of many hermaphrodite florets, which are fun
it has been growing in the open air for fome years, nel-shaped, erect, and cut into five parts at the top. Theſe
as alfo in the nurſery of the late Mr. Gray, near Ful have five fhort narrow stamina, which are crowned by
ham. The feeds of this fort are frequently brought cylindrical bollow fummits. The germen is fituated at the
to England from North America, which are much bottom, fupporting a flender ftyle, crowned by two reflexed
larger than thoſe of the other fpecies, and many plants Stigma, which afterward becomes an oblong naked feed.
have been lately raiſed in the gardens near London . The female florets have no ftamina, but an oblong ger- .
The ſhape of the leaves is alfo different ; this cafts men in the center, fupporting two inflexedstyles.
its leaves in autumn, whereas all the others retain This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
their leaves, never cafting them until the fpring, of Linnæus's nineteenth claſs, entitled Syngenefia
when the leaves come out. The fruit is very different Polygamia fuperflua, the flowers of this fection be
from thofe of the other fpecies, two or three grow ing compofed of many florets, which are female and
ing together at their foot-ſtalks. When the feeds hermaphrodite, whoſe ſtamina are joined at the top .
of this fort are fown, they frequently remain a The SPECIES are,
whole year in the ground ; therefore the earth in the 1. ANTHEMIS ( Nobilis) foliis pinnato-compofitis lineari
pots fhould not be diſturbed, where they are fown, bus acutis fubvillofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 894. Chamomile
if the plants do not come up the firſt year ; and the with winged leaves, compofed of many very narrow -point
pots fhould be ſheltered in winter, and the following ed hoary fegments. Chamamelum nobile five Leucan n
fpring if they are plunged into a new hot-bed, the themum odoratius. C. B. P. 135. Common, or noble
plants will come up much fooner than thoſe which Chamomile.
are fown in the open air, fo will have more time to 2. ANTHEMIS ( Arvenfis) receptaculis conicis paleis feta
get ftrength before the winter. ceis feminibus coronato-marginatis. Flor. Suec. 704.
All the other forts which are natives of the warm Chamomile with a conical receptacle of briftly chaff, and
parts of America, are to otender to live in this country, bordered feeds. Chamamelum inodorum. C. B. P.
if they are not preſerved in warm ſtoves ; they come 136. May Weed.
up very eaſily from the feeds which are brought from 3. ANTHEMIS (Cotula) receptaculis conicis paleis fetaceis
America, if they are freſh ; but theſe feeds muſt be feminibus nudis . Lin. Sp. Plant. 894. Chamomile with
fown on a good hot-bed, or in pots of light earth, a conicle receptacle, bristly chaff, and naked feeds. Cha
and plunged into a hot- bed of tanners bark in Febru mæmelum fœtidum. C. B. P. 135. May Weed.
ary, which is by much the beſt time ; becauſe when 4. ANTHEMIS (Cota) florum paleis rigidis pungentibus.
the plants come up early, they will have time to Flor. Leyd. 172. Chamomile withstiff pungent chaff be
get ftrength before the cold weather comes on in the tween the florets. Chamamelum annuum ramo
autumn. fum cotulæ foetidæ floribus amplioribus capitulis
Theſe plants fhould be kept in the bark-ſtove, and fpinofis. Mor. Hiſt. 3. p . 36.
carefully managed, with which they will make great 5 . ANTHEMIS ( Altiffima) erecta foliorum apicibus fub
progrefs ; but in warm weather they fhould have fpinofis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 893. Upright Chamomile with
plenty of fresh air admitted to them, for when the leaves ending with fpines. Chamamelum Leucanthe
air is excluded from them too much, they are apt to mum Hifpanicum magno flore. C. B. P. 135.
grow fickly, and are often attacked by vermin, which 6. ANTHEMIS ( Maritima) foliis pinnatis dentatis carno
will multiply and ſpread over the whole furface of the fis nudis punctatis caule proftrato, calycibus fubto
2 mentofis.
 ANT ANT
Lilly
in mentofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 893. Chamomile with flefiy which are ufed for the tooth-ach, being extremely
Ove pinnated leaves, and a branching trailing ftalk. Chamæ warm , when they are applied to the part affected, they
melum maritimum. C. B. P. 134. draw out the cold rheum , and are often ſerviceable
uld 7. ANTHEMIS (Tomentofa) foliis pinnatifidis obtufis pla in this particular. This is a perennial plant, with a long
one nis, pedunculis hirfutis, foliofis calycibus tomento taper root like thatof a Carrot, which grows naturallyin
em fis. Hort. Cliff. 415. Chamomile withplain blunt leaves, Spain and Portugal, from whence the roots are brought
winged at their extremity, hairy foot -
ftalks, and a leafy to England. The branches of this trail upon the
tly
lit woolly empalement. Chamamelum maritimum inca ground, and fpread a foot or more each way ; thefe
num folio abfinthii craffo. Boerh. Ind. 1. p. 110. are garniſhed with fine winged leaves, like thofe of
ve,
Yes 8. ANTHEMIS (Mixta) foliis fimplicibus dentato-lacini the common Chamomile ; at the extremity of each
atis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 894. Chamomile with fingle, in branch is produced one large fingle flower, like Cha
dented, cut leaves. Chamamelum Lufitanicum lati momile, but much larger, the rays of which are ofa
folium five Coronopi folio. Breyn. Cent. I. 49. pure white within, but purple on their outfide. After
it
9. ANTHEMIS (Pyrethrum) caulibus unifloris decumben the flowers are paft, the receptacle fwells to a large
For
tibus foliis pinnato-multifidis. Lin. Hort. Cliff. 414 . fcaly cone ; between thefe fcales are lodged the feeds.
Ve
Chamomile with fingle flowers on the stalks lying on the It flowers in June and July, and the feeds are ripe in
er
ground, and winged leaves. Pyrethrum flore bellidis. September ; but unleſs the feafon is dry, the feeds do
C. B. P. 148. Pellitory of Spain. not ripen in England, for the wet falls between the
h
10. ANTHEMIS (Valentina) caule ramofo foliis pubefcen fcales, and rots the feeds in embryo.
ts
tibus tripinnatis, calycibus villofis pedunculatis. Hort. The eleventh fort is a perennial plant, which is pro
re
Cliff. 414. Chamomile with a branching ftalk, multifid pagated by feeds ; thefe may be fown on a bed of
13
hairy leaves, and hairy foot-ftalks. Buphthalmum co common earth in the ſpring, and when the plants are
ts
tulæ folio. C. B. P. ftrong enough to remove, thould be tranfplanted into
Ot
11. ANTHEMIS (Tinctoria) foliis bipinnatis ferratis fub large open borders, near fhrubs, where they may
tus tomentofis, caule corymbofo. Lin. Sp. 1263 . have room to grow, for they ſpread very wide, there
Chamomile with fawed winged leaves, woolly underneath, fore require three feet diſtance from other plants ; in
and flowers in a corymbus. Buphthalmum Tanaceti theſe large open ſpots they will make a pretty variety
minoris foliis. C. B. P. 134. from June to November, during which time they
12. ANTHEMIS ( Arabica) caule decompofito calycibus continue in flower : fome of theſe are white, others
ramiferis. Hort. Cliff. 413. Chamomile with a decom are of a fulphur, and fome have yellow flowers ,
pound ftalk, and a branching empalement. Afterifcus but theſe vary from feed ; the eaſtern forts grow
annuus trianthophorus Craffas Arabicus dictus. Shaw. taller, and the flowers are larger than the common,
Afr . 58. but in other particulars they are the fame, though
The firft fort is the common Chamomile, which many have fuppofed them different fpecies.
grows in plenty upon commons and other wafte land. The feeds of the twelfth fort were brought from A
It is a trailing perennial plant, which puts out roots frica by the late Dr. Shaw, which were diſtributed to
from the branches as they lie on the ground, whereby many curious botanifts in Italy, France, and England,
it ſpreads and multiplies greatly ; fo that whoever is where fome of the plants were raifed. This grows near
willing to cultivate this plant, need only procure a two feet high, with an upright ftem, having a fingle
few of the flips in the ſpring, and plant them a foot flower at the top, from whofe empalement there are
afunder, that they may have room to ſpread, and they two or three foot-ftalks put out horizontally, about
will foon cover the ground. Formerly this plant was two inches long, each having a ſingle flower ſmaller
uſed for planting of walks, which, when mowed and than the firft, like the Childing Marigold, or Hen
rolled, looked well for fome time, but as it was very and Chicken Daify. The feeds of this fhould be
fubject to decay in large patches, the walks became fown in autumn, and treated in the fame manner as
unfightly, for which reafon this was difufed. The is before directed for ſome other forts, otherwiſe the
flowers of this fort are ordered for medicinal ufe, but feeds are feldom perfected in England .
the market people generally fell the double flowers, ANTHERICUM . Lin. Gen. Plant. 380. Spider
which are much larger, but not fo ftrong as the fin wort.
gle. The double fort is equally hardy, and may be The CHARACTERS are,
propagated in the fame manner. The flower hath no empalement, and is compofed offix
The fecond fort is a common annual weed, which oblong blunt petals, which spread open. It hath fix up I
grows among corn ; it flowers in May, fo was called right awl-shapedftamina, which are crowned bysmallfum
May Weed, though ſome have applied that title im /
mits, having four furrows. The germen which is fitu
properly to the Cotula foetida, which rarely flowers ated in the center is three-cornered, fupporting afinglestyle
till late in June . which is as long as the ftamina, crowned by a three ģ
The fourth, fifth, and eighth forts åre annual plants, cornered blunt ftigma. The germen afterward becomes an
which grow naturally in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and oval fmooth capfule, having three furrows, opening in
the fouth of France, from whence their feeds have three cells, which are filled with angular feeds.
been brought to England, where the plants are pre This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
ferved in botanic gardens for the fake of variety. Linnæus's fixth clafs , entitled Hexandria Monogynia,
They rife eaſily from feeds fown in the fpring, and from their flowers having fix ftamina and but one
require no other culture but to thin the plants where ſtyle.
they are too clofe, allowing them a foot and a half The SPECIES are,
room each way, and clean them from the weeds. They 1 . ANTHERICUM ( Revolutum) foliis planis fcapo ramofo
flower in July, and their feeds ripen in September. corollis revolutis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 310. Anthericum
The fixth and feventh forts are perennial plants, with plain leaves, a branching ſtalk, whofe petals turn
which grow naturally in Spain, Portugal, and Greece, backward. Afphodelus foliis compreffis afperis caule
from whence their feeds have been brought to Eng patulo. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 343.
land, and the plants are preferved in fome curious 2 . ANTHERICUM ( Ramofum ) foliis planis fcapo ramofo
gardens for the fake of variety. They are hardy and corollis planis piftillo recto. Lin. Sp . Plant. 310.
may be propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown Anthericum with plain leaves, a branching ſtalk, and
in the fpring upon poor land, where the plants will plain reflexed petals. Phalangium parvo flore ramo
continue much longer than in good ground, and will fum. C. B. P. 29.
require no other care but to keep them clean from 3 . ANTHERICUM (Liliego) foliis planis fcapo fimpliciffi
weeds. Thefe plants do not grow tall, but are buſhy, mo corollis planis, piftillo declinato. Hort. Upfal.
ſo ſhould be allowed room to grow. Their flowers 83. Anthericum with plain leaves, a ſingle ſtalk, and de
are white, and continue from July to October, and clining pointals. Phalangium parvo flore non ramofum.
the feeds ripen in autumn. C. B. P. 29.
The ninth fort is the Pellitory of Spain, the roots of
4. ANTHERICUM
 ΑΝΤ ANT

4. ANTHERICUM (Frutefcens) foliis carnofis teretibus dens near London , and was formerly known among
caule fruticofo. Lin. Sp . Plant. 310. Anthericum with the gardeners by the title of Onion- leaved Aloe. This
flefly taper leaves, and afhrubbyftalk. Phalangium ca plant produces many ligneous branches from the root,
penfe caulefcens foliis cepitiis fuccofis. H. Elth . 310. each fupporting a plant with long taper leaves, in
5. ANTHERICUM ( Aloeides) foliis carnofis fubulatis pla fhape of thofe of the Onion, which are full of a yel
niufculis. Hort. Upfal. 83. Anthericum with fefby, low pulp very juicy. Thefe plants ſend out roots,
plain, awl-shaped leaves. Phalangium capenfe feffile which run down and faften themſelves into the earth,
foliis aloeformibus pulpofis. Hort. Elth . 123 . by which they multiply greatly. The flowers are pro
6. ANTHERICUM ( Afphodeloides) foliis carnofis fubulatis duced on long loofe fpikes, are yellow, and appear
femiteretibus ftrictis. Hort. Upfal. 83. Anthericum at different times, fo that the plants are not long de
with awl-shaped, fefby, half taper leaves, growing clofe. ftitute of flowers. Thefe are fucceeded by round
Bulbine acaulis foliis fubulatis. Prod . Leyd . 33. fmooth feed-veffels, which have three cells, filled with
7. ANTHERICUM ( Annuum) foliis carnofis fubulatis tere triangular feeds ; but as the plant multiplies fo faft by
tibus fcapo fubramofo. Hort. Upfal . 83. Anthericum offsets, the feeds are little regarded. It grows natu
with awl-shaped, fleshy, taper leaves, and a branching rally at the Cape of Good Hope, and requires a lit
falk. Afphodelus Africanus anguftifolius luteus mi tle fhelter in winter ; but in fome mild feafons I have
nor. Tourn. Inft. 343. had plants live without any cover, which were planted
8. ANTHERICUM ( Altiffimum ) acaule foliis carnofis tereti clofe to a warm wall .
bus fpicis florum longiffimis laxis. Fig. Plant. pl. 39. The fifth and fixth forts grow clofe to the ground,
Tall African Spiderwort with taper fleshy leaves, and never rifing with any ftalk. The fifth hath broad,
very long loofe fpikes of flowers. flat, pulpy leaves, refembling thofe of fome forts of
9. ANTHERICUM (Offifragum) foliis enfiformibus fila Aloe, fo was formerly by gardeners called Aloe with
mentis lanatis. Flor. Suec. 268. Anthericum withfword flowers of Spiderwort . Theleaves fpread open ; the
fhaped leaves, and downy ftamina. Afphodelus luteus flowers are produced on loofe fpikes, like the former,
• but are fhorter the flowers are yellow, and appear
paluftris. Dod . Pempt. 208 .
10. ANTHERICUM ( Calyculatum) foliis enfiformibus peri at different feafons . This is produced by offsets,
anthiis trilobis filamentis glabris piftillis trigynis. which are put out in plenty, and muſt be planted in
Flor. Suec. 269. Anthericum with fword - fhaped leaves, pots filled with light fandy earth, and in winter placed
an empalement with three lobes, fmooth ftamina, and three in the green-houfe, and treated as other hardy fuccu
Styles. Phalangium alpinum paluftre, Iridis folio. lent plants, which come from the Cape of Good
Segu . Hope, where this plant grows naturally. It muſt be
The first fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good kept pretty dry in winter, and if it is fcreened from
Hope ; the roots of this are fleſhy, and compofed of froft, it will require no artificial warmth .
tubersjoined at the crown like thofe of the Afphodel ; The fixth fort hath long , narrow, pulpy leaves, which
the ſtalk rifes near two feet high, and branches out are almoſt taper, but flatted on their upper fide ; this
on each fide, each branch being terminated by a loofe fends out many offsets, by which it may be increaſed
fpike of flowers, which are white, and the petals are plentifully. The flowers are yellow, and grow on
turned backward to their foot-ftalk. The leaves of long loofe fpikes, as the former ; thefe appear at dif
this fort are flat, and the root is perennial, but the ferent feafons ; thoſe of the ſpring and fummer are
fpikes decay in autumn . fucceeded by feeds in great plenty, fo may be eafily
The ſecond fort hath a perennial root ; the ſtalks of propagated thereby, which ripen very well. It must
this rife about the fame height as the former, fend be treated in the fame manner as the former.
1 The feventh fort is annual : this is a low plant grow
ing out many lateral branches in like manner, which
are terminated by looſe ſpikes of flowers, which are ing cloſe to the ground, having pretty long fucculent
white, but the petals are plain, and do not turn back leaves which are taper, but flatted on their upper
as in the other fort. fide ; the flowers grow in loofe fpikes, which are
The third fort hath plain leaves and an unbranching fhorter than either of the other forts . They are yel
ftalk, in which it chiefly differs from the former. low, and fucceeded by round feed-veffels, like thofe
The root of this is perennial. of the former forts ; the plants periſh foon after their
The two next forts grow naturally in Spain, Portu feeds ripen . The feeds of this fort fhould be fown on
gal, and other warm countries, and were more com a warm border of light earth in April, where they
mon fome years ago in the English gardens than at are to remain ; and when the plants come up, they
prefent ; for the fevere winter in 1740, killed moſt of will require no other care but to keep them clean
their roots. Theſe flower in June and July, and their from weeds, and to thin them where they are too
feeds are ripe in September. They are propagated by clofe. This fort flowers in July, and the feeds ripen
feeds, which fhould be fown in autumn ; for thofe in October.
which are fown in the fpring, never come up the The eighth fort never rifes to a ftalk, but the leaves
fame year, but remain in the ground till the follow come out cloſe to the ground. Theſe are long, taper,
ing fpring, or often mifcarry. Theſe ſhould be fown fucculent, and of a fea-green colour, growing erect ;
in a bed of light fandy earth, in a warm fituation , the flower-ſtems rife between the leaves, and are near
and when the plants come up, they must be kept three feet long ; the upper half being thinly garnish
clean from weeds during the fummer ; and in au ed with yellow flowers, thaped like thofe of the other
tumn, when their leaves decay, they fhould be care fpecies. Thefe appear at different feafons , fo that the
fully taken up, and tranfplanted into a bed of light plants are feldom long deftitute of flowers. This
earth, at a foot diſtance from each other. If the fort doth not ſend out offsets fo freely as fome of the
winter fhould prove fevere, the bed fhould be covered others ; but as it produces feeds annually, it may be
with ftraw, Peafe-haulm, or fuch light covering, to had in plenty. It must be treated in the fame manner
N keep out the froft ; or if fome old tan from a hot as the fourth, fifth, and fixth forts.
bed is fpread over the ground, it will prevent the froft The ninth and tenth forts grow naturally on bogs
from penetrating the ground, and will preferve the in moſt of the northern countries ; the tenth is com
roots . In this bed they may remain one year, by mon in many parts of England, but particularly in
which time they will be ftrong enough to flower ; Lancashire, from whence it had the title of Lancashire
therefore the following autumn they fhould be care Afphodel ; it alfo grows on a bog upon Putney-heath .
fully taken up, fo as not to break their roots, and The other grows naturally in Denmark, Sweden, and
planted in the borders of the flower-garden, where Lapland. Thefe are both low plants, having narrow
they will laft feveral years, if they are not killed by leaves, which grow clofe to the ground ; the flower
froft ; to prevent which, fome rotten tan fhould be ftems rife about fix inches high, being terminated by
laid over the roots in winter, which will always fecure a loofe fpike of fmall yellow flowers. Thefe differ
them. from each other, the ftamina of the tenth being
The fourth fort has been long preferved in many gar woolly, whereas thofe of the other are finooth. Thefe
plants,.
 ANT ANT
D

ong plants, growing naturally upon bogs, are with diffi tan which has loft its heat, and fhaded in the middle
his of the day in hot weather, the feeds will come up the
culty preferved in gardens.
ANTHERA [ from ' Anges flowery, ] are the fum following winter; therefore they muſt be kept covered
in mits or little tops in the middle of a flower, fupported with glaffes to fcreen them from cold, otherwife the
vel 黎
by the ftamina. young plants will be deſtroyed. Theſe may remain
ots, ANTHOLOGY [of "Avl , a flower, and xóy&, in the pots two years, if the plants are not too cloſe,
th, Gr. a word, ] a difcourfe or treatife of flowers. by which time they will have ftrength enough to be
pro ANTHOLY Z A. We have no Engliſh name for planted each into a feparate fmall pot filled with light
ear this plant. earth. The time for tranfplanting of theſe roots is
de The CHARACTERS are, in July or Auguft, when their leaves are decayed.
and It bath an imbricated ſheath growing alternate, which In fummer the pots may be placed in the open air,
ith is permanent ; the flower is of one leaf, tubulous, and but in winter they muſt be removed, and placed under
by opens above with compreſſedjaws. The upper lip isflender, a hot-bed frame, for they are not very tender ; but
tu long, erect, and waved , the two jaws are short, and where any damp arifes, it is very apt to occafion a
lit joined at their bafe ; the under lip is trifid, fhort, and the mouldinefs upon their leaves. The roots fhoot up in
ave middle fegment turns downward ; it hath three longflender autumn, and the flowers begin to appear in May ;
ed Stamina, two of which are under the upper lip, and the the feeds ripen in Auguft, and foon after their leaves
other lies in the under lip ; thefe are crowned by pointed and ſtalks decay ; when the roots may be taken up,
ad, fummits. Under the flower is fituated the germen, fup and kept fix weeks or two months out of the ground,
porting aflender ftyle the length of the ftamina, which is fo may be eaſily tranſported from one country to
crowned by aflender, trifid, reflexed ftigma. The germen another at that time. Thefe flowers are ornamental
6

th afterward becomes a roundish three-cornered veffel having when they appear, and they are plants which require
he three cells, in which are lodged many triangular feeds. but little culture, fo deferve a place in every good
et, This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of garden.
ar Linnæus's third clafs, entitled Triandria Monogynia, ANTHOSPERMUM, Amber-tree, vulgò.
the flowers having three ftamina and one ſtyle. The CHARACTERS are,
S,
The SPECIES are,
It is male and female in different plants ; the maleflowers
ed 1. ANTHOLYZA (Ringens) corolla labiis divaricatis fauce have no petals, but a coloured empalement of one leaf,
1 compreffo. Lin. Sp . Plant. 54. Antholyza whofeflower which is cut intofour parts almost to the bottom. Out of
lips fpread afunder. Gladiolus floribus rictum referens the bottom arifesfourflender ftamina, crowned with oblong
‫ده‬

e coccineus fuprema lacinia erecta & fiſtulofa. Breyn. 21 . Squarefummits, having adeepfurrow through their middle.
n 2. ANTHOLYZA (Spicata) foliis linearibus fulcatis floribus The female flowers have the fame structure as the male,
albis uno verfu difpofitis. Fig. Plant. pl. 40. Antho but have no ftamina ; instead of which, there is an oval
1 lyza with narrow furrowed leaves, and white flow germen, fituated in the bottom, fupporting two recurved
"
$ ers ranged on one fide of thestalk. Styles crowned with aflender ftigma. The germen afterward
+ The firft fort hath round, red, bulbous roots, from becomes a roundish capfule having four cells, which contain
which ariſe ſeveral rough furrowed leaves, near a foot feveral angular feeds.
17
long, and half an inch broad ; between thefe comes Dr. Linnæus has ranged this genus in his twentieth
out the flower-ftem immediately from the root, which clafs of plants, but it properly belongs to his twenty
rifes two feet high, is hairy, and hath ſeveral flowers fecond, becauſe the plants are male and female in dif
coming out on each fide. Theſe are of one leaf, cut ferent plants ; whereas thofe of his twenty-third, have
into fix unequal parts at the top : one of thefe feg male, female, and hermaphrodite flowers on the fame
ments is ftretched out much beyond the other, ftand plant.
ing erect ; the margins are waved and clofed to ANTHOSPERMUM (Ethiopicum) foliis lævibus. Hort.
gether, wrapping up the three ftamina. The flowers Cliff. 455. Amber-tree with smooth leaves.
are red, and appear in June, and the feeds ripen in This plant has been long known in the curious gar
September. dens, under the title of Frutex Africanus, ambram
The roots of the ſecond fort are in ſhape and fize like fpirans, or Amber-tree.
thofe of the Vernal Crocus, but the outer fkin is thin It is preferved in moft curious gardens which have
and white ; from this arifes five or fix long narrow collections of tender plants, and is eafily propagated
leaves, which are deeply furrowed . Between theſe by planting cuttings during any of the fummer
arife the flower-ſtem, which is a foot and a half high, months, in a border of light earth ; which will take
bending on one fide toward the top, where the flowers root in fix weeks time, provided they are watered and
come out, ranged on one fide, ſtanding erect. Theſe ſhaded as the feafon may require : or if thefe cuttings
have each a ſpatha or fheath, of one leaf, divided into are planted in pots, and plunged into a very moderate
two, ending in points, which are permanent. The hot-bed, they will take root fooner, and there will
flower is of one leaf, having a long tube, but is di be a greater certainty of their growing. Afterward
vided into fix unequal fegments at the top, which they ſhould be taken up, with a ball of earth to their
fpread open, their margins being waved and turned roots, and planted into pots filled with light fandy
inward. The three ftamina riſe under the upper feg earth, and may be expofed to the open air until Oc
ment, which is larger than the others, and below is tober ; at which time they ſhould be removed into
fituated the trifid ftyle, crowned with purple ftigma. the confervatory, where they ſhould be placed as free
After the flower is paft, the germen becomes a three as poffible from being over-hung with other plants ;
cornered feed-veffel, opening in three cells, which are and, during the winter feaſon, they muſt be refreſhed
filled with triangular feeds. The flowers of this fort with water, but ſhould not have too much given them
are white, appear in May, and the feeds ripen in each time ; and ſhould have as much air admitted to
Auguft. them as the weather will permit, for if they are kept 1
Thefe plants are natives of Africa, from whence their too cloſe, they will be fubject to grow mouldy, and
feeds have been obtained, and were firft raiſed in the generally decay foon after ; fo that if the green-houfe
Dutch gardens, where one of the forts has long is damp, it will be difficult to preferve thefe plants
been an ornament in the curious gardens of that through the winter.
country. The beauty of this fhrub is in its finall ever-green
They are propagated by offsets, which the bulbous leaves, which grow as clofe as heath ; which belg
roots fend forth in pretty great plenty ; or by feeds, bruifed between the fingers, emit a very fragrant
which are fometimes perfected in Europe. Theſe odour. Thefe plants must be frequently renewed by
feeds ſhould be fown foon after they are ripe ; for if cuttings, for the old plants are very fubject to decay,
they are kept out of the ground till the following feldom continuing above three or four years.
fpring, they often miſcarry, or at leaſt remain a year It is but of late years there have been any of the fe
in the ground before they grow. If the feeds are fown male plants in the gardens, for all thofe which were
in pots of light earth, and plunged into an old bed of formerly in the gardens, were the male, which being
R pro

I
 ANT ANT

propagated by cuttings had been continued, fo that ters on the fides of the ſtalks, having large fwelling
no feeds were ever produced in England till within a empalements, out of which the extreme parts of the
few years paſt, when I received fome feeds from the petals do but juſt appear ; theſe are of a yellow co
Cape of Good Hope, from which I raiſed many plants lour, and are fucceeded by fhort pods inclofed in the
of both fexes, and a few among them with her empalement. It flowers in June and July, and the
maphrodite flowers, which have produced feeds, feeds ripen in September. The feeds of this fort
from which many plants have been raiſed. ſhould be fown on a bed of light earth in April, where
ANTHYLLIS . Lin . Gen. Plant. 773. Vulneraria. the plants are to remain, and will require no other
Tourn. Barba Jovis. Tourn . Ladies Finger, or Kidney care, but to thin them to the diftance of two feet,
Vetch. and keep them clean from weeds.
The CHARACTERS are, The fecond fort grows naturally in Spain and Portu
It hath afwelling, hairy, permanent empalement ofone leaf, gal, from both which countries I have received the
which is divided at the top into five equal parts. The feeds ; it alfo grows wild in Wales, and the ifle of
flower is of the butterfly kind, having a longstandard re Man. This is a biennial plant, having fingle leaves
flexed on both fides beyond the empalement ; the two wings at bottom , which are oval and hairy ; but thoſe which
are fhort ; the keel is of the fame length, and compreſſed. grow out of the ſtalks are winged, each being com
There are ten ftamina, which rife together, and are crowned pofed of two or three pair of lobes terminated by an
by fingle fummits. In the center is fituated an oblongger odd one : the flowers grow collected into heads at
men, fupporting a fingle style, crowned by a blunt ftigma: the top of the ftalks, theſe are of a bright fcarlet co

the germen afterward becomes a fmall roundish pod inclofed lour, fo make a pretty appearance : it flowers in June
by the empalement, having one or two feeds. and July, and the feeds ripen in October. When
This genus is ranged in Linnæus's feventeenth claſs the plants of this fort grow on poor land, they will
of plants, entitled Diadelphia Decandria, the flowers fometimes continue three years, but in gardens they
having ten ftamina joined in two bodies. feldom last longer than two.
The SPECIES are, The third fort grows naturally upon chalky grounds
1. ANTHYLLIS ( Tetraphylla) herbacea foliis quaterno in many parts of England, fo is rarely admitted into
pinnatis floribus lateralibus . Hort. Upfal. 221. Her gardens. Dr. Linnæus fuppofes this and the former
baceous Kidney Vetch with winged leaves, having four fort to be the fame, but from having cultivated theſe
lobes, and flowers growing from the fide of the stalks. for many years, I can affirm they are different fpecies,
Vulneraria pentaphyllos. Tourn. Inft. never altering from feed . The leaves of this fort are
2. ANTHYLLIS (Vulneraria) herbacea foliis pinnatis inæ much narrower than thofe of the former, and have
qualibus capitulo duplicato. Lin. Sp. Plant. 719 . generally one or two pair of lobes more in each. The
Kidney Vetch with unequal winged leaves and double heads. heads of flowers in this fpecies are fingle, whereas
Vulneraria fupina flore coccineo. Raii Syn. Ed. 3 . the other has generally double heads ; add to thefe,
P. 325. the root being perennial, which makes an effential
3. ANTHYLLIS (Ruftica) herbacea foliis pinnatis inæqua difference between them.
libus foliolis caulinis lineari lanceolatis floribus capi The fourth fort is a perennial plant with trailing
tatis fimplicibus. Herbaceous Kidney Vetch with unequal branches, garniſhed with winged leaves, which have
winged leaves, whofe lobes are narrow, spear-shaped, and an equal number of hairy lobes at the extremity of
Single beads offlowers, called Ladies Fingers. Vulneraria the branches ; the flowers are produced in heads, theſe
ruftica. J. B. 11. p. 362. are of a purple colour, and globular form. This
4. ANTHYLLIS (Montana) herbacea foliis pinnatis æqua fort grows naturally on mountains in the fouth of
libus capitulo terminali fecundo, floribus obliquatis. France and Italy, from whence I have received the
Lin. Sp. Plant. 719. Herbaceous Woundwort with equal feeds. It is propagated by feeds, which may be fown
winged leaves, terminated by the head of flowers, which either in the autumn or fpring : thofe which are fown
are oblique. Aftragalus purpureus . Dalechampii 1 347. in the autumn, will rife the following fpring, and
Purple Milk Vetch. more certainly grow, than thoſe which are fown in
5. ANTHYLLIS (Cornicina) herbacea foliis pinnatis inæ the ſpring, which feldom grow the fame year. When
qualibus capitulis folitaris. Lin. Sp . Plant. 719. Her the plants come up, they must be kept clean from
baceous Woundwort, with unequal winged leaves, and a weeds ; and where they are too clofe together, they
fingle bead offlowers. muſt be thinned. The following autumn, they fhould
6. ANTHYLLIS (Barba Jovis) fruticofa foliis pinnatis æ be tranfplanted to the places where they are to re
qualibus floribus capitatis. Hort. Cliff. 371. Shrubby main, and will require no particular management af
Woundwort, with leaves equally winged, and flowers col terward. This fort flowers in June and July, and
leted in a head. Barba Jovis pulchrè lucens. J. B. 1. the feeds ripen in October.
P. 385. Jupiter's Beard, or Silver Bush. The fifth fort approaches near to the third, but the
7. ANTHYLLIS (Cytifoides) fruticofa foliis ternatis inæ leaves are hoary, and the flowers are produced on the
qualibus calycibus lanatis lateralibus . Lin. Sp . Plant. fide of the branches ; thefe are yellow, and collected
·720. Shrubby Woundwort, with three unequal leaves, and into fmall heads . It is an annual, or at moft a bien
a downy flower-cup growing from the fides. Cytifus in nial plant ; for when it flowers early in the fummer,
canus folio medio longiore. C. B. P. 390 . it commonly decays foon after the feeds are ripe ;
8. ANTHYLLIS (Erinacea ) fruticofa fpinofa foliis fim whereas thofe plants which flower later in the feafon,
plicibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 720. Shrubby prickly Wound and do not perfect feeds, will abide another year.
wort, with fingle leaves. Geniſta Spartium fpinofum This may be propagated by feeds, in the fame manner
foliis lenticula floribus ex cæruleo purpurafcentibus . as the former.
C. B. P. 394. The fixth fort is the Barba Jovis , or Jupiter's Beard ,
9. ANTHYLLIS (Hermannia) fruticofa, foliis ternatis fub by many called Silver Buſh, from the whiteneſs of
pedunculatis, calycibus nudis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 1014. its leaves. This is a fhrub which often grows ten or
Shrubby Woundwort of Crete, with ternate leaves, and twelve feet high, and divides into many lateral
naked flower-cups. Barba Jovis Cretica, linariæ folio, branches, garniſhed with winged leaves, compofed of
flore luteo parvo. Tourn. Cor. 44 . an equal number of narrow lobes, which are very
10 ANTHYLLIS (Heterophylla) fruticofa, foliis pinnatis, white and hairy ; the flowers are produced at the ex
alibus ternatis. Lin. Sp . Flant. 1013. Shrubby tremity of the branches, collected into fmall heads ;
Woundwort of Portugal, with winged leaves, but thofe thefe are of a bright yellow colour, and appear in
near the flowers ternate. Barba Jovis minor Lufitanica, June ; fometimes they are fucceeded by fhort woolly
flore minimo variegato. Tourn. Inſt. 651 . pods, containing two or three kidney-fhaped feeds ;
The first fort grows naturally in Spain, Italy, and but unleſs the ſeaſon proves warm, they do not ripen
Sicily. This is an annual plant, with trailing branches, in this country. It is propagated either by feeds or
which ſpread flat on the ground ; the leaves grow by cuttings ; if by feeds, they fhould be fown in the au
fours at each joint, and the flowers come out in cluf tumn, in pots filled with light earth, and placed under
7 a frame

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 ΑΝΤ ANT
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a frame in winter to protect them from froft. The ward becomes a round cbtufe capfule, having two cells,
0

2 following fpring the plants will rife, and when they which are full offmall angularfeeds.
are ftrong enough to remove, they fhould be each This genus is ranged in Linnaeus's fourteenth clafs
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e
e planted in a fmall pot filled with light earth, and of plants, entitled Didynamia Angiofperma, the
It placed in the fhade till they have taken new root ; flower having two long and two fhort ftamina, and
after which, they may be placed with other hardy many feeds included in a capfule. To this genus
exotic plants, in a fheltered fituation, where they Linnæus has joined the Linaria and Afarina ; but as
may remain till October, when they muſt be removed the flowers of the Linaria have fpurs to their petals,
into fhelter. Theſe plants are always houſed in winter, and the nectarium being very prominent, which are
yet I have had fome of them live abroad three or four not fo in this genus, fo it ſhould be feparated from it.
years, which were planted againſt a fouth-weft af The SPECIES are,
pected wall. It may alfo be propagated by cuttings, I. ANTIRRHINUM (Minus) foliis lanceolatis obtufis al
which may be planted during any of the fummer ternis caule ramofiffimo diffufo. Hort. Cliff. 324.
5
months, oblerving to water and fhade them until they Snap-dragon with obtufe fpear- shaped leaves growing al
1
have taken root. When the cuttings have taken good ternate, and a diffufed branching stalk. Antirrhinum ar
venfe minus. C. B. P. 212.
root, they fhould be planted in pots, and treated in
the fame manner as the former. 2 . ANTIRRHINUM (Orontium) floribus fubfpicatis, caly
The feventh fort is a low fhrub, feldom rifing above cibus digitatis corolla longioribus. Hort. Upfal. 176.
two feet high, but fends out many flender branches, Snap-dragon with spiked flowers, and fingered empalement
garnished with hoary leaves, which are fometimes. longer than the flower. Antirrhinum arvenfe majus.
fingle, but generally have three oval lobes, the middle C. B. P. 212.
being longer than the other two ; the flowers are 3 . ANTIRRHINUM (Majus) foliis lanceolatis petiolatis
yellow, and come out from the fide of the branches, calycibus breviffimis racemo terminali. Vir. Cliff. 61 .

1 three or four joined together, having woolly empale Snap-dragon with fpear shaped leaves having foot-ftalks,
ments, but thefe are rarely fucceeded by feeds in and very fhort flower-cups, terminated by a spike offlowers.
England. It may be propagated by cuttings or feeds, Antirrhinum majus alterum folio longiore. C. B. P.
in the fame manner as the former fort, and treated as 211.
hath been directed for that. This has been an old in 4. ANTIRRHINUM ( Latifolium) foliis lanceolatis glabris,
habitant in the English gardens. calycibus hirfutis racemo longiffimo . Snap-dragon with
The eighth fort grows naturally in Spain and Portu Smooth Spear- shaped leaves, hairy flower-cups, and a very
gal, from whence I have received the feeds. This long Spike of flowers. Antirrhinum latifolium amplo
is a fhrub which grows nine or ten feet high, having pallido flore. Bocc. Muf. 2. 49 .
the appearance of one fort of Gorfe or Whin, but it 5. ANTIRRHINUM (Italicum ) foliis lineari-lanceolatis hir
hath round leaves growing fingle. It will live in the futis racemo breviore. Snap-dragon with narrow, hairy,
open air in mild winters, but hard froft will deftroy it. Spear s
-haped leaves, and a shorter spike offlowers. An
It is propagated by feeds only. tirrhinum longifolium majus Italicum flore amplo
The ninth fort grows naturally in Crete, and alſo in niveo lactefcente. H. R. Par.
Paleſtine ; this was formerly in fome of the English 6. ANTIRRHINUM ( Siculum) foliis linearibus floribus pe
gardens, but the fevere winter of 17 %, deftroyed tiolatis axillaribus. Snap-dragon with narrow leaves and
moſt (if not all the plants) in this country, fince which flowers, with foot -stalks proceeding from the wings of the
time I have not feen it. This fhrub grows five or leaves. Antirrhinum ficulum linariæ folio niveo flore.
fix feet high, the branches are garniſhed with oblong Bocc. Muf.
ternate leaves ; the flowers, which are yellow, are pro The two firſt forts grow naturally on arable land in
duced in ſmall cluſters on the fide of the branches ; many parts of England, fo are feldom admitted into
thefe appear in July and Auguft, but are not fuc gardens , theſe are both annual plants, which come
ceeded by feeds in this country. up from ſcattered feeds. They flower in June and
This is propagated by cuttings, which fhould be July, and their feeds are ripe in September.
planted the beginning of June, and if they are clofely The third fortis not a native of England, but having
covered with a bell-glafs, and properly fhaded, they been firit brought into gardens, the feeds have fcat
will put out roots by the end of Auguft, when they tered about in fo great plenty, that it is become very
fhould be carefully taken up, and each planted in a common upon walls and old buildings in many parts
fmall pot, filled with light earth, and placed in the of England. Of this fort there are feveral varieties,
fhade until they have taken new root ; when they which differ in the colour of their flowers, fome having
may be placed in the open air till October, and then red flowers with white mouths, fome with yellow
fhould be removed into fhelter, and treated in the mouths, others have white flowers, with yellow and
fame way as other hardy green-houſe plants. white mouths. There is alfo one with ftriped leaves.
The tenth fort grows naturally in Portugal and Spain: The laft is propagated by flips and cuttings, which
this is a verylow fhrubby plant, whofe branches fpread 3
readily take root any time in the fpring or fummer.
near the ground, garnifhed with filvery winged leaves, The different colours of the flowers are variable from
which are acute-pointed ; the flowers are produced feeds.
toward the extremity of the branches ; theſe are not The fourth fort grows naturally in the iſlands of the
fucceeded by feeds in England, but the plant is pro Archipelago, from whence I received the feeds. The
pagated by cuttings in the fame manner as the for leaves of this are much broader, the flowers greatly
mer, and the plants require the fame treatment. larger, and the fpikes longer, than in any ofthe other
ANTIRRHINUM [ which in compoſition fome forts. The colours of the flowers are as changeable
times indicates a likenefs , ᾿Αντίῤῥινον , of ἀντὶ and ῥιν, in this fort as the former, when raifed from feeds ;
the noftrils, becauſe it reprefents a nofe : ] Snap but as this is the moſt ſpecious kind, fo it better de
dragon, or Calves-inout. ferves propagating than the common, efpecially as it
The CHARACTERS are , is equally hardy.
The empalement is of one leaf, cut into five parts, the two The fifth fort has long narrow leaves, which are hairy ; 1
upper fegments being longer than the lower. The flower the flowers are large, and the fpike is fhorter than
is ringent, having an oblong tube, divided at the top into the former ; there are fome varieties in the colour of
two lips, which are clofed at thejaw . The upper lip is the flowers of this fort, but it is equally hardy with ·
cut into two, and reflexed on each fide ; the under lip is the common fort.
divided into three obtufe parts : in the bottom is fituated The fixth fort is an annual plant, which feldom grows 1
an obtufe nectarium, which is not prominent. There are more than a foot high ; the leaves of this are very
four ftamina which are included in the upper lip, two being narrow and ſmooth ; the flowers come out from the
longer, and two shorter, crowned by fhort fummits. In wings of the leaves fingle, ftanding on long foot
the center is placed a roundish germen, fupporting asingle ftalks ; theſe are very white, with a dark bottom. If
ftyle, crowned with an obtufeftigma. The germen after the feeds of this fort are permitted to fcatter, the
plants
 A PA API

plants will come up, and require no other care but to APETALOUS plants, [ of a privative, and ax
thin them and keep them clean from weeds. 20 , a flower-leaf, Gr. ] are fuch as have no petals or
The third, fourth, and fifth forts are raiſed from flower-leaves .
feeds, which fhould be fown in a dry foil, which is APHACA. See LATHYRUS .
not too rich, either in April or May , and in July APICES [ of Apex, Lat. a top or point ] thefe are
the plants may be planted out into large borders , called fummits by Vaillant, and are thofe little knobs
where they will flower the fpring following ; or they that grow on the top of the ftamina in the middle of

may be fown early in the fpring, for flowering the the flower : which are generally fuppofed to be a kind
fame autumn, but then they are not fo likely to en of male fperm, which when ripe, diffufes itfelf to
dure the winter ; and if the autumn prove bad, they every part of the flower, and fecundates the ovarium
will not perfect their feeds. and renders it fruitful.

Thefe plants grow extremely well upon old walls or APIOS . See GLYCINE .
buildings, in which places they will endure for feveral APIUM [ Apium is fo called, as fome fay, of Apes,
years ; whereas thofe planted in gardens feldom laft bees, becaufe bees are faid to be delighted very much
longer than two years, unless they are planted in a with it, ] Parfley.
very poor foil, and the flowers often cropped, and not The CHARACTERS are,
fuffered to feed , but any of thefe forts may be con It is a plant with an umbelliferous flower ; the rays of the
tinued, by planting cuttings in any of the fummer great umbel are few , but thofe of the fmaller are many ;
months, which will eafily take root, the involucrum is in fome fpecies of one leaf, and in others
All the forts of Snap-dragons are pretty ornaments of many ; the petals of the greater umbel are uniform ;
in a garden, and requiring very little culture, are thefe are round, equal, and turn inward. Each flower bas
rendered more acceptable. They are all hardy plants, five ftamina, crowned by roundish fummits. Under the
and will refift the cold of our winters extremely well, flower is fituated the germen, fupporting two reflexedstyles,
efpecially if they are planted on a dry, gravelly, or crowned by blunt ftigma ; the germen afterward becomes
fandy foil ; for when they are planted in a rich moiſt an oval channelled fruit, dividing into two parts, having
foil, they will grow very luxuriant for a time, but two oval feeds channelled on one fide, and plain on the
are very fubject to rot in autumn or winter ; and are other.
much more fufceptible of cold , than when they are This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
in a dry, hungry, rocky foil ; fo that thefe plants of Linnæus's fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Digynia,
may be placed amongſt ſtones, or they will grow in the flowers having five ftamina and two ſtyles .
the joints of old walls, where they may be placed fo The SPECIES are,
as to render fome abject part of a garden very agree 1. APIUM (Petrofelinum ) foliolis caulinis linearibus in
able, for they will continue in flower feveral months ; volucellis minutis. Hort. Cliff. 108. Parfley with very
and if the feeds are permitted to fhed, there will be narrow leaves on the flower f
- talks. Apium hortenfe vel
a continual fupply of young plants, without any petrofelinum vulgò. C. B. P. Common Parſley.
trouble.
2 . APIUM (Crifpum ) foliis radicalibus amplioribus crifpis
Wherever theſe plants are defigned to grow on walls, caulinis ovato-multifidis. Parfley with the lower leaves
or on a rocky barren foil, the feeds fhould be fown very broad and curled, the upper oval, and cut into many
the beginning of March, where they are defigned to fegments. Apium vel petrofelinum crifpum . C. B. P.
remain ; (for if the plants are firſt raiſed in a better 153. Curled Parsley.
foil, and afterward tranfplanted into thofe places, they 3. APIUM ( Latifolium) foliis radicalibus trifidis, ferratis,
feldom fucceed well. ) When the plants are come up, petiolis longiffimis. Parfley with under leaves divided
they will require no other culture but to keep them into three parts, which are fawed, and have very long
clear from weeds ; and where they come up too thick, foot f-
talks. Apium hortenfe latifolium maxima cral
to pull fome of them out, fo as to give them room fiffima fuavi & eduli radice . Boerh. Ind. alt. The
to grow. In July thefe forts will begin to flower, and large rooted Parfley.
will continue flowering till the froft prevents them. 4. APIUM (Graveolens) foliolis caulinis cuneiformibus .
Thoſe plants which grow on walls , will have ftrong Hort. Cliff. 107. Parfley with the lower leaves fashioned
woody ftems, which will continue two or three years like a wedge. Apium paluftre five apium officinarum.
or more, and are rarely hurt by froft. C. B. P. 154. Smallage.
APARINE [ this plant is fo called, becauſe it is 5. APIUM ( Dulce) foliis erectis, petiolis longiffimis fo
very rough , it is called Philanthropon, of qxw, to liolis quinque lobatis ferratis . Parfley with upright
love, and bew , man ; becauſe if a perfon walks leaves, having very long foot-ftalks, and the fmaller leaves
in uncultivated places, the plant not only applies itfelf compofed of five fared lobes. Apium dulce ceteri Ita
to his garments, but it holds them, as if it had a lorum. Inft. R. H. 305. Upright Celery.
mind to bind man with an amicable band : ] Gooſe 6. APIUM ( Rapaceum ) foliis patulis, petiolis brevibus,
grafs or Clivers. foliolis quinis ferratis , radice rotundo . Parfley with
The common fort grows wild almoſt every where, Spreading leaves, having foort foot-ftalks, the finaller leaves
the feeds fticking to the cloaths of people that pafs baving five lobes, and a round root . Apium dulce de
by where they grow: it is fometimes ufed in medicine, gener, radice rapacea. Juff. Celeriack, cr Turnep-rooted
but it is too common a weed to be admitted into a Celery.
garden. 7. APIUM (Lufitanicum) foliis radicalibus tribolatis , cau
There are fome other forts of this plant which are linis quinque-lobatis crenatis. Parfey with under leaves
kept in botanic gardens for the fake of variety, which having three lobes, and thofe on the fialks five, which are
I fhall beg leave to enumerate here. indented. Apium Lufitanicum maximum , folio trilo
1. APARINE femine levi. Tourn. Goofe-grafs with a bato flore luteolo. Boerh. Ind. alt.
fmoothfeed. This is under Gallium in Linnæus. The firſt fort is the common Parſley, which is ge
2. APARINE feinine coriandri faccharati. Park. Theat. nerally cultivated for culinary ufe ; and is what the
Goofe-grafs with fweet feeds like Coriander. College of Phyficians have directed to be ufed in me
3. APARINE pumila fupina, flore cæruleo. Tourn . Low dicine, under the title of Petrofelinum ; for when
trailing Gocfe-grafs, with a blue flower. The two laſt Apium is prefcribed , the Smallage is always in
are included in Linnæus's genus of Vailantia. tended.
All thefe plants, if they are permitted to ſcatter their The fecond fort has generally been fuppofed to
feeds, will maintain themfelves in a garden without be only a variety of the firft, but from many years
any other culture, than that of preventing other weeds trial I have always found, that if the feeds are carefully
from ever-growing them, thefe being all very low faved from plants of the curled -leaved Parſley, it
plants. will conftantly produce the fame ; but there are
The firft fort grows wild in Cambridgeshire, as doth few perfons who will be at the trouble to fave the
the third about Liphoeckin Hampshire, where I have feeds fo carefully, as not to have fome of the common
gathered it. fort mixed with it ; for when feeds are bought at the
6 fhops,
 API API
25

si
fhops, there is generally a mixture of both : there in the gardens, and did not diftinguifh which of them
fore the only method to have it good, is to feparate were specifically different ; fo Dr. Linnæus has gone
all thoſe plants which have plain leaves from the into the other extreme, and fuppofed many plants,
curled, as foon as they are diftinguiſhable, leaving which are permanently different, to be only acciden
are
only fuch as are of the right kind ; if this is duly ob tal varieties, arifing from culture. But as he is now
obs
ferved, the feeds will conftantly produce the fame. cultivating as many plants as the inclemency of the
e of
The third fort is chiefly cultivated for their roots, climate where he is fituated, will permit, there is no
ind
which are now pretty commonly fold in the London doubt of his reforming his error, in this particu
to
markets ; the leaves of this fort have much longer lar, when he finds what plants retain their fpecific
um foot-ſtalks, and their fubdivifions are not fo nume difference.
rous as in the common Parſley ; the lobes of the The common Parfley muſt be fown early in the fpring,
leaves are much larger, and of a darker green, fo for the feeds remain a long time in the earth, the
Des plants feldom appearing in lefs than fix weeks after
that it is eaſily diſtinguiſhed from the common fort by
Ich
its leaves, but the roots are fix times as large as the the feeds are fown. This fort is generally fown in
common Parſley can be brought to with the utmoſt drills by the edges of borders in the kitchen-gardens
culture. I have fown the feeds of both forts for fe near London, becauſe it is much eafier to keep it clear
the from weeds, than if the feeds are fown promifcuouſly
veral years on the fome fpot of ground, and have
thinned the plants when young, to an equal diſtance, on a border, and the Parſley is much fooner cut for
Cis and given the fame culture to both ; but when their ufe but when the roots are defired for medicinal ufe,
; roots were taken up, thofe of the common fort were then the feeds must be fown thin ; and when the
CS not larger than a man's little finger, but the other plants are come up, they ſhould be hoed out fingle,
the were as large as full grown Carrots, which were very as is practifed for Carrots, Onions, &c. obferving al
25, tender and ſweet, whereas the other were ftringy and fo to cut up the weeds : if this be obferved, the roots
S ſtrong ; and this difference conftantly holds, fo it may will become fit for uſe by July or Auguſt, and con
be allowed to be ſpecifically different. This fort was tinue fo till fpring .
many years cultivated in Holland, before the Eng There are fome perfons who are afraid to uſe Parſley
lifh gardeners could be prevailed on to fow it. I in their kitchens, left they ſhould fuffer by having the
ON brought the feeds of it from thence in 1727, and would leffer Hemlock mixed with it, whofe leaves are fo
3, then have perfuaded fome of the kitchen-gardeners to like Parfley, that perfons who are not ſkilled in bo
make trial of it, but they refuſed to accept of it, fo tany, may be eaſily deceived ; which being a noxious
that I cultivated it feveral years before it was known plant, feveral perfons have been injured by eating it :
in the markets. but to prevent this, I have for many years cultivated
The fourth fort is commonly known by the title of the fort with curled leaves, which is fo unlike the
1 Smallage. This is what the phyficians intend when Hemlock, that no perfon, however ignorant, can
they prefcribe Apium. Dr. Linnæus has joined to miſtake one for the other, and have conftantly adviſed
5 this the Celery, fuppofing them to be the fame, and thoſe of my acquaintance to do the fame ; for the
S the only difference to arife from culture, but herein curled fort is equally good as the common Parſley,
he is greatly miſtaken ; for I have cultivated the and I have conftantly found the feeds, ſaved from the
Smallage in gardens forty years, to try if by art it curled fort, to produce the fame.
could poffibly be brought to the fame goodneſs as The common Parley is, by fome ſkilful perfons,
Celery, but have not been able to alter it from its cultivated in fields for the ufe of fheep, it being a
original ; all that can be done by culture, is to bring fovereign remedy to preferve them from the rot, pro
it to a larger fize than it naturally grows wild, and by vided they are fed twice a week for two or three hours
earthing it, to give it a whitenefs ; but it will not each time with this herb ; but hares and rabbets are
grow tall as Celery, nor will it rife with a ſtrait ſtem, fo fond of it, that they will come from a great diſtance
but fends out many fuckers near the root, and when to feed upon it ; and in countries where thefe ani
it is blanched, retains its ftrong rank tafte, which no mals abound, they will deftroy it, if it is not very fſe
culture can alter, therefore I make no doubt of its curely fenced againſt them ; fo that whoever has a
being a diftinct fpecies. mind to have plenty of hares in their fields, by cul
The fifth fort is the Celery before-mentioned, and tivating Parſley, will draw all the hares ofthe coun
the fixth fort was fuppofed to be a degenerate fpecies try to them, and this will preferve them found.
from it, but I cannot agree to this opinion ; for from The beſt time for fowing it in the fields is about the
many years trial I have never found it vary. The middle or latter end of February ; the ground fhould
1 be made fine, and the feeds fown pretty thick, in
leaves of this fort are fhort, when compared with
thofe of the other, and fpread open horizontally ; drills drawn at about a foot afunder, that the ground
the roots grow as large as the common Turneps. may be kept hoed between the drills, to deftroy the
The difference which I have obferved to arife from weeds, which, if permitted to grow, will foon over
the culture, has been only in the fize of the roots ; run the Parfley. One bushel of feed will fow an acre
thofe on rich ground, which were properly cultivated of land.
were much larger than thofe on poorer land, but the The great Garden Parſley is now more known to us
leaves and outward appearance of the plants were in England than it was fome years paſt. In Holland
never altered, ſo that I make no doubt of its being a it has been long common in all their markets : they
different fpecies . bring thefe roots in bunches, as we do young Carrots
The feeds of the feventh fort I received from the to market in fummer ; and the roots are much ofthe
royal garden at Paris, many years fince, where it had fame fize: it is called Petrofeline Wortle by theDutch,
been long preſerved, and maintained its difference ; who are very fond of it for water fouche.
1
and from more than twenty years cultivating it in It may be cultivated by fowing the feeds in good
the garden at Chelfea, I have found the fame, fo that ground early in the fpring ; and in April, when the
I cannot doubt of its being different from all the other plants are up , cut them out with a hoe (as is practifed
fpecies. for young Carrots ) to about five or fix inches fquare,
The broad-leaved Garden Parſley, mentioned by Caf and keep them conftantly clean from weeds ; and in
per Bauhin, and the round-leaved Portugal Parſley, July the roots will be fit to draw for ufe, and may
mentioned by Tournefort, I believe are only varieties be boiled and eaten as young Carrots ; and are very
of the common Parſley ; for if they are diftinct fpe palatable and wholfome, eſpecially for thofe who are
cies, all the feeds which I have received from diffe troubled with the gravel.
rent parts of Europe, under thofe titles, have been But if theſe plants are cut out, to allow them more
wrong ; for the plants which have rifen from thoſe room, ifthe foil is good, the roots will grow to the
feeds, have always proved to be the common fort. fize of a middling Parfnep, by September.
As Tournefort, and many other botaniſts, have enu Smallage is a common weed by the fide of ditches
merated all the varieties of plants which were found and brooks of water, in many parts of England, fo
S that
 API APO

fo that it is feldom cultivated in gardens ; but if any are rightly managed, there will be a fucceffion of Ce
perfon is willing to propagate it, the feeds fhould be lery for ufe till April ; but you ſhould obferve to
fown foon after they are ripe, on a moift fpot cf plant the laft crop in a drier foil, to prevent its be
ground ; and when the plants come up, they may be ing rotted with too much wet in winter ; and alſo if
either tranfplanted in a moift foil, or hoed out, and the weather should prove extreme fharp, you will
left fix or eight inches afunder, where they may re do well to cover your ridges of Celery with fome
main for good. The feed of this plant is one of the Peafe-haulm , or fome fuch light covering, which will
leffer warm feeds ; both the herb and feeds are uſed admit the air to the plants ; for if they are covered
in medicine. too clofe, they will be very fubject to rot ; by this
The feeds of the two forts of Celery fhould be fown means you may preferve your Celery in feafon a long
at two or three different times, the better to continue time, but you must remember to take off the cover
it for ufe through the whole feafon, without running ing whenever the weather will permit, otherwife it
up to feed. The firſt ſowing ſhould be in the begin will be apt to caufe the Celery to rot. By this me
ning of March, upon a gentle hot-bed ; the fecond thod of covering the Celery, the froft will be kept
may be a fortnight or three weeks after, which ought out of the ground ; fo it may be always taken up for
ufe when it is wanted, which, if neglected, it cannot
to be in an open fpot of light earth, where it may
enjoy the benefit of the fun ; the third time of fowing be taken up in hard froft. The Celery, when fully
fhould be the end of April, or beginning of May, blanched, will not continue good above three weeks
which ought to be in a moift foil ; and if expofed to or a month before it will rot or pipe : therefore, in
the morning fun only, it will be fo much the better, order to continue it good, you fhould have at leaſt
but it ſhould not be under the drip of trees. fix or ſeven different feafons of planting ; fo that if it
The feeds which are fown in the hot-bed will come be only intended to fupply a family, there need not
up in about three weeks or a month after fowing, be much planted at each time, but this muſt be pro
when the plants fhould be carefully cleared from portioned according to the quantity required.
weeds ; and if the ſeaſon prove dry, they muſt be fre The other fort of Celery, which is commonly called
quently watered ; and in about a month or five weeks Celeriac, is to be managed in the fame manner as is di
after it is up, the plants will be fit to tranfplant : rected for the Italian Celery, excepting that this
you muſt therefore prepare fome beds of moift rich ſhould be planted upon the level ground, or in very
earth, in a warm fituation, in which you fhould fhallow drills, for this plant feldom grows above eight
prick theſe young plants, at about three inches or ten inches high, fo requires but little earthing up ;
fquare, that they may grow ftrong ; and if the feafon the great excellency of this being in the fize of the
fhould prove cold, the beds must be covered with root, which is often as large as ordinary Turneps . It
mats, to ſcreen the plants from morning frofts, which fhould be fown about the middle of March, upon a
would retard their growth : you muſt alſo obſerve, in rich border of earth, and, in dry weather, conftantly
drawing theſe plants out of the feed-beds, to thin watered, otherwife the feeds will not grow : when the
them where they grow too thick, leaving the fmall plants are large enough to tranſplant out, they ſhould
plants to get more ſtrength before they are tranfplant be placed eighteen inches afunder, row from row, and
ed; by which means one and the fame feed-bed will the plants fix or eight inches diftant in the rows ; the
afford three different plantings, which will accord ground muſt be carefully kept clean from weeds , but
ingly fucceed each other for ufe. this fort will require but one earthing up, which ſhould
You muſt obſerve, if the feafon proves dry, to keep not be performed until the roots are nearly grown :
it diligently watered after it is tranfplanted , as alſo to both thefe forts of Celery delight in a rich, light,
clear the feed-beds from weeds ; and after every draw moift foil, where they will grow to a much larger
ing, keep them duly watered, to encourage the finall fize, and will be ſweeter and tenderer than on a poor
plants left therein. or dry ground .
The middle of May fome of the plants of the firft The beſt method to fave this feed, is to make choice
fowing will be fit to tranfplant for blanching, which of fome long good roots of the upright Celery, which
ſhould be planted in a moift, rich, light foil, upon have not been too much blanched, and plant them
which the firſt planted Celery will often grow to be out at about a foot aſunder in a moiſt foil, early in
twenty inches long in the clean blanched parts, which the fpring ; and when they run up to feed, keep them
upon a poor or dry foil feldom rifes to be ten inches . fupported with ſtakes, to prevent their being broken
The manner of tranſplanting it is as follows : after down by the winds : and in July, when the feed be
having cleared the ground of weeds, you muſt dig a gins to be formed, if the feafon fhould prove very
trench by a line about ten inches wide, and fix or dry, it will be proper to give fome water to the plants,
feven inches deep, loofening the earth in the bottom, which will greatly help their producing good feeds . In
and laying it level ; the earth that comes out of the Auguſt theſe feeds will be ripe, at which time it
trench fhould be equally laid on each ſide the trench, fhould be cut up, in a dry time, and ſpread upon
to be ready to draw in again to earth the Celery as cloths in the fun to dry ; then beat out the feeds, and
it advances in height. Thefe trenches ſhould be made preſerve them dry in bags for uſe.
at three feet diſtance from each other ; then plant the APIUM ANIŠUM DICTUM . See PIMPI
plants in the middle of the trench, at about four or NELLA .
five inches diſtance, in one ſtrait row, having before APIUM MACEDONICUM . See BUBON .
trimmed the plants, and cut off the tops of the long APIUM PYRENAICUM . See CRITHMUM .
leaves ; when they are planted you muft obferve to APOCYNUM . Tourn . Inft. R. H. 91. Lin. Gen.
cloſe the earth well to their roots, and to water them Plant. 269. [’Απόκυνον , of ἀπὸ and κυνός a dog , be
plentifully until they have taken freſh root ; after which cauſe the antients believed this plant would kill dogs. ]
time it will be needlefs, except in dry foils, or very dry Dogfbane.
feafons : as theſe plants advance in height, you muſt The CHARACTERS are,
obferve to draw the earth on each fide clofe to them, The flower bath a permanent empalement of one leaf, cut
being careful not to bury their hearts, nor ever to do into five acute fegments at the top ; it hath but one petal,
it but in dry weather, otherwiſe the plants will rot. which is ofthe open bell-shape, cut into five parts at the
When the plants have advanced a confiderable brim, which turn backward ; in the bottom of theflower
height above the trenches, and all the earth, which are fituated five nectariums, which are oval, and furround
was laid on the fides thereof, hath been employed in the germen : there are five ftamina, fcarce visible, which
earthing them up ; you must then make uſe of a ſpade are crowned by oblong erect fummits, which are bifid ;
to dig up the earth between the trenches, which muſt in the center are two oval germen, supporting ſmallſtyles,
alfo be made ufe of for the fame purpoſe, continuing crowned with globular stigma, larger than the germen.
from time to time to earth it up, until it is fit for uſe. The germen afterward become two long pointed capfules,
The firft of your planting out will, perhaps, be fit opening in two valves, having one cell, which is filled with
for ufe bythe beginning of July, and will be fucceed compreffed feeds, lying over each other like tiles on a houſe,
ed by the after plantations ; and if the latter fowings each being crowned with down.
This
 APO APO
០៨
ខ្វាន់

This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection

ឌី
ប់

e to roots is in March, before they begin to put out new

ឌឹ
៥
ទគ
នខ្ញុំ
«ច៖ថី្មី

of Linnæus's fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Digynia, ftalks .

be
fo if the flowers having five ſtamina and two ftyles. The fecond fort is a native of the fame countries as
The SPECIES are, the first ; the roots of this fort creep far in the ground ,
Come 1. APOCYNUM ( Androfæmi folium) caule rectiuſculo her fo that when it is planted in a garden, it is apt to
baceo foliis ovatis utrinque glabris cymis terminali fpread fo much as to be troublefome. The ftalks of
ered bus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 213. Dogbane with an erect her this fort are brown, and grow about two feet high,
this baceous ftalk, oval leaves, fmooth on both fides, and ter garnished with oblong fmooth leaves, fet on by
Long minated by a head of flowers. Apocynum Canadenſe pairs, and abound with a milky juice as the for
foliis androfæmi majoris. Mor. Hift. 3. p. 609. mer. Towards the upper part of the ſtalk , the flow
2. APOCYNUM (Cannabinum) caule rectiufculo herbaceo ers come out from the wings of the leaves, collected
foliis oblongis panniculis terminalibus. Lin . Sp . Plant. in fmall bunches, which are of an herbaceous white
213. Dogbane with an erect herbaceous ftalk, oblong colour, and fmall, fo make no great appearance,
leaves, and talks terminated by flowers. Apocynum therefore are feldom admitted into gardens, except
Canadenfe maximum flore minimo herbaceo. Pluk. for the fake ofvariety. This is very hardy, and pro
Alm . 35 . pagates too faft by its creeping roots. Both theſe
3. APOCYNUM (Venetum) caule rectiufculo herbaceo fo forts flower in July, and in autumn their ſtalks decay
liis ovato-lanceolatis . Prod. Leyd . 411. Dogfbane with to the root.
an upright herbaceous ftalk, and oval fpear-
shaped leaves. The third fort grows upon a ſmall iſland in the ſea,
Apocynum maritimum venetum falicis folio flore pur near Venice, but is fuppofed to have been originally
pureo. Tourn. Inft. 92 . brought from fome other country. There are two
4. APOCYNUM (Speciofiffimum) foliis ovatis petiolatis, fu varieties of this, one with a purple, and the other
perne glabris, floribus amplis pediculis longis hirfu with a white flower. The roots of this creep pretty
tis caule fruticofo. Dogfbane with oval leaves, which much, by which it is propagated, for it ſcarce ever
ed
are fmooth on their upper fide, large flowers with long produces any feeds either in the gardens where it is
di
hairyfoot-ftalks, and a ſhrubbystalk. Apocynum erec cultivated, or at Venice, where it grows without care,
‫צו‬
tum fruticofum, flore luteo maximo & fpeciofiffimo. as I have been informed by a very curious botaniſt,
Sloan. Cat. Jam. 89. who refided many years at Venice, and conftantly
5. APOCYNUM (Scandens) foliis oblongo-cordatis rigidis went to the ſpot feveral times in the feafon, to pro
D; floribus lateralibus, caule fruticofo volubili. Dogbane cure the feeds, if there had been any produced ; but
e
with stiff, oblong, heart-
shaped leaves, flowers growing he affured me he never could find any pods formed
It
on the fides of the stalk, and a fhrubby twining stalk. on the plants. The ftalks of this rife about two feet
a Apocynum fcandens foliis citrii filiquis maculatis. high, and are garniſhed with oval fmooth leaves
y Plum. Cat. 2 . placed oppofite ; the flowers grow at the top of the
e 6. APOCYNUM (Frutefcens) caule erecto frutefcente foliis ftalks in ſmall umbels, ſhaped like thofe of the former
lanceolato-ovalibus corollis acutis fauce villofis. Flor. forts, but are much larger, fo that the fort with pur
Zeyl. 114. Dogfbane with an upright fhrubbystalk, oval ple flowers makes a pretty appearance. It flowers in
Spear s
-haped leaves, acutepetals, and hairyjaws. Apo July and Auguft. This fort will live in the open air,
cynum caule erecto arboreo foliis ovatis acutis. Prod. provided it is planted in a warm ſituation and a dry
Leyd. 412 . foil , for although the foil in which it grows wild near
7. APOCYNUM ( Reticulatum) caule volubili perenne fo Venice, is moist, yet in this country the roots will
liis ovatis venofis. Prod. Leyd . 412. Dogfbane with
rot in winter, when they are in a wet ground. The
aperennial twiningstalk, and oval veined leaves. beſt time to remove and plant the roots is in fpring,
8. ArоCYNUM (Obliquum) caule volubili foliis ovatis ri juſt before they begin to puſh out new ſtalks.
gidis obliquis cymis lateralibus tubo floris longiffimo. The fourth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, in the
Dogfbane with ovalftiff leaves which are oblique, a twin Savannas, from whence it had the title of Savanna
ing ftalk, and flowers growing from the fide of the Flower, by which it is chiefly known in that ifland.
branches. Apocynum fcandens majus folio fubrotun This fort riſes three or four feet high, having woody
do. Sloan. Cat. Jam . 89. ftalks, which fend out a few lateral branches, gar
9. APOCYNUM ( Nervofum) caule fruticofo fcandente fo nifhed with oval ſmooth leaves, placed by pairs op
liis ovatis nervofis cymis lateralibus flore luteo magno pofite, of a fhining green colour on their upper fides,
tubo longiffimo. Dogfbane with a climbingſhrubbyſtalk, but pale and veined underneath ; the flowers are pro
oval- veined leaves, and large flowers growing in bunches duced from the fides of the branches, upon long foot
from the fides of the stalks, having very long tubes. ſtalks ; there are commonly four or five buds at the
10. APOCYNUM (Cordatum ) foliis oblongo- cordatis, mu end of each, but there is feldom more than one of
cronatis feffilibus floribus lateralibus, caule fcandente. them which comes to flower, the others withering :
Dogfbane with oblong heart-shaped leaves, which end in foon. The flower is very large, having a long tube,
a point, flowers growing at the wings of the leaves, and which ſpreads open wide at the top, of a bright yel
a climbingftalk. Apocynum fcandens foliis oblongis low, fo make a fine appearance, eſpecially in the
acuminatis floribus amplis patulus & luteis. Houft. places where the plants grow naturally, being moſt
MSS. Fig. Pl. num. 8. pl. 44. f. s. part of the year in flower. This plant is too tender
11. APOCYNUM (Villofum ) foliis cordatis glabris floribus to thrive in England without the affiſtance of a ſtove.
villofis lateralibus petiolis longioribus caule fcandente. It is propagated by feeds, which must be procured
Dogfbane with Smooth heart-shaped leaves, hairy flowers from Jamaica, for the plants do not perfect them in
growing from the fide of the branches, and a climbing England, nor are many of the feeds which are brought
Stalk. Apocynum fcandens amplo flore villofo luteo from thence good, either from their being unſkilfully
filiquis tumidis angulofis. Houft. MSS. Fig. Pl. tab. gathered before they are ripe, or being put up moift,
44. fig. 2. for few of them have fucceeded. When the feeds are
The first fort grows naturally in North America. obtained, they ſhould be fown in pots filled with light
This hath a perennial root ; the ftalks rife about three fandy earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners
feet high, grow upright, and are garniſhed with fimooth bark. If the feeds are good, the plants will appear
oval leaves, growing oppofite. Thefe, as alfo the ftalks, in a month or five weeks after, when they ſhould be
abound with a milky juice, which flows out when they treated in the fame manner as other tender plants from
are broken ; the flowers are white, and collected in a the fame country, with this difference only, to be
kind of umbel, growing at the top of the ftalks. The fparing in watering them, for theſe plants which a
nectarii in the bottom, have a purplish caft ; thefe bound with a milky juice, require very little wet .
flowers are feldom fucceeded by pods which ripen They must be conftantly kept in the tan-bed in ·
in England, but the plant is propagated by parting the ſtove, and as they advance in height, they will
the roots. It is hardy, fo will thrive in the full ground, require larger pots, but there must be great care not
but the foil fhould be light or dry, otherwife the roots to over-pot them ; for unleſs their roots are confined,
are apt to rot in winter. The best time to part the the plants will not thrive. The fecond year the
2 plants
 A PO A QU

plants will flower, if they have been ſkilfully ma propagated by feeds, which muft be procured from
naged, when they will make a fine appearance in the the country where it grows naturally, for the feeds
ftove ; the ufual time of their flowering in England, do not ripen in this country. When the feeds are
is in July and Auguft, but the plants retain their procured, they must be fown in pots , and plunged
leaves through the year, which, being of a beautiful into a hot-bed ; and when the plants come up, they
green, look very well at all feafons . fhould be treated in the fame manner as hath been be
The fifth fort was difcovered by father Plumier, in fore directed for the fourth fort. It flowers in Au
fome of the French iſlands in America, who made a guft and September in England, but in its natural
drawing of the plant. It was afterwards found by the country it flowers great part of the year.
late Mr. Robert Millar, furgeon, growing plentifully The tenth and eleventh forts were difcovered at La
near Carthagena, in New Spain, from whence he fent Vera Cruz, in New Spain, by the late Dr. William
the feeds, which fucceeded in feveral gardens. This Houſton, who fent their feeds to England . Thefe
plant hath twining ſtalks, by which it mounts to the plants have both climbing ftalks, by which they
tops of very tall trees, garnifhed with ſtiff, oblong, mount to the tops of the tallest trees. In England
heart-shaped leaves, which are ſmooth, and of a ſhin they have climbed over the plants in the ftoves, and
ing green colour, being of the fame thickneſs with rifen to upward of twenty feet high. The tenth fort
thofe of the Citron-tree. The flowers are produced has produced flowers in England feveral times, but
in fmall cluſters from the fides of the branches, and the eleventh, which grows more luxuriantly than the
are of an herbaceous colour, fo do not make any great other, never had any appearance of flowers. Theſe
appearance. Thefe appear in Auguft and September, are both propagated by feeds, which ſhould be fown
but are not fucceeded by pods in this country. as the fourth fort, and the plants muſt be treated in
The fixth fort grows naturally in India, Ceylon , and the fame manner afterward . All thefe fpecies of
upon the coafts of Guinea, from whence I have re Dogſbane abound with a milky juice, which flows
ceived the feeds. This plant rifes with a woody ſtem out from any part of their ſtalks or leaves when they
to the height of five or fix feet, dividing into feveral are broken ; and this is generally fuppofed to be hurt
branches, garnished with oblong, pointed, fmooth ful, if taken inwardly, for it doth not raiſe blifters
leaves, of a fhining green above, but pale underneath, on the fkin, as the juice of Spurge, and other acrid
placed by pairs oppofite. From the wings of the plants, fo is not injurious unlefs inwardly taken. The
leaves the flowers are produced in loofe bunches . pods of all the forts are filled with feeds, which are,
Theſe are ſmall, tubulous, and of a purple colour, for the most part, compreffed , and lie over each other
but are never fucceeded by pods in this country. It (imbricatim ) like tiles on a houfe : thefe have each a
is a very tender plant, fo muſt be conſtantly kept in long plume, of a cottony down faftened to their
a hot-houſe, and plunged in the tan-bed, otherwife crowns, by which, when the pods are ripe and open,
it will not thrive in England ; it may be propagated the feeds are wafted by the wind to a confiderable
by cuttings during the fummer months, but they diſtance ; fo that in the countries where thefe plants
fhould be laid to dry in the ſtove, three or four days naturally grow, they are fome of the most trouble
before they are planted ; for as the plants abound fome weeds.
with a milky juice, fo unleſs the ends of the cuttings The down of theſe plants is in great eſteem in France,
where the wounds are made, are well dried and healed for ftuffing of eafy chairs, making very light quilts,
over before they are put into the ground, they are which are warm, and extremely light, fo are very pro
very ſubject to rot. This plant muſt be fparingly per covering for perfons afflicted with the gout, for
watered, eſpecially in winter, and ſhould be planted the down is fo extreme light and elaftic that it occa
in light fandy earth. 1 fions no weight. This the French call Delawad , and
The ſeventh fort grows naturally in India ; I received in the fouthern parts of France, where fome of the
feeds of this from Dr. Van Royen, profeffor of bo forts will thrive in the open air, and perfect their feeds,
tany at Leyden. This plant hath a twining ſtalk , by there are many plantations made of theſe plants for
which it riſes to a confiderable height, garniſhed with the fake of the down.
oblong leaves, which are much veined, and abound As many of theſe forts grow plentifully in the uncul
with a milky juice, which flows out whenever they tivated lands in Jamaica, this cottony down might
are broken. This plant hath not yet produced flow be eaſily procured from thence in plenty, and might
ers in England. It is tender, fo requires to be con probably become a vendible commodity in England,
ſtantly preſerved in the ftove, otherwiſe it will not which may turn to advantage, if once it becomes a
thrive in this country. faſhionable fort of furniture, efpecially as the plants
The eighth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from require no cultivation, the only trouble being to col
whence the feeds were fent me by the late Dr. William lect the down, which, in fome of the forts which have
Houſton. It hath a climbing ftalk, which faftens to large pods, is produced in great quantity, ſo may be
the neighbouring trees, and rifes ten or twelve feet collected with little trouble.
high. The leaves are oval, ftiff, and oblique to the The other forts which have been ranged under this
foot-ſtalk ; the flowers are produced from the wings genus, are now referred to the following genera, to
of the leaves, of a purplish colour, and have very which the reader is defired to turn, for fuch of them
long tubes, but ſpread open wide at the top. This as are not here enumerated, viz. Afclepias, Cynan
doth not produce feeds in England, nor have I been chum, and Periploca.
able to propagate it, either by layers or cuttings . It APPLE- TREE. See Malus .
is tender, fo muſt conſtantly remain in the ftove, and APPLES of Love. See LICOPERSICON and SOLANUM .
fhould have little water. APPLES (MAD ) . See MELONGENA.
The ninth fort hath a climbing woody ſtalk, and rifes APRICOT, or ABRICOT. See ARMENIACA.
to a confiderable height, by the fupport of neigh- AQUIFOLIUM . See ILEX.
bouring trees. The leaves grow by pairs oppofite ; AQUILEGIA [ called alfo Aquilina , from Aquila, L.
they are oval, ending in a fharp point, and have many an eagle, becauſe the flower reſembles that bird].
tranfverfe nerves from the midrib. The flowers come Columbine.
out from the wings of the leaves, each ſtanding upon The CHARACTERS are,
a feparate long foot- ftalk ; they are large, of a bright The flower bath no empalement, but is composed of five
yellow colour, with very long tubes, fpreading open equal oval petals, which are plain, and spread open,
wide at the top ; thefe are fucceeded by long com within which are five equal nectarii, ranged alternately
preffed pods, which have borders on one fide filled with the petals, each of the horns widening upward, the
with long channelled feeds, which are crowned with opening being oblique to the fide as it afcends, and is faft
long plumes of foft down. This fort grows naturally ened to the receptacle within, the lower part lengthening
at Carthagena, in New Spain, from whence I received gradually into a long tube, hanging by a blunt incurved
the feeds. It is tender, fo will not thrive in England, apex. It hath many awl-shaped ftamina, which are crown
unless it is conftantly preferved in the ftove. This is ed by oblong upright fummits, with five oval germen, fup
porting
 m A Q A
U R
cus A
fhould be refreshed with water
porting awl- shaped ftyles, which are longer than the fta , that they may gather
Sare
mina, crowned by erect ftigma ; the germen afterwards ftrength.
ged become five cylindrical veffels, which stand upright, are In the middle or latter end of May, thefe plants will
they parallel, pointed, and open in one cell, which are filled be ſtrong enough to tranfplant ; therefore fome beds
abe with ovalfining feeds. of good fresh undunged earth fhould be prepared,
Au This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth ſection of planting them therein at eight or nine inches diftance
ABE A

urd Linnæus's thirteenth clafs, entitled Polyandria Pen every way, keeping them clear from weeds, and re
tagynia, the flowers having many ſtamina and five freſhing them with a little water, as they may re
La ſtyles. quire it.
The SPECIES are ,
In the following autumn, by which time the plants
1. AQUILEGIA (Vulgaris) nectaris rectis petalo lanceolato will have acquired ftrength enough to flower the
hey brevioribus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 533. Columbine withupright fummer following, the roots fhould be carefully taken
2nd nectariums fhorter than its petal, which is fpear-shaped. up, and planted in the borders of the flower-garden ;
and Aquilegia Sylveftris. C. B. P. 144. Wild Columbine. but where their roots are defigned to be preſerved in
2. AQUILEGIA ( Alpina) nectariis rectis, petalis ovatis lon perfection, all their flower-ftems fhould be cut off,
Sut gioribus. Columbine with erect nectarii, and longer oval as foon as the flowers are paft, to prevent their de
he flower-leaves. Aquilegia montana magno flore. C. B. P. generating by the commixture of the farina from
ele 3. AQUILEGIA ( Inverſa) nectariis incurvis. Hort. Upfal. other flowers .
Columbine with nectarii turned inward. Aquilegia flore But in order to be fure of having no fingle or bad
pleno inverfo. J. B. 485. Columbine with a double in flowers in the borders, you may fuffer the plants to
verted flower. remain in the nurſery-beds until they have blown ;
4. AQUILEGIA (Canadenfis ) nectariis rectis ftaminibus co at which time you may put a ſtick by each root you
rollâ longioribus. Hort. Upfal 153. Columbine with fancy to preferve, or pull out all the fingle or bad co
Straight nectarii, andftamina longer than the petals. Aqui loured ones, and throw them away, cutting off all
legia pumila præcox Canadenfis. Cornut. Canad. 60. the flowers from your beſt roots as foon as they have
Early dwarfCanada Columbine. fhewn themſelves, which will greatly add to the pre
The first fort is found growing wild in the woods in ferving them fair in their colours.
L fome parts of England ; I have frequently gathered In order to keep up a fucceffion of good flowers,
er it in the woods, near Bexley, in Kent ; and alfo be freſh feeds fhould be fown every year ; and if you can
a tween Maidſtone and Rochefter. The flowers of this meet with a friend, at fome diftance, who is furniſhed
are blue, the petals are fhort, and the nectarii are with good flowers of this kind, it will be very ad
very prominent, in which it differs from the fecond, vantageous to both parties, to exchange feeds once
t whofe petals are longer, and the nectarii do not rife in two years, by which they will not be fo apt to de
S fo high. This I found growing naturally near Ingle generate into plain colours."
borough Hill, in Yorkshire. The flowers ofthis are In faving the feeds of the variegated columbines,
much larger than thofe of the Garden Columbine, great care fhould be taken not to fuffer any plain flow
and the feeds which I fowed of this in the garden ers to remain for feed, there being generally fome
at Chelſea, produced the fame fpecies without the leaſt plain flowers intermixed with the ftriped ones on the
variation. 1 fame plant, and often in the fame branches : thefe
The third is the Garden Columbine, of which there fhould be cut off, for if they are permitted to feed,
are great varieties, not only in the colour and fulneſs or if their farina mix and impregnate the ftriped
of their flowers, but alfo in their form. In fome flowers, they will degenerate into plain colours ; fo
there are no viſible nectarii, but in place of them a that there cannot be too much care taken in faving
multiplicity of petals, fo that the flowers are as dou the feeds, where the beauty of their flowers are re
ble as thofe of the Larkfpur. Thefe are commonly garded.
called Rofe Columbines ; the colours of thefe are The Canada Columbine flowers almoft a month be
chefnut, blue, red, and white, and fome are finely fore the other forts ; for which reafon it is preferved
variegated with two colours. in the gardens of the curious, though there is no great
There are others with fharp pointed petals, which beauty in the flowers. There is another variety of
expand in form of a ftar ; of thefe there are fingle and this fort, with taller flower-ftems, which flowers a
double flowers, of the feveral colours as the former. little after the other, but do not differ, either in the
From the different fhape of thefe flowers, any perfon fhape of its flowers or leaves from this, fo I conclude
not well ſkilled in the culture of plants, would fup they are but one diftinct fpecies. The Canada Co
poſe they were diftinct from the others ; but having lumbines flower in April, and their feeds ripen the
feveral years fown their feeds, which were collected beginning of Auguft. The other forts flower toward
with great care, I have found them always varying the end of May, and in cool feafons will continue to
from one to the other : therefore I have not enume produce flowers till the middle of July, and their
rated their varieties here, knowing they can never be feeds ripen toward the middle or end of September,
preferved the fame from feeds, however carefully they according as the feafon proves more or lefs favou
are faved : however, as the forts with variegated flow rable.
ers are eſteemed the greateſt beauties, fo thofe per The first fort is that which is directed for medicinal
fons, who are defirous to have them in perfection, ufe in the difpenfaries, but at prefent is very rarely
fhould root out all thoſe plants whofe flowers are not ordered .
well marked, or at leaſt cut off their ſtems ſo foon as ARABIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 732. Baſtard Tower
their flowers appear, leaving only the moſt beautiful Muftard.
to feed, that the farina of the plain flowers, may not The CHARACTERS are,
impregnate the others, whereby the plants raifed from The flower bath a four-leaved empalement, two of theop
their feeds may not be degenerated, of which too pofite leaves being large, and the other two narrow ; these
much care cannot be taken . fall off. The flower bath fourpetals in form of a cross,
Theſe plants are all raiſed by fowing the feeds, or which spread open ; at the bottom of each is fituated a re
parting the old roots, but the former method is chiefly flexed nectarium fixed to the empalement, and between theſe
practifed ; for the old roots are very apt to degenerate arifefix upright ftamina, two of which are no longer than
after they have blown two or three years, fo as to the flower-cup, the other four are much longer : these are
become quite plain . crowned with heart-shapedfummits. In the center is fitu
The feeds fhould be fown in a nurſery-bed in Auguft ated a taper germen, which is as long as the ftamina,
or September, for the feeds which are kept till fpring having nofiyle, but the cbtufeftigma refts upon it. This
feldom grow well, or at leaft remain in the ground a afterward becomes a narrow, long, compreffed pod opening
whole year. The fpring following the plants will ap lengthways, having two valves and a thin partition, be
pear above ground, therefore fhould be kept clear tween which is lodged a row offlat feeds.
from weeds, and if the feafon fhould be dry, they
T This
 A RA ARA

This genus of plants is ranged in Linnæus's fifteenth and France. I have alfo found it growing wild upon
clafs, entitled Tetradynamia Siliquofa : ſo called, be fome old walls at Cambridge and Ely, but the feeds
cauſe the flowers have four ftamina longer than the might probably come out of the gardens where they
other two, and the feeds growing in long pods. were firſt planted. The plants of this kind, which
The SPECIES are, grow on walls or ruins, continue much longer than
1. ARABIS (Thaliana) foliis petiolatis lanceolatis inte thofe which are fown in gardens, where they feldom 8
gerrimis. Vir. Cliff. 64. Baftard Tower Mustard, with live longer than two years. The leaves ofthis fort
whole fpear- shaped leaves having foot-ftalks. Burfæ paf are long, broad, hairy, and a little waved on their
toris fimilis filiquofa major. C. B. P. 108. edges ; of a pale colour, and ſpread near the ground :
2. ARABIS ( Alpina) foliis amplexicaulibus dentatis. Hort. from the center of theſe come out the ftalks, which
Cliff. 335. Baftard Tower Mustard, with indented leaves rife about a foot and a half high, having ſeveral leaves
embracing the stalks. Draba alba filiquofa repens . growing alternately, which cloſely embrace them.
C. B. P. Toward the top of the ftalks, they divide into feveral
3. ARABIS (Pendula) foliis amplexicaulibus filiquis an ſmall branches, which are terminated by long looſe
cipitibus linearibus calycibus fubpilofis. Hort. Upfal. fpikes of flowers, of a dirty white colour, each having
191. Bastard Tower Mustard with leaves embracing the four petals placed in form of a crofs . After the flowers
ftalks, narrow pods hanging two ways, and hairyflower are paft, the germen becomes long flat pods, which
cups. Turritis latifolia hirfuta filiquis pendulis . Am turn backward at their extremity and open length
man. Ruth. 58 . ways, having two rows of flat- bordered feeds, of a
4. ARABIS (Turrita) foliis amplexicaulibus filiquis de dark brown colour, feparated by a thin intermediate
curvis planis linearibus calycibus fubrugofis. Hort. partition.
Upfal. 192. Baftard Tower Mustard, with narrow, plain, This fort is eaſily propagated by feeds, which fhould
hanging pods, and roughflower-cups. Leucoium hefpe be fown in the autumn ; for thofe which are fown
ridis folio. Tourn. Inft. 221. Stock Gilliflower with a in the fpring frequently mifcarry, or lie in the ground
leaf of Dame's Violet. a whole year before they grow. When the plants are
5. ARABIS ( Lyrata) foliis glabris, radicalibus lyratis, ftrong enough to remove, they may be tranſplanted
caulinis linearibus. Flor. Virg. 99. Baftard Tower into a fhady border, or in rural plantations, where
Muftard with Smooth leaves, thofe at the root lyre-shaped, no other care will be neceffary, but to prevent their
but on the ftalks linear. being overgrown by weeds. The plants flower in
6. ARABIS (Canadenfis ) foliis caulinis lanceolatis dentatis May, and their feeds ripen in July. There is little
glabris. Flor. Virg. 100. Baftard Tower Mustard, with beauty in this plant, yet many perfons preferve it in
shaped, indented, fmooth leaves. Eruca Virginiana,
Spear- their gardens to make a variety.
bellidis majoris folio. Pluk. Alm. 136. The fifth fort is annual, it grows naturally in North
The firft fort is a low plant, feldom rifing more than America ; the leaves near the root are lyre-fhaped,
four or five inches high, fending out many fhort but thofe on the flower-ftalks are linear, placed al
branches on every fide, terminated by finall white ternately; both are fmooth ; the flower-ftalks rife near
flowers growing alternately the moſt part of their a foot high, and are terminated by white flowers,
length, each having four petals in form of a cross, which are fucceeded by flender pods.
which are fucceeded by long flender pods filled with The fixth fort was brought from Virginia ; this is a
fmall round feeds . It grows naturally on fandy dry biennial plant, whofe lower leaves fpread on the
ground, in many parts of England. ground, thefe are deeply indented on their fides ; the
The fecond fort grows naturally in Iftria, from whence flower-ftalks rife a foot high, fuftaining feveral yellow
I received the feeds ; it is alfo a native of the Alps , flowers placed ſcatteringly at the top, which are fuc
and many other mountainous countries. This is a ceeded by pretty long flat pods, filled with feeds.
perennial plant, which increaſes by its creeping roots, The two laft mentioned forts have little beauty to
which run obliquely near the furface of the ground ,. recommend them, nor are their virtues known, there
and fend down roots at every joint. The leaves are fore they are rarely admitted into any gardens except
collected into heads, fpreading circularly like thoſe for variety. They are eaſily propagated by feeds,
of the London Pride. Thefe are oblong, whitish, which if permitted to fcatter on the ground, will pro
and indented on their edges ; out of theſe heads ariſe duce plants in plenty on any foil, or in any fituation.
the flower-ſtalks, which grow near a foot high, gar A RACHIS, Earth, or Ground Nut.
nifhed with leaves placed alternately, which are The CHARACTERS are,
broader at their bafe than thofe which grow below,
The empalement of the flower opens in two parts, the
and cloſely embrace the ftalks : the flowers grow in upper being cut into three at the extremity, the under one
loofe bunches on the top ; thefe are white, and have is hollow ending in a point, and longer than the other. The
leaves in form of a crofs, which are fucceeded by long flower is of the butterfly kind, having four petals ; the
flat pods, opening lengthways, having two cells, Standard is large, roundish , and plain ; the wings are open
which are feparated by an intermediate partition, each and fhorter than the standard, the keel is little longer than
having one row of flat reddifh feeds. the empalement, and turns back. The flower hath ten
This is a very hardy plant, fo will thrive in any fi Stamina, nine of which coalefce, and the upper one stands
tuation. It produces feeds in plenty, but as it multi off ; thefe are no longer than the keel, crowned by round
plies fo faft by its creeping roots, few perfons are Jummits. In the center is fituated an oblonggermen, fup
at the trouble to fow the feeds. It flowers early in the porting an awl-shaped style, crowned by a single ftigma.
fpring, and having many ſtalks rifing from one root, The germen afterward turns to an oblong pod, containing
they make a pretty variety in cold fituations, where two or three oblong blunt feeds.
many finer plants will not thrive, fo may have place This genus of plants is ranged in Linnæus's feven
in rural plantations among fhrubs, where they will teenth clafs , entitled Diadelphia Decandria, from the
thrive with very little care. flowers having ten ftamina, which are in two bodies.
The third fort grows naturally in Siberia, from whence We have but one SPECIES of this plant, viz.
the feeds were brought to Peterſburgh. This is a ARACHIS ( Hypogea . ) Lin. Hort. Cliff. 353. Earth or
perennial plant, which grows near a foot high ; the Ground Nut. Arachidna quadrifolia villofa flore luteo.
leaves are broad, hairy, and indented on their edges ; Plum. Nov. Gen. 49.
thefe cloſely embrace the ftalks. The flowers grow The native country of this plant I believe is Africa,
alternately in loofe fpikes, and are of a dirty white though at prefent, all the fettlements in America
colour. Theſe are fucceeded by long narrow pods, abound with it ; but many perfons who have refided
which are filled with flat brown feeds like the former, in that country affirm, they were originally brought
but the pods of this hang downwards two ways. It by the ſlaves from Africa there, where they have been
flowers early in fpring, and perfects feeds very well , fpread all over the fettlements .
by which it may be propagated in plenty. It multiplies very faſt in a warin country, but being
The fourth fort grows naturally in Hungary, Sicily, impatient of cold, it cannot be propagated in the open
6 . air
 PERASJ

ARA ARA
upor
J
A
J
S
Z

feeds air in England ; therefore whoever has an inclination roots may be taken up, and tranfplanted where they
they to cultivate this plant, muft plant the feeds in a hot are to remain. They are very hardy plants, fo may
hich bed in the ſpring of the year, keeping the glaffes over be planted in any fituation ; and as they grow natu
than the plants till the middle or end of June ; after which rally in woods, fo they may be planted in wilderneſs
dom time, if the weather prove warm, they may be ex quarters, under trees, where, although they have no
fort pofed to the open air by degrees. The branches of great beauty, yet they will add to the variety.
their this plant trail upon the ground, and the flowers Theſe two forts may alſo be propagated by parting of
und: (which are yellow) are produced fingle upon long their roots ; the beſt time for doing this is in the
hich foot-ſtalks ; and as foon as the flower begins to decay, autumn, foon after their leaves decay. Theſe fhould
Eaves the germen is thruft under ground, where the pod is be planted pretty far afunder, for their roots ſpread
em. formed and ripened ; fo that unleſs the ground is to a confiderable diſtance, where they are left un
difturbed for fome years.
opened, they never appear : the negroes kept this a
fecret among themſelves, therefore could fupply them The third fort rifes with a woody ftem to the height
felves with theſe nuts unknown to their mafters. The of eight or ten feet, dividing into feveral branches,
ing
roots oftheſe plants are annual, but the nuts or feeds garniſhed with branching leaves, which are com
fufficiently ſtock the ground in a warm country, where pounded of many divaricated wings ; the lobes of
they are not very carefully taken up. In South Ca which are oblong, and the ribs of the leaves, as alfo
rolina there is great plenty of thefe nuts, which the the branches and ftems of the plants, are armed with
inhabitants roaft, and make ufe of as chocolate. ftrong crooked fpines, which renders the places very
ARALIA, Berry-bearing Angelica. difficult to pafs through where they grow in plenty.
The CHARACTERS are, The flowers of this fort are produced in large loofe
uld
It is an umbelliferous plant with a globular umbel, having umbels, at the extremity of the branches, and are of
Own
afmall involucrum ; the empalement of the flower is fmall, an herbaceous colour, fo make no great figure, but
und
indented in five parts, and refts upon the germen. The the plants are preferved in moſt of the curious gardens
are
flower bathfive oval petals, which are reflexed ; it hath in England. It flowers in Auguft, but the feeds do
ed
five awl- shapedftamina crowned by roundish fummits ; the not ripen in this country.
cre
Z
·

round germen below the empalement fupports five fhort

·

This is propagated by feeds, which are eaſily pro

Styles, each of which is crowned by a fingle ftigma. The cured from North America ; but as they feldom ar
germen afterward turns to a roundish channelled berry, rive here till toward the fpring, fo the plants never
tle
havingfive cells, each containing one oblong hardfeed. • come up the first year : therefore when the feeds ar
in
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth fection of rive, they ſhould be fown in pots, filled with light
Linnæus's fifth claſs, entitled Pentandria Pentagynia, earth, and placed in a fhady fituation, where they
th
the flowers having five ftamina and five ſtyles. may remain until the next autumn, being careful to
d, The SPECIES are, weed the pots conftantly ; otherwife if weeds are per
1 1. ARALIA ( Racemofa) caule foliofo herbaceo lævi. Hort. mitted to grow till they are large, they cannot be
ar Upfal. 70. Berry-bearing Angelica, with an berbaceous taken out, without drawing up the feeds with their
S, leafy ftalk. Aralia Canadenfis. Tourn. Inft. R. H. roots. In the autumn, the pots fhould be plunged
300. either into an old bed of tan, or in a warm border
a 2. ARALIA (Nudicaulis) caule nudo foliis ternatis. Hort. under the ſhelter of a hedge or wall ; and if the winter
e Cliff. 113. Berry-bearing Angelica with a naked ftalk. proves fevere, it will be proper to cover the pots with
C Aralia caule nudo radice repente. Cold. Noveb. 66. ftraw or Peaſe-haulm, to prevent the froft from pe
V 3. ARALIA (Spinofa) arboreſcens caule foliolifque acu netrating deep into the ground. In March the pots
leata. Vir. Cliff. 26. Tree Berry-bearing Angelica, whofe 1
fhould be plunged into a moderate hot-bed, which
Stalk and leaves are prickly. Aralia arboreſcens fpinofa. will bring up the plants early, fo that they will have
Vaill. Serm. Angelica-tree, vulgò. more time to get ſtrength before the following winter.
The firſt fort is pretty common in many gardens near When the plants come up, they fhould be frequently
London, but the ſecond is at preſent inore rarely met refreſhed with water, and conſtantly kept clean from
with. Both theſe plants grow naturally in North weeds in May they fhould be inured to the open air,
America, from whence their feeds were brought to and when they are removed out of the bed, they
Europe. They are perennial plants, whoſe ſtalks de fhould have a fhady fituation. Thefe plants fhould
cay in autumn, and new ones ariſe from their roots not be diſturbed the firft feafon, but as they are often
in the fpring. The firſt grows three or four feet high, injured by froft when young, fo in October the pots
and divides into many irregular branches, garnished fhould be placed under a frame, where they may be
with ramofe leaves, placed alternately ; at the wings fcreened from hard frofts, but in mild weather fhould
of theſe the flower-ftalks are produced, which are ter be conſtantly opened to enjoy the free air. The leaves
minated by round umbels of ſmall four-leaved flowers , of theſe plants fall away in the autumn, fo that fome
of a whitiſh colour ; theſe are fucceeded by round perfons have fuppofed them dead, and have thrown
channelled berries, which when ripe, are black. This them out of the pots, which every one fhould be '
flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in October. cautioned againft. In the fpring, before the plants
The ſecond fort rifes to near the fame height as the begin to puſh, they ſhould be carefully fhaken out of
former ; the leaves of this have two trifoliate large the pots, and feparated ; part of them fhould be
lobes, which are fawed on their edges. The flower planted fingly into fmall pots, and the other may be
ftalks ariſe between theſe immediately from the root, planted in a bed of light earth in a warm fituation .
being naked, and are terminated by round umbels If thoſe which are planted in the fmall pots are plunged
of flowers, in fhape and colour like the firft ; theſe in a moderate hot-bed, it will greatly forward their
are fucceeded by berries, which are ſmaller than thoſe growth ; but they must be early inured to bear the
of the other. This flowers toward the end of July, open air, otherwiſe they will draw up weak. In the
and the feeds ripen late in the autumn. The roots following fummer they muſt have a fhady fituation,
of this fort were formerly brought over and fold for and the next winter fhould be fheltered again ; the
Sarfaparilla, and at this time feveral of the inhabitants fpring following they may be fhaken out of the pots,
of Canada make ufe of it as fuch, but it is very dif and planted where they are defigned to remain. Thofe
ferent from the true fort. plants which were planted in the bed, will require
"
Both theſe forts are eafily propagated by feeds, which protection from the froft the firft winter ; therefore 1
are generally produced in plenty. Theſe ſhould be if the furface of the ground is covered with old tan
fown in the autumn foon after they are ripe, for thoſe ners bark, it will prevent the froft from penetrating
which are fown in the fpring, never grow the fame to their roots ; and if in hard frofts, fome ftraw,
year, fo that a whole feafon is gained by the fowing Peaſe-haulm, or any light covering is laid over the
in autumn. When the plants appear, they muſt be bed, it will fecure their ftems from being injured.
kept clean from weeds during the fummer ; and in The plants in the bed may remain there two years, b
the autumn following, when their leaves decay, the which time they will be ftrong enough to tranfplant
to
 ARB 1 AR B

to the places where they are defigned to grow. As | 3. ARBUTUS ( Acadienis ) caulibus procumbentibus foliis
thefe plants do not come out very early in the fpring, ovatis fubferratis floribus fparfis baccis polyfpermis.
fo they often continue growing pretty late in the au Lin. Sp. Plant. 395. Arbutus with trailing talks, oval
tumn, which caufes the extreme parts of their fhoots leaves, fomewhat indented, flowers growing loofly, and
to be very tender, whereby they often fuffer from the many feeds. Vitis idea Acadienfis foliis Alaterni.
early frofts in autumn, which frequently kill the upper Tourn. Inft .
parts of the fhoots , but as their woody ftems are 4 . ARBUTUS (Alpina) caulibus procumbentibus foliis ru
feidom injured, fo they put out new branches below: gofis ferratis. Flor. Lap. 161. Arbutus with trailing
and if in very fevere winters the ftems are deſtroyed , ftalks and rough fared leaves. Vitis idea foliis oblon
yet the roots will remain, and put out new ones the gis albicantibus. C. B. P. 470 .
following fummer, therefore they fhould not be de- 5. ARBUTUS caulibus procumbentibus foliis integer
ftroyed. rimis. Flor. Lap. 162. Arbutus with trailingftalks and
This plant may alfo be propagated by its roots, for entire leaves.

as they fpread far in the ground, fo if they are laid 6. ARBUTUS (Uva Urfi) caulibus diffufis, foliis emargi
open, and fome of the strongeft are feparated from natis. Arbutus with diffufed ftalks and indented leaves.
the plant and left in the ground, they will put out Uva urfi. Cluf. Hift. 1. p . 63. Bear Berry.
new items and make new plants. Or if part of the The firit fort grows naturally in Italy, Spain, and alfo
roots are taken off and planted on a moderate hot- bed , in Ireland, and is now very common in the English
they will push out ftems in plenty, fo may be increaſed gardens. Of this fort there are the following varie
with cafe. ties, viz. one with an oblong flower and oval fruit ;
ARBOR, a tree, is defined to be a gemmiparous another with a double flower, and a third with red
plant, with a fingle trunk or ftem, abounding with flowers ; but thefe being only feminal varieties, I have
hoots . This is the only definition which conveys an not mentioned them as fpecies ; though for the fake
idea whereby to diftinguith a tree from a fhrub, which of the curious, I fhall give a farther account of
is a gemmiparous plant, with many ftems or trunks. them.
ARBOR CAMPHORIFERA . See LAURUS . The fecond fort grows naturally in the east, parti
ARBOR CORAL. See ERYTHRINA. cularly about Magnefia, where it is fo plenty, as to
ARBOR JUDE. See CERCIS . be the principal fuel ufed by the inhabitants of the
ARBOREOUS [ Arborcus, Lat. of, or belonging to, country. This grows to a middle fized tree ; the
or of the nature of, trees. ] An epithet which bota branches are irregular, and are garnished with large
nifts apply to thofe funguses, or moffes which grow oval leaves, fomewhat like thofe of the Bay-tree, but
on trees, in diftinction from thofe that grow on the not quite fo long ; thefe are fmooth and entire, having
ground ; as Agaric, Jews- car, &c. no ferratures on their edges ; the flowers are fhaped
ARBOURS Arboreta, of Arbor, Lat. a tree. ] Thefe like thofe of the common Arbutus, but grow thinly
were formerly in greater cfteem with us than at pre on the branches. The fruit is oval, and of the fame
fent ; few gardens were without covered arbours, and colour and confiftence with the common fort, but the
fhady feats ; but of late they have been much re feeds of this are flat, whereas thofe of the common
jected, and that not without good reafon ; for beſides fort are pointed and angular. Tournefort enumerates
the great expence in their first erecting, they were a three other varieties of this tree, which he obferved in
continual charge keeping repaired ; for the wet foak the Levant, one with fawed leaves, which is now in
ing through the leaves ofthe trees to the wood-work, many English gardens , and paffes for the Andrachne :
was, by the continual fhade, and for the want of free another with a large oblong fruit, and a third with
air, detained fo long as to rot the wood ( which, if large compreffed fruit : but it is doubtful if they are
wholly expofed to the weather, would have lafted fe not accidental varieties, which have been produced
ven or eight) in two or three years ; befide , the feats from feeds ofthe firft.
are continually damp, and unhealthy for which rea The common Strawberry-tree is too well known to
fon, covered feats or alcoves, are every where, at this require any deſcription of it here, being at prefent in
time, preferred to them. moft of the English gardens, and is one of the greatet
Arbours are generally made of lattice-work, either in ornaments to them in the months of October and
wood or iron, and covered with Elms, Limes, Horn November, that being the feafon when the trees are
beam ; or with Creepers, as Honeysuckles, Jafmines , in flower, and the fruit of the former year is ripe, for
or Paffion-flowers ; either of which will anfwer the the fruit is a whole year growing to perfection ; fo
purpoſe very well, if rightly managed . that the fruit which is produced from the flowers of
ARBUTUS, the Strawberry-tree. one year, do not ripen till the bloffoms of the fuc
The CHARACTERS are, ceeding year are fully blown ; fo that when there is
The flower bath a fmall, obtufe, permanent empalement, plenty of fruit and flowers upon the trees, they make
which is cut into five parts, upon which the germen fits. a goodly appearance, and at a feafon when moft other
The flower is of cue leaf, shaped like a pitcher, and di trees are paft their beauty.
vided into five parts at the brim, which turn backward. Thofe trees which have large oval fruit, make the
It bath ten fbert ftamina, which are joined at the bottom greateſt figure, the flowers of this being larger, and
to the flower leaf, thefe are crowned with bifid fummits . oblong. The fort with double flowers is a curiofity,
At the bottom of the flower is fituated the globular ger but as the flowers have only two orders of leaves, fo
men, fupporting a cylindricalftyle, crowned by a thick blunt they make no great appearance ; nor do the trees pro
figma. After the flower is peft, the germen becomes an duce fruit in any plenty, therefore the other is more
oval or round berry, having five cells, which are filled preferable. The fort with red flowers makes a pretty
with hard feeds. variety, when intermixed with the other ; for the out
This genus of plants is ranged in the tenth clafs of fide of them are of a fine red colour at their firft ap
Linnæus, entitled Decandria Monogynia, from the pearance, and afterward they change to purple before
flowers having ten ftamina and one ſtyle. they fall off. The fruit of this is the fame with the
The SPECIES are, common fort. All theſe varieties are preſerved , by
1. ARBUTUS ( Unedo ) foliis glabris ferratis, baccis poly inarching or grafting them upon the common Ar
fpermis, caule erecto arboreo. Strawberry-tree with butus, for the feeds of either do not produce the fame
fmooth fawed leaves, berries having many feeds, and an kind ; though from the feeds of the oval fruit, there
upright trunk. Arbutus folio ferrato . C. B. P. 460 . is generally many more of the fame produced, than
2. ARBUTUS ( Andrackne) foliis glabris integerrimis , bac from the feeds of the common fort.
cis polyfpermis caule erecto arboreo. Strawberry-tree The beft method to propagate the Arbutus is from
with Smooth entire leaves, berries full of feeds, and an feeds ; therefore when the fruit is perfectly ripe, it
erelt woodyftem. Arbutus folio non ferrato. C. B. P. fhould be gathered and mixed with dry fand, to pre
46. Andrachne Theophrafti. Cluf. Hift. 48. called ferve them till the time for fowing them; the fureft
Andrachne. method of railing the plants, is to fow the feeds in
pots,
 Colli ARB ARC
s
mis. pots, which fhould be plunged into an old bed of ginning to appear ; and at that feafon, if it fhould
› oval tanners bark, which has loft its heat, covering the prove very dry and they are kept moift, they will take
and bed with glaffes, &c. to keep out froft ; this fhould root very foon ; but toward the beginning of No
aterni be done in December, if the feeds are good, and as vember, their roots ſhould be well covered with mulch,
the ſpring advances, the pots are refreſhed with water, to keep out the froft.
15 ru the plants will come up the beginning of April, when The third fort grows naturally in Acadia, and other
CAL they should be frequently but fparingly watered, and northern parts of America, upon fwampy land, which
bion conſtantly kept clean from weeds. is frequently overflowed with water ; this is a low
As the fummer advances, if the plants are fhaded in bufhy fhrub, with flender trailing branches, which
Leger the heat of the day, it will greatly promote their are garniſhed with oval leaves, a little fawed on their
growth ; but in warm weather they must be open all edges ; the flowers come out from the wings of the
night to receive the dew, fo fhould only be covered leaves, growing in thin loofe bunches . The fruit of
2rgi in the middle of the day : with this management, this fort is never produced in England, and it is with
Eve the plants will rife to the height of five or fix inches great difficulty the plants are kept alive here.
the firft fummer. The beginning of October, theſe The fourth fort grows naturally on the Alps, and the
alfo plants may be fhaken out of the pots, and their roots Helvetian mountains. This never rifes high, but
glih carefully feparated, planting them fingly in ſmall pots fends out from the root many flender branches, which
arie filled with light earth ; then plunge the pots into an trail upon the ground, garnished with oblong
Fruit; old bed of tanners bark, under a common frame, rough leaves, of a pale green colour ; the flowers
red obferving to fhade them from the fun in the middle are produced from the wings ofthe leaves, upon long
have of the day, and to give them water as they may re flender foot-ftalks, and are fucceeded by berries about
fake quire : in this bed the pots fhould remain during the the fize of the common black Cherry, which are firſt
t of winter, obferving to expofe the plants to the open green, afterward red, and when ripe they are black.
air, at all times when the weather is favourable ; but Thefe are of a pleaſant tafte, fo are frequently eaten
arti in frofty weather they must be covered, otherwiſe by the inhabitants of thofe countries where they grow
10 they will be in danger if the feafon proves fevere . naturally. This is alſo a very difficult plant to keep
the The fpring following the plants may be removed to alive in gardens, for it is an inhabitant of bogs ,
the a very gentle hot- bed, which will require no other growing among mofs, where the ground is never dry.
covering but mats. This will enable them to make The fifth fort grows naturally upon the mountains in
rge
but ſtrong ſhoots early in the fummer, whereby they will . Spain, and in moſt of the northern parts of Europe.
be in a better condition to bear the cold of the fuc The branches of this trail on the ground, which are
Fing cloſely garnifhed with fmooth thick leaves of an oval
bed ceeding winter : in this bed the plants may continue
form, placed alternately ; the flowers are produced 1
moſt part of the fummer, for if the pots are taken
nly in ſmall bunches toward the extremity ofthe branches,
out and fet upon the ground, the fmallneſs of their
me
fize will occafion the earth in them to dry fo faſt, which are ſhaped like thofe of the common fort, but
he
that watering will ſcarcely preferve the plants alive ; are ſmaller ; and are fucceeded by berries, of the fame
on
but if they are kept growing all the fummer, they fize with thoſe of the former fort, which are red when
Ees
will be more than a foot high by the next autumn : ripe.
in
but it will be adviſable to fcreen them from the froft There are few of theſe plants in the English gardens,
in
during their continuance in pots, by plunging them for as they are inhabitants of very cold countries,
into the ground in a warm place, and covering them where they are covered with fnow all the winter, and
th with mats in bad weather. · growing upon bogs among mofs, fo when they are
re
When the plants are grown to be two or three brought into a garden, they feldom continue long,
Ed
feet high, you may ſhake them out of the pots, and nor do they thrive with the utmoft care ; for in places
plant them in the open ground in the places where where artificial bogs have been contrived to receive
10
they are to remain ; but this ſhould be done in April, thefe plants, they have been preferved two or three
1
that they may have taken good root before the win years, and then have perished ; fo that unless the
ter, which would be apt to damage them if newly place where they are planted is naturally boggy, there
1
planted , and as all the earth about their roots may is little hopes of their fucceeding long.
be thus preferved, there will be no fear of fucceeding The fixth fort grows naturally upon Mount Cenis
at this feafon. in Italy, and upon fome mountains in Spain ; this
Thefe plants are tolerably hardy, and are feldom hurt, hath woody ftalks which rife two or three feet high,
except in extreme hard winters, which many times dividing into many diffuſed branches, cloſely garniſhed
kill the young and tender branches, but rarely deftroy with roundish fleshy leaves, which are indented at the
the roots ; therefore, however dead they may top ; the flowers are produced in a racemus toward
appear after a hard winter, yet I would advife the the end of the branches, which are fhaped like thoſe
letting them remain till the fucceeding fummer has of the Strawberry-tree, of an herbaceous colour, ftrip
fufficiently demonftrated what are living and what are ed with purple. The plants of this kind are very
dead ; for the winters anno 1728-9, and 1739-40 , rare in England, nor is this fort much known among
gave us great reafon to believe moft of the trees of botanifts, moſt of whom have fuppofed the fifth to
this kind were deftroyed ; and many people were ſo be the fort mentioned by Clufius, in which they
hafty, as to dig up or cut down, many of their trees ; are greatly miſtaken.
whereas all thofe people who had patience to let them The Adrachne is at prefent very rare in England ;
remain, found that ſcarce one in five hundred failed this may be propagated in the fame manner as hath
to come out again the next fummer, and many of been directed for the common Arbutus, but as there
them made handfome plants that ſeaſon. are no plants in this country which produce fruit at
This tree delights in a moift foil, for when they are prefent, the feeds muſt be procured from the Levant,
planted in dry ground, they feldom produce much where they may be had in plenty. As the leaves of
fruit : the flowers of this tree being produced in au this tree are larger than thofe of the common Arbu
tumn, if the winter proves fevere, are generally de tus, the trees make a finer appearance, therefore de
ftroyed, which has occafioned their producing very ferve our care to cultivate them, efpecially as they
little fruit in England for feveral years : therefore, will bear the open air when the plants are become
in order to obtain fruit, the trees fhould be placed in woody , for while they are young, they are impati
a warm fituation ; and where the ground is not natu ent of much froft, therefore thould be preferved in
rally moift, there fhould be a good quantity of loam pots three or four years, till they have obtained
and rotten neat's dung laid about their roots ; and if trength, and may then be planted in a warm fitus
the fpring fhould prove dry, they muſt be plentifully tion and on a dry foil, for this fort will not thrive in
watered, in order to have plenty of fruit. wet ground.
The very beſt ſeaſon for tranſplanting of the Arbutus ARCTIUM. Lin. Gen. 830. Lappa. Tourn. Inft.
is in September, at which time the bloffoms are be R. H. Burdock.
U The
 ARC ARC

The CHARACTERS are, The middle or disk of the flower is composed of hermaphro
The empalement ofthe flower isfcaly, eachſcale ending in a dite florets, which are funnel-shaped, and divided at the
long thorn which is reflexed at the point. The flower is top into five parts, which are reflexed ; theſe have fivefta
compofed of many florets, which are tubulous, uniform, mina, crowned by fhort fummits ; in the center is placed
and of one leaf. The tube is long • and flender, cut into fmall germen, fupporting a cylindrical style with afingle
five narrow fegments at the top : thefe have each fivefhort ftigma. These flowers are abortive.
flender ftamina, which are crowned by cylindrical fummits. This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fection
The germen is fituated at the bottom of the tube, having of Linnæus's feventeenth clafs, entitled Syngenefia
a bairy tip, fupporting a long flender ftyle, crowned by Polygamia Neceffaria, the flowers of this fection be
a bifid reflexed ftigma , the germen afterward becomes a ing compofed of female and hermaphrodite florets ;
Single, pyramidal, angular feed, crowned with down. in fome fpecies the florets in the difk are fertile, and
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of in others they are fterile.
Linnæus's feventeenth clafs, entitled Syngeneſia Po The SPECIES are,

lygamia Aqualis, there being an equal number of fe 1. ARCTOTIS (Triftis ) flofculis radiantibus vicenis tripar
male and hermaphrodite flowers included in one com titis. Lin. Sp . 1306. Artotis with the rays of the flower
mon empalement. compofed of florets cut into three fegments. Anemono
'The SPECIES are , fpermos Afra, foliis & facie taraxaci incanis. Breyn.
Prod . t. 15.
1. ARCTIUM (Lappa) foliis cordatis inermibus petiolatis
capitulis majoribus fparfis. Burdock with heart-shaped 2. ARCTOTIS ( Angustifolia) flofculis radiantibus fertili
leaves without prickles, having foot -ftalks, and large bus, foliis lanceolatis integris dentatis, Lin. Sp . 1306.
beads growingfeatteringly. Artotis whofe florets in the rays are fertile, and fpear
2. ARCTIUM (Perfoncta) foliis cordatis inermibus , capi fhaped, entire, indented leaves. Anemonofpermos Afra,
tulis minoribus compactis. Burdock with heart-shaped folio ferrato rigido flore intus fulphureo extus puni
leaves without fpines, and fmall heads growing clofe to ceo . Boerh. Ind. Alt. 1. p. 1. 100.
gether. 3. ARCTOTIS ( Afpera) flofculis radiantibus fertilibus,
3. ARCTIUM (Tomentofis) foliis cordatis inermibus, ca foliis pinnato-finuatis villofis laciniis oblongis denta
pitulis tomento-reticulatis. Burdock with heart-
shaped tis. Lin. Sp . 1307. Artotis whofe rays of the flower are
leaves without fpines, and woolly netted leaves. fertile and woolly, withfinuated, oblong, indented leaves. A
The two firft forts are common weeds, growing on nemonofpermos Afra, folio Jacobææ tenuiter laciniato
the fides of roads and foot-paths in moft parts of flore aurantio pulcherrimo. Boerh. Ind. Alt. 1. p. 100.
England, and are not admitted into gardens. The 4. ARCTOTIS (Calendula ) flofculis radiantibus fterilibus
firft is ordered for medicinal ufe by the college of duodenis fubintegris, foliis lyratis nigro denticulatis.
phyficians, therefore I have inferted it here : the fe Lin. Sp. 1306. Artiotis whofe rays of the flower are fie
cond is by many fuppofed to be only a variety of the rile and intire, and the leaves are lyre-fhaped and indented.
firft, but I have for feveral years fown the feeds of Anemonofpermos Africana Jacobææ maritimæ foliis
both forts in the Chelfea garden, where they have con flore fulphureo. Com. Rar. 36.
ftantly retained their difference, fo may be allowed 5. ARCTOTIS ( Plantaginea) flofculis radiantibus fertili
to be diftinct fpecies. The firft is titled by Cafpar bus, foliis lanceolato -ovatis nervofis decurrentibus am
Bauhin, Lappa major, five Arctium Diofcorides. Pin. plexicaulibus. Lin . Sp . 1306. Artotis whofe rays of
192. Greater Burdock, or Arctium of Diofcorides. The the flower are fertile, and oval, spear s
-haped, nervous,
fécond is titled by Vaillant, Lappa vulgaris capitulo running leaves embracing the ftalks. Anemonofpermos
minore. Act. Par. 1718. Common Burdock with a fmall Afra, folio plantaginis, florum radiis intus aureis ex
head. tus puniceis. Boerh. Ind. 1. p . 100.
The third fort is not a native of England, but grows 6. ARCTOTIS ( Acaulis) pedunculis radicalibus , foliis ly
naturally on the Apennine mountains. The leaves ratis. Lin. Sp. 1306. Aritotis whofe foot-ftalks arife
of this are like thofe of the common fort, but are from the root, and the leaves are lyre-shaped. Anemo
whiter on their under fide ; the heads are more com fpermos Africana, folio plantiginis flore fulphureo.
pact, and the florets are of a bright red colour ; but the Com . Rar. 35.

greateft difference is in their empalements, which in 7. ARCTOTIS foliis pinnato - laciniatis crifpis caule ra
this fort are beautifully netted with a fine down all over. mofo fruticofo. Arctotis with winged, jagged, curled
This is alfo fuppofed to be only a variety of the com leaves, and a branching fhrubby ftalk. Anemonofper
mon fort, but I have cultivated it above forty years, mos Africana foliis Cardui benedicti florum radiis in
during which time it has never varied, fo that it is cer tus albicantibus . Hort. Amít. 2. 45.

tainly a diftinct fpecies. This is by Cafpar Bauhin 8. ARCTOTIS ( Paleacea ) flofculis radiantibus fterilibus,
titled, Lappa major montana capitulis tomentofis . Pin. paleis flofculos difci æquantibus, foliis pinnatis line
198. Greater Mountain Burdock with woolly heads. aribus. Amoen. Acad. 6. Afr. 84. Artotis whofe rays
As thefe plants are feldom admitted into gardens, it of the flower are barren, the fcales of the flowers in the
is needles to fay any thing of their culture ; but difk equal, and linear winged leaves. After foliis inte
where they are , troublefome weeds, it may not be gris anguftis, flore magno luteo. Burm. Afr. 176.
amifs to mention, that their roots laft but two years, Thefe plants are natives of the country about the
fo may be deftroyed with lefs trouble than fuch as Cape of Good Hope, from whence they have been
have perennial roots ; for if they are cut up before brought to fome curious gardens.
they feed, in two or three years they may be entirely The first fort here mentioned is an annual plant,
rooted out ; for the plants which come up from feed, which may be fown upon a warm border of light
do not flower till the fecond year, and when the feeds earth in the open air, in the middle of April, where
are perfected their roots decay. they are defigned to remain ; thefe flower in Auguſt,
ARCTOTIS . This hath been uſually known un and if the feafon proves favourable, they will perfect
der the title of Anemonofpermos, from the refem feeds very well, and the plants will grow much
blance the feeds of theſe plants have to that of the A ſtronger than thofe raiſed upon a hot-bed ; but, as
nemone. in cold feafons thefe may fail to perfect their feeds, it
The CHARACTERS are, will be a fecure method to raife fome upon the hot
The common empalement is roundish and fcaly, thofe on the bed, which never fails to perfect feeds, provided they
lowerpart are loofe and awl-shaped, the middle oval, and are not treated too tenderly.
thofe on the top concave. The flower is composed of many The fecond, third, fourth, and feventh forts, grow
female florets which are ranged on the border ; thefe have to the height of four or five feet, fending forth many
one fide ftretched out like a tongue, which are called the branches ; therefore will require to be frequently
rays, having an ovalfour- cornered germenfituated in their pruned, to keep them in tolerable order, efpecially
center, crowned with down, supporting a flender Style, the feventh, which fends forth ſtrong rambling fhoots,
crowned by two ovalftigma ; the germen afterward be when their roots are not much confined in the pots,
comes a fingle roundifh jeed, covered with a foft down. but more fo when they are duly watered .
Thefe
 ARC ARG
Jiro
the Thefe are feldom deftituté of flowers the whole year, About the end of September following they may bé
unleſs the winter is fevere, which renders them more opened and examined, to fee if they have taken root
fta
aced valuable than thoſe which flower at one ſeaſon only ; or not, which it is very probable they will have done ;
for all thoſe plants which flower in the winter-feaſon, but if not, they must be let alone, to lie till the next
make a fine variety in the green-houfe ; and when the autumn, when they are to be taken up, and planted
ion plants are fet abroad in fummer, their flowers being in the nurſery.

efia at that feafon produced in greater plenty, they add This may be done to the Dutch, Witch, and Eng
to the beauty of a garden. lifh Elms ; the Abele, Lime, Alder, Platanus , and
be
ets; The fhrubby forts are propagated by planting cut many forts of evergreen trees and flowering fhrubs.
and tings in a bed of light fresh earth, in any of the fum ARE A is the internal capacity or content of any given
mer months, obferving to fhade them from the heat boundary or limits, of what figure or fhape foever
of the fun until they have taken root, as alfo to re it be.

Dar freſh them often with water ; and in fix weeks after ARGEMONE [ fo called from "Apysa, a diſeaſe in
planting, they will be rooted fufficiently, at which the eye, which this plant is faid to cure ; it is alfo
per
time they fhould be tranfplanted into pots filled with called the Infernal Fig, becauſe the capfule pretty
110
freſh earth, fetting the pots in a fhady place until the much reſembles a Fig, and from its afperity, ] Prickly
Vn.
plants are new rooted ; after which time they fhould Poppy.
be placed in the open air until the latter end of Octo The CHARACTERS are,
ber, or later, according as the weather is favourable, The flower bath a three-leaved empalement, which falls
6
when they muſt be removed into the green-houſe, off; it bath five roundish petals, which spread open, and
GT
where they ſhould be placed as near the window as are larger than the empalement ; in the center isfituated
13,
poffible, that they may have a good quantity of free an oval five-cornered germen, crowned by a large obtuſe
11
air at all times, when the weather is mild ; nor ſhould Stigma, which is permanent, divided into five parts, at
they be over-hung by other plants, which would oc tended by a great number ofstamina, crowned by ob
as, caſion them to take a mouldineſs, and rot ; they muſt long erect fummits ; the germen afterward becomes an
2 oval feed- veffel, having five angles, and as many cells,
alfo be frequently refreſhed with water, giving it
re which are filled with fmall rough feeds.
them plentifully in mild weather, otherwife their
1. This genus of plants is ranged in Linnæus's thir
leaves and branches will hang and wither ; in fum
to
mer they can ſcarce have too much water given them. teenth clafs, entitled Polyandria Monogynia, the
0. flowers having many ftamina and one germen.
They will alfo require to be fhifted into other pots
S We have but one SPECIES of this genus, viz.
two or three times at leaſt every fummer, and the
5. pots fhould be frequently removed, to prevent the ARGEMONE ( Mexicana) capfulis quinque valvibus, foliis
plants from ftriking their roots through the holes of fpinofis. Lin. Sp. 727. Argemone whofe capfule bath
the pots into the ground, which they are very apt to five valves, and the leaves are prickly ; or Pickly Poppy.
do, then they will ſhoot very vigorously ; but when Papaver fpinofum. C. B. P. 171 .
theſe roots are torn off, by removing the pots, the This is an annual plant, which is very common in
plants are often killed. moft parts of the Weft-Indies, and is, by the Spani
All thefe plants fhould be frequently renewed by ards, called Fico del Inferno, or the Devil's Fig ;
cuttings, becauſe the old plants are ſubject to decay there is no great beauty or uſe in this plant that I
in winter ; therefore if young plants are not annually know of, but whoever hath a mind to cultivate it,
raiſed, the fpecies may foon be loft. fhould fow it on a bed of light earth, in the fpring,
If the green-houſe in which theſe plants are placed where it is to remain ; and if it comes up too thick,
in winter is fubject to damps, it will be very difficult the plants muſt be thinned to four inches diftance,
to preferve fome of the forts ; for when the windows where, when once it has fhed its feed, there will not
are kept cloſe, the tender parts of their fhoots are want a fupply of plants for feveral years after. I
very fubject to a mouldinefs, which will foon cauſe have been informed that gumbouge is made from the
the plants to decay, if it is not conſtantly cleaned off, juice of this plant, but how true I cannot take upon
and free air admitted to dry off the damps. me to determine.
ARCUATION [ from arcuo, Lat. to bend or bow ARGIL [ Argilla, Lat. a fort of white earth like chalk,,
like an arch ; ] the method of raiſing trees by layers. but more brittle, ] Potters Clay.
The first thing that is to be done, is, to procure ARIA THEOPHRASTI. See CRATÆgus.
ftrong mother plants, which are ufually called ſtools . ARISARU M. See ARUM.
It is no matter whether the trees be crooked, or other ARISTA, of corn, is that fharp-pointed needle that
therwiſe deformed. They are to be planted in a bor ſtands out from the hufk or hofe of the grain, called
der fix feet wide, and in a ſtrait line fix feet aſunder. the beard or awn of corn.
The border muſt be well trenched, or dug, and clear- ARISTOLOCHIA, [ 'Agisoλoxía from apis , beſt,
ed from all roots, clods, ftones, or any other ob and λoxía, Child Birth, becaufe fuppofed to be offo
ftructions. Thefe trunks or ftools being planted in reign ufe on that occafion . ] Birthwort.
this trench, will throw out a great many fhoots ac The CHARACTERS are,
cording to their ftrength, which may be laid about The flower bath no empalement ; it is of one leef, which
the Michaelmas following : in order to this, the is unequal ; the bafe is fwelling and globular, afterward
ground round each ftool fhould be carefully dug, is extended into a cylindrical tube, which spreads at the
breaking the clods and picking out the ftones as be brim, where the lower part is ftretched out like a tongue.
fore. Then the fhoots fhould be bent down in It hath noftamina, but there are fix fummits whichjoin
arches, and put into the ground about three inches the under part of the ftigma : the oblong angular germen
deep ; and to keep them in this fituation, each fhould fits under theflower, fupporting a concave globular Stig
have a forked ftick drove into the ground over the ma, divided into fix parts ; the germen afterward turns
part of the fhoot immerfed, turning the extremity of to a large feed-veffel, differing in form, which opens in
each fhoot upward . fix cells, which are filled with feeds, for the most part
When the branches are thus laid round the ftool, and compreffed.
pegged faſt down, the branches, or fhoots, will be This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth fection of
covered all over, except the very top. Some per Linnæus's twentieth clafs, entitled Gynandria Hexan
fons give the branches a twiſt, in order to make them dria, the flowers being male and female in the fame
take root the fooner. Others flit fuch of the fhoots fpecies, having no ftamina or pointal, and ſix ſum
as are not apt to take root without, in the fame man mits, which reft on the receptacle.
ner as is practifed in laying of Carnations, which is The SPECIES are,
generally a fure way ; and if they are afterward mulch I. ARISTOLOCHIA ( Rotunda) foliis cordatis, fubteffili
ed, it will be of ufe to keep out the froft in winter, bus obtufis, caule infirmo, floribus folitariis . Lin .
and alfo to keep the ground moift the following fpring Sp. Plant, 962. Birthwort with blunt heart-shaped
and fummer. leaves growing clofe, a weakfialk, andflowers growing
fingly
 ARI ARI

1
fingly. Ariftolochia rotunda flore ex purpurâ nigro. which lie on the ground where they are not fupported ,
C. B. P. 307. and extend to the length of two feet ; the leaves are
2. ARISTOLOCHIA ( Longa ) foliis cordatis petiolatis inte heart-shaped, and rounded at their extremity ; thefe
gerrimis obtufiufculis, caule infirmo floribus folita are placed alternately on the ftalks, and cloſe to the
riis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 962. Birthwort with entire, heart foot-ftalks of the leaves, the flowers come out fingly,
fhaped, blunt leaves, having foot-ftalks, a weak stalk, at every leaf, toward the upper part of the talk.
and flowers growing fingly. Ariftolochia longa vera. They are of a purplish black colour, and fhaped like
C. B. P. 307 . thofe of the other forts, and are frequently fucceeded
3. ARISTOLOCHIA (Clematitis ) foliis cordatis caule erecto by feed-veffels , having fix cells, which are full
floribus axillaribus confertis. Hort. Upfal. 279. Birth of flat feeds. The flowers appear in June and July,
wort with heart- shaped leaves, an upright stalk, and and the feeds ripen in autumn.
flowers growing in clusters from the fide. Ariftolochia The fecond fort hath long tap roots, shaped like thoſe
clematitis recta. C. B. P. 307 . of Carrots ; thefe fend out weak trailing branches,
4. ARISTOLOCHIA (Piftolochia) foliis cordatis, crenula which extend little more than a foot ; the leaves of
tis petiolatis, floribus folitariis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 962. this fort are paler, and have longer foot- ftalks than
Birthwort with heart-shaped indented leaves, havingfoot the firft, placed alternately, and the flowers come out
ftalks, andflowers growingfingly. Ariftolochia piftolo from the wings of the leaves like the other, which
chia dicta. C. B. P. 307. are not fo long, and are of a pale purple colour : they
5. ARISTOLOCHIA ( Sempervirens ) foliis cordato-oblongis are fometimes fucceeded by oblong feed-veffels, hav
undatis, caule infirmo, floribus folitariis . Lin . Sp . ing fix cells filled with compreffed feeds. The ſtalks
Plant. 961. Birthwort with oblong, heart-shaped, waved of both thefe forts decay in the autumn, and new
leaves, a weak stalk, and flowers growing fingly. Arif ones are produced in the ſpring.
tolochia piſtolochia dicta Cretica foliis fimilacis fem They are both propagated by feeds, which ſhould be
pervirens. H. L. fown in the autumn, in pots filled with light earth,
6. ARISTOLOCHIA (Serpentaria) foliis cordato-oblongis and placed under a frame, to be fcreened from the
planis, caulibus infirmis flexuofis, teretibus floribus froft , but the glaffes fhould be taken off at all times
folitariis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 961. Birthwort with plain, when the weather is mild. If theſe pots are put into
oblong, heart-shaped, flexible, weak stalks, and flowers a gentle hot-bed in March, it will bring up the plants
growingfingly. Ariftolochia piftolochia five ferpenta much fooner than they otherwife would rife. As the
taria Virginiana. Pluk . Alm . 50. Virginia Snakeroot. feafon advances , the plants fhould be inured by de
7. ARISTOLOCHIA (Arborescens) foliis cordato-lanceolatis grees to bear the open air : when the pots are taken
caule erecto fruticofo . Lin. Sp . Plant. 960. Birthwort out of the bed, they must be placed where they may
withSpear-shaped leaves in form of a heart, and an up enjoy the morning fun, but fcreened from it in the
right fhrubby stalk. Ariftolochia polyrrhizos auricu heat of the day. Gentle refreſhings of water muft
latis foliis Virginiana. Pluk. Alm. 50 . be in dry weather given to the plants during the
8. ARISTOLOCHIA (Indica) foliis cordato-oblongis caule fummer, but in the autumn, when their ftalks begin
volubili pedunculis multifloris. Flor. Zeyl. 323. to decay, they must have little wet. In the winter
Birthwort with oblong heart-
shaped leaves, a twining the pots muſt be fheltered as before ; and in March ,
Stalk, and many flowers upon each foot-talk. Ariftolo before the roots begin to fhoot, they ſhould be tranf
chia fcandens odoratiffima floris labello purpureo fe planted into feparate fmall pots filled with light earth,
mine cordato. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 60. Contrayerva of and fet under the frame, where they fhould remain
Jamaica. till fpring ; then they may be removed into the open
9. ARISTOLOCHIA (Hirta) foliis cordatis obtufiufculis air, and treated in the fame manner as in the former
hirtis floribus folitariis pendulis recurvatis fubtrunca fummer, and' fheltered alfo the following winter.
tis. Lin. Sp. 1365. Hairy Birthwort with obtufe heart The next spring they may be turned out of the pots,
fhaped leaves, and hanging recurved flowers growing fin and planted in a warm border, where, during the
gly, formed like a lip. Ariftolochia longa fubhirfuta fummer, they will require no other care but to keep
folio oblongo flore maximo. Tourn. Cor. 8 . them clean from weeds ; and in the autumn when
10. ARISTOLOCHIA ( Scandens) foliis cordatis petiolis lon their ſtalks are decayed , if the border is covered with
giffimis, caule fcandente, floribus terminalibus pe old tanners bark to keep out the froft, the roots will
dunculis longiffimis. Birthwort with a climbing talk, be fecured ; but where this care is not taken, the
heart-
shaped leaves with very long foot -
ftalks, and flowers roots are frequently killed by froft. With this ma
nagement the roots will thrive much better than thoſe
growing at the end of the branches upon very long foot
talks. which are kept in pots, and continue longer ; and
II . ARISTOLOCHIA (Conferta) foliis cordatis petiolatis, when they are three years old, they will flower and
caule fcandente, floribus axillaribus confertis. Birth produce plenty of feeds, whereas thofe in pots feldom
wort with heart- shaped leaves, a climbing ſtalk, and flow perfect their feeds in England.
ers growing in clusters from the wings of the stalk. When the feeds of theſe plants are fown in the fpring,
12. ARISTOLOCHIA ( Repens) foliis lanceolatis feffilibus the plants will not appear till the fpring following ; fo
fubhirfutis, caule erecto floribus folitariis longiffimis. that a whole ſeaſon is loft, and many times they fail,
Birthwort with Spear-shaped hairy leaves growing clofe therefore it fhould always be fown in the autumn.
to the branches, an upright ſtalk, and very longflowers The third fort grows naturally in France, Spain, Italy,
growing fingly. Ariftolochia erecta flore atro purpu and Hungary, but is preferved in fome of the English
reo, foliis anguftis radice repente. Houft. MSS. gardens, becauſe it is fometimes uſed in medicine.
13. ARISTOLOCHIA (Maxima) foliis oblongo-ovatis ob This is a terrible plant for creeping at the root ; fo
tufis integerrimis , caule fcandente floribus terminali that if once it has taken in a garden, it will be diffi
bus, fructibus hexangularibus maximis. Birthwort cult to extirpate again, and will over-run whatever
with a climbing stalk, oblong, oval, entire, blunt leaves, plants grow near it ; therefore it fhould be planted in
flowers growing at the ends of the branches, and very large fome abject part of the garden by itſelf, for it will
fruit withfix angles. thrive in almoft any foil or fituation.
The first and fecond forts grow naturally in the fouth The fourth fort grows wild in Spain, Italy, and the
of France, in Spain, and Italy, from whence their fouth of France ; but in England it is preferved, for
roots are brought for medicinal ufe. The roots of variety, in botanic gardens. The plants of this fort
the first fort are roundish, and grow to the fize of muſt be planted in pots filled with light rich earth,
fmall Turneps, in fhape and colour like the roots of and fheltered from fevere cold in winter, otherwife
the common Cyclamen ; the roots of which are fre they will not live , but they ſhould have as much free
quently fold in the markets for thofe of the round air as poffible in mild weather. This produces flowers
Birthwort, which at firft may have been occafioned by every year, but never perfects its feeds in this
the fuppofed virtues of the roots of the Cyclamen. country.
This fends out three or four weak trailing branches,
2 The
 ARI ARM

ported, The fifth fort grows naturally in Crete. The root of or four feet high ; the leaves are fort and heart- fhap
ves are ed, in fomé meafure like thofe of the firit , the flow
this is perennial, and fends out many trailing branches,
; thefe which extend one foot and a half in length, garnifhed ers come out in finall cluſters from the wings of the
e to the with oblong heart-ſhaped leaves, which are waved leaves, and are of a dark purple colour.
finely, on their edges, and are evergreen. The flowers come The twelfth fort was difcovered at La Vera Cruz in
e talk. out fingly from the wings of the leaves, which are New Spain, by the late Dr. Houfton, who fent the
sed like of a dark purple colour, in ſhape like the others, but feeds to Europe : this rifes with an upright ftalk, to
ceeded the plants never produce feeds in England, fo is pro the height of three feet ; the leaves are long, nar
e full pagated by parting of the roots : this is too tender to row, hairy, and grow clofe to the branches, having
July, thrive in the open air in winter ; the plants are pre fcarce any foot- ftalk ; the flowers come out fingly
ſerved in pots, and placed under a common frame in from the wings of the leaves, which are near four
ethofe winter, where they ſhould have as much free air as inches long, of a dark purple colour, and grow erect ;
nches, poffible in mild weather, but fcreened from hard froft; theſe are fucceeded by flender veffels, about one inch
ves of in mild winters I have had this plant live abroad in a long, which open into fix cells, filled with flat heart
than warm border, but in hard winters it will be deftroyed ; fhaped feeds. This fort requires a warm ftove to
ne out therefore one or two plants fhould be fheltered to preferve it in this country.
which preferve the ſpecies. The thirteenth fort was difcovered by Mr. Robert
The fixth fort is the Snakeroot, which is greatly uſed Millar, near Carthagena in New Spain, who fent it to
: they in medicine : thefe roots are brought from Virginia England ; this hath ftrong climbing ftalks, by which
, hav
Stalks and Carolina, where there are two fpecies of this it mounts up to the top of the talleft trees ; the leaves
new plant, but this fort is the beſt for ufe. There are of this are four inches long and two broad, of an oval
fome of thefe preferved in the gardens of thoſe who fhape, rounded at their ends, and are nearly as thick
are curious in collecting rare plants, but as they are as thofe of the common Laurel ; the flowers come
ldbe
fometimes killed by froft in winter, fo they are not out in looſe clufters at the ends of the fhoots, each
earth,
very common in the English gardens. This is pro ſtanding on a very long foot-ftalk ; the feed-veffels
n the
pagated by feeds, which fhould be fown in the au are four inches long, and as much in circumference,
times
tumn, in ſmall pots filled with light fandy earth, and having fix longitudinal ribs, which make fo many an
into
placed under a common frame in winter, and after gles, being very prominent ; they open into fix cells,
lants ward treated in the fame manner as hath been di which are filled with heart-ſhaped leaves.
s the rected for the two firft forts, as fhould the plants alfo ; All theſe forts, which are natives of the warm parts
de
with which management they will produce their flow of America, are too tender to thrive in the open air in
aken
ers, and perfect their feeds every year. this country, therefore require a ſtove to preferve
may The feventh fort grows naturally in North America, them. They are propagated by feeds, which muſt be
the and is by fome called Snakeroot, but is not near fo procured from the countries where the grow naturally,
nuft ftrong as the former ; the branches of this grow erect, for they do not produce any here. As the feeds are
and are perennial, whereas thoſe of the other fort de a confiderable time in their paffage, they fhould be
egin cay to the root every winter : this rifes about two brought over in their pods ; for many of the forts have
piggessa

feet high ; the branches are not very woody, but are very thin light feeds, which are foon dried in a hot
ftrong enough to fupport themfelves ; the leaves are country, when they are out of their covers, which
nf oblong and heart-ſhaped ; the flowers come out fingly will prevent their growing. So foon as the feeds ar
at the wings of the leaves. This will live abroad in rive, they ſhould be fown in fmall pots filled with
warm borders, with a little protection in hard frofts. light earth ; and if this happens in the autumn, or
It is generally kept in pots, and ſheltered in winter ; winter, the pots fhould be plunged into the tan in
but thoſe which are planted in the full ground will the bark-ftove, between fome of the pots with large
j

thrive much better, provided they are ſcreened from plants, which will fcreen them from the fun ; for as
hard frofts. thefe plants delight in fhade, fo, by thus placing of
The eighth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, where it the pots, the earth will not dry very faft, which will
is called Contrayerva ; the roots are there uſed as fuch : be of great advantage to the feeds, which fhould not
this hath long trailing branches, which climb upon be too often watered. Here the pots may remain till
the neighbouring plants, and rife to a confiderable March, at which time they should be removed, and
height ; the leaves are placed alternately, and are of plunged into a hot-bed, under frames, where, if the
the long heart-shaped kind ; the flowers are produced feeds are good, the plants will appear in May : but
in fmall cluſters toward the upper part of the ſtalks, if the feeds arrive in fpring or fummer, they muſt be
which are of a dark purple colour ; the feed- veffels immediately fown in finall pots, and plunged into a
are oblong and fmooth. This is tender, and in win moderate hot-bed, obferving to fhade them conftantly
ter fhould have very little wet, therefore must be con in the heat of the day ; but the feeds ſown at this fea
ſtantly kept in the ftove, otherwiſe it will not live in fon feldom grow the fame year ; therefore if the plants
England. do not appear, the pots fhould be plunged in the tan
The ninth fort was diſcovered by Dr. Tournefort in bed of the ſtove in autumn, and in the fpring follow
the Levant. This hath fome refemblance to the fe ing, treated as before directed , which will bring up
cond fort, but the leaves are hairy, and not fo deeply the plants. When theſe are ſtrong enough to trani
eared at the bottom ; the flowers are alſo much larger. plant, they fhould be each put into a feparate ſmall
This may be propagated by feeds, in the fame man pot, and plunged into the tan-bed in the ftove, and
ner as hath been directed for the first and fecond treated as other tender plants from the fame coun
forts, and the plants treated fo, will thrive very well tries.
in England . ARMENIACA, the Apricot.
The tenth fort fends out climbing ftalks, which fup The CHARACTERS are,
port themſelves by faſtening to the neighbouring The empalement of the flower is bell- shaped, cut into five
trees, and thereby rife to a very great height ; the blunt fegments at the top ; the flower is compofed offive
leaves are very broad and heart-ſhaped, having feve large roundish petals which ſpread open, whofe bafe are
ral longitudinal veins ; the flowers grow in looſe inferted in the empalement ; in the center is placed a round
bunches at the extremity of the branches, each hav germen, fupporting a flender flyle, crowned by a round
ing a long foot-ftalk : this is tender, fo muſt be kept figma; this is attended by upward of twenty awl- shaped "
in a ſtove, and treated as other exotic plants. It Stamina, which are crowned byfhort double fummits. The
grows naturally about Tolu in New Spain, where it germen afterward becomes a roundish pulpy fruit, having
was difcovered by the late Mr. Robert Millar, who a longitudinal furrow inclofing a roundish nut, which is a
fent the feeds to England. little compreffed on the fides.
The eleventh fort was difcovered by the fame gen Dr. Linnæus has joined the Armeniaca, Cerafus, Lau
tleman at Campeachy in New Spain, from whence he rocerafus, and Padus, to his genus of Prunus, making
fent the feeds : this fort feldom climbs above three them only fo many fpecies of the fame genus, and
X ranges
 ARM ARM

ranges it in his twelfth clafs of plants, entitled Icofan The Breda Apricot (as it is called from its being
dria Monogynia ; the flowers of this clafs have from brought from thence into England) was originally
twenty to thirty ftamina faftened to the empalement, brought from Africa : this is a large roundish fruit,
and a fingle ftyle. changing to a deep yellow when ripe ; the flesh is foft,
The joining of fo many plants under the fame genus, full of juice, and of a deep Orange colour within fide ;
as Linnæus has done, renders it much more diffi the ſtone is rounder and larger than any of the other
cult to afcertain their specific difference, than when forts : this is the beſt Apricot we have, and when
they are ranged under different genera ; and although ripened on a ſtandard, is preferable to all other
moft of them do agree in thoſe parts from whence the kinds .
characters according to his fyftem are taken, yet if The Bruffels is the lateſt ripe of all the Apricots , for
their fruits may be allowed as one of the characteriſtic when it is planted against a wall, it is generally the
notes (which furely ought not to be totally omitted ) beginning of Auguft before it is ripe, unleſs when it
there will be reafon for feparating fome of them, is planted to a full fouth afpect ; which is what ſhould
eſpecially when we confider the boundary which na not be practiſed, becauſe the fruit is never well tafted
ture has fet between them ; for it is well known that which grows in a warm expofure. This fruit is of a
all fruits which are of the fame genus, may be grafted middling fize, rather inclining to an oval figure ; red
or budded upon each other ; but thofe of different on the fide next the fun, with many dark spots , and
genera will not take upon each other, nor will any of a greenish yellow on the other fide ; the fleſh is
two plants of different genera impregnate each other. firm , and of a high flavour ; the fruit often cracks
Now the Cherry and Plum cannot by any art be made before it is ripe. This is commonly preferred to the
to take when grafted or budded upon ſtocks of the former fort by most people, but when the other is
other kind; nor will the Apricot take upon the Cherry, planted as a ſtandard, the fruit is fuller ofjuice, and
the Laurel, or Padus ; but it will grow upon the of a richer flavour than this .
Plum to which it is nearly allied, therefore theſe may Moſt people train theſe trees up to ſtems of fix or
be joined together according to the ftrict rules of bo feven feet high, or bud them upon ftocks of that
tany yet in a work of this kind, defigned for the height ; but this is a practice I would not recommend
inftruction of the practical gardener, were theſe fruits to the public, becauſe the higher the heads of thefe
to be included under the fame appellation , it would trees are, the more they are expofed to the cutting
rather confound than inftruct, thofe who had not ap winds in the fpring, which too frequently deftroy the
plied themfelves to the ftudy of botany : therefore I bloffoms; and the fruit is alfo more liable to be blown
fhall continue this genus under its former title, and down in fummer, efpecially if there fhould happen
fhall enumerate all the varieties of this fruit which to be much wind at the time when the fruit is ripe ;
are at prefent cultivated in the Engliſh gardens, rang which by falling from a great height, will be bruiſed
ing them according to the orders of their ripening. and fpoiled ; therefore I prefer half ftandards, of
For although moft, if not all thofe which are by the about two and a half, or three feet in the ftem, to
gardeners called different forts, may have been pro thoſe which are much taller ; or to plant them as
duced by culture, fo fhould be deemed as one fpecies ; dwarfs againſt an efpalier, where, if they are fkilfully
yet as the differences may be continued for ever, by managed, they will produce a large quantity of good
the method in which they are propagated , fo it would fruit ; and the trees in efpalier may be more conve
be unpardonable in a book of gardening to omit niently covered in the fpring, when the feafon proves
them . bad, whereby there will be a greater certainty of fruit

+ The ſpecific title given by Linnæus to the Apricot is, every year.
Prunus floribus fubfeffilibus foliis fubcordatis. Sp . Theſe fruits are all propagated by budding them on
Plant. 474. i. e . Plum whofe flowers want foot-ftalks, Plum-ſtocks , and will readily take upon almoſt any
and heart-shaped leaves. fort of Plum, provided the ftock be free and thriving
The VARIETIES are, (except the Bruffels kind, which is uſually budded on
1. The Maſculine Apricot. a fort of ſtock, commonly called the St. Julian,
2. The Orange Apricot. which better fuits this tree, as being generally planted
3. The Algier Apricot. for ſtandards, than any other fort of Plum will. ) The
4. The Roman Apricot. manner of raising the ftocks, and budding theſe trees,
5. The Turkey Apricot. fhall be treated of under their particular articles, to
6. The Breda Apricot. which I refer the reader, and fhall proceed to their
7. The Bruffels Apricot. planting and management.
The Mafculine is the firſt ripe of all the Apricots ; it Theſe trees are all (except the two laſt forts ) planted
is a fmall roundifh fruit, of a red colour towards the againſt walls, and ſhould have an eaſt or weſt aſpect ;
fun ; as it ripens, the colour fades to a greenish yellow for if they are planted full fouth, the great heat cauſes
on the other fide. It is chiefly preferved for being the them to be meally before they are eatable.
firſt ripe, and there is a quickneſs in the flavour of The borders near thefe walls fhould be fix or eight feet
the fruit when it is not too ripe, which renders it agree wide, at leaſt, and if it were more, the better ; but I
able ; the tree is very apt to be covered with flowers, would never adviſe the making of them fo deep as is
but as they come out early in the fpring, they are the general cuſtom, for if the earth be two feet deep,
frequently deftroyed by the cold, unlefs the trees are or two and a half at moſt, it is enough.
covered to protect them. If the ground is a wet cold loam or clay, the borders
The Orange is the next ripe Apricot ; this fruit is fhould be raiſed as much above the level of the fur
much larger than the former, and as it ripens changes face as it will admit, laying fome ſtones or rubbiſh
to a deep yellow colour. The flesh of this is dry and in the bottom, to prevent the roots from running
not high flavoured , it is better for tarts than for the downwards ; but if you plant upon a chalk or gravel,
table. it will be better to raiſe the borders above either to a
The Algier is the next in ſeaſon ; this is of an oval proper thickneſs, with good loamy earth, than to fink
.
fhape, a little compreffed on the fides ; it turns to a the borders by removing the chalk or gravel , for al
pale yellow, or ſtraw-colour, when ripe ; the fleſh is though theſe are removed the whole breadth of the
high flavoured, and very full of juice. border, which we may allow to be eight feet, and
The Roman is the next ripe Apricot ; this is a larger this trench filled with good earth, yet the roots of the
fruit than the former, and not compreffed fo much trees will in a few years extend this length, and then
on the fides ; the colour is deeper, and the fleſh is not meeting with the chalk or gravel, they will re
fo moift as the former. ceive a check whereby their leaves will fall off
The Turkey Apricot is yet larger than either of the early in the ſeaſon, and the fruit will be fmall, dry,
former, and of a globular figure ; the fruit turns to and ill-flavoured , and the fhoots of the trees will be
a deeper colour than the former ; the flesh is firmer, weak. But where the borders are raiſed upon either
and drier than thofe of the two former. to their full height, the roots will not ſtrike down
into
 ARM ARN
being
ginally into the gravel or chalk, but rather extend themſelves the wall left unfurniſhed with bearing wood ; which
fruit, near the furface, where they will meet with better muft confequently be the cafe, if the branches are
is foft, foil and as the trees are of long duration, and old left to a greater length at firft ; for it feldom happens,
in fide; trees being not only more fruitful than young, but that more buds than two or three upon each branch
other the fruit is alfo better flavoured, therefore the pro ſhoot ;, and theſe are, for the moſt part, fuch as are
when viding for their continuance is abfolutely neceffary. at or near the extreme part of the laſt year's wood ; fo
other The foil I would in general adviſe to be uſed for theſe, that all the lower part of the fhoots become naked, nor
and all other forts offruit-trees, is freſh untried earth, will they ever after produce ſhoots ; and this is the
1 from a paſture ground, reaſon, we ſee ſo many trees which have their bearing
Ots , for taken about ten inches deep,
lly the with the turf, and laid to rot and mellow at leaſt wood fituated only in the extreme part of the tree.
hen it twelve months before it is ufed, mixing a little rotten When you have ſhortened the fhoots, be fure to nail
fhould dung with it ; this muſt be often turned, to ſweeten them as horizontally as poffible, for upon this it is
taited and imbibe the nitrous particles of the air. that the future good of the tree chiefly depends.
When the former foil of the border is taken away, The fecond fummer obferve, as in the firft, to dif
is of a
this freſh earth fhould be carried in the place ; and if place all fore-right fhoots as they are produced, nail
e ; red
the borders are filled with it two months before the ing in the other cloſe to the wall horizontally, fo that
5, and
Eeh is trees are planted, the ground will be better fettled, the middle of the tree may be kept open ; and never
and not fo liable to fink after the trees are planted : ſhorten any of the fhoots in fummer, unleſs to furniſh
cracks
in filling ofthe borders, the ground fhould be raiſed branches to fill vacant places on the wall ; and never
to the
four or five inches above the level they are defigned, do this later than the end of April, for reafons here
Cher is
to allow for the fettling. after given in the article of Peaches. At Michaelmas
, and
The borders being thus prepared, make choice of fhorten theſe ſhoots, as was directed for the firſt year;
fuch trees as are but of one year's growth from bud the ſtrong ones may be left nine or ten inches, and
fixor the weak ones fix or feven at moſt.
ding ; and ifthe foil is dry, or of a middling temper,
that
October is the beſt feafon for planting, eſpecially The following year's management will be nearly the
mend
having at that time a greater choice of trees from fame with this, but only obſerve, that Apricots pro
thefe
the nurſeries, before they have been picked and drawn duce their bloffom buds, not only upon the laſt year's
Etting
over by other people. The manner of preparing theſe wood, but alſo upon the curfons, or fpurs, which are
y the trees for planting being the fame in common with produced from the two years wood ; a great care
lown other fruit trees, I fhall refer the reader to the article Thould therefore be had in the fummer management,
open of PEACHES, where he will find it largely treated of. not to hurt or diſplace thefe : obferve alfo to fhorten
ipe; At the time of planting no part of the head of the the branches at the winter pruning, fo as to furniſh
Lifed trees fhould be cut off, unless there are any ſtrong freſh wood in every part of the tree ; and be fure to
F, of foreright fhoots which will not come to the wall, cut out entirely all luxuriant branches, or difplace
, to which may be taken quite away. them as foon as they are produced ; which, if left to
nas The trees being thus prepared, you muſt mark out grow, would exhauſt the nouriſhment from the bearing
ឌ9

ully the diſtances they are to ftand, which in a good ſtrong branches, which in my opinion, cannot be too ftrong,
od foil, or againſt a low wall, fhould be twenty feet or provided they are kindly ; for the more vigorous the
ve more ; but in a moderate one, eighteen feet is a good tree is, the more likely it is to refift the injuries of
ves reaſonable diſtance ; then make a hole where each tree the weather ; though we often fee trees brought to
-uit is to ſtand, and place its ftem about four inches from fo weak a condition, as to be able only faintly to
the wall, inclining the head thereto ; and after having blow their bloffoms, and then moſt of the bearing
on fixed the tree in the ground, nail the branches to the branches have died ; which has given occafion to the
any wall, to prevent their fhaking, and cover the furface owner to imagine it was the effect of a blight, when,
ng of the ground round the root with rotten dung, to in reality, it was only for want of right management.
on keep out the froft : in this ſtate let it remain till the And, I am fully perfuaded, half the blights we hear
n, end of February or the beginning of March, when if complained of, proceed from nothing elſe but this.
ed the weather is good, you muſt unnail the branches of Thefe few rules, well executed, together with a lit
he your trees, fo as not to diſturb their roots ; and, being tle obfervation and care, will be fufficient, therefore
provided with a ſharp knife, put your foot cloſe to to pretend to preſcribe particular directions for all the
0 the ftem of the tree ; and having placed your left different accidents, or manner of treating fruits, would
ir hand to the bottom of the tree, to prevent its being be impoffible ; but I believe the reader will find what
diſturbed, with your right-hand cut off the head has been faid, if duly attended to, will anfwer his de
d of the tree, if it has but one ſtem ; or where it may fign ; for, without diligent obfervation, there can be
; have two or more fhoots, each of them muſt be no fuch thing as a ſkilful manager, let him have ever
S ſhortened, to about four or five eyes above the bud, fo many or good inftructions laid down to him.
fo that the floping fide may be toward the wall. The Bruffels and Breda Apricots, being, for the moſt
In the fpring, if the weather proves dry, it will be part, planted for ſtandards, will require very little
neceffary to give the trees a gentle refreſhing with pruning or management ; only obferve to take out all
water ; in the doing of which, if they watered with dead wood, or fuch branches as crofs each other ;
a roſe to the watering-pot all over their heads, it this muſt be done early in autumn, or in the fpring,
will greatly help them ; and alfo lay fome turf, in the after the cold weather is paſt, that the part may not
manner directed for Apples, or fome other mulch, canker where the incifion is made.
round their roots, to prevent their drying during the ARMERIUS, Sweet-William. See DIANTHUS.
fummer ſeaſon ; and in the fpring, as new branches ARNICA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 784. Doronicum . Bauh,
are produced, obferve to nail them to the wall in a Pin. 184. Leopardfbane .
horizontal pofition ; and fuch fhoots as are produced The CHARACTERS are,
fore-right, muſt be entirely difplaced. This muſt be The common empalement is fcaly, andſhorter than the rays
repeated as often as is neceffary, to prevent their of the flower. It bath a compoundflower, the border or
hanging from the wall, but by no means ftop any of rays being compofed ofmany female florets, which spread
the fhoots in fummer. open, cut into three parts at their end ; the disk, or middle,
At Michaelmas, when the trees have done growing, has many hermaphrodite florets, which are tubulous, cut
their branches fhould be unnailed, and fhorten them into three unequal fegments at the brim ; thefe have each
in proportion to their ſtrength ; a vigorous branch five short ftamina, crowned with oblong fummits. The
may be left eight or nine inches long, but a weak one female florets have also five awl -
shaped stamina, but no
fhould not be left above five or fix. I fuppofe many fummits; inthe bermaphrodite florets thegermen isfituated
perfons will wonder at this direction , efpecially having below the flower, fupporting a flender fhort flyle, crowned
allowed fuch a diſtance between the trees, as believing, by a bifidftigma. The germen afterward becomes a fingle
by this management, the wall will never be filled ; oblongfeed, crowned with longflender down.
but my reafon for it is, that I would have no part of
This
".

1
 ART ART

This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection of have five petals, which are erect, beart -
shaped, and
Linnæus's eighteenth clafs, entitled Syngenefia Poly turned inward. Thefe have each five flender ftamina,
gamia fuperfiua, the flower being compofed of her crowned with roundish fummits ; thofe flowers which com
maphrodite and female florets ; andthe chief diftinction pofe the rays, have a small germen at bottom, fupporting
of this genus is in the hermaphrodite and female two reflexed styles, crowned by a fingleftigma. The germen
flowers being ofthe fame fhape, and the female having afterwardbecomes a roundish compreffed fruit, with aleafy
ftamina.
border, which Splits into two, and contains two oblong
The SPECIES are ,
feeds, with fealy borders.
1. ARNICA (Montana) foliis ovatis integris , caulinis ge This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
minis oppofitis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 884. Arnica with en of Linnæus's fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Digynia,
tire oval leaves, thofe on the stalks growing oppofite by from their flowers having five ftamina and two
pairs. Doronicum plantaginis folio alterum. C. B. P. ftyles .
185. We have but one SPECIES of this plant , viz .
2. ARNICA (Scorpioides) foliis alternis ferratis. Hall. 1. ARTEDIA ( Squamata ) feminibus fquamatis. Hort.
Helvet. 737. Arnica with fawed leaves growing alter Cliff. 89. Artedia with fquamous feeds. Thapfia Orien
nately. Doronicum radice dulci . C. B. P. 184. talis anethi folio femine eleganter crenato. Tourn .
3. ARNICA (Crocea) foliis ovalibus ferrato denticulatis, Cor. 22.
fubtus tomentofis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 1246. Arnica with This is a native of the eaſt. Rawvolffound it growing
oval indented leaves, whofe underfides are woolly. Dens upon Mount Libanus ; it is an annual plant, whofe
leonis enulæ folio. Pet. Muf. 393. ftalks rife about two feet high, fending out a few fide
The firſt fort grows naturally upon the Alps, and alſo branches, garniſhed with narrow compound leaves
upon many of the mountains in Germany, and other refembling thofe of Dill ; the extremity of the ftalk is
cold parts of Europe, and is greatly esteemed by the terminated by a large umbel of white flowers, com
Germans for its medicinal qualities, where it is pre pofed of five unequal petals , thoſe on the outfide
fcribed bythis title of Arnica. It is alfo ranged among being much larger than the other. Theſe are fuc
the medicinal plants in many difpenfaries, by the title ceeded by roundish compreffed fruit, each having two
given to it by Cafpar Bauhin. feeds, whofe borders are fcaly.
The roots of this plant, when placed in a proper foil This plant decays as foon as the feeds are perfected,
and fituation, greatly increaſe, for they fend out thick and many times before they are ripe in England ; for
fleshy roots, which ſpread very far under the furface ; unlefs the feeds are fown in autumn, and the plants
thefe put out many oval entire leaves, from between come up before winter, they rarely produce good
which the flower- ftems arife, which grow about a feeds here. The feeds fhould be fown on a warm
foot and a half high, having two or three pair ofleaves border where the plants are to remain, for they will
growing oppofite upon each, and the top is terminat not bear transplanting. All the care they require is
ed by a fingle yellow flower, compofed of many flo to keep them clean from weeds, and thin the plants
rets, like thofe of Dandelion. Thefe are fucceeded to fix or eight inches diftance. They flower in June,
1
by oblong feeds, which are crowned with down, and their feeds ripen the end of Auguft.
whereby they are difperfed to a confiderable diſtance ARTEMISIA ['Aglioia, Gr. fo called, according
when ripe. It flowers in April and May, and the to fome, from Artemifia, wife of Maufolus, king of
feeds ripen in September. Caria, who brought this plant into ufe, and adopted
This plant delights in a moift fhady fituation ; it may it as hers ; whereas, before, it was called Parthenis,
be propagated by parting of the root in autumn, the virgin goddefs being feigned to have given that
when the talks begin to decay, or by the feeds if name to it. ] Mugwort.
fown in autumn, foon after they are ripe, for thoſe The CHARACTERS are,

fown in the fpring often fail ; but if the feeds are 'per The common empalement is fcaly and round, as are alſo the
mitted to fcatter, the plants will come up the following fcales. The flower is compofed of hermaphrodite and fe
fpring, fo that when one plant is obtained, it will pro male florets, the border being ranged with the female,
pagate itfelf faft enough without other care, but to which have a fmall germen at bottom, fupporting aflender
keep it clean from weeds . Style, crowned by a bifidftigma. The hermaphrodite florets
The fecond fort grows naturally on the mountains of compofe the difk, or middle ; these are tubulous, cut into
Bohemia, as alfo in Siberia, from whence I received five parts at the brim ; in the center is placed the germen,
the feeds. The roots of this fort are much jointed , with the like ftyle and ftigma as the female, accompanied
and divide into many irregular flefhy offsets, which by five hairy ftamina, crowned by cylindrical fummits,
are variously contorted ; from whence many fuper which are indented in five parts. The germen after
ftitious perions have been led to imagine, that the ward becomes a fingle naked feed, fitting upon a naked
roots would expel the poifon of fcorpions, and cure placenta.
the wounds made by the bite of that animal. It is This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
a very hardy plant, and is propagated in the fame of Linnæus's eighteenth clafs, entitled Syngeneſia Po
manner as the former. lygamia fuperflua, the flowers of thefe being com
The third fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good pofed of female and hermaphrodite florets, which are
Hope, from whence the feeds have been brought to both fruitful.
Europe. This will not live through the winter in The SPECIES are ,

the open air in this country, fo the plants must be 1 . ARTEMISIA (Vulgaris) foliis pinnatifidis planis incifis ;
• kept in pots, which fhould be placed under a common fubtus tomentofis, racemis fimplicibus floribus ovatis
hot-bed frame in winter, to fcreen it from the froſt, radio quinque floro. Lin . Sp . Plant. 348. Mugwort
but fhould enjoy the free air at all times, when the with plain cut leaves, ending in many parts, woolly un
weather is mild. It propagates by roots and feeds derneath, with fingle spikes of oval flowers, whofe rays
in plenty. This is titled by Dr. Burman, Gerbera are compofed of five florets. Artemifia vulgaris major.
Plant . Afr. 157 . C. B. P. 137.
foliis planis dentatis flore purpureo.
ARTEDIA. Lin . Gen. Plant. 249. We have no 2. ARTEMISIA ( Integrifolia) foliis lanceolatis fubtus to
English name for this genus. mentofis integerrimis dentatifque florum radio fubquin
The CHARACTERS are, que floro. Lin. Sp . Plant. 1189. Mugwort with spear
It is an umbelliferous plant ; the greater umbel is spread fhaped entire leaves, indented on their edges, whofe under
open, and compofed of manyfmall ones ; the involucrum of fides are woolly, and the rays of the flower compofed offive
the large one is composed of ten oblong leaves, which ex florets. Artemifia foliis planis lanceolato-linearibus
tend the length of the umbel, cut at their tips into three inferioribus fæpe ex pinnato-dentatis . Flor. Sib. 2 .
parts. The involucrum of the fmall umbels have but three p . 109.
narrow leaves, which are longer than the umbel ; the rays 3. ARTEMISIA ( Cæruleſcens) foliis caulinis lanceolatis in
of the large umbel are difform, thofe of the fmall ones in tegris; radicalibus multifidis, flofculis foemineis ternis .
the disk are male, and the rays are hermaphrodite. They Lin. Sp. 1189. Mugwort whofe leaves on the ftalks are
6 entire,
 :

aped, and ART ART

Stamina,
which com entire, thofe at the root multifid, and three female flofcules ceis, caulibus adfcendentibus, floribus glomeratis fub
ſupport compofe therays of the flower. Abfinthium maritimum faftigiatis. Lin. Sp . 1187. Mugwort withfilky multifid
ing
lavendulæ folio. C. B. P. 139. Lavender-leaved Sea leaves, afcending fialks, and glomerated flowers. Ab
be germen Wormwood. finthium Alpinum candidum humile . C. B. P. 139 .
ith a leefy
4. ARTEMISIA ( Dracunculus) foliis lanceolatis glabris in 20. ARTEMISIA (Tanacetifolia) foliis bipinnatis fubtus
wo oblong tomentofis nitidis, pinnis tranfverfis, racemis fimpli
tegerrimis. Hort. Cliff. 403. Mugwort with Spear
Shaped, entire, fmooth leaves. Abrotanum lini folio acri cibus. Lin. Sp. 1188. Artemifia with double- winged
nd fection
ore & odorato. Tourn. Inft. 459. Tarragon. leaves, woolly on their underfide, and afimple racemis of
Digynia,
5. ARTEMISIA (Minima) foliis cuneiformibus repandis, flowers.
and two
caule procumbente, floribus axillaribus feffilibus. Lin . The first fort grows naturally on banks, and by the
Sp. 1190. Mugwort with wedge-shaped leaves, a trailing fide of foot-paths, in moft parts of England, fo is
viz.
ftalk, andflowersgrowing at the wings of thestalk. rarely admitted into gardens, where it would foon be
is . Hort. come a troubleſome weed ; for the roots creep far un
6. ARTEMISIA (Abrotanum) foliis ramofiffimis fetaceis,
fia Orien caule erecto fuffruticofo. Hort, Cliff. 403. Artemifia der the furface ofthe ground, fo that unleſs they are
. Tourn. with very branching briftly leaves and afhrubby erect stalk. ſtopped, they will foon fpread over a large ſpace of
Abrotanum mas anguftifolium majus. C. B. P. 136. ground ; but as this plant is ufed in medicine, I have
growing Southernwood. here mentioned it. This flowers in June, at which
nt, whole 7. ARTEMISIA (Humilis) foliis fetaceis pinnatifidis, caule time the herb is in perfection for uſe.
a few fide decumbente fuffruticofo. Mugwort with briftly wing The Moxa, fo famous in the eaſtern countries for
nd leaves pointed leaves, and a low fhrubby stalk. Abrotanum curing the gout by burning of the part affected, is
e ftalk is the lanugo, or down, which is on the under part of
humile corymbis majoribus aureis . Tourn. Inft. 459.
匾
rs, com 8. ARTEMISIA ( Santonicum) foliis caulinis linearibus pin the leaves, of a fort of Mugwort, which is fuppofed
e outfide nato-multifidis, ramis indivifis, fpicis fecundis re to be different from our common fort, but the dried
are fuc flexis. Zin. Goett. 397. Artemifia with linear multifid famples which I have ſeen brought to England for
vingtwo leaves on theftalks, undivided branches, and fertile reflexed that, appear to differ in nothing but the fize of the
Spikes. Semen fanctum. Lob. Icon. 756. plant, that being much lefs ; and I ſuppoſe the ſoft
erfected, 9. ARTEMISIA (Campestris) foliis multifidis linearibus, down of the common fort, or of any other plant, will
and; for caulibus procumbentibus virgatis. Hort. Cliff. 403. anfwer the purpoſe full as well.
Artemifia with linear multifid leaves, and trailingSpriggy The fecond fort grows naturally in Siberia ; this riſes
e plans
ftalks. Abrotanum campestre. C. B. P. 136. Wild up with fingle ſtalks about two feet high, which are
ze good
Southernwood. garniſhed with plain, narrow, fpear-fhaped leaves,
a warm
10. ARTEMISIA (Crithmifolia ) foliis compofitis divari cut into acute fegments on their edges, fomewhat
ney will
catis linearibus carnofis glabris, caule afcendente pa like thofe of Buckfhorn Plantain ; the flowers come
qquire is
niculato. Lin. Sp. 1186. Artemifia with compound, linear, out from the wings of the leaves in fmall looſe ſpikes,
plants
Smooth, fleshy leaves, and a panicled afcending talk. and nearthe top they are often fingle ; thefe are larger
June, than thoſe of the common fort, and are of a pale
II. ARTEMISIA (Maritima) foliis multipartitis tomen
tofis, racemis cernuis, flofculis fœmineis ternis. Lin. yellow colour.
ording Sp. 1186. Mugwort with woolly divided leaves, nodding This fort is as hardy as the common, and multiplies
ng of
branches, and three female florets. Abfinthium ferip as faft, fo is only preferved in botanic gardens for the
opted hium Belgicum. C. B. P. 139. See WORMWOOD. fake of variety.
henis,
12. ARTEMISIA (Rupestris) foliis pinnatis, caulibus ad The third fort grows naturally near the fea, in Italy,
n that
fcendentibus hirfutis, floribus globofis cernuis, re Spain, and France, but is hardy enough to live in
ceptaculo pappofo. Her. Gotl. 285. Mugwort with the open air in England, provided it is planted in a
winged leaves, hairy afcendingstalks, andglobular nodding dry foil: it grows too feet high, having many ligneous
allothe
flowers. Abfinthium Alpinum incanum. C. B. P. branches, which are terminated by fpikes of flowers,
and fe 139. which have little beauty, therefore the plants are pre
female, 13. ARTEMISIA (Pontica) foliis multipartitis fubtus to ferved in gardens for the fake of variety.
Dender mentofis, floribus fubrotundis nutantibus, recepta The fourth fort is the common Tarragon, which is
fierets culo nudo. Hort. Upfal. 257. Artemifia with finely di frequently uſed in fallads, eſpecially by the French :
itinto vided leaves, woolly on their underfide, and roundish nod this is a very hardy plant, which propagates greatly
rmen, ding flowers. Abfinthium Ponticum tenuifolium in by its creeping roots, or may be multiplied faft by
Daniel canum. C. B. P. 138. Pontick Wormwood. planting the young fhoots the beginning of May, in
14. ARTEMISIA ( Annua) foliis triplicato-pinnatis utrin the fame manner as is practifed for Mint, and ifthey
after que glabris, floribus fubglobofis nutantibus, recep are duly fupplied with water in dry weather, will foon
naked taculo glabro conico. Hort. Upfal. 257. Artemifia fpread and meet.
with triple winged leaves, which are fmooth on bothfides, The fifth fort grows naturally in China, but is hardy
tion globular nodding flowers, havingfmooth conical receptacles. enough to thrive in the open air here. It is an annual
Po Abfinthium tanacetifolio odoratiffimum. Amm. plant, which feldom comes up the first year, if the
Com Ruth. feeds are fown in the fpring ; therefore it is much
are 15. ARTEMISIA (Abfinthium) foliis compofitis multifidis, better to let the feeds fcatter in the autumn, becauſe
floribus fubglobofis pendulis, receptaculo villofo. theſe will more furely grow, than thofe fown by
Hort. Cliff. 404. Artemifia with compound multifid leaves, hand.
ifis; globular hanging flowers, and hairy receptacles. Abfin The fixth fort is the common Southernwood, which is
atis thium vulgare. J. B. Common Wormwood. kept in gardens for the agreeable ſcent of its leaves ;
Cert 16. ARTEMISIA (Inodora) foliis compofitis tomentofis, it is a low under fhrub, feldom rifing more than three
floribus fubglobofis, receptaculo villofo. Artemifia or four feet high, fending out lateral fhrubby branches
with woolly compound leaves, globular flowers, and hairy growing erect, garniſhed with five briftly leaves,
or. receptacles. Abfinthium infipidum Abfinthio vulgari having an agreeable ſcent when bruifed : the flowers
fimile. C. B. P. Infipid Wormwood. are produced in fpikes from the extremity of the
10 17. ARTEMISIA ( Arborescens ) foliis compofitis multifidis branches, but unlefs the autumn proves warm and
n linearibus, floribus fubglobofis, caule frutefcente. dry, the flowers rarely open in England.
Lin. Sp. 1188. Artemifia with compound linear leaves, This is propagated by flips and cuttings, planted in "
der globular flowers, and a ſhrubby ſtalk. Abfinthium ar a fhady border, about the beginning of April,
ve borefcens. Lob. Icon. 753. Tree Wormwood. obferving to water them duly in dry weather ; in
S 18. ARTEMISIA (Ethiopica) foliis linearibus confertis this border they may remain till the following
2. minimis divifis, caule fruticofo tomentofo. Lin. Sp. autumn, when they fhould be tranfplanted, either
1184. Mugwort with linear leaves in bunches, and a into pots or thofe parts of the garden where they
woolly fhrubby ftalk. Abfinthium Africanum arbo are defigned to remain.
refcens, folio vermiculato incano . Tourn . Inft. 458 . The feventh fort is a very low under fhrub, the
19. ARTEMISIA (Glacialis) foliis palmatis multifidis feri branches bend near the ground, fo never rife more
Y than
I
 ART ART

than two feet high, unleſs when they flower ; for the of the common Wormwood : indeed the appearance
fpikes are generally more than a foot long ; the flow of the plants are nearly alike, but the fegments of the
ers are yellow, and are ranged in ſpikes which appear leaves of this are broader and whiter than thofe of
in autumn. This is propagated either by flips or the common, and the whole plant is infipid, and con
cuttings in the fame manner as the former, and is tinues fo from feed.
equally hardy. The feventeenth fort is commonly known by the title
The eighth fort produces the Semen Santonicum , of Tree Wormword ; this grows naturally near the
which is much ufed for worms in children. It grows fea in Italy and the Levant. This rifes with a woody
naturally in Perfia, from whence the feeds are brought ftalk fix or ſeven feet high, fending out many lig
to Europe ; this hath the appearance of our Wild neous branches, garnished with leaves fomewhat like
Mugwort ; the branches are flender, erect, and gar thofe of the common Wormwood, but more finely
nifhed with linear winged leaves, and terminated by divided, and much whiter. The branches are ter
recurved flender ſpikes of flowers, which have naked minated by fpikes of globular flowers in the autumn,
receptacles. This may be propagated by flips or cut which are feldom fucceeded by feeds here. This
tings in the like manner as the former ; but the plants plant is eaſily propagated by cuttings, which, if
fhould be planted in a dry foil and fheltered fituation , planted in a fhady border during the fummer feafon,
where they will endure the cold of our ordinary win and duly watered, take root freely. In autumn fome
ters pretty well, but it will be proper to have a plant of the young plants fhould be potted, that they may
or two in pots, which may be fheltered in winter be fheltered in winter ; the other may be planted in a
under a common hot-bed frame to preferve the warm border, where they will live, provided the win
fpecies. ter proves favourable.
The ninth fort is our common Wild Southernwood, The eighteenth fort is a low fhrubby plant ; the talk
which grows naturally in fome parts of Norfolk, fo is is woolly, fending out a few ſhrubby branches, gar
rarely admitted into gardens. nifhed with linear leaves growing in clufters ; the flow
The tenth fort grows naturally in Portugal ; this is a ers grow in a roundifh bunch, and are fhaped like
low under fhrub, feldom rifing more than two feet thofe of Wormwood. This grows naturally in Ethi
high, and has much of the afpect of our wild fort, opia. It is propagated by planting the cuttings any
fo is rarely kept in gardens in this country. time in fummer, and the plants muſt be fheltered
The eleventh fort is the common Sea Wormwood, from hard frofts in winter.
grows naturally on the fea coafts in most parts of The nineteenth fort grows naturally on the Alps ;
England, where there are feveral varieties (if not this is a low plant, feldom rifing more than a foot
diftin fpecies ) to be found. Thefe are low un and a half high ; the ftalks are clofely garnifhed with
der fhrubs, most of them creep at their root, where very white leaves fhaped like a hand ; the flowers are
by they multiply greatly in their natural fituation , globular, and produced in cluſters at the extremity
but when traniplanted into a garden, feldom thrive of the ftalk ; thefe are rarely fucceeded by feeds in
fo well; however, thefe varieties are now commonly England . This plant may be propagated by plant
fubftituted for the true Roman Wormwood in the ing the fide fhoots in a fhady border during any of
London fhops. the fummer months, which, if duly watered, will
The twelfth fort grows naturally on the Alps ; this is put out roots, and in autumn they may be tranfplant
alſo a low under fhrub, feldom rifing more than a ed where they are to remain.
foot high, fending out feveral flender branches, gar The twentieth fort grows naturally at Piedmont ; it
nifhed with very white winged leaves, for which the is an herbaceous plant, whofe ftalks die to the root
plants are fometimes admitted into gardens. It is in winter, and fresh fhoots arife in the fpring, which
very hardy, and may be eaſily propagated by cuttings are garniſhed with winged leaves, woolly on their un
in the fpring. der fide ; the flowers are produced on fingle fpikes,
The thirteenth fort is the true Roman Wormwood, which are rarely fucceeded by feeds in England. It
though at this time never ufed in any of the fhops ; may be eafily propagated by parting the roots in the
yet by fkilful perfons is greatly preferred to the Sea autumn.
Wormwood, being lefs naufeous and a much pleaſanter ARTICHOKE is called by the Latins Cinara.
bitter, and may be had in as great plenty, provided As this plant is much better known by its Engliſh ti
it was cultivated by thofe who fupply the markets tle than the Latin, I fhall treat of it under this head,
with medicinal herbs. This is a low herbaceous and refer for its character to the Latin title of Cinara,
plant, whofe ftalks die to the root in autumn, and under which the other fpecies will be exhibited.
new ones arife in the fpring ; thefe are garnifhed with We have two forts of Artichokes which are cultivated
finely divided leaves, whofe underfide are woolly ; in the English gardens, which we fhall diftinguiſh
the upper part of the ftalks are furniſhed with glo here only by the names they are generally known
bular flowers which nod on one fide, having naked among the gardeners, and referve their farther diftinc
receptacles. Thefe appear in Auguft, but are rarely tions to their Latin titles.
fucceeded by feeds in England. The beſt fort is what the gardeners call the Globe
This fort is eafily propagated by its creeping roots, Artichoke. This hath large heads with broad brown
which may be parted in the autumn, and planted fcales, which turn inward ; the fleshy part at the bot
two or three feet afunder, that they may have room tom of the ſcales is very thick, therefore is much
to fpread ; the best time for this is in the middle preferred to the other, which is called the French
of October ; it will grow in any foil which is not too Artichoke. The ftalks of this fort generally grow
wet. taller, and the heads are fmaller, and more conical
The fourteenth fort grows naturally in Siberia ; it is than thofe of the other fort. The fcales are narrower,
an annual plant which grows two feet high, gar of a greener colour, and turn outward. The flefhy
nifhed with fmooth winged leaves, which have an part which is eaten is not near fo thick, and hath a
agreeable fcent ; the flowers are globular and nod on difagreeable perfumed tafte ; this was almoft totally
one fide. Ifthe feeds of this are permitted to fcatter rooted out of the English gardens before the hard
39
in the autumn, the plants will come up better than froft in 17 %, when the greateft part of the roots of
if fown with care. the other fort were deftroyed, fo many perfons were
The fifteenth fort is the common Wormwood which fupplied the following fpring with plants from Guern
grows naturally in lanes and uncultivated places in fey, where they cultivate only the latter fort ; but
many parts of England, fo is not often cultivated in fince the other has been increafed again, this green
gardens. This is cafily propagated by feeds, which fort has been in moft gardens rooted out, to make
fhould be fown in the autumn foon after they are ripe ; way for the Globe Artichoke.
or if they are permitted to ſcatter, the plants will The manner of propagating this plant is from flips,
come up without farther care. taken from the old roots, in February or March,
The fixteenth fort has been fuppofed to be a variety which, if planted in a good foil, will produce large
fair
7
 ART ART
pearanc
e
ts of the fair fruit the autumn following ; but as this is a plant bad method, becaufe the dung lying near the roots,
thofe of
which few gardeners, that have not been inftructed is very apt to rot the beft plants ; therefore I would
andcon
in the kitchen-gardens near London , underſtand to advife the earthing (or as it is called by the garden
manage well, I fhall be the more particular in my di ers, landing) the Artichokes to be deferred till the lat
the title rections about it.. ter end of November, or the beginning of December,
near the At the latter end of February, or in March, accord provided the feafon continues mild ; and towards
a woody ing to the earlineſs of the feafon, or forwardneſs of Chriſtmas, if there is any danger of fevere frofts, to
any kg the old Artichoke roots, will be the proper time for lay a quantity of long dung, Peale-haulm , tanners bark,
what ke
dreffing them, which muft be thus performed : with or any other light covering over the ridges of earth,
pre finely your fpade remove all the earth from about your which will keep out the froft ; and this being at a dif
are ter ftock, down below the part from whence the young tance from the roots, will not injure them ; but this
autumn, fhoots are produced, clearing the earth from between covering fhould be carefully taken off the beginning
E. This the fhoots with the hands, fo as to be able to judge of February, or fooner, provided the feafon is mild,
hich , if of the goodness of each, with their proper pofition or at leaft fo foon as the weather is fo, otherwife
r feafon, upon the ſtock ; then make choice of two of the the plants will be injured by its lying too long upon
mn fome cleareft, ftraiteft, and moft promifing plants that are them.

hey may produced from the under part of the ftock, which are It will alfo be a good method, whenever any roots
ted in a much preferable to the ftrong thick plants which ge of Artichokes are dug up in autumn, either to bury
•
he win nerally grow upon the crown of the roots ; for thefe them deep in the ground in a pit till fpring, or lay
have hard woody ftems, fo never produce good fruit, them in a heap, fo as that they may be eaſily covered
he talk but are generally what the market people call rogues, in hard frofts ; and thefe may be a fupply, if thoſe in
es , gar which have very little bottom ; the fcales of their the ground are deftroyed .
heads are irregularly placed ; in flipping off the plants When you have thus earthed them up, you have no
he flow
Sed like you muſt be careful not to injure thofe which are to thing more to do till February or March, by which

Ethi remain for a crop ; then with your thumb force off time they will have grown through the ridge of the
all the other plants and buds alfo clofe to the head of earth ; and, when the weather is proper, muft be
gs any the ftock, from whence they are produced, being dreffed as was before directed .
heltered
The very careful not to leave any of the buds, which will When you have a mind to make a new plantation,
foon produce plants fo as to hurt thofe which are after having digged and buried fome very rotten dung
Alps ; in the ground you have allotted for that purpoſe,
left: then with your ſpade draw the earth about the
a foot
two plants which are left, and with your hands clofe make choice of fuch of your plants as were taken
ed with
it fait to each of them, feparating them as far afunder from your old ftocks, which are clear, found, and
'ers are
as they can conveniently be placed without breaking not woody, having fome fibres to their bottom ; then
remity them, obferving to crop off the tops of the leaves with your knife cut off that knobbed woody part,
eds in
which hang down with your hands ; your ground be whichjoined them to the flock ; and if that cuts crifp
plant ing levelled between the ſtocks, you may fow thereon and tender, it is a fign of its goodnefs, but if tough
y of a fmall crop of Spinach, which will be taken off be and ftringy, throw it away as good for nothing ; then
will fore the Artichokes will cover the ground, and be cut off the large outfide leaves pretty low, that the
lant fure to keep them clear from weeds ; and toward the middle or heart leaves, may be above them. Your
latter end of April, or the beginning of May, when plants being thus prepared ( if the weather is very dry,
t ; it your old plants begin to fhew their fruit, you muſt or the plants have been any time taken from the
root carefully look over your ſtocks, and draw up all young ftocks, it will be convenient to fet them upright in a
which plants from them, which may have been produced tub of water for three or four hours before they are
r un fince their dreffing, and cut off all fuckers which are planted, which will greatly refreſh them; ) you muft
bikes, produced from the ftems of the Artichoke, leaving then proceed to planting, which must be done by
It only the principal head, by which means your fruit ranging a line acroſs the ground, in order to their be
the will be the larger ; when your Artichokes are fit to ing placed exactly in a row; and, with a meaſure
gather, you muſt break or cut them down cloſe to ftick, plant them at two feet diftance from each other '
the furface of the ground, that your ftocks may make in the rows, and if defigned for a full crop, five feet
hti ftrong fresh fhoots before the end of October : the diftance row from row ; your plants muſt be ſet about
ead, feaſon for earthing, or, as the gardeners term it, land four inches deep, and the earth clofed very faft to
ara, ing them up, is the middle or latter end of Novem their roots, obferving, if the feafon proves dry, to
ber, whichis thus done : keep them watered two or three times a week, un
ted Cut off all the young fhoots quite clofe to the furface til they are growing, after which they ſeldom require
if of the ground ; then dig between every ſtock , raiſing any.
OWN all the earth between each row of ftocks into a ridge, N. B. You may fow a thin crop of Spinach upon the
nc as is done in the common method oftrenching ground, ground before you plant your plants, obferving to
fo as that the row of Artichokes may be exactly in clear it from about them after it is come up.
be the middle of each ridge, this will be fufficient to Thefe plants, in a kindly feaſon, or a moiſt ſoil, will
‫ח‬ guard them againſt froft , and I would here recom produce the largeſt and beft Artichokes fome time
ot mend it to the public, as infinitely preferable to long in Auguft and September, after all thoſe from the
Th dung, which is by the unfkilful often ufed, and is old ſtocks are paft , fo that if you intend to continue
ch the occafion of their fruit being fmall, and almoſt your Artichokes through the whole feafon, you muſt
W without any bottoms to them ; for there is not any make a new plantation every year, otherwife you can
thing fo hurtful to thefe, as new dung being either not poffibly have fruit longer than two or three
buried near, or laid about them. " months.
I,
Since we have experienced, that, in very fevere frofts If any of the plants which are planted in the fpring
J
3 thefe roots are fometimes deftroyed, therefore it is fhould not fruit in autumn, you may, at the feafon
proper to give ſome directions to prevent it ; though of earthing up your roots, tie up the leaves with a
this rarely happens in dry ground, in which we have fmall Willow twig, &c. and lay the earth up clofe
but few inftances of their being killed, except in the to it, fo that the top of the plant may be above
39
hard frofts of 1683, and 1728. In theſe two winters ground ; and when the froft comes on, if you will T
moft of the Artichokes were deftroyed in England , cover the top with a little ftraw, or Peaſe-haulin, to 1
1
in the last of theſe winters, it happened from the lit prevent their being killed by froft, thefe plants will
tle care which was taken of them, there having been produce fruit in winter, or early in the fpring.
no frost for fo many years before, which had injured But in thofe plantations where you intend to plant
them, that few people ufed any care to preferve them ; other things between your Artichokes, you muſt al
but fince that hard froft, many people have run into low nine or ten feet between the rows, as is often
the other extreme of covering all their roots of Arti practifed by the kitchen-gardeners near London, who
chokes with long dung every winter, which is a very fow the ground between with Radifhes or Spinach,
and

1
 ARU ARU

and plant two rows of Cauliflowers, at four feet This plant is called Wake Robin, from the fharp
distance row from row, and two feet and a half afun acrid tafte, which, if eaten, will occafion a violent
der in the rows, fo that there are always five feet pain in every part of the mouth and throat, attended
allowed for the Artichokes to grow ; and in May, commonly with a great defluxion of water.
when the Radishes or Spinach are taken off, they ſow The SPECIES are,

a row of Cucumbers for pickling, exactly between 1. ARUM (Maculatum) acaule foliis haftatis integerrimis
the two rows of Cauliflowers, at three feet diſtance fpadice clavato. Hort. Upfal. 434. Arum without
from each other ; and between the rows of Cauli falk, fpear-
shaped entire leaves, and a club-
shaped fpadix.
flowers and the Artichokes, plant a row of Cabbages Arum vulgare maculatum & non maculatum. C. B. P.
or Savoys for winter ufe, which, when the Cauliflow 195. The common Arum.
ers are drawn off, and the Artichokes gathered, will 2. ARUM ( Italicum) foliis haftatis acutis petiolis longiffi
have full liberty to grow, and by this means the mis fpathâ maximâ erecta. Arum without ftalk, pointed
ground is fully employed through the whole feafon . Spear -
shaped leaves, with long foot -stalks, and a large up
This has long been the practice of the kitchen-gar right fpatha. Arum venis albis Italicum maximum.
deners near London, who pay large rents for their H. R. Par.

land, fo are obliged to get as many crops in a year 3. ARUM ( Probofcidium) acaule foliis haftatis fpathâ de
from it as poffible . clinatâ filiformi-fubulatâ. Lin. Sp . Plant. 966. Arum
In thoſe which are planted at five feet diftance row without ftalk, fpear-shaped leaves, and a declining awl
from row, you may plant in every other row a line Shaped fpatha. Arifarum flore in tenuem caudam
of Cabbages or Savoys for winter uſe, which will be abeunte. Tourn. Inft. 161. Friers Cowl.
gone by the time of landing them up ; in doing of 4. ARUM ( Arifarum ) acaule foliis cordato-oblongis fpa
which you muit lay the whole five feet of earth into thâ bifidà fpadice incurvo. Hort. Cliff. 435. Arum
one ridge, except the ground be extreme ftiff, or the without ftalk, oblong heart -shaped leaves, a bifid fpatha,
plants young, in both which cafes you may lay only and an incurved spadix. Arifarum latifolium majus .
three feet and a half of the ground in the ridge C. B. P. 196. Broad-leaved Friers Cowl.
over the roots, and the remainder may be laid in a 5. ARUM (Tenuifolium) acaule foliis lanceolatis fpadice
fmall ridge between ; the fame compaſs of ground fetaceo declinato. Hort. Cliff. 345. Arum withoutftalk,
muft alfo be allowed where they are planted at a wider Spear -
shaped leaves, and a briftly declining Spadix. Ari
diſtance . farum anguftifolium Diofcoridis forte. Boerh. Ind.
And if in the fpring you find your ſtocks fhoot very alt. 2. p . 73 .
weak, which may have been occafioned either by hard 6 . ARUM ( Virginicum ) acaule foliis haftato- cordatis acu
froft, or too much wet, you must then uncover them , tis angulis obtufis . Hort . Cliff. 434. Arum without
and with your ſpade loofen and break the earth about Stalk, pointed, Spear, heart -
shaped leaves, with obtufe
them, raifing a fmall hill about each ftock, levelling angles.
the reft between the rows, which will greatly help 7. ARUM (Triphyllum) acaule foliis ternatis floribus mo
them, and in three weeks, or a month's time after, noicis. Flor. Virg. 113. Three-leaved Arum without
they are commonly fit to flip. ftalk. Arum minus triphyllum arifarum pene viridi
Thofe Artichokes which are planted in a moift rich Virginianum. Mor. Hift. 3. p . 547.
foil, will always produce the largeſt and beſt fruit ; 8. ARUM ( Dracunculus ) foliis pedatis, foliolis petiolatis
fo that where fuch a foil can be obtained, it will be integerrimis æquantibus fpatham fpadice longiorem.
proper to make a freſh plantation every fpring, to Lin. Sp . Prod . Leyd . 7. Arum with foot f
-haped leaves,
fucceed the old stocks, and fupply the table in au compofed of Spear-shaped, entire, equal lobes, and the ſpa
tumn. But the roots will not live through the win tha much longer than the fpadix. Dracunculus poly
ter in a moift foil, ſo that your ftocks which you in phyllus. C. B. P. 195. Common Dragon.
tend fhould remain to fupply the table early, and 9. ARUM ( Dracontium) foliis pedatis, foliolis lanceolatis
to furnish plants, fhould be in a drier foil. You integerrimis fuperantibus fpatham fpadice breviorem.
fhould always obferve to plant thefe in an open fitu Prod. Leyd. 7. Arum with foot-fhaped leaves, the up
ation , and not under the drip of trees, where they per being compofed of fpear-shaped entire lobes, and the
will draw up very tall, and produce ſmall infignificant Spatha fhorter than the fpadix. Arum polyphyllum mi
fruit. nus & humilius. H. L. 60.
ARTICHOKES of Jerufalem. See HELIAN 10. ARUM ( Trilobatum ) acaule foliis fagittato trilobis flore
THUS . feffile . Flor. Zeyl. 326. Trifoliate Arum without talks,
ARTICULATION, is the connection of parts and a flower growing clofe to the root. Arum humile
that confift of joints , or knees, fuch as are the fili Zeylanicum latifolium piftillo coccinco . Hort. Amft.
quæ [the hufks] of many plants ; as of the Ornitho I. p . 97.
podium, Coronilla, which are joined together by a 11. ARUM ( Colocafia) acaule foliis peltatis ovatis repan
foluble knot ; whence thofe parts are called articu dis bafi femibifidis. Hort. Cliff. 434. Arum without
lofe , and are faid to be. connected articulatim, or Stalk, target-shaped oval leaves, waved and finuated at
geniculatim ; and fuch plants are called Articulofæ, their borders, and divided into two parts at their baſe.
whofe roots are jointed , although the ſtalks have no Arum maximum Ægyptiacum quod vulgò Colocafia.
joints ; fo the root of Polygonatum is faid to be ar Called Colocafia .
ticulofe, or geniculated. 12. ARUM (Beta folia) acaule foliis cordatis nervofis flo
ARUM, Wake Robin, or Cuckow Pint. ribus feffilibus . Arum withoutftalk, nervous heart-shaped
The CHARACTERS are, leaves, and flowers without petals. Arum Americanum
The flower bath a large oblong fpatha, which is clofed at betæ folio. Catefb. Hift. Car. 1. 71. Called Scunk
the bottom, compressed in the middle, and coloured within ; Weed.
the fpadix is fingle, fhaped like a club at the top, and 13. ARUM (Divaricatum) acaule foliis cordatis angulatis
fhorter than the fpatha upon which the germen are fitu divaricatis. Lin . Sp . Plant. 966. Arum without talk,
ated. It hath no petals nor ftamina, but many four- cor and heart-shaped angular leaves. Arum acaule foliis
fubhaftatis . Flor. Zeyl . 325 .
nered fummits, fitting clofe to the germen, with a double
row of hairs between them, which adhere to the Spa 14. ARUM (Peregrinum) acaule foliis cordatis obtufis
dix. There are many oval germen which furround the mucronatis angulus rotundatis. Hort. Cliff. 435, A
upper part of the fpadix, having no ftyles, but have rum without ftalk, blunt heart -
shaped leaves, which are
bearded ftigma : the germen afterward become globular pointed, and the angles rounded, called Edder in America.
berries, with one cell, having round feeds. 15. ARUM (Efculentem) acaule foliis peltatis ovatis inte
This genus of plants is ranged in the feventh fection gerrimis bafi femibifidis. Hort. Cliff. 453. Arum
of Linnæus's twentieth clafs, entitled Gynandria Po without ftalk, oval target-fhaped leaves, whofe bafe are
lyandria, thefe plants having male and female flowers divided in two parts. Arum minus nymphææ folio
joined, but have no ftamina nor ftyle, but many efculentum . Sloan. Cat. Jam. 62.
fummits.
6 16. ARUM
 ARU A RU

16. ARUM (Sagitta folium) acaule foliis fagittatis trian of the fouthern parts of Europe. This plant hath a
gulis angulis divaricatis acutis. Hort. Cliff. 345. A large, tuberous, fleſhy root, which, in the fpring puts
rum without ftalk, lance-
fhaped leaves which are triangu up a ftrait ftalk about three feet high, which is spot
lar, acute-pointed, and ribbed. Arum maximum E - ted like the belly of a fnake ; at the top it fpreads
gyptiacum quod vulgò Coloçafia cauliculis nigrican out into leaves, which are cut into feveral narrow
tibus Zeylanica. H. L. B. fegments almoft to the bottom, which fpread open
17. ARUM ( Arborescens) cauleſcens rectum , foliis fagit like a hand ; at the top of the ftalk the flower is pro
tatis. Lin. Sp. 1371. Arum with an erect ftalk, and ar duced, which is in fhape like the common Arum,
row-fhaped leaves, commonly called Dumb Cane. having a very long fpatha of a dark purple colour,
18. ARUM ( Auritum) caulefcens radicans, foliis terna ſtanding erect, with a large piftil of the fame colour,
tis, lateralibus unilobatis. Lin. Sp. 1371. Arum whofe fo that when it is in flower, it makes no unpleafing
Stalks fend out roots, and trifoliate leaves. Arum he appearance ; but the flower hath fo ftrong a fcent of
deraceum triphyllum & auritum. Plum. Amer. 41 . carrion, that few perfons can endure it ; for which
tab. 58. reafon it hath been baniſhed moft gardens, but was
The firft fort grows naturally in woods and on fhady it not for this, a few of the plants might merit a place
banks in moſt parts of England, fo is feldom admit in gardens, for the oddness of the flower. It is very
ted into gardens ; but being a medicinal plant, it is hardy, fo will grow in any foil or ſituation, and pro
here inferted to introduce the other fpecies. There pagates very faft by offsets from the root. The time
are two varieties of this, one with plain leaves, and to tranſplant it is in autumn, when their leaves de
the other hath leaves full of black fpots, but theſe cay. It flowers in June or July, and their ſtalks de
are only accidental varieties which arife from the fame cay in September.
feeds. The roots of this are ordered by the College The ninth fort grows naturally in moift places in Vir
of Phyſicians to be uſed in a powder which bears the ginia and New England, but is very difficult to pre
title of the plant ; but theſe are generally gathered ferve long in a garden. I received fome roots of this
in the ſpring, when the leaves are in full vigour, fo from New England a few years ago, which continued
that the roots fhrink and foon lofe their pungent two years ; but the foil being dry, they decayed in
quality ; but thoſe which are taken up in Auguft, fummer : theſe ſhould have a moift fhady fituation,
when their leaves decay, will continue good a whole otherwiſe they will not thrive. The leaves of this fort
year, and retain their pungency the fame as when firft are divided like thoſe of the former, but are ſmaller,
taken up. The not obferving this, has brought the and rarely grow more than nine inches high ; the
medicine into difrepute. It flowers in April, and the flowers are like thofe of the common Arum, but
feeds ripen in July. the piftil is longer than the fpatha. It flowers in June,
The fecond fort grows naturally in Italy, Spain, and and the ftalks decay in autumn.
Portugal, from whence I have received the feeds. The tenth fort grows naturally in Ceylon, and fome
The leaves of this fort riſe a foot and a half high, are other parts of India, fo is very impatient of cold : it
very large, running out to a point ; thefe are finely is a plant of humble growth : the leaves come up
veined with white, interfperfed with black ſpots, from the root, having foot-ftalks about four inches
which, together with the fine ſhining green of their long ; theſe are divided into three lobes, which ter
furface, make a pretty variety. The flowers grow minate in points ; the flower rifes immediately from
near a foot high, and have very long upright fpathas, the root, ftanding on a very fhort foot-ftalk ; the ſpa
which are of a pale green, inclining to white ; theſe tha is long, erect, and of a fine fcarlet within, as is
appear the end of April, or beginning of May, and alfo the piftil. This uſually appears in May, and the
the feeds are ripe in Auguft ; this propagates very leaves decay in Auguft, but new ones foon after riſe
faft by offsets from the root, and will thrive in any from the root. This plant must be placed in the
foil or fituation. The beſt time to tranſplant them tan-bed of the bark-ftove, otherwiſe it will not thrive
is foon after the feeds are ripe, for by the end of Oc in England. It is propagated by offsets from the
tober they will be putting out new fibres. root, which come out in plenty when the plants are
The third, fourth, and fifth forts have been generally in health.
ſeparated from this genus, and were diſtinguiſhed by The eleventh, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, and
the title of Arifarum, or Friar's Cowl, from the re fixteenth forts, have mild roots, which are eaten by
femblance the flower has in fhape to the hoods or the inhabitants of all the hot countries, where they
cowls worn bythe people of that order ; the leaves of grow naturally, and fome of the forts are cultivated
thefe have fhort foot-ftalks, the flowers growing clofe by the inhabitants of the fugar colonies, as efculent
to the ground ; they flower in April, but ſeldom pro plants, their roots being conftantly eaten, as alfo are
duce feeds in England ; however they multiply faft the leaves of fome of the forts, particularly the fif
by offsets, and ſhould have a fhady fituation. The teenth, which they call Indian Kale : the leaves of
time for tranſplanting the roots is the fame as for the this are boiled, and fupply the want of other greens.
former. They are preferved in fome gardens for As there is a conftant fucceffion of theſe all the year,
the fake of variety, but have little beauty to recom a fmall fpot of ground, planted with thefe roots, will
mend them.
be fufficient to fupply a large family. It is eſteemed
The fixth and feventh forts grow naturally in Virgi a wholſome green, and in thofe countries where many
nia and Carolina, from whence I have received their of the common European vegetables are with diffi
roots ; their leaves arife immediately from the roots, culty procured, this proves a good fuccedanum ; but
having fcarce any foot-ftalks ; the flowers come up be they ſeem to make little diftinction of the fpecies, for
tween their leaves, which have fhort foot-ftalks ; they I have received the roots of three forts, by the com
appear in May, but have little beauty, fo the plants mon title of Edder ; but I ſuppoſe the fourteenth fort
are only kept in botanic gardens for the fake of va is the most commonly cultivated there for their roots .
riety. They will live in the open air, if they are The fixteenth fort has not been many years introduced
planted in a fheltered fituation, or if the furface of among them, for it came originally from the Spaniſh
the ground is covered with tan to keep out the froft Weft-Indies, where it grows in great plenty. Both
in winter, and will thrive better in the full ground thefe have larger roots than the fifteenth, for which
than in pots. They are propagated by offsets. reaſon they are preferred to it.
The eighth fort is the common Dragon, which is All theſe forts are preferved in the gardens of thoſe
uſed in medicine, and has been generally ranged in perfons, who are curious in collecting exotic plants,
a feparate genus from this under the title of Dracun for the variety of their leaves ; their flowers have very
culus, in which genus Tournefort has ranged all thofe little beauty, nor do they often appear in this coun
fpecies which have compound leaves, and thoſe with try. The plants are propagated eafily by offsets from
fingle leaves he has placed under Arum. their roots, which they put out plentifully : thefe
This fort is uſed in medicine, fo is preferved in gar must be planted in pots filled with light earth, and
dens to fupply the markets : it grows naturally in moſt plunged into a hot-bed, to promote their taking root ;
Z and
 į

A RU ARU

and if they are afterward continued in the bark - ſtove, are included in a chaff which is oblong, pointed, and opens
they will make great progrefs, and their leaves will with two valves. The petals of the flowers are bivalve
be larger. They may be kept in a dry ftove, upon and longer than the empalement, having a down at their
fhelves, after they are well eſtabliſhed in the pots, bafe, which rifes almoft their length ; it hath three hairy
but they will not be ſo ſtrong as the other. Stamina, crowned with borned fummits ; in the center is
The twelfth fort I was favoured with by Mr. Peter fituated an oblong germen, fupporting to flender ftyles
Collinfon, F. R. S. who procured the root from North which are hairy and reflexed, crowned with a ſimpleſtig
America, where it naturally grows. This requires a ma. The germen afterward becomes an oblong pointedfeed,
moift foil, and a fhady fituation, but is hardy in re with long down adhering to its bafe.
fpect of cold. It flowered two years in the garden This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
at Chelfea, but in a very dry feafon decayed. The of Linnæus's third clafs, entitled Triandria Digynia,
flowers came up before there was any appearance of the flowers having three ftamina and two ſtyles.
The SPECIES are,
leaves ; the fpatha was large, and the piftil fhort and
blunt ; the female flowers were ranged each between 1 . ARUNDO ( Phragmitis) calycibus quinquefloris pani
a fort of cheque work, which was diagonal to the culâ laxâ. Prod. Leyd. 66. Reed with five flowers in
piftil ; the flower decayed without any appearance of each cup, growing in loofe panicles. Arundo vulgaris pa
feed. luftris. J. B. 2. 485. The common Marfh Reed.
The ſeventeenth fort rifes to the height of fix or feven 2. ARUNDO ( Donax ) calycibus trifloris paniculâ diffusâ.
feet, with a green jointed ſtalk as large as a walking Prod. Leyd. 66. Reed with three flowers included in each
ftick ; the leaves are placed irregularly at the top of cup, growing in diffufed panicles. Arundo fativa quæ
the ſtalks, growing in a cluſter : theſe are oblong, and Donax Diofcoridis. C. B. P. 17. This is fometimes
of a light green colour ; from between the leaves the called by gardeners the Ever-green Reed, but for
flowers come out on the fide of the ſtalk, having a what reafon I cannot imagine, becauſe the ſtalks decay
long fpatha of a pale green colour, marked with white every autumn, and new ſhoots ariſe from the roots in
fpots, fitting cloſe to the ftem of the plant ; at their the fpring .
first appearance they ſtand erect, foon after they are 3. ARUNDO (Verficolor) Indica Laconica verficolor. Mor.
horizontal, and in a little time they decline downward ; Hift. 3. p. 219. Indian Reed with variegated leaves.
their lower part is fwelling fo far as the flowers are Arundo Indica variegata feu Laconica Theophraſti.
ranged on the piftil, above which it is greatly con Cornut. Can. 55

tracted, and toward the top enlarges again, where 4 . ARUNDO ( Bamboa) calycibus multifloris , fpicis ternis
it is a little open, fo as to fhew the naked part of the feffilibus. Lin. Sp . 120. Reed with manyflowers in the
piftil, but is twifted again at the top . All the lower cup, and feffile fpikes, commonly called Bambu . Beefha.
part clofely folds over the piftil, fo that it is fcarce Hort. Mal. Vol. V. p. 119. and the Bambu altera ſpe
difcernible, unleſs the fpatha is opened, which can cies. Raii Hift. 1316.
only be done on one fide, the other adhering clofely 5. ARUNDO ( Arborea) caule arboreo foliis utrinque acu
to the piftil, fo far upward as the flowers extend the minatis . Reed with a tree-like ftalk, and leaves which
naked part of the piftil only being ſeparated from it ; are pointed at both ends. Ily. Hort . Mal. Vol. I. p. 25 .
fo that the female flowers and ftamina are ranged only 6. ARUNDO ( Orientalis) tenuifolia caule pleno ex quâ
upon one fide of the piftil, in which it differs from all Turcæ calamos parant. Tourn. Cor. 39. Eaftern Reed
the other ſpecies which I have feen. with a narrow leaf and a fullftalk, of which the Turks
⋅ It grows naturally in the fugar iſlands, and other warm make their writing pens.
parts of America, chiefly in the low grounds ; the The first fort is fo very common by the fides of rivers
whole plant abounds with an acrid juice, fo that if a and large ſtanding waters in divers parts of England,
leaf or part of the ſtalk is broken, and applied to the that it is needlefs for me to fay any thing of its
tip of the tongue, it caufes a very painful fenfation, culture. This is cut in autumn, when the leaves
and occafions the falivary ducts to fwell, and brings begin to fall, and the ſtems are changed brown, for
on a great defluxion of faliva ; the ſtalks of this plant making hedges in kitchen-gardens, and for many
are fometimes applied to the mouths of the negroes other uſes.
by way of puniſhment, which is indeed bad enough. The fecond fort, although native of a warm country,
This fort is propagated by cutting off the ftalks into yet will bear the cold of our winters in the open
lengths of three or four joints, which muſt be laid to ground, provided it is planted in a foil not too wet ;
dry fix weeks or two months ; for if the wounded and if the winter fhould prove very fevere, a little
part is not perfectly healed over before the cuttings mulch be laid over the roots ; it dies to the furface
are planted, they will rot and decay : theſe ſhould in autumn , and rifes again the fucceeding fpring ;
be planted in ſmall pots filled with light fandy earth, and if kept ſupplied with water in dry weather, will
and plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tan, being grow ten or twelve feet high the fame fummer ; and
careful that they have little wet, until they have made is very proper to intermix with trees and fhrubs, or
good roots ; when they are well eſtabliſhed at bottom, tall plants and flowers in bofquets, where, by the
fome ofthem may be placed in a dry ſtove, and others oddneſs of its appearance, it will have a good effect,
plunged into the tan- bed in the bark-ftove, where in adding to the variety. This is propagated by part
they will make the greateft progrefs, and produce ing the roots early in the fpring, before they begin
more flowers than the others. It is a tender plant, fo to fhoot, and will, in a year or two, if your ground
muſt be conſtantly kept in the ſtove, and ſhould have be good, make very large ftools, fo that from each
very little wet in winter. ftool you may have eight or ten canes produced ; but
The eighteenth fort is a fcandent plant, fending out this never produces any fpikes of flowers in England.
roots from the ftem and branches, the leaves are large, The ſtalks of this fort are brought from Portugal and
heart-shaped, having three lobes or ears ; the flowers Spain, and are ufed by the weavers, as alfo to make
are incloſed in a large fpatha ; but theſe are not fruit fishing-rods.
ful in England. This is a tender plant, fo requires The third fort is fuppofed to be a variety of the fe
to be conſtantly kept in the bark ftove, and treated cond, differing therefrom only in having variegated
as other tender exotic plants, which come from hot leaves. But this I much doubt, becauſe the fort with
countries. It is propagated by cutting off the branches, variegated leaves is much tenderer than the other, fo
which readily put out roots, for all theſe fpecies which muſt be ſheltered from the froft, otherwife it will not
are natives of hot countries, never produce feeds in live through the winter in England . The plant never
England . grows to a third part of the height of the other, and
ARUM ETHIOPICUM . See CALLA. the leaves are narrower and much fhorter ; whether
ARUM SCANDENS. See DRACONTIUM .
thefe differences may not be occafioned by the weak
ARUNDO. Lin. Gen. Plant. 76. The Reed . nefs of the plant, I cannot take upon me to deter
The CHARACTERS are,
mine ; for it is well known , that all thoſe plants which
It is of the Grafs tribe ; the flowers grow in Spikes, and have variegated leaves, are much weaker than the
2
plain
 A SA AS A

plain, and do not grow fo large, nor will they refift which are indented on their edges. Afarina hederula
the cold fo well. But as this is fuppofed to be a na faxatilis. Lob. Icon. 601. Afarina, or Rock Ground
tive of a different country, and by all the writers who jay.
have mentioned it fuppofed to be different, I have 2. ASARINA (Freta ) caule erecto foliis lanceolatis am
enumerated it among the fpecies. plexicaulibus paniculâ dichotomâ. Upright Baftard
The two forts of Bambu are of great fervice to the Afarum with Spear-shaped leaves which embrace the ftalks,
inhabitants ofIndia, who make moft of their common and fpikes of flowers coming out from the divifion of the
utenfils of the ſtems of theſe canes, which grow to branches. Penftemon . Mitch. Gen. 14.
a prodigious magnitude in thofe countries. The first fort is a low trailing annual plant, the
We have plants of the fourth fort in the Engliſh gar branches extend little more than a foot each way, and
dens, which are more than twenty feet high ; and if are weak, fo that unless they are fupported, they lie
the ſtoves in which they are kept were high enough upon the ground ; thefe are garnifhed with leaves like
to admit them, they would, according to appearance, thofe of Ground-ivy, which grow by pairs ; at the
rife to twice that height. The fhoots of this plant wings of the leaves the flowers come out fingly on
are of quicker growth than any other yet known, each fide the ftalk, which are ſhaped like thofe of
which riles with an upright ftalk ; for a ſtrong ſhoot Snap-dragon, but have a long tube ; they are of a
from the root will rife to twenty feet in five or fix worn-out purple colour at the top, but below of an
weeks, as I have for feveral years obferved. Some herbaceous colour. Thefe come out in June, and the
of thefe ftems are as large as a man's wrift, but in feeds ripen in September, which fhould be fown foon
general as big as walking- fticks, and when dried are after, or permitted to fcatter, for when they are fown
as fit for that purpoſe as thoſe which are imported. in the fpring they feldom grow. The plants fhould
The leaves of this fort are much broader than thofe of
remain where they are fown, and require no other
the fifth, particularly at their bafe ; theſe leaves are care but to keep them clean from weeds, and thin
generally put round the tea- chefts in their package, them where they grow too clofe . As there is not
and are faftened together fo as to form a kind of much beauty in this plant, two or three of them
mat. will be enough in a garden, for the fake of variety.
The fifth fort is more rare at prefent in Europe, tho' It grows naturally in Italy and the fouth of France.
it is the most common on the coaft of Malabar. The fecond fort grows naturally in North America.
They are both tender plants, fo will not live in this This plant hath upright ftalks, which grow a foot
country, unless they are preferved in a warm ſtove ; and a half high, and put out feveral fide branches,
and as their roots fpread very wide, they fhould garniſhed with oblong fpear-shaped leaves ending in
not be confined : therefore to have them produce a point, which grow oppofite, and embrace the ſtalks
ftrong ſtems, they muſt be planted in large tubs, filled at their baſe ; the flowers come out in fhort loofe

I with rich earth, and plunged into the hot-bed in the fpikes from the divifions of the ftalks, which are
bark-ftove ; and as they naturally grow in marfhy low fhaped like thofe of the former, but are leſs, and of
places, they require plenty of water, eſpecially a purple colour. They appear in June and July, and
when the roots have filled the tubs in which they were their feeds ripen in September.
planted. When the tubs decay, the boards may be The feeds of this fort fhould be fown in the autumn,
removed, and the plants permitted to root into the for thoſe which are fown in the ſpring, feldom grow
tan, which will encourage them to grow to a larger the fame year, but remain in the ground till the fol
fize ; but then there must be care taken when the bed lowing fpring. When the plants are grown ftrong
is refreſhed with new tan, to leave a fufficient quan enough to remove, they fhould be tranfplanted into
tity of the old tan about the roots of the plants ; for a fhady border, which will prevent their floweringthe
if they are too much bared, and the new tan laid fame year ; and in the autumn they may be planted
near them, when that heats, it will ſcorch their roots in the borders of the flower- garden, where they will
fo that the plants are fometimes deftroyed by it. Both add to the variety. The roots feldom laſt above two
forts are propagated by flips from the roots, which or three years, fo that young plants ſhould be annually
fhould be taken off in the fpring, that they may be raiſed.
well eſtabliſhed before the winter.
ASARUM [from a privative, and Caięw, Gr. to adorn,
The fixth fort is what the Turks make their writing as much as to fay, a plant not fit for ornament, ]
pens withal ; this grows in a valley near mount Afarabacca.
Athos, as alfo on the banks of the river Jordan, but The CHARACTERS are,
there are none of the plants in England. This fort The flowers bath a thick bell-shaped empalement ofone leaf,
may be managed as the Bambu. which is coloured, and flightly cut at the brim into three
ARUNDO SACCHARIFERA. See SACHA parts, which are reflexed. It hath no petals, but twelve
RUM . Short awl-shaped ftamina, crowned by oblong fummits,
ASARINA. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 171. tab. 76. Baf which are fastened in the middle to the ftamina ; at the
tard Afarum . bottom of the empalement is inclofed a thick germen, fup
The CHARACTERS are, porting a fhort cylindrical ftyle, crowned by a reflexed
The empalement is of one leaf, which is cut into five equal Stigma, cut into fix parts. The germen afterward turns
fegments almoft to the bottom. The flower is of one leaf, to a thick capfule having fix cells, containing feveral oval
of the grining kind, having a long cylindrical tube, di feeds.
vided at the top into two lips, the upper one being divided This genus of plants is ranged in Linnæus's eleventh
into two parts, whofe edges are reflexed. The lower lip is clafs, entitled Dodecandria Monogynia, the flowers
Slightly cut into three parts which are obtufe ; the two lips having twelve ſtamina and one ſtyle.
join clofe together, fo as to form a kind offnout. It hath The SPECIES are,
fourfamina, two of which are longer than the other ; in 1. ASARUM (Europeum) foliis reniformibus obtufis binis.
the center is placed a round germenfupporting aſingleſtyle, Lin. Sp. Pl. 442. Afarabacca with kidney-shaped leaves,
crowned by an obtufe ftigma. The germen afterward turns which have two blunt points. Afarum . C. B. P. 197.
to a round bufk, divided into two cells, which are full of Common Afarabacca.
roundish feeds. 2. ASARUM (Canadenfe) foliis reniformibus mucronatis.
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnæus joined to his Lin. Sp. Plant. 442. shaped
Afarabacca with kidney -
genus of Antirrhinum, which is ranged in the fecond leaves ending in a point. Afarum Canadenfe. Cornut.
fection of his fourteenth clafs, titled Didynamia An Canad. 24. Canada Afarabacca.
giofpermia, the flowers having two long and two 3. ASARUM (Virginicum ) foliis cordatis obtufis glabris
fhorter itamina, and the feeds having a capfule. petiolatis. Flor. Virg. 162. Ajarabacca with finooth,
The SPECIES are, blunt, heart-shaped leaves having foot-ftalks. Afarum
1. ASARINA ( Procumbens) caule decumbente foliis op Virginianum piftolochiæ foliis fubrotundis cyclaminis
pofitis reniformibus crenatis. Bastard Afarum with a more maculatis. Pluk . Alın. 53 .
trailing ftalk, and kidney-fhaped leaves growing oppofite,
The
!

ASC ASC

The firſt fort hath thick fleſhy roots which arejointed, | 3. ASCLEPIAS ( Lutea) foliis ovatis acutis caule infirmo,
and ſend out fibres from every part ; the leaves grow ambellis fimplicibus . Swallow - wort with oval pointed
fingly upon fhort foot-ftalks, arifing immediately from leaves, a weakftalk, and fingle umbels. Afclepias an
the root ; theſe are kidney-ſhaped, eared at the foot guftifolia flore flavefcente. H. R. Par.
ſtalk, and rounded at the top , where they are in 4. ASCLEPIAS ( Verticillata) foliis revolutis linearibus ver
dented ; they are fmooth, and of a fhining green ticillatis caule erecto. Lin. Sp . Plant. 217. Swallow 1
colour : the flowers grow upon very ſhort foot-ſtalks wort with narrow twisting leaves growing in whorles, and
clofe to the ground , fo are hid under the leaves. They an upright ftalk. Apocynum Marianum erectum lina
are compofed of a bell-ſhaped empalement, ofa worn riæ anguftiffimis foliis umbellatum. Pluk . Mant. 17.
out purple colour, which is cut into three at the top, 5. ASCLEPIAS ( Syriaca) foliis ovalibus fubtus tomentofis
where it turns backward : in the bottom is fituated caule fimpliciffimo umbellis nutantibus. Lin . Sp.
the germen, attended by twelve ſhort ſtamina, which Plant. 214. Swallow- wort with oval downy leaves, a
afterward turns to a leathery feed-veffel, divided into Singleſtalk, and nodding umbels. This is the Apocynum
fix cells, which contain ſeveral roundiſh feeds. majus Syriacum erectum. Corn. Canad . Greater up
The leaves of the ſecond fort are much larger than right Syrian Dogfbane.
thoſe of the firſt, and ſtand on longer foot-ftalks ; 6. ASCLEPIAS ( Amana) foliis ovatis fubtus pilofiufculis
theſe are pointed and hairy. The flowers are like caule fimplici umbellis nectariifque erectis. Lin. Sp.
thofe of the other fort, growing cloſe to the root, but Plant. 214. Swallow-wort with oval leaves, hairy on
are ſomewhat inclining to green on their outſide, in their under fide, a single stalk, with upright umbels and
all other refpects they agree. nectarii. Apocynum floribus amoene purpureis corni
The third fort hath ſmooth blunt heart-shaped leaves, culis furrectis. Hort. Elth. 31.
ſtanding on longer foot-ftalks ; theſe are veined and 7. ASCLEPIAS ( Purpurafcens) foliis ovatis fubtus villofis
fpotted on their upper furface like thoſe of the au caule fimplici umbellis erectis nectariis , refupinatis .
tumnal Cyclamen ; the flowers of this are ſhaped like Lin. Sp. Plant. 214. Swallow- wort with oval leaves,
the others, but ftand on longer foot-ftalks, and are hairy on their under fide, a fingle ftalk, and upright um
of a darker purple colour. Theſe flower in April and bels with inclining nectarii. Apocynum erectum Nove
May, and their feeds ripen in July and Auguft. boracenfe foliis minùs incanis flore ex obfoleto dilutè
The firſt of theſe forts is very common, and hath purpurafcente. Par. Bat. 33 .
been found wild in fome parts of England, though 8 . ASCLEPIAS (Variegata) foliis ovatis rugofis nudis caule
but rarely ; it delights in a moift fhady place, and is fimplici umbellis fubfeffilibus pedicellis tomentofis.
increaſed by parting the roots in autumn. This is the Lin. Sp. Plant. Swallow- wort with rough, naked, oval
fort which is uſed in medicine. leaves, a fingle ftalk, umbels growing close to the stalk,
The Canada fort is equally hardy, fo will endure our having woollyfoot f-talks. Apocynum vetus Americanum
common winters in the open ground, being rarely Wifank dictum . Hort. Elth. 32 .
hurt by frofts, if planted in a dry foil, for too much 9 . ASCLEPIAS (Incarnata ) foliis lanceolatis caule fupernè
wet often occafions the roots to rot in winter. This divifo, umbellis erectis . Lin . Sp. Plant. 215. Swallow
is propagated as the other. wort with Spear-shaped leaves, the upper part of the ſtalk
The third fort will alfo live in the open air in Eng divided, and erect double umbels. Apocynum minùs
land, being ſeldom injured by froft ; but if the plants rectum Canadenfe . Corn. Canad. 9 .
are too much expofed to the fun in fummer, they 10. ASCLEPIAS ( Decumbens) foliis villofis caule decum
feldom thrive well ; therefore they fhould be planted bente. Lin. Sp . Plant. 216. Swallow- wort with hairy
in a border where they may have only the morning leaves, and a declining ftalk. Apocynum Carolinianum
fun, in which fituation they will fpread and increaſe. aurantiacum pilofum. Pet. H. Sicc. 90.
Theſe two laft grow naturally in feveral parts of 11. ASCLEPIAS ( Tuberofa ) foliis alternis lanceolatis caule
North America. divaricato pilofo. Lin. Sp . Plant. 217. Swallow- wort
ASCLEPIAS [fo called from Æfculapius the firſt with fpear -shaped leaves growing alternate, and a hairy
inventor of phyfic ; it is alſo called Vincetoxicum, divided ftalk. Apocynum Novæ Angliæ hirfutum tu
from vincere, to ovecome, and roixa, poifons, q. d . berofa radice floribus aurantiis. H. L. 649. commonly
a plant overcoming poifons, ] Hirundinaria, or Swal called Orange Apосупит .
low-wort. 12. ASCLEPIAS (Glabra) foliis lineari-lanceolatis glabris
The CHARACTERS' are, caule fruticofo umbellis lateralibus. Swallow- wort with
The empalement is of one leaf, which is cut into five acute finooth, narrow, fpear-shaped leaves, a fhrubbyftalk, and
fegments ; the petal of the flower is alſo of one leaf, di umbels coming out of the fides. Apocynum erectum
vided into five oval parts, which are reflexed ; in the cen Africanum villofo fractu falicis folio glabro anguſto.
Par. Bat. 23.
ter is fituated five nectarii which encompass the parts of
generation ; thefe have horns which turn toward the fta 13. ASCLEPIAS (Fruticofa) foliis lanceolatis glabris um
mina, and are joined in a truncated body inclofed by five bellis fimplicibus lateralibus caule fruticofo. Swallow
fcales, which open every way . There are five ftamina wort withfmooth Spear - shaped leaves, fingle umbels coming
which arefearce vifible, which have five fummits, fituated from the fides of the branches, and afhrubbystalk. Apo
between the nectarii, and inclofed by the fcales of the trun cynum erectum Africanum folio falicis lato glabro
cated body. It hath two oval pointed germen , Supporting fructu villofo. Par. Bat. 24.

two short styles crowned by a fingle ftigma. The germen 14. ASCLEPIAS (Villofa ) foliis lanceolatis villofis acutis
afterward becomes two large, oblong, fwelling pods ending umbellis fimplicibus erectis caule fruticofo . Swallow
in a point, baving one cell, which opens with two valves wort with hairyfpear s-haped leaves, fingle upright umbels,
filled with compreffed feeds, lying over each other like tiles and a fhrubby stalk. Apocynum erectum Africanum
on a boufe, and are crowned with a foft down. villofo fructu falicis folio lato fubhirfuto. Par. Bat.
This genus of plants is ranged in Linnæus's fecond 24.
ſection of his fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Digynia, 15. ASCLEPIAS ( Rotundifolia) caule erecto fruticofo ,
the flowers having five ſtamina and two ſtyles. foliis fubrotundis amplexicaulibus, umbellis congeftis .
The SPECIES are, Swallow- wort with an upright frubby fialk, roundish
1. ASCLEPIAS (Alba) foliis ovatis bafi barbatis caule erecto leaves embracing it, and clofe umbels. Apocynum erectum
umbelulis proliferis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 314. Swallow fruticofum folio fubrotundo glauco. Par. Bat. 37.
wort with oval leaves bearded at their bafe, an upright 16. ASCLEPIAS ( Nivea) foliis lanceolatis glabris caule
ftalk, and a proliferous umbel. Afclepias albo flore. C. fimplici umbellis erectis lateralibus folitariis. Lin. Sp .
B. P. 303. Plant. 215. Swallow- wort with a single ftalk, fmeeth
2. ASCLEPIAS ( Nigra) foliis ovatis bafi barbatis caule Spear-shaped leaves, and upright fingle umbels, proceeding
fupernè fubvolubili. Lin. Sp. Plant. 216. Swallow from the wings of the leaves. Apocynum Americanum
wort with oval leaves bearded at their bafe, and the upper foliis Amygdali longioribus. Plum. Cat. 2.
part of the ſtalk twining. Afclepias nigro flore . C. B. 17. ASCLEPIAS ( Curaffavica) foliis lanceolatis petiolatis
P. 303. glabris caule fimplici umbellis erectis folitariis. Lin.
Sp.
 ASC ASC

Sp. Plant. 215. Swallow-wort withſmooth Spear- shaped downward ; fometimes thefe are fucceeded by large
leaves, havingfoot-ſtalks, a ſingle ſtalk, and uprightfingle oval pods, filled with flat feeds , crowned by a long
umbels. Apocynum radice fibrosâ, petalis coccineis foft down ; it flowers in July. This propagates faft
corniculis croceis. Hort. Elth. 34. commonly called enough by its creeping root, and will grow in any
Baftard Ipecacuane . foil or fituation . It may be tranſplanted any time
18. ASCLEPIAS (Gigantea) foliis amplexicaulibus oblongo after the ftalks decay, or before the roots fhoot in
ovalibus. Flor. Zeyl. 112. Swallow -wort with oblong, the fpring .
oval leaves, embracing the ftalks. Apocynum erectum The fixth fort hath a perennial root, which fends up
majus latifolium Indicum . Pluk. Alm. 35. tab. 175. feveral upright ftalks in the fpring, about two feet
f. 3. high, garnished with oval leaves growing oppofite ;
19. ASCL (Scand )f o -l fub at the top of the ſtalks the umbels of flowers are pro
EPIA
S fru ens oliis blongo anceolati
hirfu c a ule f c anden u m l a s
teral duced, which are of a bright purple colour, making
tis ticof belli
o te s ibus
conge . Swal - wort with oblon , Spear -shape , hairy a pretty appearance in July, but are not fucceeded by
ftis low g d
leave , a fhrub c f , and compa u p pods in England ; this muſt be treated as the fourth
s by limbing talk ct mbels ro
ceedi from the fide. fort. I was favoured with this by Mr. Peter Collinſon,
ng F. R. S.
The first fort is the common Swallow-wort of the
fhops. This is called Vincetoxicum & Hirundinaria, The ſeventh fort grows naturally in North America.
in Engliſh Swallow-wort, or tame poiſon, from its This hath a perennial root, which fends out fingle
fuppofed virtue, being accounted a mighty counter ftalks near three feet high, garniſhed with oval leaves,
poifon. The root is the only part which is uſed : it hairy on their under fide, placed oppofite ; the flow
is compofed of many ftrong fibres, which are con ers grow in erect umbels at the top, and the nectarii
nected at the top, like thofe of Afparagus, from are declining. They are of a worn-out purple co
which arife many foot-ftalks, in number proporti lour reſembling thofe of the fifth ; it is very hardy,
onal to the fize of the roots ; which grow near and propagates faft by its creeping roots, but never
two feet high, are very flender at the top ; the leaves produces feeds in England . This will grow in any
are oval, ending in a point, and placed by pairs. The foil or fituation, and may be tranfplanted when the
ftalks decay.
flowers are white, growing in umbels near the top of
the ftalk, from which are fent out fmaller umbels ; The eighth fort reſembles the feventh, but the leaves
the flowers are of one leaf, cut into five parts, in the are rough, and the umbels of flowers are more com
center of which are placed five horned nectarii, among pact, and come out on the fide of the ftalk ; theſe
which the ftamina and ftyles are fituated . After the are of an herbaceous colour, and are not fucceeded
flower is paft, the two germen become two long by pods in this country, but is propagated by roots as
pointed pods, inclofing many compreffed feeds, which the former fort.
are crowned with a foft white down. The flowers The ninth fort came firft from Canada, but hath fince
appear in June, and the feeds ripen in September. been found growing naturally in feveral other parts of
This fort grows naturally in the fouth of France, America. This hath a perennial root, which puts out
Spain, and Italy. feveral upright ſtalks about two feet high, which have
The fecond fort agrees with the firft, in the fhape of oblong fmooth leaves placed by pairs ; at the top are
its roots, leaves, and flowers, but the ftalks extend produced clofe umbels of purple flowers ; thefe ap
to a greater length, and toward their upper part twiſt pear in Auguft, but are not fucceeded by feeds here,
round any ſticks, or other plants near them, and the fo is only propagated by parting the roots, which
flowers of this are black. This flowers at the fame do not increaſe very faft, therefore the plant is not
time with the firſt, and ſeldom fails to ripen its feeds very plenty in the gardens ; it is hardy enough to live
in England . abroad, if it is planted in a dry foil.
The third differs from both the other in the narrow The tenth fort is a native of North America, but is
nefs of its leaves, and weakneſs of its ſtalks ; the um hardy enough to live abroad in England, if it is
bels of flowers are fingle, and of a yellow colour. planted in a warm fituation and a dry foil. This hath
This flowers at the fame time with the two former declining ftalks, which are hairy, a foot and a half
forts, and generally perfects feeds in England . There long ; the leaves are narrow, hairy, and placed op +
is a variety of this with broader leaves, which may pofite ; the umbels grow at the extremity of the
have come from the feeds of this. branches, which are compact, the flowers are of a
Theſe plants are common in the Engliſh gardens, bright Orange colour. It is propagated by feeds,
and natives of the fame countries . They are gene which fhould be fown in pots, and plunged into a
rally propagated by parting their roots, eſpecially the moderate hot-bed to bring up the plants, which fhould
firft fort, which feldom produces feeds in England . be inured to the open air fo foon as the weather will
The beſt time for this is in autumn, when their ſtalks permit; for ifthey are drawn up weak, they feldom
begin to decay. They fhould not be planted nearer recover it. When they are of a proper ftrength to
together than three feet, for the fibres of their roots remove, they ſhould be fhaken out of the pots, and
extend to a confiderable diftance. They are very planted in a warm border fix inches afunder, being
hardy plants, fo will thrive in any fituation, but love careful to fhade them from the fun until they have
a dry foil. Their ſtalks die in autumn, and new ones taken freſh root, but they must have very little water
rife in the fpring. given them, for they are milky plants, which rot with
The fourth fort grows naturally in North America ; much wet. During the fummer they must be kept
this riſes with flender upright ftalks, garniſhed with clean from weeds, and when their ſtalks decay in au
very narrow leaves, growing in whorles round the tumn, fome rotten tan fhould be laid over the ground
ftalks, at the top of which grow umbels of ſmall, to keep out the froft, which fhould be removed in
white, ftarry flowers. Thefe appear in July, but are the fpring before the plants put out new fhoots ; the
never fucceeded by pods in England, fo are only pro following fummer they will require no other care than
pagated by parting their roots ; which fhould be before, and alfo the next winter they must be covered
done in the fpring, before they put out new fhoots . as in the former. The fecond fpring the roots may
The roots fhould be planted in a warm border and be tranfplanted where they are to remain ; the roots
dry foil, and in winter covered with old tan, to pre will then be ſtrong enough to flower in fummer, and
vent the froft from penetrating the ground. will laſt feveral years, especially if they are covered
The fifth fort creeps greatly at the root, fo that it with tan to keep out the froft, but they fhould not
will foon fpread over a large fpot of ground ; this be afterward removed ; for when the roots are large,
fends up ftrong ftems upward of four feet high, which they will not bear tranfplanting.
have thick oval leaves placed oppofite, hoary on their The eleventh fort is a native of the fame countries,
under fides . Toward the top of the ftalks the um and is much like the former, but differs in having up
bels of flowers come out on the fide ; thefe are of a 'right ſtalks, and the leaves growing alternate. The
7 roots of this grow to a large fize, fo will not bear
worn-out purple colour, fmelling fweet, and nod
A a tranf

#
 ASC AS C

tranfplanting after the plants are two years old. which are white, and ſtand erect ; theſe are fucceeded
It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be treated by oblong pointed pods , filled with compreffed feeds ,
in the manner directed for the former. Thefe crowned with foft down. It flowers in June and July,
flower the latter end of July and in Auguft ; and and the feeds ripen in October.
in warm feaſons, fometimes ripen their feeds in Eng This plant is tender, fo muft be raiſed in a hot- bed,
land. Neither of theſe plants will live long in pots, and tranfplanted into pots filled with rich earth, and
for which reafon I have recommended their being plunged into the tan-bed in the ftove. It must have
planted in the full ground ; but they fhould have a but little water, and conſtantly remain in the ftove,
warm fituation . otherwiſe the plants will not thrive here.
The twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth forts grow The ſeventeenth fort is alfo a native ofthe warm parts
naturally at the Cape of Good Hope. I have alfo of America, the roots of which have been fent to
received feeds of the thirteenth fort from Alexandria ; England for Ipecacuana, from which it may be eafily
and Mr. Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. gave me fome feeds diſtinguiſhed by its form, this being compoſed of a
of it, which were fent him from Minorca ; but it is great number of fmall fibres ; whereas the true Ipe
not certain that it grows naturally there, but may have cacuana hath jointed roots, which run deep into the
been carried thither from Africa. ground, and are fleshy. There have been may ac
Theſe rife with upright fhrubby ſtems to the height counts of the bad effects of the uſe of theſe roots, as
of ſeven or eight feet, and divide into many branches ; alſo of the poiſonous quality of the plant ; fo that the
thofe of the twelfth fort are garniſhed their whole public fhould be cautioned not to make uſe of it, and
length with long, narrow, fmooth leaves, ending in alfo to be careful not to let the milky juice of the
a point ; from the wings of the leaves the umbels plant mix with any thing which is taken inwardly.
of flowers are produced, upon long foot-ſtalks ; the This plant rifes five or fix feet high, with upright
flowers are white, and grow looſely on the umbel ; ftems, garniſhed with ſmooth oblong leaves, placed
theſe are frequently fucceeded by fhort, thick, fwelling oppofite ; toward the top of the branches the umbels
pods, ending in a point, which are thick fet with of flowers come out, which are ſingle, and grow erec
t;
&
hairs, and filled with compreffed feeds, crowned with the petals of the flowers are of a fcarlet colour
a foft down. This flowers from June to October, and and the horny nectarii in the middle are of a bright
the feeds ripen in winter. Saffron colour, which make a pretty appearance ;
The thirteenth fort differs from the twelfth, in having there is commonly a fucceffion of thefe flowers on
much broader leaves, which are of a darker green ; the fame plant from June to October. The flowers
the umbels of flowers are fmaller, grow upon fhorter are fucceeded by long taper pods filled with feeds
foot-ſtalks, and the fingle flowers are larger. This crowned by a foft down, which ripen late in the au
flowers at the fame time with the former. tumn .
The fourteenth fort doth not rife fo high as either of It is propagated by feeds, which must be fown on a
the former, and the branches grow at a much greater hot-bed in the fpring, and the plants fhould be treated
diſtance ; the leaves are ſhorter, and are covered on in the fame manner as is before directed for the
both fides with fhort hairs. The flowers grow in former fort ; the roots of this may be continued three
ſmall looſe umbels, and are white ; theſe appear in the or four years, but after the fecond year the plants
fame ſeaſon with the former. grow naked, and do not produce fo many flowers as
Theſe are propagated by feeds, which may be fown before ; fo that it is much better to raiſe young plants
in April on a bed of light earth in the open air, and to fucceed the other, eſpecially as they produce plenty
when the plants are three or four inches high, they of feeds in England.
fhould be each planted in a ſmall pot filled with light The eighteenth fort rifes with upright ſtems fix or
earth, and ſhaded until they have taken new root, feven feet high, which are garniſhed with thick oval
then they may be placed with other exotic plants in leaves placed oppofite. The umbels of flowers are
a ſheltered fituation till October, when they must be fingle ; the flowers are white, of a ſtar figure, having
removed into the green-houſe, and during the winter five points ; the pods of this fort are very large, in
fhould have but little water ; for as they abound with fhape like an ox's tefticles, and are filled with flat
a milky juice, much wet will rot them . The only feeds, lying over each other like tiles on a houſe. I
care thefe will require, is to fhift them into larger received the feeds of this fort from the Right Hon.
pots as they advance in their growth; but care fhould the Earl of Northumberland, who procured it from
be taken not to put them in pots too large, and in the India.
fummer to place them abroad with other plants from This plant is tender, fo muſt be preſerved conſtantly
the fame country . in the ſtove, and treated in the fame manner as the
Theſe three forts may alſo be propagated by cuttings, two former forts, and ſhould have very little wet, efpe
which if planted in July or Auguſt, in a fhady border, cially in the winter.
will foon take root, and may foon after be taken up The nineteenth fort I received from Carthagena ; this
and planted in pots, and managed as the feedling hath climbing ſtalks, which faften themſelves to the
plants. The thirteenth fort hath lived in the open neighbouring plants, and rife to the height of ten or
air in mild winters in the Chelſea garden, but in cold twelve feet ; the joints of the ſtalks are pretty diſtant
winters they are conftantly deftroyed. from each other ; at each are produced two oblong,
The fifteenth fort grows with an upright fhrubby fpear-shaped, hairy leaves, growing oppofite, upon
ftalk to the height of fix or feven feet, dividing to very ſhort foot- ftalks ; the umbels of flowers come
ward the top into three or four branches, garniſhed out from the wings of the leaves, which are very
their whole length with ſtiff roundish leaves, which compact, and the flowers are of a fulphur colour.
cloſely embrace them . Toward the upper part, the Thefe appear in Auguft, but have not been fucceeded
flowers are produced on their fides, growing in fhort by feeds in England.
compact umbels. Theſe are of an herbaceous colour, This plant is tender, fo muſt be conftantly preferved
fo make but little appearance ; they come out chiefly in the ftove, and treated in the fame way as is direct
in autumn and winter. This grows naturally at the ed for the former forts.
Cape of Good Hope, and requires the fame culture ASCYRUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 737. Hypericoides.
as the former forts. There is a variety of this with Plum. Nov. Gen. 51. tab. 7. St. Peterfwort.
deep green leaves, which fome have ſuppoſed to be a The CHARACTERS are,
different fpecies, but I haveraiſed itfrom the famefeeds . The empalement is four leaved, the two outer being nar
The fixteenth fort grows naturally in the warm parts row and oppofite, the two inner are broad, heart-
shaped,
of America, the feeds were fent me from La Vera and erect. The flower bath four oval petals, the two
Cruz. This rifes with fingle ftalks four feet high, outer are large and placed oppofite, the two inner are
garniſhed with ſmooth fpear-shaped leaves, ending fmall. In the center is fituated an oblong germen, with a
in a point ; toward the top of the ſtalk the umbels of veryshort style, crowned by a single ftigma. This is at
flowers are produced from the wings of the leaves, tended by a great number of briftly ftamina, which are
joined
 ASH ASH

joined at their bafe into four bodies, and are crowned perience has fhewn, that the aſhes of any fort of ve
with roundfummits. The germen afterward becomes an getable are very advantageous to land, by the im
oblong pointed feed- veffel, opening in two valves, and filled provement that has been made in moſt places in Eng
withsmall round feeds. The feed- veffel is inclofed by the land, by burning bean-ftalks, fern, furze, heath,
two large leaves of the empalement. fedge, ftraw, ftubble, & c.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third ſection of Coal ashes, or fuch as are made of Newcaſtle, Scotch,
Linnæus's eighteenth claſs, entitled Polyadelphia Po and other pit-coal, are much recommended by fome ;
lyandria, the flowers having many ftamina, which but the first are moſt approved of, becauſe they con
are joined in feveral bodies. tain a greater quantity of nitrous and fulphureous
The SPECIES are , matter than the others, though the reft are good.
1. ASCYRUM (Crux Andrea) foliis ovatis caule tereti pa There is no dreffing fo good for grafs ground as the
niculâ dichotomâ. Lin. Sp. Plant. 787. St. Peterfwort fea- coal afhes, efpecially for cold wet land, and where
with oval leaves, a taper ſtalk, and flowers growing in it is fubject to rushes or mofs ; for thefe will deftroy
loofe fpikesfrom the divifions of the branches. Hyperi both, and occafion the grafs to be much finer : but
coides ex terrâ marianâ floribus exiguis luteis. Pluk. this dreffing ſhould be laid on the land early in win
Mant. 104. called St. Andrew's Cross. ter, otherwiſe they will do harm the first fummer ;
2. ASCYRUM (Villofum) foliis hirfutis caule ftricto. Lin . for when they are laid on the ground in the fpring,
Sp. Plant. 788. St. Peterfwort with hairy leaves and a they will cauſe the grafs to burn as foon as the warmth
Stiffflender talk. Hypericum Virginianum frutefcens comes on ; whereas thofe that were put on early
pilofiffimum. Pluk. Alm. 189 . enough to receive the winter's rain, will be waſhed
3. ASCYRUM ( Hypericoides) foliis oblongis, ramis ancipi into the ground before the warm feafon, whereby
tibus. Lin. Sp . 1108. St. Peterfwort with oblong leaves the grafs will have the benefit of it the first year.
and a flattedftalk. Hypericoides frutefcens erecta flo Where the land is poor and four, producing ruſhes
re luteo. Plum . Nov. Gen. 51 . and mofs only, there fhould be at leaſt twenty loads
The firſt fort is a low plant, whofe ſtalks feldom rife of aíhes laid upon each acre ; for a flight dreffing
more than fix inches high, garniſhed with ſmall oval will not anſwer the defign of killing weeds and mofs,
leaves, placed by pairs ; the ftalks are flender, and nor will it be fufficient to enrich land which is cold
divide into two toward the top. From between the and fluggiſh, therefore it will be better to lay a good
divifion of the branches, the loofe fpikes of yellow dreffing at firſt, than to do it at ſeveral intervals ; for
Howers are produced very ſmall, fo make no ap one fubftantial dreffing will continue the land longer
pearance ; therefore the plant is fcarce worthy of a in heart than three flight ones, befides the advantage
place in gardens, except for the fake of variety. The before-mentioned.
root is perennial, and the plant may be propagated But theſe ought to be applied fuperficially, and not
by laying down its branches ; it loves a moift foil and too near the roots of plants ; and if ſo, there are few
a fhady fituation. This grows naturally in North plants but will receive benefit by them, by their ni
America ; I was favoured with this plant by the Right trous and fulphureous qualities being waſhed down by
Hon. the Earl of Northumberland, who procured it the rain, which will open by the ſtrength of water,
from thence. and cauſe it to heave, in fome degree, as lime will
The fecond fort grows about three feet high, with do when water is thrown upon it.
upright ſtalks, garniſhed with hairy oblong leaves ; Wood-aſhes are commended as the principal of fu
the flowers are produced at the ends of the ſtalks, perficial dreffings for land, in that they contain a ve
which are of the ſhape and colour with common St. getative kind of ſalt.
Johnfwort, but have only four leaves. This hath a Kiln-afhes, i. e. fuch as are made of ftraw, furze,
perennial root, but the ftalks decay every autumn. &c. are, by fome, accounted as good as any of the
It may be propagated by parting the roots in autumn, fpirituous improvements of lands that are lightifh ;
when the ftalks decay, and fhould be planted in a but for fuch as are heavy, they are looked upon as
loamy foil ; this fome years will produce feeds in Eng fcarce folid and ponderous enough. Theſe afhes the
land. It grows naturally in Virginia. maltſters in the weft country fift over their corn and
The third fort grows naturally in South Carolina, grafs, which are fuppofed, by their heat, to cauſe a
from whence I received the feeds . This plant rifes a fermentation, a hollownefs and loofenefs in the
foot and a half high, with flat ſtalks, garniſhed with mould ; by which means the rains enter it the more
oval ſmooth leaves growing oppofite ; the ſtalks are eafily, and diſpoſe the earth for giving up an affump
terminated by three or four yellow flowers, growing tion of its vegetative augment.
cloſe together, which are larger than thofe of the com But thefe being light, ought never to be ftrewed nor
mon St. Johnfwort, and the petals of the flowers are fifted in windy weather, becauſe they would be blown
hollow. This fort rarely produces feeds in England, away ; and if it could be fo ordered as to be done juſt
but it may be propagated by cuttings made of the before fnow or rain, it would be the better.
young fhoots in May, which, if planted in pots, and Soap-afhes (i. e. after the foap-boilers have done with
plunged into a very moderate hot- bed, will take root them) are very proper for lands that are very cold
in five or fix weeks, when they may be tranfplanted and four, and to kill weeds of all forts : and Sir
into a warm border, where they will endure the cold Hugh Plat mentions one at Ware, who having a piece
of our ordinary winters ; but in fevere frofts they are of land over-run with broom and furze, manured it
frequently deftroyed, unless the roots are covered with foap-afhes, and had an incredible crop of wheat
with tan to keep out the froft. for fix years fucceffively.
Theſe plants have little beauty, fo are feldom culti Pot-afhes, after the pot-afh men have done with
vated but in botanic gardens for the fake of variety. them, are eſteemed good for moſt forts of land ; but
ASCYRUM BALEARICUM. See HYPERI as they have been wet, and moſt of the falt drawn off
ASCYRUM MAGNO FLORE. by the lee, they ought to be laid on much thicker
CUM .
ASCYRUM VULGARE. than other aſhes.
ASH-TREE. See FRAXINUS . Turf-aſhes are very good for all forts of land, but
ASHES are eſteemed a good fuperficial dreffing for efpecially for clay lands, but will be much better if
corn and meadow land, as they give a new ferment mixed with lime.
to fuch lands as are in any degree fluggiſh and in But all theſe aſhes ought to be kept dry, from the
active, and enrich thofe which are jejune and flow, time they are made till they are uſed, elſe the rains
being endowed with fingular qualities to make them will both wash away their goodneſs, and alſo make
prolific. them clod, eſpecially fome of the laſt mentioned,
All forts of aſhes, indeed, contain in them a very which will prevent their ſpreading.
rich fertile falt, and are the beſt manure of any to lay And befides, one load of afhes that has been kept
upon cold wet land ; but then they ought to be kept dry, will go as far as two that have been expofed
dry, that the rain may not wash away their falt. Ex to the rain and coal-afhes, if moiftened with
2 cham
 AS P ASP

chamber-lye or foap-fuds, will greatly add to their When the plants come up, and are strong enough to
ftrength. remove, they fhould be each planted into a feparate
All calcined vegetables caufe a fiery heat and vege fmall pot filled with light earth, and plunged into a
tation, and, when wet comes, fet the ground to work, moderate hot-bed, to encourage their rooting again ;
by a fubtle infinuation unlocking the clods, and quick and fo foon as they are eſtabliſhed in the pots, they
•
ening the fluggiſhneſs of the earth, according to that fhould by degrees be inured to the open air, into
eſtabliſhed maxim among naturalifts, That all fer which they fhould be removed in fummer, placing
mentation is cauſed by the interpofition or mixture them in a fheltered fituation , where they may remain
of different qualities one with the other. till autumn, when they must be carried into the
It is after this manner that coal-afhes operate fo ad green-houfe, and in winter fhould have but little
mirably in loofening and mouldering ftiff clayey water.
grounds, and, as it is ufually termed, making it The fecond fort grows about five feet high, with flen
rough, afhy, or fandy-like and after the fame man der branches, garniſhed with leaves growing by fives
ner, fand mixed with clay does well, efpecially when clofe to the branches ; the flowers come out fingly
it is impregnated with faline qualities. upon long foot-ftalks, which are of a pale red colour ;
ASPALATHUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 767. African thefe appear in Auguft, but feldom are fucceeded by
Broom. pods here. This is propagated as the former, and
The CHARACTERS are, requires the fame treatment.
The empalement is of one leaf, which is cut into five equal The third fort rifes about four feet high, with a
fegments at the top ; the flower is of the butterfly kind. fhrubby ftalk dividing into flender branches, garnish
The ftandard is hairy, compreffed, and blunt -pointed ; ed with filky leaves, coming out by threes ; the flow
the wings are blunt, moon -
fhcped, and spread open, being ers are purple, downy, and grow thinly on the
fhorter than the standard ; the keel is bifid, and of the branches. This is propagated as the two former,
fame length as the wings. It hath ten stamina, nine of and muit be treated in the fame way as is directed for
which are joined and covered by the standard, the other the first fort. It flowers late in the fummer.
Standingfeparate ; thefe are crowned by oblongfingle fum ASPARAGUS, the firft fprigs of herbs before un
mits. Inthe bottom is fituated an oval germen fupporting folded into leaves, and the youngeſt and tendereft
a fingle ftyle, crowned by a pointed ftigma. The germen branches that are eatable, are called Afparagus .
afterward becomes an oval oblong pod, inclofing one or two ASPARAGUS [ Aσápal , Gr. fignifies a young
kidney-fhaped feeds. fhoot putting forth, ] Afparagus , Sparagus , corruptly
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection of called Sparrowgrafs .
Dr. Linnæus's feventeenth clafs , entitled Diadelphia' The CHARACTERS are ,

Decandria, the flowers having ten ftamina joined in There are male and hermaphrodite flowers upon different
two bodies. roots ; the male flowers are tubulous, compofed offix nar
The SPECIES are,
row petals, which do not spread open, having fix short
1. ASPALATHUS (Chenopoda ) foliis confertis fubulatis ftamina, but no ftyle or stigma ; these are barren the
mucronatis hifpidis floribus capitatis . Lin. Sp . Plant. bermaphrodite flowers have fix petals which spread open,
711. Afpalathus with rough, pointed, awl -shaped leaves, fix ftamina furrounding the germen, and a short style
growing in clusters, andflowers in heads. Genifta Afri crowned by an obtufe ftigma which is prominent. The
cana lutea, floribus hirfutis in capitula lanuginofa germen afterward becomes a round berry, having three
conglobatis foliis corrode aculeatis fubhirfutis. Herm . cells, each including one or two feeds, rounded on their
Cat. 11. Yellow African Broom . outfide, but angular where they join.
2. ASPALATHUS ( Indica) foliis quinatis feffilibus pedun This genus of plants is ranged by Dr. Linnæus in
culis unifloris. Lin. Sp . Plant. 712. Five-leaved Afpa the firit fection of his fixth clafs, titled Hexandria
lathus growing close to the branches, and one flower on a Monogynia, but with more propriety fhould be placed
foot-ftalk. Dorycnium Indicum floribus fingularibus in the fecond order of his twenty- firſt clafs, which
rubris in pedicellis oblongis filiquis perexiguis. Raii includes thofe plants as have the Polygamia on dif
Supp. 471. ferent roots .
3. ASPALATHUS ( Argentea) foliis trinis linearibus feri The SPECIES are ,

ceis ftipulis fimplicibus mucronatis floribus fparfis to 1. ASPARAGUS caule herbaceo erecto, foliis fetaceis,
mentofis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 713. Afpalathus with three ftipulis duabus interioribus, una exteriore. Flor.
narrow filky leaves, fingle-pointed ftipula, and woolly Suec. 272. Afparagus with an upright herbaceous ftalk,
flowers growing thinly. Cytifus Africanus anguftifo briftly leaves, having two inner and one outer ftipula.
lius fericea lanugine argentatus fpicâ lagopoide. Afparagus fativa. Č. B. P. 489. Garden Afparagus.
Pluk . Mat. 63 . 2. ASPARAGUS (Maritimus) caule inermi herbaceo foliis
Thele plants grow naturally about the Cape of Good teretibus longioribus fafciculatis . Afparagus with a
Hope, from whence I have received their feeds. The Smooth herbaceous ftalk, and longer taper leaves growing
first is a low fhrub growing about three feet high, with in clufters. Afparagus maritimus craffiore folio.
flender branches, garnifhed with many trifoliate leaves C. B. P. 490 .

growing in cluſters, which are awl-fhaped, pointed, 3 . ASPARAGUS ( Acutifolius) caule inermi fruticofo, fo
and rough ; at the ends of the branches the flowers liis aciformibus rigidulis perennantibus mucronatis
come out, which are yellow, collected in woolly æqualibus. Lin. Sp . 449. Afparagus with a fhrubby
heads ; thefe are rarely fucceeded by pods in Eng fmooth ftalk and rigid leaves, with points which abide in
land. It is propagated by feeds, which muft be ob winter. Afparagus foliis acutis. C. B. P. 490.
tained from the country where the plants grow natu 4 . ASPARAGUS (Albus) fpinis retroflexis, ramis flexuofis,
rally, and ſhould be fown in pots filled with light foliis fafciculatis angulatis muticis deciduis . Lin. Sp.
earth as foon as they arrive : if this happens in the 449. Afparagus with flexible branches and chaffy leaves
autumn, the pots fhould be plunged into an old tan growing in clusters, which fall offin winter. Aíparagus
bed whofe heat is fpent, where they may remain till aculeatis fpinis horridus . C. B. P. 490 .
fpring, when they fhould be removed into a moderate 5. ASPARAGUS ( Retrofractus) aculeis folitariis ramis re
hot-bed, which will bring up the plants. But when flexis retrofractifque, foliis fafciculatis . Lin. Sp .
the feeds arrive in the fpring, the pots in which the Plant. 313. Afparagus withfingle fpines, reflexed branches,
feeds are fown fhould be then plunged into a mode and leaves growing in clusters. Afparagus Africa
rate hot-bed ; and in warm weather the glaffes must nus tenuifolius, viminalibus virgis, foliis laricis ad
be fhaded inthe middle of the day, and the pots fre inftar ex uno puncto numerofis ftellatim pofitis. Pluk.
quently refreshed with water. Thofe feeds which are Alm. 40. tab. 375.

fown in the fpring, feldom grow the fame year, there 6. ASPARAGUS ( phyllus) aphyllus fpinis fubulatis ftria
fore in the autumn the pots fhould be put into an old tis inæqualibus divergentibus. Hort. Cliff. 122. Af
tan-bed, as was directed for thofe fown in autumn,
paragus without leaves, and arol f
-haped unequal spines
and afterward put in a hot-bed the following fpring. which Spread from each other. Afparagus aculeatus
6
alter,
 A S P AS P

alter, tribus aut quatuor fpinis ad eundem exortum. hands. Thefe hufks will all fwim upon the water,
C. B. P. 490 . but the feeds will fink to the bottom ; io that by pour
7. ASPARAGUS (Declinatus) caule inermi ramis declina ing off the water gently, the hufks will be carried
tis foliis fetaceis. Prod . Leyd. 29. Afparagus with a along with it, and by putting fresh water two or three
fmooth ftalk, declining branches, and briftly leaves. times, and ftirring your feed about, you will make it
8. ASPARAGUS ( Afiaticus) aculeis folitariis caule erecto entirely clean then fpread the feed upon a mat or
foliis fafciculatis, ramis filiformibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. cloth, and expofe it to the fun and air in dry weather,
313. Afparagus with fingle fpines, an uprightſtalk, leaves until it is perfectly dry, when it may be put into a
growing in clusters, and very flender branches. bag, and hanged up in a dry place till the beginning
9. ASPARAGUS (Capenfis) ſpinis lateralibus terminalibuf of February, which is the proper feafon for fowing
. que, ramis aggregatis foliis fafciculatis. Lin. Sp. it ; at which time you must prepare a bed of good
Plant. 314. Afparagus with fpines growing on the fides rich earth made very level, whereon you muſt ſow
and ends ofthe branches, which are in bunches, and leaves your feeds (but not too thick, which will caufe the
coming out in clusters. plants to be fmall ; ) then tread the bed all over to
10. ASPARAGUS ( Sarmentofus) foliis folitariis lineari lan bury the feed in the ground, and rake it over fmooth.
ceolatis caule flexuofo aculeis recurvis. Flor. Zeyl. The following fummer keep the ground diligently
124. Afparagus withfingle, narrow, fpear-shaped leaves, cleared from weeds, which will greatly add to the
a flexibleftalk, and recurved fpines. Afparagus acule ftrength of the plants ; and toward the latter end of
atus Zeylanicus maximus farmentofus . H. L. 62 . October, when the haulm is quite withered, you may
The first fort is the common Afparagus, which is ſpread a little rotten dung over the furface of the
cultivated for the ufe of the table, and may have pro ground, about two inches thick , which will preſerve
bably been brought by culture to the perfection it now the young buds from being hurt with the frotts, &c.
is, from the wild fort, which grows naturally in the The fpring following the plants will be fit to plant
fens of Lincolnshire , where the fhoots are no larger out for good (for plants of more than one year's
than ftraws ; but if fo, it muſt have been from very growth are unfit to remove, as I have often experi
long culture and good management ; for a friend enced ; for young plants are much better than old,
of mine, who procured fome feeds of the wild fort, and will produce finer roots :) you muſt therefore
which he cultivated with great care, in very rich prepare your ground by trenching it well, burying
ground, yet could not bring the roots to produce therein a good quantity of rotten dung at the bottom
fhoots more than half the fize of the garden kind, of each trench, that it may lie at leaft fix inches be
which grew on the fame ground ; but he always found low the furface of the ground ; then level the whole
the wild fort came up a week or ten days earlier in plot very exactly, taking out all large ftones : but
the fpring, and the fhoots were exceeding fweet. this fhould not be done long before you intend to
I have lately had ſome doubt, whether the fort of Af plant your Afparagus, in which you muſt be govern
paragus which grows naturally in England, was the ed according to the nature of your foil or the feafon ;
fame with that mentioned by Cafper Bauhin, becauſe for if your foil is dry and the feafon forward, you
Tournefort and Vaillant both affert that they had cul may plant early in March ; but in a wet foil, it is bet
tivated that wild fort in the royal garden at Paris fe ter to wait till the end of that month, or the begin
veral years, and it had never altered, therefore I pro ning of April, which is about the feafon that the
cured fpecimens of that, which I find to be extremely plants are beginning to fhoot. I know many people
different from the English fort. The leaves are much have advifed the planting of Afparagus at Michael
finer and ſhorter, and are produced in much larger mas, but this I have experienced to be very wrong ;
cluſters ; the branches grow much clofer together, for in two different years I was obliged to tranfplant
and the foot-ftalks of the flowers are longer ; there large quantities at that feafon, but I had better have
fore I believe it to be a diftinct fpecies from our wild thrown away the plants ; for upon examination in the
fort, which appears to me undoubtedly the fame as fpring, I found most of the roots were grown moul
the Garden Afparagus .
dy, and decaying, and I am fure, not one in five of
The Garden Afparagus is propagated by feeds, in the them fucceeded, and thoſe which did were fo weak,
procuring of which, there fhould be particular care as not to be worth their ſtanding.
to get it from a perfon of ſkill, who may be depended The feafon being come for planting, you muft, with
upon for his choice of the fhoots, and integrity in fup a narrow pronged dung-fork, carefully fork up the
plying with his beſt feeds. But where a perfon is roots, fhaking them out of the earth, and feparating
in poffeffion of fome good beds of Afparagus, it is them from each other, obferving to lay their heads
much the beſt way to fave it himſelf , in order even, for the more convenient planting them, which
to which, a fufficient number of the faireft buds muſt be performed in this manner :
ſhould be marked early in the ſpring, and permitted The plot of ground being levelled , you must begin
to run up for feeds ; becauſe thoſe which run up after at one fide thereof, ranging a line very tight crofs the
the feafon for cutting the Afparagus is over, are ge piece, throwing out a trench exactly ftrait, by the line
nerally fo backward, as not to ripen the feeds unleſs about fix inches deep, being careful not to turn up
the fummer is warm, and the autumn very favoura the dung ; into which trench you may lay your roots,
ble. In the choice of the buds to be left for feeds, fpreading them with your fingers, and placing them
there muſt be great regard had to their fize and upright against the back of the trench, that the buds
roundneſs, never leaving any that are inclinable to be may stand forward, and be about two inches below
flat, or that foon grow open headed , always choof the furface of the ground,. and at twelve inches dif
ing the roundeſt, and fuch as have the clofeft tops. tance from each other ; then with a rake, draw the
But as feveral of theſe produce only male flowers earth into the trench again, laying it very level, which
which are barren, a greater number of buds fhould will preferve the roots in their right pofition ; then
be left, than might be neceffary, if there could be a remove the line a foot farther back, and make ano
certainty of their being all fruitful. When the buds ther trench in the like manner, laying therein your
are left, it will be proper to thruſt a ſtick down by plants as before directed, and continuing the fame
each, but there muſt be care had in doing this, not diftance row from row, only obferving between every
to injure the crown of the root. Thefe fticks will four rows, to leave a diftance of two feet four inches
ferve as marks to diftinguish them from the others for an alley to go between the beds to cut the Afpa 14
when they are all run up. Toward the end of Sep ragus, &c. T
tember the berries will be fully ripe, when the ftalks The plot of ground being finifhed and levelled, you
fhould be cut off, and the berries ftripped into a tub, may fow thereon a fmall crop of Onions, which will
in which they may remain three weeks or a month to not hurt the Afparagus, provided the Onions are not
fweat, by which means the outer hufks will be rotten ; too cloſe, and tread in the feeds, raking the ground
then fill the tub with water, and with your hands level.
break all the huſks by fqueezing them between your
B b There
 À SP ASP

There are fome perfons who plant the feeds of Afpa called an Afparagus-fork : this muſt be done before
ragus in the place where the roots are to remain, which the buds begin to fhoot in the fpring, and ſhould be
is a very good method, if it is performed with care. performed with care, left your fork too deep, and
The way is this : after the ground has been well bruife the head of the root ; then rake the beds over
trenched and dunged, they lay it level, and draw a fmooth, juft before the buds appear above ground,
line cross the ground (in the fame manner as is prac which will deftroy all young weeds, and keep your
tifed for planting of the young plants ; ) then with a beds clean much longer than if left unraked, or if
dibble make holes at a foot diftance, into each of done fo foon as forked. When the buds appear about
which they drop two feeds, for fear one ſhould mif four inches above ground, you may then cut them ;
carry , thefe holes fhould not be more than half an but it fhould be done fparingly, only taking the large
inch deep ; then cover the feeds, by ſtriking the earth buds, and fuffering the fmall to run up to ftrengthen
in upon it, and go on removing the line a foot back the roots ; for the more you cut, the greater will be
for another row ; and after four rows are finished, the increaſe of buds, but they will be ſmaller and the
leave a fpace for an alley between the beds, if it is roots fooner decay. In cutting the buds, you muſt
defigned to ftand for the natural feafon of cutting ; but open the ground with your knife (which fhould be:
if it is to be taken up for hot-beds, there may be fix very narrow-pointed, and long in the blade, and filed
rows planted in each bed, and the diſtance in the with teeth like a faw) to fee whether any more young
rows need not be more than nine inches. This fhould Buds are coming up clofe by it, which might be
be performed by the middle of February, becauſe the either broken or bruifed in cutting the other, then
feeds lie long in the ground ; but if Onions are in with the knife faw it off about two inches under
tended to be fown upon the ground, that may be per ground. This may appear a very troubleſome affair
formed a fortnight or three weeks after, provided to people unacquainted with the practical part, but
the ground is not ftirred fo deep as to disturb the thole who are employed in cutting Afparagus , will
Afparagus-feeds, in raking the Onion-feeds into the perform a great deal of this work in a fhort time ;
ground. but care in doing it is abfolutely neceffary to be ob
As the roots of Afparagus always fend forth many ferved by all who cut Afparagus .
long fibres which run deep into the ground, fo when The manner of dreffing the Afparagus -beds is every
the feeds are fown where they are to remain, the roots year the fame as directed for the fecond, viz. keep
will not be broken or injured, as thoſe muſt be which ing them clean from weeds in fummer, digging the
are tranfplanted ; therefore will fhoot deeper into the alleys in October, and forking the beds toward the
ground, and make much greater progreis, and the end of March, & c. only obferve every other year to
fibres will push out on every fide, which will caufe lay fome rotten dung (from a Melon or Cucumber
the crown of the root to be in the center ; whereas in bed) all over the beds, burying fome in the alleys
tranfplanting, the roots are made flat againſt the ſide alfo, at the time for digging them up. This will
of the trench. preferve the ground in heart to maintain the roots in
When the Afparagus is come up, and the Onions vigour, and by this management, a plot of good Af
have raiſed their feed-leaves upright (which will be in paragus may be continued for ten or twelve years in
fix weeks after planting) you muſt with a ſmall hoe cutting, and will produce good buds, efpecially if it
cut up all the weeds, and thin the crop of Onions is not cut too long each feafon ; for when it is not left
where they may have come up in bunches : but this to run up pretty early in June, the roots will be
muſt be done carefully, and in dry weather, that the greatly weakened, and the buds will be finaller :
weeds may die as faft as they are cut up, being care therefore, in thofe families where Afparagus is re
ful not to injure the young fhoots of Afparagus, as quired late in the feafon, a few beds fhould be fet
alfo to cut up the Onions which grow near the fhoots . apart for that purpofe, which will be much better
This work must be repeated about three times, than to injure the whole plantation, by cutting it too
which, if well done, and the feafon not too wet, will long.
keep the ground clear from weeds until the Onions I cannot help taking notice of a common error that
are fit to be pulled up, which is commonly in Au has long prevailed with many people, which is, that
guft, and is known when their greens fall down and of not dunging the ground for Afparagus, believing
begin to wither. When you have drawn off the Oni that the dung communicates a ftrong rank tafte to
ons, it will be neceffary to clean the ground well from the Afparagus, which is a great miftake, for the ſweet
weeds, which will keep it clean till the alleys are dug eft Afparagus is that which grows upon the richeft
to earth the beds, which muſt be done in October, ground ; for poor land occafions that rank tafte fo
when the haulm is decayed ; for if you cut off the often complained of, the fweetnefs of Afparagus be
haulm while green, the roots will fhoot fresh again, ing occafioned by the quicknefs of its growth, which
which will greatly weaken them. This young haulm is always proportionable to the goodness of the ground,
fhould be cut off with a knife, leaving the ftems two and the warmth of the feafons. In order to prove
inches above ground, which will be a guide for you this, I planted two beds of Afparagus, upon ground
to diftinguish the beds from the alleys ; then with a which had dung laid a foot thick ; and thefe beds
hoe clear off the weeds into the alleys, and dig up were every year dunged extremely thick, and the Af
the alleys, burying the weeds in the bottom, and paragus produced from theſe beds was much fweeter
throw the earth upon the beds, fo that the beds may than any I could procure, though they were boiled
be about four or five inches above the level of the together in the fame water.
alleys then a row of Coleworts may be planted in The quantity of ground neceffary to be planted with
the middle of the alleys, but never fow or plant any Afparagus, to fupply a fmall family, fhould be at
thing upon the beds, which would greatly weaken leaft eight rods, lefs than that will not do ; for if you
the roots ; nor would I ever advife the planting of cannot cut one hundred at a time, it will fcarcely be
Beans in the alleys, as is the practice of many ; for worth while, for you must be obliged to keep it after
that greatly damages the two outfide rows of Afpa it is cut two or three days, efpecially in cold feaſons,
ragus. In this manner it muſt remain till ſpring, when to furnish enough for one meis ; but for a larger fa
fome time in March, the beds fhould be hoed over, mily, fixteen rods ofground fhould be planted, which,
to deftroy all young weeds ; then rake them fmooth, if a good crop , will furniſh two or three hundred each
and obferve all the fucceeding fummer to keep them day in the height of the feafon.
clear from weeds, and in October dig up the alleys But as there are feveral people who delight in having
again, as was before directed, earthing the beds, & c. early Afparagus , which is become a very great trade
The fecond ſpring after planting, fome perfons begin in the kitchen-gardens near London, I fhall give
to cut fome of the buds of Afparagus for ufe, though proper directions for the obtaining it any time in
it would be much better to ftay until the third year ; winter.
therefore now the beds fhould be forked with a flat You must first be provided with a quantity of good
pronged fork made on purpofe, which is commonly roots (either of your own raifing, or purchaſed from
fuch
 ASP ASP

fuch gardeners as plant for fale, ) fuch as have been in March, it will laft till the feaſon of natural Alpa
two or three years planted out from the feed- bed ; ragus ; for the laft beds will come a fortnight fooner
and having fixed upon the time you would willingly to cutafter making, than thofe made about Chriſtmas ;
have your Afparagus fit to cut, about fix weeks be and the buds will be larger, and better coloured, as
fore, you fhould prepare a quantity of new ftable they will then enjoy a greater fhare ofthe fun.
horfe-dung, which fhould be thrown in a heap for Where this method of forcing early Afparagus is in
ten days or more, to ferment, mixing fome fea-coal tended, there fhould be every year fuch a quantity
athes with it ; then it fhould be turned over into a planted, which you fhall judge neceffary ( unleſs you
heap, where it muſt lie another week, when it will intend to buy the roots from fome other garden ; ) the
be fit for ufe. Then dig out a trench in the ground quantityofroots neceffary to plantonelight, is common
where you intend to make the bed, the width of the known by the meafure of the ground where they
frames that are defigned to cover it, and the length grow ; for where there is a good crop, and few roots
in proportion to the quantity you intend to have are miffing, one rod of ground will furnish enough
(which if defigned only to fupply a fmall family, three for a light , but this calculation is inade from the
or four lights at a time will be fufficient, ) but for a ground planted with roots , which are defigned to be
larger family, fix or eight lights will not be too much : taken up after two or three years growth for forcing,
then lay down your dung into the trench, working in which there are fix rows in a bed, at but ten inches
it very regularly, and beat it down very tight with diftance, and the plants eight or nine inches afunder
a fork, laying it at leaft three feet in thickneſs or in the rows ; but where there is a greater fpace be
more, when the beds are made in December ; then tween the rows, and fewer rows in a bed, then there
put your earth thereon about fix inches thick, break must be a greater quantity of ground allotted for each
ing the clods and laying it level ; and at one end, be light. Most of the kitchen - gardeners about London ,
gin laying your roots against a little ridge of earth, take up their Afparagus roots after two years growth
raifed about four inches high : your roots must be from planting ; but where the land is not very good,
laid as clofe as poffible one to the other, in rows, with it will be better to let it have three years growth, for
their buds ftanding upright ; and between every row if the roots are weak, the buds of Afparagus will be 1
lay a fmall quantity of fine mould, obferving to keep very fmall, fo not worth the trouble of forcing. The
the crown of the roots exactly level. When you have beft ground for planting Afparagus, to have large
finifhed laying your bed with roots, you muſt lay roots for hot-beds, is a moift rich foil ; but for thoſe
fome ftiff earth up to the roots, on the outfides of the that are to remain for a natural produce, a middling
bed, which are bare, to keep them from drying ; foil, neither too wet nor too dry , but a freth fandy
and thruit two or three fharp- pointed sticks, about loam , when well dunged, is preferable to any other.
two feet long, down between the roots, in the middle The fecond fort is mentioned to grow naturally in
of the bed, at a diftance from each other. The ufe Wales, and alfo near Briftol : I have received feeds
of theſe ſticks is to inform you what temper of heat from the inland of Portland, which have fucceeded
the bed is in, which you may find by drawing up the in the Chelſea garden, by which I am convinced it
fticks, and feeling the lower part ; and if, after the is a different fpecies from the Garden Afparagus ; and
bed has been made a week, you find it doth not heat, alfofrom the wild fort whichgrows naturally at Gibral
you may lay a little ftraw or litter round the fides, tar, and alfo near Montpelier, is different from both ;
and alfo upon the top, which will greatly help it ; or Mr. Magnol, of Montpelier, was alfo of the opinion
if you find it very hot, fo as to endanger fcorching that it was a different fpecies, for he fays, the common
of the roots, it will be advifable to let it remain wild Afparagus and this grew near each other in the
wholly uncovered, and to thrust a large ſtick into the neighbourhood of Montpelier, and the young fhoots
dung, on each fide of the bed, in two or three places, of the former were fweet, whereas thofe of the latter
to make holes for the great fteam of the bed to pafs were bitter. The fame has been confirmed to me by
off, which in a fhort time will reduce the bed to a feveral gentlemen, who have refided many years at
moderate heat. Gibraltar and Minorca, where the fecond fort grows
After the bed has been made a fortnight, you muſt naturally in plenty.
cover the crowns of the roots with fine earth, about This fort is propagated by feeds in the fame manner
two inches thick ; and when the buds begin to appear as the garden kind, but muft have a warmer fituation ;
above ground through that earth, you must again lay and the roots fhould be well covered in winter, to
on a fresh quantity, about three inches thick ; fo that prevent the froft from penetrating the ground, which
in the whole, it may be five inches above the crowns will deftroy it.
of the root, which will be fufficient. The third fort hath white, crooked, fhrubby ftalks,
Then you must make a band of ftraw ( or long litter, ) which rife four or five feet high, but have no fpines
about four inches thick, which must be faftened round on them ; the leaves come out in clufters from the
the fides of the bed, that the upper part may be level fame point, like thofe of the Larch-tree ; thefe are
with the furface of the ground : this must be faftened very short, and end in fharp prickles, fo that they
with ftrait ſticks about two feet long, fharpened at are troublefome to handle. This fort grows naturally
the points, to run into the bed ; and upon this band in the South of France, Spain, and Portugal. It is
you muſt fet your frames, and put your glaffes there propagated by feeds as the former forts, but is too
on ; but if, after your bed hath been made three tender to live abroad in England, fo the roots fhould
weeks, you find the heat decline, you must lay a good be planted in pots, or near a fouth wall, and ſheltered
lining of fresh hot dung round the fides of the bed, in winter.
which will add a freſh heat thereto ; and in bad wea The fourth fort grows with fhrubby ſtalks three or
ther, as alfo every night, keep the glaffes covered four feet high, with very white bark, and are armed
with mats and ftraw ; but in the day time, let it be with thorns which are fingle, coming out juft below
all taken off, efpecially whenever the fun appears ; each turf of leaves. Thefe ftalks continue feveral
which, fhining through the glaffes, will give a good years, and put out many branches, garnished with
colour to the Afparagus. narrow fhort leaves. Thefe continue green all the
A bed thus made, if it works kindly, will begin to winter, ifthe plants are fcreened from fevere froft.
produce buds for cutting, in about five or fix weeks, It is propagated by feeds as the former, which may
and will hold about three weeks in cutting ; which, be procured from the Mediterranean, where it grows
if rightly planted with good roots, will produce, in naturally ; fome of the plants fhould be kept in pots,
that time, about three hundred buds in each light ; that they may be fheltered in winter, and the others
fo that where Afparagus is propofed to be continued may be planted in the full ground in a warm fituation,
until the feafon of the natural being produced, a fresh and in hard frofts covered, otherwife it will not live
bed fhould be made every three weeks, until the abroad in this country.
beginning of March, from the time of the firft bed The fifth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good.
being made ; for if the laft bed is made about a week Hope. This hath very crooked irregular ſtalks, which
are
 ASP
AS P
Goofe Grafs, or German Madwort . Bugloffum fylveftre
arc fhrubby, and rife eight or ten feet high, putting
caulibus procumbentibus . C. B. P. 257.
out feveral weak fide branches, garnished with long This is an annual plant , which is found wild in fome
Harrow leaves, coming out in clufters like thofe of the parts of England , as near Newmarket , at Boxley in
Larch-tree ; under each of thefe clufters is placed a Suffex, and in Holy Inland . It is preferved in bo
fingle fharp thorn . The ftalks continue feveral years,
tanic gardens for variety, and may be cafily propa
and the leaves keep green all the winter. This is gated by feeds , which fhould be fown in autumn ;
commonly propagated by parting the roots, be for if the feeds are kept out of the ground till ſpring ,
caufe the plants rarely produce feeds in this country ; they do not fucceed fo well. When the plants come
the beſt time for this is in April . The roots must be up, they require no other culture but to keep them
planted in pots, and removed into the green -houſe in clear from weeds , and in May they will flower : in
the autumn, for thefe plants will not live abroad in June their feeds will be perfected , which , if fuffered
England. to fcatter, will grow again in autumn ; fo that when
The fixth fort grows naturally in Spain, Portugal, this plant is once brought into a garden , it will main
and Sicily, generally in rocky places . This fends up
tain itſelf, provided it be allowed a place.
many weak irregular fhoots, which have no leaves,
but inftead thereof, are armed with fhort ftiff thorns, ASPERULA , Woodroof.
This plant grows wild in fhady woods in many parts
which come out four or five together from the fame of England , and flowers in April or May, and is
point, and ſpread from each other every way. The fometimes ufed in medicine .
flowers are fmall, of an herbaceous colour ; the ber
Dr. Linnaeus has joined to this genus the Gallium
ries are larger than thofe of the common fort, and are
album, Gallium montanum , and Rubia fynanchica
black when ripe . This is tender, fo muft be treated
Saxatilis . C. B. But as thefe grow wild in England,
as the third fort. and are rarely admitted into gardens , I fhall pafs them
The feventh fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
over with juft mentioning them .
Hope. This fends up from the root feveral flender
ASPHODELUS ['Arpóden , Gr. by Pliny it is
ftalks, which put out weak branches , declining down called Haftula , or Baccillus Regius , becaufe when it
ward; thefe are clofely garnifhed with briftly leaves,
flowers, the ſtalk refembles a royal fcepter. ] King's
like thofe of Garden Afparagus, which continue green
through the year. It hath not produced any feeds in Spear.
The CHARACTERS are,
England, fo is only propagated by parting the
The flower has no empalement ; it is of one leaf, cut into
roots, as the fifth fort, and the plants fhould be treated fix parts, which Spread open ; at the bottom is inferted a
in the fame manner . globular nectarium , having fix valves ; it hath fix awl
The eighth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
fhaped famina, which are inferted in the valves of the
Hope ; this fends up many weak fhoots growing in nectarium, and are crowned by oblong fummits , which are
cluiters, which are armed with fharp fpines, both on proftrate, and turn upward ; between the nectarium is
the fide and ends of the fhoots ; the leaves come out
placed a globuler germen, fupporting an arol -shaped ftyle,
in finall clufters , which continue green all the year. crowned by a club- like ftigma : the empalement afterward
This doth not produce feeds in England , fo is pro becomes a fleshy globular feed-veffel, having three cells,
pagated as the fifth fort, and requires the fame treat
which are filled with triangular feeds .
ment. genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
The tenth fort fends out from the root many weak This
Linnaeus's fixth clafs , entitled I exandria Monogynia ,
climbing branches which rife five or fix feet high,
the flower having fix ftamina and one ftyle .
garnished with narrow fpear-fhaped leaves coming out
The SPECIES are,
fingle ; the fhoots are armed with ſhort crooked ſpines,
ASPHODELUS ( Luteus) caule foliofo, foliis triquetris
which render it very troubleſome to handle the plants ; 1.
fiftulofis. Hort. Cliff. 127. King's Spear with a leafy
for they are fo clofely fet on, that it is difficult to
ftalk, and trianguler fiftular leaves. Afphodelus luteus
touch the branches. This is propagated by parting & flore & radice . C. B. P. 28 .
the root ; but the plants must be placed in a moderate
2. ASPHODELUS ( Ramofus) caule nudo foliis enfiformibus
ſtove, otherwife it will not thrive in this country. It
carinatis lævibus . Lin . Mat . Med . 172. King's Spear
grows naturally in the island of Ceylon. with a neked branching ftalk, andsmooth, fword-fhaped,
Theſe plants are preferved in the gardens of the cu carinated leaves. Aiphodelus albus ramofus mas.
rious, where they add to the variety ; being not dif
C. B. P. 28.
ficult to manage , where there is conveniency to houſe
3. ASPHODELUS ( Albus) caule nudo fimplici foliis
them in winter. They fhould have a place among
lineari- enfiformibus . King's Spear with a fingle naked
other exotic plants. Stalk, and narrow fword-fhaped leaves. Aiphodelus albus
ASPARAGUS SCANDENS . See MEDEOLA .
non ramofus . C. B. P. 28 .
ASPEN -TREE . See POPULUS .
4. ASPHODELUS (Fiftulofus ) caule nudo foliis ftrictis fubu
ASPERIFOLIOUS plants [ afperifolius , of afper , latis ftriatis fubfiftulofis . Hort . Cliff. 83. King's Spear
•
rough , and folium , Lat. a leaf] are fuch plants as are with a naked ftalk, fiftular awl- shaped leaves, and an an
rough -leaved, having their leaves placed alternately, nual root. Phalangium parvo flore ramofum foliis
or without any certain order, on their ftalks : the
fiftulofis annuum . H. L.
clafs of plants fo denominated by Mr. Ray, have a The first fort is the yellow Afphodel , which is directed
monopetalous flower, cut or divided into five parts ; for ufe in medicine ; this hath roots compoſed of many
after every flower there fucceed commonly four feeds . thick , flefhy, yellow fibres, joined into a head at the
Of this clafs are Buglofs , Borage, Comfrey, Hounds top ; from whence arife ftrong, round, fingle ftalks ,
Tongue, &c. near three feet high, garnished their whole length
ASPERUGO , finall Wild Buglofs . with long triangular leaves , which are boat-fhaped ,
The CHARACTERS are , of a fea-green colour ; the upper part of the ftalk is
The empalement is of one leaf, cut flightly at the top into
adorned half way with yellow ftar-fhaped flowers ,
five equal parts ; the flower is of one leaf, having a ſhort which begin opening from the bottom , and are fol
cylindrical tube, cut at the top into five fmall blunt parts,
lowed by others above ; fo that on the fame fpike ,
which are clofed at their bafe : it hath five ſhort ftamina, there is often a fucceffion of flowers for a month. It
crowned by oblong fummits ; in the center there are four
flowers in June , and the feeds ripen in autumn .
comprelled germen, fupporting a short flender ſtyle, crowned
There is a variety of this with alarger flower, men
by a bluntftigma. The germen afterward become four ob
tioned in the catalogue of the Royal Garden at Paris ,
long feeds, inclofed in the empalement . by the title of Afphodelus fpiralis luteus Italicus
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of magno flore, the feeds of which I received from the
Linnæus's fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Monogynia ,
garden at Pifa, fome years ago ; and the first year of
the flower having five ftamina and one ſtyle .
the plants flowering in Cheliea garden, the flowers
We know but one SPECIES of this genus, which is,
were larger, and the fpikes longer than thofe of the
ASPERUGO . Flor. Lapp. 76. Small Wild Buglofs, Great common
6
 ASP A ST .

common fort ; but in two years time, they were fo other hardy kinds of flowers, where being properly
like the common fort as not to be diftinguifhed from intermixed, they will make an agreeable variety, and
it, as were alſo the young plants which were raiſed continue a long time in flower.
from the feed faved at Chelfea, therefore it fhould be The fourth fort is an annual plant, fo is only propa
efteemed an accidental variety. gated by feeds ; thefe fhould be fown in the autumn,
The ſecond fort hath roots compofed of many thick when they will more certainly grow than if fown in
fleshy fibres ; to each of which is faſtened an oblong the fpring : when the plants are up, they will require
tuber, as large as fmall potatoes ; the leaves are long no other trouble but to keep them clean from weeds,
and flexible, having acute edges ; theſe grow in irre until they have put out four or five leaves, when they
gular cluſters, from the crown of the root ; between fhould be carefully removed to the places where they
thefe come out the ftalks, which rife more than three are to remain for good. If the feeds of this plant are
feet high, fending out feveral fide branches, which permitted to fcatter, the plants will come up without
are naked ; the upper part of theſe are adorned with care, and thofe which are not removed, will be the
many white ſtar-ſhaped flowers, confifting of one leaf ftrongeſt plants, and produce a greater number of
cut into fix parts, each having a purple line running flowers.
lengthways on the outfide of each fegment. The ASPLENIUM , or Ceterach [ is fo called from a
flowers grow in long ſpikes, flowering gradually up privative, and Cn the spleen, becauſe good againſt
ward. They appear the beginning of June, and the difeafes of the fpleen. ] Spleenwort or Miltwaſte.
feeds ripen in autumn. The CHARACTERS are,
The third fort hath roots like the fecond, but the The leaves are like thofe of the Polypody, but lefs, and
leaves are longer and narrower ; the ftalks of this are pretty round, notched toward the fide ; downy on their
fingle, never putting out any fide branches ; the flow under fide, having a fquamous duft, in which, by the help
ers are of a purer white, and grow in longer fpikes. of a microscope, membranous capfulæ, or feed pods, lying
This flowers at the fame time with the former. clofe to one another, are perceived, every onefurnished with
The fourth fort is an annual plant ; the roots of this a little round cord, which by its conftruction opening the
are compofed of many fleſhy yellow fibres, 'the leaves fruit into two parts, pours forth certain very finallfeeds:
are ſpread out from the crown of the root, cloſe to the root is fibrous. This plant thrives in ftony places, aŝ
the ground, in a large cluſter ; they are convex on in walls, &c.
their under fide, but plain above, and hollow like This plant is of the Fern kind, and grows upon old
a pipe ; the flower- ftalks rife immediately from the moist fhady walls in divers parts of England ; but is
root, and grow about two feet high, dividing into never cultivated in gardens. There are ſeveral ſpecies
three or four branches upward, which are adorned of this plant in America, but they have not been in
with white ftarry flowers, with purple lines on the troduced into England .
outfide . Theſe flower in July and Auguft, and their ASTER [ Asp , Gr. a Star ; fo called becauſe the
feeds ripenin October, foon after which the Plants '
de flower is radiated with little leaves after the manner
cay. It grows naturally in the fouth of France, Spain, of a ftar. ] Starwort .
and Italy. The CHARACTERS are,
The first fort grows naturally in many of the iſlands Ít bath a compound flower, compofed offeveral female and
: of the Archipelago, and alſo in Sicily. The fecond, hermaphrodite florets, included in one common fcaly empale
third, and fourth forts grow naturally in Portugal, ment; the rays or border of the flower is compofed offe
Spain, and Italy ; the third fort is not quite fo hardy veral female florets, whofe upperparts are ſtretched out on
as either of the other, fo in very fevere froft is ſome onefide like a tongue, and indented in three fegments at the
times killed, unleſs the roots are covered in winter. end ; the hermaphrodite florets form the difk or middle ;
The yellow fort multiplies very faft by roots, and which are funnel- shaped, and divided at the top into five
will foon overſpread a large border, if fuffered to re parts, fpreading open, and have each fivefhortfiender fta
main unremoved, or the fide roots are not taken off; mina, crowned with cylindricalfummits ; in the bottom is
but the other forts are not fo productive of ſhoots placed a crownedgermen, fupporting a ſlenderflyle, crowned
from their fides, and are much better kept within by a bifidftigma , the germen afterward becomes an oblong
bounds.
feed, crowned with down : the female flowers have a
The fecond and third forts do not increaſe very faſt germen fupporting a fender ftyle, crowned by two oblong
by their roots, nor fhould they be often tranfplanted, Stigma, which turn backward. These have no stamina,
for that will weaken them, fo that their flower-ſtems but in other refpects are like the hermaphrodite flowers.
will not rife fo tall, or produce fo many flowers, as This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
when they are left undisturbed for fome years ; there of Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Po
fore the beſt way is to propagate theſe by feeds. lygamia fuperflua, from the fame flower having female
Theſe three forts of Afphodel are very pretty orna and hermaphrodite florets included in the fame em
ments for a flower-garden, and, requiring very little palement.
trouble to cultivate them, are rendered more accep The SPECIES are ,
table. They may be all propagated by feeds, which 1. ASTER (Alpinus) foliis lanceolatis hirtis, radicalibus
fhould be fown foon after they are ripe, on a warm obtufis, caule fimpliciffimo unifloro. Lin. Sp. Plant.
border of light fresh earth : in the fpring the plants 872. Starwort with hairy spear -shaped leaves, thoſe at
when you fhould carefully clear them
will appear, when the root blunt, and a single stalk, having one flower.
from weeds, and in dry weather they must be fre After montanus cæruleus magno flore foliis oblongis.
quently watered : if this be duly obſerved, the plants C. B. P. 267.
will have acquired ftrength enough to be tranfplanted 2. ASTER ( Amellus) foliis lanceolatis obtufis fcabris tri
by the Michaelmas following ; at which time you nerviis integris, pedunculis nudiufculis corymbofis
muft prepare a bed of freſh earth in the flower nur fquamis calycinis obtufis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 873. Star
fery, into which you ſhould plant the roots, at about wort with rough, blunt, Spear -shaped leaves, which are
fix inches diftance every way ; obferving to plant entire, having three veins, naked foot -
ftalks, flowers in a
them fo low, as that the top of the roots may be three corymbus, and blunt fcales to the empalement. After at
or four inches under the furface of the bed ; and fome ticus cæruleus vulgaris. C. B. P. 267. vulgarly called
old tan, or dung, fhould be fpread over the furface Italian Starwort.
of the ground, to keep out the froft : in this bed 3 . ASTER ( Tripolium ) foliis lanceolatis integerrimis car
they may remain one year, during which time they nofis glabris ramis inæquatis, floribus corymboſis . 1
fhould be kept clear from weeds ; by which time, the Lin. Sp . Plant. 872. Starwort withſmooth, fleshy, spear
roots having acquired ftrength enough to produce Shaped leaves, which are entire, unequal branches, and
flowers the following year, they fhould, in autumn, flowers in a corymbus. After maritimus Tripolium
when their leaves are decayed, be carefully taken up, dictus. Raii Hift . 270.
and tranfplanted into the flower-garden, obferving to 4. ASTER (Linifolius) foliis linearibus acutis integerrimis,
place them in the middle of the borders, amongſt caule corymbofo ramofiffimo. Hort. Cliff. 408. Star
C c wort

i
"

AST A ST

wort with narrow pointed leaves, which are entire, and After, Perficæ foliis ferratis glabris, floribus fparfis
a very branchy ftalk growing in a corymbus. After Tri pallidè cæruleis. Dillen. Cat. Oxon.
polii flore anguftiffimo & tenuiffimo folio. Mor, Hift. 1S . ASTER ( Tradefcanti) foliis oblongis acutis bafi la
3. 121 . tioribus femiamplexicaulibus, caule ramofo floribus
5. ASTER ( Nove Anglie ) foliis lanceolatis alternis inte terminalibus plerumque folitariis . Starwort with oblong
gerrimis femiamplexicaulibus, floribus terminalibus . pointed leaves, broad at their bafe, half embracing the
Hort. Cliff. 408. Starwort with entire spear-shaped talks, which are branchy, and terminated with flowers,
leaves, growing alternate, and half embracing the stalks, for the most part fingly. After cæruleus ferotinus fru
which are terminated by flowers. After Nova Angliæ . ticefcens Tradefcanti. Raii Hift. 269. commonly called
altiffimus hirfutus floribus amplis purpuro- violaceis. Michaelmas Daify.
Par. bat. 98 . 19. ASTER (Precox ) caule erecto hirfuto foliis oblongis
6. ASTER (Undulatus ) foliis cordatis amplexicaulibus un acutis fcabris acutè dentatis femiamplexicaulibus flo
dulatis fubtus tomentofis, floribus racemofis adfcen ribus corymbosis, calycibus hirfutis ere& is. Starwort
dentibus. Hort. Cliff. 408. Starwort with heart -fpear with a hairy upright ftalk, oblong pointed rough leaves,
Shaped wavedleaves, woolly on their underfide, andflowers Sharply indented, half embracing the fialks, and flowers in
growing in afcending Spikes. After novæ Angliæ pur a corymbus with hairy erect empalements. After Pyre
pureus Virgæ aureæ facie & foliis undulatis. Par. naicus precox flore cæruleo majori, H. R. Par.
bat. 96. 20. ASTER ( Altiffimus) caule altiffimo hirfuto fimplicif
7. ASTER (Puniceus) foliis femiamplexicaulibus lanceo fimo foliis oblongis acutis bafi latioribus femiamplexi
latis ferratis fcabris, pedunculis alternis fubunifloris caulibus floribus tribus feffilibus terminalibus. Star
calycibus difcum fuperantibus . Hort. Cliff. 408. Star wort with a very tall, hairy, unbranched ftalk, oblong
wort with rough, fawed, fpear-shaped leaves, half em pointed leaves, which are broader at the bafe, and half
bracing the ftalks, foot-ftalks growing alternate, with a embrace the ftalks, which are terminated by three flowers
fingle flower on each foot-ftalk, whofe empalement is higher fitting very close.
than the disk. After Americanus latifolius puniceis 21. ASTER ( Ramociffimus) caule ramociffimo patulo,
caulibus. H. L. 649. foliis lineari-lanceolatis rigidis, floribus ferratim po
8. ASTER (Mifer) floribus ovatis difco radiis longiore. fitis pedunculis foliofis . Starwort with a very branching
Lin. Sp. Plant. 877. Starwort with ovalflowers, whose Spreadingstalk, narrow, spear -shaped, stiff leaves, flow
difk is longer than the rays. After ericoides Mellioti ers placed one above another, and leafy foot -
ftalks.
agriæ umbone. Hort. Elth. 40. 22. ASTER (Umbellatus) foliis lanceolatis acutis fcabris,
9. ASTER ( Novi Belgii) foliis lanceolatis fubferratis ſeſ caule fimplici floribus umbellatis terminalibus. Star
filibus caule paniculato ramulis unifloris folitariis caly wort with rough pointed Spear -
shaped leaves, and afingle
cibus fquarrofis. Hort. Cliff. 408. Starwort with Spear Stalk, terminated byflowers, growing in an umbel.
Shaped jagged leaves, growing close to the stalk, which is 23. ASTER (Nervofus) foliis nervofis lanceolatis acutis
loofe and fpiked, and branches having a fingle flower with linearibus caule fimplici floribus terminalibus quafi
a rough empalement. After Nova Belgia latifolius umbellatum difpofitis. Starwort with narrow, Spear
umbellatus floribus dilutè violaceis. H. L. 66. Shaped, pointed, nervous leaves, a ſingle ſtalk, terminated
10. ASTER ( Linarifolius ) foliis lanceolato-linearibus fub by flowers growing almoft in an umbel..
carnofis integerrimis planis floribus corymbofis fafti 24. ASTER ( Paniculatus) foliis inferioribus ovatis bafi
gatis pedunculis foliolofis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 874. Star femiamplexicaulibus, fuperioribus lanceolatis parvis
wort with narrow, spear - shaped, fleshy leaves, which are caule paniculato ramis unifloris pedunculis foliofis.
plain and entire, flowers gathered into a corymbus, and Starwort with the lower leaves oval, whoſe baſe half em
leafy foot-ftalks. After Tripolii flore. C. B. P. 267. braces theftalks, the upper leaves fmall and fpear-shaped,
11. ASTER ( Concolor) caule fimpliciffimo foliis oblongo a ftalk terminated by a loofe fpike, with afingleflower on
ovatis feffilibus integerrimis racemo terminali. Flor. each branch, and a leafy foot-ftalk.
Virg. 178. Starwort withfinglestalks, oval entire leaves 25. ASTER ( Rigidus) floribus terminalibus folitariis foliis
growing close to the ftalks, which end in a loofe fpike. linearibus alternis. Flor. Virg. 98. Starwort with fingle
12. ASTER ( Ericoides) foliis linearibus integerrimis, caule flowers at the ends of the branches, and very narrow leaves
paniculato, pedunculis racemofis, pedicellis foliofis. placed alternately.
Flor. Virg. 124. Starwort with linear leaves, a panicu 26. ASTER ( Latifolius) foliis lineari -lanceolatis glabris
lated ftalk with branching leafy foot -
ftalks. After eri trinerviis floribus corymbofis terminalibus . Starwort
coides dumofus. Hort. Elth. 40. with Smooth Spear-shaped leaves, with three veins, and
•
13. ASTER (Cordifolia) foliis cordatis ferratis petiolatis , flowers in a corymbus, which terminate the falks. After
caule paniculato. Hort. Cliff. 408. Starwort withfawed latifolius Tripolii flore. H. R. Par.
heart-shaped leaves, having foot-ftalks, and a loofe fpiked 27. ASTER ( Dumofus) foliis linearibus integerrimis caule
ftalk. After latifolius autumnalis. Cornut. Canad. paniculato. Hort. Cliff. 408. Starwort with very narrow
64. leaves, which are entire, and a loofe fpike of flowers.
14. ASTER (Tenuifolius ) foliis fub linearibus integerrimus After Novæ Angliæ linariæ foliis Chamameli flore.
pedunculisfoliofis. Lin. Sp. 1227. Starwort withnarrow Par. Bat. Prod. 95.
Spear-
shaped entire leaves, and leafy foot -
ftalks. After 28. ASTER ( Annus) foliis lanceolatis lateribus inferiorum
Americanus Belvidere foliis floribus ex cæruleo al crenatis, radice annuâ, caule corymbofo pedunculis
bicantibus fpicis prælongis. Pluk. Phyt. tab . 78 . nudis. Hort. Cliff. 409. Starwort with spear s -haped
f. 5. leaves, the fides of the lower leaves jagged, an annual root,
15. ASTER ( Grandiflorus) caule corymbofo foliis lan and ftalks ending with a corymbus offlowers, with naked
ceolatis reflexis, floribus folitaris, calycibus fquarrofis. ftalks.
foot- After ramofus annuus Canadenfis. Mor.
Flor. Leyd. 168. Starwort with a corymbous ftalk, Hift.
Spear-
shaped, reflected leaves, andfingle flowers with rough 29. ASTER (Fruticofus) foliis linearibus fafciculatis punc
empalements. After Virginianus pyramidatus Hyffopi tatis, pedunculis unifloris nudis, caule fruticofo ru
folius afperis calycis fquamulis foliaceis. Mart. Cent. gofo. Hort. Cliff. 409. Starwort with narrow pointed
19.
leaves growingin clusters, nakedfoot -ftalks with oneflower,
16. ASTER ( Scabris) foliis lanceolatis fcabris integris, and a fhrubby stalk. After Africanus frutefcens foliis
caule ramofo, pedunculis foliofis, calycibus obtufis. anguftis & plerumque conjunctis. Hort. Amft. 2.
Starwort with rough Spear -shaped entire leaves, and a P. 53.
branching talk, with leafy foot-ftalks. After Atticus 30. ASTER ( Chinenfis) foliis ovatis angulatis dentatis,
Alpinus alter. C. B. P. 267. petiolatis calycibus terminalibus patentibus foliofis.
17. ASTER (Glabris) foliis olongo-lanceolatis acutis fer Hort. Cliff. 407. Starwort with oval angular indented
ratis caule ramofo floribus terminalibus calycibus li leaves, and the empalements terminated by spreading leaves.
nearibus erectis. Starwort with oblong, fpear-shaped, After Chenepodii folio annuus, flore ingenti fpeciofo.
pointedfawed leaves, and a branching talk, terminated by Hort. Elth. 38.
flowers, whofe empalements are very narrow, and erect.
31. ASTER
"

.
 AS T. AST

31. ASTER ( Aurantius) foliis pinnatis. Hort. Cliff. 407. many fide branches are put out, for near half their
Starwort with winged leaves. After Americanus foliis length, thefe are garniſhed with fmaller leaves, which
pinnatis & ferratis floribus aurantis. Houft . MSS. diminiſh in their fize to the top, where there is a fingle
32. ASTER (Procumbens) foliis ovatis dentatis caule pro flower, terminating the ſtalk, of a blue colour. This
cumbente, pedunculis nudis axillaribus unifloris. Star flowers in Auguft and September ; it is eafily pro
indented leaves, a trailing ftalk, and naked
1 wort with oval pagated by parting the roots, foon after the flow
foot-ftalks proceeding from the fide with a single flower. ers are paft, and will thrive in almoſt any foil or
After Americanus procumbens bellidis minoris facie. fituation.
Houft. MSS . The fifth fort fends up many ftalks from the root,
33. ASTER (Mutabilis) foliis lanceolatis ferratis, calyci which rife five feet high ; garnished with fpear-shaped
bus fquarrofis, panicula fubfaftigiata. Lin. Sp. 1230. leaves which are entire, and half embrace the ſtalks,
Starwort with fawed fpear-shaped leaves, rough flower which are terminated by large purple violet flowers,
cups, and bundled panicles. After Novi Belgii latifolius growing in a loofe panicle : it flowers in Auguft, and
paniculatus, floribus faturate violaceis. H. L. 65. is very hardy, fo may be planted in any foil or fitua
34. ASTER (Sibiricus) foliis lanceolatis venofis fcabris tion, and is propagated by parting the roots.
extimoferratis, caulibus ftriatis, pedunculis tomen The fixth fort grows naturally in North America.
tofis. Lin. Sp. 1226. Starwort with veined fpear-shaped This hath broad heart-fhaped waved leaves at the
leaves, ftriated ftalks, and woolly foot -
ſtalks. bottom, the ftalks rife between two and three feet
35. ASTER (Divaricatus) ramis divaricatis, foliis ovatis high, which ſend out fmall fide branches, upon which
ferratis, floralibus integerrimis obtufiufculis amplexi the flowers come out in loofe fpikes, which are of a
caulibus. Flor. Virg. 123. Starwort with forked very pale blue colour, inclining to white. This flowers
branches, oval fawed leaves, thofe near the flowers are in the fame feafon as the former, and may be propa
1
obtufe, entire, and embrace the stalk. After Americanus gated in the fame manner.
latifolius albus, caule ad fummum brachiato. Pluk. The ſeventh fort fends up feveral ſtrong ſtalks, up
Alm . 56. ward of two feet high, which are of a purple colour,
The first fort grows naturally upon the Alps, where garniſhed with ſpear-ſhaped fmooth leaves, whoſe baſe
it feldom rifes more than nine inches high, and when embrace the ſtalks half round , the flowers grow
tranfplanted into a garden, not above fixteen. It upon fingle foot -ftalks, forming a corymbus at the
fends up fingle ftalks from the root, which are thinly top, and are of a pale blue colour ; theſe appear the
garnished with oblong leaves ; at the top of each ſtalk latter end of September. This comes from North
is one large blue flower, fomewhat like thofe of the America, and may be propagated in the fame way as
Italian Starwort. This flowers in June ; the root is the former.
perennial, but muſt be planted in a fhady fituation, The eighth fort rifes with flender ftalks, upward of
and a moift foil. It is propagated by parting the three feet high ; fending out many weak branches
roots, which ſhould be done in autumn. on every fide, garniſhed with very ſmall leaves ; the
The ſecond fort is the Italian Starwort, which was flowers come out on fhort foot-ftalks, on every fide
fome years paſt more common in the gardens than at of the branches, theſe are ſmall, with white rays and
prefent ; for fince the great variety of American Star a yellow difk. They appear in November, and often
worts have been introduced into England, this fort continue part of December. This comes from the *
hath not been fo much cultivated, though it is by no fame country withthe former, and may be propagated
means inferior to the beſt of them, and, in fome re as is before directed for them.
ſpects, preferable to moſt of them ; for it is not fo The ninth fort rifes near four feet high, having broad
fubject to creep by the root, as many of the American leaves at the bottom which diminish gradually to
forts do, whereby they often become troubleſome in the top ; the flowers are produced in a looſe kind of
fmall gardens, nor do the ftalks require fupporting as umbel at the top of the ftalks, which are of a pale
they lo, for theſe feldom grow more than two feet blue colour ; theſe appear the latter part of Auguft.
high, and the ſtalks are generally ftrong, fo are very This is hardy, and may be propagated as the former.
rarely broken by the wind. Theſe grow in large The tenth fort grows naturally in the ſouth of France
cluſters from the root, and each of them branch at and Italy ; the ſtalks of this divide into a great num
the top into eight or ten foot-ftalks, each of which ber of branches , which divide again toward the top
is terminated by a fingle large flower, having blue into ſeveral ſmaller, fully garnished with very narrow
rays, with a yellow difk. It flowers in October, and, leaves their whole length ; the flowers grow in large
in mild feaſons, will often continue till the middle of cluſters at the top, forming a fort of corymbus ; they
November, during which time they are very orna are of a pale bluish colour, and appear the beginning
mental plants in a garden. This fort is propagated of Auguft. This is hardy, and may be propagated
by parting the roots, the beft time for this work by parting the roots, as the former.
is foon after they are out of flower, for thoſe which The eleventh fort rifes four feet high, with a fingle
are removed in the fpring will not flower fo ftrong ſtalk, and oval leaves growing cloſe to the ftalks,
the fucceeding autumn. Thefe roots fhould not be which are terminated by flender loofe fpikes of pale
removed oftener than every third year, where they are blue flowers, which appear about Michaelmas. This
•
expected to produce many flowers. grows naturally in North America, and is propagated
It grows naturally in the vallies of Italy, Sicily, and as the forts above-mentioned.
**
Narbonne, and is generally fuppofed to be the The twelfth fort fends up flender ſtalks three feet 8
Amellus mentioned by Virgil in his fourth Georgick, high, which ſend out flender fide branches moft of
to grow in the paftures ; the leaves and ſtalks being their length, fo as to form a thick bufh ; theſe are
rough and bitter, the cattle feldom browſe upon it, garniſhed with very narrow leaves their whole length,
fo that whenever there are any of theſe roots in the and are terminated by fingle flowers.
fields, theyfend up a thick tuft of ſtalks, which, being The thirteenth fort grows about two feet high, having
left after the grafs is eaten bare, theſe being full of flender ftalks, garniſhed with oblong, pointed, heart
flowers, make a fine appearance, and therefore might ſhaped leaves, which are fharply fawed on their edges ;
engage the poet's attention . the upper part of the ftalks is divided into feveral
The third fort grows naturally in falt marshes, which fmall branches, which are terminated by white flowers
are flowed by the tides, and is feldom admitted into growing in looſe panicles. This flowers in September,
gardens. It flowers in July and Auguft. and may be propagated as the former.
The fourth fort is a native in North America, but The fourteenth fort fends up ftalks five feet high,
has been many years in the Engliſh gardens. It fends which put out many flender fide branches, garnished
言
up many ſtrong ſhoots from the root every ſpring, with narrow fpear-fhaped leaves, and are terminated
which rife between two and three feet high, garniſhed by fpikes of fmall white flowers, which appear the
with oblong leaves, placed alternately, and half em end of October. This fort fpreads greatly at the
brace the ftalk with their bafe ; from the main ſtalks, root, fo is apt to over-run the borders.
2 The
 1
AST AST

The fifteenth fort hath narrow, oblong, hairy leaves neiled ftalks about two feet high, garnished with
at the bottom ; the ftalks, rife three feet high, gar rough fpear-ſhaped leaves ending in a point, placed
nished with ſmall, narrow, rough leaves, which turn alternately on every fide the ftalks ; the flowers are
backward ; the ftalks fend out many fide branches, white, and grow in a fort of umbel at the top of the
cach being terminated by a fingle large blue flower. ftalks . It flowers the end of September, and is pro
This fort flowers the end of October, and continues pagated by parting the roots.
moft part of November, when it makes a fine appear The twenty-third fort I received from Mr. Peter Col
ance. It doth not multiply faft by its roots, but linfon, F. R. S. who procured it from Penfylvania.
may be propagated in plenty, by cuttings made from This hath much the appearance of the former fort,
the young fhoots in May, which, if planted in a bed but the leaves are narrower, whiter on their under
of light earth, and fhaded from the fun, will take fide, and have three longitudinal veins ; the flowers
root, and flower the fame year. It is commonly are alfo larger and whiter. It grows about the fame
called by the gardeners Catefby's Starwort, from Mr. height, and flowers at the fame time with the for
Catesby, who brought it from Virginia. mer.
The fixteenth fort fends up ſeveral ſtalks a foot and The twenty-fourth fort rifes four feet high, the bot
a half high, garniſhed with rough fpear-shaped leaves, tom leaves are oval and half farround the ſtalk at
fending out many fide branches which diverge from their bafe ; the upper leaves are fall and fpear- fhap
the ſtalk every way ; theſe are terminated for the moſt ed ; the ftalks put out fide branches toward the top,
part by one large blue flower, fomewhat like thofe which grow erect, forming a looſe ſpike, each being
of the Italian Starwort, but paler, and comes earlier terminated by one large blue flower, with a leafy foot
to flower. It grows naturally on the Alps, and is ftalk ; this flowers about the end of October. It
propagated by parting the root. grows naturally in North America, and is propagated
The feventeenth fort rifes to the height of five feet, by parting the roots .
with branching ſtalks , garniſhed with oblong fpear The twenty-fifth fort fends up from the root ſeveral
fhaped leaves, which are fawed on their edges. Each flender ſtalks near three feet high, garniſhed by many
of the fide branches are divided at the top into feve very narrow leaves, and puts out fide branches, each
ral foot-ſtalks , which are terminated by large, pale, being terminated by one white flower. This grows
blue flowers, and are in beauty in October. This naturally in Philadelphia ; it flowers in November,
is propagated by parting the roots, as the forts and is eafily propagated by parting the roots.
beforementioned. It grows naturally in North The twenty-fixth fort rifes about a foot and a half
America. high ; the ftalks are garnished with narrow, fpear
The eighteenth fort was brought from Virginia many fhaped, fmooth leaves : the end of the ftalks are ter
years ago, by Mr. John Tradefcant, who was a great minated by foot-ftalks on every fide, each having
collector of rarities ; and from his garden it was foon one pale blue flower. This grows naturally in Ca
difperfed, and became common. It is generally. nada, and is propagated by parting the roots. It
known by the title of Michaelmas Daifey, from its is titled After Canadenfis linariæ folio. Hort. R.
flowering about old Michaelmas day. The ftalks of Par.
this fort are numerous, and rife about three feet and a The twenty-feventh fort grows about two feet high,
half high, being fully garnished with oblong leaves with erect talks, garniſhed with narrow fpear-fhaped
ending in a point, whoſe baſe half embrace the ftalks . leaves, which come out irregularly in clufters ; from
Thefe fhoot out many lateral branches, which are the upper part of the ftalks, there are a few fide
1
terminated by pretty large flowers, of a very pale branches produced, which are garniſhed with narrow
bluish colour, tending to white. The roots of this leaves ; the flowers are produced in a panicle, which
multiply very faſt, and the feeds often are blown are of a pale blue colour, and appear in September.
about, fo that it propagates fo much as often to be This is propagated by parting the roots.
troubleſome ; it will thrive in any fituation. The twenty-eighth fort is an annual plant, which when
The nineteenth fort fends up feveral ftrong hairy once introduced into a garden, the feeds will ſcatter,
ſtalks, which rife a foot and a half high, having and the plants come up without care. This fends
many oblong rough leaves ending in a point, whofe up ſtrait ſtalks about two feet high, which are termi
bafe half embrace the ftalks, which divide into many nated by white flowers growing in form of a corym
fmall branches at the top, forming a kind of corym bus. It flowers in Auguft, and the feeds ripen in Oc
bus, each being terminated by one large blue flower, tober, and grows naturally in North America.
having a very hairy empalement. This flowers the The twenty-ninth fort grows naturally at the Cape
latter end of July. It grows naturally on the Alps, of Good Hope. This rifes with a woody ſtem about
fo is very hardy, but fhould have a moift foil and three feet high, fending out fide branches which are
a fhady fituation. It is propagated by parting the ligneous, garniſhed with narrow leaves coming out
roots. in clufters from one point, like thofe of the Larch
" The twentieth fort riſes with ſtrong hairy ſtalks , to tree ; the flowers are produced from the fide of the
the height of eight or nine feet, which are upright, branches, upon long flender foot-ftalks fingly ; thefe
unbranched, and garniſhed with oblong hairy leaves, are of a pale blue colour, and appear the beginning
ending in a point ; their baſe half furrounds the ſtalks , of March ; as this plant never produces feeds in Eu
which are for the moſt part terminated by three large rope, it is only propagated by cuttings, which may
purple flowers inclining to red, and fit clofe to the be performed any time in fummer. Thefe fhould
top of the ftalk, furrounded by a few narrow leaves . be planted in ſmall pots filled with light earth, and
This fort flowers in November. It came from Phi plunged into an old hot-bed ; where, if they are
ladelphia, where it naturally grows, and is propa fhaded from the fun, and gently watered, they will
gated by parting the roots ; it delights in a moiſt put out roots in fix weeks, when they may be placed
foil. in the open air ; and in about a month after they
The twenty-first fort hath flender purplish ftalks, fhould be feparated, each planted into a fmall pot
which rife about three feet high, fending out many filled with light fandy earth. In October theſe muſt
fide branches almoft the whole length, which fpread be removed into the green-houſe, and placed where
horizontally, garnished with narrow, fmall, fpear they may enjoy as much free air as poffible, but be
fhaped leaves ; the flowers are produced in a fort of fecured from froft or damps, either of which will de,
loofe fpike, growing one above another on each fide ftroy them ; fo that they are much eaſier preferved in
the ftalk. Theſe are ſmall, of a pale purplish co a glaſs-cafe, where they will enjoy more light and air
lour, and appear in November. It grows naturally than in a green-houfe ; but they must not be placed
in North America, and is eafily propagated by part in a ftove, for artificial heat will foon deftroy the
ing the roots. plants. This fort is at prefent but in few Engliſh
The twenty-fecond fort I received from Philadelphia, gardens.
where it grows naturally. This fends up ftiff chan
C The
 AST AST

The thirtieth fort is a native of China, from whence The thirty-fecond fort was diſcovered by the late Dr.
the feeds were fent to France by the miffionaries, William Houſton , in the year 1729 , growing in plenty
where the plants were firſt raiſed in Europe. In the in the fandy ground about Vera Cruz, in America,
year 1731 , I received feeds of this , from which I where he drew the figure, and made a defcription of
raiſed plants with red, and fome with white flowers ; the plant upon the fpot ; which he fent to England
and in 1736, I received feeds of the blue flower, but with the feeds , fome of which grew in the Chelfea
theſe were all fingle. They came by the title of La garden, and the plants flowered the following fummer,
Reine Marguerette , or the Queen of Daiſies, by which but did not perfect their feeds.
title the French ftill call it. In 1752 , I received It hath bufhy fibrous roots, which creep in the
feeds of the double flowers both red and blue , and ground, and fend out many flender round ftalks ,
in 1753, the feeds of the double white fort, from my which bend and incline to the ground. Theſe are
worthy friend Dr. Job Bafter, F. R. S. of Zirkzee. about four or five inches long, deftitute of leaves,
Theſe have retained their difference from that time each fuftaining one flower, in fhape and fize of thofe
without variation, yet as they are generally fuppofed of the common Field Daifey, of a whitifh purple co
to be only varieties, I have not inferted them as dif lour, but the rays are narrower. The difk is com
ferent fpecies. pofed of feveral florets, which are fucceeded by fmall
As thefe are annual plants, they are only propagated feeds crowned with a pappous down. The empale
by feeds, which muſt be fown in the fpring upon a ment which includes the flowers, is fcaly.
gentle hot- bed, juſt to bring up the plants ; for they As this plant is a native of a warm climate, it will
fhould be inured to the open air as foon as poffible, not live in the open air in England ; therefore the
to prevent their being drawn up very weak : when feeds muſt be fown in a hot-bed, and the plants
the plants are big enough to remove, they should be will require a ftove to maintain them through the
carefully taken up and planted in a bed of rich earth winter.
at fix inches diftance each way, obferving to fhade The thirty-third fort is a native of North America.
them from the fun till they have taken new root ; This hath upright italks about three feet high, gar
and if the feaſon proves dry, they muſt be often re nifhed with fpear-fhaped fawed leaves ; the flowers
freſhed with water. In this bed they may remain a are produced in bunchy panicles, having rough em
month or five weeks, by which time they will be palements. It flowers the end of Auguft, and is pro
ftrong enough to tranfplant into the borders of the pagated by parting the roots in autumn.
flower-garden where they are defigned to remain ; the The thirty-fourth fort grows naturally in Siberia ; the
plants fhould be taken up carefully, with large balls ftalks are ftriated about two feet high, fending out fide
of earth to their roots, and the ground dug up and branches, garniſhed with rough, veined, fpear-fhap
well broken with the ſpade, where the holes are made ed leaves ; the foot-ſtalks of the flowers are woolly,
to receive the plants : after they are planted, and each fupporting one large blue flower. This flowers
the earth cloſed about their roots, there fhould be in Auguft, and is propagated by parting the roots
fome water given them to fettle the earth. This in autumn.
work fhould, if poffible, be done when there is rain, The thirty-fifth fort fends up rough ſtalks about two
for then the plants will foon take new root, after feet high, dividing toward the top into many forked
which time they will require no other care but to keep branches, diverging from each other, garniſhed be
them clear from weeds. low with oval fawed leaves ; but the flowering ſtalks
In Auguſt theſe plants will flower, by which time if have entire obtufe leaves which embrace them with
the ground is rich in which they are planted, they will their bafe ; the flowers are growing almoft in an
be two feet high, and furnished with many fide umbel ; thefe appear the beginning of September.
branches, each of which is terminated by a large ra It is propagated by parting the the roots
roots as the
diated flower, fome white, fome red, and others blue. former.
Theſe are ſome of the greateft ornaments in the flower ASTERISCUS. See BUPHTHALMUM .
garden in autumn, during their time of flowering. ASTEROIDES, Baftard Starwort. See INULA.
The feeds ripen the beginning of October, which ASTRAGALOIDES. See PHACA.
fhould be gathered when it is perfectly dry ; and in ASTRAGALUS, Wild Liquorice, Liquorice
order to preferve the kinds with double flowers, thoſe Vetch, or Milk Vetch.. h
The CHARACTERS are,
which grow upon the fide branches, which are com
monly fuller of leaves than the flowers on the main It bath a butterfly flower, whofe empalement is of one
ftem , fhould always be preſerved for feeds. leaf, cut into five acute fagments at the top. The ftan
The thirty-first fort was difcovered by the late Dr. dard (or vexillum ) is upright, blunt, and reflexed on the
- Houſton in the year 1731 , at La Vera Cruz in New fides ; the wings are oblong, andfhorter than thestandard ;
Spain. This is an annual plant, which rifes with an the keel is the fame length, with the wings, and bordered.
upright ftalk about one foot high, garniſhed the It bath ten ftamina, nine of which are joined, and one
whole length with winged leaves, each confifting of Standsfingly, thefe are crowned by roundish fummits. At
two or three pair of lobes, terminated by an odd the bottom of the flower is fituated a taper germen, fup
one : each of theſe lobes are heart-fhaped, and fawed porting an awl-shaped style, crowned by a blunt ftigma.
on their edges ; at the top of the ſtalk is produced The germen afterward becomes a pod having two cells,
one large Orange- coloured flower, having a fingle each having a row of kidney -shaped feeds.
empalement, cut into many flender fegments which This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection of
end in points. After the flower is paft, each floret Linnæus's feventeenth clafs of plants, entitled Dia
is fucceeded by an oblong angular feed, crowned delphia Decandria, from the flower having ten fta
with long down. This is propagated by feeds, which mina joined in two bodies.
The SPECIES are,
fhould be fown on a moderate hot-bed in the ſpring ;
and when the plants are fit to remove, they muft be 1 . ASTRAGALUS (Glycyphyllos) caulefcens proftratus legu
each planted into a feparate fmall pot filled with rich minibus fubtriquetis arcuatis foliis ovalibus pedun
earth, and plunged into the tan-bed, obferving to culo longioribus . Lin. Sp . Plant. 758. Stalkyproftrate
fhade them until they have taken new root, as alfo Milk Vetch, with crooked pods almeft triangular, and oval
to refresh them with water, and in warm weather ad leaves longer than the foot f-talk. Aftragalus luteus pe
mit free air to the plants. When theſe pots are filled rennis procumbens vulgaris fylveftris. Mor. Hift. 2.
with their roots, the plants ſhould be carefully fhaken 107. fometimes called Wild Liquorice.
out ; and after paring off the outfide roots, put into 2. ASTRAGALUS (Hamofis) caulefcens procumbens , le
larger pots, filled with light earth, and plunged into guminibus fubulatis recurvatis glabris. Hort. Upfal.
·
the hot-bed again, where they may remain to flower 226. Stelky trailing Milk Vetch, with fmooth awl-shaped
• pods bending inward. Aftragalus luteus annus Mon
and perfect their feeds, for they will not thrive in the
open air. This fort flowers in July, and the feeds fpeliacus procumbens. Mor. Hift. 2. 108.
ripen in September.
D d 3. ASTRA
 AST AST

3. ASTRAGALUS ( Alopecuroides ) caulefcens, fpicis cylin- | 15. ASTRAGALUS ( Carolinianus) caulefcens erectus læ
dricis fubfeffilibus, calycibus leguminibufque lanatis. vis pedunculis fpicatis leguminibus ovato- cylindricis
Lin. Sp . Plant. 755. Stalky Milk Vetch with cylindrical ftylo acuminatis . Lin. Sp. Plant . 757. Smooth, up
Spikes growing clofe to the ftalks, and woolly pods and em right, ftalky Milk Vetch, with ſpikedſtalks, and oval cy
palements. Aftragalus Alpinus procerior Alopecuroi lindrical pods ending infharp points. Aftragalus proce
des. Tourn. Init. 416. rior non repens flore viridi flavefcente. Hort. Elth.
4. ASTRAGALUS (Cicer) caulefcens proftratus, legumini 45.
1 bus fubglobofis inflatis mucronatis pilofis . Hort. Up 16. ASTRAGALUS ( Canadenfis ) caulefcens diffufus, legu
fal. 226. Milk Vetch with a proftrate stalk, and a glo minibus fubcylindricis mucronatis foliolis fubtus fub
bular, fwelling, hairy ped, ending in a point. Aftragalus villofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 757. Milk Vetch with diffufed
luteus perennis filiquâ gemella rotundâ veficam refe Stalks, pointed cylindrical pods, and the fmall leaves hairy
rente. Mor. Hift. 2. 107. on their under fide. Aftragalus Canadenfis flore viridi
5. ASTRAGALUS ( Epiglottis) caulefcens procumbens , le flavefcente. Tourn . Inft. 416.
guminibus capitatis cordatis acutis reflexis complica 17. ASTRAGALUS ( Pilofus) caulefcens erectus pilofus flo
tis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 759. Milk Vetch with trailingstalks, ribus fpicatus leguminibus fubulatis pilofis. Lin. Sp.
and podsgrowing in beads, which are heart-shaped, point Plant. 756. Milk Vetch with hairy upright ftalks, flowers
ed, reflexed, and complicated. Aftragalus Hifpanicus growing infpikes, and awl -
shaped hairy pods. Aftraga
filiquâ epiglottidi fimili flore purpureo major. H. L. lus villofus erectus fpicatus floribus flavefcentibus.
74. Amman. Ruth. 166.
6. ASTRAGALUS ( Montanus) fubacaulos fcapis folio lon 18. ASTRAGALUS (Procumbens ) incanus caulibus pro
gioribus, floribus laxè fpicatis erectis, leguminibus cumbentibus fcapis folio æquantibus floribus glome
ovatis acumine inflexo. Prod. Leyd. 392. Low Milk ratis. Hoary Milk Vetch with trailing stalks, foot-
ftalks
Vetch with flower-ftalks longer than the leaves, and flow equal with the leaves, and glomerated flowers. Aftraga
ersgrowing in loofe upright spikes. Onobrychis floribus lus fupinus filiquis villofis glomeratis. Tourn. Inft.
viciæ majoribus cæruleo-purpurafcentibus five foliis R. H. 417.
tragacanthæ. C. B. P. 351 . 19. ASTRAGALUS ( Incanus) caulefcens incanus , legumi
7. ASTRAGALUS ( Baticus) caulefcens procumbens, fpicis nibus fubulatis recurvatis incanis . Hoary ftalky Milk
pedunculatis, leguminibus prifmaticis rectis triquetris Vetch, with awl s
-haped recurved pods which are hoary.
apice uncinatis. Hort. Cliff. 225. Milk Vetch with Aftragalus incanus filiquâ recurvâ. Bot. Monfp.
trailing ftalks, Spikes offlowers with foot-ftalks, and up 20. ASTRAGALUS ( Capitatus ) caulefcens capitulis globo
right triangular pods fhaped like a prifm pointed at the fis, pedunculis longiffimis, foliolis emarginatis . Hort.
top. Aftragalus annuus maritimus procumbens lati Cliff. 360. Stalky Milk Vetch with globular heads,
folius floribus pediculo infidentibus. Tourn. Inft. very longfoot -
ftalks, and thefmall leaves crenated at their
416. points. Aftragalus Orientalis villofiffimus capitulis ro
8. ASTRAGALUS ( Arenarius) fubcaulefcens procumbens tundioribus floribus purpureis. Tourn. Cor. 29.
floribus fubracemofis erectis foliis tomentofis. Lin. 21. ASTRAGALUS (Chinenfis) caulefcens procumbens,
Sp. Plant. 759. Low trailing Milk Vetch with branch capitulis pedunculatis, leguminibus prifmaticis rectis
ing flowersgrowing erect, and woolly leaves. Aftragalus triquetris apice fubulatis. MilkVetch with trailingstalks,
incanus parvus purpureus noftras. Pluk. Alm. 59. the foot-ftalks terminated by flowers collected in heads,
9. ASTRAGALUS (Phyfodes) acaulos fcapis folia æquanti and three-cornered pods shaped like priſms.
bus leguminibus inflatis fubglobofis nudis. Lin. Sp . 22. ASTRAGALUS (Uncatus) acaulis exfcapus, legumini
Plant. 760. Low Milk Vetch with flower-ftalks as long bus fubulatis hamatis folio longioribus, foliolis ob
as the leaves, and naked, globular, fwellingpods. Aftra cordatis. Lin. Sp. 1072. Milk Vetch without ſtalks,
galus acaulos leguminibus inflatis fubglobofis . Amo awl s
-haped bookedpods longer than the leaves, and the fmall
nit. Acad. leaves almost heart-shaped.
10. ASTRAGALUS (Chriftianus ) caulefcens erectus flori The first fort grows wild upon chalky ground in
bus glomeratis fubfeffilibus ex omnibus axillis folia many parts of England, fo is not often admitted into
ceis. Lin. Sp . 755. Milk Vetch with upright ftalks, and gardens. The root of this is perennial, but the ſtalks
glomeratedflowers growing close to them, proceedingfrom decay every autumn : it creeps at the root, fo that it
all the wings of the leaves. Aftragalus Orientalis max is too apt to ſpread where it is fuffered to grow. It
imus incanus erectus, caule ab imo ad fummum flo flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in Sep
rido. Tourn. Cor. 29. tember.
II . ASTRAGALUS ( Egyptiacus) caulefcens fcapis folio The ſecond fort is annual ; the branches of this trail
longioribus floribus laxè fpicatis erectis, leguminibus upon the ground, which are ftriated ; the leaves are
arcuatis. Stalky Milk Vetch with flower- ftalks longer winged, compofed of about eight pair of lobes, ter
than the leaves, upright flowers growing in loofe fpikes, minated by an odd one ; theſe are crenated at their
and arched pods. Aftragalus Ægyptius floribus fpica points. The foot-ftalks of the flowers ariſe from the
tis purpurafcentibus filiquis incurvis. Juff. wings of the leaves, which are about three inches long,
12. ASTRAGALUS (Sefameus) caulefcens diffufus capitu garniſhed toward the top with a few pale yellow
lis fubfeffilibus lateralibus leguminibus erectis fubula flowers rifing one above another ; thefe are fucceeded
tis acumine reflexis . Hort. Cliff. 361. Milk Vetch with by oblong pods, which bend in form of a fickle, be
diffufed ftalks, flower-heads growing close to the fides of ing round on their outer fide, but flatted on the op
the ftalks, and awl- shaped upright pods reflexed at their pofite, ending in a point, opening in two cells, each
points. Aftragalus annuus foliis & filiquis hirfutis having a row of fquare feeds. It flowers in June, and
plurimis in foliorum alis feffilibus. Pluk . Alm . 60. the feeds ripen in September. The feeds of this
13. ASTRAGALUS ( Galegiformis) caulefcens ftrictus gla fhould be fown in April, in the place where they are
ber, floribus racemofis pendulis, leguminibus trique to remain, and require no other care but to draw the
tris utrinque mucronatis. Lin. Sp. 1066. Milk Vetch plants out where they come up too thick, leaving
with fmoothflender ftalks, hanging branching flowers, and them a foot and a half aſunder, and keep them clean
three-cornered pointed pods. Aftragalus Orientalis altif from weeds.
fimus folio galega flore parvo flavefcente. Tourn . The third fort is a biennial plant, which grows natu
Cor. 29.
rally on the Alps . This rifes with an upright hairy
14. ASTRAGALUS (Uralenfis) acaulos fcapo erecto foliis ſtalk near three feet high, garniſhed with long winged
longiore leguminibus fubulatis inflatis villofis erec leaves, each having eighteen or twenty pair of oval
tis . Hort. Üpfal . 226. Low Milk Vetch, with upright lobes, terminated by an odd one. The flowers are
foot-ftalks to theflowers longer than the leaves, and awl produced in large cylindrical fpikes from the wings
Shaped, upright, fwoln, hairy pods. Aftragalus non ra of the leaves, fitting very cloſe to the ftalks, which
mofus villofus & incanus fpicatus floribus purpuro-vi are entirely covered with down, out of which the yel
olaceis. Amman. Ruth. 167. p . 126. low flowers juſt peep ; theſe are fucceeded by oval
2 pods
 AST AST

pods fhut up in the woolly empalements , having two This may be treated in the fame manner as the
cells, containing three or four fquare feeds in each. fecond.
It flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen in The eighth fort is a perennial plant, which grows
2. autumn , foon after which the plants decay. The naturally upon hills in feveral parts of England, par
feeds of this fhould be fown in April , on an open ticularly in the North. This is a low plant, feldom
h.
border, where the plants are defigned to remain ; rifing more than two or three inches high, having
and when the plants come up, they fhould be thin many winged leaves compofed ofnarrow woolly lobes,
ned, leaving them at leaſt two feet afunder, and keep placed clofe on the midrib ; the flowers are pretty
them clean from weeds ; the fecond year they will large, of a purple colour, growing in loofe fpikes. It
flower, and produce feeds . flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in Auguft. This
The fourth fort hath a perennial root, which fends may be propagated as the fourth fort, and should have
P
out ſeveral ſtriated ſtalks near three feet high, which, a fhady fituation.
if not fupported, proftrate themſelves towards the The ninth fort hath a perennial creeping root, fend
earth. Theſe are garniſhed with winged leaves placed ing out leaves, which are compofed of many pair of
alternately, at two inches diftance, which are com oval lobes, terminated by an odd one ; the flower
poſed of about ten pair of oval fmall lobes, termi ftalks are as long as the leaves, which fupport a cy
nated by an odd one. The flowers ariſe from the lindrical fpike of yellow flowers, which are fucceeded
wings of the leaves, upon foot-ſtalks two inches long, by fwollen pods, opening in two cells, containing fe
in fmall looſe ſpikes, which are yellow, and fhaped veral greenish feeds. This may be propagated as the
like the reft of this genus, and are fucceeded by fourth fort, and muſt have a fhady fituation. It flow
hairy, globular, fwelling pods, ending with a fharp ers in June, and grows naturally in Siberia.
point, opening in two cells, in each of which are The tenth fort was diſcovered by Dr. Tournefort in
contained two or three hard reddifh feeds . It flowers the Levant, who fent the feeds to the royal garden at
in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn. This grows Paris, where they fucceeded, from whence I was fur
naturally in the ſouth of France and Italy. It is eaſily niſhed with them . This fends up ftalks near three
propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown upon an feet high, which are large at bottom, and gradually
open border in the fpring ; and when the plants come diminiſh to the top ; the leaves alfo at bottom are
up, they muſt be thinned and kept clean from weeds very long, and diminiſh upward, fo as to form a fort
till autumn, when they fhould be tranfplanted to the of pyramid ; thefe are winged, and compofed of
place where they are to remain, and will afterward many large oval pair of lobes, which are placed thin
require no other culture, but to keep them clean from ly on the midrib, and terminated by an odd one ;
weeds. One or two of thefe plants in a garden by the flowers come out in clufters from the wings of
way of variety, may be admitted, but they have lit each leaf, beginning near the root where the
tle beauty . foot-ftalks are the longeft, and continuing up
The fifth fort is annual. This fends out from the ward, diminiſhing in their number. Theſe are
root two or three hairy trailing branches, which are large, of a bright yellow colour, and are fuc
garniſhed with winged leaves, compoſed of ten or ceeded by cylindrical pods opening in two cells,
twelve pair of blunt lobes, terminated by an odd filled with fquare yellow feeds . It flowers in July,
one the flowers come out from the wings of the and in very favourable feafons will perfect feeds in
leaves upon naked foot-ftalks, four or five inches England. It is propagated by feeds, which fhould
long, and are gathered into a round head ; theſe are be fown, and the plants afterward treated as hath
fhaped like the others, but are pretty large, and of a been directed for the fourth fort ; with this diffe
deep purple colour, which are fucceeded by ſhort rence only, to plant them in a warm border and a dry
pods rough on their outfides, and when opened, are foil, otherwiſe the plants will not thrive well in this
fhaped like a heart, ending in a fharp point, contain climate. The third year from feed the plants will
ing three or four feeds. flower, and continue many years in a properfoil.
The feeds of this fhould be fown on an open border The eleventh fort grows naturally in Egypt, from
in April, where the plants are to remain, and treated whence the feeds were fent to the royal garden at Pa
as the other annual forts before-mentioned . It flowers ris , and Dr. Juffieu was fo good as to fend me part
in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn . It grows na of the feeds this is an annual plant, which rifes
turally in Spain and Portugal, from whence I have with upright ftalks a foot and a half high, thinly gar
received the feeds. nifhed with winged leaves, compoſed of about twelve
The fixth fort is a perennial plant, which grows na pair of oval lobes, terminated by an odd one ; the
turally upon the mountains in Spain, from whence I foot-ftalks of the flowers arife from the wings of the
received it. This is a low plant, feldom rifing with leaves, and are extended beyond them ; thefe are ter
a ſtem more than three inches high, fending out minated by looſe ſpikes of yellow flowers, which are
winged leaves on every fide, which are compofed of fucceeded by fickle-fhaped pods. It flowers in July,
many pairs of narrow lobes, fet very cloſe together and the feeds ripen in autumn, foon after which the }
on the midrib, terminated by an odd one. The plants decay. It may be propagated by feeds in the
flowers grow upon long foot-ftalks, which rife above fame manner as hath been before directed for the an
the leaves ; theſe are large and of a purple colour, nual forts, putting the feeds in a warm border and a
growing in a looſe ſpike, and ſtand erect , and are fuc dry foil, where the plants will perfect their feeds very
ceeded by oblong crooked pods opening in two cells, well.
filled with fquare feeds. It flowers in June, and the The twelfth fort grows naturally in Italy, and the
feeds ripen in Auguft. This is propagated by feeds, fouth of France, from whence I received the feeds.
which ſhould be fown, and the plants treated in the This is an annual plant, which fends out feveral weak
fame manner as the fourth fort, but fhould have a ſtalks without any order, garnished with winged
hady fituation and a ſtronger foil. leaves, compofed of ten or twelve pair of lobes, and
The feventh fort is annual. This fends out feveral fometimes terminated by an odd one ; theſe are hairy ;
trailing branches near two feet long, which are gar at the foot-ftalks of the leaves the flowers come out
nished with winged leaves, compofed of about ten in fmall cluſters, fitting clofe to the fides of the ſtalks ,
pair of blunt lobes, fet thinly on the midrib, termi which are of a copper colour, and are fucceeded by F
nated by an odd one : at the wing of each leaf comes awl-fhaped pointed pods growing erect, and reflect
out a foot-ſtalk near two inches long, fuftaining four ed at their points. This is propagated by feeds in
or five yellow flowers at the top, which are fucceeded the fame manner as the other annual forts before men
by triangular brown pods, fhaped like a prifm , grow tioned ; it flowers in July, and the feeds are ripe in
ing erect, and open in two cells filled with greenish autumn.
fquare feeds. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen The thirteenth fort was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort,
in autumn, foon after which the plants decay. in the Levant, who fent the feeds to the royal garden
at
I

AST AST

at Paris, where they fucceeded, and produced new two feet high, garniſhed with winged leaves, com
feeds, fo that many of the European gardens have been pofed of many pair of oval woolly lobes, terminated
fince fupplied with it ; this hath a perennial root, by an odd one ; from the wings of the leaves arife
which fends out many upright ftalks upward of five the foot-ftalks, which are terminated by clofe fpikes
feet high, which are garniſhed with winged leaves, of yellow flowers ; thefe are fucceeded by hairy awl
compoſed of about fourteen pair of oval lobes, termi fhaped pods, having two cells, filled with brown feeds.
nated by an odd one ; from the wings of the leaves This flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
the foot-ftalks of the flowers arife, which are garniſh It grows naturally in Siberia, from whence the feeds
ed with ſmall yellow flowers, growing in loofe fpikes, were fent to Dr. Amman, at Peterſburgh, who com
and are extended beyond the leaves ; thefe are fuc municated them to me. It is a perennial plant, and
ceeded by very ſhort triangular pods, ending in a propagated by feeds in the fame manner as the fourth
point, which open in two cells, filled with Afh-co fort.
loured fquare feeds. This flowers in June or July, The eighteenth fort is a biennial plant : the feeds of
and the feeds ripen in autumn, It is propagated by this were ſent me from Spain, where the plant grows
feeds , which may be fown in the fpring, upon a naturally. This fends out many trailing ftalks, which
border of light earth, and treated in the fame man are divided into many fmaller branches, garniſhed
ner as the fourth fort, till the following autumn, with many pair of narrow lobes, terminated by an
when the plants fhould be removed to an open fitu odd one ; the flowers are collected into heads, which
ation and a dry foil, and when they have taken root, terminate the foot-ſtalks, and are white ; the foot
will require no farther culture. I have a root of ſtalks are about the fame length as the leaves ; the
this fort growing in the Chelſea garden, which is pods are ſhort and triangular, and the whole plant is
more than thirty years old, and produces plenty of covered with a filvery down. The feeds of this ſhould
feeds every year. be fown upon an open bed of light earth, where the
The fourteenth fort grows naturally upon the moun plants are to remain, and the plants afterward treated
tains in Germany ; this never rifes with a ftalk, but in the manner directed for the annual forts : the fe
fends out divers winged leaves from the root, which cond year they will flower and perfect their feeds,
are compofed of many blunt lobes, placed by pairs, after which they feldom continue.
and terminated by an odd one ; the foot-ftalks of the The ninteenth fort grows upon the hills near Verona,
flowers arife immediately from the root, and are from whence I received it. This fends up an up
longer than the leaves, being terminated by ſpikes " right ſtalk, feldom more than fix inches high, gar
of blue flowers, which are fucceeded by fwelling awl niſhed with ſmall, winged, hoary leaves ; the foot
ſhaped pods, which are erect and hairy, having two ftalks ariſe from the wings of the leaves, fupport
cells which are filled with greenish feeds. It flowers ing three or four pale flowers , which are fucceed 1
in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn. The root is ed by fickle-fhaped hoary pods. This is a biennial
abiding, and the plant is propagated by feeds as the plant, and fhould be treated in the fame manner as
fourth fort, but ſhould have an open fituation. the laſt.
The fifteenth fort grows naturally in Carolina, from The twentieth fort was diſcovered by Dr. Tournefort
whence I received the feeds ; this hath a perennial in the Levant, who fent the feeds to the royal garden
root, but an annual ftalk, which decays in autumn ; at Paris. This hath a perennial root, which ſends up
from the root ariſe ſeveral upright ſtalks three feet feveral erect ftalks, garniſhed with winged leaves,
high, garniſhed with winged leaves, compofed of compoſed of feveral pair of lobes, indented at the
eighteen or twenty pair of oval ſmooth lobes, termi top ; from the wings of the leaves come out long
nated by an odd one ; from the wings of the leaves foot-ftalks, fupporting a globular head of purple
arife the foot-ftalks, which are terminated by ſpikes flowers ; theſe are rarely fucceeded by pods in Eng
of greenish yellow flowers, which are fucceeded by land . It flowers the end of July. It is propagated
oval cylindrical pods, to which adhere the ftyle, by feeds, which fhould be fown upon a moderate
which extends beyond the pods in a point. This hot-bed in the fpring, and the plants treated in the
flowers in Auguſt, but unleſs the ſeaſon is warm , the fame manner as hath been directed for the fifteenth
plants feldom ripen their feeds in England . It is fort.
propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown upon a The twenty-first fort grows naturally in China : the
moderate hot-bed in the fpring ; and when the plants plant is annual ; the ftalks fpread on the furface of
are fit to remove, they ſhould be each planted in a the ground, which are cloſely garnished with winged
fmall pot filled with earth from the kitchen-garden , leaves, compofed of eight or ten pair of oval ſmooth
and plunged again into the hot-bed, to forward their lobes, fitting clofe to the midrib ; theſe are flightly
making new roots ; and when they are eſtabliſhed in indented at their end. The foot-ftalks of the flowers
the pots, they muſt be inured to the open air, into are produced from the wings of the ſtalk , two of them
which they ſhould be removed the end of May, pla generally arifing at each place, and are equal to the
cing them in a ſheltered fituation, where they may re leaves in length, fupporting a globular head of pur
main till October, when they ſhould be placed under ple flowers, which are fucceeded by three-cornered
a common frame to fhelter them in winter ; and in pods growing erect in a compact head, opening in
the ſpring they may be turned out of the pots, and two cells, filled with fmall triangular feeds . This
planted in a warm border, where they will thrive and plant flowers in July and Auguft, and the feeds ripen
flower ; and if the winter proves very fevere, a little in autumn.
old tan fhould be laid over the roots, which will ef The feeds of this fort fhould be fown upon a hot-bed
fectually preferve them . in March, and when the plants come up and are fit to
The fixteenth fort grows naturally in moft parts of tranfplant, they fhould be each put into a fmall pot
North America ; this hath a perennial root, which filled with light earth, and plunged into another mo
fends out many irregular ſtalks about two feet high, derate hot-bed, being careful to fhade them fromthe
garnifhed with winged leaves, compofed of many fun until they have taken new root ; after which they
pair of oval lobes, hairy on their under fide ; from fhould have free air admitted to them daily, propor
the wings of the leaves come out the foot-ftalks, fup tional to the warmth of the ſeaſon , and frequently but
porting fpikes of greenish yellow flowers, which are gently watered, with which management the plants
fucceeded by cylindrical pods, ending in a point. will flower and produce feeds.
This flowers in July, and the feeds ripen the begin The twenty-fecond fort grows naturally about Alep
ning of October. It is propagated by feeds, which po, from whence the feeds were brought by Dr. Ruf
fhould be managed as thofe of the fifteenth fort, but fel. The plant is annual, fending out a few branch
the plants are hardier, fo will live thro' the winter ing ſtalks which trail upon the ground, garniſhed with
in a common bed of light earth without covering. narrow winged leaves, whofe lobes are broader at
The feventeenth fort rifes with upright hairy ſtalks their points than their baſe, and are indented fo as
to

1
 23

AST ATH
d
to become almoſt heart-shaped ; the flowers are pro be fown in autumn, foon after they are ripe, on a
le fhady border ; and, when the plants are come up,
duced at the wings of the ſtalks in ſhort looſe ſpikes ;
S they are almoft white, and are fucceeded by fickle they ſhould be carefully weeded, and where they are
fhaped pods, having two cells filled with fquare brown too clofe, fome of the plants fhould be drawn out, to
**

feeds. This flowers in July and Auguft, and the allow room for others to grow, until Michaelmas ,
L when they fhould be tranfplanted where they are to
feeds ripen in autumn .
S remain ; which fhould always be in a moist foil and
This is propagated by feeds, which ſhould be fown
in the fpring upon an open bed of light earth, and a fhady fituation . The diflance thefe plants fhould
the plants treated afterward in the fame manner as be placed, is three feet, for their roots will fpread to
1 hath been directed for the annual forts before-men a confiderable width, if they are permitted to remain
tioned. long in the fame place. They require no other cul
ASTRANTIA, Mafterwort. ture but to keep them clear from weeds, and every
The CHARACTERS are, third or fourth year to be taken up at Michaelmas,
It is a plant whofe flowers grow in an umbel ; the gene and their roots parted and planted again. Thefe plants
ral umbel is compofed offour or five ſmall ones. The in are feldom preferved but in botanic gardens, there
volucrum ofthe general umbel is in one fpecies composed of being no great beauty in their flowers. They all
two large trifid leaves, and two entire. In another fpecies grow naturally upon the Alps.
offeveral fmall leaves : the involucrum of the fmall um ATHAM ANTA . Lin. Gen. Plant. 301. Meum.
bel is compofed of many fmall pointed leaves, which are Tourn. Inft. R. H. 312. Spignel.
The The CHARACTERS are,
longer than the umbels, coloured and spread open.
empalement of the flower is permanent, erect, and cut into It is a plant with an umbellated flower ; the general um
five fhort acute fegments ; the flower is compofed of five bel Spreads open, and is composed of many fmall ones ; the
petals, which are erect, bifid, and bend inward : it hath involucrum of thegreat umbel is composed of many narrow
five ftamina the length of the petals, crowned by Single leaves, which areſhorter than the rays ; thofe ofthe small
fummits ; the oblong germen is fituated below the recepta ones are narrow, and equal with the rays : the flowers
cle, fupporting two flender Styles, crowned by spreading of the great umbel are uniform ; thofe of the fmaller have
Stigma , the germen afterward becomes an oval, blunt, five inflexed heart-shapedpetals, which are a little unequal ;
channelled fruit, divided into two parts, having two ob each flower bath five flender stamina, which are of the
long ovalfeeds inclofed in the cover. fame length with the petals, and crowned by roundish
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection fummits ; the germen is fituated below the receptacle,
of Linnæus's fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Digynia, Supporting two reflexed styles, crowned by obtufe ftigma ;
the flower having five ſtamina and two ſtyles. the germen afterward becomes an oblong channelled fruit,
The SPECIES are, divided into two parts, each containing one oval channelled
1. ASTRANTIA (Major) foliis radicalibus quinquelobatis feed.
ferratis, caulinis trilobatis acutis. Mafterwort with This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection
the lower leaves divided into five fawed lobes, and thofe of Linnæus's fifth clafs of plants, entitled Pentan
on the ftalks cut into three acute lobes. Aftrantia major dria Digynia, the flowers having five ftamina and two
corona floris purpurafcente. Inft. R. H. 314. ſtyles.
2. ASTRANTIA (Candida ) foliis quinquelobatis lobis tri The SPECIES are,
partitis. Haller. Helv. 439. Mafterwort with leaves 1. ATHAMANTA (Meum) foliolis capillaribus, femini
having five tripartite lobes. Aftrantia major coronâ bus glabris ftriatis. Hort. Cliff. 93. Spignel with hair
floris candidâ. Tourn . Inft. 314. like leaves, and smooth channelled feeds. Meum foliis
3. ASTRANTIA (Minor) foliis digitatis ferratis. Lin. Sp. Anethi. C. B. P. 148. commonly called Spignel.
Plant. 255. Mafterwort withfingered leaves which are 2 . ATHAMANTA (Cretenfis) foliolis linearibus planis hir
fawed. Helleborus niger faniculæ folio minor. C. B. P. futis, petalis bipartitis, feminibus oblongis hirfutis.
1.86. Lin. Mat. Med. 143. Spignel with plain hairy leaves,
The firſt fort hath many fpreading leaves rifing from petals divided into two parts, and oblong hairyfeeds. Dau
the root, which are compofed of five large lobes, cus Creticus foliis faniculi tenuiffimis. C. B. P.
fawed pretty deep on their edges ; from between thefe 3 . ATHAMANTA (Sicula) foliis inferioribus nitidis , um
the ftalks arife near two feet high, having at each bellis primordialibus fubfeffilibus, feminibus pilofis.
joint one leaf deeply cut into three fharp-pointed Hort. Upfal. 60. Spignel with fhining under leaves, the
lobes ; at the top of the ftalk is produced the umbel umbels at firft fitting clofe, and hairyjeeds. Daucus fe
of flowers, at the bottom of which is fituated the ge cundus ficulis fophie folio. Zan. Hift. So.
neral involucrum, compofed of two long trifid leaves, 4. ATHAMANTA (Orcofelinum) foliolis divaricatis. Flor.
and two entire ones of the fame length. The fmall Suec. 249. Athamanta with divaricated leaves. Apium
umbels ftand upon long foot-ftalks or rays, under montanum folio ampliore. C. B. P. 153 .
which is placed the involucrum, compofed of many 5. ATHAMANTA (Cervaria) foliolis pinnatis decuffatis,
fpear- shaped pointed leaves, which extend beyond incifo-angulatis, feminibus nudis . Lin. Sp . 352. A
the rays, and are of a purplish colour. thamanta with winged leaves, whofe lobes are angularly
The fecond fort hath much the appearance of the cut, and naked feeds. Daucus montanus Apii folio
firft, fo has been fuppofed to be only a variety of it ; major. C. B. P. 150.
but it differs from that in having five lobes to the The first fort is the common Spignel ufed in medi
leaves of the ftalks, which are much fhorter, and cine. This grows naturally in Weftmoreland, and
rounder at the point than thofe of the other. The by the inhabitants there is called Bald-Money, or
general involucrum of the umbel is compofed of Bawd-Money ; by fome it is called Meu. This is a
fhort narrow leaves, and thofe of the fmaller umbels perennial plant ; the ftalks rife a foot and a half high,
are fhorter and white. and are channelled ; the leaves are very ramofe, and
The third fort feldom rifes a foot high ; the foot compofed of many fine hair-like leaves fet pretty cloſe,
ftalks of the leaves are four inches long ; the leaves of a deep green ; the ftalk is terminated by an umbel
are divided into eight fegments at the bottom, and of white flowers, which are fucceeded by oblong
fpread out like a hand , thefe are deeply fawed on fmooth feeds.
their edges ; the involucrum of the general umbel is This may be propagated by parting the roots at
compofed of feveral very narrow leaves ; the foot Michaelmas, or from feeds fown foon after they are
ftalks of the feparate umbels are very large and flen ripe ; the plants fhould have a fhady fituation and
der, and toward the top often divide into three, each moift foil. It flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in
having a finall umbel. The involucrums of thefe Auguft.
fmall umbels are fhort and white. The fecond fort is the Daucus Creticus , of which
Theſe plants are very hardy ; they may be propa there are two forts, whofe feeds are indifferently uſed
gated either by fowing their feeds, or parting their in the fhops, one of which is annual, but that here
roots. Ifthey are propagated from feeds, they fhould mentioned is a perennial plant, which fends out many
E e ftalks,
 ATH ATH

ftalks, garnished with flender narrow leaves like thofe ferioribus linearibus dentatis, fuperioribus ovatis fer
of Fennel, irregularly difpofed. The flower-ftalk ratis . Lin. Sp . 1181. Athanafia with a compound
rifes about two feet high, fending out many branches, corymbus, the lower leaves lincar and indented, the
garniſhed the whole length with the fame compound upper oval and fawed. Coma aurea Africana frutef
capillary leaves, and at the top are terminated by cens, foliis inferioribus incifis, fuperioribus dentatis.
compound umbels, compofed of near twenty fmall Com . Rar. Pl. 41.
ones ; thefe have white flowers with five petals, which 2. ATHANASIA (Trifurcata) corymbis fimplicibus , foliis
are fucceeded by oblong, hairy, channelled fruit, di trilobis cuneiformibus. Lin. Sp . 1181. Athanafia with
vided into two parts, each containing one oblong a fingle corymbus, and wedge -
shaped leaves with three
hairy feed . lobes. Coma aurea Africana fruticans, foliis glaucis
This fort is propagated by feeds, which ſhould be & in extremitate trifidis. Hort. Amft. 2. p. 97.
fown in autumn on an open bed of light dry ground ; 3. ATHANASIA (Crithmifolia) corymbis fimplicibus, fo
and when the plants come up in the fpring, they fhould liis femitrifidis linearibus. Lin S
. p. 1181. Athanafia
be kept clean from weeds, and thinned where they with a fimple corymbus, and linear femitrifid leaves. Co
are too clofe, fo that they may have room to grow ma aurea fruticans foliis anguftiffimis trifidis . Burm.
till the following autumn, when they fhould be care Afr. 186 .

fully taken up, and planted at about a foot diſtance 4. ATHANASIA ( Pubefcens) corymbus fimplicibus, foliis
in a bed of light - fandy earth, where the roots will lanceolatis indivifis villofis. Amoen. Acad. 4. p . 329.
continue feveral years, and annually flower and pro Athanafia with a fimple corymbus, and spear -
shaped, un
duce ripe feeds. It flowers in June, and the feeds divided, hairy leaves. Coma aurea Africana fruticofa,
are ripe in September. This grows naturally in Can omnium maxima, foliis tomentofis & incanis. Hort.
Amft. 2. p. 93 .
dia, but is rarely injured by cold in this country.
The third fort is a perennial plant ; this fends up 5 . ATHANASIA (Annua) corymbus fimplicibus coarcta
from the root feveral upright ſtalks, near three feet tis, foliis pinnatifidis dentatis. Lin. Sp . 1182. Atha
high, which are terminated by compound umbels ; nafia with afimple corymbus, and winged indented leaves.
thefe, at their first appearance, are very clofe and Elichryfum inodorum glabrum, coronopi folio gla
compact, but afterward fpread open, and divide into brum . Magn . Montp . 307.

feveral fmaller umbels ; the foot-ftalks or rays of 6 . ATHANASIA ( Maritima) pedunculis unifloris fubco
thefe are fhort and hairy. The flowers are compofed rymbofis, foliis lanceolatis indivifis crenatis obtu
of five white petals, which are not quite equal, and fis tomentofis. Lin. Sp. 1182. Athanafia with fingle
are fucceeded by oblong woolly fruit, divided in flowers on each foot -ftalk formed like a corymbus, and
to two parts, each containing one oblong channelled Spear-shaped, obtufe, woolly leaves. Gnaphalium mari
feed. timum. C. B. P. 263 .
This may be propagated in the fame manner as the The first fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
former, and is equally hardy ; it grows naturally in Hope this hath a low, fhrubby, branching ſtalk,
Sicily, and fome parts of Italy. which feldom rifes three feet high ; the branches are
The fourth fort is a perennial plant, which grows na garnifhed with two forts of leaves, thofe toward the
turally in fome particular parts of England, France , bottom are linear and indented, but the upper are
and Germany ; the leaves of this are linear, and oval and fawed on their edges : the flowers are dif
acutely cut into oblong fegments ; the ftalks rife two pofed in a compound corymbus at the end of the
feet high, dividing toward the top into three or four branches ; they are of a pale yellow, and appear early.
branches, each being terminated by an umbel of in fummer, and if the feafon proves favourable, will
white flowers, which are fucceeded by oblong ftriated be fucceeded by ripe feeds in autumn.
feeds. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in The fecond fort is a native of the Cape of Good
autumn. Hope this rifes with a fhrubby ftalk five or fix feet
The fifth fort grows naturally in the fouth of France, high, dividing into many irregular branches, gar
and in Auftria : this hath a perennial root ; the ftalks nifhed with flat glaucous leaves cut at their extremity
rife three feet high, garnifhed with winged leaves, into three fegments ; thefe have an agreeable odour
which are cut into angular fegments ; they are ter when bruifed . The flowers are produced in a fim
minated by umbels of white flowers, which are fuc ple corymbus at the extremity of the branches ; they
ceeded by naked feeds. This flowers in July, and are of a bright yellow colour, and appear in Auguft,
the feeds ripen in autumn. but are feldom fucceeded by ripe feeds in England.
Thefe two forts are feldom admitted into any gar The third fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
dens but thoſe of botanifts , for the fake of variety, Hope : this hath a fhrubby branching ftalk like the
being plants of little beauty or ufe. They are pro former ; the leaves are linear, and divided more than
pagated by feeds, which fhould be fown in autumn half their length, fome into three, and others into
foon after they are ripe, and the plants will appear five narrow fegments : the flowers are produced at
the following fpring, when they will require no other the extremity of the branches in a fimple corymbus,
care but to thin them where they are too cloſe, and like thofe of the former fort in fhape and colour, of
keep them clean from weeds. The fecond fummer which there is a fucceffion on the fame plant great
they will flower and produce ripe feeds, but the roots part of fummer ; but unless the feafon is warm, they
will abide feveral years where they are defired. are rarely fucceeded by ripe feeds in England.
ATHANASIA. Lin. Gen. 943. Baccharis. Vaill. Act . The fourth fort rifes with a fhrubby ftalk fix or feven
Gall . 1719. Goldylocks . feet high ; the branches are garniſhed with hairy,
The CHARACTERS are , fpear-fhaped, entire leaves ; the flowers are yellow,
The empalement is imbricated, oval, and the fcales are and produced in a fimple corymbus at the extremity
Spear-shaped, the flower is of the compound kind ; the of the branches, but are not fucceeded by good feeds
florets are uniform and longer than the corolla ; the her in England .
maphrodite florets are funnel s-haped, cut into five feg Thefefour forts are eafily propagated by cuttings during
ments, which are erect ; they have each fivefhort hair-like the fummer months. If thefe are planted either in pots
Stamina, with cylindrical tubulofe fummits, and an oblong or upon an old hot-bed, and clofely covered with
germen with a flender ſtyle, terminated by an obtufe bifid glaffes , fhading them in the heat of the day, and refreſh
figma ; each floret has an oblong feed with a chaffy down ing them with water when they require it, they will
between them. put out roots in five or fix weeks ; and in two months
This genus of plants is ranged in the first order of they may be taken up and planted in pots filled
Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, entitled Syngenefia Poly with light earth, and placed in a fhady fituation un
gamia Aqualis ; the florets of this order are all her til they have taken new root ; after which they ſhould
maphrodite. be removed to a fheltered fituation, mixing them with
The SPECIES are,
other exotic plants, where they may remain till the
1. ATHANASIA (Dentata) corymbis impofitis, foliis in middle or end of October, according as the feafon
proves
 ATR ATR

proves favourable ; then ſhould be removed either which compofe the rays, or border, are stretched out on
into a green-houſe, or a glafs cafe, where they may one fide like a tongue, and are fightly indented infive parts.
enjoy as much free air as poffible, but fecured from Thofe which compofe the disk, or middle, are funnel- shaped,
froft, with which management they will thrive and cut at the top into free parts ; ‫ ތ‬thefe have bothfive flender
produce plenty offlowers ; but where they are drawn Stamina in each, which are short, and crowned by cylin
weak in winter, they will not appear fightly. drical fummits; in thofe of the dijk is fituated a fort
The fifth fort is an annual plant, which grows na crowned germen, fupporting aflender Style, crowned by a
turally in Africa. This hath an herbaceous ftalk bifid ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a turbinated
about nine inches high, which divides toward the top compreffed feed, crowned with a plume of down, fhut up
into three or four branches, garniſhed with ſmooth in the empalement.
leaves, divided into fegments like thofe of Bucks This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
horn Plantain ; the flowers are large, of a bright yellow Linnæus's feventeenth clais, entitled Syngenefia Po
colour, and are produced at the extremity of the lygamia Æqualis, from the florets of the border and
branches in a compact fimple corymbus ; thefe ap difk being hermaphrodite.
The SPECIES are,
pear in July and Auguft, but are rarely fucceeded
by ripe feeds in this country. 1. ATRACTYLIS (Cancellata) involucris cancellatis ven
This is propagated by feeds when they can be ob tricofis, linearibus dentatis calycibus ovatis, floribus
tained good, which fhould be fown on a moderate flofculofis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 830. Distaff Thistle with a
hot-bed the latter end of March; when the plants are bellied netted involucrum, an oval, indented, linear em
come up they fhould have air in proportion to the palement, and flofculous flowers. Cnicus exiguus capite
warmth of the feafon admitted to them, to prevent cancellato femine tomentofo. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
their drawing up weak ; and fo foon as they are big 2 . ATRACTYLIS (Humills) foliis dentato-finuatis, flore
enough to remove they fhould be tranfplanted on radiato obvallato involucro patente, caule herbaceo.
another gentle hot-bed, at three inchesdi ſtance, obſer Lin. Sp. Plant. 829. Difteff Thifle with finuated in
ving to fhade them until they have got freſh root ; after dented leaves, a radiated flower frongly guarded by its
which they muft have air and water, and by the end Spreading involucrum, and an herbaceous ftalk. Cnicus
ofMay, the plants will have acquired ftrength enough aculeatus purpureus humilior. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
to be tranfplanted into the open air ; when fome may 451 .
be planted in pots to place among other exotic plants 3 . ATRACTYLIS (Gummifera ) flore acaule. Lin. Sp . Plant.
in fummer, and the others into warm borders, where 829. Diftaff Thistle with aflower without a ftalk. Cnicus
they will flower all the autumn, but unleſs the ſeaſon Carlin folio acaulos gummifer aculeatus. Tourn.
is very warm, they will not ripen feeds. Cor. 33 :

The fixth fort grows naturally on the fea coafts in The firft fort grows naturally in Spain, Sicily, and
the warm parts of Europe, and alſo in fome parts of other warm parts of Europe. This is an annual plant
Wales, from whence I have received plants. The which feldom rifes more than eight or nine inches
ſtalks trail on the ground, feldom growing more than high, with a flender ftem, thinly garnished with nar
feven or eight inches long, garnished clofely with row hoary leaves, having fpines on their edges ; at
the top of the ftalk there are two or three flender
woolly leaves, which are fpear-shaped, entire, and ob
tufe ; the flowers are of a bright yellow, each pro branches fent out, each being terminated by a head
duced on a ſingle foot-ftalk, forming a kind of co of flowers, like thofe of the Thiſtle, with an invo
rymbus ; they appear in June and July, but rarely lucrum compofed of feveral narrow leaves, armed
ripen feeds in the garden. with fpines on their fide, which are longer than the
This may be propagated by planting flips or cuttings head of flowers. The empalement is curioufly netted
during the fummer months, in the fame way as the over, and is narrow at the top, but fwelling below,
African forts ; fome of the plants fhould be put into containing many florets of a purplish colour. Thefe
pots to be placed under a hot-bed frame in winter, are each fucceeded by a ſingle downy feed ; it flow
the other may be planted in a warm border, where if ers in July, and, if the featon be warm and dry, it
the winter proves favourable they will live, but they will ripen its feeds in September, but in cold years
rarely furvive cold winters. never perfects feeds here.
1
ATMOSPHERE [of 'Aluòs, a vapour, and Coxien, It is propagated by feeds, which must be fown upon
Gr. a fphere] is an appendage of the earth, which an open bed of light earth, where the plants are to
confifts of a thin, fluid, elaftic fubftance, called air, remain, and will require no other care but to keep
furrounding the terraqueous globe to a confiderable them clean from weeds, and thin the plants where
height. they come up too clofe together.
The whole mafs, or affemblage of ambient air, is The fecond fort rifes with a ftalk near a foot high,
commonly understood to be the atmoſphere. which is garnifhed with indented leaves, having fmall
But the more accurate writers reftrain the term at fpines on their edges ; the upper part of the ftalk is
moſphere to that part of the air which is next to the divided into two or three flender branches, each fup
earth, which receives the vapours and exhalations, porting a head of purple flowers, having rays in the
and which is terminated by the refraction of the light border, and florets in the difk, inclofed in a fcaly em
of the fun. palement. The roots of this will live two or three
Thofe fpaces that are higher, and beyond thefe, are years ; it flowers in June, but unless the fuminer is
called æther ; and, being fuppofed to be poffeffed by warm and dry, it will not perfect feeds in England.
a finer fubftance, are called the æthereal regions, tho' The feeds of this fort fhould be fown where they are
thefe, perhaps, are not deftitute of air. to remain, and will require no other culture than the
This atmofphere infinuates itfelf into all the vacuities former. It grows naturally about Madrid, from
of bodies, and by that means becomes the great whence I received the feeds.
fpring of most of the mutations here below, as ge The third fort grows naturally in Italy, and the iſlands
neration, corruption, diffolution of vegetables, &c. of the Archipelago, and is what the College of Phy
to the preffure of the atmofphere, plants owe their ficians have placed among the medicinal fimples, by .
vegetation, as well as animals do their refpiration, the title of Carline Thiftle ; the root of this is per
circulation, and nutrition. ennial, and fends out many narrow leaves, which
ATRACTYLIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 837. Diſtaff are deeply finuated, and armed with fpines on their
Thiſtle. edges. Thefe lie ciofe on the ground, and between
The CHARACTERS are, them the flower is fituated, without ftalk, having
It bath a radiated compound flower, compofed of many many florets, inclofed in a prickly empalement. Thofe
bermaphrodite florets, which are included in a common on the border are white, but thofe which compofe the
fcaly unarmed empalement. This bath a permanent invo difk are of a yellowish colour. It flowers in July, but
lucrum, compofed of feveral narrow plain leaves, which never perfects feeds in England.
have sharp fpines on their fides. The hermaphroditeflorets
It
 ATR ATR

It is propagated by feeds, which must be obtained this country. It flowers in June and July. This is
from the countries where it grows naturally ; thefe a native of the country about the Cape of Good Hope,"
fhould be fown upon a border of light earth, in a from whence it was brought into the gardens in Hol
warm fituation, early in April, and when the plants land, and has been feveral years in the Engliſh gar
come up, and are fit to tranfplant, they fhould be dens, where it is allowed a place more for the fake
thinned, and thoſe which are drawn out may be tranf of variety, than its beauty. It may be eafily pro
planted, leaving the other two feet afunder ; after pagated by cuttings any time in the fummer, and in
which the only culture they require is, to keep them winter the plants muſt be fcreened from froft.
clean from weeds in fummer, and in winter to cover ATRIPLEX, Orach, or Arach.
the roots with fome old tanners bark, to prevent the The CHARACTERS are,
froft from penetrating the ground. It bath female and hermaphrodite flowers on the fame
The fourth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good plant. The hermaphrodite flowers have a permanent em
Hope ; this rifes with a fhrubby ftalk near three feet palement offive cval concave leaves, with membranaceous
high, garnished with oblong leaves , indented on their borders ; they have no petals, but five awl -
shaped ftamina,
edges, which have weak ipines at each indenture ; placed oppofite to the leaves of the empalement, fupporting
there are feveral weak branches fent out on the fides, doublefummits. In the center is placed the orbicular ger
each of which are terminated by a fingle head of men, with a short bipartite style, crowned with a reflexed
flowers, inclofed in a common empalement, which Stigma. The germen afterward becomes an orbicular com
ſpreads open, and are of a golden colour, but are prefed feed, fut up in the five-cornered empalement. The
never fucceeded by feeds in England . This is pro female flowers have a two-leaved empalement, which are
pagated by flips , taken from the flower-ftalks in June, large, plain, erect, and pointed. They have no petals nor
and planted in pots filled with light earth, and Stamina, but in the center a compreffed germen, Jupporting
plunged into an old bed of tanners bark, where the a bipartiteftyle, crowned by a reflexed ftigma. The ger
heat is gone, and fhaded with mats in the heat of the men afterward becomes an orbicular compreffed feed, in
day, until they have taken root ; after which time shaped valves of the empalement.
clofed in the heart -
they may be expofed in the open air till October, This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt fection of
when they must be removed into fhelter, and , during Linnæus's twenty-third clafs, entitled Polygamia Mo
the winter, fhould have little water, and in fummer næcia, the fame plants having female and herma
expofed with other hardy exotic plants in a fheltered phrodite flowers .
fituation. The SPECIES are,

ATRAPHAXIS . Lin . Gen. Plant. 405. We have I. ATRIPLEX caule erecto herbaceo foliis triangulari
no English name for this . bus. Hort. Cliff. 469. Orach with an upright herba
The CHARACTERS are, cecus fialk, and triangular leaves. Atriplex hortenfis
The flower bath a permanent empalement, compofed of two alba five pallidè virens. C. B. P. 119.
Small coloured leaves placed oppofite. The flower bath too 2. ATRIPLEX caule fruticofo foliis deltoidibus integris.
roundish finuated petals larger than the empalement, which Hort. Cliff. 469. Orach with a fhrubby ftalk and en
are permanent ; it hath fix capillary ftamina, which are tire leaves, fhaped like the Greek delia. Atriplex lati
the length of the empalement, crowned with roundish fum folia five Halimus fruticofus . Mor. Hift. p. 2. 207.
mits ; in the center isfituated a compreſſed germen, having commonly called Sea Purflane-tree.
noftyle, but crowned by twoftigma , thegermen afterward 3. ATRIPLEX caule fruticofo foliis obovatis. Flor.
becomes a roundish compreſſed feed, shut up in the em Suec. 829. Orach with a fhrubby stalk and oval leaves.
palement. Atriplex maritima fruticofa, Halimus & Portulaca
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection marina dicta anguftifolia. Raii Syn .
of Linnæus's fixth clafs, entitled Hexandria Digynia, There are feveral other fpecies of this genus , fome of
the flower having fix ftamina and two ſtigma. which grow naturally in England, but as they are
The SPECIES are, plants of no beauty, they are rarely admitted into
1. ATRAPHAXIS ramis fpinofis. Hort. Cliff. 133. Atra gardens, for which reafon I fhall not enumerate them
here.
phaxis with prickly branches. Atriplex orientalis frutex
aculeatus flore pulchro. Tourn. Cor. 38 . The firft of thefe plants was formerly cultivated in
2. ATRAPHAXIS inermis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 333. Atra the kitchen-gardens as a culinary herb, being uſed
phaxis without fpines. Arbufcula Africana repens folio as Spinage, and is now, by fome perfons, preferred
ad lateræ crilpo , ad Polygona relata. Hort. Elth . to it ; though, in general, it is not eſteemed amongſt
36. the English ; but the French, at prefent, cultivate
The first fort grows naturally in Media, from whence this plant for uſe.
Dr. Tournefort fent the feeds to the royal garden at There are three or four different forts of this , whofe
Paris. difference is only in the colour of the plants ; one of
This is a fhrub which rifes four or five feet high, which is of a deep green, another of a dark purple,
fending out many weak lateral branches, which are and a third with green leaves and purple borders.
armed with fpines, and garnished with finall, fpear Thefe are fuppofed to be only accidental varieties
fhaped, fimooth leaves, of an Aſh-colour. The flowers which have come from the fame feeds, but in forty
come out at the ends of the fhoots in cluſters, each years which I have cultivated thefe forts, I have never
confifting of two white leaves tinged with purple ; yet obferved them to vary. But as there is no other
and are included in a two leaved empalement, of a effential difference, I have not enumerated them
white herbaceous colour ; thefe appear in Auguft, here. 13
but the feeds never ripen here, fo the plant is propa Thefe plants are annual, fo must be fown for uſe
gated by cuttings, and muſt be fcreened from hard early in the fpring, or at Michaelmas , foon after the
froft, which commonly deftroys thofe which are feeds are ripe ; at which time it generally fucceeds
planted in the open air. better than when it is fown in the fpring, and will
The fecond fort fends out many flender branches , be fit for ufe at leaſt a month earlier. Thefe plants
which trail on the ground when they are not fup require no other culture, but to hoe them when they
ported, garnished with fmall oval leaves, about the are about an inch high ; to cut them down where
fize of thofe of the Knot Grafs, waved and curled on they are too thick, leaving them about four inches
their edges, embracing the ſtalk half round at their afunder, and to cut down all the weeds . This muſt
bafe, and are placed alternate. The flowers come be done in dry weather, otherwife the weeds will take
out from the wings of the leaves, and have much root again, and render the work of little or no uſe.
the appearance of an apetalous flower, being com When the plants are grown about four inches high,
pofed of four herbaceous leaves, two of which are it will be proper to hoe them a fecond time, in order
the empalement, the other two the petals ; in the to clear them from weeds ; and, if you obferve the
center is fituated the compreffed germen, attended plants are left too clofe in any part, they ſhould then
by fix ftamina, but the feeds are never produced in be cut out. If this be well performed, and in dry
7 weather,
 ATR ATR

is weather, the ground will remain clean until the plant ladonna frutefcens rotundifolia Hifpanica. Tourn.
Inft . R. H. 77.
4, is fit for uſe. Where theſe plants are fown on a rich
-

foil, and allowed a good diſtance, the leaves will be 3. ATROPA (Herbacea) caule herbaceo, foliis ovatis ner
26.5

1. very large, in which the goodnefs of the herb con vofis marginibus undulatis. Deadly Nightshade with an
fifts. This muſt be eaten while it is young ; for, herbaceous ftalk, and oval veined leaves waved on their
0 when the ſtalks become tough, it is good for nothing. edges.
in Some few plants of each kind may be permitted to The first fort grows wild in many parts of England,
ftand for feed, to preſerve their kinds, which will but is not very frequent near London. I have ob
ripen in Auguft, and may then be cut, and laid on ferved it in Woodstock Park in Oxfordshire, and in
a cloth to dry ; after which the feeds may be beaten great abundance in Uppark in Hampshire. This
out, and put up for uſe. The firſt fort is ordered by plant hath a perennial root, which fends out ſtrong
the College of Phyſicians for medicinal uſe. herbaceous ftalks of a purplish colour, which rife to
The ſecond fort was formerly cultivated in gardens the height of four or five feet, garniſhed with oblong
as a fhrub ; and, by fome perfons, they were formed entire leaves, which toward autumn change to a pur
into hedges, and conftantly fheared, to keep them plish colour ; the flowers are large and come out be
thick ; but this plant is by no means fit for fuch pur tween the leaves fingly, upon long foot-ſtalks ; bell
poſes, on many accounts, for it grows too vigorous ; fhaped, and of a dufky brown colour on their out
the fhoots, in one month, at the growing feafon of fide, but are purple within. After the flower is paft,
the year, will be two feet long, provided they have the germen turns to a large round berry, a little
a good foil ; fo that a hedge of this plant cannot be flatted at the top, and is firft green, but when ripe
kept in tolerable order, nor will it ever form a thick turns to a fhining black, fitting cloſe upon the em
hedge. But a worſe inconvenience attends this plant ; palement, and contains a purple juice of a naufeous
for, in very hard winters, it is often deſtroyed ; as fweet tafte, and full of ſmall kidney-fhaped feeds. In
alfo, in very dry fummers, many of the plants will fome places this plant is called Dwale, but in general
decay, whereby there will become large gaps in the Deadly Nightfhade, from its quality. It is rarely
hedge. admitted into gardens, nor indeed fhould it be fuf
But although this plant will not be proper for hedges, fered to grow in any places where children refort, for
yet it may have a place in wilderness quarters, where it is a ſtrong poifon : there have been feveral inftances
it will ferve to thicken ; and the filver-coloured leaves within a few years paft, of its deadly quality, by ſe
will add to the variety, among other fhrubs of the veral children being killed with eating the berries,
fame growth. This will grow eight or ten feet high, which are of a fine black colour, and about the fize
and, if fuffered to grow wild, without pruning, will of a black Cherry, and not unpleaſant to the taſte.
fpread feveral feet in compafs, and will fometimes Mr. Ray gives a good account of the various fymp
produce flowers. toms it produces, by what happened to a Mendicant
It may be propagated by cuttings, which may be Frier, upon his drinking a glafs of Mallow wine, in
planted in any of the fummer months, on a fhady which this plant was infuſed : in a fhort time he be
border ; where, if they are duly watered, they will came delirious, foon after was feized with a grinning
foon take root, and be fit to tranfplant the Michael laughter, after that feveral irregular motions, and at
mas following, when they fhould be planted where laft a real madneſs fucceeded ; and fuch a ſtupidity
they are to remain ; for they do not fucceed well in as thoſe that are fottifhly drunk have, which after all,
tranfplanting, efpecially when they are grown pretty was cured by a draught of vinegar.
large and woody. There is alfo an initance of the direful effects of this
The third fort grows wild in divers parts of England, plant recorded in Buchanan's Hiftory of Scotland,
on the fea fide, from whence the plants may be pro wherein he gives an account of the deftruction of the
cured ; or it may be propagated by cuttings, in the army of Sweno, when he invaded Scotland, by mix
fame manner as the former fort. This is a low under ing a quantity of the juice of theſe berries with the
fhrub, feldom rifing above two feet and a half, or at drink which the Scots by their truce were to fupply
moſt three feet high, but becomes very bushy. The them with ; which fo intoxicated the Danes, that the
leaves of this kind are narrow, and of a whitish co Scots fell upon them in their fleep, and killed the
lour, but are not fo white as thofe of the former. greateſt part of them, fo that there were fcarcely men
This may have a place amongſt other low fhrubs ; enough left to carry off their king.
and, if planted on a poor gravelly foil, will abide fe The fecond rifes with a fhrubby ftem to the height
veral years, and make a pretty diverſity. of fix or eight feet, and divides into many branches,
ATROPA. Lin Gen. Plant. 222. Belladonna. Tourn. garniſhed with round leaves, in fhape like thoſe of
Inft. R. H. 77. Deadly Nightſhade. the Storax-tree ; thefe are placed alternately on the
The CHARACTERS are, branches. The flowers come out between the leaves
Theflower bath apermanent empalement ofone leaf, cut into upon fhort foot-ftalks, which are fhaped like thofe
fiveparts ; it is bell-shaped, the tube isshort, andfwells to of the former, but much lefs, of a dirty yellowish
ward the brim, where it spreads open, and is divided into colour, with a few brown ftripes ; theſe are never
frue equal parts. It hath five awl- shaped ftamina rifing fucceeded by berries in England. It grows naturally
from the bafe of the petal where theyjoin, but at the top in Spain, from whence the feeds may be procured.
Spread from each other, and are crowned with largefum It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown in
mits which stand upward. In the center is fituated an the ſpring upon a very moderate hot bed, juſt to bring
ovalgermen, fupporting aflender ſtyle, which is crowned up the plants ; when they are fit to remove, they
by an oblong tranfverfe ftigma. The germen afterward fhould be each put into a ſeparate ſmall pot, filled
17
becomes a globular berry having three cells, fitting on the with loamy earth, and fhaded until they take root ;
empalement, andfilled with kidney -
shaped feeds. then they may be placed with other hardy exotic
This genus of plants is ranged in the first fection of plants in a fheltered fituation, and in October they
Linnæus's fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Monogynia, muſt be removed into the green-houfe, and treated
the flower having five ftamina and one ſtyle. as other plants from the fame country. It flowers in
The SPECIES are,
July and Auguſt.
1. ATROPA ( Belladonna) caule herbaceo, foliis ovatis in The feeds of the third fort were fent me from Cam
tegris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 181. Deadly Nightfhade with peachy ; this hath a perennial root, which puts out
1
an berbaceous ftalk, and oval entire leaves. Belladonna feveral channelled herbaceous ftalks, which riſe about
majoribus foliis & floribus. Tourn. Inft. R. H. two feet high; and toward the top divide into two or
77. three fmall branches, garnifhed with oval leaves
2. ÁTROPA (Frutefcens) caule fruticofo pedunculis con four inches long and three broad, having feveral
fertis, foliis cordato-ovatis obtufis. Lin. Sp. Plant . tranfverfe ribs on their under fide, which are promi
182. Deadly Nightshade with a fhrubby fialk, foot-ftalks nent. The flowers come out from between the leaves
in clusters, and oval, heart-shaped, obtufe leaves. Bel on fhort foot-ftalks ; they are white, and fhaped like
Ff thofe
 AVE A VE

thofe of the common fort, but are fmaller. It flowers little or no damage ; the ftraw and hufks being of ſa
in July and Auguft, but feldom ripens its fruit in dry a nature, that if they are houſed wet, they will
England. It is propagated by parting the roots in not heat in the mow, or become mouldy, as other
the fpring, and the plants must be kept in the bark grain ufually do ; fo is of great advantage in the nor
ftove to have them thrive well in this country. thern parts of England, and in Scotland, where their
AVEN A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 85. Tourn. Init. R. H. harveft is generally late, and the autumns wet. 1
514. Oats. The meal of this grain makes tolerable good bread,
The CHARACTERS are, and is the common food of the country people in the
north. In the fouth it is efteemed for pottage, and
The flowers are collected in a loofe panicle, without beards ;
thefe have a bivalvular empalement, fwelling in the mid other meffes, and in fome places they make beer with
dle, and pointed at both ends. The petal of the flower is this grain.
bivalve, the lower valve being of the fame fize with the The best time for fowing of Oats is in February or
empalement, but harder, putting out from the back a ſpiral March, according as the feafon is early or late ; and
beard, twisting, jointed, and reflexed. There are two fometimes I have known it fown in April upon cold
oval nettarii fitting upon the upper fide of the germen, land, and has been early ripe. The black and red
which is obtufe, supporting two reflexed hairy styles, Oats may be fown a month earlier than the white,
crowned by two plain ftigma , thefe are attended by three becauſe they are hardier.
1 Oats are often fown on land which has the former
flender ftamina, crowned by oblong forked fummits. The
germen afterward becomes an oblong fwellingfeed, pointed years produced Wheat, Rye, or Barley.. The com
at both ends, having a longitudinal furrow, and closely mon method is to plough in the ftubble about the
Shut up in the cover or chaff. beginning of February, and fow the Oats, and har
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection row them in ; but then they muſt be harrowed the
of Linnæus's third clafs, entitled Triandria Digynia, fame way as the furrows lay, for if it be done croff
from the flowers having three ftamina and two ways, the ftubble will be raiſed on the furface ; but
ftyles. this is not a good method of huſbandry, for when
AVENA (Difpermis) calycibus difpermibus feminibus læ people have time to plough the ftubble in autumn,
vibus. Hort. Cliff. 25. Oats with twofmoothfeeds in each it will rot in winter ; and then giving the land another
empalement. There are three forts of thefe Oats culti ploughing and a good harrowing juft before the Oats
vated in England, viz. the white, the black, and the are fown, it will make the ground finer and better
brown or red Oat, which are fuppofed to be only acci to receive the grain . Moft people allow four bufhels
dental varieties ; but where they have been many years of oats to an acre, but I am convinced three bufhels
feparately cultivated , I have never obferved them to are more than enough ; the ufual produce is about
alter. However, as their principal difference is in twenty-five bufhels to an acre, though I have fome
the colour of their grain, I fhall not enumerate them times known more than thirty bufhels on an acre.
as diftinct fpecies. There is alfo a naked Oat, which Oats are alfo fown upon land when it is firft broken
is fometimes cultivated in the diftant parts of England, up, before the ground is brought to a tilth for other
but is rarely feen near London . grain, and is frequently fown upon the fward with one
The white fort is the moft common about London ; ploughing ; but it is much better to give the fward
the black is more cultivated in the northern parts of time to rot before the Gats are fown , for the roots of
England, and is eſteemed a very hearty food for the grafs will prevent thofe of the Corn from ftriking
horles ; but the firft makes the whiteft meal, and is downward.
chiefly cultivated where the inhabitants live much AVENUES are walks of trees leading to a houſe,
upon Oat-cakes. which are generally terminated by fome diftant ob
The naked Oat is lefs common than either of the ject.
others, efpecially in the fouthern parts of England ; Thefe were formely much more in requeft than at
but in the north of England, Scotland, and Wales, prefent, there being few old feats in the country but
it is cultivated in plenty. This fort is eſteemed , be have one or more of thefe avenues ; and fome have
cauſe the grain threfhes clean out of the hufk, and as many of them as there are views from the houfe ;
need not be carried to the mill to be made into oat but of late thefe are, with good reafon , difufed ; for
meal or grift. An acre of ground doth not yield fo nothing can be more abfurd, than to have the fight
many bushels of thefe, as of the common Oats, by contracted by two or more lines of trees, which fhut
reafon the grain is finall and naked, and goes near in out the view of the adjacent grounds , whereby the
meafure ; but what is wanting in the meaſure, is fup verdure and natural beauties of the country are loft ;
plied in value . and where the avenues are of a confiderable length
The red Oats are much cultivated in Derbyshire, (even where their breadth is proportionable) they ap
Staffordshire, and Chefhire, but are rarely feen in any pear at each end to be only narrow cuts through a
of the counties near London ; though, as they are a wood, which never can pleafe any perſon of real tafte ;
very hardy fort, and give a good increaſe, they would and, when the road to the houfe is through the ave
be well worth propagating, efpecially for all ſtrong nue, nothing can be more difagreeable ; for in ap
lands . proaching to the houſe, it is like going through a
The ftraw of thefe Oats is of a brownish red colour, narrow lane, where the objects on each fide are fhut
as is alfo the grain, which is very full and heavy, and out from the view ; and when it is viewed from the
efteemed better food for horfes than either of the houfe, it at beſt has only the appearance of a road,
former forts. which being extended to a length in a ftrait line, is
Oats are a very profitable grain, and abfolutely ne not near fo beautiful as a common road, which is
ceffary, being the principal grain which horfes love ; loft by the turnings, fo as feldom to be ſeen to a great
and are eſteemed the moft wholfome food for thofe extent : but as theſe avenues must be made exactly
cattle, being fweet, and of an opening nature ; other ftrait, fo when the trees are grown to any fize, they
forts of grain being apt to bind, which is injurious entirely break the view, whatever way the fight is
to labouring horfes : but if you feed them with this directed through them ; and if this is in a park, the
grain foon after they are houfed, before they have lawn of grafs through which the avenue is planted,
dweat in the mow, or are otherwife dried, it is as bad is thereby entirely deprived of the beauty which it
on the other hand, for they are then too laxative. naturally would afford, if left open and well kept :
This grain is a great improvement to many eftates in therefore, whenever the fituation of a houfe will ad
the north of England, Scotland, and Wales ; for it mit of a large open lawn in front, the road to the
will thrive on cold barren foils, which will produce houfe fhould be carried round at a proper diftance ;
no other fort of grain ; it will alfo thrive on the hot and, if it be carried fometimes through trees, and
teft land : in fhort, there is no foil too rich or too ferpented in an eafy natural way, it will be much
poor for it, too hot or too cold for it ; and in wet more beautiful than any ftiff formal avenue, howlarge
harveſts, when other grain is fpoiled , this will receive foever made.
But
 A V E AUR

But as there may be fome perfons fo much wedded | AURANTIUM [ this plant is fo called from au
to the old way of laying out and planting grounds, rum, Lat. gold, on account of its golden colour, ] the
as to prefer the avenues to the moſt beautiful difpo- Orange- tree.
fition of lawns, woods, &c. I fhall mention the ufual The CHARACTERS are,

methods of defigning and planting them, that have The empalement of the flower is,fmall, of one leaf, in
been eſteemed the beſt. dented in five parts. The flower bath five oblong fpread
The ufual width allowed to theſe avenues was generally ing petals, and many ftamina, which are frequently joined
as much as the whole breadth of the houſe and wings ; in fmallfeparate bodies at bottom, and are crowned by ob
but if they are planted twelve or fourteen feet wider, long fummits. In the center is fituated the roundgermen,
they will be the better ; becauſe when the trees are Supporting a cylindricalstyle, crowned by a globularftigma.
grown to any confiderable fize, they will ſpread and The germen afterward becomes aglobular fiefby fruit, com
overhang, fo will contract the view. preffed at both ends, having a thick fleshy pulp, and di
And as for fuch avenues to woods or profpects, &c. vided into feveral cells, each containing two oval callous
they ought not to be lefs than fixty feet in breadth ; feeds.
and becauſe ſuch walks are a long time before they This genus of plants, is by Dr. Linnæus joined to
are fhady, it will be convenient to plant another row the Citron, to which he has alfo added the Lemon ,
on each fide, rather than to loſe the ſtatelineſs that making them only fpecies of the fame genus, and
the main walk will afford in time by being broad, ranges it in his eighteenth clafs, entitled Polyadelphia
where any thing of a profpect is to be gained. Icofandria, the flowers having more than twenty fta
And as to the diſtance one from another, they fhould mina, which are joined in feveral bodies.
The SPECIES are,
not be planted nearer one another than thirty-five or
forty feet, eſpecially if the trees are of a ſpreading 1 . AURANTIUM (Acri) foliis ovato- lanceolatis glabris.
kind ; and the fame diftance, if they are for a regular Orange-tree, with oval, fpear-shaped, fmooth leaves. Au
grove . rantium acri medulla vulgare. Ferr. Hefp. The Se
As to the trees proper for planting avenues, they ville Orange.
may be the English Elm, the Lime- tree, the Horfe 2. AURANTIUM (Sinenfe) foliis lanceolatis acutis glabris.
Chefnut, the common Chefnut, the Beach, and the Orange-tree, with pointed, fpear-fb ped, smooth leaves.
Abele. Aurantium Sinenfe. Ferr. Hefp. The China Orange.
The English Elm is approved for all places where it 3. AURANTIUM ( Orientale) foliis lineari- lanceolatis gla
will fucceed, and that it will do in moft places, ex bris. Orange-tree with narrow, spear - shaped, Smooth
cept in very wet or cold ſhallow grounds . 1. Becauſe leaves. Aurantium angufto falicis folio dictum. Boerh.
it will bear cutting, heading, lopping in any manner Ind. alt 2. 238. Willow-leaved Orange, and by fome
whatſoever, and probably, with better fucceís than called the Turkey Orange .
any other tree. 4. AURANTIUM (Decumana ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis craffis
Secondly, the Lime-tree : this is approved by others, lucidis, fructu maximo. Orange-tree with thick, fhin
becauſe it will do well in any tolerable foil, if the ing, oval, fpear s
-haped leaves, and a large fruit. Au
bottom be not hot and gravelly ; and becauſe ofthe rantium fructu maximo India Orientalis. Boerh. Ind.
regular ſhape it has in growing, the agreeableness of alt. 2. 238. The Pumpelmoes, or Shaddock.
its fhade, and the beautiful colour of its leaves. 5. AURANTIUM (Humile) pumilum foliis ovatis floribus
Thirdly, the Horfe Chefnut is alſo to be uſed in fuch feffilibus. Dwarf Orange-tree with oval leaves, and
places as are very well defended from ſtrong winds ; flowers growing clofe to the branches. Aurantium pu
becauſe, wherever it grows freely, if it be not fkil milum fub acri medullâ. Bartol. The Dwarf, or
fully managed now and then by cutting, the branches Nutmeg Orange.
are fubject to fplit down. This tree is valuable on ac There are many varieties of this, as there is of moſt
count of its quick growth, the earlinefs of its coming other fruits which have arifen from culture ; but thoſe
out, the noblenefs of its leaves, and the beauty of its here enumerated may ftrictly be allowed to be diſtinct
flowers, being a fine plant both for fhade and orna fpecies. The varieties in the English gardens are,
ment. This delights in a ſtrong hearty foil, but will i. The yellow and white ftriped-leaved Orange.
do well in any tolerable ground, ifgood care be taken 2. The curled-leaved Orange. 3. The horned Orange.
in the planting of it ; but wherever thefe trees are 4. The double flowering Orange. And 5. The her
planted in avenues, they fhould be placed thirty feet maphrodite Orange.
afunder, that their heads may have room to ſpread, The China Orange is not fo hardy as the Seville,
otherwife they will not appear fo beautiful. therefore muſt be treated more tenderly, placing it in
Fourthly, the common Chefnut will do well in a winter in the warmeft part of the green- houfe, and
proper foil, and will rife to a confiderable height, if houfing it earlier in autumn, otherwife the fruit will
planted clofe together ; but if it be planted lingly, all drop from the trees. This fort rarely produces
where the tree can take its own natural fhape, it is good fruit in England, nor are the leaves of the tree
rather inclined to ſpread and grow globous than tall. near fo large or beautiful as thofe of the Seville
Fifthly, the Beech is recommended by fome , but this Orange ; therefore the latter fhould be preferred, and
feldom fucceeds well after tranſplanting, without ex only a tree or two of the China fort kept for variety.
traordinary care ; though it arrives to a very large The Dwarf Orange is alfo tender, the leaves are very
tree in many places in England, where it grows natu fmall, growing in clufters ; the joints of the branches
rally ; and is the moſt tedious and troubleſome to are very near each other, and the flowers of theſe
raife, to any tolerable fize, in a nurſery way. grow very cloſe together, and appear like a nofegay,
Sixthly, the Abele : this, indeed , grows more dif the branches being covered with them . Tais fort,
perfed and loofe in its head than any of the former, when in flower, is proper to place in a room or
and confequently, is worfe for defence ; but yet is not gallery, to adorn them ; the flowers being very fweet,
to be left out from the number of trees for avenues, will perfume the air of the place ; but thefe are fel
becauſe it is the quickeſt in growth of all the foreft dom to be found in good health, becauſe they muſt
trees, and will thrive tolerably well in almoſt any foil, be treated with more care than the common Orange
and particularly in wet ground, where few of the be and Lemon-trees , as muft alfo the Shaddock, other
fore-mentioned trees will thrive, and this feldom fails wife the fruit will always drop off in winter. The
in tranfplanting. Pumpelmoes was brought from the Eaft- Indies by
Seventhly, the Oak ; but this is feldom ufed in plant one Capt. Shaddock, from whom the inhabitants of
ing avenues, becauſe it requires fo long a time to the Weft-Indies gave this fruit the name. But they
raife it up to any tolerable ftature in the nurfery way; have greatly degenerated the fruit fince it has been in
nor is it apt to thrive much after it has been tranf the Weft-Indies, by raifing the trees from feeds ; the
planted, if at any bigness. greateſt part of which produce harth four fruit, greatly
As forthe Alder, Afh, Platanus, and Sycomore, they inferior to the original fort ; the flesh or pulp of which
are but rarely uſed for planting avenues. is red, whereas the greater part of the trees in Ame
rica
 AUR AUR

rica produce fruit with a pale yellow flefh, and by to fcreen them from the fun in the heat of the day.
conftantly railing thefe trees from feeds, they dege In this method, with due care, your plants will grow
nerate the fruit continually ; whereas, if they would to be two feet high by July, when you muſt begin
bud from the good fort, they might have it in as great to harden them by degrees, in raifing your glaffes
plenty as they pleafed ; but there are few perfons in very high, and when the weather is good, take them
that part of the world who understand the method of
quite off ; but do not expofe them to the open fun in
grafting or budding fruit trees, and if they did, they the heat of the day, but rather take off the glaffes,
are fo negligent of their fruits, &c. as to leave the and fhade the plants with mats, which may be taken
whole to nature, feldom giving themſelves any far off when the fun declines ; for the violent heat in the
! middle of the day would be very injurious to them,
ther trouble than to put the feeds into the ground, and
•
leave them to grow as nature fhall incline. eſpecially while young. Toward the end of Septem
In proof of what I have here faid, I cannot omit to ber you muſt houſe them, obferving to place them
mention, that a few years ago, I fent two fmall trees near the windows of the green- houfe, to prevent the
of the true Seville Orange to Jamaica, where this fort damps from moulding their tender fhoots . During
was wanting ; and from thefe many other trees were the winter feaſon they may be often refreſhed with
budded, which have produced plenty of fruit, fome water, and in March or April, waſh their heads and
of which were fent to England a few years paft ; and ſtems, to clear them from the filth that may have
although they were long in their paffage, yet when fettled thereon, during their being in the houfe ; and
they arrived here, they were greatly fuperior to any you muſt alſo give them a moderate hot-bed in the
of thofe fruit which are imported hither from Spain fpring, which will greatly forward them ; but harden
or Portugal, one of thofe affording three times the them by the beginning of June, that they may be in
quantity of juice, that a fruit of equal fize from either right order to bud in Auguft ; when you ſhould make
of thofe countries does. choice of cuttings from trees that are healthy and
All the forts of Orange-trees with ſtriped leaves are fruitful, of whatever kinds you pleafe, obferving that
tender, therefore muit be placed in a warm part of the fhoots are round ; the buds of thefe being much
the green-houfe in winter, and must be treated with better and eafier to part from the wood, than fuch
more care than the common fort, otherwife they will as are flat. When you have budded the ſtocks, you
not thrive. Theſe are varieties which fome perfons fhould remove them into a green-houfe, to defend
are fond of, but they never produce good fruit, nor them from wet, turning the buds from the fun ; but
are the flowers produced in fo great plenty, there let them have as much free air as poffible, and refreſh
fore a few only fhould be preferved for the fake of them often with water. In a month's time after
variety. budding, you will fee which of them has taken ; you
The horned Orange differs from the other forts in muft then untie them, that the binding may not pinch
the fruit dividing into parts, and the rind expanding the buds, and let them remain in the green-houſe all
in form of horns : this and the diftorted Orange are the winter ; then in the fpring, prepare a moderate
preferved by fome curious perfons for variety, but hot-bed of tanners bark ; and, after having cut off
are not fo beautiful as the common Orange. There the ſtocks about three inches above the buds, plunge
is alfo a great variety of fweet Oranges both in the their pots into the hot-bed, obferving to give them
Eaft and Weft- Indies, fome of which are much more air and water, as the heat of the weather fhall require ;
efteemed than thoſe we now have in Europe ; but as but be fure to fcreen them from the violence of the
they are much tenderer, they will not thrive in this fun during the heat of the day. In this management,
country with the common culture ; therefore I fhall if your buds fhoot kindly, they will grow to the
not enumerate them, but fhall proceed to give di height of two feet or more, by the end of July ; at
rections for the management of Orange- trees in Eng which time you muſt begin to harden them before the
land. cold weather comes on, that they may the better
Where the trees are to be raiſed for ſtocks to bud O ftand in the green-houfe the following winter. In
ranges, you ſhould procure fome Citron-feeds which the first winter after their fhooting, you must keep
were duly ripened ; for the ftocks of this kind are them very warm ; for, by forcing them in the bark
preferable to any other, both for quickneſs of growth, bed, they will be fomewhat tenderer ; but it is very
as alfo that they will take buds of either Orange, Le neceffary to raiſe them to their height in one feaſon,
mon, or Citron ; next to thefe are the Seville Orange that their ſtems may be ftrait : for in fuch trees,
feeds. The beft feeds are ufually to be had from which are two or more years growing to their heading
rotten fruits, which are commonly eafy to be procured height, the fteins are always crooked. In the fuc
in the fpring of the year ; then prepare a good hot ceeding years, their management will be the fame as
bed, of either horfe-dung or tanners bark ; the laft of in full grown trees, which will be hereafter treated
which is much the better, if you can eaſily procure of: I fhall therefore, now, proceed to treat of the
it. When this bed is in a moderate temper for heat, management of fuch trees as are brought over every
you muſt fow your feeds in pots of good rich earth, year in chefts from Italy ; which is, indeed, by much
and plunge them into the hot bed ; obferving to give the quicker way of furniſhing a green-houfe with
them water frequently, and raiſe the glaffes in the large trees ; for thofe which are railed from feeds in
great heat of the day, to give proper air, left the England, will not grow fo large in their ſtems under
feeds fhould fuffer by too great heat : in three weeks eighteen or twenty years, as thefe are when brought
time your feeds will come up, and if the young over ; and although their heads are fmall when we
plants are not ftinted, either for want of proper heat receive them , yet in three years, with good ma
or moisture, they will be in a month's time after their nagement, they will obtain large heads and produce
appearance, fit to tranfplant into fingle pots : you fruit.
must therefore renew your hot-bed, and having pre In the choice of thefe trees obferve firft, the diffe
pared a quantity of fmall halfpenny pots (which are rence of their fhoots and leaves ( if they have any
about five inches over at the top , ) fill theſe half full upon them) to diftinguish their different forts, for the
of good fresh earth, mixed with very rotten cow Shaddock and Citrons always make much stronger
dung ; and then ſhake out the young plants from the ſhoots than the Orange ; for which reafon, the Italian
large pots, with all the earth about them, that you gardeners, who raise thefe trees for fale, generally
may the better feparate the plants without tearing propagate thofe forts, fo that they bring few of the
their roots ; and having half filled the pots with earth, Seville Orange-trees over, which are much more va
put a fingle plant into each of the finall pots ; then fill luable both for their flowers and fruit ; alfo prefer
them up with the fame earth as before directed, thofe that have two good buds in each stock (for
plunging the pots into the new hot-bed, giving them many of them have but one, which will always pro
a good watering to fix the earth to their roots ; and duce an irregular head :) the ftraitnefs of the ftem,
obferve to repeat the fame very often (for this plant, freſhneſs of the branches, and plumpneſs of the bark,
when in a hot-bed, requires much water, ) but be fure are neceffary obfervations .
6 When
敷
76 AUR AUR

When you have furniſhed yourſelf with a parcel of fummer to ſtop ſtrong fhoots where they grow irregu
n
trees, you muſt prepare a moderate hot-bed of tan larly, to force out lateral branches to fill the head ;
23 but do not pinch off the tops of all the fhoots (as is
ters bark, in length and breadth according to the
1 number of trees to be forced ; then put your trees the practice of fome, ) which will fill the tree with
1 fmall fhoots too weak to fupport fruit ; but endea
into a tub of water upright, about half way of the
items, leaving the head and upper part of the ftem vourto form a regular head, and obtain ftrong fhoots,
1 out of the water, the better to draw and imbibe the taking away weak trifling branches where they are
moisture . In this fituation they may remain two or too cloſe.
three days (according to their plumpnefs when you During the fummer feafon, your Orange-trees will
received them ; ) then take them out, and clean their require frequent waterings in dry weather, efpecially
roots from all filth, cutting off all broken or bruifed if they are large ; therefore you should endeavour to
roots, and all the ſmall fibres, which are quite dried have the water as near the trees as poffible, to fave
by being fo long out of the earth, and fcrub the the trouble of carrying it, which, in a large quantity
ftems with a hard hair-brush, cleaning them after of trees, takes up much time. Your water fhould
wards with a cloth ; then cut off the branches about be foft, and expofed to the air, but never add dung
fix inches from the ftem, and having prepared a of any fort thereto ; which, although by many fre
quantity of good freſh earth, mixed with very rotten quently recommended, yet has always been found de
neats dung, plant your trees therein, obferving never ftructive to theſe, and all other trees, if much uſed ;
to put them into large pots ; for if they are but big it being like hot liquors to human bodies, which, at
enough to contain their roots, it is fufficient at firſt firft taking, feem to add vigour, yet certainly leave
planting ; and be fure to put fome potfherds and large the body weaker after fome time than before.
ftones in the bottom of each pot, to keep the holes Your Crange-trees will require to be shifted and new
potted every other year, therefore you muft prepare
at the bottom of the pots from being ftopped with
earth, that the water may freely pafs off, and wrap a quantity of good earth, at least a year before you
à
fome haybands round their ftems, from bottom to intend to use it, that it may be well mixed and per
top, to prevent the fun from drying their bark ; then fectly rotten. The beft feafon for this work is about
plunge thefe pots into the bark-bed, watering them the end of April, that they may have taken freſh root
well to fettle the earth to their roots, frequently re before they are removed out of the green-houfe ; and
when this work is performed, it will be neceffary to
peating the fame all over their heads and items, be
let them remain in the houfe a fortnight longer than
ing very careful not to over-water them, efpecially
ufual, to be well fettled.
before they have made good roots ; and obferve to
In the performing this work, after you have drawn
fcreen the glaffes of your hot-bed from the fun in the
heat of the day. the trees out of the pots, you must cut off all the
If your trees take to grow kindly (as there is little roots round the outfide of the ball of earth, and take
reafon to doubt of, if the directions given be duly ob away all mouldy roots (if any fuch be ; ) then with a
ferved, ) they will have made ftrong fhoots by the be fharp iron inftrument, get as much of the old earth
ginning of June ; at which time you ſhould ſtop their from between the roots as poffible, being careful not
fhoots, to obtain lateral branches to furnish their to break or tear the roots ; then fet the root of the
tree into a large tub of water for about a quarter of I
heads ; and now you muſt give them air plentifully,
and begin to harden them, that in the middle of July an hour, to foak the under part of the ball of earth ;
they may be removed into the open air, in fome warm and afterwards fcrub the ftems ofthe trees with a hard
fituation, defended from the great heat of the fun, hair-brush, cleaning them and the heads with water,
and from winds, that they may be hardened before and a foft woollen cloth. Your pots being prepared,
winter. About the end of September you fhould with fome potfherds and large ftones in the bottom,
houſe theſe plants, fetting them at firft in the front of put fome of your freſh earth into the pot, about
the green-houfe, near the glaffes, keeping the win three or four inches thick ; and having placed your
dows open at all times when the weather will permit ; tree thereon, in the middle of the pot, upright, fill
and about the latter end of October, when you bring it up with the fame rich earth, preffing it down hard
in the Myrtles , and other lefs tender trees, you muſt with your hands ; then water the tree all over the
fet your Oranges in the warmeft and best part of head, with a watering-pot that has a rofe upon the
the houſe, placing lower plants or trees in the front, fpout, to let the water fall light and thick (as in a
to hide their ſtems. During the winter, let your fhower of rain ; ) and in watering thefe trees, do it in
waterings be frequent, but give them not too much the fame manner, during the time they abide in the
at a time ; for now their heads are but finall, and houfe after fhifting ; this will greatly refreſh their
therefore incapable to diſcharge too great a quantity heads, and promote their taking freſh roots .
of moiſture, and take great care to guard them from When you firft fet thefe trees abroad after fhifting,
froft. you fhould place them near the fhelter of hedges, and
In the fpring, when you begin to take out fome of faften their items to ftrong ftakes, to prevent their be
your hardielt forts of plants to thin your houſe, ing diſturbed by winds, which fometimes will blow
waſh and cleanſe the ſtems and leaves of your Orange fresh planted trees out of the pots, if too much ex
trees, taking out the upper part of the earth in the pofed thereto, and thereby greatly injure their new
pots, filling them up again with good, fresh, rich roots.
earth, laying thereon a little rotten neats dung round If old Orange-trees have been ill managed, and their
the outfide of the pots, but do not let it lie near the heads become ragged and decayed, the beft method
ſtem of the trees ; then place them at wider diſtances to reſtore them, is to cut off the greateft part of their
in the houſe, that the air may circulate round their heads early in March, and draw them out of the
heads, giving them air difcretionally, as the weather tubs or pots, and thake of the earth from their
grows warm ; but do not remove them into the roots, cutting away all fmall fibres and mouldy roots ;
open air until the latter end of May, that the wea and then foak and clean their roots, ftems, and
ther is fettled ; for many times, when they are branches, planting them in good earth; and fetting
removed out too foon, the mornings often proving them into a hot-bed of tanners bark, as was directed
cold, give them at least a great check, which will for fuch trees as came from abroad, managing them
'change the colour of their leaves, and many times kill in the fame manner : by this method they will pro
the extreme weak part of the fhoots. Let the fitua duce new heads, and in two years time become good
tion for your Orange- trees, during the fummer feafon, trees again. But if thefe are large trees, and have
be as much defended from the fun in the heat of the grown in tubs for feveral years, your beſt way will
day, and ſtrong winds, as poffible, by tall trees or be to prepare a parcel of rough bafkets (fuch as are
hedges ; both of which, if they are expofed thereto, ufed for bafketing Evergreens, when fent to a diftant
are very hurtful to them. place :) let theſe be fomewhat lefs than the tubs you
As theſe trees advance, it will be neceffary in the defign to plant your trees into ; then plant your trees
Gg herein ,
 AUR AUR

herein, plunging them into the hot- bed, and about defign of training the branches to the walls, or in bor
the beginning of July, when your trees have made ders at a finall diftance, fo as to train them up as
good fhoots, you may remove them into the tubs, ftandards, there fhould be a contrivance of a fire
with their baskets about them, filling the empty space place or two, in proportion to the length of the wall,
with the fame good earth : this will preferve your and flues carried the whole length of the wall, to
tubs from rotting in the bark, and the trees will do warm the air in very cold weather, otherwife it will
equally well as if planted into the tubs at firft, pro be very difficult to preferve the trees in very hard win
vided you are careful in removing the baſkets, not ters alive ; or, if they do live through the winter, they
to diſturb their roots ; and alfo let them remain in will be fo much weakened by the cold, as not to be
the green-houfe a fortnight or three weeks after plant recovered the following fummer to a proper ftrength
ing, before you fet them abroad. for bearing ; fo that wherever the trees are intended
Theſe trees being new potted or tubbed every other to be placed againſt or near old walls, the flues fhould
year, thofe years in which they are not fhifted, you be built up againſt the front, allowing four inches
muft in April obferve to take out as much of the old thickness of the brick-work on each fide the flues,
earth from the tops of the pots and tubs, and alſo obferving to faften this with irons, at proper diftances,
round the fides of them, as poffible, without injuring to fecure it from feparating from the old wall : the
the roots of the trees, and fill them up with freſh manner of making theſe flues, is fully explained under
earth ; you muſt alfo wash and clean their ſtems and the article of HOT WALLS . Where this contrivance
leaves from filth, which will greatly ftrengthen their is made, there will be no hazard of lofing the trees,
flowering, and cauſe them to fhoot vigorously the be the winter ever fo fevere, with a little proper care ;
following fummer. whereas , if this is wanting, there will require great
In the management of Orange-trees which are in good care and trouble to cover and uncover the glaffes
health, the chief care fhould be to fupply them with every day, when there is any fun ; and if the wall
water duly, and not (as is fometimes practifed) ftarve is not thicker than they are ufually built, the froſt
them in winter, whereby their fibres are dried, and will penetrate through the walls in fevere winters ; fo
become mouldy, to the great prejudice of the trees ; that covering and fecuring the glaffes of the front will
nor to give them water in too great abundance, but not be fufficient to preferve the trees, be it done with
rather let their waterings be frequent, and given in ever fo much care ; therefore the first expence of the
moderate quantities. You muſt alfo obferve, that walls will fave great trouble and charge, and be the
the water has free paffage to drain off ; for ifit be de fecureft method.
tained in the tubs or pots, it will rot the tender fibres If the ground is wet, or of a ftrong clay, fo as to
of the trees. During the winter feafon, they muſt detain the moifture, the borders fhould be raiſed
have a large fhare of air when the weather is favour above the level of the ground, in proportion to the
able ; for nothing is more injurious to thefe trees than fituation of the place ; for where the wet lies in win
ftifling of them, nor fhould they be placed too near ter near the furface, it will greatly prejudice, if not
each other in the green-houfe ; but fet them at fuch totally deftroy the trees ; fo that lime rubbiſh fhould
diſtance, that their branches may be clear of each be laid at least two feet thick in the bottom of the
other, and that the air may circulate freely round their border, to drain off the wet ; and the earth fhould be
heads. In fummer they fhould be placed where the laid two and a half or three feet thick thereon, which
winds are not violent, and to have the morning and will be a fufficient depth for the roots of the trees.
evening fun ; for if they are too much expofed to the In theſe borders there may be a few roots of the Guern
mid-day fun, they will not thrive. The beft fitua fey and Belladonna Lilies and Hamanthus planted,
tion for them is near fome large plantation of trees, or any other exotic bulbous-rooted flowers, which do
which will break the force of the winds, and fcreen not grow high, or draw too much nouriſhment from
them from the violent heat of the fun. In fuch a the borders ; and thefe, producing their flowers in
fituation they may remain until the beginning of Oc autumn or winter, will make a good appearance, and
tober, or later, according as the feafon proves fa thrive much better than if kept in pots.
vourable ; for if they are carried into the green-houſe The management of the Orange-trees in theſe places,
early, and the autumn fhould prove warm, it will is nearly the fame as hath been directed for thoſe in
occafion the trees to make freſh fhoots , which will be pots or tubs, excepting that the borders in theſe
weak and tender, and fo liable to perifh in winter ; places fhould be dug, and refreſhed with fome very
and fometimes it will occaſion their flowering in winter, rotten dung every year.
which greatly weakens the trees ; nor fhould they re AURICULA MURIS, or PILOSELLA . Moufe Ear.
main fo long abroad as to be injured by morning frofts . This is a fort of Hawkweed with finall hairy leaves,
The beft compoft for Orange-trees is two thirds of which are white underneath : the plant trails upon the
freſh earth from a good pafture, which ſhould not be ground, taking root at the joints, by which means it
too light, nor over ftiff, but rather a hazel loam ; will foon fpread over a large compafs of ground.
this fhould be taken about ten inches deep with the This is very common in England ; it grows chiefly on
fward, which fhould be mixed with the earth to rot, dry barren places, or upon old walls, and is too often
and one third part of neats dung ; theſe ſhould be a troubleſome weed in grafs-plats in gardens.
mixed together, at leaſt twelve months before it is AURICULA URSI [ i . e. Bear's Ear, fo called
ufed, obferving to turn it over every month, to mix becauſe the ancients fancied it refembled the ear of a
it well, and to rot the fward ; this will alfo break the bear. ] Bear's Ear, or Auricula.
clods, and caufe the mould to be finer. Before you Dr. Linnæus has joined this genus to the Primula
make uſe of this earth, you ſhould pass it through a veris of Tournefort, making this one fpecies under
rough fcreen, to feparate the great ftones and the the title of Primula.
roots of the fward therefrom ; but by no means fift To enumerate the diverfities of this plant, would be
the earth too fine, for this is very prejudicial to moſt almoſt endleſs and impoffible ; for every year pro

plants, but particularly to Orange-trees. duces vaft quantities of new flowers, differing in
Oflateyears there have been many of theſe trees planted fhape, fize, or colour of the flowers ; and alfo in the
against walls, againſt which frames of glaſs are made leaves of theſe plants there is as great a variety, fo that
to fix over them in winter ; and fome few curious per the ſkilful florift is oftentimes capable of diftinguiſh
fons have planted theſe trees in the full ground, and ing many of the particular forts thereby.
have erected moveable covers to put over the trees But as it feldom happens, that fuch of thefe flowers
in winter, which are fo contrived as to be all taken as are at one time in great efteem, continue to be re
away in fummer : where thefe have been well execut garded a few years after, (their being ſtill finer or
ed, the trees have made great progrefs in their growth, larger flowers produced from feeds, which are what
and produced a much larger quantity of fruit, which the florifts chiefly feek after) it would be needleſs to
have ripened fo well, as to be extremely good for mention any of them ; wherefore I fhall proceed to
eating. If thefe are planted either againſt walls with give the characters of a good Auricula.
7 I. The
 AUR AUR

5 1. The ftem of the flowershould be lofty and strong. When you have taken all your plants, which are now
2. The foot-ftalk of the flower should be short, that the come up, out of your boxes or pots, level the earth
umbel may be regular and clofe. gently again ; for it often happens, that fome ofthe
3. The pipe or neck of each flower should be short, and feeds will lie in the ground two years before they ap
the flowers large, and regularly spread, being no ways in pear, efpecially if they were covered too deep when
clinable to cup. fown, as was before obferved.
4. That the colours are very bright, and well mixed. The fpring following many of theſe flowers will
5. That the eye of the flower be large, round, and of a fhew, when you may felect fuch of them as have good
good white, or yellow ; and that the tube or neck be not properties, which fhould be removed each of thein in
too wide. to a pot of the fame prepared earth, and preferved
All the flowers of this kind that want any of the until the next feafon, at which time you will be capa
above- mentioned properties, are now rejected by every ble to form a judgment of the goodness of the flow
good florift ; for as the varieties every year increaſe er ; but thofe that produce plain- coloured or fmall
from feeds, the bad ones are turned out to make flowers, fhould be taken out, and planted in borders
room for their betters ; but in fome people the paffion in the out-parts of the garden, to make a fhew, or
for new flowers fo much prevails, that, fuppofing the gather for nofegays, & c. the others, which do not
old flower greatly preferable to a new one, if it is of produce their flowers the fame year, may be taken
their own raiſing, the latter muſt take place of the up, and tranfplanted into a fresh bed, to remain till
old one. you fee how they will prove.
In order to obtain good flowers from feeds, you muſt The manner of propagating thefe flowers when ob
make choice of the beſt flowers you have, which ſhould tained, is from offsets, or flips, taken from the old
be expofed to the open air, that they may have the roots in April, when the flowers are in bloom : thefe
benefit of fhowers, without which they feldom pro offsets must be planted into ſmall pots filled with the
duce good feeds : the time of their ripening is in fame fort of earth as was before directed for the feed
June, which you will eafily know, by their feed-veffel lings, and, during the fummer feafon, fhould be fet
turning to a brown colour, and opening ; you muft in a fhady place, and must be often ( but very gently)
therefore be careful left the feeds be ſcattered out of refreſhed with water ; but in the autumn and winter
the veffel, for it will not be all fit to gather at the fhould be ſheltered from violent rains. The fpring
fame time. following thefe young plants will produce flowers,
The time for fowing this feed is commonly in Au though but weak ; foon after they are paft flowering,
guft, but if it be ſown any time before Chriſtmas, it you must put them into larger pots, and the fecond
will be time enough. year they will blow in perfection .
The beſt foil for this feed is good, freſh, light, fan But, in order to obtain a fine bloom of theſe flowers,
dy mould, mixed with very rotten neats dung, or very you must obferve the following directions .
rotten dung from the bottom of an old hot-bed : Firſt, Preſerve your plants from too much wet in
with this you ſhould fill your pots, boxes, or baſkets, winter, which often rots and fpoils them ; but let
in which you intend to fow your feeds : and having them have as much free open air as poffible ; nor
levelled the furface of the earth very ſmooth, fow fhould they be too much expofed to the fun, which
your feeds thereon , covering it very lightly with rotten is apt to forward their budding for flower too ſoon ;
Willowmould taken out of the ftems of decayed hol and the frofty mornings, which often happen in March,
low Willow-trees ; then cover the box, &c. with a thereby deſtroy their buds, if they are not protected
net or wire, to prevent the cats, birds, & c. from therefrom. To prevent which, thofe who are very
fcratching out, or burying the feeds too deep ; for curious in theſe flowers, place their pots in autumn
whenever this happens, the feeds will remain a year under a common hot- bed frame, where, in good wea
in the ground before the plants appear, if it fhould ther, the plants may enjoy the full air, by drawing
grow at laft ; for which reafon many perfons never off the glaffes ; and in great rains, fnow, or froft, the
cover thefe feeds, but leave them upon the furface plants may be ſcreened by covering them. Where
of the earth, in the boxes, for the rain to waſh them this method is practifed with judgment, the flowers
into the ground, which is often the best method : will be much ſtronger, and the plants will increaſe
let theſe boxes, & c . be placed fo as to receive half fafter than when they are expofed abroad .
the day's fun, during the winter feafon ; but in the Secondly, In the beginning of February, if the wea
beginning of March, remove them where they may ther is mild, you must take off the upper part of the
only have the morning fun till ten of the clock ; for earth in the Auricula pots, as low as you can without
the young plants will now foon begin to appear, difturbing their roots, and fill up the pots with freſh
which, if expofed to one day's whole fun only, will rich earth, which will greatly ftrengthen them for
be all deſtroyed . bloom ; as alfo prepare your offsets for tranfplanting
During the fummer feaſon, in dry, weather, often re in April, by cauſing them to puſh out new roots.
frefh them with water, but never give them too great Thofe plants which have ftrong fingle heads, always
quantities at once. In the July following, your plants produce the largeſt clufters of flowers ; therefore the
will be large enough to tranfplant, at which time curious florifts pull off the offsets as foon as it can be
you muſt prepare a bed, or boxes, filled with the done with fafety to their growing, to encourage the
above-mentioned foil, in which you may plant them mother plants to flower the ftronger ; they alfo pinch
about three inches fquare ; and (if in beds) you muſt off the flowers in autumn, where they are produced,
fhade them every day, till they are thoroughly rooted, and fuffer them not to open, that the plants fhould
as alſo in very hot dry weather ; but if they are in not be weakened thereby.
baſkets or boxes, they may be removed to a fhady Thirdly, You muſt cover your pots with mats in
place. frofty weather, during this time of their budding for
When the feedling Auriculas are planted in beds, flower, left the fharp mornings blight them, and pre
there fhould be fome rotten neats dung laid about ten vent their blowing.
inches under the furface, and beaten down clofe and Fourthly, When your flower-ftems begin to advance
fmooth this will prevent the worms from drawing and the bloffom buds grow turgid, you muſt protect
the young plants out of the earth, which they gene them from hafty rains, which would wash off their
rally do where this is not practifed. This dung fhould white meally farina, and greatly deface the beauty of
be laid about half a foot thick , which will entirely their flowers ; but at the fame time obferve to keep
prevent the worms getting through it until the plants them as much uncovered as poffible, otherwife their
are well eſtabliſhed in the beds ; and the roots of the ftems will be drawn up too weak to fupport their flow
Auriculas will ſtrike down into the dung by the fpring, ers (which is often the cafe when their pots are placed
which will make their flowers ftronger than ufual : near walls ) give them gentle waterings to ſtrengthen
thefe beds fhould be expoſed to the eaſt, and ſcreened them , but let none of the water fall into the center
from the fouth fun. of the plant, or among the leaves.
" Fifthly,
 A ZA AZE

Fifthly, When your flowers begin to open, you The firft of thefe here mentioned , is a low fhrub,
fhould remove their pots upon a ftage (built, with rifing with feveral flender ftems near four feet high.
rows of fhelves , one above another, and covered on The leaves come out in clufters at the ends of the
the top, to preferve them from wet : this fhould be fhoots, without order : they are fpear-fhaped, but nar
open to the morning fun, but fheltered from the heat row at their bafe ; their edges are fet with very fhort
of the fun in the middle of the day :) in this pofition teeth, which are rough . The flowers come out in
they will appear to much greater advantage, than clufters between the leaves, at the extremity of the
when the pots ftand upon the ground ; for, their flow branches , which are white, with a mixture of dirty
ers being low, their beauty is hid from us ; whereas, yellow on their outfide : they have a tube an inch
when they are advanced upon fhelves, we fee them in long, and at the top are pretty deeply cut into five
a full view. In this fituation they may remain until fegments ; the two upper are reflexed, the two fide
the beauty of their flowers is paft, when they muſt ones are bent inward, and the lower one is turned
be fet abroad to receive the rains, and have open free downward. There are five flender ftamina, which
air, in order to obtain feeds, which will fail if they are a little longer than the petals of the flower, fup
are kept too long under fhelter. When your feed is porting oblong Saffron- coloured fummits. The ftyle
ripe, obferve to gather it when it is perfectly dry, and is much longer than the ftamina, and crowned by an
expofe it to the fun in a window upon papers, to pre obtufe ftigma. Theſe flowers have much the appear
vent its growing mouldy, and let it remain in the ance of thofe of the Honeyfuckle, and are as agreea
pods till the feafon for fowing it. bly fcented . They appear the middle of July, but
AURICULA URSI MYCONI . See VER are not fucceeded by feeds in England.
BASCUM . The fecond fort grows taller than the firft, and in its
AXIS of a plant. Axis is properly that round fmooth native country frequently rifes to the height of fifteen
cylinder, about which a wheel is turned ; whence, by feet, but in England is never more than half that
way of metaphor, that long, round, finooth part, height. This fends out feveral ftems from the root,
placed in the center of the iuli, or cat tails, on Nut which are garnifhed with oblong finooth leaves, placed
trees, &c. about which the male organs are difpofed, alternately, having foot -ſtalks. The flower-ftalks
may be called the Axis. The French call it Ame, arife from the divifion of the branches, which are long
Noyau, or Poinçon. and naked, fupporting a cluſter of red flowers, which
AZALEA . Lin . Gen. Plant. 195. American up are tubulous, fwelling at their bafe like thofe of the
right Honeyfuckle . Hyacinth, and contracted at their neck ; they are di
The CHARACTERS are, vided at the top into five equal fegments, which ſpread
It bath a fall coloured empalement which is permanent, open. The five ftamina and the ftyle are much
cut into five acute parts at the top. The flower is longer than the petals, and ftand erect. This flowers
funnel-fhaped, having a long naked tube, cut intofive parts ; about the fame time as the former, but is not fo well
the two upper fegments are reflexed backward, the two fcented.
fides are bent inward, and the lower one turns downward. Theſe plants grow naturally in fhade, and upon moiſt
It bath five flender ftamina of unequal lengths, which ground in moit parts of North America, from whence
have oblong erect fummits. The round germen fupports a many of the plants have been fent of late years to
long flender ftyle, crowned with an obtufe ftigma ; the ger England, and feveral of them have produced their
men afterward becomes a roundifh capfule, having five beautiful flowers in many curious gardens.
cells, which are filled with roundish ſmall feeds. They must have a moift foil and a fhady fituation,
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of otherwife they will not thrive.. They can only be
Linnæus's fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Monogynia, propagated by fhoots from their roots, and laying
the flower having five ftamina and one ſtyle. down their branches, for they do not produce feeds
The SPECIES are, here ; and if good feeds could be obtained, they
1. AZALEA (Viſcoſa) foliis margine fcabris, corollis pi would be difficult to raife, and a long time before
lofo glutinofis. Lin . Sp. Plant. 151. Azalea with leaves they would flower. But when they are in a proper
having rough edges, the petals of the flower hairy and fituation, their roots extend, and put out fhoots,
glutinous. Ciftus Virginiana flore & odore pericly which may be taken off with roots, and tranfplant
meni. Pluk. Phyt. tab. 161. f. 4. ed. When any of them are laid down , it ſhould
2. AZALEA (Nudiflora) foliis ovatis corollis pilofis ftami be only the young fhoots of the fame year, for the
nibus longiffimis. Lin . Sp. Plant. 150. Azalea with old branches will not put out roots. The beft time
oval leaves, hairyflowers, and the longest ftamina. Cif for this is at Michaelmas, and if they are covered
tus Virginiana periclymeni flore ampliori minus odo with fome old tan, to keep out the froft, it will be
rato. Pluk. Mant. 49. of great ufe to them. The autumn is alfo the beft
There are three or four other fpecies of this genus, time to remove the plants, but the ground about their
two of which grow naturally upon the Alps, chiefly roots fhould be covered in winter to keep out the
on bogs ; theſe are low plants, which have little froft ; and if this is every year practifed to the old
beauty, and very difficult to keep in gardens . The plants, it will preferve them in vigour, and cauſe them
others grow one in the eaft, near Pontus, and the to flower well.
other in India ; but as neither of theſe are in the Eng- AZEDARACH . See MELIA.
lifh gardens, I fhall not enumerate them . AZEROLE, or L'AZAROLE. See MESPILUS .

BACCA,
D
1.

B.

BAC BAN

ACCA, i. e. a berry, is a round fruit, for the hermaphrodite florets included in the common em
moft part foft, and covered with a thin ſkin, palement ; they are of an herbaceous colour, fo make
B containing feeds in a pulpy fubftance ; but, if little appearance, and are not fucceeded by feeds in
it be harder, and covered with a thicker fleſh, England.
it is called Pomum, i. e. an Apple. This plant is difficult to propagate, for the cuttings
BACCHARIS, Ploughman's Spikenard, vulgò. do with great difficulty take root ; and it is very rare
1 The CHARACTERS are, to find fhoots near the root to lay down, fo that in
The flower is compofed of many hermaphrodite and female Holland they lay down the entire head of young
florets, which are included in one common, cylindrical, plants, flitting the fmaller branches in the fame
Scaly empalement. The florets are equal, the hermaphrodite manner as is practifed for Carnations, laying them
and female are intermixed. The bermaphrodite florets are into the ground and forking each down to prevent
funnel-
shaped and quinquefid, thefe have five flender fta their rifing ; theſe when duly watered put out roots
mina, crowned by cylindrical fummits, and an ovalgermen, in one year, when they may be taken off, and planted
Supporting aflenderftyle, crowned by a bifid ftigma. The in ſmall pots filled with light earth, and placed in
germen afterward becomes a fingle fhort feed crowned with the ſhade till they have taken new root ; after which
a long down. The female flowers have no ftamina, but in they may be placed in a fheltered fituation in fum
other refpects are the fame. mer, but in winter must be kept in a green-houſe.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection The third fort is pretty common in the nurſeries
of Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Po about London, where it is ufually called the Ground
lygamia fuperflua, the flowers being compofed of her fell-tree , this is a native of Virginia and other parts
maphrodite and female florets, which are both fruitful, of North America ; it grows to be a fhrub of about
The SPECIES are, ſeven or eight feet high, and flowers in October ; the
1. BACCHARIS (Ivafolia) foliis lanceolatis longitudina flowers are white, and not very beautiful ; but the
liter dentato-ferratis. Lin. Hort. Cliff. Ploughman's leaves continuing green through the year, has oc
Spikenard with Spear-shaped leaves, which are longitudi cafioned this fhrub to be admitted into many curious
nally indented andfawed. Senecio Africana arborefcens gardens.
folio ferrato. Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. 117. This fort may be propagated by cuttings, which
2. BACCHARIS ( Neriifolia) foliis lanceolatis fuperne uno fhould be planted in April or May, upon a fhady'
alterove denticulo ferratis. Hort . Cliff. 404. Plough border, and duly watered in dry weather, until they
man's Spikenard with Spear-shaped leaves fawed on the have taken root ; and, at Michaelmas, they will be
edges. Arbufcula foliis nerii. Boerh . Ind. 2. p. 263 . fit to tranfplant where they are to remain ; this will
3. BACCHARIS ( Halimifolia ) foliis obovatis fuperne emar live in the open air, and never is injured by the cold
ginato-crenatis. Hort. Cliff. 405. Ploughman's Spike of our ordinary winters ; but fevere froft will fome
nard with oval indented leaves. Senecio Virginianus times deſtroy them .
arborefcens, atriplicis folio. Raii Hift. 1799. The fourth fort grows naturally in Carolina, and fome
4. BACCHARIS ( Fatida) foliis lanceolatis ferrato-dentatis , other parts of North America ; it rifes with a lig
corymbis foliofis. Flor. Virg. 121. Ploughman's Spike neous ſtalk fix or feven feet high, garniſhed with long
nard with spear-shapedfared leaves, and a leafy corym fpear-fhaped leaves, which are hoary on their under
bus. Conyza Americana frutefcens fœtidiffima. Hort. fide, having a difagreeable ſcent when handled ; the 1
Elth. tab. 89. ftalks are terminated by loofe umbels of flowers,
The English name of Ploughman's Spikenard has which appear late in the autumn, fo are not fucceeded
been always applied to the Conyza major, or greater byfeeds in this country.
Fleabane ; but fince moft of the modern botanists It may be propagated by cuttings, which fhould be
have applied the title of Baccharis to this genus, I have planted toward the end of May, which if fhaded and
added the old English name to it, of Ploughman's duly watered will put out roots in two months ; when
Spikenard, rather than leaveit without anEnglish title. they, fhould be potted, that they may be ſheltered
The firft fort was brought from the Cape of Good under a frame in winter.
Hope, but grows naturally in Peru, and in other BACCIFEROUS [ Baccifer, Lat. of Bacca, a Berry,
parts of America. This plant has been long pre and fero, to bear] is an epithet applied to trees,
ferved by the curious in their gardens. It grows to fhrubs, or plants, that bear berries, as Briony, Lily
the height of five or fix feet, and is a manageable of the Valley, Afparagus, Butchers Broom, Night
fhrub ; it may be propagated by cuttings, which fhade, Solomon's Seal, and many others.
fhould be planted in a fhady border during any of BALAUSTIA . See PUNICA.
the fummer months, or by feeds fown in a common BALAUSTIUM is the cup of the flower of the
border in the fpring of the year. Thefe feeds ripen wild Pomegranate .
well in this country ; and, if permitted to fcatter on BALLOTE [ Baλalà , Gr. ] Black Horehound.
the ground, the plants will come up the following This is a common weed, growing on the fides of
fpring. It is pretty hardy, and will live abroad in banks in moft parts of England, fo is feldom allowed
mild winters, if planted in a warm fituation ; but it a place in gardens ; there are two varieties of it, one
is ufually kept in green-houfes, and placed abroad in with a white, and the other a purple flower. As theſe
fummer; it requires much water in warm weather. are not cultivated, I fhall not trouble the reader with
The fecond fort is alfo a native of Africa ; this hath a farther defcription of them.
a foft fhrubby ftalk which rifes to the height of eight BALM. See MELISSA .
or ten feet, putting out fide branches toward the top, BALSAMINA. The female Balfamine. See IM
garnished with fifffpear-shaped leaves, having a few PATIENS.
indentures toward their top ; thefe are placed without BALSAMITA. See TANACETUM.
order: the flowers are produced at the extremity of BAMIA MOSCHATA. See HIBISCUS.
the branches in a clofe fpike, confifting of female and BANANA. See Musa.
Hh BANIS
 BAN BAN

BANISTERIA. Houft. MSS. Lin. Gen. 509. high, and are thinly garniſhed with oval fmooth
Acer Scandens. Sloan . Cat. 137. Plum . Cat. 18. leaves ; the flowers grow in a round bunch at the
The CHARACTERS are, extremity of the branches, which are of a brownish
It bath a small permanent empalement, cut into five acute yellow colour, and are fucceeded by winged feeds
Segments to the bottom ; the flower bath five petals, which like the former, but ſmaller, and have narrower
are fhaped like thofe of the papilionaceous tribe, butſpread wings.
open, having in fome fpecies one, in others two, and in The third fort was fent me from Carthagena, where
fome, feveral nectarious glands. It bath ten fhort ftamina, it naturally grows. This fends out many branches,
crowned withfimple fummits. There are in fome fpecies which divide again into others, growing without
three, and in others but one germen, each fupporting afingle order, and become very bufhy upward, fending out
Style, crowned by an obtufeftigma , the germen afterward tendrils by which they faften themſelves to the neigh
becomefo many winged fruit, like thofe of the Maple, each bouring trees, and mount to a great height ; thefe
containing afingle feed. are garniſhed with oval ftiff leaves, ending in a point.
The title of this genus was given by the late Dr. The flowers are produced in loofe fpikes at the ends
Houſtoun, in honour to the memory of Mr. Banifter, of the branches, which are firft of a gold colour, and
a curious botanist, who loft his life in the fearch of fade to a ſcarlet. Thefe are fucceeded by feeds of
plants in Virginia. the fame ſhape with the former, but are flender, thin,
The Doctor ranged this genus in the clafs of papi and for the moft part fingle.
lionaceous flowers, to which it has great affinity by The fourth fort was fent me from Campeachy, by
the form of its flower; but the ten ftamina ftanding Mr. Robert Millar ; this hath many irregular climbing
feparate, induced Dr. Linnæus to place it in his tenth ftalks , which faften themſelves to the neighbouring
clafs , but although he has put it under his third fec trees, and rife to a great height, garniſhed with oval
tion, yet it would with greater propriety come under leaves, which are hairy on their under fide, where
his fecond, the greater number of fpecies having but they have many tranfverfe ribs. The flowers come
two ſtyles. out thinly from the fide of the branches, which are
The SPECIES are,
of a pale yellow colour, and are fucceeded by large
1. BANISTERIA ( Angulofa ) foliis ovato- oblongis rigidis winged feeds, which are double.
racemis terminalibus caule fruticofo fcandente. Ba The fifth fort hath ftrong woody ftalks, which twine
nifteria with oblong, oval, ftiffleaves, fpikes offlowers ter about the trees which grow near it, and rifes twenty
minating the branches, and a fhrubby climbing ftalk. Sir feet high, garniſhed with oblong pointed leaves like .
Hans Sloane titles it, Acer fcandens foliis Laurinis . thofe of the Bay-tree, growing oppofite ; from the
Cat. Jam. 137. wings of the leaves the flowers are produced in loofe
2. BANISTERIA ( Fulgens) foliis ovatis glabris, floribus fpikes, upon long foot-ftalks, which are blue, and
corymbofis terminalibus, caule fruticofo fcandente. are fucceeded by flender winged feeds, which fpread
Banifteria with oval fmooth leaves, flowers growing in a open from each other.
corymbus at the extremity of the branches, and a ſhrubby The fixth fort was fent me from Tolu in New Spain,
climbing talk. Acer fcandens minus Apocyni facie where it grows naturally. This hath climbing ftalks,
folio fubrotundo. Sloan . Cat. 138 . which divide into many branches, garnished with
3. BANISTERIA (Brachiqta) foliis ovatis acuminatis flo long winged leaves, compofed of about twenty pair
ribus laxè fpicatis, ramis diffufis fcandentibus. Ba of Imall, oblong, blunt pinnæ, each having a deep
nifteria with oval pointed leaves, flowers growing in loofe furrow on the under fide. At the wings of the leaves
Spikes, and climbing diffufed branches. Banifteria fcan the ftalks are armed with fhort ftrong fpines, a little
dens & frutefcens folio fubrotundo , flore ex aureo crooked . The flowers grow in long loofe fpikes at
Coccineo. Houft. MSS. the end of the branches, which are fucceeded by fingle
4. BANISTERIA ( Laurifolia) foliis ovatis nervofis fubtus feeds, as large as thofe of the greater Maple.
incanis, floribus lateralibus, caule fruticofo fcandente. The ſeventh fort hath ſtrong ligneous ſtalks , covered
Banifteria with nervous heart-shaped leaves, hoary on with an Afh-coloured bark, and divide into many
their under fide, flowers growing from the fide of the branches, garnished with winged leaves, compofed
branches, and a fhrubby climbing ftalk. Acer Ameri of five or fix pair of oval ſmall leaves, nearly of the
canum fcandens foliis fubrotundis fubtus pubefcen fize with thofe of the common Acacia, but are whitish
tibus . Millar. Cat. on their under fide ; from the wings of the leaves are
5. BANISTERIA ( Benghalenfis ) foliis ovato-oblongis acu produced flender bunches of flowers, growing in a
minatis racemis lateralibus feminibus patentibus. Flor. racemus like thofe of the Currant- bufh, of a purplish
Zeyl. 176. Banisteria with oblong, oval, pointed leaves, colour ; theſe are fucceeded by broad winged feeds,
Spikes of flowers growing from the fide of the branches, growing erect. It was fent me from Campeachy,
and fpreading feeds. Acer fcandens foliis Citrei flore where it grows naturally.
cæruleo fpicato. Plum . Cat. 18 . Theſe plants are all of them natives of warm coun
6. BANISTERIA ( Aculeata) foliis pinnatis, foliolis oblongis tries, fo cannot be preſerved in England , unleſs they
obtufis, floribus fpicatis caule ramofo aculeato. Ba are kept in a bark-ftove. They are propagated by
nifteria with winged leaves, whofe fmall leaves are oblong feeds, which muſt be procured from the countries
and blunt, flowers growing in a spike, and a prickly where they grow naturally. Thefe feeds fhould be
branching ftalk. fully ripe when gathered, and put into fand or earth,
7. BANISTERIA ( Purpurea) foliis pinnatis foliolis ovatis in which they fhould be fent to England, otherwife
fpicis lateralibus feminibus erectis. Banisteria with they will looſe their vegetative quality ; for from a
winged leaves, whofe fmall leaves are oval, spikes of large parcel of theſe feeds which were fent over in
flowers growing from the fide of the branches, and erect papers, as freſh as they could poffibly arrive here,
feeds. Banifteria foliis ovatis fpicis lateralibus femini there was very few plants raifed, and thofe did not
bus erectis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 427. appear till the ſecond year ; for theſe feeds are not
The firft grows naturally in Jamaica. This hath a only in fhape like thoſe of the Maple, but alſo are of
woody ftalk, which twifts itſelf round the neighbour the fame quality, requiring to be fown as foon as
ing trees, and rifes to their top. It is garnifhed poffible when they are ripe, or preferved in fand or
with leaves as large as thofe of the Bay-tree, and of earth till they are fown, otherwife they rarely fucceed ;
the fame thickness, growing oppofite ; the flowers are therefore when the feeds arrive, they fhould be im "
produced in long branching ſpikes at the ends of the mediately fown in pots, and, if it happens in autumn
branches, which are yellow, compoſed of five ſmall or winter, the pots fhould be plunged into a hot-bed
leaves ; theſe are fucceeded by two or three winged of tanners bark, where the heat is very moderate,
feeds like thofe of the greater Maple. and fecured from froft and wet, till fpring, when they
The fecond fort grows naturally in Jamaica, at Cam muſt be removed to a fresh hot-bed, which will bring
peachy, and feveral other parts of America. This up the plants ; but if they fhould not appear the firſt
hath fender winding italks, which rife five or fix feet year, the pots fhould be preſerved till the next ſpring,
7 10
 BAR BAR

ne to ſee if the feeds will grow. When the plants come four feet high, are garniſhed with two oval indented
up, they must be planted in feparate pots, filled with leaves ſtanding oppofite ; the flowers are fcarlet, and
ds light earth, and plunged into the bark-bed, after are placed in whorls at the joints of the ſtalks ; theſe
er which they muſt be treated like other tender plants appear in July, Auguft, and September, and are
from the fame countries. fucceeded by ſhort pods incloſing flat feeds.
BAOBOB . See ADANSONIA . The roots of the firft fort will continue three or four
BARBA CAPRE. See SPIRAA. years, but after the fecond year, the plants grow too
t BARBA JOVIS. See ANTHYLLIS. rambling, and the lower part of the branches are
BARBAREA. See ERYSIMUM. naked, fo are not fo fightly as the young plants ;
t
BARDAN A. See ARCTIUM . therefore a fucceffion of theſe fhould be raiſed, and
BARLERIA. the old ones turned out. They are propagated by
The name was given to this genus of plants by fa feeds, which will fow themſelves in the pots which
ther Plumier, in honour of Jacobus Barelier, of Paris, near them in the ftove, when the plants are
who was a famous botanift. once obtained ; but where the feeds are received from
The CHARACTERS are, abroad, they muſt be fown upon a hot-bed in the
It bath a permanent empalement, divided into four parts, fpring ; and when the plants are fit to remove, they
two large and two smaller, oppofite. The flower is of the muſt be each planted in a ſeparate pot, and plunged
-haped, and divided intofive
lip kind, of one leaf, funnel f into a hot-bed of tanners bark, where they muft con
parts at the top; the upper fegment being broad and erect, ftantly remain, and managed in the fame manner as
the two fide ones narrower, and the under one which turns other tender exotics from the faine countries ; giving
downward is divided into two. It bath four flenderfta them water frequently in fummer, and letting the
mina, two of which are very fhort ; the two upper are freſh air to them every day in warm weather, but in
longer, crowned by oblong fummits. In the center is placed winter they ſhould have lefs water and be kept warm .
the oval germen, fupporting a flender fiyle, crowned by a They flowerfrom June to November, and their feeds
bifid ftigma. The germen afterward becomes an oblong, ripen foon after.
quadrangular, membranaceous veſſel, with two cells, which The ſecond fort hath flexible perennial ftalks, which
is very elastic, containing two or three roundish compreſſed if cut off during the fummer months, and made into
feeds. lengths of fix or eight inches, and planted in pots,
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnæus ranged in the plunging them into a hot-bed, and duly watered and
fecond order of his fourteenth clafs, titled Didy fhaded from the fun, will foon put out roots, fo may
namia Angiofpermia, whofe flowers have two long be planted each in a fmall pot, and plunged into the
and two ſhort ſtamina, and their feeds are included tan-bed in the ftove ; for although this fort may be
in a capfule . kept in a dry ſtove through the winter, yet the plants
The SPECIES are, will not grow near ſo faſt, nor will their leaves be fo
1. BARLERIA ( Solanifolia) fpinis axillaribus foliis lan large as thoſe which are plunged into bark. By this
ceolatis denticulatis. Lin. Sp . 887. Barleria withſpines method the plants may be propagated in plenty, but
on thefide ofthe branches, and fpear -shaped indented leaves. as they rarely produce flowers in England, fo two
Barleria aculeata folani folio anguftiore flore cæruleo. or three plants will be fufficient to maintain the
. Plum . N. G. 31.
fpecies.
2. BARLERIA (Prionitis) fpinis axillaribus quaternis foliis The third and fourth forts will produce feeds in Eng
integerrimis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 636. Barleria with fpines land, provided the plants are kept in the tan-bed in
growing byfours from the fide ofthe branches, and entire the ftove, fo thefe may be propagated by feeds,
leaves. Coletta-veetla. Hort. Mal. 9. p. 77. which fhould be fown in the hot-bed, and the plants
3. BARLERIA ( Buxifolia) fpinis axillaribus oppofitis ſo afterward treated in the fame manner as the firſt
litaris, foliis fubrotundis integerrimis. Lin. Sp . 887. fort.
Barleria withfpines at the wings of thestalk, and roundish BAROMETER [from Báp , a weight, and μérpov,
entire leaves. Barleria Americana fpinoffima frutefcens, a meaſure, ] is an inftrument or machine for meafur
buxi folio parvo flore. Amm. Herb. 104. ing the weight of the atmosphere, or the minute vari
4. BARLERIA (Coccinea) inermis foliis ovatis denticulatis ation of the weight or preffure of the incumbent air,
petiolatis. Lin. Sp. 888. Barleria without fpines, and in order to determine the changes of weather.
ftalks. Barleria folani
oval indented leaves having foot - This machine is founded on the Torricellian experi
folio, flore coccineo . Plum. Nov. Gen. 31 . ment, fo called, from the inventor Torricellius.
The first fort rifes with upright fquare ftalks three 1. It confifts of a long tube of glafs, hermetically
feet high, garnished with two oblong entire leaves fealed at one end ; and being filled with quickfilver,
at every joint ; above which the flowers come out in is inverted fo as to have one end of it immerged in a
whorls furrounding the ſtalks , and under each whorl bafon of ſtagnant quickfilver, and the other herme
there are fix fharp fpines, which are as long as the tically fealed, which is expoſed to the preffure of the
empalement of the flowers. Thefe joints are about outward air ; out of which open end (after fuch im
three inches diftance ; the flowers are blue, and have merfion) the quickfilver in the tube being ſuffered to
more of the form of the labiated flowers, than any run as much as it will into the ftagnant quickfilver, in
of the other fpecies. I received this from Pa which that mouth or open end is immerfed, there is
nama. wont to remain a cylinder of quickfilver fufpended in
The fecond fort has been long in the curious gardens the tube, about twenty-eight, twenty-nine, or thirty
in Holland, but has not been many years in this inches high, meafuring from the furface of the ftag
country. This fends out many flender ftems from nant quickfilver perpendicularly ; but more or lefs
the root, which rife eight or nine feet high, garniſhed within fuch limits, according as the weight or pref
with oval pointed leaves, two growing oppofite at fure of the air incumbent on the external ſtagnant
each joint, which are attended by four long fpines quickfilver expofed to it, is greater or leffer, leaving
ftanding cross-ways. This plant hath not as yet flow the upper part of the tube void, or at leaſt empty of
common air. 1
ered in England, though there are large plants of it
in the Chelfea garden . The phænomena of the barometer are various, and
The third fort hath fhrubby ftalks which rife five or the cauſes affigned for them, by feveral authors, as
fix feet high, garniſhed with roundiſh entire leaves various ; nor is the ufe of it in predicting the wea
placed oppofite, under which are placed ftrong fpines ; ther, yet perfectly afcertained .
the flowers are produced in whorls toward the upper The greatest height the mercury has been known to
part of the ftalk ; theſe are fucceeded by fhort feed ſtand at in London, is thirty inches three-eighths, and
veffels, containing three or four flat feeds . This grows its leaft, twenty-eight inches : and though, as Mr.
naturally in Jamaica. Boyle obferves, the phænomena of the barometer are
The fourth fort grows naturally in the warm parts of fo very precarious, that it is very difficult to form
America. The ftalks of this are fmooth ; they rife any general rules about the rife and fall thereof, fince
in
 BAR BAR

in that which feems to hold moft univerfally, viz. by two contrary winds blowing towards the place of
that when the high winds blow, the mercury is the obfervation, whereby the air of other places is brought
lower, they fometimes fail, yet the following obfer thither and accumulated ; fo that the incumbent cy
vations have been made by feveral authors. linder of air being increaſed both in height and
Dr. Halley obferves , that in calm weather, when weight, the mercury preffed thereby muſt needs riſe
the air is inclined to rain, the mercury is continually and ſtand high, as long as the winds continue fo to
low ; in ferene good fettled weather, high. blow ; and then the air being ſpecifically heavier, the
That on great winds, though unaccompanied with vapours are better kept fufpended, fo that they have
rain, the mercury is loweft of all, with regard to the no inclination to precipitate and fall down in drops,
point of the compafs the wind blows on ; that, ca which is the reafon of the ferene good weather, which
teris paribus, the greateft heights of the mercury are attends the greater heights of the mercury.
on eaſterly and north-easterly winds ; that after great 3. The mercury finks the loweſt of all by the very
ftorms of wind, when the mercury has been low, it rapid motion of the air in ftorms of winds."
rifes again very faſt. For the tract of the region of the earth's furface,
That in calm frofty weather it ftands high . wherein theſe winds rage, not extending all round
That the more northerly places find greater altera the globe, that ftagnant air which is left behind, as
tions than the more fouthern ; and that within the likewife that on the fides, cannot come in fo faft as to
tropics, and near them, there is little or no variation fupply the evacuation made by fo fwift a current ; fo
of the mercury at all. that the air muft neceffarily be attenuated when and
Dr. Beal obferves, that, cæteris paribus, the mercury where the faid winds continue to blow, and that more
is higher in cold weather than in warm , and ufually or lefs, according to their violence : add to which,
higher in morning and evening than at mid -day. that the horizontal motion of the air being fo quick as
That the mercuryis higher in fettled and fair weather, it is, may, in all probability, take off fome part of
than either a little before, or after, or in the rain ; the perpendicular preffure thereof ; and the great agi
and that it generally defcends lower after rain, than tation of its particles is the reaſon why the vapours are
it was before it ; if it chance to rife higher after rain , diffipated, and do not condenfe into drops, fo as to
it is generally followed by a fettled ferenity. form rain, otherwife the natural confequence of the
That there are frequently great changes in the air, air's rarefaction.
without any perceptible alterations in the barometer. 4. The mercury ftands the higheſt upon an eafterly
As to the predictions from the barometer, Dr. Hal or north-eafterly wind ; becaufe, in the great Atlan
ley has found, tic ocean, on this fide the thirty-fifth degree of north
That the rifing of the mercury forebodes fair weather latitude, the wefterly and fouth-westerly winds blow
after foul, and an eaſterly or north- easterly wind. almoſt always trade : fo that whenever here the winds
That the falling of the mercury portends foutherly come up at eaft and north-eaft, it is fure to be checked
or wefterly winds, with rains, or ftormy winds, or by a contrary gale as foon as it reaches the ocean :
both. wherefore, according to what is made out in the fe
That in a ftorm the mercury beginning to rife, is a cond remark, the air muft needs be heaped over this
prettyfure fign that it begins to abate. inland, and confequently, the mercury muſt ſtand
Mr. Patrick obferves, that the falling of the mercury high , as often as theſe winds blow.
in hot weather prefages thunder ; that when foul wea 5. In calm frofty weather, the mercury generally,
ther happens after the fall of the mercury, it feldom ftands high, becauſe, as he conceives, it feldom freezes
holds long ; and the fame is obferved, if fair weather but when the winds come out of the northern or
fucceeds preſently after its riſe. north-eaftern quarters, or at leaft, unlefs thofe winds
Hence Mr. Pointer conceives, that the principal blow at no great diſtance off.
caufe of the rife and fall of the mercury, is from the For the northern parts of Germany, Denmark, Swe
variable winds which are found in the temperate den, Norway, and all that tract, from whence north
zones, and whoſe great inconftancy here in England eaftern winds come, are fubject to almoft continual
is most notorious . froft all the winter, and thereby the lower air is very
A fecond cauſe he takes to be, the uncertain exha much condenfed, and in that ftate is brought hither
lation and perfpiration of the vapours lodging in the ward by thoſe winds ; and, being accumulated by
air, whereby it comes to be at one time much more the oppofition of the westerly wind blowing in the
crowded than at another, and confequently heavier ; ocean, the mercury muft needs be preffed to a more
but this latter, in a great meaſure, depends upon the ordinary height ; and, as a concurring caufe, the
former. fhrinking of the lower parts of the air into leffer room
And from thefe principles, he endeavours to explain by cold , muft needs caufe a defcent of the upper parts
the feveral phænomena of the barometer. of the atmoſphere, to reduce the cavity made by this
1. The mercury's being low, inclines it to rain ; be contraction to an equilibrium.
caufe the air being light, the vapours are no longer 6. After great ftorms of winds, when the mercury
fupported thereby, being become fpecifically heavier has been very low, it generally riſes again very faſt :
than the medium wherein they are floated ; fo that he fays, he once obferved it to rife an inch and a half
I they defcend towards the earth, and in their fall, meet in less than fix hours, after a long continued ftorm of
ing with other aqueous particles, they incorporate fouth-west wind.
together, and form little drops of rain ; but the mer The reafon is, becauſe the air being very much rare
cury's being at one time lower than another, is the fied by the great evacuations that fuch continued
effect of two contrary winds blowing from the place ftorms make thereof, the neighbouring air runs in
where the barometer ftands, whereby the air of that more ſwiftly, to bring it to an equilibrium, as we fee
place is carried both ways from it, and confequently water runs the fafter for having a greater declivity. -
the incumbent cylinder of air is diminiſhed, and ac 7. The variations are greater in the more northerly
cordingly the mercury finks. As for inftance, if in places, as at Stockholm greater than at Paris [ com
the German ocean it fhould blow a gale of wefterly pared by Mr. Pafchal ; ] becauſe the more northerly
wind, and at the fame time an eafterly wind in the parts have ufually greater ftorms of wind than the more
Irifh fea ; or if in France it fhould blow a northerly foutherly, whereby the mercury fhould fink lower in
wind, and in Scotland a foutherly, it muſt be grant that extreme ; and then the northerly winds bringing
ed, that that part of the atmoſphere impendent over the condensed and ponderous air from the neighbour
England, would thereby be exhauſted and atte hood of the pole, and that again being checked by a
nuated, and the mercury would fubfide ; and the foutherly wind, at no great diftance, and fo heaped
vapours which before floated in thofe parts of the air, up, muft of neceffity, make the mercury in fuch caſe
of equal gravity with themſelves, would fink to the ftand higher in the other extreme.
earth . 8. This remark, that there is little or no variation
2. The greater height of the barometer is occafioned near the equinoctial, does, above all others, confirm
the
 BAS BAS

the hypothefis of the variable winds being the caufe bus. Lin. Sp. 390. Bafella with plain leaves andfimple
of thele variations of the height of the mercury ; for foot -talks. Culcuta foliis fubcordatis . Hort. Cliff.
in the places above-named, there is always an eaty gale 39. Climbing Nightfhade.
of wind, blowing nearly upon the fame point, viz . 2. BASELLA (Alba) foliis ovatis undatis, pedunculis fim
E. N. E. at Barbadoes, and E. S. E. at St. Helena ; plicibus folio longioribus . Lin. Sp . 390. Bafla with
fo that there being no contrary currents of the air to oval waved leaves, and foot - falks longer than the leaf.
exhauſt or accumulate it, the atmoſphere continues Bafella Sinica, foliis & caulibus viridibus mint , fuc
much in the fame ſtate. culentibus fructu minore. Juff.
Mr. Patrick gives us the following rules and obfer The firſt fort has thick, ftrong, fucculent ftalks and
vations for the rifing and falling of the mercury, in leaves, which are of a deep purple colour. The
order to foreknow the weather by the barometer. plant requires to be fupported, for it will climb to the
1. It has been obferved, that the motion of the mer height of eight or ten feet, when the plants are kept
cury does not exceed three inches in its rifing or fall in a ftove or glafs-cafe, and produce a great number
ing in the barometer of the common form. of fide branches : but ifthey are expofed to the open
2. That its leaft alterations are to be minded, in or air, they will not grow fo large, nor will they perfect
der to the right finding of the weather by it. their feeds, except it be in very warm teafons ; when
3. The rifing of the mercury prefages in general fair they are placed in the bark-ftove, they will often live
weather, and its falling, foul, as rain, inow, high through the winter, and produce great quantities of
winds, and ftorms. flowers and feeds. The flowers of this plant have
4. In very hot weather, the falling of the mercury no great beauty, but the plant is preferved for the odd
forefhews thunder. appearance of the ftalks and leaves.
5. In winter, the rifing ofthe mercury prefages froft ; The feeds of the fecond fort I received from Dr.
and in frofty weather, if the mercury falls three or Juffieu of Paris, from whence I have obtained two
four degrees, there will certainly follow a thaw ; but varieties ; one of which hath purple ftalks and leaves,
if the mercury rifes in a continued froft, it will cer and the other hath leaves variegated with white ; but
tainly fnow. both of them retain their ſmall ftalks, and oblong
} 6. When foul weather happens foon after the falling flaccid leaves, fmaller flowers and fruit, in which
of the mercury, you may expect but little of it ; and they effentially differ from the firſt.
you may judge the fame, when the weather proves Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which ſhould
fair fhortly after the mercury has riſen. be fown in a hot-bed in the fpring ; and when the
7. When the mercury rifes much and high in foul plants are fit to remove, they fhould be each planted
weather, and continues fo for two or three days before into a feparate pot filled with rich earth, and plunged
the foul weather is over, you may expect a continu into the tan-bed, where they must be treated in the
ance of fair weather to follow. fame manner as other tender exotics. They may alfo
8. When the mercury falls much and low in fair be propagated by cuttings, which fhould be laid to
weather, and continues fo for two or three days be dry a day or two after they are taken from the plants,
fore the rain comes, then you may expect a great deal before they are planted, that the wound may heal,
of wet, and probably high winds. otherwife they will rot. Thefe cuttings must be plant
9. The unfettled motion of the mercury denotes un ed into pots filled with light fresh earth, and plunged
certain and changeable weather. into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, where they
10. You are not fo ftrictly to mind the words engraven will take root in a fortnight or three weeks time, when
on the plates, though for the moft part they will they ſhould be treated in the fame manner as the feed
agree with them, as the rifing and falling of the mer ling plants. But as thefe rife fo eafily from feeds, it
cury ; for if it ftands at much rain, and rifes up to is feldom they are propagated any other way, becaufe
changeable, it prefages fair weather, although not they are plants of thort duration. Thefe flower from
to continue fo long as it would have done, if the June to autumn, and the feeds ripen in September
mercury were higher, and fo on the contrary. and December.
Theſe rules and obfervations are fufficient to inftruct Thefe plants will climb to a confiderable height, and
perfons who are unacquainted with this inftrument, fend forth a great number of branches, fo that they
* 1
how to make their obfervations ; and with conftantly fhould have a place near the back of the ftove, where
remarking what alterations happen in the weather on they may be trained up to a trellife, or faſtened to the
the variations of the mercury, a perfon may nearly back of the ftove, otherwife they will twift them
predict the great alterations of the weather a day or felves about whatever plants ftand near them, and
two before they happen, which is frequently of great be very injurious to the other plants ; whereas, when
ufe to the gardener and farmer, but particularly to they are regularly trained to a trellife, they will have
the latter, who may begin to mow his grafs when he a good effect in adding to the variety.
finds there is a profpect of fair weather, or poftpone From the berries of the firit fort, I have feen a beau
it a few days until he forefees a likelihood of fuch. tiful colour drawn, but when ufed for painting, did
The fame alfo may be of great moment in reaping not continue very long, but changed to a pale colour ;
his corn, as alio in fowing his grain, and moft of his though I believe there might be a method invented ,
other buſineſs . Therefore the uſe of this inftrument whereby this beautiful colour might be fixed, fo as to
fhould be more generally known by the practical far become very ufeful ; for I have been affured, that
mer and gardener. the juice of thefe berries has been uſed for ſtaining
BARTRAMIA. See TRIUMFETTA. of callicoes in India.
BASELLA, or climbing Nightshade from Malabar. BASILICUM , or BASIL. See CorMUM.
The CHARACTERS are, BASONS or fountains, & c. which ferve either for
The flower bath no empalement ; it is shaped like a the ornament or ufe of gardens, are made in divers
pitcher, fleshy at the bafe and fwelling, but clofed toward forms, fome round, fome oblong or oval, others
the brim, whereit is divided into fixparts, two of which fquare, cétangular, & c. but their most common form
are larger than the others. It bath five arol-fhaped is circular ; and, if the ground will permit, the larger 1
Stamina, which are equal, faßtened to the petal, crowned they are the better ; and when they exceed in fize,
with roundifh fummits. The globular germen, which is they are called pieces of water, canals, fifh ponds,
fituated in the center, fupports three flender ftyles, crowned pools, and refervoirs . 1
by oblongftigma. The petal of the flower remains, and In making thefe, care ought to be taken to avoid
inclofes a roundifh fleshy berry, including one round feed. both the extremes, and not to make them either too
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection big or too little, that a water work may not take
of Linnæus's fifth clafs, entitled Pentandria Trigynia, up the best part of a fmail fpot of ground ; nor to
the flower having five ftamina and three ftyles. make too little a bafon in a large ſpot. This mut
The SPECIES are, depend entirely on the judgment of the defigner of
. BASELLA (Rubra) foliis planis, pedunculis fimplici the garden .
Ii Some
 BAS BAS

Some would have the fize of a bafon to be propor oil, or bullock's blood, to prevent it from cracking
tioned to the Jet d'Eau, that the water thrown up in or flawing ; this being done, the water fhould be let
the air, may not, by being blown by the air, be car into the bafon as foon as may be.
ried beyond the edge of the bafon, but all fall down Thofe bafons which are made of lead, are to be thus
without wetting the walk. wrought ; the outlines ought to be enlarged one foot •
As to the depth of bafons it is ufually from two to of a fide, and digged half a foot deeper than the ba
three feet, this depth being fufficient to fecure the fon is to be.
bottom of the batons from froft, and to dip watering The wall must be made a foot thick, that it may be
pots. able to bear up againſt the earth lying against it ; but
But if they are to ferve for refervoirs, or to keep fiſh the bottom will not require to be more than half a
in, then they may be made four or five feet deep , foot thick.
which will both hold water enough, and be deep Thefe walls must be built in rubble laid in mortar all
enough for the fifh to breed in, and alfo to bear a of plafter, becauſe the lime will eat the lead, and then
bat. the lead must be laid on the walls and bottom, and
Deeper than this they need not be, and if they were be feamed with folder.
deeper, they would be dangerous as to the drowning But bafons of lead are not much in ufe, becauſe of
of perfons who might chance to fall in. their great charge in making, and the danger of the
In making balons, great care ought to be taken in lead being ftolen.
making them at firft ; for the water always naturally Great care ought to be taken to keep the upper edge
endeavouring to run away, and by its weight and and fuperficies of a bafon upon a level, that the wa
preffure in a bafon, making its way out at the leaft ter may cover all the walls equally.
cranny, it
it will
will grow conftantly bigger and bigger ; fo As to the wafte pipes of bafons, whether at the bot
that if it be not well made at firft, it will be very dif tom or fuperficies, they ought not to be made too
ficult to repair it. fmall, left they ſhould be choked, notwithſtanding the
Bafons are made either with clay, cement, or lead ; cawls that are drawn before them.
they are moft ufually made of clay ; in making fuch, When this wafte water is only to be loft in finks and
at the marking out the dimenfions, the diameter common fewers, it is carried away in drains or earthen
ought to be four feet bigger on each fide, yet the pipes ; but when it ferves to play the bafons that lie
balon will not be the wider, for it will be taken up below it, it muſt paſs through leaden pipes.
with the walls on each fide ; and the clay-work , which Thefe bafons are now pretty generally rejected by per
is to fill the space between ; the bafon muft alfo be fons of good tafte, as being no ways ornamental ;
dug two feet deeper than the depth of the water is therefore where there is a neceffity to make refervoirs
defigned to be, because it is to be laid over eighteen for water for the ufe of gardens, they are commonly
inches thick with clay, and fix inches with gravel and dug in the loweft part of gardens, or where the spot
paving. is moft convenient for receiving the water, which may
The clay ought to be well wrought with the hands run from the adjacent grounds in hard rains ; thefe
and water, and when it is fpread, fhould be trodden ponds fhould have their fides made very eafy, for, if
in with the naked feet, that the water of the bafon they are too upright, the earth frequently breaks down
may not dilute through it, and the roots of any trees by the water washing, and making it hollow below ;
that may grow near, may not penetrate into the out the fides and bottoms of thefe ponds fhould be laid
ward wall, which may be made of fhards, rubble, or nine or ten inches thick with well wrought clay ; and,
flints, with mortar made of the natural earth, and is as the clay is finifhed, it fhould be well covered to
called the ground wall, becauſe it is only made to re prevent the fun and wind from cracking it before the
fift the preflure of the ground about it. The inward water is let in. The figures of thefe ponds fhould
wall ought to be made with good rubble ftones that not be regular, for the fhape of the hollow, where
will not fcale and come off in flafhes in the water, or they are made, fhould be followed, which will fave
elfe of flints and ftones from the hills, which will expence, and have a better appearance .
make durable work, but will not look fo neat as the BASTERIA. Nov. Gen. All-fpice.
pointed rubble ; and there ought to be laid here and As this plant had no proper title given to it, I have
there ftones, the thickness of the wall, to render it given it this in honour of my worthy friend Dr. Job
the more fubftantial. Bafter, F. R. S. of Zurick Zee, in Holland, who is
The method of making bafons of cement is as fol a gentleman well fkilled in botany, and has a fine
lows after you have marked out the dimenfions of garden flored with rare plants, of which he is very
the bafon, as before, if you enlarge it one foot nine communicative to his friends, as I have many years
inches, it will be fufficient, and the fame depth deeper experienced.
at the bottom will be enough. The CHARACTERS are,
This being done, you muſt begin to back up and The empalement of the flower is fhort, of one leef, and
raife againit the ground ; cut perpendicularly a wall cut into five narrow fegments at the top. It bath a dou
of mafonry a foot thick, which must go to the bot ble feries of narrow petals, which spread open, and turn
tom, and fhould be built with fhards and rubble ftones inward at their extremity. Under the receptacle is fitu
Jaid in mortar of lime and fand. ated an oval germen, kaving no fiyle, but five figma rest
When the wall is finished round the circumference, ing upon it, and is furrounded by many flort stamina,
then the bottom is to be wrought a foot thick with crowned by obtufe fummits. The germen afterward be
the fame materials ; and the folid work or lining of comes a roundish fruit, compreffed at both ends, barving
cement is to be backed up against the walls nine cells, containing obling feeds.
inches thick, including the plaftering and inward fur We have but one SPECIES of this genus at prefent
face. This folid ought to be made of fmall fints, in England, which is ,
laid in beds of mortar made of lime and cement. BASTERIA foliis ovatis oppofitis, floribus lateralibus
When this folid is cight inches thick, it ought to be caule fruticofo ramofo. Bateria with oval leavesplaced
plaftered over the whole furface of the bottom with oppofite, flowers comingfrom the fides of the ftalks, and a
cement well fifted before it be tempered with lime ; trenchingforubby ftalk. Frutex Corni foliis conjugatis
and with this it fhould be wrought over fmooth with floribus Anemones ftellata, petalis craffis rigidis co
the trowel. lore fordidè rubente, cortice Aromatico . Catefb. Hift.
The proportion of this cement fhould be two thirds Carol. Vol. I. p . 46. commonly called in Carolina All
of cement or powdered tile to one third of lime. Spice.
This cement has the property to harden fo under wa This fhrub grows naturally in America . Mr. Catefby,
ter, that it will be as hard as ftone or marble, and who first introduced it into the English gardens, pro
the body will be fo folid as never to decay. cured it from the continent, fome hundred miles on
After the finishing of the bafon , the plaftering fhould the back of Charles Town, in Carolina.
be for four orfive days fucceffively anointed over with
 BAU BAU

t It feldom rifes more than four feet high in this coun 1 Shaped, waved and reflexed, but in others roundish and
try, dividing into many flender branches near the concave it hath tenftamina, which are of unequal lengths,
S ground, which are garnished with two oval leaves fome ofthefe are crowned by ovalfummits, but others have
placed oppofite at every joint, which are entire ; thefe none: The cblonggermen fits upon the foot -
talk, fupport
[
have fhort foot-ftalks ; the flowers grow fingle at the ing a flender decliningftyle, which turns upward at the
extremity of the foot-ftalk, which comes out from point, crowned by an obtufe ftigma ; the germen efter
the wings of the leaves ; they have two feries of nar ward becomes a long taper pad, inclosing a row ofroundish
row thick petals, which ſpread open, and turn inward compreffed feeds.
at the top, like thofe of the Starry Anemone, or the This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
Virgin's Bower : thefe are of a fullen purple colour, Linnæus's tenth clafs, entitled Decandria Monogynia,
and have a difagreeable fcent ; they appear in May. the flower having ten ftamina and one ſtyle.
The embryo fits beneath the flower, and fupports five The SPECIES are ,
ftigma ; this afterward appears to have five cells, but 1. BAUHINIA (Aculeata) caule aculeato. Hort. Cliff.
it never comes to perfection in this country, therefore 156. Baubinia with a prickly ftalk. Bauhinia aculeata
I can only give a defcription of it from an imperfect folio rotundo emarginato. Plum . Nov. Gen. 23 .
rudiment, which a few years paft, was fairer than any 2. BAUHINIA (Tomentofa) foliis cordatis, lobis femior
I had before feen . The bark of this fhrub is brown, biculatis tomentofis. Lin. Sp . 536. Bauhinia with
and has a very ſtrong aromatic fcent ; from whence heart- shaped leaves, andfemiorbicular woolly lobes. Bau
the inhabitants of Carolina gave it the title of All hinia flore luteo fpicato folio fubrotundo bicorni.
Houft .
fpice, by which it is generally known in the nurſeries
near London. 3. BAUHINIA (Acuminata) foliis ovatis lobis acuminatis
This fhrub will thrive in the open air in England, if femi-ovatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 375. Baubinia with oval
it is planted in a warm fituation and a dry foil. It is leaves, and pointed lobes which are half oval. Bauhi
propagated by laying down the young branches, which nia non aculeata folio ampliori & bicorni. Plum. Nov.
Gen. 23.
will take root in one year, and may then be taken
from the mother plant, and planted where they are 4. BAUHINIA (Ungulata) foliis, lobis parallelis. Lin. Sp .
defigned to remain, for they do not bear tranfplanting 535. Baubinia with oval leaves, whofe lobes are parallel.
well, after they are grown to any fize. When the Bauhinia non aculeata folio nervofo bicorni, floribus
albicantibus. Houft.
layers are tranfplanted , the furface of the ground
fhould be covered with mulch, to prevent the drying 5 . BAUHINIA ( Emarginata) caule aculeato, foliis corda
winds from penetrating the ground to their roots ; tis lobis orbiculatis, fubtus tomentofis. Beukinia with
and if the feafon proves dry, they muſt be watered a prickly talk, and heart-shaped leaves with round lobes,
once a week, but ſhould not have too much wet, for which are woolly on their under fide. B. uhinia acu
that will rot their tender fibres. leata folio rotundo emarginato flore magno aibo.
Houft.
The beſt time for laying down the branches, is in the
autumn, but they fhould not be tranfplanted till the 6. BAUHINIA ( Purpurea) folio fubcordatis bipartitis ro
fpring twelve months after, for the fpring is the fafeft tundatis, fubtus tomentofis. Lin. Sp . 536. Boubinia
time to remove thefe plants. After the branches are with almoft heart-shaped leaves divided in two roundish
laid down, there fhould be fome old tanners bark lobes woolly on their under fide. Bauhinia non aculeata
laid upon the furface of the ground, to keep out the folio fubrotundo bicorni, floribus albis. Houft.
froft, which should alfo be done every winter, while 7. BAUHINIA ( Rotundata) foliis fubcordatis bipartitis ro
the plants are young, which will prevent the froſt tundatis caule aculeato, fioribus fparfis . Bauhinia with
from penetrating to their root, and thereby fecure heart-shaped, bifid, rounded leaves, a prickly ftalk, and
them . flowers growing fparfly. Bauhinia aculeata foliis fubro
This plant was very fcarce in England, till within a tundis bicornis flore magno albo. Houſt.
few years paft, that many of them have been brought 8. BAUHINIA (Variegata) foliis cordatis lobis coadunatis
from Carolina, where they have been greatly increaſed obtufis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 375. Baubinia with heart
b
in the gardens near Charles Town . fhaped leaves, and obtufe lobes whichjoin together. Cho
Dr. Kempfer has given a figure and deſcription of a vanna-mandaru. Hort. Mal. 1. p. 57.
plant, in his Amoenitates Exoticarum, which feems 9 . BAUHINIA ( Scandens) caule cirrhifero. Lin. Sp . Plant.
to be of this genus ; but he mentions the fruit to be 374. Baubinia with a stalk having tendrils.
compofed of eight cells ; whereas, fo far as I have 10. BAUHINIA (Divaricata) foliis ovatis lobis divarica
been able to examine this, it appears to have but five ; tis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 374. Bauhinia with oval leaves,
however, the flower and general ftructure of the whofe lobes fpread different ways. Bauhinia foliis quin
plant, agrees very well with this, but I fuppofe it to quenerviis laciniis acuminatis remotiffimis. Hort.
be a diftinct fpecies, the leaves of this being much Cliff. 156 .
longer, and the flowers ftand upon naked foot-ſtalks ; The first fort grows plentifully in Jamaica, and the
whereas thofe of our fort have commonly two fmall other fugar iflands in America, where it rifes to the
leaves, which are narrower, and more pointed than height of fixteen or eighteen feet, with a crooked
thofe upon the branches : but I find Dr. Linnæus and ftem , and divides into many irregular branches, armed
Monfieur Du Hamel, both fuppofe they are the fame with fhort ftrong fpines, garnished with compound
こ plant. winged leaves, each having two or three pair of
After I had given a figure of this plant, in plate LX. lobes, ending with an odd one, which are oblique,
of my Figures of Plants, I received Monfieur Du Ha blunt, and indented at the top. The ftalks are ter
mel's book of the trees and fhrubs, which will grow minated by feveral long fpikes of yellow flowers,
in the open air about Paris, in which he has given a which are fucceeded by bordered pods, about three
bad figure of this plant, under the title of Butneria ; inches long, which contain two or three fwelling feeds.
but as my plate was firft publifhed, and I was not ap Thele pods are glutinous, and have a strong bal
prifed of his title, I have continued my title to it ; famic fcent, as have alfo the leaves when bruifed.
not from any attachment to it, as being my own, but It is called in America, the Indian Savin -tree, from
rather to avoid confufion, which muft attend the fre its ftrong odour, fomewhat refembling the common
quent alteration of the names of plants, which is too Savin.
much in fashion at prefent. The fecond fort was fent me from Campeachy, in
BAUHINIA, Mountain Ebony, vulgò. This plant 1730, by the late Dr. Houfton, where he found it
was fo named by father Plumier, in honour of the growing naturally. This rifes to the height of twelve
two famous botaniſts, John and Cafpar Bauhin. or fourteen feet, with a fimooth ftem, dividing into
The CHARACTERS are, many branches, garnished with heart-fhaped leaves,
The empalement of the flower is permanent, tubulous, of having two fmooth- pointed lobes ; the extremity of
one leaf, and cut into five parts at the top ; the flower every branch is terminated by a long fpike of yellow
is compofed offive petals, which in fome fpecies are Spear flowers, fo that when thefe trees are in flower, they
make
 BAU BEL

make a fine appearance. The pods are fwelling, and foot- talks ; thefe are fix inches long, and three inches
about five inches long, each containing five or fix and a half broad in the middle, and are deeply cut
roundifh compreffed feeds. into two pointed lobes, each having three prominent
The third fort grows naturally in both Indies, where ribs running longitudinally. This hath not produced
it rifes with feveral pretty ftrong, upright, fmooth flowers in England, nor had I any account of them
fiems, fending out many flender branches, garniſhed with the feeds, which were fent me from Cam
with oval leaves, deeply divided into two lobes. The peachy.
leaves come out without order, and have long foot The tenth fort grows naturally in great plenty on the
Italks, but are much thinner than thofe of the fpecies north fide of the island of Jamaica. This is a low
before-mentioned . The flowers come out at the fhrub, feldom rifing more than five or fix feet high,
extremity of the branches, three or four in a loofe but divides into feveral branches, garniſhed with oval
bunch ; the petals are red, or ftriped with white, leaves, divided into two lobes, which ſpread from
others are plain upon the fame branch ; the ftamina each other. The flowers grow in loofe panicles at
and ftyle are white, and ftand out beyond the petals . the end of the branches, which are white, and have
Thefe flowers are fucceeded by long flat pods of a a very agreeable fcent. Thefe appear the greateſt
dark brown colour, each containing five or fix part of fummer, fo is one of the great beauties of the
roundifh compreffed feeds. The wood of this tree hot-houſe. The flowers are fucceeded by taper
is very hard, and veined with black, from whence pods, about four inches long, each containing four
the inhabitants of America call it Mountain Ebony. or five roundish compreffed feeds, of a dark colour.
The fourth fort grows naturally at Campeachy, from All thefe plants are natives of the warm countries,
whence I received the feeds. This rifes to the height fo will not thrive in England , unless they are kept in
of twenty feet, with a fimooth ftem, dividing into a warm ftove. They are propagated by feeds, which
many fmall branches, garnifhed with oblong heart muſt be procured from the countries where they
fhaped leaves, having two pointed parallel lobes, grow naturally, for they do not perfect their feeds
which have each three longitudinal veins. The leaves in England.
are placed alternately on the branches, which are The lait fort has feveral times produced pods in the
terminated by loofe bunches of white flowers ; theſe Cheliea garden, but they have never come to ma
are fucceeded by very long narrow compreffèd pods, turity. The feeds fhould be brought over in their
which have eight or ten compreffed roundifh feeds pods, which will preferve them good . Thefe muſt
in each . be fown in pots filled with light fresh earth, and
The fifth fort was fent me from Carthagena, in New plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tanners- bark ; if
Spain, where it grows in plenty. This feldom rifes the feeds are good, the plants will come up in about
more than ten feet high, dividing into many irregular fix weeks, and in a month after, will be fit to tranf
branches, armed with fhort crooked fpines ; the plant, when they thould be carefully fhaken out of
leaves grow alternate, are heart-shaped, and have two the feed pot, fo as not to tear off the roots, and each
roundish lobes ; they are woolly on their under fide, planted into a feparate fmall pot filled with light
and have fhort foot- talks. The flowers grow at the loamy earth, and plunged into the hot- bed again,
extremity of the branches, two or three together ; being careful to fhade them until they have taken
thefe are large, and of a dirty white colour, and are fresh root, after which they fhould have fresh air
fucceeded by fhort flat pods, each containing two or admitted to them every day in warm weather. In
three feeds. the autumn they must be placed in the bark-ftove,
The fixth fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz. and treated in the fame way as other tender exotics,
This rifes to the height of twenty-five, or thirty feet, giving them but little water in winter. As thefe
with many irregular ftems, which divide into many plants frequently flower, they are worthy of a place
flender branches ; garnifhed with heart-shaped leaves, in the ftove.
having two roundifh lobes. The flowers come out BAY. See LAURUS .
in loofe fpikes at every joint from the wings of the BEANS. See FABA .
leaves, with naked foot- talks, and are of a dirty BEANS, (KIDNEY or FRENCH . ) See Pan
white colour, and are fucceeded by oblong com SEOLUS .
preffed pods, which are broadeft at their extremity, BEAN- TREFOIL. See CYTISUS .
where they are rounded, each containing three or four BEAR's-EAR. See AURICULA .
compreffed feeds. BEAR's-EAR SANICLE. See VERBASCUM.
The feventh fort grows naturally at Carthagena, in BEAR's - FOOT . See HELLEBORUs .
New Spain. This rifes twenty feet high, with a ftrong BECA BUNGA, or Brook- lime.
upright flem, which fends out many branches toward This is a fort of Veronica, or Water Speedwell ; of
the top ; armed with ipines growing by pairs, which which there are two forts, one with a long leaf, and
are strong and crooked. The leaves are heart-fhaped the other round ; they are both very common in
and grow alternately, having two rounded lobes. ditches, and watery places, almoft every where in
The flowers are large and white, coming out thinly England ; the fecond fort is ufed in medicine.
at the ends of the branches . The petals of thefe are BEE, or GNAT-FLOWER. See ORCHIS.
near two inches long, and fpread open wide ; the fta BEECH-TREE . See FAGUS .
mina and ftyle are nearly of the fame length. The BELLADONA. See ATROPA .
BELL-FLOWER. See CAMPANULA.
flowers are fucceeded by long flat pods, which are BELL-FLOWER.
narrow, each containing five or fix feeds. BELLIS [ is fo called Bellus, Lat. pretty, handſome,
The eighth fort grows naturally in both Indies. This & c. ] the Daily.
The CHARACTERS are,
rifes with a ſtrong ftem, upward of twenty feet high,
dividing into many ftrong branches, garnifhed with It bath a radiated difecus flower, compofed of many ber
heart-shaped leaves, having obtufe lobes which clofe maphrodite florets in the dijk, and female florets in the
together. The flowers are large and grow in locfe rays ; included in a common empalement, with a double fe
panicles ; at the extremity of the branches, of a ries of fmall leaves of equal length. The hermaphrodite
purplish red colour, marked with white, and have a florets in the difk, are funnel-fhaped, and cut into five
yellow bottom. Theſe have a very agreeable fcent. parts at the brim , the female florets are tongue-shaped,
The flowers are fucceeded by compreffed pods, about and make the border ; thefe have no ftomina, but an oval
fix inches long, and three quarters of an inch broad, germen fupporting a flender ftyle, crowned by two ſpreed
containing three or four compreffed feeds in each. ingftigma , the hermaphrodite florets have an ovalgermen,
The ninth fort grows naturally in both Indies, where Supporting a fimple ftyle, crowned by a l'ondered ftigma.
it rifes with many flender ftalks, which put out ten This is attended byfive short ftamina, crowned by tubular
drils, and faflen themfelves to the neighbouring trees, cylindricalfummits. The germen efterward becomes a fingle
whereby they rife to a great height ; the leaves come naked feed placed vertically.
cut alternately, are heart-shaped, ftanding upon long
This
 BEL BER

This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection This genus of plants is ranged in the first fection of
of Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
Polygamia fuperflua, the flowers being compofed of the flower having five ftamina and one ſtyle.
female and hermaphrodite florets, included in a com We have but one SPECIES of this genus , viz.
mon empalement. BELLONIA. Lin. Sp. Plant. 172. Bellonia frutefcens, fo
The SPECIES are, lio meliffe afpero. Plum. Nov. Gen. 19.
1. BELLIS (Perennis) fcapo nudo unifloro. Hort. Cliff. This plant is very common in feveral of the warm
418. Daify with a naked ſtalk, having one flower. Bellis iflands in America, from whence I have received the
fylveftris minor. C. B. P. 267. Smaller wild Daify. feeds.
2. BELLIS (Annua ) caule fubfoliofo. Lin. Sp. Plant. It hath a ligneous ftalk, which rifes ten or twelve
887. Daily with leaves on the lower part of theſtalk. feet high, fending out many lateral branches, gar
Bellis minor pratenfis caule foliofo. Bocc . Muf. 2 . nifhed with oval rough leaves placed oppofite ; the
p. 96. flowers come out from the wings of the leaves, in
3. BELLIS (Hortenfis) hortenfis flore pleno majore. C. B. loofe panicles, which are of the wheel ſhape, of one
P. 261. Garden Daify with a larger double flower. leaf, divided into five parts ; thefe are fucceeded by
The first fort is the common Daify, which grows oval capfules, ending in a point, which are full of
naturally in pafture land in most parts of Europe, and finall round feeds.
is often a troublefome weed in the grafs of gardens, It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown early
fo is never cultivated. in the fpring, in a pot filled with light freſh earth,
The fecond fort is a low annual plant, which grows and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners barks, ob
naturally on the Alps, and the hilly parts of Italy. ferving to water it frequently, as the earth appears
This feldom rifes more than three inches high, with dry ; but you must be careful not to wash the feeds
an upright ftaik, which is garnifhed with leaves on out of the ground . When the plants are come up
the lower part ; but the upper part is naked, fup half an inch high, they fhould be carefully tranf
porting a fingle flower like that of the common Daily, planted into pots filled with light fresh earth, and
but finaller. This is preferved in fome botanic gar plunged into the hot-bed again, obferving to water
dens for the fake of variety ; it was ſent me from Ve and fhade them until they have taken root ; after
rona, near which place it grows wild. which timetheyſhould have air admitted to them every
The Garden Daify is generally fuppofed to be only a day, when the weather is warm ; they muft alfo be
variety of the wild fort, which was firft obtained by frequently watered. When the plants have filled
culture . This may probably be true, but there has thefe pots with their roots, they ſhould be carefully
not been any inftance of late years of the wild fort fhaken out of them, and their roots trimmed, and
having been altered by culture ; for I have kept the put into larger pots filled with light fresh earth, and
wild fort in the garden upward of forty years, and plunged into the hot-bed again. In warm weather
have conftantly parted the roots, and raiſed many they fhould have free air admitted to them every
plants from feeds, but they have conftantly remained day ; but in autumn they muft be plunged into the
the fame ; nor have I ever obferved the Garden Daiſy bark-ftove, and treated in the fame manner as other
to degenerate to the wild fort, where they have been tender exotic plants. The fecond year thefe plants
fome years neglected, tho' they have altered greatly will fometimes flower, but they rarely produce good
with regard to the fize and beauty of their flowers. feeds in this climate ; however, they may be propa
I have alfo obſerved the ſeveral varieties of the Gar gated by cuttings in the fummer months, provided
den Daify vary from one to the other, therefore I they are planted in light earth on a moderate hot-bed,
thall not confider them as diftinct fpecies, but ſhall and carefully watered and fhaded until they have
only mention the varieties, which are cultivated in the taken root. Thefe plants must be conftantly kept in
gardens. the flove, and fhould have a large fhare of free air in
1. The red and white Garden Daily, with double warm weather ; but if they are fet abroad, they will
flowers. not thrive in this climate.
· BELVEDERE . See CHENOPODIUM .
2. The double variegated Garden Daiſy.
3. The Childing, or Hen and Chicken Daify. BENZOIN, the Benjamin-tree . See LAURUS .
4. The Cockfcomb Daify with red and white flowers. BERBERIS , the Barberry, or Pipperidge-bufh.
The Garden Daifies flower in April and May, when The CHARACTERS are ,
they make a pretty variety, being intermixed with It bath a coloured empalement, which Spreads open, com
plants of the fame growth ; they ſhould be planted pofed offix concave leaves, three of which are alternately
in a fhady border, and a loamy foil without dung, larger than the other ; the flower is of fix leaves, which
in which they may be preferved without varying, are roundish, concave, and little larger than the empale
provided the roots are tranfplanted and parted every ment; there are two coloured nectarii, feftened to the bafe
autumn ; which is all the culture they require, except ofeachpetal, and fix obtufe, compreſſed, erectflamina, with
the keeping them clear from weeds. two fummits faftened on eachfide their apex. The germen
Theſe were formerly planted for edgings to borders, is cylindrical, the length of the ftamina, having no
but they are very unfit for this purpofe ; becaufe where fiyle, but crowned by an orbicular fligma broader than the
they are fully expofed to the fun, they frequently die germen, having a sharp border : the germen afterward
in large patches, whereby the edgings become bald becomes an obtufe, cylindrical, umbilicated berry, having a
in many places. punilure, and one cell inclfing two cylindricalfeeds.
BELLIS MAJOR. See CHRYSANTHEMUM. This genus is ranged in Linnæus's firft fection of his
BELLONIA . fixth clafs, intitled Hexandria Monogynia, the flower
This plant was fo named by Father Plumier, in ho having fix ftamina and one ſtyle.
nour of the famous Petrus Bellonius, who has left The SPECIES are,
many valuable tracts on natural hiſtory, &c. 1. BERBERIS (Vulgaris) pedunculis racemofis. Mat. Med.
The CHARACTERS are, 290. Barberry with branching foot-ftalks. Berberis du
It bath a permanent empalement which is of one leaf, cut metorum . C. B. P. 454. The common Barberry.
into five parts at the top ; the flower is wheel-shaped, of 2. BERBERIS ( Canadenfis ) foliis obverse-ovatis . Barberry
one leaf, with a ſhort tube, but spread open above, and with oval obverfe leaves. Berberis latiffimo folio Ca
cut into five obtufe fegments. It bath five awl-shapedfia nadenfis. H. R. Par.
mina, which are fort, and crowned by fhort erect fum 3 . BERBERIS ( Cretica) pedunculis unifloris. Lin. Sp .
mits, which clofe together. The germen is fituated under Flant. 331. Barberry with a fingle flower on each foot
the receptacle of the flower, fupporting an awl-shapedftyle, ftalk. Berberis Cretica buxi folio . Tourn . Cor. 42 .
which is longer than the ftamina, and crowned by an acute The firft fort grows naturally in the hedges in many
figma. The germen afterward becomes an oval turbinated parts of England, but is alfo cultivated in gardens
feed- veffel, ending in a point, having one cell filled with for its fruit, which is pickled, and ufed for garnish
fmall roundfeeds. ing dishes, This fhrub rifes with many ſtalks from
K k the

3
1

L
 BES BES

the root, to the height of eight or ten feet, which thecary at Nuremberg, who was the author of a book,
have a white bark, yellow on the infide ; the ſtalks intitled Hortus Eyftetenfis.
and branches are armed with fharp thorns, which The CHARACTERS are,
commonly grow by threes ; the leaves are oval, ob The flower is of the perfonated or lip kind, with an em
tufe, and flightly fawed on their edges . The flowers palement of one leaf, which is erect, and cut into fivé
come out from the wings of the leaves, in fmall ra acute parts at the brim : the flower is of one leaf, and
mofe bunches , like thofe of the Currant-bufh, which quinquefid ; the fegments being roundish, the lower being
%
are yellow ; theſe are fucceeded by oval fruit, which large, and the two upper are lefs divided ; it bath four
are firft green, but when ripe turn to a fine red co Stamina in the tube of the flower, two of which are longer
lour. The flowers appear in May, and the fruit ripens than the other, crowned by fmallfummits : the oval ger
in September. men fupports an awl -shaped style, crowned by an acute
There are two or three varieties of this fhrub, which ftigma , this afterward becomes an oval berry, with one
have been mentioned as diftinct fpecies ; one is the cell filled with fmall feeds.
Berberis fine nucleo. C. B. P. Barberry without ftone. This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection
The fecond is Berberis fructu albo. Barberry with of Linnæus's twelfth clafs, intitled Didynamia An
white fruit. The third is the Berberis orientalis pro giofpermia, the flower having two long and two
cerior fructu nigro fuaviffimo. Tourn . Cor. Taller fhort ftamina, and the feeds being included in a
Eastern Barberry with a black fweet fruit. The firſt capfule.
of theſe is certainly accidental, becauſe the fuckers , The SPECIES are,
taken from thofe bufhes being tranfplanted , com 1. BESLERIA (Melittifolia) pedunculis ramofis, foliis
monly produce fruit with ftones ; fo it is the age of ovatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 619. Befleria with branching
the plant which occafions that variation. The fort foot-ftalks and oval leaves. Belleria Melifiæ Tragi foilo.
with white fruit feldom bears ; the leaves of this are Plum. Nov. Gen. 29.

of a lighter green colour, and the bark of the flalks 2 . BESLERIA ( Lutea) pedunculis fimplicibus confertis,
are whiter than thofe of the common, which are the foliis lanceolatis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 619. Befleria with
only differences between them, for the fruit is feldom fimple foot-ftalks growing in clusters, and spear -
shaped
produced here. The third fort appears the fame with leaves. Befleria virgæ aureæ foliis flore luteo minor.
the common, and only differs in the colour and fla Plum . Nov. Gen. 29 .
vour of the fruit, fo is only a variety. 3 . BESLERIA (Criftata) pedunculis fimplicibus folitariis,
The common fort is generally propagated by fuckers , involucris pentaphyllis propriis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 619.
which are put out in great plenty from the root ; Befleria with fimple talks growingfingle, and a five-leaved
but theſe plants are very fubject to ſend out fuckers , involucrum. Befleria fcandens criftata fructu nigro.
Plum . Nov. Gen. 29.
in greater plenty than thoſe which are propagated by
layers ; therefore the latter method fhould be pre The first fort hath a fmooth woody ftalk which is
ferred. The beſt time for laying down the branches jointed ; at each joint are placed two oval nervous
is in the autumn, when their leaves begin to fall ; leaves oppofite, which are crenated on their edges ;
the young shoots of the fame year are the beſt for the flowers come out from the wings of the leaves,
this purpoſe , theſe will be well rooted by the next upon ſhort branching foot-ftalks, each fuftaining fix.
autumn, when they may be taken off, and planted or eight flowers, which ſtand each upon a separate
where they are defigned to remain. Where this plant fmaller foot-ftalk. Theſe are of one leaf, of an
is cultivated for its fruit, it fhould be planted fingle, anomalous figure, and quinquefid ; after the flower
(not in hedges, as was the old practice) and the is paſt, the germen becomes an oval foft berry, with
one cell filled with fmall feeds.
fuckers every autumn taken away, and all the grofs
fhoots pruned out : by this method the fruit will be The fecond fort rifes with a ligneous ftem fix or fe
much fairer, and in greater plenty, than upon thofe ven feet high, dividing toward the top into many ir

which are fuffered to grow wild . A few of theſe regular branches, garniſhed with fpear-ſhaped fawed
fhrubs may be allowed to have place in wilderneffes, leaves, which have many tranfverfe veins ; the flowers
or plantations of fhrubs, where they will make a come out at the wings of the leaves, in large cluſters ,
pretty variety, and the fruit will be food for the birds ; each having a ſeparate foot-ſtalk : thefe are finall,
but they fhould not be planted in great quantities, tubulous, and of a pale yellow colour, and are fuc
near walks which are much frequented, becauſe their ceeded by round foft berries, incloſing many ſmall
flowers emit a very ſtrong difagreeable odour. feeds.
The Canada fort was more common in the English The third fort hath a creeping ftalk, which fends out
gardens, fome years paſt, than at prefent. The leaves roots at every joint, garnished with oval leaves
of this are much broader, and fhorter than thoſe of placed oppofite, which have many tranfverfe ribs,
the common fort, and the fruit is black when ripe. and are fharply fawed on their edges ; from the wings
This may be propagated in the fame way as the of the leaves come out the foot- ftalks of the flowers
common fort, and is equally hardy. fingle, each fuftaining one tubulous, irregular, hairy
The Box-leaved fort is at prefent very rare in Eng flower, divided at the top into five obtufe parts, with
land ; and while young, the plants are fomewhat a large five-leaved involucrum, deeply fawed on the
tender, fo have been killed by fevere froft. This border : after the flower is paft, the germen becomes
never rifes more than three or four feet high in Eng a hairy placenta, in the center of the empalement,
land, but fends out many ftalks from the root, which containing many ſmall feeds.
are ftrongly armed with fpines at every joint ; the Theſe plants grow naturally in the warm parts of
leaves are produced without order, and are ſhaped America. The feeds fhould be fown on a hot-bed
like thofe of the narrow-leaved Box-tree ; the flowers early in the fpring ; and when the plants are come
come out from between the leaves, each upon a up half an inch high, they fhould be each tranfplanted
flender foot-ftalk ; but thefe are not fucceeded by fruit into a fmall pot filled with light frefh earth, and
in England. plunged into a hot- bed of tanners bark, obferving to
This fort may be propagated by laying down the water and fhade them until they have taken root ;
branches in the fame manner as the firft ; but when after which time they fhould have air and water in
the young plants are taken off, they ſhould be planted proportion to the warmth of the feafon, and the heat
in pots, and fheltered under a frame in the winter, of the bed in which they are placed . When the
till they have obtained ftrength, when they may be plants have filled thefe fmall pots with their roots,
turned out of the pots, and planted in a warm fi they fhould be fhaken out of them , and their roots
tuation. trimmed, and put into larger pots filled with light
BERMUDIANA . See SISYRINCHIUM . fresh earth, and plunged into the hot-bed again ; where
BERNARDIA. See CROTON . they should. have a large fhare of air in warm
BESLERIA weather, and muft be frequently watered . With this
This plant was named after Bafilius Befler, an apo management the plants will thrive very well infummer,
7 but

---
 BET BET

but in winter they muſt be removed into the ſtove, This is fown the beginning of March , upon an open
where they must be placed in a temperate warmth, fpot of ground, not too moift ; the feeds fhould be
and fhould be often, but fparingly, watered. The fown thinly, becauſe the plants require room to
fecond year theſe plants will flower, and fometimes fpread ; for when they are too clofe, the leaves will
they will perfect their feeds in this country ; but they be fmall and full of fibres, fo unfit for the purpoſes
must be conftantly preferved in the ftoye, for they defigned. When the plants have put out four leaves,
will not live in the open air. the ground fhould be hoed, as is practifed for Car
BETA, the Beet. rots, carefully cutting up all the weeds, and alfo the
The CHARACTERS are, plants where they are too near each other, leaving
The flower bath a five-leaved concave empalement, which them at least four inches afunder : if this is performed
is permanent. It hath no petal, but five awl -
shapedfta in dry weather, all the prefent weeds will be deſtroyed;
mina, placed oppofite to the leaves of the empalement, but as young weeds will foon appear, fo in three
crowned by roundish fummits. The germen is fituated weeks or a month's time, the ground fhould be a fe
below the receptacle, fupporting two short erect styles, cond time hoed over, to cut up the weeds, and thin
crowned bypointed ftigma . The germen afterward becomes the plants to a greater diftance ; for by this time they
a capfule with one cell, having afingle feed, wrapped up will be paft danger, fo fhould not be left nearer than
in the empalement. fix inches, if regard is had to the goodneſs of their
This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection leaves and if it is of the Swifs kind, with broad
of Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia, leaves, the plants must not be nearer than nine or ten
the flower having five ftamina and two ſtyles. inches. Ifthe fecond hoeing is well performed, and
The SPECIES are, in dry weather, the ground will remain clean a month
1. BETA (Maritima) caulibus decumbentibus, foliis tri longer, when it fhould be hoed over a third time ;
angularibus petiolatis. Beet with declining stalks, and which, if properly done, will deftroy all the weeds ;
triangular leaves havingfoot-ftalks. Beta fylveftris ma fo that after this, the plants will spread and prevent
ritima. C. B. P. 118. the weeds from growing, therefore will want but little,
2. BETA ( Hortenfis) foliis radicalibus petiolatis, caulinis cleaning for a confiderable time, and the leaves will
feffilibus, fpicis lateralibus longiffimis. Beet with the foon be fit for ufe, when the outer large leaves ſhould
lower leaves having foot -
ftalks, thofe upon the ftalks with be first gathered, leaving the fmall inner leaves to
out, and very long spikes offlowers. Beta alba vel pal grow larger ; fo that a finall fpot of ground will fup
lefcens, quæ cicla officinarum. C. B. P. 118 . ply a moderate family, and will furniſh a new ſupply
3. BETA (Vulgaris ) caule erecto. Lin . Sp . 322. Common of leaves for two years, provided the plants are not
red Beet. Beta rubra radice rapaceâ. C. B. P. 118. permitted to run up to feed, for after that, their leaves
Red Beet with a Turnep root. will not be good : therefore thofe who are curious in
There are feveral varieties of this genus, fome of their herbs, muft fow a freſh ſpot of ground annually,
which are cultivated in the gardens for the kitchen ; becauſe theſe plants naturally run up the fecond year;
but as thefe have been improved by culture, fo they and although the roots may be continued longer, by
must not be deemed diftinct fpecies. There are fome cutting off the ftalks when they begin to fhoot, yet
who have fuppofed all the fpecies were only feminal the leaves will not be fo large or tender upon theſe
variations, but from having cultivated them upward roots, as upon the young plants .
of forty years, I could never obferve, that either of The Red Beet is frequently fown with Carrots, Parf
the three fpecies here enumerated have altered from neps, or Onions, by the kitchen gardeners near Lon
one to the other. The only alteration which I have don, who drawup their Carrots or Onions when they
obferved in the third fpecies, has been in the colour are young, whereby the Beets will have room to grow,
of the leaves and roots, which will be hereafter men when the other crops are gathered ; but where the
tioned. crops are not timely removed from them, it will be
The first fort grows naturally on the banks of the a better method to fow them feparately. This fort
fea, and in falt marfhes in divers parts of England. requires a deep light foil, for as their roots run deep
This has been fuppofed by many, to be the fame with in the ground, fo in fhallow ground they will be
the fecond fpecies ; but I have brought the feeds fhort and ftringy. The feeds fhould be fown in
from the places where they grow naturally, many March, and muft be treated in the fame manner as
times, and have cultivated the plants with care, but the former fort ; but the plants fhould not be left
could not find any of the plants vary from their parent nearer than a foot distance , or in good land a foot
plants in their characters, fo that I can make no doubt and a half, for the leaves will cover the ground at
of its being a diftinct fpecies. that diſtance. The roots will be fit for ufe in the au
The fecond fort is cultivatad in gardens for its leaves, tumn, and continue good all the winter ; but in the
which are frequently ufed in foups ; the root of this fpring, when they begin to fhoot, they will be hard
fort feldom grows larger than a man's thumb ; the and ftringy. A few roots may be left for feed, or
ftalks grow erect, and are garnished with oblong fome of the faircft roots tranfplanted to a fheltered
fpear-fhaped leaves, growing clofe to the ftalk ; the fpot of ground, where they may be defended from
fpikes of flowers come out from the wings of the ftrong winds, which frequently break down their
leaves, which are long, and have narrow leaves placed ftalks, if they are not well fupported, eſpecially when
between the flowers. The lower leaves of the plant the feeds are formed ; which becoming heavy as it
are thick and fucculent, and their foot-ftalks are increaſes in bulk, is apt to weigh down the flender
broad. The varieties of this are, the White Beet, ftalks upon which they grow. The feed will ripen in
the Green Beet, and the Swifs or Chard Beet. Thefe September, when the ftalks fhould be cut off, and
will vary from one to the other by culture, as I have ſpread on mats to dry, and afterward threfhed out
often experienced, but never alter to the firft or third and cleaned, and put up in bags for ufe.
fort. BETONICA [ or Vettonica, fo called from the Vet
The third fort hath large, thick, fucculent leaves, tones, an ancient people of Spain, who firft ufed this
which are for the most part of a dark red, or purple plant], Betony.
colour. The roots of this are large, and of a deep The CHARACTERS are,
red colour, on which their goodneſs depends ; for the It hath a permanent empalement of one leaf, which is tu
larger thefe roots grow, the tenderer they will be ; bulous, cut at the brim into five parts. The flower is of
and the deeper their colour, the more they are one leaf, ofthe lip kind, with a cylindrical incurved tube;
efteemed. The varieties of this are, the common the upper lip is roundifh, plain, ereit, and entire; the
Red Beet, the Turnep-rooted Red Beet, the Green lower lip is cut into three parts, the middle fegment being
leaved Red Beet, and the Yellow-rooted Beet. broad, roundish, and indented at the end. It hath four
The fecond fort, which is cultivated in gardens for awl-shapedftamina, two long and two fhorter, which in
its leaves, which are ufed in the kitchen, is com cline to the upper lip ; thefe have roundish fummits. The
C
monly fown by itfelf, and not mixed with other crops . germen is quadripartite, fupporting a style of the length
and
 BET BET

and figure of the ftamina, crowned by a bifid ftigma. The a moiſt ſtiff foil, in which they will thrive better than
germen afterward becomes four naked oval feeds, lodged in in rich ground. The beſt time to tranfplant and fe
the empalement. parate the roots is in the autumn, but the feeds fhould
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt fection of be fown in the fpring upon a fhady border, and when
Linnæus's twelfth clafs, intitled Didynamia Gym the plants come up, they will require no other care
nofpermia, the flower having two long and two fhorter but to keep them clean from weeds, and to thin them
ftamina, which are fucceeded by naked feeds. where they are too clofe.
The SPECIES are, Thefe all of them flower in May and June, and the
1. BETONICA ( Officinalis ) fpicâ interruptâ, corollarum feeds ripen in Auguft.
See SCROPHU
laciniâ labii intermediâ emarginatâ. Flor . Leyd . Prod . BETONICA AQUATICA.
316. Betony with an interrupted spike, and the middle LARIA.
fegment of the lower lip of theflower indented at the end. BETONICA PAULI. See VERONICA.
Betonica purpurea. C. B. P. 235. Purple or Wood BETULA, the Birch-tree.
Betony. The CHARACTERS are ,
2. BETONICA ( Danica) foliis radicalibus ovato-cordatis, It bath male and female flowers, at ſeparate diftances on
caulinis lanceolatis obtufis fpicâ craffiore. Betony whose the fame tree ; the male flowers are collected in a cylin
under leaves are heart-shaped, thofe on the stalks Spear drical katkin, which is fcaly, loofe, and imbricated on
Shaped and obtufe, and a thicker Spike offlowers. Beto every fide, each fcale having three flowers, which have
nica major Danica. Park. Theat. 615. Mor. Hift. 3 . two minute fcales on the fide. The flower is compofed of
365. three equalflorets, fixed to the empalement by afinglefeale;
3. BETONICA ( Alpina ) foliis triangularibus obtufis ſpicâ each floret is of one leaf, divided into four oval fegments
breviore. Betony with obtufe triangular leaves, and a which spread open ; these have four ſmallſtamind, crowned
fhorter fpike offlowers. Betonica minima Alpina Hel by double fummits. The female flowers grow in a katkin,
vetica. Park. Theat. 650. in the fame manner as the male. The common katkin is
4. BETONICA ( Orientalis) fpicâ integrâ, corollarum la imbricated, having three fcales which are every way op
ciniâ labii intermediâ integerrimâ. Flor. Leyd. Prod. pofite, faftened to the central firing or axis, having two
316. Betony with a whole spike, and the middle fegment heart -shaped flowers pointing toward the apex, where it is
of the lower lip entire. Betonica Orientalis anguftiffimo fituated. They have no visible petals, but a short eval
& longiffimo folio, fpicâ florum craffiori. Tourn. germen, Supporting two briftlystyles, which are the length
Corol . 13 .
of the fcales of the empalement, and crowned with a plain
5. BETONICA ( Incana) foliis lanceolatis obtufis incanis ftigma. It hath no pericarpium, but the feeds are in
fpicâ florum craffiori. Betony with obtuſe, ſpear-shaped, cluded in the fcales of the katkin, which are oval and
hoary leaves, and a thicker Spike of flowers. Betonica winged.
Italica incana flore carneo. Barrel . Icon. 340. This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fection
The firft fort grows naturally in woods and on fhady of Linnæus's twenty-firft clafs, intitled Monaccia Te
banks in moft parts of England, fo is feldom cul trandia, there being male and female flowers on the
tivated in gardens . This is the fort which is ufed in fame plant, and the male having four ftamina.
medicine, and is greatly eſteemed as a vulnerary herb . The SPECIES are,

There is a variety of this with a white flower, which 1. BETULA ( Alba) foliis ovatis acuminatis ferratis. Hort.
I have often found growing naturally in Kent . Cliff. 442. Birch- tree with oval fawed leaves ending in
The fecond fort grows naturally in Denmark. This points; the common Birch-tree.
differs greatly from our common fort, the lower 2. BETULA ( Nana) foliis orbiculatis . Flor Lap . 266.
leaves being much broader and heart-shaped ; thofe Birch-tree with round crenated leaves. Betula pumila
upon the ftalks are fpear-fhaped and rounded at the foliis fubrotundis . Amman. Dwarf Birch.
end, and the ſtalks are larger, ſtand upright, and are 3. BETULA ( Lenta) foliis cordatis oblongis acuminatis
terminated by thicker fpikes of flowers. Thefe diffe ferratis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 983. Birch-tree, with oblong,
rences are conftant, for I have many years propagated pointed, heart-shaped, fawed leaves.
them by feeds, and have never found the plants fo 4. BETULA ( Nigra) foliis rhombeo-ovatis acuminatis du
raiſed to vary.
plicato-ferratis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 982. Birch-tree with
The third fort grows naturally upon the Alps, where rhomboid, oval, pointed leaves, which are doubly fawed.
it feldom rifes more than four inches high ; and when Betula nigra Virginiana. Pluk. Alm. 67. Black Vir
cultivated in a garden, not above feven or eight. The ginia Birch-tree.
leaves of this are much broader at the baſe than thoſe The first is the common Birch- tree, which is fo well
of the common fort, and are very different in their known as to need no defcription . This is not much
fhape, being triangular and blunt at the end. The efteemed for its wood, but however it may be culti
flowers grow in very fhort clofe fpikes, on the top vated to advantage upon barren land, where better
of the ftalks. Thefe differences conftantly hold in trees will not thrive ; for there is no ground fo bad,
the plants raifed from feeds . but this tree will thrive in it ; for it will grow in mcift
The fourth fort was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort in fpringy land, or in dry gravel or fand, where there
the Levant. The leaves of this are very long, narrow, is little furface : fo that upon ground which produced
and hairy, and are neatly crenated on their edges . nothing but mofs, thefe trees have fucceeded fo well,
The flowers grow in very clofe thick spikes at the top as to be fit to cut in ten years after planting, when
of the ftaiks, which are larger, and of a lighter pur they have been fold for near 10l. per acre ftanding,
ple colour than thofe of the common fort. and the after produce has been confiderably increaſed .
The fifth fort grows naturally in Italy, upon the hills, And as many of the woods near London, which were
from whence I received the feeds. The leaves of chiefly stocked with thefe trees, have been of late
this fort are broader, and not fo long as thofe of the years grubbed up, fo the value of thefe plantations
common fort, and are hoary ; the ftalks are ſhorter have advanced in proportion. Therefore thofe per
and much thicker, as are alfo the fpikes of flowers, fons who are poffeffed of fuch poor land, cannot
than thofe of the common, and the flowers are larger employ it better, than by planting it with thefe trees,
and of a flesh colour. This fort conftantly keeps the efpecially as the expence of doing it is not great.
fame from feeds . The belt method to cultivate this tree, is to furniſh
There is another fort which Tournefort and others yourſelf with young plants from the woods where
mention, by the title of Betonica rubicundiffimo flore they naturally grow, and are generally found there in
montis aurci ; which differs but little from the fifth, great plenty ; but in places where there are no young
except in the colour of the flower, fo I doubt of its plants to be procured near, they may be raiſed from
being fpecifically different from that. feeds, which fhould be carefully gathered in the au
All the forts are perennial plants, which may be pro tumn, as ſoon as the fcales under which they are lodg
pagated by feeds, or parting of their roots. They ed begin to open, otherwife they will foon fall out and
are all very hardy, but require a fhady ſituation and be loft : the feeds are ſmall, ſo ſhould not be buried
deep
 BET BID
}
deep in the ground. The autumn is the best feaſon curious gardens for the fake of variety, but is a plant
to fow them, and in a fhady fituation, the plants will of no uſe.
1
thrive better than when they are expofed to the full The third and fourth forts grow naturally in North
1
fun ; for in all places where there are any large trees America, from whence their feeds have been brought
their feeds fall, and the plants come up well without to Europe, and many of the plants have been raiſed,
care ; fo that if the young plants are not deftroyed by which thrive very faft here. In Canada theſe trees
cattle, there is generally plenty of them in all the grow to a large fize, where the third fort is called
woods where there are any of thefe trees. Thefe wild Merifier. The natives of that country make canoes
plants fhould be carefully taken up, fo as not to de of the bark of thefe trees, which are very light, and
ftroy their roots . The ground where they are to be of long duration.
planted, will require no preparation ; all that is ne Both thefe forts may be propagated by feeds in the
ceffary to be done, is to loofen it with a spade fame manner as the firft, and are equally hardy ; fome
or mattock, in the places where the plants are to ftand, of the trees now begin to produce their katkins in
making holes to receive their roots, covering them England, fo that we may hope to have plenty of their
again when the plants are placed, and clofing the earth feeds of our own growth, for at prefent we are fup
hard to their roots. If the plants are young, and plied with them from America. As theſe growmore
have not much top, they will require no pruning ; vigorously than the common fort, and thrive on the
but where they have bushy heads, they fhould be moft barren ground, they may be cultivated to great
fhortened to prevent their being fhaken and diſplaced advantage in England, for their wood is much
by the wind. When the plants have taken root, they efteemed in Canada, where the trees grow to a large
will require no other care, but to cut down the great fize and they are by no means an unfightly tree in
weeds which would over-hang the plants ; which may parks, for their ftems are ftrait, the bark fmooth,
be done with a fickle, being careful not to cut or in and their leaves are much larger than thofe of the
jure the young trees. This need not be repeated of common Birch, fo may be planted in fuch places
tener than two or three times in a fummer the two firſt where few other trees will thrive.
years, after which time the plants will be ſtrong enough BIDENS. Tourn. Int. R. H. 362. tab. 262. Lin..
to keep down the weeds, or at leaſt be out of danger Gen. Plant. 840. Water Hemp Agrimony.
from them. The CHARACTERS are,
Theſe may be planted any time from the middle of The common empalement is erect, and often equal, com
October till the middle of March, when the ground is pofed offmall, oblong, concave leaves ; it hath a com
not frozen ; but in dry land the autumn is the beſt poundflower ; the middle or disk is compofed of herma
feafon, and the fpring for moist. The diftance which phrodite florets, which are funnel-shaped and quinquefid.
they fhould be planted, is fix feet ſquare, that they Thefe have five fort capillary stamina, with cylindrical
may foon cover the ground, and by ftanding cloſe, fummits, and an oblong germen ſupporting a singlestyle the
they will draw each other up ; for in fituations where length of the ftamina, crowned by two oblong reflexed ftig
they are much expofed, if they are not pretty cloſe, ma. The female florets which compofe the border are
they will not thrive ſo well. naked; thefe are all fucceeded by a fingle, angular, obtufe
If the plants take kindly to the ground, they will be feed, having two or more briftles or teeth, by which they
fit to cut in about ten years ; and afterward they may faften themselves to whatever paffes by them when ripe.
be cut every feventh or eighth year, if they are de This genus is ranged in the firft fection of Linnæus's
figned for the broom-makers only ; but where they nineteenth clafs , intitled Syngenefia Polygamia æ
are intended for hoops, they ſhould not be cut oftener qualis, the flowers being compofed of hermaphro
than every twelfth year. dite and female florets, which are fucceeded by
The expence of making thefe plantations in places feeds.
where the young plants can be eafily procured, will not There are feveral fpecies of this plant, which are
exceed forty fhillings per acre, and the after expence feldom admitted into gardens, fome of which are
of cleaning about twenty fhillings a year more ; fo that common weeds in England, therefore I fhall only
the whole will not be more than 31. and if the land mention thofe which are frequently preferved in the
fo planted be of little value, the proprietor cannot gardens of the curious.
make better uſe of his money ; for when the wood is 1. BIDENS (Frondofa) foliis pinnatis ferratis feminibus
cut, it will repay the expence with intereft, and a erecto- conftantibus calycibus frondofis corollis radia
perpetual ſtock upon the ground. I have feen feve tis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 832. Water Hemp Agrimony with
ral of theſe plantations made upon land which would winged farved leaves, feeds fanding erect, a very bushy
not lett for one fhilling per acre, which has produced empalement, and radiated flower. Bidens Canadenfis
from 10 to 121. an acre, clear of the expence in cut latifolia flore luteo. Tourn. Inft. 362 .
ting, and this every twelfth year. The broom-makers 2 . BIDENS (Nodiflora) foliis oblongis integerrimis caule
are conſtant cuſtomers for Birch, in all places within dichotomo floribus folitariis feffilibus. Lin. Sp . Plant.
twenty miles of London, or where it is near water 832. Hemp Agrimony with oblong entire leaves, a
carriage ; in other parts the hoop-benders are the pur forked ftalk, and a fingle flower growing close to the
chafers ; but the larger trees are often bought by the Stalk. Bidens nodiflorâ brunelle folio. Hort. Elth.
turners, and the wood is ufed for making ox-yokes, 52.
and other inftruments of huſbandry. 3 . BIDENS (Nivea) foliis fimplicibus fubhaftatis ferratis
In fome of the northern parts of Europe, the wood petiolatis, floribus globofis, pedunculis elongatis fe
of this tree is greatly uſed for making of carriages minibus lævibus . Lin. Sp . Plant. 833. Hemp Agri
and wheels, being hard and of long duration . In mony with fingle fawed leaves having foot s-talks, globu
France it is generally uſed for making wooden fhoes. lar flowers with longer foot -ftalks, and smooth feeds.
It makes very good fuel. Bidens fcabra flore nivea, folio trilobato. Hort. Elth.
In fome places thefe trees are tapped in the fpring, 55.
and the fap drawn out to make Birch wine, which has 4. BIDENS (Frutefcens) foliis ovatis ferratis petiolatis,
been recommended for the ſtone and gravel, as is alfo caule fruticofo. Hort. Cliff. 399. Hemp Agrimony with
the fap unfermented. The bark of the Birch-tree is oval fawed leaves having foot-ftalks, and a fhrubby.
almoft incorruptible. In Sweden the houſes are co Stalk.
vered with it, where it lafts many years. It fre 5. BIDENS (Scandens) foliis ternatis acutis ferratis caule
quently happens, that the wood is entirely rotten, and fcandente floribus paniculatis. Three-leaved Hemp A
the bark perfectly found and good. grimony, with pointedfawed lobes, a climbingfalk, and
The fecond fort grows naturally in the northern parts flowersgrowing inpanicles. Chryfanthemum trifoliatum
of Europe, and upon the Alps ; this ſeldom rifes above fcandens, flore luteo femine longo roftrato bidente.
two or three feet high, having flender branches, gar Sloan. Cat. Jam. 125.
niſhed with round leaves, but feldom produces either 6. BIDENS (Bullata) foliis ovatis ferratis, inferioribus op
male or female flowers here. It is preferved in fome pofitis, fuperioribus ternatis intermedio majore. Lín.
LI Sp.
 BID BIG

Sp. Plant. 833. Hemp Agrimony with oval fawed leaves, The fixth fort is annual. This rifes about two feet
1
the lower ones growing oppofite, but the upper having three high, and fends out feveral lateral fhoots, which at
lobes, the middle of which is thelargest . Cryfanthemum the bottom have oval leaves placed by pairs at the
conyzoides nodiflorum femine roftrato bidente. Sloan. joints, but upward they are trifoliate, the middle lobe
Cat. Jam. 126. being very large, and the two fide ones fmall ; the
The firſt fort grows naturally in Virginia, Maryland, flowers are produced at the wings of the leaves upon
and Canada, where it is often a troublefome weed. fhort leafy foot-ftalks , and are yellow, but very ſmall.
It rifes about three feet high, fending out many ho It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn ;
rizontal branches, garnished with trifoliate leaves, the feeds of this must be fown upon a hot-bed, and
deeply fawed on their edges ; the flowers are pro treated as the fecond fort.
duced at the end of the branches in fmall clufters, BIFOLIUM , Twyblade. SeeOPHRYS.
which are yellow, and fucceeded by oblong fquare BIGNONIA . Tourn . Inft. 164. Lin. Gen. Plant.
feeds, having two crooked horns, by which they faften 677. [ M. Tournefort called this plant Bignonia, in
themſelves to the clothes of thofe who pafs near them. memory of abbot Bignon, librarian to Lewis XIV.
There are two forts of this , one whofe flowers have a king of France, he being a great encourager of learn
fhort empalement, which is Tournefort's broad-leaved ing.] The Trumpet Flower, or Scarlet Jafmine.
* The CHARACTERS are,
Canada Bidens ; the other hath a leafy empalement,
and is by Juffieu diftinguiſhed by the title of Capite The empalemnet is cup-
fhaped, quinquefid, and of one
foliofo. But I am not very fure of their being dif leaf. The flower is of the ringent, or grinning kind, tu
tinct fpecies, though I have many years cultivated. bulous, with long chaps, which are felling, and bell
both ; for their feeds when ripe fpread fo far, that in fhaped, divided into five parts at the top ; the two upper
a fmall garden they cannot be kept feparate. It is Segments are reflexed, and the under Spread open ; it bath
eafily propagated by feeds fown in the fpring, in an four al s-haped ftamina fhorter than the petal, two longer
open fituation, where, if the feeds are permitted to than the other, having oblong reflexed fummits. In the
fcatter, the plants will come up the following ſpring, center is an oblong germen, jupporting a ſlender ftyle,
and two or three of them may be tranfplanted where crowned by a roundish ftigma. Thegermen afterward be
they are to grow, and after they are rooted, will re comes a bivalve pod, with two cells, filled with compref
quire no farther care. This is an annual plant, fo fed winged feeds, lying over each other imbricatim.
decays foon after the feeds are ripe. This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond divi
The fecond fort grows naturally in warm countries . fion of Linnæus's fourteenth clafs, intitled Didyna
This is an annual plant, which rifes near three feet mia Angiofpermia, the flower having two long and
high, dividing upward into feveral branches, which two fhort ftamina, and the feeds included in a cap
are garnished with oblong entire leaves ; the flowers fule.
come out fingle at the divifions of the branches, fit The SPECIES are,
ting clofe ; thefe are white, and fucceeded by fmooth 1. BICNONIA ( Radicans ) foliis pinnatis , foliolis incifis,
feeds. caule geniculis radicatis . Lin. Hort. Cliff. 217. Big
This fort muſt be fown upon a moderate hot-bed in nonia with winged leaves, which are cut on their edges,
the fpring, and afterward treated like other hardy an and roots coming cut at the joints of the ftalk. Bignonia
nual plants, planting them into the full ground the Americana Fraxini folio flore amplo Phoenicio. Tourn.
latter end of May. They will flower in June, and Inft. 164 .
their feeds ripen in autumn, foon after which the 2. BIGNONIA (Catalpa) foliis fimplicibus cordatis, caule
plants will decay. erecto, floribus diandris. Lin. Sp . Plant. 622. Big
The third fort grows naturally in South Carolina, and nonia with fingle heart-shaped leaves, an upright falk,
alfo at Campeachy. This is alfo an annual plant, and flowers with two ftamina. Bignonia Urucu foliis,
which rifes three feet high, dividing upward into flore fordidè albo, intus maculis purpureis & luteis
many flender branches, whofe joints are far afunder ; adfperfo, filiquâ longiffimâ & anguftiffimâ. Catefb.
the leaves come out by pairs at each joint upon long Carol. I. p. 49.

flender foot-ſtalks, which are oval, ending in a point. 3. BIGNONIA ( Frutescens ) foliis pinnatis, foliolis lanceo
The flowers grow at the extremity of the branches in latis acutis ferratis , caule erecto, floribus paniculatis
fmall globular heads, which are very white, ftanding erectis. Bignonia with winged leaves, having acute fawed
upon very long foot-ftalks, and are fucceeded by lobes, an upright ftalk, and flowers growing in panicles
fmooth feeds. This muſt be fown upon a hot-bed, erect. Bignonia arbor flore luteo Fraxini folio. Plum .
and treated as the former. It flowers and feeds about Sp . Plant. 5.
the fame time. 4. BIGNONIA ( Pubefcens ) foliis conjugatis cirrhofis folio 1
The fourth fort rifes with a fhrubby ftalk to the lis cordato-lanceolatis foliis imis fimplicibus. Vir.
height of fix or feven feet, dividing into many Cliff. 59. Bignonia with conjugated leaves having ten
branches, whofe joints are very diftant, at each of drils, the leaves fpear -
fhaped, and the lower leaves fingle.
which are placed two oval leaves, flightly fawed on Bignonia Americana Capreolis donata filiqua breviore.
their edges, and have fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers Breyn . Ic. 33.
are produced at the end of the branches in fmall cluf 5 . BIGNONIA ( Unguis Cati ) foliis conjugatis, cirrho bre
ters, each ftanding upon a long naked foot-ftalk ; viffimo arcuato tripartito. Lin. Sp . Plant. 623. Big
thefe are fucceeded by flat feeds, having two fhort nonia with conjugated leaves, and fhort arched tendrils,
teeth at their extremity. I received the feeds of this divided into three parts. Bignonia Americana capre
fort from Carthagena in New Spain. This is propa olis aduncis donatâ, filiquâ longiffimâ. Tourn. Înft.
gated by feeds, which fhould be fown on a hot-bed 164 .
in the spring ; and when the plants are fit to remove, 6 . BIGNONIA ( Equinoctialis) foliis conjugatis cirrhofis,
they must be each planted into a feparate finall pot, foliolis ovato-lanceolatis, pedunculis bifloris filiquiis
and plunged into a freſh hot-bed, and treated as other linearibus. Lin. Sp. 869. Bignonia with conjugated
tender plants from the fame countries, and in au leaves, having tendrils, whofe lobes are oval, spear-shap
tumn placed in the ftove : the following fummer they ed, and linear pods.
will abide fome years with proper management. 7. BIGNONIA ( Sempervirens) foliis fimplicibus lanceolatis
The fifth fort rifes with a climbing flender ftalk to caule volubili. Lin. Sp . Plant. 623. Bignonia with
the height of ten feet, dividing into many branches, Single Spear-shaped leaves, and a twining stalk. Gelfe
garnished with trifoliate fawed leaves : the flowers minum five Jafminum luteum odoratum Virginia
grow in large panicles at the end of the branches ; num fcandens & fempervirens. Park. Catefb. 1 .
they are yellow, and are fucceeded by flat feeds hav P. 53.
ing two teeth. This plant grows naturally in Jamai 8 . BIGNONIA ( Pentaphylla) foliis digitatis foliolis inte
ca, from whence I received the feeds. It muſt be gerrimis obovatis . Hort. Cliff. 497. Bignonia with fin
treated in the fame manner as the former fort, and gered leaves, whofe lobes are entire. Bignonia arbor pen
will continue two or three years. taphylla flore rofeo . Plum. Sp. Plant. 5.
7 9. BIGNO
 BIG BIG

9. BIGNONIA ( Leucoxylon) foliis digitatis foliolis integer If the plants are propagated by feeds, they ſhould be
rimis ovatis acuminatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 870. Bigno fown upon a moderate hot-bed to bring them up,
nia with fingered leaves, whofe lobes are oval, pointed, which thould be foon inured to the open air, to pre
and entire. Leucoxylon arbor filiquofa, quinis foliis, vent their being drawn up weak ; and the firft win
floribus Nerii, alato femine. Pluk. Alm . 215. tab. ter theſe young plants fhould be fcreened from hard
200. f. 4. commonly called in America Tulip Flower. froft, which will kill their tender fhoots ; but the
10. BIGNONIA (Paniculata) foliis conjugatis cirrhofis, fpring following they may be planted in the full
foliolis cordato-ovatis, floribus racemofo-paniculatis . ground, in a nurfery-bed, at a foot diſtance from each
Lin. Sp. Plant. 623. Bignonia with conjugated leaves, ather, where they may remain one or two years to get
having tendrils, the iobes oval and heart -
shaped, and flow ftrength, and afterwards be planted where they are
ers in branching panicles. Bignonia bifolia fcandens, defigned to grow.
flore violaceo odoro, fructu ovato duro . Plum. Cat. 5. The fecond fort was brought into England by Mr.
II. BIGNONIA (Cerulea) foliis bipinnatis foliolis lanceo Catesby, about forty years paft, who found it grow
latis integris . Lin. Sp. Plant. 625. Bignonia with dou ing naturally on the back of South Carolina, at a
ble winged leaves, which are entire and fpear-shaped. Ar great diftance from the English fettlements. It is
bor Guajaci latiore folio, Bignoniæ flore cæruleo , now very plenty in the English gardens, eípecially
fructu duro in duas partes diffiliente feminibus alatis near London, where there are fome of them near
imbricatim pofitis. Catefb. Carol. 1. p. 42 . twenty feet high, with large ftems, and have the ap
12. BIGNONIA ( Crucigera) foliis conjugatis cirrhofis fo pearance of trees.
liolis cordatis. Vir. Cliff. 60. Bignonia with conjugated This fort rifes with an upright ftem, covered with a
heart -shaped leaves, having tendrils, and a stalk having ten fmooth brown bark, and fends out many ſtrong la
drils. Pfeudo Apocynum folliculis maximis obtufis femi teral branches, garnifhed with very large heart-ſhaped
nibus ampliffimis alis membranaceis . Mor. Hift. 3. p. 62 . leaves, placed oppofite at every joint. The flowers
13. BIGNONIA (Capreolata) foliis conjugatis cirrhofis fo are produced in large branching panicles toward the
liolis cordato-lanceolatis, foliis imis fimplicibus. Lin. end of the branches, of a dirty white colour, with
Sp . 870. Bignonia with conjugated heart -
shaped leaves, few purple ſpots, and faint ftripes of yellow on their
having tendrils, whofe lower leaves are ſingle, growing infide. The tube of the flower is much fhorter, and
in panicles, and long compreffed pods. the upper part more expanded, than thofe of the for
14. BIGNONIA ( Triphylla) foliis ternatis glabris , foliolis mer fort, and the fegments deeper cut, and waved
ovatis acuminatis, caule fruticofo erecto. Lin. Sp . on their edges. The flowers are in America fuc
870. Smooth three- leaved Bignonia, with oval lobes end ceeded by very long taper pods, filled with flat winged
ing in a point, and a fhrubbystalk. Bignonia frutefcens feeds, lying over each other like the fcales of fish.
triphylla glabra, filiquis longis compreffis. Houſt. In England there has not as yet been any of the pods
Cat. produced, but the feeds are annually brought over
The first fort grows naturally in Virginia and Ca from South Carolina. Theſe ſhould be fown in pots,
nada. It hath large rough items, which ſend out and plunged into a moderate hot-bed to bring up the
many trailing branches, putting out roots at their plants, which fhould be inured to the open air by
joints, which faften themſelves to the trees in their degrees ; and, in the beginning of June, placed abroad
natural places of growth, whereby they climb to a in a fheltered fituation till autumn, when they ſhould
great height ; and in Europe, where they are gene be placed under a common frame to fcreen them
rally planted against walls, they faften themſelves from froft in winter ; but in mild weather they muſt
thereto by their roots, which ftrike into the mortar be fully expofed to the open air. The following
of the joints fo ftrongly, as to fupport their branches, fpring thefe may be taken out ofthe pots, and planted K
and will rife to the height of forty or fifty feet. The in a nurſery-bed, in a warm fituation, where they 1
branches are garniſhed with winged leaves at every may remain two years to get ftrength, and afterwards
joint, placed oppofite, compofed of four pair of ſmall planted in the places where they are defigned to re
leaves, terminated by an odd one ; thefe are fawed main. Thefe plants, when young, are frequently in
on their edges, and end in a long fharp point. The jured by froft, for they fhoot pretty late in the au
flowers are produced at the ends of the fhoots of the tumn, fo that the early frofts often kill the extremity
fame year, in large bunches ; thefe have long fwell of their branches ; but as the plants advance in
ing tubes, fhaped fomewhat like a trumpet, from ftrength, they become more hardy, and are feldom
whence it had the appellation of Trumpet Flower. injured but in very fevere winters. It is late in the
They are of an Orange colour, and appear the be fpring before thefe trees come out, which has often
.ginning of Auguſt. caufed perfons to believe they were dead ; and fome
This fort is very hardy, fo will thrive in the open have been fo imprudent, as to cut them down on that
air ; but asthe branches trail, they must be fupport fuppofition, before the tree was well known.
ed, therefore are ufually planted against walls or build It may alſo be propapated by cuttings, which fhould
ings, where, if the branches have room, they will be planted in pots in the fpring before the trees begin
fpread to a great diſtance, and rife very high, fo are to push out their fhoots, and plunged into a moderate
very proper for covering of buildings, which are un hot-bed, obferving to fhade them from the fun in the
fightly. They may alfo be trained up against the middle of the day, and refresh them occafionally with
ftems of trees, where they may be fo managed, as to water, which muft not be given to them in too great
make a fine appearance when they are in flower. plenty. In about fix weeks thefe will have taken
This is propagated by feeds, but the young plants fo root, and made fhoots above, fo fhould have plenty
raiſed do not flower in less than ſeven or eight years ; of air admitted to them conftantly, and hardened by
therefore thoſe which are propagated by cuttings or degrees to bear the open air, into which they fhould
layers from flowering plants, are moſt eſteemed, be be removed, and treated in the fame manner as the
cauſe they will flower in two or three years after feedling plants, and the fpring following planted out
planting. The old plants alfo fend out many fuck into a nurſery-bed, as is before directed .
ers from the roots, which may be taken off, and As theſe trees have very large leaves, they require a
tranfplanted where they are to remain , for thefe plants fheltered fituation ; for where they are much expofed
will not tranfplant fafely if they are old . to ftrong winds, their leaves are often torn and ren
The neceffary culture for thefe plants after they are dered unfightly, and many times their branches are
eftabliſhed, is to cut away all the fmall weak fhoots fplit and broken by the winds, their leaves being fo
of the former year in winter, and fhorten the ftrong large, as that the wind has great force againſt them.
ones to about two feet long, that young fhoots may Thefe produce their flowers in Auguft . They de
be obtained for flowering the following fummer ; thefe light in a light moift foil, where they make great pro
plants are of long duration. There are fome in gar grefs, and in a few years will produce flowers. It
dens which have been planted more than fixty years, is generally known in the gardens by the Indian title
which are now very vigorous, and produce flowers in of Catalpa .
plenty every ſeaſon. The
 BIG BIG

The third fort is a native of the warmer parts of A there are four leaves, two on each fide oppofite ;
merica, where it was diſcovered by father Plumier, thefe are oval pointed, and waved on their edges, of
who made a drawing of it, and gave the title of Cle a bright green, and continue through the year ; the
matitis to it, which he afterward altered to Bignonia, branches ramble very far where they have roomy : the
when he became better acquainted with Tournefort's flowers are large, yellow, and are produced at the
Syftem of Botany. This rifes with an upright ftem, joints of the ftalks, but are not fucceeded by pods in
to the height of twelve or fourteen feet, fending out this country. I received this fort from La Vera Cruz,
many fide branches, garnifhed at every joint by two in New Spain ; but it thrives againſt a warm wall in
long winged leaves placed oppofite ; the fmall leaves the open air very well, with the fame treatment as the
which compofe thefe, are long and fpear-shaped, end two former forts.
ing in a point, and flightly fawed on their edges, The feventh fort grows naturally in South Carolina,
each leaf being compofed of fix pair, terminated by where it fpreads over the hedges, and at the feafon
an odd one. The flowers are produced in looſe pa of flowering, perfumes the air to a great diftance ; it
nicles at the ends of the branches, and are fhaped alfo grows in fome parts of Virginia, but not in fo
like thofe of the other fpecies , but ſpread open micre great plenty as at Carolina. The inhabitants there
at the top . Thefe are yellow, and fucceeded by call it Yellow Jafmine, I fuppofe from the ſweet odour
comprefied pods about fix inches long, having two of its flowers .
rows of flat winged feeds, like thofe of the other This rifes with flender ftalks, which twift themſelves
fpecies. round the neighbouring plants, and mount to a con
I received this fort firft in 1729 , from La Vera Cruz , fiderable height ; the branches are garnifhed with ob
in New Spain, where the late Dr. Houſtoun found it long pointed leaves, which come out fingle and op
growing naturally in great plenty , fince which time polite to each other at every joint ; thefe remain
I have received the feed from the ifland of Bermuda, green through the year. The flowers come out from
by the title of Candle Wood . the wings of the leaves at every joint, fometimes but
It is propagated by feeds, which must be fown on a two, at other times four at each joint ; thefe ftand
hot-bed, and the plants afterward tranfplanted into erect, are trumpet-fhaped, yellow, and have a very
feparate fmall pots, filled with light fresh earth, and fweet fcent ; and in the countries where they naturally
plunged into a freſh hot-bed to bring them forward, grow, they are fucceeded by fhort taper pods, filled
that they may obtain ftrength before winter ; in the with finall winged feeds.
autumn they muſt be removed into the bark-ftove, The plants of this fort, when young, are impatient
and during the winter fhould have but little water, of cold, fo muſt be fheltered in the winter until they
but in fummer they must be frequently refreſhed with have obtained ftrength, when they fhould be planted
it, but not given in too great plenty. The plants against a warm wall, and in winter protected from
fhould conftantly remain in the bark- ftove, and be froft by coverings of mats, and the ground about
treated in the fame manner as other tender plants their roots covered with tan. With this management
from thofe countries . The third year from feed I have had them flower very well in the Chelfea gar
they will flower, but they do not produce feeds in den .
It is propagated by feeds in the fame manner
England. as the former forts.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Virginia, and fe The eighth fort was fent me from Jamaica by the late
veral other parts of America ; this hath very flender Dr. Houftoun. This rifes with an upright ftem near
trailing ftalks, which must be fupported ; in the places twenty feet high, fending out many lateral branches,
where it naturally grows, the branches faften them covered with a white bark . The leaves come out
felves by their tendrils to whatever plants are near oppofite at the joints upon long foot-ftalks ; they are
them , and extend to a great diſtance. In this coun compofed of five oval ftiff leaves, which are joined in
try they require the affifitance of a wall, and to have one center at their bafe, where they are narrow, but
a good afpect, for they are impatient of much cold, widen toward the top, where they are rounded and
fo fhould be ſheltered in fevere froft ; the branches obtufe. They are of a pale green, inclining to white
are garniſhed with oblong leaves, which are green all on their under fide ; the flowers are produced at the
the year ; theſe are often fingle at bottom, but up ends of the branches four or five together, on very
ward are placed by pairs oppofite at each joint ; the fhort foot-ftalks ; they are narrow at bottom , but the
flowers are produced at the wings of the leaves, which tube enlarges upward, and at the top spreads open
are yellow, and ſhaped like thofe of the Foxglove . wide, of a pale bluish colour, and fmell fweet ; they
Thefe appear in Auguſt, but are not fucceeded by are fucceeded by taper crooked pods about four inches
pods in this country. This is propagated by feeds, long, which are filled with oval compreffed feeds,
which fhould be fown on a moderate hot-bed, and with wings of a filver colour.
treated in the fame manner as the first fort. When This fort is a native of the warmer parts of America,
thefe plants are planted in the full ground againſt therefore will not thrive in this country, but in a ſtove.
walls, the ground about the roots fhould be covered It is propagated by feeds, which must be fown on a
in the autumn with fome old tanners bark to keep hot-bed, and the plants treated in the fame manner as
out the froft in winter ; and in very fevere froft, the the fourth fort.
branches fhould be covered with mats, to prevent The ninth fort I received from Barbadoes, by the ti
their being deſtroyed. With this management I have tle of White Wood. This rifes with an upright ſtem
had the plants flower very well in the Cheifea garden. to the height of forty feet, in the natural country of
The fifth fort hath flender ftalks like the former, its growth ; and the feeds are difperfed by wind to
which require the fame fupport ; theſe are garniſhed the neighbouring lands, where the plants come up in
with ſmall oval leaves, which are entire, placed op great plenty. This and the former fort have been
pofite at every joint ; at the fame places come out the generally confounded, and fuppofed to be the fame,
tendrils, by which they faften themfelves to the plants but the growing plants are extremely different ; for
which grow near them ; thefe end in three diftinct the under leaves of this are fometimes compofed of
parts ; the flowers come out from the wings of the five, at other times of four oval leaves ; and on the
leaves, which are fhaped like thofe of the former upper part of the branches, they come out fingle,
fort, but are fmaller, and are not fucceeded by feeds ' placed by pairs oppofite : thefe are as large as thofe
in this country. This grows naturally in Carolina of the Bay- tree, and of equal thickneſs, rounded at
and the Bahama Iflands, but will live in the open air, their end ; each of thefe have a long foot- ftalk, whereas
if it is planted against a wall to a fouth aſpect, and thofe of the former join at their bafe to one center.
fheltered in very fevere froft. It is propagated in the The flowers of this fort are produced fingle at the
fame manner as the former fort. wings of the leaves, which have a narrow tube near
The fixth fort hath very weak flender branches, which two inches long, but spread open very wide at the
put out tendrils at the joints, by which they faften top, where they are cut into five unequal fegments ,
themſelves to the neighbouring plants : at each joint which are fringed on their borders. The flowers are
2 white,
 BIG BIS
of
he white, and have an agreeable odour, but the pod I branches, which are fhaped like thofe of the Fox
have not feen. glove, and are of a pale yellow colour, and are fuc
The plants muſt be preſerved in the bark-ftove, and ceeded by flat pods a foot long, having a border on
treated as the fourth fort. It is propagated by feeds, each fide, and contain two rows offlat winged feeds.
and will alfo take root from cuttings in the fummer, This plant is tender, fo muſt be conftantly kept in
7,
52

if they are planted in pots, and plunged into a bark the bark-ftove, and treated in the fame manner as the
~
E
2
5
&

bed. It has flowered feveral years in the Chelſea fourth fort. It is propagated by feeds, which muſt
garden, in Auguft, be obtained from the country where it grows naturally,
The tenth fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz, by for it doth not produce any in England.
L
the late Dr. Houstoun ; this rifes with ligneous ſtalks, The fourteenth fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz
which put out tendrils at the joints, whereby they in New Spain, by the late Dr. Houfton. This hath
faften themſelves to the neighbouring plants ;, the a woody ftem covered with an Afh- coloured bark,
可
leaves come out on each fide the branches, upon which rifes to the height of ten feet, fending out
e
pretty long foot-ſtalks, two at each joint oppo many fide branches, garnished with trifoliate leaves,
fite, which are heart-ſhaped and entire, having a fine placed oppofite at each joint, which are very ſmooth,
hairy down on their under fide. The flowers grow oval, and ending in points. The flowers come out
in loofe fpikes at the end of the branches, which at the extremity of the branches in looſe panicles,
are tubulous, and do not ſpread much at the top ; and are of a dirty white colour, Thefe are fucceeded
they are of a Violet colour, and fmell very fweet. by flat narrow pods, containing two rows of flat
Theſe in their native country are fucceeded by oval, winged feeds.
hard, ligneous feed-veffels, which open in four parts, This fort is propagated by feeds, which muſt be ſown
and are full of compreffed winged feeds. on a hot-bed, and the plants afterward treated as the
This fortis propagated by feeds, which must be fown fourth fort, and muft conftantly remain in the bark
on a hot-bed, and the plants must be treated in the ftove.
fame manner as the third fort, for they will not BIHAI. See MUSA.
thrive in this country unless they are placed in the BIND WEED. See CONVOLVUĻUS.
bark-ftove. BIRCH-TREE. See BETULA.
The eleventh fort grows naturally in the Bahama BISCUTELLA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 724. Thlafpi
Iſlands, from whence Mr. Catefby fent the feeds in dium. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 214. tab . 101. Buckler
1724, and many of the plants were raiſed in the gar Muftard, or Baftard Mithridate Muſtard.
dens near London. This, in the country where it The CHARACTERS are,
grows naturally, rifes to the height of twenty feet, The empalement is compofed of four leaves, which are
fending out many lateral branches, garnished with pointed. The flower bath four petals, placed in form of
compound winged leaves, each having eleven alter a cross, which are obtufe and spread open ; it hath fix
nate wings, with fpear-fhaped fmall lobes, which grow ftamina, four long and two fhort, placed oppofite, baving
alternate, and are entire ; at the ends of the branches finglefummits. In the center is fituated an orbicular com
the flowers are produced in very loofe panicles ; the preffed germen, fupporting afingle permanent ftyle, crowned
foot-ſtalks branching into three or four, each ſuſtain with an obtufe ftigma ; the germen afterward becomes a
ing a fingle blue flower, with a long fwelling tube, plain, compreffed, crest capfule, with two convex lobes,
cut into five unequal fegments at the top, where it having two cells, terminated by the rigid ftyle, which is
fpreads open. The flowers are fucceeded by oval feed joined to the fide of the partition, each cell containing one
veffels, which open in two parts, and are filled with compreffed feed.
flat winged feeds. This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of
The twelfth fort hath a woody ftem, fending Linnæus's fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia Sili
out many branches, which have four narrow borders culofa, the flower having four long, and two ſhort
or wings running longitudinally, fo as to refemble a ſtamina, and are fucceeded by very fhort pods.
* fquare ftalk ; the leaves are produced by pairs, The SPECIES are,
on each fide the branches ; they are heart-fhaped, 1 . BISCUTELLA ( Auriculata) calycibus nectario utrinque
fmooth, and have fhort foot-ftalks ; theſe have gibbis, filiculis in ftylum coëuntibus. Lin . Hort. Cliff.
tendrils coming out by their foot-ftalks, which 329. Buckler Mustard, with the cup of the netarium
faften themſelves to the plants which grow near them, fwelling on each fide, and ſmall pods joined to the style.
and thereby rife to a great height. The flowers are Thlafpidium hirfutum calyce floris auriculato. Inft.
produced in ſmall clufters from the wings of the R. H. 214.
leaves, which have pretty long tubes, fpread open 2. BISCUTELLA ( Didymą ) filiculis orbiculato -didymis à
at the top, and are of a pale yellow colour ; thefe are ftylo divergentibus. Hort. Cliff. 329. Buckler Mustard,
fucceeded by flat pods a foot in length, which have with a double orbicular pod diverging from the ftyle.
two rows of flat winged feeds, joined to the inter Thlafpidium Monfpelienfe hieracii folio hirfuto.
mediate partition . Tourn . Inft. 214.
This fort was fent me from Campeachy, where it na 3 . BISCUTELLA (Apula) hirfuta foliis oblongis dentatis
turally grows, and rifes to the tops of the talleſt femiamplexicaulibus floribus fpicatis ftylo breviore.
trees, to whofe branches theſe plants faften themſelves Hairy Buckler Mustard, with oblong indented leaves which
by their tendrils or clafpers, and are thereby fup balf embrace the ftalk, flowers growing in fpikes, and a
ported. This is propagated by feeds, which must Shorter ftyle. Thlafpidium Apulum fpicatum . Tourn.
be fown on a hot-bed, and the plants treated in the Inft. 214.
fame manner as the fourth fort ; for they will not The firft fort grows naturally in the fouth of France
thrive in this country, unleſs they have a warm ftove, and Italy, where it rifes about a foot high ; but in a
where the branches will rife to the height of twenty garden generally grows near two feet high, dividing
feet in three years ; and if permitted, will spread to into feveral branches ; and at every joint there is one
a great diſtance. It has flowered in the garden at oblong entire leaf a little indented, thofe on the
Chelſea, but doth not produce pods in England. lower part of the ftalk being broader and more ob
The thirteenth fort was fent me from Campeachy, tufe than thofe on the upper. The flowers are pro
by Mr. Robert Millar ; this hath woody ftalks, which duced at the ends of the branches in loofe panicles,
rife to a great height, climbing on the trees which which are compofed of four obtufe petals of a pale
grow near it, faſtening themſelves to their branches yellow colour ; thefe are fucceeded by double, round,
byits clafpers, and fending out many ligneous branches, compreffed feed -veffels, fwelling in the middle, where
which are garnished with oval heart-shaped leaves, is lodged a fingle, round, flat feed, the ftyle of the
by fours, two on each ſide, growing oppofite at the flower ftanding upright between the two fmall veffels,
joints ; thefe are covered on their under fide with a joined to their borders.
foft hairy down, of a yellowish colour. The flowers The fecond fort grows naturally in the fouth of
are produced in hoofe panicles at the end of the France, Italy, and Germany, from whence I received
M m the
 BIS BIX

the feeds, and dried famples of the plant, which are foot-ftalk of the flowers, which fuftains feveral fmall
not more than fix inches high, though they are the Butterfly flowers, of a purplish colour, collected to
entire plants with their roots, but in the garden they gether, which are fucceeded by plain pods, about one
grow almoſt two feet high. This hath many long, inch long, indented on both fides the whole length,
harrow, hairy leaves, fpreading near the ground, divided in the middle by a longitudinal nerve, con
which are deeply indented on each fide, refembling taining two rows of kidney-ſhaped feeds.
thofe of Hawkweed ; from the center ariſes the ſtalk, It is propagated by feeds, which in this country
which divides upward into many fmall branches, fhould be fown in the autumn, on a bed of light
having no leaves on them, and are terminated by earth, where the plants will come up in about three
loofe panicles of yellow flowers, compoſed of four weeks, and will live in the open air very well. Thefe
petals, placed in form of a crofs. Theſe are fuc fhould be fown where they are defigned to remain,
ceeded by round compreffed feed-veffels like the or tranfplanted very young; for when they are large,
former, but are fmaller, and the ſtyle of the flowers they will not bear removing. When the plants are
bends from them. come up, they will require no other care, but to keep
The third fort fends out many oblong hairy leaves, them clean from weeds ; and where they are too near,
which are flightly indented on theiredges ; from among they ſhould be thinned to about a foot diſtance from
theſe there arifes a hairy branching ſtalk, which grows each other. They flower in June, and the feeds ripen
two feet high, and at each joint is placed one oblong in September.
indented leaf, which half embraces the ftalk at the The feeds ofthis plant may alſo be fown inthe fpring,
bafe ; each branch is terminated by a cloſe ſpike of and treated in the fame manner as before directed ;
pale yellow flowers, which are fucceeded by round but theſe will not flower till the middle or end of July,
compreffed feed-veffels like the other forts, but the fo unleſs the autumn proves warm, they will not
ftyle of the flower, which is joined to them, is ſhorter ripen feeds ; for which reafon I have directed their
than thoſe of the other fpecies. being fown in the autumn, as foon as they are ripe.
Theſe are all annual plants, which perifh foon after Two or three of theſe plants may be allowed a place
they have perfected their feeds. Theſe fhould be in gardens for the fake of variety, but they have not
much beauty.
• fown either in fpring, or the autumn, upon a border
of light earth, in an open fituation, where they are BISLINGUA. See Ruscus .
to remain for good. Thoſe which are fown in au BISTORTA [ fo called, becauſe the root is turned
tumn will come up in about three weeks , and the or wreathed into various rings or fpires, ] Biftort, or
plants will live through the winter without any pro Snakeweed.
tection, fo will flower earlier the following fummer, This genus is joined to the Polygonum byDr. Linnæus,
whereby good feeds may always be obtained; whereas This plant flowers in May, and if the ſeaſon proves
thoſe which are fown in the ſpring, do, in bad ſeaſons, moift, will continue to produce new fpikes of flowers
decay before their feeds are ripe. The autumnal till Auguft : it may be propagated by planting the
plants flower in June, and the fpring in July, and roots in a moiſt fhady border, either in fpring or all
their feeds ripen about fix weeks after; which, if per tumn, which will foon furniſh the garden with plants,
mitted to ſcatter, there will be plenty of young plants for it greatly increaſes by its creeping roots.
produced without any care. The roots of this plant have been recommended for
Thefe require no farther culture, but to keep them tanning of leather, but the trouble of procuring them
clean from weeds, and thin the plants where they are in a fufficient quantity is too great to answer the in
too cloſe, leaving them eight or nine inches afunder. tention.
They are preſerved in the gardens of thoſe who are BIVALVULAR, or Bivalve [ of bivalvis ] Hufk,
curious in botany, but they have no great beauty to is one that opens and gapes the whole length, like a
recommend them. I have cultivated theſe forts door that opens in two parts.
many years, and have never obſerved either of them BIX A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 581. Urucu. Sloan . Cat. Jam.
to vary, therefore make no doubt of their being Orleana. H. L. Mitella. Tourn . Inft. 242. Anotta,
diftinct species. by the French Roucou.
BISERRULA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 800. Pelccinus . The CHARACTERS are,
Tourn . Inft. 417. tab. 234. It bath a plain, fmall, obtufe empalement, which is per
The CHARACTERS are, manent ; the flower bath a double feries ofpetals, the outer
The flower bath a tubulous empalement of one leaf, which confifting offive, which are large, oblong, and equal, the
is erect, andflightly indented at the top in five equal parts, inner of the fame number and ſhape, but narrower. It
the two upper standing at a distance. The flower is pa bath a great number of briftly stamina, which are but
pilionaceous, having a large roundish standard, whofe edges half the length of the petals, terminated by erect fummits.
are reflexed. The wings are oblong, but shorter than the In the center is fituated an oval germen, fupporting a
Standard ; and the obtufe keel is of the fame length with flenderftyle of the fame length with the ftamina, crowned
the wings, bending upward. It hath ten stamina, nine by a bifid, compreffed, parallel ftigma. The germen after
of which are joined, and the other fingle, with their ends ward becomes an oval heart-shaped capfule, a little com
pointing upward. In the center is fituated an oblong com preffed, covered with sharp bristles, opening with two
preffed germen, fupporting an awl-
shapedftyle, crowned by valves, with one cell, and filled with angular feeds, ad
a fingle stigma , theſe are included in the keel . The germen bering to a linear receptacle, which runs longitudinally
afterward becomes a flat narrow pod, indented on both through the capfule.
edges like the faw of the fwordfifb, having two cells, filled This genus is ranged in the first fection of Linnæus's
with kidney -fhaped feeds. thirteenth claſs, intitled Polyandria Monogynia, the
This genus of plants is ranged in the third ſection of flower having many ftamina and one ſtyle.
Linnæus's feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia De We have but one SPECIES of this genus, viz .
candria, the flower having ten ftamina, joined in two BIXA. (Orellana. ) Hort. Cliff. 211. The Arnotta, or Anotta,
bodies. by the French Roucou . Mitella Americana maxima
We have but one SPECIES ofthis genus, which is, tinctoria. Achioti of Hernandez.
BISERRULA. (Pelecinus. ) Hort. Cliff. 361. We have no This fhrub grows naturally in the warm parts of
S
English name for this plant. Pelecinus vulgaris. America, where it rifes with an upright ſtem to the
Tourn . Inft. 417 .
height of eight or ten feet, fending out many branches
This is an annual plant, which grows naturally in at the top, forming a regular head. Theſe are gar
Italy, Sicily, Spain , and the fouth of France. It fends nifhed with heart-shaped leaves ending in a point,
out many angular ſtalks, which trail on the ground, which have long foot-ftalks, and come out without
C
fubdivided into many branches, garniſhed with long any order. The flowers are produced in looſe panicles
winged leaves, compofed of many pair of lobes, ter at the end of the branches , of a pale Peach colour,
minated by an odd one ; thefe are heart-shaped : to having large petals, and a great number of briftly
ward the upper part of the branches come out the ftamina of the fame colour, in the center. After the
flower

1
 BLI BLİ

flower is paſt, the germen becomes a heart-shaped, duced by an eafterly wind, which brings vaft quan
or rather a mitre-fhaped feed-veffel, covered on the tities of infects eggs along with it from fome diftant
outſide with briſtles, opening with two valves, and place ; which, being lodged upon the furface ofthe
filled with angular feeds, covered with a red pulp leaves and flowers of fruit-trees, cauſe them to fhrivel
or paſte, which colours the hands of thoſe who up and perifh. To cure this diftemper, they adviſe
touch it, and is collected for the ufe of dyers and the burning of wet litter on the windward fide of the
painters. trees, that the fmoke thereof may be carried to them
This plant is propagated by feeds, which are annually by the wind, which they fuppofe will ftifle and destroy $
brought from the Weft-Indies in plenty. Thefe thofe infects, and thereby, cure the diftemper.
ſhould be fown in a ſmall pot, filled with light rich Others direct the ufe of Tobacco-duft, or to waſh the
earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark ; trees with water wherein Tobacco-ftalks have been
where, ifthe bed is of a proper temperature of heat, infuſed for twelve hours, which, they fay, will deftroy
the plants will appear in about a month after : when thefe infects, and recover the trees ; and Pepper-duft,
theſe are about an inch high, they ſhould be ſhaken fcattered upon the bloffoms of fruit-trees, has been
out of the pot and carefully ſeparated, fo as not to recommended as very ufeful in this cafe : and there
tear off their tender roots, and each planted in a finall are fome that advife the pulling off the leaves of the
pot filled with fome rich light earth, and plunged into tree, as the beſt remedy when they are fhrivelled up
a freſh hot-bed of tanners bark, obferving to fhade and wither ; and to cut off the ſmaller branches when
them every day until they have taken new root ; after they produce crooked and unnatural ſhoots, and to
which they muſt be treated as other tender plants fprinkle the tree with a watering-pot, or a hand
from the fame country, by admitting freſh air to them engine.
in proportion to the warmth of the feafon ; and when Theſe conjectures concerning blights, how fpecious
the heat of the tan declines, it should be turned up foever they may appear at firft fight, yet, when duly
to the bottom , and, if neceffary, fome freſh tan added confidered, will be found far fhort of the true caufe,
to renew the heat. The plants muſt be refreſhed three as will hereafter be fhewn.
times a week with water in fummer, but they muſt But let us now examine the true caufes of blights, fo
not have it in great quantities, for their roots often far as we have been enabled to judge from repeated
rot with much wet. Ifthe plants are raiſed early in obfervations and experiments.
the ſpring, and properly managed, they will be a foot 1. Blights then are often caufed by a continued dry
and a half high by the autumn, when they ſhould be eafterly wind for feveral days together, without the
removed into the bark-ftove, and plunged into the intervention of fhowers, or any morning dew, by
tan-bed. During the winter, they muſt have but little which the perfpiration in the tender bloffoms is
water, and while the plants are young, they muſt ftopped, fo that in a fhort time their colour is changed,
have a good ſhare of warmth, otherwife they are very and they wither and decay ; and if it ſo happen, that
fubject to caft their leaves, and frequently loſe their there is a long continuance of the fame weather, it
tops, which renders them unfightly. They muſt be I equally affects the tender leaves ; for their perfpiring
conftantly kept in the bark-ftove, for thoſe plants matter is hereby thickened and rendered glutinous,
which have been placed in a dry ftove, have never cloſely adhering to the furface of the leaves, and be
made much progrefs. I have had many of theſe plants comes a proper nutriment to thofe fmall infects, which 1
feven or eight feet high, with ſtrong ſtems and large are always found preying upon the leaves and tender
heads, but have only had one produce flowers ; nor branches of fruit-trees, whenever this blight happens ;
have I heard of its flowering in any of the gardens in but it is not thefe infects which are the firſt cauſe of
Europe, for in the Dutch gardens they have no plants blights, as hath been imagined by fome ; though it
of any fize. muſt be allowed , that whenever theié infects meet
The paſte which furrounds the feeds is taken off, by with fuch a proper food, they multiply exceedingly,
ſteeping the feeds in hot water, and with the hands and are inftrumental in promoting the diftemper ;
wafhed until the feeds are clean ; then after pouring fo that many times, when the feafon proves fa.
away the water, they leave the fediment to harden, vourable to them, and no proper care hath been
and make it up in balls, which are fent to Europe, taken to prevent their miſchief, it is furpriſing to
where they are uſed in dying and painting. It is alfo think how whole walls of trees have fuffered by this
infection.
ufed by the Americans to dye their chocolate, and
the natives uſed to paint their bodies with it when The beſt remedy for this diftemper, that I have yet
they went to the wars. known fucceed, is, gently to waſh and ſprinkle over
BLADDER-NUT. See STAPHYLEA. the trees, from time to time, with common water
BLATTARIA. See VERBASCUM. (that is, fuch as hath not had any thing ſteeped in
BLIGHTS. it ;) and the fooner this is performed (whenever we
There is nothing fo deftructive to a fruit garden as apprehend danger, ) the better ; and if the young and
blights ; nor is there any thing in the bufinefs of gar tender ſhoots ſeem to be much infected, wash them
dening which requires more of our ſerious attention, with a woollen cloth, fo as to clear them, if poffible,
than the endeavouring to prevent or guard againſt from all this glutinous matter, that their refpiration
this great enemy of gardens. and perſpiration may not be obſtructed ; and if we
In order therefore to remedy this evil, it will be ne place fome broad flat pans or tubs of water near the
ceffary firſt to underſtand the true caufes of blights ; trees, that the vapours exhaled from the water may
for, although many curious perfons have attempted be received by the trees, it will keep their tender ,
to explain the cauſes of them, yet very few of them parts in a ductile ftate, and greatly help them ; but
have come near the truth, except the Rev. and learned whenever this operation of washing the trees is per
Dr. Hales, who hath, in his curious book, intitled formed, it ſhould be early in the day, that the moiſture
Vegetable Statics, given us fome accurate experi may be exhaled before the cold of the night comes
ments upon the growth and perfpiration of plants, on ; eſpecially if the nights are frofty : nor fhould it
together with the various effects the air hath upon be done when the fun fhines very hot upon the wall,
vegetables ; that by carefully attending thereto, to which would be fubject to fcorch up the tender
gether with diligent obfervations, we need feldom to bloffoms.
be at a lofs how to account for the caufes of blights Another caufe of blights in the fpring is, fharp hoary
whenever they may happen. frofts, which are often fucceeded by hot funfhine in
But here I cannot help taking notice of the ſeveral the day time ; which is the moſt fudden and certain
caufes of blights, as they have been laid down by deſtroyer of fruits that is known ; for the cold of the
fome of our modern writers on gardening, together night ftarves the tender parts of the bloffoms, and
with their various methods prefcribed to prevent their the fun rifing hot upon the walls before the moiſture
deftruction of fruits, & c. is dried from the bloffoms (which, being in fmall
Some have fuppofed, that blights are ufually pro globules, collects the rays ofthe fun, ) a fcalding heat
 BLI BLI

is thereby acquired ; which fcorches the tender flowers, better fucceed in fuch a foil, than in one that is mote
and other parts of plants. generous : we fhould therefore always endeavour to
But that blights are frequently no more than an in fuit the particular forts of fruits to the nature of our
ward weakneſs or diftemper in trees, will evidently foil, and not pretend to have all forts of fruit good-in
appear, if we confider how often it happens, that the fame.

trees againſt the fame wall, expoſed to the fame afpect, But there is another fort of blight, against which it
is very difficult to guard our fruit-trees ; this is fharp,
and equally enjoying the advantages of fun and air,
with every other circumftance which might render pinching, frosty mornings, which often happen at the
them equally healthy, yet very often are obferved to time when the trees are in flower, or while the fruia
differ greatly in their ftrength and vigour ; and as is very young, and occafion the bloffoms or fruit to
often we obferve the weak trees to be continually drop off ; and, fometimes, the tender parts of the
blighted, when the vigorous ones, in the fame fi fhoots and leaves are greatly injured thereby.
tuation fhall eſcape very well ; which muft, therefore, The only method yet found out to prevent this mif
in a great meaſure, be afcribed to their healthy con chief, is, by carefully covering the walls, either with
ftitution. This weakness, therefore, in trees, muft mats, canvas, reeds, &c. which being faftened fo as
proceed either from a want of a fufficient fupply of not to be diſturbed with the wind, and fuffered to
nouriſhment to maintain them in perfect vigour, or remain on during the night, and taking them off
from fome ill qualities in the foil where they grow, every day, if the weather permits, is the beſt and
or, perhaps, from fome bad quality in the ftock, or fureft method that hath yet been found fuccessful ;
inbred diftemper of the buds or cyons, which they which, although it has been flighted, and thought
had imbibed from their mother tree, or from mif of little fervice by fome, yet the reafon of their being
management in the pruning, &c. all which are pro not fo ferviceable as has been expected, was, becaufe
ductive of diftempers in trees, and of which they are they have not been rightly ufed, either by fuffering
with difficulty cured . Now, if this is occafioned by the trees to remain too long covered ; by which means
a weakneſs in the tree, we fhould endeavour to trace the younger branches and leaves have been rendered
out the true caufe ; firft, whether it has been oc too weak to endure the open air, when they are ex
cafioned by ill management in the pruning, which pofed to it ; which has often proved of woríe con
is too often the cafe ; for how common is it to obferve fequence to trees, than if they had remained entirely
Peach-trees trained up to the full length of their uncovered, or by incautiously expofing them to the
branches every year, fo as to be carried to the top of air, after having been long covered.
the wall in a few years after planting, when at the fame Whereas, when the covering before-mentioned has
time the fhoots for bearing have been fo weak, as been performed as it ought to be, it has proved very
fcarcely to have ftrength to produce their flowers : but ferviceable to fruits ; and many times, when there
•
this being the utmoſt oftheir vigour, the bloffoms fall has been almoſt a general deftruction of fruits in the
off, and, many times, the branches decay, either the neighbouring gardens, there has been a plenty of
greateſt part of their length, or quite down to the them in fuch places where they have been properly
place where they were produced ; and this, whenever covered : and though the trouble may feem to fome
it happens to bethe cafe, is afcribed to a blight. very great, yet, if thefe coverings are fixed near the
Others there are, who fuffer their trees to grow juft upper part of the wall, and are faftened to pullies,
as they are naturally difpofed, during the fummer fo as to be drawn up, or let down, it will be foon and
feafon, without ftopping of fhoots, or difburdening eaſily performed ; and the fuccefs will fufficiently re
their trees of luxuriant branches ; by which means pay the trouble.

two, three, or four fhoots fhall exhauſt the greateſt But there is another fort of blight that fometimes
part of the nouriſhment of the trees all the fummer ; happens later in the fpring, viz . in April or May,
which fhoots, at the winter pruning, are entirely cut which is often very deftructive to orchards, and open
out ; fo that the ftrength of the tree was employed plantations, and againſt which we know of no remedy.
only in nouriſhing ufelefs branches, while the fruit This is what is called a fire blaſt ; which, in a few
branches are thereby rendered fo weak, as not to be hours, hath not only deſtroyed the fruit and leaves,
able to preferve themfelves. The remedies to this but, many times, parts of trees, and, fometimes,
evil fhall be explained in the article of PRUNING entire trees have been killed by it.
Peach-trees, &c. This is fuppofed to be effected by volumes of tranf
But if the weakness of the tree proceeds from an in parent flying vapours, which, among the many forms
bred diftemper, it is the better way to remove the they revolve into, may fometimes approach fo near
tree at firſt ; and after renewing your earth, plant a to an hemifphere, or hemicylinder, either in their
new one in its place. upper or lower furfaces, as thereby to make the
Or if your foil be a hot burning gravel or fand, in beams of the fun converge enough to fcorch the plants
which your Peach-trees are planted, you will gene or trees they fall upon, in proportion to the greater
rally find this will be conftantly their cafe, after their or lefs convergency of the fun's rays.
roots have got beyond the earth of your borders ; for The learned Boerhaave , in his Theory of Chemiſtry,
which reafon, it is much more advifeable to dig them obferves, " That thofe white clouds which appear in
up, and plant Grapes, Figs, Apricots, or any other " fummer time, are, as it were, fo many mirrors,
fort of fruit, which may do well in fuch a foil, rather " and occafion exceffive heat : theſe cloudy mirrors
than to be annually difappointed of your hopes ; for, " are fometimes round, fometimes concave, poly
<c
by a variety of experiments, it hath been found, that gonous, &c. When the face of the heavens is co
Apricots attract and imbibe moisture with a much " vered with fuch white clouds, the fun, fhining
66
greater force than Peaches and Nectarines ; and con among them, muft, of neceffity, produce a ve
Tequently, are better able to attract the nutritive par " hement heat ; fince many of his rays, which would
ticles from the earth, than the other, which require " otherwife, perhaps, never touch our earth, are
66
to be planted in a generous foil, capable of affording hereby reflected to us : thus, if the fun be on one
them a fufficiency of nourishment without much dif " fide, and the clouds on the oppofite one, they will
ficulty : and it is in fuch places we often fee Peaches " be perfect burning glaffes : and hence the phæno
" menon of thunder.
do wonders, especially if affifted by art ; but as for
the Vine and Fig- tree, they perfpire very flowly, " I have fometimes, continues he, obferved a kind
and are very often in an imbibing ftate (fo that a " of hollow clouds, full of hail and fnow, during
great part of that fine racy flavour, with which their " the continuance of which the heat was extreme ;
fruits abound when planted in a dry foil, is probably " fince, by fuch condenfation, they were enabled to
owing to thofe refined aerial principles, which are " reflect much more ſtrongly after this came a fharp
collected when in a ſtate of refpiration ; ) and there " cold, and then the clouds difcharged their hail in
'
fore, as thefe trees delight not in drawing much great quantities, to which fucceeded a moderate
watery nouriſhment from the earth, fo they will much " warmth. Frozen concave clouds therefore, by
7 " their
 BLI BOC

" their great reflexions, produce a vigorous heat ; ofthe leaves, almoft the length of the ftalk, which
0 and the fame, when refolved, exceffive cold." are ſmall, and collected in little heads, which are
Whence (as Dr. Hales obferves) we fee, that blaſts ſhaped like thofe of the firft, but fmaller and not fo
may be occafioned by the reflexions of the clouds, as deeply coloured.
well as by the above-mentioned refraction of denfe The feeds of the third fort were fent me by the late
{ tranfparent vapours . Dr. Amman, who was profeffor of botany at Peterſ
Againft this enemy to fruits, &c. as hath been ſaid, burgh. This rifes near three feet high ; the leaves
there is no guard to our fruit-trees, nor any remedy are triangular, ending in very acute points, as do alfo
to cure it : but as this more frequently happens in the indentures on the edges of the leaves. The flow
clofe plantations (where the ftagnating vapours from ers come out from the wings of the leaves in fmall
the earth, and the plentiful perſpirations from the heads, which are fucceeded by berries of the fame
trees, are pent in for want of a free air to diffipate ſhape and colour as thofe of the firft, but fmaller.
and difpel them ; which are often obſerved, in ſtill This fort differs from the firſt in the ſhape and inden
weather, to afcend in fo plentiful a manner, as to be tures of the leaves, and in having leaves placed be
ſeen by the naked eye, but efpecially with reflecting tween the berries the whole length of the ftalk, which
teleſcopes, fo as to make a clear and diftinct object is not terminated by heads as the firſt, but hath leaves
become dim and tremulous, ) than in thoſe that are above the heads.
planted at a greater diftance, or are not furrounded Theſe are all of them annual plants, which will drop
with hills or woods ; this directs us, in the firſt plant their feeds if permitted, and the plants will come up
ingof kitchen-gardens and orchards, & c . that we ſhould in plenty the following fpring or if the feeds of
allow a greater diftance between the trees, and to either of the forts are fown in March or April, upon
1
make choice of clear healthy fituations, that the air a bed of common earth, in an open fituation, the
may freely paſs between the trees to diffipate thoſe va plants will come up in a month or five weeks after ;
pours before they are formed into fuch volumes, and, if they are to remain in the place where they are
whereby the circumambient air will be clear, and lefs fown, will require no other care but to keep them
fubject to injuries ; as alfo the fruits which are pro clear from weeds, and to thin them out, fo as to leave
duced in this clearer air, will be much better tafted them fix or eight inches apart ; and in July the
than thoſe that are furrounded with a thick rancid air ; plants will begin to fhew their berries, when they will
for as fruits are often in a reſpiring ftate, they confe make a pretty appearance. But many people tranf
quently, by imbibing a part of theſe vapours, are ren plant them into the borders of the flower-gar
dered crude and ill-tafted, which is often the cafe dens, and others plant them in pots, to have them
with a great part of our fruits in England. ready for removing to court-yards, or to place upon
BLITUM . Lin . Gen. Plant. 14. Chenopodio-morus. low walls, among other annual flowers, to adorn thoſe
Boerh. Ind. Morocarpus. Rupp. Strawberry Blite. places.
The CHARACTERS are, When theſe plants are defigned to be removed, they
It bath a tripartite Spreading empalement, which is per fhould be tranfplanted before they ſhoot up their flow
manent ; the flower bath no petals, but one briſtly ſta er-ſtems, for they will not bear tranſplanting well af
mina the length of the empalement, with a double fum terward : and if they are planted in pots, they will
mit. In the center is fituated an oval pointedgermen fup require to be duly watered in dry weather, otherwiſe *
porting two styles, the length ofthe ftamina, with a single the plants will ſtint, and not grow to any fize ; and,
Stigma. The empalement afterward becomes an oval com as the flower-ſtems advance, they fhould be fupported
preffed capfule, including one globular compreſſed feed, the by fticks ; for if they are not, the branches will fall
fize of the capfule. to the ground, when the berries are grown pretty
This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond order of large and weighty.
Linnæus's firft clafs, intitled Monandria Digynia, BLOODWORT. See LAPATHUM.
the flower having but one ſtamina and two ftyles. BOCCONIA.
The SPECIES are, This plant was fo called after the Reverend Paul Boc
1. BLITUM (Capitatum) capitellis fpicatis terminalibus. cone, of Sicily, who has publiſhed fome curious books
Hort. Upfal. 3. Blite with spikes terminated by little of botany.
beads. Chenopodio-morus major. Boerh. Ind. alt. The CHARACTERS are ,
2. 91. Commonly called Strawberry Blite, or Strawberry The flower bath an empalement compofed of two oval, ob
Spinach. tufe, concave leaves ; it hath four narrow petals, with
2. BLITUM (Virgatum ) capitellis fparfis lateralibus. Hort. a great number of very shortftamina, crowned by ereƐt
Upfal. 3. Blite with small beads growing Scatteringly fummits, which are the length of the empalement. In
from the fides ofthestalks. Chenopodio-morus minor. the center is fituated a roundish germen, contracted at beth
Boerh. Ind. alt. 2. 91. Wild Atriplex with a Mulberry ends, fupporting a fingle ftyle, which is bifid at the top,
fruit. crowned by a fingle ftigma. The germen afterward be
3. BLITUM (Tartaricum) foliis triangularibus acutè den comes an oval fruit, contracted at both ends, and a little
tatis, capitellis fimplicibus lateralibus. Blite with tri compreffed, having one cell, full ofpulp, including afingle
angular leaves fharply indented, and fingle heads proceed round feed.
ing from the fides ofthe stalks. Blitum fragiferum maxi This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of
mum polyfpermum. Amman. Ruth. Linnæus's thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Mo
The firft fort grows naturally in Spain and Portugal, nogynia, the flower having many ſtamina and one
but hath been long preferved in the English gardens. ftyle .
This is an annual plant, which hath leaves fomewhat There is but one SPECIES of this genus at preſent
like thofe of Spinach; the ftalk rifes about two feet and known, which is,
a half high, the lower part of which is garniſhed with BOCCONIA. (Frutefcens. ) Lin. Sp. Plant. 505. Bocconia
leaves of the fhape with thoſe at bottom, but ſmaller ; racemofa, fphondylii folio tomentofo. Plum. Nov.
the upper part of the ftalk hath flowers coming out Gen.
in fmall heads at every joint, and is terminated by This plant is called, by Sir Hans Sloane, in his Na
a fmall cluſter of the fame : after the flowers are paft, tural Hiftory of Jamaica, Chelidonium majus arbo
the little heads fwell to the fize of Wood Strawber reum, foliis quercinis ; or Greater Tree Celandine with
ries, and when ripe have the fame appearance ; being Oak leaves.
very fucculent, and full of a purple juice, which It is very common in Jamaica, and feveral other parts
ftains the hands of thoſe who bruiſe them, of a deep of America, where it grows to the height of ten or
purple colour. twelve feet, having a ſtrait trunk as large as a man's
The fecond fort grows naturally in the ſouth of France arm, which is covered with a white Imooth bark.
and Italy. This feldom grows more than one foot At the top it divides into feveral branches, on which
high, with fmaller leaves than the firft, but of the the leaves are placed alternately. Thefe leaves are
fame fhape ; the flowers are produced at the wings eight or nine inches long, and five or fix broad, deeply
N n finu

7
 BOE BOM

Enuated, fometimes almoft to the mid-rib, and are of upon foot-ftalks , an inch long, of a whitish colour
a fine glaucous colour ; fo that this plant makes a on their under fide. At the joints, which are far
beautiful variety among other exotic plants in the afunder, come out fmall fide branches, growing erect ;
ftove. The whole plant abounds with a yellow juice thefe, as alfo the large ftalk, are terminated by loofe
like the greater Celandine, which is of an acrid na panicles of flesh-coloured flowers, which are each
ture ; fo that it is uſed by the inhabitants of America, fucceeded by oblong glutinous feeds.
to take off warts, and fpots from the eyes. The feeds of the fecond fort were fent me by the fame
It is propagated by feeds, which ſhould be fown in a gentleman from Jamaica, where it naturally grows.
pot filled with light freſh earth, early in the ſpring, " This fends out many diffuſed ſtalks a foot and a half
and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark, obferv or two feet long, garniſhed with ſmall roundish leaves
ing to water it now and then gently, otherwiſe the at each joint. The flowers grow very ſcatteringly
feeds will not grow. When the plants are come up, upon long branching foot-ftalks from the wings of
they fhould be each tranfplanted into ſeparate ſmall the leaves, as alfo at the end of the branches, which
pots filled with light fandy earth, and plunged into are of a pale red colour, and are fucceeded by feeds
the hot-bed again, obferving to fhade the glaffes in like the former.
the heat of the day, until the plants have taken root. The third fort was fent me from Jamaica with the
They muſt be alfo gently watered, but it fhould be former. This fends out feveral ftalks from the root,
done fparingly while they are young ; for their ſtems which divide into many branches, and trail over what
being very tender, and full of juice, will rot, if they ever plants grow near them, and rife to the height of
receive too much moifture ; but after their ſtems are five or fix feet, garnifhed with heart-shaped leaves,
become woody, they will require it often, efpecially growing by pairs at each joint upon long foot
in hot weather ; when alſo they ſhould have a large Italks, which are of the colour and confiftence
fhare of air, by raifing the glaffes of the hot- bed. of thofe of the greater Chickweed. The flowers
The plants, in two months after tranfplanting, will grow in looſe umbels at the extremity of the branches,
have filled theſe fmall pots with their roots ; therefore which are yellow, and are fucceeded by fmall, oblong,
they ſhould be fhaken out of them, and planted into viscous feeds .
pots one fize larger, filled with light freſh earth, and The fourth fort was fent me from Jamaica with the
plunged into the bark-ftove, where they fhould have two former : this fends out many trailing hairy ftalks,
a good fhare of freſh air in warm weather. With this which divide into fmaller branches, garnished with
management I have raiſed theſe plants upwards of two oval leaves at every joint ; and at the wings of the
feet high in one feafon, which were alfo very ftrong leaves come out the naked foot-ftalks, fuftaining a
in their ſtems : they must be conftantly kept in the fmall clofe head of fcarlet flowers , which are very fu
ftove, being too tender to thrive in this country in any gacious, feldom ſtanding more than half a day before
other fituation. This plant has flowered in the phyfic their petals drop ; theſe are fucceeded by ſhort oblong
garden at Chelſea, and perfected feeds ; but if it were feeds.
not to flower, the fingular beauty of the plant renders The firft, fecond, and fourth forts are annual plants,
it worthy of a place in every curious collection of which decay in autumn, but the third fort is peren
plants ; and it feems the Indians were very fond of it, nial : they are all tender plants, fo will not thrive in
for Hernandez tells us, the Indian kings planted it in the open air in England ; they are propagated by
their gardens. feeds, which must be fown on a hot-bed in the ſpring,
BOERHAAVIA . This genus of plants was fo and when the plants are fit to be removed, they ſhould
named by Monf. Vaillant, profeffor of botany at Pa be eachplanted in a ſmall pot and plunged into the hot
ris, in honour of the famous Dr. Boerhaave, who was bed, and treated as other tender exotic plants. When
profeffor of botany, chemiſtry, and phyfic, in the they are grown too tall to remain under a common
univerfity of Leyden. frame, a plant or two of each fort ſhould be placed
The CHARACTERS are, in the ftove , the other may be turned out of the pots,
The flower bath no empalement, and but one bell-shaped and planted in a warm border, where, if the feafon
petal, which is pentangular and entire. It bath in fome proves warm, they will perfect their feeds ; but as
Species one, and in others two short ftamina, crowned by a theſe are fubject to fail in cold feafons, fo thoſe in the
double globular fummit. The germen is fituated below the ftove will always ripen their feeds in autumn ; the
third fort may be preferved in a warm ftove two or
receptacle, fupporting a fhort flender ftyle, with a kidney
three years .
Shapedftigma ; the germen afterward becomes a fingle ob
long feed, having no cover. BOMBAX. Lin. Gen. Plant. 580. Ceiba. Plum.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of Nov. Gen. 32. Silk Cotton -tree.
Linnæus's firft clafs, intitled Monandria Monogynia, The CHARACTERS are,
the flower having but one ftamina and a fingle It hath a permanent empalement of one leaf, which is
ſtyle. shaped, erect, and quinquefid.
bell- The flower is quinque
The SPECIES are,
fid and Spreading, the petals are oval and concave. It
1. BOERHAAVIA (Erecta) caule erecto glabro. Lin. Sp . bath many awl-shaped ftamina, which are thelength of the
Plant. 3. Boerhaavia with an erect stalk. Boerhaavia petal, crowned with oblong incurved fummits. Inthe cen
Solanifolia erecta glabra, floribus carneis laxiùs dif ter is fituated the round germen, fupporting aſlender ſtyle
pofitis. Houft. MSS. the length of the ftamina, with a round ftigma. The em
2. BOERHAAVIA ( Diffuſa) caule diffufo. Lin. Sp . Plant . palement afterward becomes a large, oblong, turbinated
3. Boerhaavia with a diffufed ftalk. Boerhaavia Sola capfule, having five cells, opening with five valves, which
nifolia major. Vail. Def. 50 . are ligneous, containing many roundish feeds, wrapped in a
3. BOERHAAVIA ( Scandens) caule fcandente floribus dian foft doren, and fixed to afive-cornered column.
dris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 3. Boerhaavia with a climbing This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth order of
Stalk. Boerhaavia alfines folio fcandens, floribus pal Linnæus's fixteenth clafs, intitled Monadelphia Po
lidè luteis majoribus in umbellæ modum difpofitis fe lyandria, the flower having many ſtyles and ſtamina
mine afpero. Houft. MSS. joined to a column .
4. BOERHAAVIA (Coccinea) foliis ovatis, floribus laterali The SPECIES are,
bus compactis, caule hirfuto procumbente. Boerhaavia I. BOMBAX (Ceiba) floribus polyandris, foliis quinatis.
with oval leaves, flowers coming from the wings of the Jacq. Amer. 26. Silk Cotton-tree whofe flowers have
leaves in close beads, and a hairy trailingftalk. Boerhaa manystyles, and leaves with five lobes. Čeiba viticis
via Solanifolia procumbens & hirfuta floribus cocci foliis caudice aculeato. Plum. Nov. Gen. 42.
neis compactis . Houft. MSS. 2. BOMBAX ( Pentandrum) floribus pentandris. Jacq . A
The firſt fort was diſcovered by the late Dr. Houf mer. 26. Silk Cotton-tree whofe flowers have five styles.
toun, at La Vera Cruz , in 1731. This rifes with an Ceiba viticis foliis caudice glabro. Plum. Nov. Gen.
upright ſmooth ſtalk, two feet high, and at each 42.
joint hath two oval pointed leaves growing oppofite,
2 3. BOMBAX
"
 BOM BON

3. BOMBAX (Villofus) foliis quinque-angularibus villofis, fide are covered with a fhort, brown, hairy dowri, and
caule geniculato. Silk Cotton with five-cornered hairy are cut on their edges into five angles. Theſe plants
leaves, and ajointedſtalk. have not as yet flowered in England, nor have I re
The firſt and ſecond forts grow naturally in both In ceived any information what flower they produce ;
dies, where they arrive to a great magnitude , being but by the pods and feeds, it appears evidently to be
fome of the talleſt trees in thofe countries ; but the of this genus. The down inclofed in thefe pods, is
wood is very light, and not much valued, except for of a fine purple colour ; and I have been informed
making of canoes, which is the chief ufe made of that the inhabitants of the countries where the trees
them. Their trunks are fo large, as when hollowed, grow naturally, fpin it, and work it into garments,
to make very large ones. In Columbus's first voyage which they wear without dyeing it of any other
it was reported, there was a canoe feen at the iſland colour.
of Cuba, made of the hollowed trunk of one of theſe I received a few years fince, a few pods of another
trees, which was ninety-five palms long, and of a fort from Panama, which were not ſo large as thoſe of
proportional width, which would contain a hundred the common, but were rounder. The down of theſe
and fifty men and fome modern writers have af was red, but the plants raiſed from the feeds were ſo
firmed, that there are trees of theſe forts now grow like thofe of the third fort, as not to be diftinguished
ing in the Weſt-Indies, fo large, as not to be fathom from them , fo I doubt of their being diftinct ſpecies.
ed by fixteen men, and fo tall as that an arrow cannot I alfo received fomé feeds from Siam, which produced
be fhot to their top. plants of the fame kind, fo that theſe trees may be
Theſe trees generally grow with very ftrait ftems ; common to many of the hot countries.
thofe of the firft fort are cloſely armed with fhort The plants are propagated by feeds, which must be
ſtrong ſpines, but the ſecond hath very ſmooth ſtems, fown on a hot-bed in the fpring ; if the feeds are good,
which in the young plants are of a bright green, but the plants will appear in a month, and thofe of the
after a few years, they are covered with a grey, or two firſt forts will be ftrong enough to tranſplant in a
Afh- coloured bark, which turns to a brown as the month after, when they fhould be each planted in a
trees grow older : they feldom put out any fide fmall pot, filled with freſh loamy earth, and plunged
branches till they arrive to a confiderable height, un into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, being care
lefs their leading fhoot be broken or injured. The ful to fhade them from the fun till they have taken
branches toward their top are garniſhed with leaves freſh root ; after which they ſhould have a large ſhare
compoſed of five, feven, or nine oblong ſmooth lobes, of air admitted to them when the weather is warm, to
which are fpear- fhaped, and join to one center at prevent their being drawn up weak ; they muſt alſo be
their baſe, where they adhere to the long foot-ſtalk . frequently refreſhed with water, which must not be
Theſe fall away every year, ſo that for fome time the given in large quantities, efpecially the third fort,
trees are naked, and before the new leaves come out, whoſe ſtalks are very fubject to rot with much moif
the flower-buds appear at the end of the branches, ture . In this bed they may remain till autumn (pro
and foon after the flowers expand, which are com vided there is room for the plants under the glaffes)
pofed of five oblong purple petals, with a great num but if the heat of the bed declines, the tan fhould be
ber of ftamina in the center ; when theſe fall off, they ftirred up, and freſh added to it ; and if the plants have
are fucceeded by oval fruit larger than a fwan's egg, filled the pots with their roots, they ſhould be ſhifted
having a thick ligneous cover, which, when ripe, into pots a little larger ; but there muſt be care taken
opens in five parts, and is full of a dark fhort cot not to over- pot them, for nothing is more injurious
ton, inclofing many roundiſh feeds as large as ſmall to thefe plants, than to be put into large pots, in
Peaſe. which they will never thrive. In the autumn they
The down which is inclofed in theſe feed- veffels is muſt be removed into the bark-ftove, where they
feldom uſed, except by the poorer inhabitants to ſtuff muſt conſtantly remain, being too tender to thrive in
pillows or chairs, but it is generally thought to be this country in any other fituation. In winter they
unwholeſome to lie upon. muſt have but little wet, efpecially if they caft their
Theſe two ſpecies have been fuppofed the fame by leaves ; but in the fummer they fhould be frequently
many writers on natural hiſtory, who have affirmed, refreſhed with water, and in warm weather muft have
that the young trees only have prickles on their plenty of freſh air admitted to them. With this ma
trunks, and as they grow old, their trunks become nagement the plants will make great progrefs, and
ſmooth ; but from many years experience I can affirm, in a few years will reach the glaffes on the top
that the feeds which have been fent me of the two of the ftove, efpecially if the building is not pretty
forts, have always produced plants of the different lofty.
kinds for which they were fent, and continue the The plants make an agreeable variety in a large ſtove
fame in plants, which are more than twenty years where they have room to grow, their leaves having
growth. a different appearance from most other plants ; but
There was a few years paft a fine plant of another as they are ſeveral years old before they flower in the
fort in the garden of the late Duke of Richmond, at countries where they grow naturally, there is little
Goodwood, which was raifed from feeds that came hopes of their producing any in England. •
from the Eaft-Indies. The ftem of this was very ftrait BONDUC. See GUILANDINA.
and finooth ; the leaves were produced round the BONTIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 709. Plum. Nov. Gen.
top upon very long foot-ftalks, each being compofed 23. Hort. Elth. 49. Barbadoes Wild Olive.
of feven or nine long, narrow, filky, fmall lobes, The CHARACTERS are,
joined at their bafe to the foot-ſtalk, in the ſame man It bath a small erect empalement, which is quinquifid and
ner as thofe of the two former, but they were much permanent. The flower is of the ringent kind, having a
longer, and reflexed backward, fo that at firft fight long cylindrical tube, gaping at the brim ; the upper lip
it appeared very different from either of them. This is erect and indented, the lower lip is trifid and turns
may be the fpecies, titled by Jacquin, Bombax flori backward. It hath four awl-shaped fiamina, which are
ribus pentandris, foliis feptenatis. Amer. 26. as long as the petal, and incline to the upper lip, two of
The third fort was fent me from the Spaniſh Weſt them being longer than the other, having finglefummits.
Indies, where it grows naturally, but I do not know In the center is fituated the oval germen, fupporting a flen
to what fize ; the plants which have been raiſed here, der ftyle the length of the ftamina, crowned by a bifid ob
have foft herbaceous ftalks very full of joints, and tufe ftigma. The germen afterward becomes an oval berry
do not appear as if they would become woody, for with one cell, including a nut of thefame form.
the plants of feveral years growth have foft pithy This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection
ftems. The leaves come out on long hairy foot of Linnæus's fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia
ſtalks toward the top of the plants ; theſe have the Angiospermia, the flower having two long and two
appearance of thofe of the Mallow-tree, but are fhort ftamina, and the feeds are included in a cover.
larger, and of a thicker confiftence ; on their under
The
 BON BON

The SPECIES are, 2. BOREONIA (Cordata) foliis cordatis multinerviis inte

1. BONTIA. (Daphnoides. ) Lin. Sp . Plant. Barbadoes Wild gerrimis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 737. Borbonia with entire
Olive. Bontia arborefcens thymelææ facie . Plum . heart-shaped leaves having many nerves. Spartium A
Nov. Gen. 32. fricanum frutefcens rufci folio caulem amplexante.
2. BONTIA (Germinans) foliis oppofitis, pedunculis fpi Com. Hort. Amft. 2. 195.

catis. Lin. Sp . Plant . 891. Bontia with leaves growing 3. BORBONIA (Trinervia) foliis lanceolatis trinerviis in
oppofite, and spiked foot f-talks of flowers. Avicennia. tegerrimis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 707. Borbonia with entire
Flor . Zeyl . 57. Spear-
shaped leaves, having three veins.
The first fort is greatly cultivated in the gardens at Thefe plants grow naturally at the Cape of Good
Barbadoes, for making of hedges, than which there is Hope, from whence I received their feeds. In the
not a more proper plant for thofe hot countries, it be natural place of their growth, they rife to the height
ing an Evergreen, and of quick growth. I have been of ten or twelve feet ; but in Europe they feldom are
informed, that from cuttings (planted in the rainy more than four or five, having flender ftems di
ſeaſon, when they have immediately taken root) there vided into ſeveral branches, which are garniſhed with
has been a complete hedge, four or five feet high, in ftiff leaves, placed alternately ; thoſe of the firſt fort
eighteen months. And as this will very well bear are narrow, long, and end in a fharp point. The
cutting, it is formed into a very clofe thick hedge, flowers come out from between the leaves at the end
which makes a beautiful appearance . In England it of the branches in fmall clufters ; thefe are yellow,
is preſerved in ſtoves, with feveral curious plants of and ſhaped like thofe of the Broom. It flowers in
the fame country. It may be raiſed from feeds, which Auguft and September, but doth not perfect feeds
ſhould be fown on a hot-bed early in the fpring (that in England.
the plants may acquire ftrength before winter. ) When The fecond fort hath broader leaves than the first:
the plants are come up, they must be tranfplanted the ſtalks of this are flender, covered with white bark.
out each into a feparate half-penny pot filled with The leaves embrace thefe at their bafe, where they
light freſh earth, and plunged into a moderate hot are broadeft, and are terminated by fharp points like
bed of tanners bark, obferving to water and fhade thofe of Kneeholm , or Butchers Broom. The flowers
them until they have taken root ; after which they are produced in fmall cluſters at the end of the
muft have a large fhare of air in warm weather, and branches, which are the fame fhape and colour as
be often refreſhed with water. In winter they muſt thofe of the former, but larger. This flowers at the
be placed in the ſtove, where they ſhould have a mo fame time with the former, but never produces feeds
derate degree of warmth, and but little water during here.
that feafon. In fummer they muſt have a great ſhare The third fort hath ſtronger ftalks than either of the
of air, but will not do well if expofed abroad, efpe former, garnished almoft their whole length, as are
cially in cold fummers ; fo that they fhould remain alſo the branches with ſtiff fpear-ſhaped leaves, hav
in the ſtove among plants which require a great ſhare ing three longitudinal nerves on each ; thefe are
of air, which may be admitted by opening the glaffes placed clofer together than thofe of the other fpecies.
in very hot weather. With this management, theſe The flowers are produced at the extremity of the
·
plants will produce flowers and fruit in three or four branches, each standing on a feparate foot-ftalk :
years from feed. They may alfo be propagated by they are of the fame fhape and colour with the for
cuttings, which ſhould be planted in the fummer. mer, but larger.
They must be put into pots filled with light rich As thefe plants do not perfect their feeds in this
earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed, obferv country, they are with difficulty propagated here.
ing to water and fhade them until they have taken The only method by which I have yet fucceeded,
root ; after which they muſt be treated as hath been hath been by laying down their young ſhoots ; but
directed for the feedling plants. Theſe plants being theſe are commonly two years before they put out
evergreen, and growing in a pyramidal form, make roots fit to be feparated from the old plant. In lay
a pretty variety in the ſtove amongſt other exotic ing of thefe down, the joint which is laid in the
plants. ground fhould be fit upward, as is practifed in lay
The fecond fort is fuppofed to be the Anacardium ing Carnations, and the bark of the tongue at bottom
Orientale ; but whether this is the true fort, I cannot taken off. The beſt time to lay thefe down, is in
determine, having feen only the feeds of that plant, the beginning of September ; and the fhoots moſt
which are frequently brought to Europe for marking proper for this purpofe, are thofe which come out
nuts ; and thofe have been too old to grow, fo I immediately, or very near the root, and are of the
cannot take upon me to determine how far Mr. Jac fame year's growth, not only from their fituation be
quin is right. ing near the ground, and thereby better adapted for
BONUS HENRICUS. See CHENOPODIUM . laying, but theſe are alfo more apt to put out roots
BORBONIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 764. than any of
of the
the upper branches.
The CHARACTERS are , But where good feeds can be procured, that is the
It bath a turbinated empalement of one leaf, cut at the more eligible method of propagating the plants ; for
top into five acute fegments, which are stiff, pungent, and thofe railed from the feeds make the ftraiteft plants,
about half the length of the petals. The flower bath five and are quicker of growth. When good feeds are
leaves, and is of the butterfly shape. The standard is obtained, they fhould be fown in pots filled with light
obtufe and reflexed. The wings are heart -
shaped and forter loamy earth , as foon as they are received ; which, if
than the ftandard. The keel bath obtufe lunulated leaves. it happens in the autumn, the pots fhould be plunged
It bath nine ftamina joined in a cylinder, and one upper into an old bed of tanners bark, under a frame, where
Standing fingle, turning up its point. Thefe have finall they may remain all the winter, being careful that
fummits. In the center is fituated an awl - shaped germen, they are fecured from froft, and have not much wet.
Supporting a fhortStyle, crowned by an obtufe indented ftig In the fpring, the pots fhould be plunged into a hot
ma. The germen afterward becomes a round pointed pod bed, which will bring up the plants in five or fix
terminated with a spine, having one cell, inclofing a kid weeks. When thefe are fit to remove, they fhould
ney-shaped feed. be each planted into a ſeparate ſmall pot, filled with
This genus of plants is ranged in the third order of the like loamy earth, and plunged into a moderate
Linnæus's feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia De hot-bed, obferving to fhade them until they have
candria, the flower having ten ftamina, nine of which taken freſh root, as alfo to refreſh them with water,
are joined, and the other ftands feparate. as they may require it. After this they muſt by de
1 The SPECIES are ,
grees be inured to the open air, into which they fhould
1. BORBONIA ( Lanceolata ) foliis lanceolatis multinerviis be removed in June, and placed in a ſheltered ſitua
integerrimis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 707. Borbonia with en tion, where they may remain till autumn, when they
shaped leaves having many nerves.
tire fpear - Genista A muft be removed into the green-houfe, and placed
fricana frutefcens rufci nervofis foliis. Raii Hiſt . 3 .
where they may enjoy the air and fun ; during the
107. 6 winter
 BOR BOR

winter feafon, thefe plants muſt be fparingly watered ; the lawn : for a fmall lawn fhould not have very
but in fummer, when they are placed abroad, they broad borders, nor ought a large lawn to be bounded
will require to be frequently refreshed, but muft not by fmall borders ; fo that a due proportion ſhould be
have too much water given them each time. always obferved in the laying out of gardens.
Theſe plants make a pretty variety in the green-houſe BORRAGO [ or Borago, which fignifies much the
in winter, and as they do not require any artificial fame as courage, becauſe it is a good raifer of the fpi
heat to preſerve them, they are worthy of a place in rits. ] Borage.
every garden where there is conveniency for keeping The CHARACTERS are,
them.'
The empalement is divided into five parts at the top, and
BORDERS. The ufe of thefe in a garden, is to
is permanent. The flower is of one leaf, having a short
bound and incloſe parterres, to prevent them being tube, fpread wide open above, being divided into five
injured by walking in them : theſe are commonly ren acute fegments at ihe brim. The chops of the flower are
dered very ornamental by means of the flowers, crowned by five prominences, which are obtufe and indent
fhrubs, &c. that are planted in them. ed. It bath five ftamina which are joined together,
Thefe ought to be laid with a rifing in the middle, crowned by oblong fummits. It bath four germen fituated
becauſe, if they are flat, they are not agreeable to in the center, and a fingle style longer than the ftamina,
the eye .
Supporting a SingleStigma. The four germen afterward
As for their breadth, five or fix feet are often allowed become fo many roundish rough feeds, inferted in the cavi
for the largeſt, and four for the leffer. ties of the receptacle, and included in the large fwollen
Borders are of four forts : thofe are the moſt com
empalement.
mon, that are continued about parterres without any This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection
interruption , and are wrought with a gentle rifing of Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Mono
in the middle, like an afs's back, and planted with gynia, the flower having five ftamina and a fingle
flowers. ftyle.
The fecond fort of borders is fuch as are cut into The SPECIES are,

compartments, at convenient diftances, by fmall paf 1. BORRAGO ( Officinalis) foliis omnibus alternis, calyci
fages ; and being alfo raiſed in the middle, as before bus patentibus. Hort. Upfal. 34. Borage with all the
mentioned, are likewife fet off with flowers. leaves growing alternate, and a spreading flower-cup.
The third fort is fuch as are laid even and flat with Borrago floribus cæruleis. J. B.
out flowers, having only a verge of grafs in the mid 2. BORRAGO ( Orientalis) calycibus tubo corollæ brevio
dle, being edged with two fmall paths, raked fmooth ribus, foliis cordatis. Hort. Cliff. 45. Borage with a
and fanded. Thefe are fometimes garnished with flower-cupfhorter than the tube of the flower, andheart
flowering fhrubs, and flowers of large growth, or Shaped leaves. Borrago Conftantinopolitana flore re
with vafes and flower-pots, placed regularly along flexo cæruleo calyce veficareo. Tourn . Cor. 6.
the middle of the verge of graſs. 3. BORRACO (Africana) foliis ramificationum oppofitis
The fourth fort is quite plain, and only fanded, as petiolatis, calycinis foliolis ovatis acutis erectis. Lin.
in the parterres of orangery, and is filled with cafes Sp. 197. African Borage with leaves growing oppofite to
ranged in a regular order along thoſe borders which are the branches upon foot s-talks, and the leaves of the em
edged with Box on the fides next to the walks ; and palement oval, pointed, and erect. Cynogloffum Bora
on the other, with verges and grafs-work next the ginis folio & facie Æthiopicum. Pluk. Alm.
parterre. 4. BORRAGO (Indica) foliis ramificationum oppofitis ca
Borders are either made ftrait, circular, or in cants, lycinis foliolis fagittatis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 137. Borage
and are turned into knots, fcrolls, and other com with oppofite leaves on the branches, and spear-shaped
partments. leaves to the flower- cup. Cynogloffoides folio caulem
Floriſts alfo make borders either along walks, or de amplexante. Ifhard. Act. Scien. 1718.
tached, and in theſe they raife their fineft and choiceft The first is the common Borage, whofe flowers are
flowers. Thefe are frequently encompaffed with bor ufed in medicine, and the herb for cool tankards in
der-boards painted green, which make them look ex fummer. Of this there are three varieties, which ge
ceeding neat. nerally retain their difference from feeds ; one hath a
But, in large parterres, this is not to be expected ; blue, the other a white, and another a red flower ;
fince, if they be ſtocked with flowers fucceeding one and there is one which hath variegated leaves. Theſe
another in their feveral feafons, it is fufficient, fo that variations have continued feveral years in the Chelfea
nothing appears bare and naked. garden, with very little alteration ; but as they do
It is ufual to difcontinue the borders at the ends next not differ in any other refpect from the common, I
to the houſe, that the embroidery and rife of the par-, have only mentioned them as varieties.
terre may not be hidden by the fhrubs and flower This is an annual plant, which, if permitted to fcat
ing plants, and that the deſign may be better judg ter its feeds, the plants will come up in plenty with
ed of. out care ; the feeds may alfo be fown either in fpring
Since the modern way of gardening has been intro or autumn, but the latter feafon is preferable, on a
duced in England, all the French taſte of parterres, fpot of open ground where the plants are defigned
fcroll-borders, and fret-work in Box, has been juftly to remain ; when the plants have obtained a little
banished our gardens : therefore I have only men ftrength, the ground fhould be hoed to defroy the
tioned them here, to expofe the taſte of thofe archi weeds, and the plants must be cut up where they are
tect-gardeners, who have no idea of the noble fim too near each other, leaving them eight or ten inches
plicity of an open lawn of grafs, properly bounded afunder. After this they will require no farther care,
by plantations ; but, inftead of this, divide the part unleſs the weeds fhould come up again ; then the
of the garden near the houfe, into various forms of ground fhould be a fecond time hoed over to deftroy
borders edged with Box, with fand, fhell, or gravel them, which, if well peformed, and in dry weather,
walks leading about them, by which the ground is will clear the ground from weeds, fo it will require no
cut into many angles, fcrolls, &c. which is very hurt more cleaning till the Borage is decayed . The plants
ful to the eyes of a judicious perfon : therefore, where which are raiſed in the autumn, will flower in May,
flowers are defired, there may be borders continued but thoſe which are raiſed in the fpring, will not flower
round the extent of the lawn, immediately before till June ; fo that where a continuation of the flowers
the plantations of fhrubs ; which, if properly planted are required, there fhould be a fecond fowing in the
with hardy flowers to fucceed each other, will afford fpring, about a month after the firft ; but this fhould
a much more pleafing profpect than the ſtiff borders be on a fhady border, and if the ſeaſon fhould prove
made in fcrolls and compartments, after the French dry, the ground muſt be watered frequently, to bring
manner, can poffibly do. up the plants ; this latter fowing will continue flow
Theſe borders may be made fix or eight feet wide, ering till the end of fummer.
in proportion to the extent of the garden and fize of
Oo The

1
 BOS BRA
"
The fecond fort was brought from Conftantinople, with a ftem as large as a middling perfon's leg ; the
where it grows naturally. This is a perennial plant, branches come out very irregular, and make con
having thick fleshy roots, which ſpread under the fiderable shoots in fummer, which fhould be fhortened
furface of the ground, and is thereby propagated every fpring, to preferve the heads of the plants in
with great facility. This fends out many oblong any tolerable order : theſe branches retain their leaves
heart-shaped leaves from the root, without any order, till toward the fpring, when they fall away, and new
having long hairy foot-ftalks ; from the root arifes leaves are produced foon after : it may be propagated
the flower-ftem, which is more than two feet high by cuttings planted in the fpring, and the plants muft
when fully grown, having at the joints a fingle fmall be houfed in winter, being too tender to live in the
leaf without a foot-ftalk . The upper part of the ſtalk open air through the year, in this country.
branches out into ſeveral ſmall foot-ftalks, which are BOSQUETS are little groves ; fo called from Bof
terminated by looſe panicles of flowers ; theſe are of chetto, Italian, which is a diminutive of Bofco, a
a pale blue colour, and the petal is reflexed backward, wood or grove .
fo that the connected ftamina and ſtyle are left naked . Theſe are ſmall compartments in gardens, which are
After the flowers are fallen, the four germen become formed of trees, fhrubs, or tall large growing plants,
fo many rough feeds, ſmaller than thoſe of the com planted in quarters ; and are either difpofed regularly
mon Borage . It flowers in March, and the feeds in rows, or in a more wild or accidental manner, ac
ripen in May. When the flower-ftalk firſt appears, cording to the fancy of the owner : theſe quarters are
the flowers feem collected into a clofe fpike, fome commonly furrounded with Evergreen hedges, and
of which often ſpread open before the ſtalk is fix the entrance formed into regular porticos with Yews,
inches high ; but as the ftalks advance, they divide which are by far the beſt and moſt tonfile trees for
into many looſe ſpikes. this purpoſe. In the infide of theſe quarters may be
It is eafily propagated by the root , which may be made fome walks, either ftrait or winding ; which,
parted in the autumn : thefe fhould have a dry foil if the quarters are large, fhould be five or fix feet
and a warm fituation, for as the flower-ſtalks appear broad, and may be laid with turf, and kept well
early in the fpring, fo when they are much expofed, mowed and rolled, which will render the walking
they are often killed by the froft, and thereby pre much eaſier and pleaſanter than if the walks are only
vented flowering ; if theſe plants are planted in dry the common earth ; which in ſmaller quarters cannot
rubbiſh, they will not grow too luxuriant, fo will be otherwiſe, for if the trees are cloſe, and the walks
not be in danger of fuffering by froft . Some of the narrow, ſo as to be ſhaded and over-hung by the trees,
feeds of this have ſcattered into the joints of an old the graſs will not grow.
wall in the Chelſea garden, where the plants have Thefe quarters may be alfo furrounded with hedges
grown without care for fome years, and are never in of Lime, Elm, Hornbeam, or Beech ; which fhould
jured by cold or heat. be kept well fheared, and not ſuffered to rife too high ;
The third and fourth forts grow naturally in Africa ; that the heads of the trees may be fully feen over
theſe are both annual plants, which rarely riſe a foot them, and the ſtems only hid from the fight, when
high, having rough ftalks ; thofe of the third fort in the walks on the outfide of the quarters.
are fet on by pairs oppofite, with fhort foot-ftalks, In the planting of thefe bofquets, you ſhould obferve
but the leaves of the fourth cloſely embrace the ſtalks to mix the trees, which produce their leaves of dif
at their baſe ; the flowers come out on fhort foot ferent fhapes, and various fhades of green, and hoary
ftalks from the wings of the leaves, and alſo at the or meally leaves, fo as to afford an agreeable profpect :
top of the ſtalks. Thofe of the third fort are white, befides, there is a great variety of different fruits,
and thofe of the fourth a pale flefh colour ; but which thefe trees produce in autumn ; which, altho'
neither of them make any great appearance, ſo are of little or no uſe, that we know of, yet have a very
feldom cultivated but in botanic gardens for va good effect, in affording an agreeable variety for fome
riety. time after the leaves are gone ; as the Euonymus, or
The feeds of theſe plants fhould be fown upon a hot Spindle-tree, the Opulus, or Marth Elder, the Cock
bed in March, and when the plants are ftrong enough fpur Hawthorn, with many other forts, too nume
to be removed, they ſhould be each planted in a ſmall rous to mention in this place ; whoſe berries afford
pot filled with light earth, and plunged into a new food for the birds, fo that they will be thereby invited
hot-bed to bring them forward, otherwife they will to ſtay and harbour in theſe little groves, which by
not perfect their feeds in this country ; but in hot their different notes, will render thefe places very
weather they muſt have a great ſhare of air, otherwiſe agreeable in the fpring. But I would adviſe never to
they will draw up weak, and fail before the feeds mix Evergreens with deciduous trees ; for, befides
are ripe. the ill effect it hath to the fight ( efpecially in winter, )
BOSE A, Yervamora, or Shrubby Golden-rod . they feldom thrive well together ; fo that thofe quar
The CHARACTERS are, ters where you intend to have Evergreens, fhould
It hath an empalement compofed offive roundish , concave, be wholly planted therewith ; and in the other parts
equal leaves ; it hath no corolla, but five awl -
ſhaped ſta mix as many varieties of different trees, which caft
mina longer than the empalement, terminated by fingle their leaves, as you can conveniently ; and alſo plant
1 fummits ; and an oblong, oval, pointed germen, with two fome of the largeſt growing flowers (eſpecially near
ftigma fitting clofe upon it. The empalement afterward the outſide of the quarters, ) which will add greatly
becomes a globular berry with one cell, inclosing one roundish to the variety, if they have but air enough to grow ;
feed. but if any of the Evergreen trees are mixed with the
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection deciduous, it fhould be only to border the wood .
of Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia, Theſe boſquets are proper only for ſpacious gardens,
the flower having five ſtamina and two ſtyles. being expenfive in their firft making, as alfo in
We have but one SPECIES of this plant, viz . keeping.
BOSEA. (Yervamora. ) Lin . Hort. Cliff. 84. Arbor bacci BOTRYS. See CHENOPODIUM .
fera Canarienfis, fyringiæ cærulæ foliis , purpuran BOX-TREE. See Buxus.
tibus venis, fructu monopyreno Yervamora Hifpa BRABEJUM, African Almond, vulgò.
norum. Pluk. Phyt. Commonly called Golden-rod-tree. The CHARACTERS are,
This plant is a native of the iſlands of the Canaries , The flower bath no empalement ; it is compofed of four
and it hath alſo been fince found in fome of the Bri narrow obtufe petals which are erect, forming a tube, but
tifh iſlands in America ; but was firft brought into are turned backward at top ; it hath four flender ftamina
England from the Canaries, and has been long an which are inferted in the bottom of the petals, and are of
inhabitant of the English gardens ; but I have not as the fame length, having fmall fummits. In the center is
yet feen any of theſe plants in flower, though I have
a fmall hairy germen, fupporting a fender ftyle, crowned
had many old plants under my care more than forty by afingle ftigma ;, the germen afterward becomes an oval,
years it makes a pretty ftrong woody fhrub, growing bairy, dry berry, inclofing an oval nut.
This
 BRA BRA

This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of has joined the Turnep, Navew, and Rocket, which
Linnæus's fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Monogy by their generical characters, may in a ſyſtem of bo
nia, the flower having four ftamina and one ſtyle. tany, come under the fame title ; but in a treatiſe
We have but one SPECIES of this plant, viz. of gardening, it may occafion confufion ; therefore
BRABEJUM . (Stellatifolium . ) Hort. Cliff. Amygdalus Æthi I fhall treat of them under their former titles, by
pica, fructu holoferico. Breyn. Cent. African, or which they are generally known.
Ethiopian Almond. The SPECIES are,
This tree is a native of the country about the Cape 1. BRASSICA ( Oleracea) radice caulefcente tereti carnofà.
of Good Hope. Hort. Cliff. 338. Cabbage with a taper fleshy ftalk. Braf
In Europe it feldom grows above eight or nine feet fica capitata alba. C. B. P. 111. The common white
high, but in its native foil it is a tree of middling Cabbage.
growth ; but as it muſt be kept in pots, or tubs, 2. BRASSICA (Napobraffica) radice caulefcente orbiculari
being too tender to live through the winter in the open carnofo, foliis feffilibus. Cabbage with a round fleshy
air, fo we cannot expect to fee it grow to a great fize. ftalk, and leaves growing close to the ftalks. Braffica ra
It rifes with an upright ftem, which is foft, and full dice napiformi. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 219. Turnep
of pith within, covered with a brown bark. From rooted Cabbage.
the ſtem are fent out horizontal branches at every 3. BRASSICA ( Botrytis) radice caulefcente tereti car
joint, the lower being the longeft, and every tier nofa, floralibus multicaulis . Cabbage with a taperfleshy
diminiſhing to the top , fo as to form a fort of py Stalk at the root, and many branchingflower-ftalks. This
ramid. The branches are garniſhed with leaves at is the Braffica Cauliflora. Cafp. Bauh. Pin. 111. The
each joint, which are from four to five inches long, Cauliflower.
and half an inch broad in the middle, of a deep green 4. BRASSICA ( Sylveftris) radice cauleque tenui ramofo
on their upper fide, but of a pale ruffet colour on perenni foliis alternis marginibus incifis. Cabbage with
their under, indented on their edges, ſtanding on very a branching perennial ftalk and root, and leaves growing
fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers are produced toward alternate, which are cut on their edges. Braffica mari
the end of the ſhoots, coming out from between the tima arborea five procerior ramofa. Mor. Hift. 2. p.
leaves quite round the branches, which are of a pale 208. Taller fhrubby Sea Cabbage.
colour, inclining to white ; theſe appear early in the 5. BRASSICA (Violacea) foliis lanceolato-ovatis glabris in
fpring, and fall away without any fruit fucceeding divifis dentatis. Hort. Upf. 191. Cabbage with entire,
them in this country . oval, Spear -
shaped, ſmooth leaves, which are indented.
This plant is, with difficulty, propagated by layers ; 6. BRASSICA ( Purpurea) foliis oblongo- cordatis amplexi
being often two years before they make roots ftrong caulibus, integerrimis. Cabbage with oblongheart -
shaped
enough to be taken from the old plants ; when the leaves embracing the stalks, which are entire. Braffica
branches are laid down, it will be a good method to campeftris perfoliata flore purpureo. C. B. P. 112 .
flit them at ajoint ( as is practifed in laying Carnations) 7 . BRASSICA ( Orientalis) foliis cordatis amplexicaulibus
which will promote their taking root. glabris. Lin. Sp . 931. Colewort with heart-shapedfmooth
Theſe muſt have but little water given them, efpe leaves which embrace the talk. Braffica Orientalis
cially in winter, for as the young fhoots are chiefly perfoliata flore albo filiquâ quadrangulâ. Tourn.
pith within, fo they are very fubject to rot with much Cor. 16.

moiſture. The beſt time to make the layers is in 8 . BRASSICA ( Gongylodes) radice caulefcente tereti, foliis
April, juft as the plants are beginning to fhoot ; the inferioribus petiolatis fuperioribus femiamplexicau
layers muſt always be made of the former year's libus. Cabbage with a taper ftalk, the under leaves with
fhoots. As this plant is very difficult to propagate , foot-ftalks, and the upper half embracing the stalk. Na
fo it is very ſcarce in Europe, there being very few pus Sylveftris. C. B. P. 95. The wild Navew, or Cole
in the Dutch gardens at prefent. Seed.
The plants must have a good green-houſe in winter, The VARIETIES of the firft fort are,
but in fummer fhould be fet abroad in a fheltered fi 1 . BRASSICA ( Sabauda) fabauda hyberna. Lob. Icon . The
tuation, where they will thrive, and annually produce Savoy Cabbage, commonly called Savoy.
flowers in the fpring, fo will make a pretty variety 2. BRASSICA ( Rubra) capitata rubra. C. B. P. 111. The
among other exotic plants in the green-houſe. Red Cabbage.
BRANCA URSINA. See ACANTHUS . 3. BRASSICA (Pyramidalis) capitata alba pyramidalis .
BRASSICA , the Cabbage. The Sugar-loaf Cabbage.
The CHARACTERS are, 4. BRASSICA (Præcox) capitata alba præcox. The early
The empalement is compofed offour upright, fpear-shaped, Cabbage.
fmall leaves, which are convex at their bafe, and fall off. 5. BRASSICA ( Peregrina) peregrina mofchum olens . H.
The flower is croſs-ſhaped, having four oval plain petals, R. Par. Foreign Musk Cabbage.
which spread open, and are entire. It hath four oval 6 . BRASSICA ( Mufcovitica) capitata alba minor Muſco
nectarious glands, one being fituated on each fide of the vitica. H. A. Small Ruffia Cabbage.
fbort ftamina and pointal, and one on each fide the 7. BRASSICA ( Capitata) capitata alba compreffa. Boerh.
empalement. It bath fix ftamina, which are awl Ind. alt. 11. The large fided Cabbage.
Shaped and erect, two of which are oppofite, and the 8 . BRASSICA (Viridis) capitata viridis fabauda. Boerh .
length of the empalement, the other four are longer; theſe Ind. 11. The green Savoy.
have erect pointed fummits. It bath a taper germen the 9 . BRASSICA ( Laciniata) fimbriata. C. B. P. 111. The
length of the ftamina, having a short style thicker than Borecole.

the germen, and crowned by an entire ftigma. The ger 10. BRASSICA ( Seleniſia) fimbriata virefcens. Boerh. Ind.
2. 12. Green Borecole.
men afterward becomes a long taper pod, depreſſed on each
fide, and is terminated by the apex of the intermediate 11. BRASSICA ( Fimbriata) fimbriata Siberica. Boerh.
partition, which divides it into two cells, filled with round Ind. 2. 12. Siberian Borecole, called by fome Scotch
feeds. Kale.
This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection The ſecond fort is undoubtedly a diftinct fpecies, for
of Linnæus's fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia I have always found the feeds produce the fame, with
Siliquofa, the flowers having four long and two fhort this difference only, that in good ground the ftalks
ftamina, and are fucceeded by long pods. will be much larger than in poor land.
I ſhall firſt enumerate the fpecies, which are diftinct, The VARIETIES of the third fort are,
and afterward mention the varieties , which are cul I. BRASSICA Italica purpurea Broccoli dicta. Juff. Purple
tivated for the table ; for although moft of theſe may Broccoli.
be continued diftinct by proper care, without altera 2. BRASSICA Italica alba Broccoli dicta. Juff. White
tion ; yet as they are liable to vary when planted near Broccoli.
each other for feeds, fo we must not admit of their The ſecond fort, I believe, never varies, for I have
being different fpecies. To this genus Dr. Linnæus cultivated it many years, and have not found it to
6 alter.
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alter. This grows naturally on the fea-fhore, near feed, from which the Rape Oil is drawn ; and it hath
Dover. It hath a perennial branching ſtalk , in which alfo been cultivated of late years in other places,
it differs from all the other fpecies. I have continued for feeding of cattle, to great advantage . This hath
thefe three or four years, and have eaten the young been lately joined to the Napus Sativa, or Garden
fhoots after they had been much frozen, when they Navew, fuppofing them to be the fame fpecies ; but
I have cultivated both forts more than twenty years,
were very fweet and good ; but at other times they
are very strong and ftringy. In very fevere winters, and could never obferve either of them to vary ; in
when the other forts are deftroyed, this is a neceffary deed the whole appearance of the plants, is fufficient
plant, for the moſt ſevere frofts do not injure it. The to determine them as diftinct fpecies ; but as the
leaves of this are inclining to a purple colour, and Garden Navew approaches nearer the Turnep than
are placed alternately on the branches. The flower the Cabbage, fo I fhall treat of that under the title
of RAPA .
ftalks grow from the end of the branches, and ſpread
out horizontally ; but thofe which arife from the The Cole Seed ,when cultivated for feeding of cattle,
center of the plants, grow erect, and feldom put out fhould be fown about the middle of June. The
branches. ground for this fhould be prepared in the fame
The third fort, which is the Cauliflower, has been manner as for Turneps. The quantity of feeds for
fuppofed a variety ofthe common Cabbage ; but from an acre of land, is from fix to eight pounds, and as
more than fifty years experience in cultivating thefe the price of the feeds is not great, fo it is better to
plants, I could never find the leaft appearance of allow eight pounds ; for if the plants are too cloſe in
either fpecies approaching each other ; and they are any part, they may be eafily thinned when the ground
fo different in their leaves, as to be eafily diſtinguiſhed is hoed. When the plants have put out fix leaves,
by perfons of ſkill, when the plants are young. But they will be fit to hoe, which must be performed in
there is one effential difference between them in their the fame manner as is practifed for Turneps, with
flower-ſtems ; for the common Cabbage puts out one this difference only, of leaving thefe much nearer to
upright ftem from the center of the Cabbage, which gether ; for as they have fibrous roots and flender
afterward divides into feveral branches, whereas the italks, fo they do not require near fo much room.
Cauliflower fends out many flower-ftems from the Thefe plants fhould have a fecond hoeing, about five
part which is eaten ; which is only a compact col or fix weeks after the firft, which, if well performed
1 lection of the heads of thefe ftalks, which afterward in dry weather, will entirely deftroy the weeds, fo
divides into fo many ftems, branching out into many they will require no farther culture. By the middle
fpreading fhoots, fo as to form a large fpreading head of November thefe will be grown large enough for
when in flower, but never rifes pyramidically like the feeding, when, if there is a fcarcity of fodder, this
Cabbage. may be either cut or fed down ; but where there is
The two forts of Broccoli I take to be only varieties not an immediate want of food, it had better be kept
of the Cauliflower, for although theſe may with care as a referve for hard weather, or fpring feed, when
be kept diftinct, yet I doubt, if they were to ftand there may be a ſcarcity of other green food. If the
near each other for feeds, if they would not intermix ; heads are cut off, and the ftalks left in the ground,
and I am the rather inclined to believe this, from the they will fhoot again early in the fpring, and produce
various changes which I have obferved in all theſe a good fecond crop in April, which may be either
forts ; for I have frequently had Cauliflowers of a green fed off, or permitted to run to feeds, as is the practice
colour, with flower-buds regularly formed at the ends where this is cultivated for the feeds : but if the firſt
of the fhoots, as thofe of Broccoli, though the colour is fed down, there ſhould be care taken that the cattle
was different ; and the white Broccoli approaches fo do not destroy their ſtems, or pull them out of the
near to the Cauliflower, as to be with difficulty dif ground. As this plant is fo hardy as not to be de
tinguiſhed from it ; yet when thefe are cultivated with itroyed by froft, fo it is of great fervice in hard win
care, and never fuffered to ftand near each other, ters for feeding of ewes ; for when the ground is fo
when left to produce feeds, they may be kept very hard frozen, as that Turneps cannot be taken up,
diftinct in the fame garden ; for the variations of thefe thefe plants may be cut off for a conftant fupply.
plants is not occafioned from the foil, but the mixing In feveral places where I have fown this feed, I have
of the farina of the flowers with each other, where found that one acre of land will produce as much
"
they are planted near together ; therefore thofe perfons food, as almoft two acres of Turneps ; and this will
who are curious to preferve the feveral varieties dif afford late food after the Turneps are run to feed ;
tinct, fhould never fuffer the different kinds to ſtand and if it is afterward permitted to ſtand for feed, one
near each other for feed. acre will produce as much as, at a moderate compu
The Cauliflower was firft brought to England from tation, will fell for five pounds, clear of charges.
the iſland of Cpyrus, where I have been informed Partridges, pheaſants, turkeys, and moft other fowl,
they are in very great perfection at prefent : but it is are very fond of this plant ; fo that wherever it is
fuppofed, they were originally brought thither from cultivated, if there are any birds in the neighbour
fome other country : moft of the old writers mention hood, they will conftantly lie among thefe plants .
it to have been brought from that iſland, to the dif The feeds of this plant are fown in gardens for
ferent parts of Europe, fo that from thence all the winter and fpring fallads, this being one of the fmall
fallad-herbs.
gardens in Europe have been fupplied ; and although
V this plant was cultivated in a few English gardens The common white, red, flat, and long-fided Cab
" bages are chiefly cultivated for winter ule : the feeds
long fince, yet it was not brought to any degree of
perfection , till about 1680 , at leaft not to be fold in of theſe forts inuft be fown the end of March, or
the markets ; and fince the year 1700, they have been beginning of April, in beds of good freſh earth ; and
fo much improved in England, as that fuch of them in May, when the young plants will have about eight
as before were greatly admired, would at preſent be leaves, they fhould be pricked out into fhady bor
little regarded. ders, about three inches fquare, that they may ac
This plant has been much more improved in Eng quire ftrength, and to prevent their growing long
land, than in any other parts of Europe. In France fhanked.

: they rarely have Cauliflowers till near Michaelmas , About the beginning of June you muſt tranfplant
and Holland is generally fupplied with them from them out, where they are to remain for good (which
England. In many parts of Germany there was none in the kitchen-gardens near London , is commonly
of them cultivated till within a few years paít ; and between Cauliflowers, Artichokes , & c. at about two
moft parts of Europe are fupplied with feeds from feet and a half diftance in the rows ; ) but if they are
hence.* planted for a full crop in a clear fpot of ground, the
The eighth fort, which is generally known by the diftance from row to row fhould be three feet and a
title of Rape or Cole Seed, is much cultivated in the half, and in the rows two feet and a half afunder : if
ife of Ely, and fome other parts of England for its the feafon fhould prove dry when they are tranfplanted
out,
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out, you muſt water them every other evening, until tleman's garden, is not fo much for the advantage
they have taken freſh root ; and afterwards, as the of the market gardener, who loves to have his ground
plants advance in height, you ſhould draw the earth cleared fooner, that he may have another crop upon
about their ftems with a hoe, which will keep the' it, of Celery, Endive, &c. which is more to his
earth moift about their roots, and greatly ftrengthen purpofe ; for they, paying large rents for their land,
the plants you muſt alſo obferve to keep them clear are obliged to have as many crops in a year as
from weeds, which are apt to draw the plants up poffible.
tall ( if fuffered to grow amongſt them, ) and often Although I before have adviſed the planting out of
fpoil them. Cabbages for good in October, yet the Sugar-loaf
Thefe Cabbages will fome of them be fit for uſe foon kind may be planted out in February, and will fuc
after Michaelmas, and will continue until the end of ceed as well as if planted earlier, with this difference
February, if they are not deftroyed by bad weather ; only, that they will be later before they cabbage.
to prevent which, the gardeners near London pull You fhould alfo referve fome plants of the early kind
up their Cabbages in November, and trench their in fome well-fheltered fpot of ground, to fupply your
ground up in ridges, laying their Cabbages againſt plantation, in cafe of a defect ; for in mild winters
their ridges as clofe as poffible on one fide, burying many ofthe plants are apt to run to feed, efpecially
their ſtems in the ground : in this manner they let when their feeds are fown too early, and in fevere
them remain till after Chriſtmas, when they cut them winters they are often deſtroyed.
for the market ; and although the outer part of the The Savoy Cabbages are propagated for winter ufe,
Cabbage be decayed ( as is often the cafe in very wet as being generally efteemed the better when pinched
or hard winters, ) yet, if the Cabbages were large and by the froft : theſe muſt be fown about the middle
hard when laid, the infide will remain found. of April, and treated after the manner as was directed
The Ruffian Cabbage was formerly in much greater for the common white Cabbage ; with this difference,
efteem than at prefent, it being now only to be found that theſe may be planted at a clofer diſtance than
in particular gentlemens gardens, who cultivate it thofe ; two feet and a half fquare will be fufficient.
for their own ufe, and is rarely ever brought to the Thefe are always much better when planted in an
market. This muſt be fown late in the fpring of the open fituation, which is clear from trees and hedges ;
year, and managed as thofe before directed ; with for in clofe places they are very ſubject to be eaten
this difference only, that theſe muſt be fooner planted almoft up by caterpillars, and other vermin, eſpecially
out for good, and muft have an open clear ipot of if the autumn prove dry.
ground, and require much lefs diftance every way; The Borecole may be alfo treated in the fame manner,
for it is but a very ſmall hard Cabbage. Theſe will but need not be planted above one foot, afunder in
be fit for ufe in July or Auguft, but will not con the rows, and the rows two feet diftance : theſe are
tinue long before they will break, and run up to never eaten till the froft hath rendered them tender,
feed. The best method to have thefe Cabbages good, for otherwiſe they are tough and bitter.
is to procure freſh feeds from abroad every year, for The feeds of the Broccoli, (of which there are fe
it is apt to degenerate in England in a few years. veral kinds , viz. the Roman, or purple, and the
The early and Sugar-loaf Cabbages are commonly Neapolitan, or white, and the black Broccoli, with
fown for fummer ufe, and are what the gardeners fome others ; but the Roman is chiefly preferred to
about London commonly call Michaelmas Cabbages. them all) fhould be fown about the latter end of
The feafon for fowing of thefe is about the end of May, or beginning of June, in a moiſt foil ; and
July, or beginning of Auguft, in an open fpot of when the plants are grown to have eight leaves, tranf
ground ; and when the plants have got eight leaves, plant them into beds ( as was directed for the com
you muſt prick them into beds at about three inches mon Cabbage ; ) and toward the middle of July they
diftance every way, that the plants may grow ftrong will be fit to plant out for good, which fhould be
and fhort flanked ; and in the middle of October into fome well fheltered fpot of ground, but not under
you ſhould plant them out for good ; the diſtance the drip of trees : the diſtance theſe require is about
that theſe require is, three feet row from row, and a foot and a half in the rows, and two feet row from
two feet and a half afunder in the rows. The gar row. The foil, in which they ſhould be planted ,
deners near London commonly plant thefe Cabbages ought to be rather light than heavy, fuch as are the
upon the fame fpot of ground, where their winter kitchen gardens near London : if your plants fucceed
Spinach is fown ; fo that when the Spinach is cleared well ( as there will be little reafon to doubt, unleſs
off in the fpring, the ground will have a crop of the winter prove extreme hard , ) they will begin to
Cabbages upon it ; you must therefore clear off the fhew their fall heads, which are fomewhat like a
Spinach juft round each plant early in the ſpring, that Cauliflower, but of a purple colour, about the end
with a hoe you may draw the carth up to the item ; of December, and will continue eatable till the middle
and when all your Spinach is cleared off, which is of April .
commonly in the beginning of April, you muſt hoe The brown or black Broccoli is by many perfons
down all the weeds, and draw up the earth again greatly esteemed, though it doth not deferve a place
about your Cabbage plants. in the kitchen-garden, where the Roman Broccoli
In May, if your plants were of the early kind, they can be obtained, which is much fweeter, and will
will turn in their leaves for cabbaging ; at which continue longer in feafon : indeed, the brown fort is
time, the gardeners near London, in order to obtain much hardier, fo that it will thrive in the coldeſt fi
them a little fooner, tie in their leaves clofe with a tuations, where the Roman Broccoli is fometimes
flender Ofier-twig to blanch their middle ; by which deſtroyed in very hard winters. The brown fort
means, they have them at leaft a fortnight fooner than fhould be fown in the middle of May, and managed
they could have if they were left untied. as hath been directed for the common Cabbage, and
The early Cabbage being the firft, we fhould choofe fhould be planted at the fame diftance (which is about
(if for a gentleman's ufe) to plant the fewer of them, two feet and a half afunder. ) This will grow very
and a greater quantity of the Sugar-loaf kind, which tall, fo fhould have the earth drawn up to their ſtems
comes after them ; for the early kind will not fupply as they advance in height. This doth not form
the kitchen long, generally cabbaging apace when heads fo perfect as the Roman Broccoli ; the ftems
they begin, and as foon grow hard, and burft open ; and hearts of the plants are the parts which are
but the Sugar-loaf kind is longer before it comes, · eaten.
and is as flow in its cabbaging ; and, being of an The Roman Broccoli ( if well managed) will have
hollow kind, will continue good for a long time. I large heads, which appear in the center of the plants,
have known a large quarter of ground, which was like clusters of buds. Thefe heads fhould be cut
planted with this fort of Cabbage for market ufe, before they run up to feed, with about four or five
which hath afforded a fupply for near three months inches of the ftem ; the fkin of theſe ſtems fhould be
together. This, though of lingular fervice to a gen ſtripped off, before they are boiled : thefe will be
PP very
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very tender and little inferior to Afparagus . After fweeter in ſevere winters than in mild ſeaſons . This
the first heads are cut off, there will be a great num may be propagated by fowing the feeds the begin
ber of fide fhoots produced from the ſtems, which ning of July , and when the plants are ftrong enough
will have ſmall heads to them, but are full as well fla for tranfplanting, they fhould be planted in rows
voured as the large. Theſe fhoots will continue good about a foot and a half aſunder, and ten inches dif
until the middle of April, when the Afparagus will tance in the rows ; this work fhould be performed at
come in plenty to fupply the table. a moiſt time, when the plants will foon take root, and
The Naples Broccoli hath white heads, very like require no farther care. Thefe will be fit for ufe
thofe of the Cauliflower, and eats fo like it, as not to after Chriſtmas, and continue good until April, fo
be diſtinguiſhed from it. This is much tenderer than that they are very uſeful in a family.
the Roman Broccoli, fo is not fo much cultivated in The Muſk Cabbage has, through negligence, been
England ; for as the gardens near London generally almoft loft in England, though for eating it is one of
produce great plenty of late Cauliflowers, which, if the beſt kinds we have ; but being tenderer than many
the feafon prove favourable, will continue till Chrift other forts, is not profitable for gardeners who fup
mas, the Naples Broccoli, coming at the fame time, ply the markets ; but thofe who cultivate them for
is not fo valuable. their own table, fhould make choice of this, rather
Befides this firſt crop of Broccoli (which is uſually than any of the common Cabbage, for it is always
fown the end of May, ) it will be proper to fow ano loofer, and the leaves more crifp and tender, and has
ther crop the beginning of July, which will come a moſt agreeable mufky fcent when cut. This may
in to fupply the table the latter end of March, and be propagated in the fame manner as the common
the beginning of April, and being very young, will Cabbage, and fhould be allowed the fame diftance.
be extremely tender and ſweet. It will be fit for ufe in October, November, and De
In order to fave good feeds of this kind of Broccoli cember ; but, if the winter proves hard, theſe will be
in England, you ſhould referve a few of the largeſt deftroyed much fooner than the common fort.
heads of the firſt crop, which ſhould be let remain The common Colewort, or Dorfetfhire Kale, is now
to run up to feed, and all the under fhoots fhould be almoſt loft near London, where the markets are ufu
conftantly ſtripped off, leaving only the main ſtem aily fupplied with Cabbage plants, inftead of them ;
to flower and feed. If this be duly obferved , and and there being tenderer, and more delicate in win
no other fort of Cabbage permitted to feed near them, ter, are much more cultivated than the common Cole
the feeds will be as good as thofe procured from wort, which is better able to refift the cold in fevere
abroad, and the fort may be preferved in perfection winters than thofe, but is not near fo delicate till
many years. pinched by froſt. And fince the winters in Eng
The manner of preparing the Naples Broccoli for the land have been generally temperate of late years, the
table is this : when your heads are grown to their full common Cabbage plants have conftantly been culti
bignefs ( as may be eafily known by their dividing, vated by the gardeners near London, and fold in the
and beginning to run up, ) then you fhould cut them markets as Coleworts, which, if they are of the Su
off, with about four inches of the tender ftem to gar-loaf kind, is one of the fweeteft greens from De
them ; then ſtrip off the outer ſkin of the ſtem , and cember to April yet known. Indeed, where farmers
after having waſhed them, boil them in a clean linen fow Coleworts to feed their milch- cattle in the ſpring,
cloth (as is practiſed for Cauliflowers, ) and ſerve them when there is a fcarcity of herbage, the common
up with butter, &c. and, if they are of a right kind, Colewort is to be preferred, as being fo very hardy
they will be tenderer than any Cauliflowers, though that no froft will deftroy it. The beſt method to cul
very like them in taſte. tivate this plant in the fields is , to fow the feeds about
I The Turnep-rooted Cabbage was formerly more cul the beginning of July, chooſing a moiſt ſeaſon, which
tivated in England than at prefent, for fince other will bring up the plants in about ten days or a fort
forts have been introduced which are much better night ; the quantity of feed for an acre of land is nine
flavoured, this fort has been neglected. There are pounds : when the plants have got five or fix leaves,
fome perfons who efteem this kind for foups ; but it they fhould be hoed, as is practifed for Turneps, cut
is generally too ftrong for moft Engliſh palates, and ting down all the weeds from amongſt the plants,
is feldom good but in hard winters, which will ren and alfo thinning the plants where they are too thick ;
der it tender and lefs ftrong. but they fhould be kept thicker than Turneps, be
It may be propagated by fowing the feeds in cauſe they are more in danger of being deftroyed by
April,
on a bed of light freſh earth ; and when the plants are the fly : this work fhould be performed in dry wea
come up about an inch high, they fhould be tranf ther, that the weeds may be killed ; for if it fhould
planted out in a fhady border, at about two inches prove moiſt ſoon after, the weeds will take root again,
diftance every way, obferving to water them until and render the work of little ufe. About fix weeks
they have taken root ; after which time they will re after, the plants fhould have a fecond hoeing, which,
quire no other culture but to keep them clear from if carefully performed in dry weather, will entirely
weeds , unleſs the ſeaſon fhould prove extremely dry ; deftroy the weeds, and make the ground clean, fo
in which cafe it will be proper to water them every that they will require no farther culture. In the
four or five days, to prevent their being ftinted by fpring they may either be drawn up and carried out
the mildew, which is fubject to feize theſe plants in to feed the cattle, or they may be turned in to feed
very dry weather. upon them as they ftand ; but the former method is
In the beginning of June, the plants ſhould be tranf to be preferred, becauſe there will be little wafte ;
planted out where they are to remain, allowing them whereas, when the cattle are turned in amongst the
two feet diftance every way, obferving to water plants, they will tread down and deſtroy more than
them until they have taken root ; and as their ſtems they eat, eſpecially if they are not fenced off by
advance, the earth fhould be drawn up to them with hurdles.
a hoe, which will preſerve a moiſture about their The perennial Colewort is alfo little cultivated in the
roots, and prevent their ſtems from drying and grow gardens near London at prefent. This is very hardy,
ing woody, fo that the plants will grow more freely ; and may be cultivated in the fame manner as the for
but it fhould not be drawn very high, for as it is the mer fort. This will continue two years before it runs
globular part of the ftalk which is eaten, fo that ſhould up to feed, and will afterwards produce many fide
not be covered. In winter they will be fit for uſe, fhoots, and in poor land will continue three or four
when they ſhould be cut off, and the ftalks pulled years ; but in rich foils it will not laft fo long. This
out of the ground, and thrown away, as being good may be uſed as the former fort, to feed cattle ; for
for nothing after the ſtems are cut off. it is not fo good for the table (unlefs in very fevere
The curled Colewort of Siberian Borecole , is now froft) as the plants which are now cultivated for that
more generally eſteemed than the former, being ex purpoſe.
treme hardy, fo is never injured by cold, but is always
7 The

T
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The fifth fort came from China, where it is culti ftronger fticks, and placed near the upper part of
vated as an efculent plant ; of this there are two or the feed, in different places, fo that the birds may
three varieties which I have cultivated fome years, alight upon them, by which means they will be faf
but I find them as variable as our common Cabbage. tened thereto, where you muſt let them remain a con
Theſe are annual plants, which, if fown in April, fiderable time, if they cannot get off themſelves : and
will flower in July, and perfect their feeds in Octo although there fhould be but few birds caught, yet it
ber. They never cloſe their leaves to form a head, will fufficiently terrify the reft, that they will not
like the common Cabbage, but grow open and loofe, come to that place again for a confiderable time after
more like the wild Navew, and are very unfit for the (as I have experienced. )
table. As theſe are generally in their perfection for When your feed is fully ripe, you muſt cut it off ;
ufe the beginning of July, I imagined their ſtrong and, after drying, threſh it out, and preſerve it in
flavour and toughness might be occafioned by the bags for ufe.
warmth of the feafon ; therefore I fowed fome of the But in planting Cabbages for feed, I would adviſe
feeds in July, that I might make trial of them in never to plant more than one fort in a place, or near
winter ; but in the midft of froſt, I found them much one another as for example, never plant red and
worſe than our common Colewort, ſo I thought them white Cabbages near each other, nor Savoy with either
not worth propagating. white or red Cabbages ; for I am very certain they
The other two forts of Cabbage are varieties fit for will, by the commixture of the effluvia, produce a
a botanic garden, but are plants of no ufe. Theſe mixture of kinds ; and it is wholly owing to this ne
may be propagated by fowing their feeds on a bed of glect , that the gardeners rarely fave any good red
light earth, early in the fpring, in the place where Cabbage-feed in England, but are obliged to procure
they are defigned to remain (for they do not bear freſh feeds from abroad, as fuppofing the foil or cli
tranfplanting well. ) When the plants are come up mate of England alters them from red to white, and
pretty ftrong, they ſhould be thinned, fo as to leave of a mixed kind between both ; whereas, if they
C them four or five inches apart ; and they muſt be con would plant red Cabbages by themſelves for feeds,
ftantly kept clear from weeds. In June they will and not fuffer any other to be near them, they might
flower ; and their feeds will ripen the beginning of continue the kind as good in England, as in any other
Auguft, which, if permitted to fall, the plants will part of the world ; for in the Dutch gardens, from
come up, and maintain themſelves without any far whence the beſt feeds of red Cabbages are procured,
ther care but to keep them clear from weeds. They they cultivate no other fort.
are annual plants, and perifh when they have per Cauliflowers have of late years been fo far improved
fected their feeds. in England, as to exceed in goodneſs and magnitude
The beſt method to fave the feeds of all the beſt what are produced in moft parts of Europe ; and by
forts of Cabbages is, about the end of November the ſkill of the gardener, are continued for feveral
you ſhould make choice of fome of your beſt Cab months together ; but the moſt common feafon for
bages, which you ſhould pull up, and carry to fome the great crop, is in May, June, and July. I fhall
fhed, or other covered place, where you ſhould hang therefore begin with directions for obtaining them in
them up for three or four days by their ſtalks, that this feafon .
the water may drain from between their leaves ; then Having procured a parcel of good feed, of an early
plant them in fome border, under a hedge or pale, kind, you muſt fow it about the twenty-firft of Au
quite down to the middle of the Cabbage, leaving guft, upon an old Cucumber or Melon-bed, fifting
only the upper part of the Cabbage above ground, a little earth over the feeds, about a quarter of an
obferving to raiſe the earth about it, fo that it may inch thick ; and if the weather fhould prove extreme
ſtand a little above the level of the ground ; efpecially hot and dry, you ſhould fhade the bed with mats, to
if the ground is wet, they will require to be raifed prevent the earth from drying too faft, which would
pretty much above the furface. endanger the ſpoiling your feed ; and give it gentle
If the winter fhould prove very hard, you muſt lay a waterings, as you may fee occafion. In about a week's
little ftraw or Peaſe-haulm lightly upon them, to ſe time your plants will appear above ground, when
cure them from the froft, taking it off as often as the you muſt take off your coverings by degrees, but do
weather proves mild, left by keeping them too cloſe not expoſe them too much to the open fun at firft. In
they fhould rot. In the fpring of the year thefe Cab about a month's time after fowing, your plants will
bages will ſhoot out ftrongly, and divide into a great be fit to prick out, you ſhould therefore put fome freſh
number of ſmall branches : you must therefore fup earth upon your old Cucumber or Melon-beds ; or
port their ſtems, to prevent their being broken off by where thefe are not to be had, fome beds fhould be
the wind ; and if the weather fhould be very hot and made with a little new dung, which fhould be trodden
dry when they are in flower, you ſhould refreſh them down cloſe, to prevent the worms from getting thro'
with water once a week all over the branches, which it ; but it ſhould not be hot dung, which would be
will greatly promote their feeding, and preſerve them hurtful to the plants at this feafon, efpecially if it
from mildew. proves hot ; into this bed you ſhould prick your young
When the pods begin to change brown, you will do plants, at about two inches fquare, obferving to fhade
well to cut off the extreme part of every fhoot with and water them at firft planting ; but do not water
the pods, which will ftrengthen your feeds ; for it is them too much after they are growing, nor fuffer
generally obferved, that thofe feeds which grow near them to receive too much rain, if the feaſon ſhould
the top of the fhoots, are very fubject to run to feed prove wet, which would be apt to make them black
before they cabbage ; ſo that by this there will be no fhanked (as the gardeners term it, which is no leſs
lofs, but a great advantage, efpecially if you have
than a rottennefs in their ftems, ) and is the deftruction
more regard to the quality than to the quantity of the of the plants fo affected .
feeds, which indeed is not always the cafe, when it is In this bed they fhould continue till about the thir
intended for fale ; but thoſe who fave it for their own tieth of October, when they muſt be removed into
uſe, ſhould be very careful to have it good. the place where they are to remain during the winter
When your feeds begin to ripen, you muſt be parti feafon, which, for the first fowing, is commonly un
cularly careful, that the birds do not deftroy it ; for der bell or hand-glaffes, to have early Cauliflowers,
they are very fond of thefe feeds. In order to prevent and theſe ſhould be of an early kind : but in order to
their mifchief, fome ufe old nets, which they throw have a fucceffion during the feafon, you fhould be
over their feeds, to prevent their getting to it : but provided with another more late kind, which fhould
this will not always do, for, unlefs the nets are very be fown four or five days after the other, and ma
ftrong, they will force their way thro' them, as I have naged as was directed for them.
often feen ; but the beft method I know, is to get a In order to have very early Cauliflowers, you ſhould
quantity of birdline, and dawb over a parcel of flen make choice of a good rich fpot of ground, that is
der twigs, which fhould be faftened at each end to well defended from the north, east, and weft winds,
with
 BRA BRA

with hedges, pales, or walls ; but the first is to be thereto, eſpecially after having been nurſed up under
preferred, if made with reeds, becauſe the winds will glaffes.
fall dead in thefe, and not reverberate as by pales or After you have finiſhed your beds, you may fet your
walls. This ground fhould be well trenched, bury glaffes over your plants again, obferving to raise your
ing therein a good quantity of rotten dung ; then props pretty high, efpecially if the weather be mild,
level your ground, and if it be naturally a wet foil , that they may have free air to ftrengthen them ; and
you fhould raiſe it up in beds about two feet and a in mild foft weather fet off your glaffes, as alfo in
half, or three feet broad, and four inches above the gentle fhowers of rain ; and now you must begin to
level of the ground ; but ifyour ground is moderately harden them by degrees to endure the open air : how
dry, you need not raife it at all ; then plant your ever, it is adviſeable to let your glaffes remain over
plants, allowing about two feet fix inches diftance them as long as poffible, if the nights fhould be froity,
from glafs to glafs, in the rows, always putting two which will greatly forward your plants ; but be fure
good plants under each glafs, which may be at about do not let your glaffes remain upon them in very hot
four inches from each other ; and if you defign them
. fun-fhine, especially if their leaves prefs againſt the
for a full crop, they may be three feet and a half, fides of the glaffes ; for I have often obferved, in
row from row : but if you intend to make ridges for ſuch caſes, that the moiſture which hath rifen from
Cucumbers or Melons between the rows of Cauli the ground, together with the perſpiration of the
flower plants (as is generally practiſed by the garden plants, which, by the glaffes remaining over them,
ers near London, ) you muſt then make your rows hath been detained upon the leaves of the plants,
eight feet afunder. and when the fun hath fhone hot upon the fides ofthe
When you have planted your plants, if the ground glaffes, hath acquired fuch a powerful heat from the
is very dry, you ſhould give them a little water, and beams thereof, as to fcald all their larger leaves, to
then fet your glaffes over them, which may remain the no fmall prejudice of the plants : nay, fometimes
clofe down upon them, until they have taken root, I have feen large quantities of plants fo affected there
which will be in about a week or ten days time, un with, as never to be worth any thing after.
lefs there fhould be a kindly fhower of rain ; in which If your plants have fucceeded well, toward the end

cafe you may fet off the glaffes, that the plants may of April fome of them will begin to fruit ; you muſt
receive the benefit of it ; and in about ten days after therefore look over them carefully every other day,
planting, you fhould be provided with a parcel of and when you fee the flower plainly appear, you muſt
forked fticks or bricks, with which you fhould raiſe break down fome of the inner leaves over it to guard
your glaffes about three or four inches on the fide it from the fun, which would make the flower yellow
toward the fouth, that your plants may have free air. and unfightly, if expoſed thereto ; and when youfind
In this manner your glaffes fhould remain over the your flower at its full bignefs (which you may know
plants night and day, unleſs in frofty weather, when by its outfide, parting, as if it would run, ) you muſt
you fhould fet them down as cloſe as poffible : or if then draw it out of the ground, and not cut them off,
the weather fhould prove very warm , which many leaving the ftalk in the ground, as is by fome prac
times happens in November, and fometimes in De tifed , and if they are defigned for prefent ufe, you
cember ; in this cafe, you fhould keep your glaffes may cut them out of their leaves ; but if defigned to
off in the day-time, and put them on only in the night, keep, you ſhould preferve their leaves about them,
left, by keeping the glaffes over them too much, you and put them into a cool place : the beſt time for
fhould drawthem into flower at that feafon, which is pulling of them is in a morning, before the fun hath
many times the cafe in mild winters, eſpecially if un exhaled the moiſture ; for Cauliflowers , pulled in the
fkilfully managed. heat of the day, lofe that firmneſs which they natu
Toward the latter end of February, if the weather turally have, and become tough.
proves mild, you ſhould prepare another good spot But to return to our fecond crop (the plants being
of ground, to remove fome of the plants into from raiſed and managed as was directed for the early crop,
under the glaffes, which fhould be well dunged and until the end of October ; ) you muit then prepare
trenched (as before ; ) then fet off the glaffes, and, fome beds, either to be covered with glafs- frames, or
after making choice of one of the moft promifing arched over with hoops, to be covered with mats , &c.
plants under each glafs, which fhould remain for Thefe beds fhould have fome dung laid at the bot
good, take away the other plant, by raiſing it up with tom , about fix inches or a foot thick, according to
a trowel, &c. fo as to preferve as much earth to the the fize of your plants ; for if they are fmall, the bed
root as poffible ; but have a great regard to the plant ſhould be thicker of dung, to bring them forward,
that is to remain, not to diſturb or prejudice its roots : and fo vice versa : this dung fhould be beat down
then plant your plants which you have taken out, at clofe with a fork, in order to prevent the worms from
the diſtance before directed, viz. if for a full crop , finding their way through it , then lay fome good
three feet and a half, row from row ; but if for ridges freſh earth about four or five inches thick thereon, in
of Cucumbers between them, eight feet, and two which you ſhould plant your plants about two inches
feet four inches diftance in the rows : then, with a and a halffquare, obferving to fhade and water them
fmall hoe, draw the earth up to the ftems of the until they have taken freſh root : but be fure do not
plants which were left under the glaffes, taking great keep your coverings clofe, for the warmth of the
care not to let the earth fall into their hearts ; and fet dung will occafion a large damp in the bed, which,
if pent in, will greatly injure the plants.
your glaffes over them again, raifing your props an
inch or two higher than before, to give them more When your plants have taken root, you must give
air, obferving to take them off whenever there may them as much free open air as poffible, by keeping
be fome gentle fhowers, which will greatly refreſh the glaffes off in the day-time as much as the weather
the plants . will permit ; and in the night, or at fuch times as
In a little time after, if you find your plants grow the glaffes require to be kept on, raiſe them up with
fo faft as to fill the glaffes with their leaves, you bricks or other props to let in freſh air, unleſs in
fhould then flightly dig about the plants, and raiſe frofty weather ; at which time the glaffes fhould be
the ground about them in a bed broad enough for covered with mats, ftraw, and Peafe- haulm , &c. but
the glaffes to ftand about four inches high, which this is not to be done except in very hard frofts : you
will give your plants a great deal of room by raiſing muſt alſo obſerve to guard them againſt great rain,
the glaffes fo much higher, when they are fet over which in winter time is very hurtful to them ; but in
them ; and by this means they may be kept covered mild weather, if the glaffes are kept on, they fhould
until April, which otherwiſe they could not, without be propped to admit freſh air ; and if the under leaves
prejudice to the leaves of the plants : and this is a grow yellow and decay, be fure to pick them off ;
great advantage to them ; for many times we have for if the weather fhould prove very bad in winter,
returns of fevere frofts at the latter end of March, fo that you ſhould be obliged to keep them clofe co
which prove very hurtful to thefe plants, if expofed vered for two or three days together, as it fometimes
happens,
 BRA BRE

happens, thefe decayed leaves will render the inclofed. often look over them, to turn down their leavés, as
air very noxious ; and the plants perfpiring pretty was before directed, to preferve their whitenefs ; and
much at that time, are often deftroyed in vait quan when they are full grown, obferve the former direc
tities. tions in pulling them, & c. but wherever you meet
In the beginning of February, if the weather proves with an extraordinary good Cauliflower, whofe curd
mild, you must begin to harden your plants by degrees, is hard and white, and perfectly free from any frothi
that they may be prepared for tranſplantation ; and nefs about the edges , you fhould fuffer it to remain
the ground where you intend to plant your Cauli for feed, keeping the leaves clofe down upon it un
flowers out for good (which fhould be quite open til the flower hath fhot out ftems, and then remove
from trees, &c. and rather moift than dry, ) having the leaves from them by degrees, but do not expoſe
been well dunged and dug, fhould be fown with Ra them too much to the open air at firſt. As the ſtems
difhes a week or fortnight before you intend to plant advance, you muſt take the leaves quite away ; and
out your Cauliflowers : the reafon why I mention the when they begin to branch out, you should fix three
fowing of Radiſhes particularly, is this, viz. that if pretty ſtrong ſtakes, at equal angles, about it, fur
there are not fome Radiſhes amongſt them, and the rounding them with packthread , &c. to fupport their
month of May ſhould prove hot and dry, as it fome branches, which would be otherwife liable to break
times happens, the fly will feize your Cauliflowers , with the wind.
and eat their leaves full of holes, to their prejudice , When your pods begin firft to be formed, if the
and fometimes their deſtruction ; whereas, if there weather proves dry, you ſhould give them a little
are Radiſhes upon the fpot, the flies will take to them, water all over (with a watering-pot that hath a rofe
and never meddle with the Cauliflowers fo long as to it ; ) which will promote the progrefs of the feeds,
they laft. Indeed, the gardeners near London mix and preferve them from mildew, which is often hurt
• Spinach with their Radifh-feed, and ſo have a double ful to the feeds ; and, when your feeds are ripe,
crop, which is an advantage where ground is dear, you muſt cut it off, and hang it up to dry, and rub
or where perfons are ftraitened for room ; otherwiſe it it out as was directed for Cabbage-feed : and although
is very well to have only one crop amongſt the Cau your flowers do not produce fo much feed as thoſe
liflowers, that the ground may be cleared in time. which were of a fofter or frothy nature, yet the good
Your ground being ready, and the feafon good, nefs of fuch feeds will fufficiently recompenfe for the
about the middle or end of February, you may begin quantity ; and any perfon who was to purchaſe his
to plant out your Cauliflowers : the diftance which feeds, had better give ten fhillings an ounce for fuch
is generally allowed by the gardeners near London feed than two for the feeds commonly faved for fale,
(who plant other crops between their Cauliflowers to as the gardeners about London have experienced,
fucceed them, as Cucumbers for pickling, and winter who will never buy any feeds of this kind, if they do
Cabbages) is every other row four feet and a half not know howthey were faved.
apart, and the intermediate rows two feet and a half, But in order to have a third crop of Cauliflowers,
and two feet two inches diftance in the rows ; ſo that you ſhould make a flender hot-bed in February, in
in the latter end of May, or beginning of June (when which you fhould fow the feeds, covering them a
the Radishes and Spinach are cleared off, ) they put quarter of an inch thick with light mould, and co
in feeds of Cucumbers for pickling, in the middle of vering the bed with glafs-frames : you should now
the wide rows, at three feet and a half apart ; and and then gently refresh the bed with water, obferving
in the narrow rows, plant Cabbages for winter uſe, to raife the glaffes with bricks or props in the day
at two feet two inches diftance, fo that theſe ftand time, to let in freth air ; and when the plants are
each of them exactly in the middle of the fquare be come up, and have gotten four or five leaves, you
tween four Cauliflower-plants ; and thefe, after the fhould prepare another hot-bed to prick them into,
Cauliflowers are gone off, will have full room to grow, which may be about two inches fquare ; and in the
and the crop be hereby continued in a fucceffion thro' beginning of April harden them by degrees, to fit
the whole feafon. them for tranfplanting, which fhould be done the
About three weeks or a month after your Cauliflow middle of that month, at the distance directed for
ers are planted out, the Radishes between them will the fecond crop, and muſt be managed accordingly :
be fit to hoe ; at which time, when you are hoeing thefe (ifthe foil is moift where they are planted, or
out the Radiſhes where they are too thick, you ſhould the feafon cool and moift) will produce good Cauli
cut off all fuch as grow immediately about the Cauli flowers about a month after the fecond crop is gone,
flowers, and would prove hurtful to them, by draw whereby their feafon will be greatly prolonged.
ing them up tall and weak ; and alfo at that time . There is alfo a fourth crop of Cauliflowers, which
draw the earth up to the ftems of the plants, being is raiſed by ſowing the feed about the 23d of May ;
careful not to let any get into their hearts ( as was and being tranſplanted, as hath been before directed,
before directed ; ) and when your Radiſhes are fit to will produce good Cauliflowers in a kindly feafon
pull, be fure to clear round the Cauliflowers firſt, and and good foil, after Michaelmas, and continue thro'
keep drawing the earth up to their ſtems as they ad October and November ; and, if the feafon permit,
vance in height, which will keep their ſtems from be often a great part of December.
ing hardened by the weather, and be of fingular fer The reaſon why I fix particular days for the fowing of
vice to your plants. this feed, is becauſe two or three days often make a
There are many people who are very fond of water great difference in their plants ; and becauſe theſe are
ing Cauliflower- plants in fummer, but the gardeners the days ufually fixed by the gardeners near London ,
near London have almoft wholly laid afide this prac who have found their crops to fucceed beſt when
tice, as finding a deal of trouble and charge to little fown at thoſe times, although one day, more or lefs,
purpofe ; for if the ground be fo very dry as not to will make no great odds. I have alfo, in this edition,
produce tolerable good Cauliflowers without water, altered the days to the new ftyle.
it feldom happens, that watering them renders them BREYNIA . See CAPPARIS .
much better ; and when once they have been watered, BROMELIA. Plum. Nov. Gen. 46. tab. 8. Lin.
if it is not conftantly continued, it had been much Gen. Plant. 356.
better for them if they never had any ; as alfo if it be The CHARACTERS are,

given them in the middle of the day, it rather helps It bath a three-cornered permanent empalement cut into
to fcald them : fo that, upon the whole, if care be three parts, upon which the germen is fituated. t The
taken to keep the earth drawn up to their ſtems, and flower bath three long narrow petals, which are erect,
clear them from every thing that grows near them, each having a nectarium joined to it above the bafe. It
that they may have free open air, you will find that bath fix ftamina the length of the petals, which are ter
they will fucceed better without than with water, minated by oblongfummits. The germen is fituated below
where any of thefe cautions are not ſtrictly obſerved. the receptacle, jupporting a flender ftyle, crowned by a
When your Cauliflowers begin to fruit, you muſt trifid obtufe ftigma. The empalement afterward becomes
Qq 476

I
 BRO BRO

an oblong capfule, divided by a partition in the middle, to During the fummer, feafon the plants fhould have a
which the feeds are fixed quite round ; thefe are fmooth and moderate ſhare of air, in proportion to the heat of
almoft cylindrical. the weather ; and, in autumn, they must be removed
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of in the bark-ftove, and treated in the fame manner as
Linnæus's fixth clafs, intitled Hexandria Monogynia, the Ananas, or Pine Apple, with which management
the flower having fix ftamina and one ftyle. Dr. Dil they will make good progrefs ; but after the firft win
lenius has fuppofed this to be the fame with Plumier's ter, they may be placed upon ftands in the dry ſtove,
Karatas, which miſtake he was led into by Plumier's though they will thrive much better if they are con
drawing, where the flower of his Caraguata is joined ſtantly kept in the tan-bed, and treated like the A
to the fruit of his Karatas, and vice verfa ; and from nanas, and will flower in three or four years ; whereas
hence Dr. Linnæus has been induced to join theſe thofe in the dry ftove will not flower in twice that
and the Ananas together, making them only fpecies time.
of the fame genus . The other parts of their culture is only to fhift them
The SPECIES are, into freſh earth when they require it ; but they ſhould
1 1. BROMELIA ( Nudicaulis) foliis radicalibus dentato-fpi by no means be put into large pots, for they will
nofis caulinis integerrimis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 286. Bro not thrive if they are over-potted ; nor muſt they have
melia with lower leaves indented and prickly, and thofe of much wet, eſpecially in winter.
the ftalks entire. Bromelia pyramidata, aculeis nigris. Theſe plants make a pretty variety in the hot-houſe,
Plum . Nov. Gen. 46. ſo thoſe who have room, may allow a plant or two of
2. BROMELIA ( Lingulata) foliis ferrato-fpinofis obtufis, each fort to have a place in their collection of exotic
fpicis alternis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 285. Bromelia with plants .
BROOM, the common . See SPARTIUM .
fawed, prickly, obtufe leaves, and spikes of flowers grow
ing alternate. Bromelia ramofa & racemofa foliis A BROOM, the Spaniſh. See SPARTIUM and GENISTA.
rundinaceis ferratis. Plum. Nov. Gen. 46. BROWALLIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 691. Hort.
The firſt fort hath leaves very like ſome of the forts Cliff. 318 .
of Aloes, but not fo thick and fucculent, which are The CHARACTERS are,
fharply indented on their edges, where they are armed The empalement is tubulous, of one leaf, and indented at
with ſtrong black ſpines ; from the center of the plant the top infive unequal parts. The flower is funnel-fhaped,
arifes the flower-ftalk, which is near three feet high, of one leaf, having a cylindrical tube twice the length of
the lower part of which is garniſhed with entire leaves, the empalement; the upper part is spread open, and di
placed alternately at every joint. The upper part of vided into five parts, the upper fegment or lip being a
the ſtalk is garniſhed with flowers, fet in a looſe ſpike little larger than the others, which are equal. It bath
or thyrfe ; theſe have three narrow herbaceous petals four ftamina included in the chaps of the petal, the two
fitting upon the germen, and fix flender ftamina, with upper being very fhort, and the two under broad, longer,
the ftyle, which are fhorter than the petals. Thefe and reflexed to the mouth of the tube, which inclose them
flowers in the country where they naturally grow, are thefe are terminated by fingle incurved fummits. In the
fucceeded by oval feed-veffels, having a longitudinal center is fituated an oval germen, fupporting a flender
partition, in the center of which are faftened cylindri Style the length of the tube, crowned by a thick, com
cal feeds on every fide, which are ſmooth . preffed, indented ftigma. The empalement afterward be
The fecond fort hath fhorter leaves than the first, comes an oval obtufe veffel with one cell, opening at the
which ſtand erect, and are narrow at the baſe, increaf top in four parts, and filled with small compresled
ing in width gradually to the top, where they are feeds.
broadeft ; theſe are ſharply fawed on their edges, and This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond ſection
are of a deep green colour. The flower-ftem arifes of Linnæus's fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia
from the center of the plant, which divides upward Angiofpermia, the flower having two long and two
into ſeveral branches ; the upper part of theſe are ſhort ſtamina, and the feeds included in a capfule.
The SPECIES are,
garniſhed with ſpikes of flowers, which come out al
ternately from the fides of the branches, each having 1 . BROWALLIA (Demiffa) pedunculis unifloris . Hort.
a narrow entire leaf juft below it, which is longer than Cliff. 318. Browallia with one flower on a foot-ftalk.
the fpike. The flowers are placed very clofe on the The title of Browallia was given to it by Dr. Lin
fpikes, each having three fhort petals fituated upon næus, in honour of profeffor Browall, of Amfter
the globular empalement ; when thefe decay, the em dam .
palement turns to an oval pointed feed-veffel, inclof- 2 . BROWALLIA (Elata) pedunculis unifloris multiflorif
ing feeds of the fame fhape with the former. que. Lin. Sp. 880. Browallia with one flower on each
Both theſe plants grow naturally in very warm coun foot-ftalk, andfometimes many.
tries. Father Plumier, who gave this title to the ge The feeds of the first fort were fent me by Mr. Ro
nus, found them growing in the French Iſlands in bert Millar, from Panama, in the year 1735 ; which
America ; and the late Dr. Houſtoun obferved them fucceeded in the Chelfea garden, where it has conti
growing in Jamaica, and in ſeveral parts of the Spa nued to flower, and produce feeds every year, but
nifh Weft-Indies. The first fort alfo grows on the the plants are annual, fo perish in autumn : the feeds
coaft of Guinea, from whence I received the feeds ; of this plant must be fown upon a hot-bed in the
and the fecond fort was fent me from St. Chrifto fpring, and the plants brought forward on another,
pher's. otherwiſe they will not perfect their feeds in England.
Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which muft be Some of thefe plants may be , tranfplanted in June
procured from the country where they grow naturally, into the borders of the flower-garden, where, if the
for they do not produce any in England. Thefe feafon proves warm, they will flower and perfect
muſt be fown in fmall pots filled with light kitchen feeds ; but left thefe fhould fail, there fhould be two
garden earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed or three plants kept in the ftove for that purpoſe.
of tanners bark ; the earth in theſe pots fhould be The plants ufually grow about two feet high, and
fprinkled over with water two or three times a week, fpread out into lateral branches, garniſhed with oval
according to the heat of the weather, but muft not leaves which are entire, ending in a point, having
have too much moisture. If the feeds are good, the fhort foot-ftalks. Toward the end of the branches
plants will appear in about five or fix weeks, and in a the flowers are produced fingly, upon pretty long
month after will be fit to tranfplant, when they foot- ftalks, arifing from the wings of the leaf. Thefe
fhould be carefully fhaken out of the pots, and each have a fhort empalement of one leaf, which is cut
planted in a feparate fmall pot filled with the fame into five parts ; out of the center of the empalement
earth as before ; then they must be plunged again into the flower arifes, which is crooked and bent down
a moderate hot-bed, obferving frequently to fprinkle ward ; the top of the tube is fpread open, and the
them over with water, but be cautious of giving them brim, or open part of the flower, has fome refem
too much, left the roots fhould be thereby rotted . blance to a lipped flower, being irregular. It is of a
bright
 I

BRU BRY

bright blue colour, fometimes inclining to a purple bark, obferving to water the earth as often as you
or red, and often there are flowers of three colours find it neceffary. When the plants are come up ,
on the fame plant. When theſe fall away, the ger they ſhould be tranfplanted each into a feparate finall
men in the center becomes an oval capfule of one pot filled with fresh light earth, and plunged into the
cell, filled with ſmall, brown, angular feeds. It flowers hot-bed again, obferving to water and ſhade the
in July, Auguft, and September, and the feeds are plants until they have taken root ; after which they
ripe in five or fix weeks after. muſt have air admitted to them every day, in propor
When this plant was firſt raiſed in the Chelſea garden, tion to the warmth of the ſeaſon. When the plants
I gave it the title of Dalea, in honour to Mr. Dale, have advanced fo high as not to be contained in the
an eminent botanist, and a great friend of Mr. Ray's. frames, they fhould be removed into the bark-ftove,
By this title it was delivered to the Royal Society, where, during the fummer months, they ſhould have
and printed in the Philofophical Tranfactions, and a large fhare of free air, but in winter they muſt be
alfo in the catalogue of the Chelſea garden : and by kept very cloſe. With this management the plants
the fame I communicated the feeds to Doctor Lin will be very ſtrong, and produce their flowers every
næus, who afterward changed the name to Browallia, ſeaſon. Theſe plants may alſo be increaſed by plant
and printed it in the catalogue of Mr. Clifford's ing cuttings in the fpring, before they begin to
garden ; where there is a figure of it exhibited, fo make new ſhoots, in pots filled with fresh light earth,
that this latter title is become almoft univerfal among and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark, ob
botanists. ferving to water and fhade them until they have taken
The fecond fort grows naturally in Peru , from whence root ; after which, they muſt be managed as hath
the younger Juffieu fent the feeds ; this plant rifes been directed for other tender exotic plants from the
about the fame height as the firſt, but hath ſtronger fame countries.
ftalks, and fends out a greater number of branches, BRUSCUS . See Ruscus .
fo is much more bushy than that ; the flowers are pro BRYONIA [ this plant is fo called from Beov, mofs,
duced upon foot-ftalks, which proceed from the wings or hair, becauſe it bears a flower which is foft and
of the leaves ; ſome of theſe foot-ſtalks fuftain one, hairy, ] Briony.
others three, or more flowers, of a dark blue colour ; The CHARACTERS are,
theſe are fucceeded by oval capfules, filled with ſmall It bath male and female flowers on the fame plant. The
angular feeds . male flowers have an empalement of one leaf, which is
This plant is annual, and requires the fame culture bell-shaped, and indented in five parts at the top. The
as the first fort, with which it will produce plenty of flower is bell-shaped, adhering to the empalement, and cut
feeds. into five fegments. It bath three fhort ftamina and five
BRUNELLA, Self-heal. See PRUNElla. fummits, two of the ftamina having double fummits, and
BRUNSFELSIA. Plum. Nov. Gen. 12. Lin. the other one. The female flowers fit upon the germen,
Gen. Plant. 230. This plant takes its name from Dr. and bave a deciduous empalement, but the petal is the
Brunsfelfius, a famous phyſician. fame with thofe ofthe male. The germen which is under
The CHARACTERS are, the flower, fupports a trifid spreading style, crowned by a
The empalement is permanent, bell-shaped, and of one leaf, Spreading indented ftigma. The germen afterward becomes
which is cut into five blunt fegments at the top. The a fmoothglobular berry, containing oval feeds adhering to
flower is of one leaf, and funnel-shaped, having a long the ſkin.
tube, but fpreads open at the top, where it is divided into This genus of plants is ranged in the tenth fection
five obtufe fegments ; it hathfive ftamina the length of the of Linnæus's twenty-firft clafs, intitled Monoecia Syn
tube, which are inferted in the petal, and are terminated genefia, from its having male and female flowers on
by oblongfummits. In the center is placed aſmall round the fame plant, and the ftaminajoined with the ſtyle.
germen, fupporting a flender style the length of the tube, The SPECIES are,

which is crowned by a thickftigma. The empalement af 1 . BRYONIA ( Alba) foliis palmatis utrinque callofo-fca
terward becomes a globular berry with one cell, inclofing bris. Hort. Cliff. 453. Bryony with palmated leaves,
agreat number offmallfeeds, which adhere to thefkin of which are rough and callous on both fides. Bryonia af
the fruit. pera, five alba baccis rubris. C. B. P. 297. White
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of Briony with red berries.
Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Mono 2 . BRYONIA (Africana ) foliis palmatis quinquepartitis
gynia, the flower having five ſtamina and but one utrinque lævibus, laciniis pinnatifidis. Lin. Sp . 1438.
Ityle. Briony with palmated leaves cut into fivefegments, which
We know but one SPECIES of this genus, viz. are fmooth on each fide. Bryonia Africana laciniata,
BRUNSFELSIA . (Americana. ) Lin. Sp . Plant. 191. American tuberofa radice, floribus herbaceis . Par. Bat. 107.
Brunsfelfia. Brunsfelfia flore albo, fructu croceo molli. 3. BRYONIA (Cretica) foliis palmatis fupra callofo-punc
Plum. Nov. Gen. 12 . tatis. Hort. Cliff. 453. Cretan Briony with palmated
This plant rifes with a woody ftem to the height of leaves, whofe upper furface is ftudded with callous spots.
eight or ten feet, fending out many fide branches, Bryonica Cretica maculata. C. B. P. 297.
which are covered with a rough bark, garniſhed with 4 . BRYONIA (Racemofa) foliis trilobis fuprà callofo
oblong leaves which are entire, and on the lower punctatis, fructu racemofo ovali. Briony with trilobate
part of the branches come out fingle ; but toward their leaves, whofe upper fides are marked with callous spots,
extremity, they are placed on every fide, and are and ovalfruit growing in bunches. Bryonia olivæ fructu
unequal in fize. At the extremity of the branches, rubro. Plum. Cat. 3.
the flowers are produced, generally three
three or four to 5. BRYONIA ( Variegata) foliis palmatts, laciniis lanceo
gether. Theſe are almoſt as large as thofe of the latis, fuprà punctatis infernè lævibus, frutu ovato
greater Bindweed, but have very long, narrow, hairy fparfo. Briony with palmated leaves, whofe fegments are
tubes ; the brim is expanded in the form of the Spear-shaped, and their upperfide Spotted, but their under
Convolvulus, but is deeply divided into five obtuſe Smooth, and an oval fcatteredfruit. Bryonia Americana
fegments, which are indented on their border. After fructu variegato. Dillen.
the flower is paſt, the empalement turns to a round 6. BRYONIA ( Bonarienfis ) foliis palmatis quinquepartitis
foft fruit, incloſing many oval feeds, which are fi hirfutis, laciniis obtufis. Briony with hairy palmated 1
tuated, cloſe to the cover or fkin, to which they leaves divided into fiveparts, and obtufe fegments. Bryonia
adhere. Bonarienfis fici folio. Hort. Elth. 58.
This plant grows naturally in moſt of the ſugar iſlands The first fort grows upon dry banks, under hedges,
in America, in which places they call it Trumpet in many parts of England ; but may be cultivated in
Flower ; but in the English gardens, it is at prefent a garden for uſe, by fowing the berries, in the fpring
very rare . It may be propagated from feeds, which of the year, in a dry poor foil ; where they will in
ſhould be fown early in the fpring in pots filled with two years time, grow to be large roots, provided
light earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners they are not too clofe. The roots of this plant have
6 been
 BUB BUB

The SPECIES are ,

been formerly, by impoftors, brought into an human
fhape, and carried about the country, and fhewn for 1. BUBON (Macedonicum) foliolis rhombeo-ovatis cre
Mandrakes to the common people, who were eafily natis, umbellis numerofiffimis . Hort. Cliff. 95. Bubon

impofed on by their credulity, and thefe got good with oval, rhomboid, crenated leaves, and many umbels.
livings thereby. The method which thefe people Apium Macedonicum . C. B. P. 154. Macedonian
practifed, was to find a young thriving Briony plant, Parfley.
then they opened the earth all round the plant, being 2 . BUBON (Rigidius) foliolis linearibus. Hort. Cliff. 95.
careful not to disturb the lower fibres ; and ( being Bubon with very narrow leaves. Ferula durior five ri
prepared with fuch a mould, as is uſed by the people gidis & breviffimis foliis . Boccon . Muf. 2. 84.
who make plafter figures ) they fixed the mould clofe 3. BUBON ( Galbanum ) foliolis rhombeis dentatis glabris
to the root, faftening it with wire, to keep it in its 1 ftriatis umbellis paucis . Hort. Cliff. 96. Bubon with
proper fituation ; then they filled the earth about the fmooth rhomboid leaves and few umbels. Ferula Afri
root, leaving it to grow to the fhape of the mould , cana galbanifera folio & facie liguftici. Par. Bat.
which is effected in one fummer ; fo that if this be 163.
done in March, by September it will have the fhape. 4. BUBON ( Gumiferum ) foliolis glabris inferioribus rhom
The leaves of this plant are alfo often impofed on the beis ferratis, fuperioribus pinnatifidis tridentatis . Prod .
people in the market for Mandrake leaves, although Leyd. 100. Bubon with smooth rhomboid under leaves
there is no refemblance between them, nor any agree which are fawed, and upper leaves winged and indented
ment in quality. in three parts. Ferula Africana galbanifera folio myr
The fecond and fourth forts are perennial plants, their rhidis . Hort . Amft. p. 115.
roots remaining feveral years, but their branches de The first fends out many leaves from the root, the
cay every winter. Thefe roots muſt be planted in lower growing almoft horizontally, fpreading near the
pots filled with fresh light earth, and in winter muft furface of the ground : the foot- talk of each leaf di
be placed in the green-houfe, to protect them from vides into feveral other fmaller, garniſhed with ſmooth
froft and great rains ; which would deftroy them, rhomb-fhaped leaves, which are of a bright , pale,
if they were expofed thereto. During the winte green colour, indented on their edges. In the center
feafon, they ſhould have very little water given them ; of the plant arifes the flower- ftem , which is little
but in fummer, when they are expofed to the open more than a foot high, dividing into many branches,
air, they must be frequently refreſhed with water in each being terminated by an umbel of white flowers,
dry weather. They flower in July, and in warm which are fucceeded by oblong hairy feeds. It flowers
fummers will perfect their feeds. in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn, foon after ,
The third, fifth, and fixth forts, are annual plants ; which the plant decays .
theſe muſt be raiſed on a hot-bed early in the fpring, This plant in warm countries is biennial ; the plants
and when the plants are about three inches high, which rife from feeds one year, produce flowers and
they ſhould be each tranfplanted into a ſmall pot filled feeds the next, and then perifh : but in England,
with fresh light earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of they feldon flower till the third or fourth year from
tanners bark, obferving to water and fhade them feed ; but whenever the plant flowers, it always dies.
until they have taken root. When the plants are It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown on
grown fo large, as to ramble about on the ſurface of a bed of light fandy earth, either early in the autumn,
the bed, and begin to entangle with other plants, they or in April ; and if the feafon prove warm and dry,
fhould be fhifted into larger pots, and placed in the the ground fhould be fhaded in the heat of the day,
bark-ftove, where their branches may be trained to and frequently refreshed with water, which is a fure
the wall, or againſt an espalier, that they may have method to bring up the plants ; for where this is not
fun and air, which is abfolutely neceffary for their practifed, the feeds often fail, or remain long in the
producing fruit. When thefe plants are full of fruit , ground. When the plants come up, they will re
they make a pretty variety in the ftove amongſt other quire no other care but to be kept clean from weeds,
exotic plants . till the beginning of October, when they fhould be
The fecond and fourth forts are alfo propagated from carefully taken up, and planted in a warm border of
feeds, which fhould be fown on a hot-bed ; and when dry ground ; and a few of them fhould be put into
the plants are fit to tranfplant, they fhould be put pots, that they may be fheltered under a frame in
into pots ; and after they have taken root, fhould be winter ; for in fevere froft, thofe which are expofed
inured to bear the open air by degrees ; where they to the open air, are frequently killed ; though, in
may remain during the fummer feafon, but in winter moderate winters, they will live abroad without co
they muſt be fheltered under a hot-bed frame. The vering ; but it is a fecure way to preſerve the fpecies,
fourth fort is much tenderer than the former. to keep two or three plants in pots, in fhelter, during
BRYONIA NIGRA. See TAMNUS. the winter, left thofe abroad fhould be deftroyed.
BUBON . Lin . Gen. Plant. 312. Apium. C. B. 154. The feeds of this plant is one of the ingredients in
Ferula. Herm. Par. 163. Macedonian Parfley. Venice treacle .
The CHARACTERS are, The fecond fort grows naturally in Sicily, from whence
It bath an umbelliferous flower ; the greater, or general I received the feeds. This is a low perennial plant,
umbel, is compefed of about ten fmaller, thofe which cre having fhort ftiff leaves, which are very narrow : the
Situated in the middle being the flortefl ; the fmall umbels flower-ftalk rifes near a foot high, which is terminated
bave near twenty rays. The general involucrum bath five by an umbel of fmall white flowers, which are fuc
pointed pear-shaped leaves, which spread open and are ceeded by fmall, oblong, channelled feeds . It flowers
permanent ; theje of the smaller umbels, confift of many in June, and the feeds ripen in September. It is
little leaves of the jame length with the umbel: the em propagated by feeds, and thould have a dry foil and
palement of the flower is permanent, fmall, and indented a warm fituation, where the plants will continue fe
in five parts ; the flower is compofed offive spear s
-haped veral years. It is a plant of little beauty or ufe, fo
petals, which turn inward ; it hath five ftamina the length is only preferved for the fake of variety.
of the petals, terminated by fingle fummits. The oval The third fort rifes with an upright ftalk to the
germen is fituated below the flower, fupporting two briftly height of eight or ten feet, which at bottom is lig
Styles which are permanent, and the length of the ftamina, neous, having a purplish bark, covered with a whitiſh
crowned by obtufe ftigma. The germen afterward becomes powder, which comes off when handled ; the upper
an oval, channelled, hairy fruit, dividing in two parts, part of the ftalk is garnished with leaves at everyjoint,
•
eachhaving an oval feed, plain on one fide, but convex on the foot-ftalks half embracing them at their bafe ;
the other.
branching out into feveral finaller, like thofe of the
"
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection common Pariley, and are fet with leaves like thoſe
or Linnaeus's fith clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia, of Lovage, but finaller, of a grey colour ; the top
the flower having five ftamina and two ftyles. of the ftalk is terminated by an umbel of yellow
flowers,
 BUD BUD

Яowers, which are fucceeded by oblong channelled tefcens foliis conjugatis & ferratis floribus fpicatis lus
feeds, having a thin membrane or wing on their teis. Houft. MSS.
EX border. It flowers in Auguft, but hath not produced 2. BUDDLEJA ( Occidentalis ) foliis lanceolatis acuminatis
feeds in England. When any part of the plant is integerrimis oppofitis, fpicis interruptis . Buddleja with
broken, there iffues out a little thin milk of a cream pointed fpear-shaped leaves which are entire, placed
colour, which hath a ſtrong ſcent of Galbanum . oppofite, and broken ſpikes of flowers. Buddleja fru
The fourth fort rifes with a ligneous ftalk about two tefcens foliis oblongis mucronatis, floribus fpicatis
‫י‬ feet high, garniſhed with leaves at each joint, which albis. Houft. MSS.
branch out like the former ; but the fmall leaves or The firſt fort grows naturally in Jamaica, and moſt
lobes are narrow and indented, like thoſe of Baſtard of the other iſlands in America, where it rifes to the
Hemlock . The ftalk is terminated by a large um height of ten or twelve feet, with a thick woody
bel of fmall white flowers, which are fucceeded by ftem, covered with a grey bark ; this fends out many
feeds like thofe of the former fort. branches toward the top, which come out oppofite
ĥ
Theſe plants are both natives of Africa. They are as are alfo the leaves fo placed , which are oval, and
propagated by feeds, which ſhould be fown in pots covered with a brown hairy down . At the end of
filled with light loamy earth, as foon as they arrive ; the branches the flowers are produced in long clofe
which, if it happens toward autumn, fhould be fpikes, branching out in cluſters, which are yellow,
plunged into a bed of tanners bark, where the heat confifting of one leaf, cut into four fegments ; theſe
is gone, and fcreened from froft in winter. In the are fucceeded by oblong capfules, filled with fimall
fpring the plants will come up, and by the middle of feeds. This was fent me by Dr. Houftoun, from Ja
April will be fit to remove, when they fhould be maica, in 1730, under the title Verbafci folio minor
carefully fhaken out of the pots, being careful not to arbor, floribus fpicatis luteis tetrapetalis feminibus
tear off their roots, and plant them each into a fe fingulis oblongis in fingulis vafculis ficcis. Sloan. Cat.
parate fmall pot, filled with the fame earth as before ; Jam . 139 . But as this was a vague title, the
then plunge the pots into the tan again, and water doctor afterward conſtituted a new genus, and gave
them to fettle the earth to the roots of the plants, and it the title of Buddleja, in memory of Mr. Buddle,
fhade them from the fun in the day time, until they an eminent Engliſh botanist.
have taken new root ; after this they muſt be inured The fecond fort the fame gentleman fent me from
gradually to bear the open air; into which they ſhould Carthagena, where it grows naturally. This is the
be removed in June, and placed with other exotic Ophioxylon Americanum, foliis oblongis mucronatis,
plants in a fheltered fituation, where they may remain levitèr ferratis bardanæ inftar, fubtus lanuginofis.
till autumn, when they muſt be removed into the Pluk. Alm. 270. tab. 210. fig. s. and was by Plukenet
green-houſe, and placed where they may enjoy as fuppofed to be the fame with the former, which
much ofthe fun and air as poffible, but defended from was denied by Sir Hans Sloane in his Hiſtory of Ja
froft . maica.
In winter theſe plants fhould have but little water This fort rifes much taller than the firft, and divides
given them, for much wet is very injurious to them : into a great number of flender branches, which are
in fummer, when they are expofed to the open air, covered with a ruffet hairy bark, garniſhed with long
they must be frequently refreſhed with water in dry fpear-ſhaped leaves, ending in fharp points : thefe
weather ; but at no time fhould have too much wet, grow oppofite at every joint ; at the end of the
for that will rot their roots.
branches are produced branching fpikes of white.
Theſe plants make a pretty variety in the green-houſe flowers, growing in whorls round the ftalks, with
in winter, and when they are placed abroad in the fmall ſpaces between each. It hath long, narrow,
fummer with other green-houfe plants, they have a fpear-shaped leaves growing between the fpikes,
good effect, efpecially when they are grown to a large whereas thoſe of the other fort are naked. The leaves
fize. They generally flower the third year from feeds , of this are much thinner than thoſe of the firſt ſort,
but their flowers are produced fo late in fummer, and have fcarce any down on their under fide ; the
that the feeds have feldomtime to form before the cold
pikes of flowers grow more erect, ſo form a large
comes on in the autumn ; at leaſt for fome years paſt, loofe fpike at the end of every branch.
as the feafons have been cold and moift ; but in warm The plants grow naturally in gullies or other low
fummers, the fourth fort will perfect feeds, if they fheltered fpots, in the Weft-Indies, their branches
ftand in a warm fheltered fituation. being too tender to refift the force of ftrong winds, fo
The Galbanum of the fhops is fuppofed to be pro are rarely feen in open fituations.
cured from the third fort, for upon breaking the They are propagated by feeds, which ſhould be ob
leaves, the juice which flows out from the wound, tained from the countries where they naturally grow,
hath a ſtrong odour of the Galbanum, which is a con for they do not perfect them in England. Thefe
firmation of it. fhould be brought over in their capfules or pods, for
BUCKSHORN, or HARTSHORN. See thoſe which are taken out before they are fent feldom
PLANTAGO . grow. They fhould be fown in fmall pots, filled
BUDDING. See INOCULATING .
with rich light earth, and very lightly covered with
BUDDLEJA. Houft. MSS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 131 . the fame ; for as theſe feeds are very fmall, fo if they
The CHARACTERS are ,
are buried deep in the ground, they perish. The
It bath a small permanent empalement, which is flightly pots fhould be plunged into a moderate hot-bed, and
cut at the top into five acute parts. Theflower is of one muſt be every third or fourth day gently watered,
leaf, bell-shaped, and quadrifid, the petal being stretched being very careful not to waſh the feeds out of the
out beyond the empalement ; it bath four short ftamina, ground, by too hafty watering them. If the feeds are
which are placed at the divifions of the petal, terminated freſh and good, the plants will come up in about fix
by fhort fummits. The oblong germen is fituated in the weeks, provided they are fown in the fpring ; and if
1 they grow kindly,
center, fupporting a fhort style, crowned by an obtufeftig will be large enough to tranfplant
ma; the germen afterward becomes an oblong capfule, having in about two months ter. Then they fhould be
two cells filled with ſmall feeds. carefully feparated, and each planted into a fmall pot,
This genus of plants is ranged in the first fection of filled with light rich earth, and plunged into the
Linnæus's fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Monogy hot-bed again, obferving to fhade them fromthe fun
nia, the flower having four ftamina and but one until they have taken new root, as alfo to refreſh
ftyle. them with water when they require it. After the
The SPECIES are,
plants have taken fresh root in the pots, there fhould
1. BUDDLEJA (Americana) foliis ovatis ferratis oppofitis be fresh air admitted to them every day, in pro
floribus fpicatis racemofis , caule fruticofo. Buddleja portion to the warmth of the feafon ; they must alfo
with ovalfawedleaves, growing oppofite, flowers growing be frequently, but moderately, refreshed with water.
in branchingspikes, and aſhrubby ſtalk. Buddleja fru If the plants thrive well, they will have filledthefe
Rr fmall
 BUG BUL

finall pots with their roots by the middle of Auguft, this grows naturally wild in great plenty, fo it is
at which time it will be proper to fhift them into feldom admitted into gardens.
pots one fize larger, that they may have time to take The fecond fort grows naturally on the Alps ; the
good root again, before the cold weather comes on. leaves of this are much longer than thofe of the com
When thefe are new potted, the tan fhould be turned mon Bugle, the ftalks are weaker, and decline on
over to renew the heat ; and if it is wanted, fome every fide, and the whorls of flowers are much ſmaller,
fresh tan must be added to the bed, to encourage and are ranged at a greater diftance. This is ad
the roots of the plants. In this bed they may remain mitted into fome gardens for the fake of variety, and
To till autumn, when they must be removed into the propagates in plenty by its trailing ftalks. This re
flove, and plunged into the tan-bed ; where they muft quires a moift fhady fituation .
conftantly remain, for they are too tender to thrive in The third fort grows naturally in France, Germany,
this country, if they are not fo treated . During the and other countries, but is not a native in England.
winter they must have but little water, and fhould be This grows about four or five inches high, with a
kept warm ; but in fummer they fhould have freſh fingle ftalk, which is garnifhed with leaves at each
air admitted to them conftantly when the weather is joint, placed oppofite ; theſe are oval, and indented
warm, and frequently fprinkled all over with water. bluntly on their edges. The flowers grow in whorls
With this management, the plants will flower the round the ſtalks , and toward the top form a cloſe
fourth year from feeds,. and continue fo to do every thick ſpike, and are of a fine blue colour.
year after, and will make a good appearance in the The fourth fort grows naturally in many parts of
ftove. Europe. This approaches near to the common Bugle,
BUGLOSSUM. See ANCHUSA, and LYCOPSIS . but the leaves of this are woolly, and the flower-cups
BUGULA . Tourn . Inft. R. H. 208. tab . 98. Ajuga. are very hairy, in which the chief difference confifts.
Lin. Gen. Plant . 624. Bugle. There are two varieties of this, one with a white, and
The CHARACTERS are, the other a red flower.

It bath afhort permanent empalement of one leaf, which The fifth fort was brought from the Levant by Dr.
1
is fightly cut into five parts ; the flower is of one leaf, Tournefort, and is preferved by thoſe who are curious
of the lip kind, having an incurved cylindrical tube ; the in collecting rare plants. There are two or three va
upper lip is very fmall, erect, and bifid ; the under lip or rieties of it, which only differ in the colour of their
flowers.
beard is large, open, and divided into three obtufe feg
ments, the middle being large, and the two fides fmall ; This fort requires a little protection in winter, there
it bath four erect stamina, two of which are longer than fore the plants fhould be planted in pots filled with
the upper lip, and two fhorter, terminated by double fum a loamy foil, and placed in a fhady fituation in fum
mits. In the center is fituated the four germen, fupporting mer ; but in the winter they muſt be removed under
a flender ftyle the length of the stamina, crowned by a common frame, where they may enjoy as much
two flender ftigma. The germen afterward become four free air as poffible in mild weather ; but in hard froſt
naked feeds inclofed in the empalement. fhould be covered, otherwife they will not live thro
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of the winter in this country, unless it proves very fa
Linnæus's fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia Gym vourable. 1
nofpermia, the flower having two long, and two This may be propagated by feeds, which fhould be
fhort ftamina, and is fucceeded by naked feeds. fown foon after it is ripe, in a pot filled with loamy
The SPECIES are,
earth, and placed in a fhady fituation till autumn,
1. BUGULA (Reptans) foliis caulinis femiamplexicauli when it fhould be removed under a frame, where it
bus, ftolonibus reptatricibus. Bugle whofe leaves half may be ſcreened from hard froſt . In the fpring the
•
embrace the ftalks, and fhoots which put out roots. Bu plants will come up, which fhould be tranfplanted
gula. Dod. Pempt. 135. Common Bugle. into feparate pots as foon as they are ſtrong enough
2. BUGULA (Decumbens) foliis oblongo -ovatis, caulibus to remove , and, in fummer , placed in the fhade, and
decumbentibus, verticillis diftantibus. Bugle with ob treated as the old plants. It flowers in May, and the
long oval leaves, decliningſtalks, and the whorls offlowers feeds ripen the latter end of July. It may alſo be
wide afunder. Bugula folio maximo flore pallide cæ increaſed by offsets , but this is a flow method , be
ruleo. Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. 184. cauſe the plants put out but few of them , eſpecially
3. BUGULA (Pyramidalis) foliis obtuſe-dentatis, caule while they are young, fo the other method is chiefly
fimplici. Bugle with blunt indented leaves, and a fingle practifed .
falk. Ajuga tetragono pyramidalis. Lin. Sp . Plant . All the other forts are hardy enough, and are eafily
561 . multiplied by their fide ſhoots ; thefe delight in a moiſt
4. BUGULA (Genevenfis) foliis oblongis tomentofis, ca fhady fituation, where they are apt to ſpread too
" much, eſpecially the two firft forts.
lycibus hirfutis. Bugle with oblong woolly leaves, and
hairy flower-cups. Bugula carneo flore. Cluf. Hift. 2 . BULB [ Bulbus, Lat. of Box¤òs , Gr. ] Bulbous roots are
P. 43. of two forts, viz. tunicated (or coated ) and fquamous
5. BUGULA (Orientalis ) villofa, foliis ovato-dentatis fef (or fcaly. ) A tunicated root confifts of many coats,
filibus, floribus refupinatis. Hairy Bugle with oval in involving each other ; as in the Onion, Tulip, & c.
dented leaves, placed clofe to the ftalks, and invertedflow whofe roots, if cut through the middle, plainly fhew
ers. Bugula orientalis villofa flore inverfo candido the ſeveral coats. A fquamous root confifts of many
cum oris purpureis. Tourn. Cor. 14. ſcales, lying over each other like tiles upon a houſe,
The first fort grows naturally in woods, and fhady or fcales on fish ; of this kind are the Lily, Marta
moift places, in moft parts of England, where it gon, & c.
ſpreads and increaſes greatly by the fide fhoots, which BULBINE. See ANTHERICUM .
put out roots at their joints. There are two varieties BULBOCASTANUM . See BUNIUM .
of this, one with a white, and the other a pale purple BULBOCODIUM. Tourn . Cor. 50. Lin. Gen.
flower, which I obferved growing in feveral parts of Plant. 368.
Westmoreland ; but thefe do not differ in any other * The CHARACTERS are,
reſpect than in the colour of their flowers from the The flower bath no empalement, it is funnel - ſhaped, and
common, therefore I have only mentioned them as compofed of fix petals, which are concave, having long,
varieties. narrow necks, connected at the mouth, but are Spear
The common Bugle is greatly esteemed as a vulne Shaped above. It hath fix awl s-haped ftamina fhorter than
rary herb, and is ufed both internally and externally ; the petals, and are inferted in their middle, having in
it enters as an ingredient into the vulnerary decoc cumbentfummits. It hath an oval, blunt, three-cornered
tions of the furgeons, and is commended externally, germen, fupporting a flender Style, crowned by three ob
applied to ulcers. This is conftantly mixed with long erect ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a
the vulnerary herbs, imported from Switzerland. It triangular pointed capfule, having three cells, which are
is titled Confolida Media, or Middle Confound. As
filled with angular feeds.
This
 BUN BUN
$
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of fummits, which are bifid at their bafe. In the center is
Linnæus's fixth clafs, intitled Hexandria Monogynia, fituated an oblong germen, having no ſtyle, but crowned
the flower having fix ftamina and one ſtyle . by an obtufe ftigma. The germen afterward becomes an
The SPECIES are, irregular, fhort, ovalpod,, with four angles, one or other
1
1 1. BULBOCODIUM (Alpinum) foliis fubulato- linearibus. of which is prominent and pointed, inclofing one or twe
Bulbocodium with narrow awl-shaped roundifh feeds.
• Prod. Leyd. 41.
leaves. Bulbocodium Alpinum juncifolium flore unico This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
intus albo extus fquallide rubente. Raii Syn. Ed. 3 . of Linnæus's fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia
P. 374. Siliquofa, the flowers having four long and two fhort
2. BULBOCODIUM (Vernum) foliis lanceolatis, Prod. Leyd . ſtamina, and are fucceeded by pods.
The SPECIES are,
41. Bulbocodium with spear-shaped leaves. Colchicum
vernum Hifpanicum. C. B. P. 69. 1. BUNIAS (Orientalis) filiculis ovatis gibbis verrucofis .
The first fort grows naturally upon the Alps, and Lin. Sp. Plant. 670. Bunias with oval convex pods,
alfo upon Snowdon hills, in Wales . This hath a fmall baving protuberances. Crambe Orientalis dentis leonis.
bulbous root, which is covered with a rough hairy folio erucaginis facie. Tourn . Cor. 14.
fkin ; from which arifes a few long narrow leaves, 2. BUNIAS (Erucago) filiculis tetragonis angulis bicrifta
fomewhat like thofe of the Saffron, but narrower , in tis. Lin. Sp. Plant. Bunias with short four-cornered
the middle of theſe the flower comes out, which pods, whofe angles are doubly crefted. Erucago Monfpe
ftands on the top of the foot-ftalk, growing erect, and liaca filiqua quadrangula echinata. C. B. P. 99.
is fhaped like thofe of the Crocus, but fmaller ; the 3. BUNIAS ( Cakile) filiculis ovatis levibus ancipitibus.
foot- talk rifes about three inches high, and hath four Lin. Sp. Plant. 670. Bunias with Smooth ovel pods,
or five ſhort narrow leaves placed alternately upon it Standing on eachfide theftalk. Eruca maritima Italica,
below the flower. This flowers in March, and the filiqua hafte cufpidi fimili. C. B. P. 99.
feeds are ripe in May, when it grows in a garden, but The first fort grows naturally in the Levant, from
where it grows naturally it is much later. whence Dr. Tournefort fent the feeds to the Royal
The fecond fort grows naturally in Spain, but hath Garden at Paris . This hath a perennial root, and an
been long cultivated in gardens. It hath a bulbous annual ſtalk. It fends out many oblong leaves, which
root, fhaped like thofe of the Snowdrop, covered with fpread on every fide near the ground, and are deeply
a brown fkin, fending out three or four fpear-shaped jagged on their edges, like thofe of the Dandelion ;
concave leaves, between which comes out the flower, from between theſe ariſe the ſtalks, which grow up
ſtanding on a very fhort foot-ftalk, compofed of fix wards of two feet high, fending out branches gar
petals, three ftanding on the outſide, and three within nifhed at each joint by one oblong fharp-pointed
between the other ; thefe, when they first appear, leaf, eared at the bafe, where they fit clofe to the
are of a pale colour, but afterward change to a bright ftalk. The branches are terminated by long loofe
purple ; when thefe decay, they are fucceeded by fpikes of yellow flowers, compofed of four leaves,
triangular feed-veffels, which are full offmall roundiſh fhaped like thoſe of the Cabbage ; thefe are fuc
feeds. It produces the flowers about the fame time ceeded by fhort, oval, rough pods, ending in a point,
with the firſt. inclofing one round feed. It flowers in June, and
Theſe plants are propagated by offsets, in the fame the feeds are ripe in September.
manner as other bulbous rooted flowers. The time The fecond fort grows naturally in the fouth of
to remove them, is foon after their leaves decay, but France and Italy ; this is an annual plant, fending
the roots may be kept out of the ground two months out many branches, which fpread, and incline toward
without prejudice at that feafon. They ſhould not be the ground; garnifhed with glaucous leaves, which are
removed oftener than every third year, for their roots deeply divided into many fegments, almoſt like thofe
do not multiply very faft, fo by fuffering them to re of Swines Crefs. The flowers are produced fingly from
main, they will flower much ftronger, and make a the wings of the leaves, toward the extremity of the
greater increafe than if they are often taken up. branches ; thefe are very fmall, of a pale yellowish
The firſt fort requires an eaſtern afpect, for if it hath colour, compofed of four petals , placed in form of
too much fun, it will not thrive ; but the ſecond a crofs, which are fucceeded by fhort pods, which are
fhould have a warmer fituation , fo may be planted in crefted on each fide, containing one or two roundiſh
a fouth border, and ſhould have a fresh loamy foil, feeds .
but not dunged. They may alfo be propagated by The third fort grows naturally about Montpelier ;
feeds, which fhould be fown in pots filled with freſh this is alſo an annual plant, fending out many oblong
loamy earth in September, and the latter end of Oc leaves near the root, which are hairy, deeply cut on
tober, the pots fhould be placed under a frame, to each fide, and fpread on the ground ; between thefe
protect them from fevere froft ; in the fpring the ariſe two or three ftalks, which grow a foot and a
plants will appear, when they may be removed out half high, fending out feveral fide branches, gar
of the frame, and placed where they may have the nifhed with oblong rough leaves, indented on their
morning fun, but fcreened from the fouth. In very edges ; the upper part of the branches are deftitute
dry weather, they fhould be refreſhed now and then ofleaves, but have flowers placed alternately on each
with a little water, while their leaves continue green ; fide, ftanding on fhort foot-ftalks , which are purple,
but, when thefe decay, the pots fhould be removed and compofed of four petals ; theſe are fucceeded
to a fhady fituation, where they may remain till au by oval-pointed pods, containing one or two roundiſh
tumn, obferving to keep them clean from weeds. In feeds ; there is a variety of this with narrow leaves.
October there fhould be a little frefh earth laid on Theſe plants are all propagated by feed : the first fort
the furface of the other, and the pots placed in fhelter may be fown where the plants are defigned to remain,
again till the following fpring, when they muſt be in the beginning of April, and when the plants
treated in the fame manner as the former year, till come up, they fhould be thinned, leaving them two
their leaves decay; then the roots fhould be carefully feet afunder, after which they will require no other
taken up, and tranfplanted into the borders of the care but to keep them clean from weeds. The fecond
flower-garden, treating them as the old roots ; the year they will produce flowers and feeds, and the
fpring following they will produce their flowers. roots will abide many years after.
BUNIAS . Lin. Gen. Plant. 737. The other two forts muſt be fown where they are to
The CHARACTERS are , remain, but the best time is in autumn, becauſe thofe
The empalement is compofed offour oblongSpreading leaves, which are fown in the fpring often fail, or do not
which fall away The flower bath four petals, placed in come up time enough to perfect their feeds. Thefe
form of a crofs, which are oval, and double the length require no other culture but to keep them clean
of the empalement, joined at their base, and erect. It hath from weeds, and thin the plants to one foot diſtance.
fix ftamina the length of the cup, two of which are op BUNIUM . Lin . Gen. Plant. 298. Bulbocaftanum .
pofte, and forter than the other four, terminated by erect Tourn. Inft. 312. tab . 161. Pig Ñut, or Earth Nut.
The
 BUP BUP

The CHARACTERS are,

der is cut into many parts ; the female flowers which com
The great or general umbel is composed of near twenty pofe the rays (or border) are stretched out on one fide like
rays or fmall umbels, which are fhort, and clofe together. a tongue, which Spreads open, and is indented at the top
The involucrum of the great umbel is compofed of many in three parts ; these have no ftamina, but a double-headed
fhort narrow leaves, thofe of the fmaller are the fame, but germen, fupporting aflender ftyle, crowned by two oblong
are as long as the umbels. The proper empalement of the Stigma. The germen becomes afingle comprefed feed, cut
flower is fearce diſcernible. The rays of the great umbel on eachfide.
are uniform. The flowers have five heart - shaped petals This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond ſection
which are equal, and turn inward , they havefiveftamina of Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngeneſia.
which are shorter than the petals, terminated by Single Polygamia fuperflua, the flowers having hermaphro
dite and female florets, included in one common em
fummits ; the oblong germen is fituated below the recep
tacle, fupporting two reflexed ftyles, crowned by a blunt palement , which are both fruitful .
The SPECIES are,
Stigma. The germen afterward becomes an oval fruit,
dividing in two parts, containing two oval feeds, plain 1 . BUPHTHALMUM (Helianthoides) calycibus foliolis , fo
on one fide, and convex on the other. liis oppofitis ovatis ferratis triplinerviis caule herba
This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection ceo. Hort. Upfal. 264. Ox- eye with a leafy empalement,
of Linnæus's fifth clafs of plants, intitled Pentandria oval fared leaves placed oppofite, having three veins,
Digynia, the flower having five ftamina and two and an herbaceous ftalk. Chryfanthemum Scrophularia
ftyles . folio Americanum. Pluk. Alm. 99. tab. 22. fig. 1 .
The SPECIES are, 2. BUPHTHALMUм (Grandiflorum) foliis alternis lanceo
1. BUNIUM (Bulbocastanum) bulbo globofo. Sauv. Monfp . latis fubdenticulatis glabris, calycibus nudis caule
256. Earth Nut with aglobular root. Bulbocaftanum herbaceo. Hort. Cliff. 415. Ox- eye with fmooth Spear
majus folio Apii. C. B. P. 162 . fhaped leaves ( indented below, ) naked empalements, and an
2. BUNIUM (Creticum ) radice turbinato. Earth Nut with berbaceous ftalk. Afteroides Alpina falicis folio gla
a turbinated root. Bulbocaftanum Creticum radice bro. Tourn. Cor. 51. tab . 487 .
napi-formi. Tourn. Cor. 3. BUPHTHALMUM ( Salicifolium) foliis alternis lanceola
3. BUNIUM (Saxatile) foliis tripartitis filiformibus linea tis fubferratis villofis calycibus nudis caule herbaceo.
ribus. Earth Nut with very narrow tripartite leaves. Hort. Cliff. 414. Ox-eye with Spear -
shaped leaves placed
Bulbocaftanum minus faxatile Peucedani folio . Tourn . alternate, fawed below and hairy, naked empalements, and
Inft . 312 .
an herbaceousftalk. After luteus major, foliis fuccifæ.
The firft fort grows naturally in moift paftures, and C. B. P. 266.

in woods, in many parts of England. Of this there 4 . BUPHTHALMUM (Spinofum) calycibus acutè foliofis,
is a variety, fuppofed to be larger than that which ramis alternis, foliis lanceolatis amplexicaulibus inte
1 grows commonly here, but I could never obſerve gerrimis caule herbaceo. Hort. Cliff. 414. Ox - eye with
any effential difference between them ; for in fome acute leafy empalements, branches placed alternate, and
places it is found much larger than in others, but when entire leaves embracing the ftalks, which are herbaceous.
they have been tranfplanted into a garden, they have Afterifcus annuus, foliis ad florem rigidis. Tourn .
proved to be the fame. This hath a tuberous folid Inft. 497.

root which lies deep in the ground, and puts out fi- 5. BUPHTHALMUM (Seffile) floribus axillaribus calycibus
bres from the bottom and fides. The leaves are finely foliofis, fpinis terminalibus, foliis oblongis obtufis
cut, and lie near the ground. The ſtalk riſes a foot feffilibus. Ox-eye with flowers coming from the forks of
and a half high, which is round, channelled, and fo the branches, leafy empalements ending with spines, and
lid, the lower part being naked ; but above, where oblong blunt leaves growing clofe to the branches. Afte
it branches out, there is one leaf placed below every rifcus annuus maritimus patulus. Tourn . Inft. 498 .
branch, which are cut into finer fegments than thofe 6. BUPHTHALMUM (Maritimum) calycibus obtuse foliofis
below. The flowers are white, and fhaped like thoſe pedunculatis, ramis foliis alternis, fpatulatis caule
of other umbelliferous plants ; the feeds are fmall, ob herbaceo. Hort. Cliff. 414. Ox- eye with blunt leafy em
long, and when ripe are channelled . It flowers in palements, having foot-ftalks, alternate leaves, and an
May, and the feeds ripen in July, foon after which, berbaceousftalk. Afterifcus maritimus perennis patu
the whole herb decays to the ground. lus. Tourn. Inft. 498 .
The roots of this fort are frequently dug up, and by 7. BUPHTHALMUM ( Aquaticum) calycibus obtusè foliofis
the poorer fort of people are eaten raw, having much feffilibus axillaribus, foliis alternis oblongis obtufis
reſemblance in tafte to the Chefnut, from whence it caule herbaceo. Hort. Cliff. 414. Ox- eye with blunt
had the title of Bulbocastanum. Theſe roots , when leafy empalements fitting close to the forks of the stalk,
boiled, are very pleaſant and delicious, and are fup oblong blunt leaves, and an herbaceous ftalk. Afterifcus
pofed to afford great nouriſhment. The fwine are very annuus Lufitanicus odoratus. Boerh. Ind . alt . 105.
fond of theſe roots, and will root them up, when they 8. BUPHTHALMUM (Frutefcens) foliis oppofitis lanceola
are admitted where they grow, and will foon become tis petiolatis bidentatis caule fruticofo. Hort. Cliff.
fat with feeding on them. 415. Ox-eye with fpear-shaped leaves growing oppofite,
The fecond fort was diſcovered by Dr. Tournefort in having foot-ftalks with two teeth, and a shrubby stalk.
the iſland of Crete, but it grows naturally in many Afterifcus frutefcens leucoii foliis fereceis & incanis.
other parts of the Levant. I received dried fam Hort. Elth. 44. tab. 38.
ples and feeds of this from Zant, where it grows 9. BUPHTHALMUM ( Arborefcens) foliis oppofitis lanceola
plentifully. tis craffis, glabris utrinque viridibus floribus pedun
The third fort I received from the Alps. This is a culatis. Ox-eye with thick, smooth, fpear-shaped leaves
very low plant, feldom rifing above fix inches high. growing oppofite, green on bothfides, flowers havingfoot
Thefe plants delight to grow among grafs, fo cannot Stalks, and a tree-like ftalk. Afterifcus frutefcens leu
be made to thrive well long in a garden. coii foliis viridibus & fplendentibus. Hort. Elth. 43 .
BUPHTHALMUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 876. Af tab. 38.
terifcus. Tourn . Inft. R. H. tab . 285. Ox-eye . 10. BUPHTHALMUM (Incanum) foliis oppofitis lineari
The CHARACTERS are, lanceolatis craffis incanis, floribus feffilibus caule fru
The empalement is different in the feveral fpecies. It ticofo. Ox-eye with thick, hoary, narrow, spear-shaped
bath a compound radiated flower, compofed of hermaphro leaves placed oppofite,flowers growing close to the branches,
dite andfemale florets. The bermaphrodite florets com and a fhrubby stalk. Afterifcus frutefcens leucoii fo
shaped, and cut into five
pofe the difk ; these are funnel- liis anguftiffimis fereceis & incanis. Ind . Hort .
Chelf. 27.
parts at the brim, which ſpread open, and have five flen
der ftamina, which are fhort, terminated by cylindrical The first fort grows naturally in North America.
fummits. In the center isfituated an oval compreſſed ger This hath a perennial root and an annual ftalk : from
men, fupporting a fender ſtyle, crowned by a thick ftigma. the root there arifes many ftalks, in number propor
The germen afterward becomes an oblong feed, whofe bor- | tional to the fize of the roots ; theſe grow upward of
2 fix
 BUP BUP

3 fix feet high, garniſhed at each joint with two ob root their leaves, which are oblong, blunt, and
long heart- shaped leaves placed oppofite, which have hairy, are placed alternate, growing clofe to the
three longitudinal veins, the bafe on one fide being branches without any foot-ftalks ; the leaves of the
fhorter than the other. The flowers come out at the empalement of the fifth fort end in a very fharp fpine,
extremity of the branches, having a leafy empale and are much broader at their bafe than either of the
ment ; they are radiated, of a bright yellow colour, other. The flowers of all theſe have much the ap
1 reſembling a ſmall Sun-flower, from whence the in pearance of thoſe of the laft, but fome are ſmaller,
habitants of America have given it that appellation . and thoſe of the ſeventh fort have an agreeable odour.
•
It flowers in Auguſt, and when the autumns prove They flower at the fame feafon, and are propagated
favourable, the feeds will ripen in England ; but as in the fame manner.
it propagates eafily by parting the roots, there are The fixth fort is a low perennial plant with a fhrubby
few perfons who are folicitous about the feed. The ftalk, which rarely rifes a foot high, fending out
beſt time to tranfplant and part the roots, is toward many fpreading branches from the ftem, garniſhed
the end of October, when the ftalks begin to decay. with hairy leaves, which are narrow at their bafe, but
Theſe ſhould be removed every other year, to pre broad and roundish at their extremity ; the flowers
vent their ſpreading too far ; they are very hardy, fo are produced at the end of the branches, they are
will thrive in any fituation : but as the roots are apt yellow, and fhaped like thofe of the former forts,
to extend, they are not proper for the borders of but the leaves of the empalement are ſoft and obtufe.
fmall flower- gardens ; but in large borders, on the Theſe are ſeldom fucceeded by feeds in England, but
fides of rural walks, or in fpaces between fhrubs, the plant is eafily propagated by flips during the fum
they will be ornamental during their feafon of flow mer feafon ; if the cuttings are planted in a bed of
ering. freſh loamy earth, and covered with a hand-glaſs, ob
The fecond fort grows naturally on the Alps, as alfo ferving to fhade them from the fun inthe heat of the
in Auftria, Italy, and the fouth of France. This day, and frequently refreſhed with water, they will
hath a perennial root, and an annual ſtalk ; it grows take root in about fix weeks, when they ſhould be
near two feet high, with flender branching ftalks, carefully taken up, and each planted in a feparate
garniſhed with oblong fmooth leaves ending in a fmall pot filled with freſh undunged earth, and placed
point ; the flowers grow at the extremity of the in a fhady fituation till they have taken freſh root ;
branches, which are of a bright yellow colour, ra after which they may be removed to a fheltered fitu
diated round their borders like thofe of the Starwort. ation, where they may remain till the end of October,
It flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen in when they muſt be removed to a frame for the winter .
autumn. There are two or three varieties of this, feafon, being too tender to live abroad in winter in
differing in the breadth of their leaves and fize of their this country ; but as they only require protection
flowers, but from the fame feeds all theſe have been from hard frofts, they will thrive better when they
produced. have a great ſhare of air in mild weather, than if
This fort is generally propagated by parting the roots, confined in a green-houſe ; therefore the beſt method
which may be performed at the fame time, and in is to place them in a common frame, where they may
the fame manner as is directed for the firſt fort. As be fully expofed in mild weather, but fcreened from
this doth not ſpread fo much as the former, a few the froft. This fort grows naturally in Sicily. It
roots may be allowed room in the borders of the flowers great part of the year, which renders it the
flower-garden, eſpecially thoſe which have little fun, more valuable.
where theſe will continue a long time in flower. The eighth fort rifes with feveral woody ftems from
The third fort is fomewhat like the fecond, but the the root, which grow to the height of eight or ten
leaves are broader and obtufe ; the ftalks and leaves feet, garniſhed with leaves very unequal in fize, fome
are alſo hairy, in which confifts their difference. This of which are narrow and long, others are broad and
flowers at the fame time with the former, and is pro obtufe ; theſe are intermixed, fometimes coming out
pagated in the fame manner. at the fame joint, and often at the intermediate one ;
The fourth fort rifes a foot and a half high : the they are foft, hoary, and placed oppofite . The foot
ftalks divide into many branches upward ; the fide ftalks of the larger leaves have, on their upper fide,
branches rife much above the middle ſtalk, garniſhed near their bafe, two ſharp teeth ſtanding upward, and
with fpear-shaped hairy leaves, placed alternately ; a little higher there are generally two or three more,
the flowers are produced at the forks of the branches growing on the edge of the leaves. The flowers are
on fhort foot-ſtalks ; the empalement confiſts of ſeven produced at the ends of the branches fingle ; theſe
long, ftiff, fpear-fhaped leaves, ending in a fharp are of a pale yellow colour, and have fcaly empale
point ; theſe ſpread out beyond the rays of the flower ments. It grows naturally in America. I received
in form of a ſtar. The flower fits cloſe upon the em another fort of this from the Havannah, which was
palement, the border or rays being compofed of found growing naturally there by Dr. Houſtoun , who
many female florets, which have one fide ftretched fent it by the following title, Chryfanthemum fruti
out like a tongue, and indented at the end in three cofum maritimum, foliis glaucis oblongis, flore lu
parts ; the middle or difk of the flower is compofed teo. Sloan. Hift. Jam . 1. p. 125. The leaves of this
of hermaphrodite flowers, which are tubulous, fun are fhorter and thicker than thoſe of the tenth fort,
nel-ſhaped, and flightly indented in five parts at the and have no teeth on their foot-ftalks, but in other
brim ; they are of a bright yellow colour, and are fuc refpects are very like it ; the plants are not fo hardy.
ceeded by oblong compreffed feeds. The plants The eighth has been long preferved in the Engliſh
flower in June and July, and their feeds ripen in Sep gardens, and was originally brought from Virginia,
tember, foon after which the plants decay. as I was informed by the Bishop of London's gar
The feeds of this fhould be fown the beginning of dener, who raiſed it in 1696 at Fulham .
April, on open borders, where they are to remain , The ninth fort grows naturally in the Bahama Iſlands,
and will require no other care, but to keep them clear from whence I have feveral times received the feeds.
of weeds, and thin them to the diftance of a foot and This feldom grows much more than three feet high,
a half, that their branches may have room to fpread . fending out many ftalks from the root, which are
If the feeds are fown in the autumn, or are permitted fucculent, except near the root, where they are lig
to fall when ripe, the plants will come up foon after, neous, garniſhed with thick, fucculent, fpear-shaped
and theſe will more certainly ripen feeds than the leaves placed oppofite ; the flowers are produced at
fpring plants. the end of the branches upon foot-ftalks which are
The fifth and feventh forts are alfo annual plants, two inches long. Thefe flowers are larger than thofe
which grow naturally in the fame countries with the of the eighth fort, of a bright yellow colour. They
laft. Theſe feldom grow more than one foot high in appear in July, Auguft, and September, but often
continue till the end of October.
gardens, and where they are wild not fo high, but
fend out many ſpreading alternate branches near the
S s The
 BUP BUP

The tenth fort grows in the Bahama iflands, from | 4. BUPLEURUM (Rigidum) caule dichotomo fubnudo , in
whence I received the feeds. This fends out many volucris minimis acutis. Lin . Sp . Plant. 238. Hare's
flender ftalks from the root, which riſe near three feet ear with ftalks growing from the divifion of the branches,
high, garnished with long, narrow, thick, fucculent which have no leaves below, and a very small pointed in
leaves, which are very hoary, growing oppofite, em volucrum. Bupleurum folio rigido. C. B. P. 278.
bracing the ſtalk at their bafe ; the flowers are yel- 5. BUPLEURUM ( Tenuiffimum) umbellis fimplicibus alternis
low, and are produced at the end of the ſhoots , hav pentaphyllis fubtrifloris. Lin. Sp . Plant. 238. Hare's
ing very fhort foot-ftalks. Theſe appear at the fame ear with fingle umbels growing alternate, and five leaves
time with thoſe of the ninth fort. under each three flowers. Bupleurum anguftiffimo fo
As theſe three forts do not perfect their feeds in this lio. C. B. P. 278.
country, they are propagated by cuttings. They 6. BUPLEURUM (Fruticofum ) frutefcens , foliis obovatis
fhould be planted in July, when the plants have been integerrimis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 238. Shrubby Hare's-ear
for fome time expofed to the open air, whereby their with oblong oval leaves which are entire. Bupleurum ar
fhoots will be hardened and better prepared to take borefcens falicis folio. Tourn. Inft. 310. Sefeli -
root, than when they first come abroad . The cut thiopicum frutex. Dod . Pempt. 312. Shrubby Hart
tings fhould be planted in fmall pots filled with light wort of Ethiopia.
loamy earth, and plunged into a very gentle warmth, 7. BUPLEURUM ( Difforme) frutefcens, foliis vernalibus
obferving to fhade them from the fun in the heat of decompofitis planis incifis, æftivalibus filiformibus
the day, and gently refreſh them with water, but it angulatis trifidis . Lin . Sp . Plant. 238. Shrubby Hare's
muſt be given to them fparingly, for much wet ear, whofe fpring leaves are decompounded, plain, and cut,
will rot them. In about fix weeks thefe will have
and the fummer leaves are narrow , angular, and trifid.
taken root, when they muſt be gradually inured to Bupleurum frutefcens foliis ex uno puncto plurimis
bear the open air ; and foon after they fhould be each
. junceis tetragonis. Burman. Afr. 195. tab. 71 .
planted in a feparate fmall pot filled with light loamy fol. I.
earth, and placed in the fhade until they have taken The first fort grows naturally upon chalky land
freſh root ; after which they may be removed to a fhel among wheat, in feveral parts of England, fo is fel
tered fituation, where they may remain till the middle dom admitted into gardens. The leaves and feeds
of October, when they must be removed in the of this plant are uſed in medicine ; the herb is eftcem
green-houſe. The eighth fort being hardier than either ed good for diffolving fcrophulous tumours, and is
of the other, may be placed in a common green by fome uſed for internal ailments, ruptures, and
houſe ; but the other two will thrive better in a warm bruifes from a fall. It is called Thoroughwax in
glafs- cafe, where they will receive more fun, and Engliſh .
have a drier air. During the winter, they ſhould have The fecond, third, fourth, and fifth forts are annual.
but little moiſture, and in very mild weather they The fifth fort grows naturally in feveral parts of Eng
fhould have freſh air admitted to them. In the fum land, the others are natives of the Alps and Pyrenees ;
mer they muſt be placed abroad in a ſheltered fitu thefe are feldom cultivated but in botanic gardens for
ation, and treated in the fame manner as other ex the fake of variety. Thoſe who are defirous to have
otic plants . any of theſe ſpecies in their gardens, fhould fow their
BUPLEUROIDES. See PHYLLIS . feeds in autumn, where the plants are defigned to
BUPLEURUM [ fo called, from Bous, Bos, and remain, for they do not bear tranfplanting well ; and
wλsupòv, cofta, latus, becauſe it is commonly believed , keep the plants clean from weeds, which is all the
that if cows eat of it, it will burft their bellies. ] Lin. culture they require. They flower in June and July,
Gen. Plant. 291. Hare's-ear. and their feeds ripen in September.
The CHARACTERS are, The fixth fort hath a woody ftem, which fends out
It is a plant with an umbellated flower ; the rays of the many branches, fo as to form a large head or buſh,
principal umbel are thin, confifting of ten ſmaller umbels, covered with a purplish bark, and garnished with ob
which are erect and Spread. The involucrum ofthegreat long, oval, ſtiff leaves, which are very ſmooth, of a
umbel is compofed of many oval pointed leaves, thoſe of fea-green colour ; the ends of the branches are ter
the fmall have five . The flower bath five ſmall heart minated by umbels of yellow flowers fomewhat like
Shapedpetals, which are inflexed ; it bath fiveflender fta thofe of Fennel. Theſe come out in Auguſt, but
mina, which are terminated by roundish fummits. Theger are ſeldom fucceeded by perfect feeds in England.
men is fituated below the flower, ſupporting two ſmall re It grows naturally in the fouth of France and Italy,
flexed ftyles, crowned by a fmall ftigma. The germen af near the borders of the fea.
terward becomes a roundish compreffed fruit which is It is commonly known among gardeners by the title
channelled, dividing in two parts, containing two oblong of Shrubby Æthiopian Hartwort, and is now pro
channelledfeeds, convex on one fide, and plain on the other. pagated in the nurſery- gardens for fale . This grows
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection five or fix feet high, forming a large regular buſh,
of Linnæus's fifth claſs, entitled Pentandria Digynia, the leaves continuing green through the year render
the flower having five ftamina and two ſtyles. it more valuable. It is hardy, fo will thrive in the
The SPECIES are, open air, and may be intermixed with other ever
1. BUPLEURUM (Rotundifolium) involucris univerfali green fhrubs of the fame growth, in the front of taller
bus nullis, foliis perfoliatis. Hort. Upfal. 64. Hare's trees, where their ſtems are defigned to be excluded
ear, whofe greater umbel hath no involucrum, and the from fight. It is propagated by cuttings, which
Stalks growing through the leaves. Perfoliata vulgatif fhould be planted in pots filled with freſh loamy earth,
fima five arvenfis. C. B. P. 277. and in winter fheltered under a hot-bed frame ; in
2. BUPLEURUM ( Angulofum) involucellis pentaphyllis or the fpring the cuttings will put out roots , but they
biculatis, univerfali triphyllo ovato, foliis amplexi will not be fit to tranfplant till the autumn following ;
caulibus cordato-lanceolatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 236. fo the pots fhould be placed in a fhady fituation in
Hare's-ear with the fmall involucrum compofed offive or fummer, and in dry weather they muſt be refreſhed
with water. The young plants may be planted in a
bicular leaves, the larger of three oval ones, and heart
Spear-shaped leaves embracing theftalk. Perfoliata Al nurſery-bed at two feet diftance for a year or two to
pina anguftifolia major folio angulofo. C. B. P. get ftrength, and then tranfplanted where they are to
3. BUPLEURUM ( Odontitis) involucellis pentaphyllis acu remain.
tis, univerfali triphyllo, flofculo centrali altiore, ra The feventh fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
mis divaricatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 237. Hare's-ear with Hope, from whence it was introduced to the gardens
fmaller involucrii, compofed offive pointed leaves which in Holland. This rifes with a fhrubby ftalk to the
are acute, thofe of the larger three-leaved, the flower in height of five or fix feet, fending out fome fide
the center taller, and the branches ſpreading from cach branches, which in the fpring have their lower parts
other. Perfoliata minor anguftifolia, Bupleuri folio. garniſhed with leaves compofed of many ſmall plain
C. B. P. 277 . I lobes, which are finely cut like thofe of Coriander,
of
 :

BUR BUT
h。
of a fea-green colour, thefe leaves foon fall off, and will not thrive when planted in dry ground, and being
2 23.8

the upper part of the branches are cloſely covered too tender to live abroad in England, renders them
Sy
with long rufh-like leaves having four angles, which very difficult to preferve ; therefore whoever is de
come out in cluſters from each joint. The flowers firous to have them, fhould plant them in pots, which
grow in fpreading umbels at the extremity of the fhould be plunged in troughs of water, fo deep as to
branches, which are fmall and of an herbaceous co cover the furface of the mould therein about three
inches. Thofe troughs in which the first fort is
冶 lour, and are fucceeded by oblong channelled feeds.
This fort is commonly propagated by cuttings, which planted, fhould be placed in a warm ftove, where
readily take root, if they are planted in April in they ſhould conftantly remain, being careful to fupply

is pots filled with light earth, and plunged into a mo the water as it may diminiſh in the troughs from time
derate hot-bed, and when they have taken root, they to time. The troughs in which the fecond fort is
fhould be inured to the open air by degrees, and af put, fhould be placed in a green-houſe in winter to
ter they have obtained ſtrength, may be planted each protect the plants from froft, but in fummer they
into a feparate pot filled with light loamy earth, may be expoſed in the open air, with this manage
placing them in the fhade, till they have taken freſh ment, if carefully attended to, the plants may be pre
root, when they may be placed with other exotic ferved, and fometimes may be brought to produce
$ flowers.
plants in a ſheltered fituation, where they may remain
$
till, the autumn, when they muſt be removed into the BURNET. See POTERIUM and SANGUISOR Ba .
green-houſe, and placed with fuch hardy plants as BURSA PASTORIS, Shepherds-pouch. This is
require a large fhare of air in mild weather, and only a common weed in moft parts of England ; which
require a protection from froft. propagates ſo faſt by feeds, as not to be eafily cleared
If this plant is propagated by feeds, they ſhould be when they are permitted to fhed ; for there are com
fown in the autumn, foon after they are ripe, in pots monly four generations of this plant from feeds in a
filled with light earth, which muſt be ſheltered under year, fo faft does the feed ripen, and the plants come
a frame in winter, and in the fpring removed to a ; therefore it cannot be too, foon or carefully rooted
very gentle hot-bed, which will foon bring up the out of a garden .
plants ; theſe muſt be inured to bear the open air by BUTOMUS, [ Broμov, of Bes, an ox, and riuso, to cut,
degrees, and then treated in the fame manner as thoſe fo called, becauſe the leaves of it are fo acute, that
raifed from cuttings. This plant flowers in July, and the tongue and lips of oxen, which are great lovers
the feeds ripen in September. of this plant, are wounded by it, fo that the blood
BURMANNIA . Lin. Gen. 397. This genus was iffues forth : it is alfo called Juncus Florida, becauſe
fo titled by Dr. Linnæus, in honour to his friend Dr. it has the leaves of a Rufh, and produces a fine
Burman, profeffor of botany at Amſterdam. bunch of flowers . ] The Flowering-Ruſh, or Water
The CHARACTERS are, Gladiole.
It bath a cylindricalcoloured empalement ofone leaf, having The CHARACTERS are,
three longitudinal membranaceous angles, the flower bath The flowers grow in a fingle umbel, having ashort three
three fmall oblong petals, fituated in the mouth of the em leaved involucrum. The flower bath fix roundish concave
palement, it hath fix ſmall ſtamina, the fummits are at petals, which are alternately fmaller and more pointed, it
the mouth of the empalement, two at each ; the germen is hath nine awl-shaped ftamina, fix of which furround the
cylindrical, half the length of the empalement, fupporting other, and are terminated by double lamellated fummits ;
a flenderftyle the length of the corolla, having three obtufe it bath fix oblong pointed germen, Supporting a fingle
concave ftigma: the empalement becomes a triangular cy Stigma; the germen afterward become fix oblong pointed
lindrical covering to the feeds, opening in three valves, capfules, having one cellfilled with oblongfeeds.
baving three cells filled with ſmallfeeds. This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection of
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of Linnæus's ninth clafs , intitled Enneandria Hexagy
Linnæus's fixth clafs , intitled Hexandria Monogynia, nia, the flower having nine ſtamina, and fix germen .
the flower having fix ftamina and one ſtyle. We know but one SPECIES of this genus, viz.
The SPECIES are, BUTOMUS (Umbellatus) Fl. Lap. 159. The Flowering
1. BURMANNIA (Difticha) fpica gemina. Burm. Zeyl. Rufb, or Water-Gladiole. Juncus floridus major. C. B.
50. Burmannia with a double fpike offlowers. P. 112. Greater Flowering-Rufb.
2. BURMANNIA (Biflora) flore gemino. Lin. Sp. 411 . There are two varieties of this plant, one with a
Burmannia with two flowers. Burmannia fcapo biflora. rofe coloured flower, and the other with a white, but
Flor. Virg. 36. thefe are only accidental variations, therefore not to
The first fort grows naturally in Ceylon, in places be enumerated as diftinct fpecies.
covered with water moft part of the year, the root The Rofe coloured fort is pretty common in ſtanding
is compofed of many capillary fibres, from which waters, in many parts of England ; the other is a
come out fix or eight narrow fpear-fhaped leaves, variety of this, though lefs common with us near
near two inches long, which are entire. The flower London. Theſe plants may be propagated in boggy
ſtalk rifes a ſpan high, garniſhed with five or fix places, or by planting them in cifterns, which fhould
narrow fpear-fhaped leaves which embrace it at their be kept filled with water, that ſhould have about a
bafe ; the ftalk is terminated by a double ſpike of foot thicknefs of earth in the bottom, into which the
flowers ſpreading each way : theſe are garniſhed with roots fhould be planted, or the feed fown as ſoon as
fmall blue flowers, included in a fwelling fpatha, or they are ripe ; thefe, though common plants, yet
fheath ; theſe have each three ſhort petals, fix ftamina, produce very pretty flowers, and are worth propa
and one ſtyle ; and in its native foil, the empalement gating for variety, efpecially if in any part of the
of the flower becomes a triangular cover to the garden there fhould be conveniency for an artificial
feeds . bog, or where there are ponds of ftanding water, as
The fecond fort grows naturally in Virginia and Ca is many times the cafe, and perfons are at a lofs what
rolina, in watery places, this hath a ſtrong fibrous to plant in fuch places, that may appear beautiful ;
root, from which ariſe ſeveral oblong oval leaves , whereas, if thefe, and a few more wild plants, which
four or five inches long, which are fmooth and entire ; naturally grow in fuch places, were taken into the
between theſe arifes the foot-ftalk of the flower, garden, they would have a very good effect in diver
which is fix or eight inches high, terminated by fpikes fifying the feveral parts thereof.
of flowers, two growing in each fpatha or fheath ; There is another fpecies, or at leaſt a variety, of this
theſe are blue, and in their native foil are fucceeded plant, which is found growing near London, inter
by fmall feeds inclofed in the triangular empale mixed with the common fort, but not half fo large
ment. either in leaf, ftalk, or flower ; but in other refpects
Theſe plants are very difficult to preſerve in gardens ; fo like it, as to render it very difficult to be diſtin
for as they naturally grow in marfhy places, which guifhed from it, for which reafon I have not enume
are covered with water great part of the year, they rated it ; though many of the plants fettled in the
river
 BUX BYT

river Thames, cloſe by the Chelfea garden, where Box-hill, near Darking in Surry, where were formerly
they continued their uſual ſmall ſize many years. large trees of thefe kinds ; but of late they have been
BUXUS, the Box Tree. pretty much deftroyed, yet there are great numbers
The CHARACTERS are, of the trees remaining, which are of a confiderable
It bath male and female flowers on the fame plant ; the bignefs. The wood of this tree is very uſeful for
male flowers have a three-leaved, and the female a four turners, engravers, and mathematical inftrument
leaved empalement, which are concave. The male flowers makers, the wood being fo hard, cloſe, and ponder
have two, and the female three concave petals, which ous, as to fink in water, which renders it very valua
are larger than the empalement. The male flowers have ble for divers utenfils.
four upright ftamina, terminated by double erect fummits All the varieties of the tree or large Box are proper
with a rudiment of a germen, but no fiyle or ftigma : the to intermix in clumps of Evergreens, &c. where they
female flowers have roundish, blunt, three- cornered germen, add to the variety of fuch plantations ; thefe may be
Supporting three very short flyles, crowned by obtufeprickly propagated by planting the cuttings in autumn in a
ftigma. The empalement afterward becomes a roundif fhady border, obferving to keep them watered until
capfule, fhaped like an inverted pottage pot, opening in they have taken root, when they may be tranfplanted
three cells, each having two oblong feeds, which are caft into nurferies, till they are fit for the purpoſes intend
forth by the elasticity of the pod when ripe. ed. The beft feafon for removing thefe trees is in
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fection October, though indeed , if care be uſed to take them
of Linnæus's twenty-firft clafs, intitled Monoecia up with a good ball of earth, they may be tranfplant
Tetrandria, there being male and female flowers on ed almoſt at any time, except in fummer. Theſe
the fame plant, and the male flowers having four trees are a very great ornament to cold and barren
ftamina. foils, where few other things will grow; they may
The SPECIES are. allo be propagated by laying down the branches, or
1. Buxus ( Arborefcens) arborefcens, foliis ovatis. Tree from feeds the laſt being the beſt method to have
Box with oval leaves. Buxus arborefcens . C. B. P. them grow to be large, the feeds must be fown foon
232 . after they are ripe in a fhady border, which muſt be
2. Buxus ( Angustifolia) arborefcens foliis lanceolatis. duly watered in dry weather.
Tree Box with fpear-shaped leaves. Buxus anguftifolia. The Dwarf kind of Box is uſed for bordering flower
Raii Syn. 445. Narrow-leaved Box. beds or borders ; for which purpofe it far exceeds
3. Buxus (Suffruticofa) humilis foliis orbiculatis. Dwarf any other plant, it being fubject to no injuries from
Box with round leaves. Buxus humilis . Dod. pempt. cold or heat, and is of long duration, is very eafily
782. Dwarf or Dutch Box. kept handfome, and, by the firmnefs of its rooting,
Theſe are three certainly diftinct fpecies. The two keeps the mould in the borders from washing into the
forts of Tree Box have been frequently raiſed from gravel-walks, more effectually than any plant what
feeds, and conftantly produced plants of the fame ever. This is increaſed by parting the roots, or plant
kind from thofe the feeds were taken from ; and the ing the flips ; but as it makes fo great an increaſe of
Dwarf Box will never rife to any confiderable height itfelf, and fo eafily parts, it is hardly worth while to
with any culture, nor have I ever feen this fort flower, plant the flips that have no roots. It is now be
where the plants have been encouraged to grow many come fo common, that it may be purchafed from the
years in the greateft luxuriancy. There are two or nurferies at a cheap rate.
three varieties of the firft fort, which are propagated The manner of planting this in edgings, &c. is fo
in the gardens, one with yellow, and the other white well underſtood by every working gardener, that it
ftriped leaves. The other hath the tops of the leaves would be needlefs to mention any thing of that kind
only marked with yellow, which is called Tiped Box. here.
The first and fecond forts grow in great plenty upon BYTTNERIA. See BASTERIA.

CAC CAC

AAPEBA. See CISSAMPELUS . This genus of plants is ranged in the first fection of
CABBAGE. See BRASSICA. Linnæus's twenty-firft clafs, intitled Syngeneſia poly
CABINET, in a garden, is a conveniency gamia æqualis ; theſe have all hermaphrodite flowers
C which differs from an arbour, in this , that which are fertile.
an arbour or fummer-houfe is of great length, and The SPECIES are,
arched over head in the form of a gallery ; but a ca 1. CACALIA (Alpina) foliis reniformibus acutis denticu
binet is either fquare, circular, or in cants, making latis calycibus fubtrifloris. Gouan. Monfp . 429. Ca
a kind of falon, to be fet at the ends, or in the mid calia with kidney-fhaped leaves which are sharply indent
dle of a long arbour. ed, and generally three flowers in each empalement. Ca
CACALIANTHEMUM . See CACALIA. calia foliis craffis hirfutis. C. B. P. 197.

CACALIA, Foreign Coltsfoot. 2. CACALIA (Glabra) foliis cutaneis acutioribus & gla
The CHARACTERS are, bris . C. B. P. 198. Cacalia with fmooth leaves, having
It hath compound flowers which are included in one com acute points. Cacalia glabro folio. Cluf. Hift. 2 .
mon, cylindrical, fcaly empalement : the flowers are tu P. 115.
bulous and funnel- shaped, cut at the top into five parts 3. CACALIA ( Suaveolens) caule herbaceo foliis haftato-ſa
which fand erect ; thefe have each five short fiender ſta gittatis denticulatis, petiolis fupernè dilatatis. Hort.
mina, terminated by cylindrical fummits. The germen is Upfal. 254. Cacalia with an herbaceous ftalk, fpear
crowned with down, fupporting a ſlender ſtyle, crowned fhaped indented leaves, and the upper fide of the foot-ftalk
by two oblong recurvedftigma ; the germen afterward be Spreading. Cacalia Americana procerior, folio triangu
comes afingle oblongfeed, crowned with long down. lari per bafin auriculato, floribus albis. Edit. prior.
6 4. CACALIA
 CAC CAC

4. CACALIA (Atriplicifolia) caule herbaceo, foliis fub The fourth fort is a native of America, but has beeti
cordatis dentato-finuatis, calycibus quinquefloris. Lin . many years in fome curious gardens. This hath a
5 Sp. Plant. 835. Cacalia with an herbaceous ftalk, heart perennial root, and an annual ftalk. The root is
Shaped finuated leaves, and five florets in each empalement. compofed of many fleshy fpreading tubers, fending
Nardus Americana procerior, foliis cæfiis. Pluk. Alm . out ſeveral ſtrong ftalks in the fpring, which rife
251 . four or five feet high, garnifhed with roundish heart
5. CACALIA ( Ficoides) caule fruticofo, foliis compreffis fhaped leaves, greatly indented on their edges, of a
carnofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 834. Cacalia with a fhrubby fea-green on their under fide, but darker above, placed
ftalk, and flefby compreſſed leaves. Senecio Africanus alternately the length of the ftalks, which are termi
arborefcens , ficoidis folio & facie. Com. Rar. Plant.'40. nated by umbels of yellowish herbaceous flowers, ap
•
6. CACALIA (Kleinia) caule fruticofo compofito, foliis pearing in July and Auguft, and are fucceeded by
lanceolatis planis, petiolorum cicatricibus obfoletis. feeds like thofe of the former fort, which ripen in
Lin. Sp. Plant. 834. Cacalia with a compound fhrubby October.
falk, plain fpear-shaped leaves, and the foot -
ftalks leav The first and fecond forts are propagated by parting
ing fears. Cacalianthemum folio nerii glauco . Hort. their roots, for they feldom produce good feeds in
Elth. 61. tab. 54. England. The best time to tranfplant and part their
7. CACALIA (Papillaris) caule fruticofo obvollato fpinis roots is in autumn. They require a loamy foil and
petiolaribus truncatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 834. Cacalia a fhady fituation.
with afhrubby ftalk, guarded on every fide with broken The third and fourth forts propagate in great plenty,
rough foot-ftalks. Cacalianthemum caudice papillari. both by their fpreading roots, and alfo their feeds.
Hort. Elth. 63. tab. 55. The roots fhould be tranfplanted in autumn, and re
8. CACALIA ( Ante-euphorbium) caule fruticofo, foliis ova quire a moift foil and an open fituation. Ifthe feeds
to-oblongis, petiolis bafi linea triplici deductis. Lin . are permitted to ſcatter, the plants will come up in
Sp . Plant. 834. Cacalia with a fhrubby ſtalk, oblong aval the fpring without any care.
leaves, and three lines connected to the base of the foot The fifth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
ftalk. Kleinia foliis carnofis planis ovato-oblongis. Hope. This rifes with ftrong round ftalks to the
Hort. Cliff. 395. height of ſeven or eight feet, which are woody at bot
9. CACALIA ( Sonchifolia) caule herbaceo, foliis lyratis tom, but foft and fucculent upward, fending out
amplexicaulibus dentatis. Lin. Sp. 1169. Cacalia with many irregular branches, garnished more than half
an berbaceous ftalk, and lyre- shaped indented leaves em their length with thick, taper, fucculent leaves , a
bracing the stalk. little compreffed on two fides, ending in points, co
10. CACALIA ( Lutea) caule herbaceo, foliis quinque vered with a whitish glaucous farina, which comes
partitis acutis fubtus glaucis, floribus terminalibus off when handled. Thefe, when broken , emit
pedunculis longiffimis. Cacalia with an herbaceous ſtalk, ftrong odour of turpentine, and are full of a viſcous
leaves divided into five acute parts, glaucous on their under juice ; at the extremity of the branches the flowers
fide, and flowers withlong foot -ftalks terminating the stalks. are produced in ſmall umbels ; they are white, tubu
The first fort grows naturally in Auftria, and the lous, and cut into five parts at the top . The ftig
Helvetian mountains, but is frequently preferved in ma which crowns the ſtyle is of a dark purple colour,
curious gardens for the fake of variety. This hath a and ftands erect above the tube. The ftamina are
fleſhy root which ſpreads in the ground, from which much ſhorter, and furround the oblong germen, which
fpring up many leaves, ftanding on fingle foot is fituated in the center of the tube, and is crowned by
ftalks, fhaped like thofe of Ground Ivy, but of a long, white, hairy down. The germen afterward be
thicker texture, of a fhining green on their upper comes an oblong feed, with the fame down adhering
fide, but white on their under ; between theſe ariſe to it ; but thefe do not ripen in England. Some of
the foot-ftalk, which is round, branching toward the the noblemen in France have the leaves of this plant
top, and grows a foot and a half high ; under each pickled ; in doing of which, they have a contrivance
divifion of the ſtalk is placed a fingle leaf, of the to preferve the white farina with which they are co
fame fhape with thofe below, but much ſmaller ; the vered, and thereby render them very beautiful.
branches are terminated by purplish flowers, grow
This fort is eaſily propagated by cuttings during the
ing in a fort of umbel. Thefe are fucceeded by ob fummer months : thefe fhould be cut from the plants
long feeds, crowned with down . and laid to dry a fortnight, that the wound may be
The fecond fort hath the appearance of the first, but healed over before they are planted. Most people
the leaves are almoft heart-fhaped, pointed, and plunge the pots , in which thefe are planted, into a
ſharply fawed on their edges, and on both fides very moderate hot-bed, to forward their putting out roots
green ; the ftalks rife higher ; the leaves upon the but if they are planted in June or July, they will
ftalks have much longer foot-ftalks than thofe of the root as well in the open air. I have frequently had
firft. The flowers of this are of a deeper purple co the branches broken off by accident, and fallen on
lour. This grows naturally on the Alps . They flower the ground, which have put out roots without any
toward the end of May, or the beginning of June . care. Theſe branches may be kept fix months out
The third fort grows naturally in North America. of the ground, and will take root if planted. This *
This hath a perennial creeping root, which fends fhould have a light fandy earth, and in winter be
out many ſtalks, garniſhed with triangular fpear placed in an airy glafs-cafe, where they may enjoy the
fhaped leaves, ſharply fawed on their edges, of a pale fun and air in mild weather, but must be protected
green on their under fide, but a deep fhining green from froft. During the winter feafon, the plants
above, placed alternately. The ftalks rife to the muſt have but little water ; and in fummer, when
height of feven or eight feet, and are terminated by they are placed in the open air, it fhould not be given
umbels of white flowers , which are fucceeded by ob them too often, nor in great quantity, but treated .
long feeds crowned with down. It flowers in Au like the Ficoides, and other fucculent plants from
guſt, and the feeds ripen in October. This plant the fame country. It flowers ufually in autumn, but
multiplies greatly by its fpreading roots, and alfo by is not conftant to any feafon.
the feeds, which are ſpread to a great diſtance by the The fixth fort grows naturally in the Canary Islands,
wind, the down which adheres to them being greatly but has been long an inhabitant in the English gar
affifting to their conveyance . The roots of this dens . This rifes with a thick flefhy ftem, divided
plant, which have been caft out of the Chelſea gar at certain diftances, as it were, in fo many joints ;
den, have been carried by the tides to a great diſtance, each of thefe divifions iwell much larger in the mid
where they have lodged on the banks of the river, and dle than they do at each end ; the ftalks divide into
faſtened themſelves to the ground, and have increaſed many irregular branches of the fame form, which,
fo much, as that in a few years, it may appear as a toward their extremities, are garnifhed with long, nar
native of this country. The ftalks decay in autumn , row, fpear-shaped leaves, of a glaucous colour, itand
and new ones arife in the fpring. ing all round the ſtalks without order. As thefe fall
Tt off,
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off, they leave a fcar at the place, which always re fown on a hot-bed in the ſpring, and when the plants
mains on the branches. The flowers are produced in are fit to remove, they fhould be planted on another
large clufters, at the extremity of the branches, which hot-bed to bring them forward, fhading them till
are tubulous, and of a faint Carnation colour. They they have taken new root, after which air fhould be
appear in Auguft and September, but continue great daily admitted to them in proportion to the warmth
part of October, and are not fucceeded by feeds in of the ſeaſon . When the plants have acquired ftrength,
this country. There have been ſtones and foffils dug they ſhould be planted in pots, and either plunged
up at a great depth in forne parts of England, which into a moderate hot- bed under a deep frame, or
have very perfect impreffions of this plant upon them ; placed in a glafs- cafe, where they will flower and
from whence Dr. Woodward has fuppofed, the plants perfect their feeds.
were lodged there at the univerfal deluge ; and The tenth fort grows naturally at St. Helena, from
finding the impreffions of many other plants and whence I received the plants : the roots of this fort
animals, which are natives of thofe iflands , he con fpread and increafe under the furface, fo is eaſily pro
cludes that the waters flowed hither from the fouth pagated by parting the roots ; the leaves arife im
weft . mediately from the root, having very ſhort foot-ſtalks ;
This plant has been called Cabbage- tree by the gar thefe are cut into five or fix long acute fegments al
deners, I fuppofe from the reſemblance which the moft to the midrib, the fegments are alfo acutely cut
ftalks of it have to that of the Cabbage : others have on their fides in two or three places : the under fide
titled it Carnation-tree, from the fhape of the leaves, of the leaves are glaucous, their upper fide of a dark
and colour of the flowers. green. The flower-ftalk arifes between the leaves
It is propagated by cuttings, in the fame manner as immediately from the roots ; this is naked, about
the former fort, and the plants require the fame cul eight inches high, terminated by fix or eight yellow
ture ; but muſt have a dry warm glafs- cafe in winter, compound flowers ftanding on long foot-ftalks, almoſt
and very little water, being very fubject to rot umbellatim ; the flowers are fucceeded by oblong
with wet. In fummer they must be placed in the feeds, which rarely ripen in England.
open air, in a warm fheltered fituation, and in very As this plant increafes fo faft by its root, there is
dry weather refreſhed moderately with water. With little want of the feeds ; therefore the roots may be
this management the plants will flower annually, and parted either the beginning of September, or the
grow to the height of eight or ten feet. latter end of March, and fhould be planted in pots
The feventh fort refembles the fixth in its form and filled with light earth, and plunged into the tan-bed
manner of growth, but the leaves are narrower and in the ftove, where it ſhould be conſtantly kept, being
more fucculent. Thefe do not fall off entire like the too tender to thrive elſewhere in this climate.
other, but break off at the beginning of the foot- CACAO. Tourn . Inft . R. H. 660. Theobroma. Lin.
ſtalk, which are very ſtrong and thick ; and always Gen. 806. The Chocolate- nut.
continue, fo that the main ſtalk of the plant, and the The CHARACTERS are,
lower part of the branches, which are deftitute of
The empalement is compofed of five fpear - shaped leaves,
leaves, are fet round on every fide with theſe trun which spread open . The flower bath five petals, which
cated foot-ftalks. This fort hath not as yet produced are irregularly indented, and spread open ; it hath five
any flowers in England. It is propagated in the fame erect ftamina, which are as long as the petals, terminated
manner as the two former forts, from cuttings, and by pointedfummits. In the center is placed the oval ger
the plants muſt be treated as hath been directed for men, fupporting a fingle style, the length of the ftamina,
the fifth fort, but require to be kept drier, both in crowned by an erect ftigma. The germen afterward be
winter and fummer ; therefore, in very wet ſeaſons, comes an oblong pod, ending in a point ; which is woody,
the plants ſhould be ſheltered from hard rains, which warted, and divided into five cells, which are filled with
often cauſe them to rot, when they are expofed oval, compreffed, flefby feeds.
thereto ; but they require the open air in fummer. This genus of plants was conftituted by father Plu
This fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good Hope . mier, who communicated the characters, which he
The eighth fort has been long preferved in the Eng had drawn in America, to Dr. Tournefort, who has
lifh gardens, and was generally titled Ante-euphor inferted it in the Appendix to his Inftitutions. Dr.
bium, fuppofing it to have a contrary quality to the Linnæus has joined this to the Guazuma of Plumier,
Euphorbium. This rifes with many fucculent ftalks under the title of Theobroma ; but as the fruit of
from the root, as large as a man's finger, which theſe plants are very different from each other, I
branches out upward, into many irregular ſtalks of fhall keep them under different genera.
the fame form, but fmaller, garniſhed with flat, ob We have but one SPECIES of this plant, which is,
long, fucculent leaves, placed alternately round the CACAO . Cluf. Exot . The Chocolate-nut- tree.
branches ; under each foot-ftalk there are three lines This tree is a native of America, and is found in
or ribs, which run longitudinally through the branches great plenty in feveral places between the tropics,
joined together. This fort very rarely flowers in but particularly at Caracca and Carthagena, on the
Europe, but is propagated by cuttings in the fame river Amazons, in the ifthmus of Darien, at Hon
manner as the fifth, and is equally hardy. It muſt duras, Guatimala, and Nicaragua. At all thefe places,
it grows naturally without culture ; but it is culti
have very little wet, efpecially in winter, and requires
a dry, fandy, poor foil. vated in many of the islands which are poffeffed by
The ninth fort grows naturally in Ceylon, China, the French and Spaniards, and was formerly planted
and alfo in the Spaniſh Weft-Indies, from whence I in fome of the iſlands which are in the poffeffion of
received the feeds. This fort feldom continues longer the Engliſh , but it has been neglected for many years
than to ripen its feeds. The ftalk rifes near two feet paft, fo that at prefent it is fo fcarce in thofe places,
high, branching a little toward the top ; the leaves that the English are fupplied with it by the French
are cut on their fides, and finuated fomewhat like and Spaniards, who make the inhabitants pay them
thofe of Muſtard, fitting cloſe to the ſtalks, which a good price for it ; and as there is a great quantity
are terminated by flowers formed almoſt in an umbel ; of it confumed in England, confequently it muſt
thefe are in fome plants yellow, and in others purple; make an alteration in the balance of trade greatly
they are fmall, and are fucceeded by oblong oval to the prejudice of the English ; which might be
feeds, having a feathery down . It flowers in July, eafily remedied, if the planters in our colonies were
and the feeds ripen in September, foon after which but the leaft induftrious ; fince, as it formerly grew
the plant decays . on thoſe iſlands , fo as to produce not only a fufficient
This is propagated by feeds, which, if fown in the quantity for their own confumption, but to fupply
autumn foon after they are ripe in a pot, and plunged Europe with great quantities, there can be no ob
into the tan-bed in the ftove, will more certainly
jection to the planting it in thoſe iſlands again , eſpe
fucceed than thofe fown in the fpring ; but where cially in thofe fituations where the fugar canes do
there is not fuch conveniency, the feeds fhould be not thrive to advantage.
I fhall

D
1
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Ifhall therefore fubjoin the beft account ofthis plant, planted, fo as that they may be placed in a quincunx
and the culture which it requires in thofe countries, order, at equal diftance every way, or at leaſt that
with the profits which have arifen from it to thoſe the Plantain-trees between them may form a quin
who have planted fome of theſe trees of late years, cunx, with the two rows of Chocolate-trees, which
by way of experiment, in order to excite others to are placed between each row of them .
follow their example ; and fhall afterward give di In making a plantation of Chocolate-nut-trees, the
rections for cultivating it in England, by way of nuts must be planted where the trees are to remain ;
curiofity. for if the plants are tranfplanted , they feldom live
1
In making a plantation of Chocolate-trees, you and thoſe which furvive it, will never make thriving
muſt firſt be very careful in the choice of the fituation, trees ; for, as I before obferved, theſe trees have a
and the foil, otherwiſe there will be fmall hopes of tender tap root, which, if broke, or any way injured,
fuccefs . As to the fituation, it ſhould be in a place the tree commonly decays .
where the trees may be protected from ſtrong winds, The nuts fhould always be planted in a rainy feaſon,
to which if they are expofed, they will foon be de or at leaſt when it is cloudy weather, and fome hopes
5
ftroyed : fo that in fuch places where torrents of water of rain falling foon after. As the fruit ripens at two
have waſhed away the earth fo as to leave broad and different ſeaſons, viz. at Midſummer and at Chriſt
deep furrows (which the inhabitants of thoſe iſlands mas, the plantation may be made at either of thofe ;
call gullies, ) theſe trees will thrive exceedingly : and but the chief care muſt be to choofe fuch nuts as are
as theſe are very frequently to be found in thoſe perfectly ripe and found, otherwife the whole trouble
iflands, and many of them are of large extent, and and expence will be loft. The manner of planting
not much cultivated, it may be a great improve the nuts is, to make three holes in the ground, within
ment to fome eftates, which, at prefent, are of fmall two or three inches of each other, at the place where
value. The foil in theſe gullies is generally rich and every tree is to ftand ; and into each of theſe holes
moiſt, which is what theſe trees require ; fo that they fhould be one found nut planted about two inches
will make great progrefs in theſe places, as hath been deep, covering them gently with earth. The reafon
experienced by thoſe perfons, who have lately made for putting in three nuts at every place is, becauſe
trials of the plants in theſe fituations ; but where they feldom all fucceed ; or, if most of them grow,
there are not a fufficient number of thefe gullies , the plants will not be all equally vigorous ; fo that
choice fhould be made of a fituation which is well when the plants have had one year's growth, it is very
fheltered by large trees ; or, if there are not trees eafy to draw up all the weak unpromifing plants,
already grown, there fhould be three or four rows and leave the moſt vigorous ; but in doing this,
planted round the fpot which is defigned for the Cho great care ſhould be had to the remaining plants, fo
colate-trees, of fuch forts which are of quickeſt as not to injure or difturb their roots in drawing the
other out.
growth ; and within theſe rows there fhould be fome
Plantain-trees, planted at proper diſtances, which It is very proper to obſerve, that the Chocolate-nuts
being very quick of growth, and the leaves very will not retain their growing faculty long after they
large, will afford a kindly fhelter to the young are taken from the trees, ſo that there is no poffibility
Chocolate-trees placed between them. of tranfporting them to any great diftance for plant
The Chocolate-trees which are cultivated, feldom ing ; nor fhould they be kept long out of the ground,
grow to more than fourteen or fifteen feet in height, in the natural places of their growth. There are
nor do they ſpread their branches very wide ; fo that fome authors who have written the hiſtory of this
if the Plantain -trees are placed in rows , about twenty tree, and diſtinguiſh three different forts of the nuts,
four feet aſunder, there will be room enough for two from the colour of their ſkins, one of which is of a
rows of Chocolate-trees between each row of Plan whitifh green colour, one of a deep red, and the third
tains ; and if they are placed at ten feet diſtance in of a red and yellow colour ; but theſe are not fpeci
the rows, it will be fufficient room for them . Thoſe fically different, but all arife from feeds of the fame
trees which are found wild in uncultivated places , tree, as is the caſe of our Filberts, which differ in
are generally of much larger growth, which may be the colour of their ſkins, but are of the fame colour
occafioned by the other trees, amongft which theſe within, and have the fame taſte. There are others ,
are found growing ; for, being protected from the who would diftinguifh thefe nuts by their fize and
winds by thofe, they are not fo much in danger there form, fome being large and thick, others almoft as
from , as thoſe which are cultivated : and the other flat as Beans ; but thefe differences , I have been cre
trees cloſely furrounding them, will naturally draw dibly informed, arife from fome accident, as thofe
them up to a greater height : however, that is not a trees which are young and vigorous, and grow upon
defirable quality in theſe trees ; for the lower they a deep rich foil, will always produce larger and better
are, the better the fruit may be gathered without nouriſhed fruit, than thofe which ſtand on a ſhallow
hurting the trees, and the lefs they are expofed to the dry ground, and are unthriving trees : as will alſo
injuries of the weather ; fo that the inhabitants never the age of a tree make a great alteration in the fize
defire to have their trees above twelve or fourteen of the fruit ; for old trees are generally obferved to
feet high . produce ſmaller and flatter nuts than thofe which are
The foil upon which thefe trees thrive to moft ad young, or than the fame trees did bear while they
vantage, is a moift, rich, deep earth ; for they ge were vigorous.
nerally fend forth one tap root, which runs very When the Chocolate -trees first appear above ground,
deep into the ground, fo that wherever they meet they are very tender, and fubject to great injuries
with a rocky bottom near the furface, they feldom from the ſtrong winds, the fcorching fun, or great
thrive, nor are they of long continuance ; but in a droughts, for which reafon the planters are obliged
rich, deep, moift foil, they will produce fruit in to guard againſt all theſe enemies, firft, by making
pretty good plenty the third year from feed, and will choice of a ſheltered fituation, or at leaſt by planting
continue fruitful for feveral years after. trees to form a fhelter ; and, if poffible, to have the
1
Before the plantation is begun, the ground fhould plantation near a river, for the conveniency of wa
be well prepared by digging it deep, and clearing it tering the plants the firft feafon, until they have made
from the roots of the trees, and noxious plants, ftrong roots, and are capable of drawing their nou
which, if fuffered to remain in the ground, will fhoot riſhment from fome depth in the earth, where they
1
meet with moisture. But in order to fhelter the
up again after the firft rain, and greatly obftruct the
growth of the plants ; fo that it will be almoſt im plants from the fcorching rays of the fun, they ge
poffible to clear the ground from thofe roots, after nerally plant two rows of Caffada between each row
1
the Chocolate plants are come up, without greatly of Chocolate-trees, which will grow about feven or
injuring them . eight feet high, and fcreen the young plants from
When the ground is thus prepared , the rows fhould the violence of the fun the firſt feafon ; after which
be marked out by a line, where the nuts are to be time, they will be in lefs danger of injury therefrom ;
2 and
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and the following feafon, when the Caffada is taken a moderate crop, but they generally pull off fome
up for ufe, the ground fhould be worked between flowers from thofe trees which are weak, that they
the young plants, being very careful not to injure may recover ſtrength before they are too old.
their roots by this operation . This method of plant From the time when the flowers fall off, to the ma
ing the Caffada between the young Chocolate- trees, turity of the fruit, is about four months. It is eafy
is of great advantage to the planter ; for when the to know when the fruit is ripe by the colour of the
roots of the Caffada are taken up for ufe, it will de pods, which become yellow on the fide next the fun.
fray the expence of keeping the ground clean from In gathering the fruit, they generally place a negro
weeds, without which the young plants will come to to each row of trees ; who, being furnished with a
nothing. The Plantains alfo, which will be fit to baſket, goes from tree to tree, and cuts off all thofe
cut in about twelve months after planting, will de which are ripe, leaving the others for a longer time
fray the whole expence of preparing the ground, fo to ripen. When the baſket is full, he carries the
that the produce of the Chocolate- trees will be neat fruit, and lays it in a heap at one end of the plan
profit ; for as the Plantains produce fruit and decay, tation ; where, after they have gathered the whole
they will be fucceeded by fuckers, which will produce plantation, they cut the pods lengthways, and take
fruit in eight months after ; whereby there will be a out all the nuts, being careful to diveft them of the
continual fupply of food for the negroes, which will pulp which cloſely adheres to them ; and then they
more than pay for keeping the ground wrought, and carry them to the houſe, where they lay them in large
clear from weeds , until the Chocolate- trees begin to caſks, or other veffels of wood, raiſed above ground,
produce fruit, which is generally the third year after and cover them with leaves of the Indian Reed and
planting. mats, upon which they lay fome boards, putting
The planters ufually fet the Plantain-trees two or ſome ſtones thereon to keep them down clofe, in
three months before the Chocolate-nuts are ripe, order to prefs the nuts . In thefe veffels the nuts are
that they may be large enough to afford fhelter to the kept four or five days ; during which time, they muft
young plants when they come up ; and the Caffada be ſtirred and turned every morning; otherwife they
is always planted a month or fix weeks before the will be in danger of perifhing from the great fermen
Chocolate-nuts, for the fame reafon. Some people tation they are ufually in. In this time they change
plant Potatoes, others Cucumbers and Melons, or from being white to a dark red or brown colour.
Water Melons, between the rows of Chocolate plants ; Without this fermentation, they fay the nuts will not
which, they fay, will prevent the weeds from rifing keep ; but will fprout, if they are in a damp place,
to injure the young plants ; for as all thefe trail on or fhrivel and dry too much, if they are expofed to
heat.
the ground, they occupy the whole furface, and pre
vent the weeds from growing : but where this is After the nuts have been thus fermented , they fhould
practifed, it ſhould be done with great caution , left, be taken out of the veffels and spread on coarfe cloths,
by being over-covetous, you injure the young Cho where they may be expofed to the fun and wind ; but
colate-nuts fo much, that they may never recover at night, or in rainy weather, they muſt be taken
it ; therefore great care fhould be taken to reduce the under fhelter, otherwife the damp will fpoil them.
fhoots of thefe plants, whenever they approach the If the weather proves fair, three days time will be
Chocolate-trees ; otherwife they will foon greatly in long enough to dry them, provided they are carefully
jure, if not totally deſtroy them . turned from time to time, that they may dry equally
In about feven or eight days after the Chocolate- nuts on every fide. When they are perfectly dry, they
are planted, the young plants will begin to appear may be put up in boxes or facks, and preferved in a
above ground ; when they fhould be carefully looked dry place until they are ſhipped off, or otherwife dif
over, to fee if any of them are attacked by infects ; pofed of. The fresher thefe nuts are, the more oil
in which caſe, if the infects are not timely deftroyed , is contained in them ; fo that the older they are, the
they will foon devour all the young plants ; or if lefs they are efteemed .
there ſhould be any weeds produced near the plants, Theſe trees do not produce their fruit on the young
they ſhould be carefully cut down with a hoe ; in branches, or at their extremities, as moft other trees
doing which, great care fhould be taken that neither do ; but from the trunk, and the larger branches,
the tender fhoot, nor the rind of the bark are injured . come out the buds for flowers and fruit. While the

About twenty days after the plants have appeared, trees are young, they do not produce their fruit in
they will be five or fix inches high, and have four or great plenty ; for before the trees are eight years old,
fix leaves, according to the ftrength of the plants. they reckon it a good crop to have twenty-eight or
Thefe leaves are always produced by pairs, oppofite thirty pods on each tree at one gathering, especially
to each other, as are alfo the branches ; fo that they that at Midfummer ; which is always a much worfe
make very regular handfome heads, if they are not crop than the Chriſtmas ſeaſon, which is occafioned
injured by winds. In ten or twelve months they will by the much greater drought of the fpring ; for the
be two feet and a half high, and have fourteen or autumns being the rainy feafons, the Chocolate- trees
fixteen leaves. By this time the Caffada, which was produce a much greater quantity of fruit. When
planted between the rows of Chocolate plants, will the trees are full grown and vigorous, they will fome
have large roots fit for ufe, therefore fhould be taken times produce two hundred, or two hundred and
up ; and the ground being then wrought over again, forty pods at one feafon ; which will make ten or
will greatly encourage the young plants. twelve pounds of Chocolate, when dried ; fo that it
In two years time the plants will have grown to the is a very profitable commodity, and can be managed
height of three feet and a half, or fometimes four with very little charge, when compared with fugar.
feet, many of which will begin to flower ; but the I have been credibly informed by a perfon of great
careful planters always pull off all theſe bloffoms ; worth and integrity, who refided fome years in
for if they are permitted to remain to produce fruit, America, that he has feen as much Chocolate gathered
they will fo much weaken the trees, that they feldom from one tree in a year, as hath been worth thirty
recover their ftrength again, fo as to become vigo fhillings fterling on the fpot : fo that the trouble of
rous. When gathering and preparing for the market, being much
thefe plants are two years and a half
old, they will produce flowers again, fome of which lefs than for many other commodities which are ma
are often left to bear fruit ; but the moft curious. nufactured in the British colonies, it is furprifing it
planters pull off all theſe, and never leave any to pro ſhould be neglected ; efpecially as it yields fo large a
duce fruit until the third year ; and then but a few, fhare of fuftenance to the wealthier inhabitants of
in proportion to the ftrength of the trees ; by which thofe colonies ,that they cannot live comfortably
method, their trees always produce larger and better without it, and purchaſe it from the French and
nouriſhed fruit, than thofe which are fuffered to bear Spaniards at a confiderable price ; which in time muſt
a larger quantity, and will continue much longer in greatly impoverish the colonies.
vigour. The fourth year they fuffer their trees to bear
The
 CAC CAC
me
MATT The Chocolate-trees, if planted on a good foil, and about a fortnight after the nuts are planted, the plants
་་
properly taken care of, will continue vigorous and will begin to appear above ground ; when they should
fruitful twenty-five or thirty years : therefore the be carefully watered in dry weather, and protected
charge of cultivating a plantation of theſe trees, muſt from the violent heat of the fun, which is very in
ha be much leſs than that of Sugar ; for although the jurious to theſe plants, eſpecially while they are
ground between the rows of plants will require to be young: they fhould alfo be kept very clear from
often hoed and wrought, yet the firſt working of a weeds ; which, if fuffered to grow in the boxes, will
ground to make a new plantation of Sugar, Indigo, foon overbear the plants and deftroy them. When
Då
Caffada, &c. is a larger expence than the after-work the plants are grown ftrong enough to tranſport, they
ings are. Befides, Sugar-canes require as much la fhould be ſhipped and placed where they may be
1 bour in their cultivation, as any plant whatever ; and ſcreened from ſtrong winds, falt water, and the violent
fince the infects which deftroy the Sugar-canes, have heat of the fun. During their paffage they muſt be
fpread fo much in the British colonies, nothing is a frequently refreſhed with water ; but it muft not be
more uncertain crop than Sugar ; for which reaſon, given them in great quantities, left it rot the tender
t
I think it would be greatly worth thoſe planters care, fibres of their roots, which will deftroy the plants ;
R
who are poffeffed of proper lands for the Chocolate and when they come into a cool latitude, they muſt
trees, to make ſome ſmall trials at leaſt, to be con be carefully protected from the cold, when they will
vinced of the truth of this fact. not require fo frequently to be watered : for in a
1 The leaves of theſe trees being large, make a great moderate degree of heat, if they have gentle water
litter upon the ground when they fall ; but this is ings once a week, it will be fufficient.
S not injurious, but rather of fervice to the trees ; for When the plants arrive in England, they fhould be
]
the furface of the ground being covered with them , carefully taken out of the boxes, and each tranfplant
they preferve the moisture in the ground, and prevent ed into a ſeparate pot filled with light rich earth, and
its evaporating ; which is of great ufe to the young plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark,
tender roots, which are juſt under the furface ; and being careful to cover the glaffes in the heat of the
when the leaves are rotten, they may be buried in day, to fcreen the plants from the fun : they must
digging the ground, and it will ſerve as good manure. alfo be frequently watered, but it muſt be done with
Some planters let the pods, in which the Chocolate caution, not to rot their roots. In this hot-bed the
is incloſed, lie and rot in a heap (after they have plants may remain till Michaelmas, when they muſt
taken the nuts out) which they alſo ſpread on the be removed into the bark-ftove, and plunged into
ground inſtead of dung. Either of theſe manures are the tan, in the warmest part of the ftove. During
very good, provided they are well rotted before they the winter ſeaſon the plants must be frequently re
are laid on the ground ; and great care fhould be freſhed with water, but it must be given to them in
had, that no vermin fhould be carried on the plan fmall quantities, yet in fummer they will require a
tation with the dung. more plentiful fhare. Theſe plants are too tender to
Befides the ordinary care of digging, hoeing, and live in the open air in this country, even in the hotteſt
manuring the plantations of Chocolate-trees, there is ſeaſon of the year ; therefore muſt conſtantly remain
alſo another thing requifite in order to their doing in the bark-ftove, obferving in very warm weather to
well ; which is, to prune the decayed branches off, let in a large ſhare of fresh air to them, and in winter
and to take away fmall ill placed branches, wherever to keep them very warm . As the plants increaſe in
they are produced. But you ſhould be cautious how bulk, they fhould be fhifted into larger pots ; in do
this work is performed ; for there ſhould be no vi ing of which, there muſt be particular care taken not
gorous branches fhortened, nor any large amputa to tear or bruife their roots, which often kills the
tions made on theſe trees ; becauſe they abound with plants ; nor muſt they be placed in pots too large, be
a foft, glutinous, milky juice, which will flow out for caufe that is a flow, but fure death to them. The
many days whenever they are wounded, which greatly leaves of theſe plants must be frequently washed to
weakens the trees . However, fuch branches whofe clear them from filth, which they are fubject to con
extreme parts are decayed, fhould be cut off, to pre tract by remaining conftantly in the houfe ; and this
vent the infection from proceeding farther ; and fuch becomes an harbour for fmall infects, which will in
branches as are much decayed, fhould be taken off feft the plants, and deftroy them, if they are not
cloſe to the ſtem of the tree ; but this ſhould be per timely wafhed off. If theſe rules are duly obferved,
formed in dry weather, foon after the crop of fruit the plants will thrive very well , and may produce
is gathered . flowers in this climate : but it will be very difficult to
Some people may perhaps imagine, that what I have obtain fruit from them ; for, being of a very tender
directed, is a tedious laborious work, and not to be nature, they are fubject to many accidents in a cold
performed by a few flaves : but this is a great miſtake, country.
for I have been credibly informed, that five or fix CACHRYS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 304 .
negroes will cultivate a plantation of ten thouſand of The CHARACTERS are,
theſe trees, provided they are properly inftructed ; It bath an umbellated flower, the great or general umbel
which is a fmall number, when compared to the being compofed of manyſmaller ; the involucrum of both
quantity neceffary to cultivate a Sugar plantation of is compofed of many narrow spear-shaped leaves ; the great
the like extent of ground. And when the profits of umbel is uniform. The flower bath five fpear-shaped,
both are compared, there will be a great difference : erect, equalpetals. It bathfivefingle ftamina the length
for, fuppofing we fet the price of five fhillings per of the petals, terminated by fingle fummits. The turbi
annum, for the produce of each tree, when grown, nated germen is fituated under the receptacle, fupporting
(which I am of opinion is very moderate, confidering two ftyles, crowned by roundish ftigma. The empalement
what has been related ; ) then a plantation of ten afterward becomes a large, oval, blunt fruit, dividing in
thouſand trees will produce twenty-five hundred two parts, each having one large fungous feed, convex on
pounds a year ; which, managed by fix or feven ne "
one fide, and plain on the other.
groes, without the expence of furnaces, & c. is a This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
much greater profit than, I think, can be drawn from of Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia,
any other production . the flower having five ftamina and two ſtyles.
In order to cultivate this plant in Europe, by way of The SPECIES are,
curiofity, it will be neceffary to have the nuts planted 1. CACHRYS ( Trifidus) foliis bipinatis, foliolis linearibus
into boxes of earth ( in the countries where they grow) trifidis, feminibus lævibus. Cachrys with bipinnated
foon after they are ripe ; becauſe, if the nuts are leaves, whofe lobes are linear, and a fmooth fruit. Ca
fent over, they will lofe their growing quality before chrys femine fungofo lævi, foliis ferulaceis. Mor.
they arrive. Theſe boxes fhould be placed in a Umb . 62 .
fhady fituation, and muſt be frequently watered, in 2. CACHRYS (Sicula) foliis bipinnatis, foliolis linearibus
order to forward the vegetation of the nuts. In acutis, feminibus fulcatis hifpidis. Lin. Sp. 355. Ca
U u chrys
 CAC CAC

chrys with double winged leaves, whofe lobes are linear, weeds, and every fpring to dig the ground carefully
acute, and prickly furrowed feeds. Cachrys femine between them, fo as not to injure the roots.
fungofo fulcato afpero, foliis peucedani latiufculis. Thefe plants decay to the ground every autumn, and
Mor . Hift. 3. p. 267 . come up again in the fpring : they commonly flower
3. CACHRYS ( Libanotis) foliis bipinnatis , foliolis acutis in the beginning of June, and their feeds are ripe in
multifidis, feminibus fulcatis levibus. Lin. Sp . 355. September. Their roots fometimes run down three
Cachrys with double winged leaves, whofe lobes are acute, or four feet deep in the earth, provided the foil. be
multifid, and smooth furrowed feeds. Cachrys femine light, and are often as large as Parfneps. They will
fungofo fulcato plano minore, foliis peucedani anguf continue many years, and if the foil is moist and rich,
tis. Mor. Hift. 3. p . 267. they will annually produce good feeds ; but when
4. CACHRYS (Linearia) foliis pinnatis foliolis linearibus they grow on a dry foil, the flowers commonly fall
multifidis feminibus fulcatis planis. Cachrys with very away, and are not fucceeded by feeds.
narrow, multifid, winged leaves, aud a plain channelled There is but little to be faid of the ufes of this genus
fruit. Cachrys femine fungofo fulcato plano majore of plants ; the Hungarians in the neighbourhood of
foliis peucedani anguftis. Mor. Umb. 62. Erlaw, and thoſe who border on Tranfylvania, Ser
5. CACHRYS (Hungarica) foliorum impari lobato, hir via, &c. eat the root of the fifth fpecies in a fcarcity
futo, femine fungofo fulcato plano. Cachrys with hairy of corn, for want of other bread.

leaves, terminated with an odd lobe, and a plain, fungous, CACTUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 539. Melocactus.
channelled feed. Cachrys Hungarica Panacis folio. Tourn . Append ."
Tourn . Hift. 325. This genus was firft titled Melocarduus, and alfo E
The first fort hath a thick flefly root which ftrikes chinomelocactus, or Hedgehog Melon-thiftle ; but
deep in the ground, from which fprings out many theſe names being compounded, Dr. Linnæus has
narrow winged leaves refembling thofe of Giant-fen changed the name to Cactus, and has added to this
nel, which ſpread near the ground ; from between genus, the Cereus and Opuntia.
thefe arife a hollow fungous ftalk about two feet high, The CHARACTERS are,

terminated by a large umbel of yellow flowers, which The empalement of the flower is of one leaf, tubulous,
are fucceeded by oval, fmooth, fungous fruit, divid fhort, and cut into fix parts. The flower is compofed of
ing into two parts, each inclofing an oblong feed. fix petals, which spread open at the top, and rests upcn
The fecond fort hath a large, firm, fweet-fmelling the embryo ; it hath fix long fiender ftamina, which are
root, which fends out feveral pinnated leaves like terminated by erect fummits. The ovalgermen , which is
thofe of Hog's-fennel, but fhorter. The ftalk is fituated below the petals, fupports a cylindrical ftyle,
ſmooth jointed, and rifes four or five feet high, which crowned by a bluntftigma ; afterward becomes apyramidal
is terminated by large umbels of yellow flowers like flefby fruit with one cell, filled with small angular feeds
thofe of Dill , thefe are fucceeded by oblong, fun furrounded with pulp.
gous, channelled feeds, which are prickly. This genus of plants is ranged in the first fection of
The third fort hath a thick fleshy root like Fennel , Linnæus's twelfth clafs, intitled Icofandria Mono
which runs deep into the ground, fending out feveral gynia. This clafs includes thofe plants whofe flowers
narrow pinnated leaves, ending in many points ; be have from twelve to twenty ftamina ; which, with
tween theſe ariſe a ſmooth jointed ftalk about three the corolla, are faftened to the inner ſide of the em
feet high, which is terminated by large umbels of palement.
flowers like thofe of the former fort, which are The SPECIES are,

fucceeded by ſmaller fungous plain feeds which are 1. CACTUS (Melocalius) fubrotundus quatuordecem an
furrowed. gularis. Hort. Cliff. 181. Roundish Callus with four
The fourth fort hath very thick roots which ſtrike teen angles. Melocactus India occidentalis. C. B. P.
deep in the ground, fending out very narrow winged 384. Commonly called Great Melon-thistle.
leaves like thofe of Hog's-fennel. The ſtalk rifes 2 . CACTUS ( Intortus) fubrotundus quinquedecem angu
five or fix feet high, and is jointed like thofe of Fen laris, angulis in fpiram intortis, fpinis erectis. Round
nel, terminated by large unbels of yellow flowers , ifh Callus or Melon-thistle, with fifteen angles fpirally
which are fucceeded by large, oval, fungous feeds, twisted, and erect fpines. Melocactus purpureis ftriis
which are deeply furrowed. in fpiram intortis. Plum. Cat.
The fifth fort has a thick fungous root, from which 3. CACTUS ( Recurvus ) fubrotundus quinquedecem an
fhoot out many winged leaves, having large hairy gularis, fpinis latis recurvis creberrimis. Roundish Me
lobes placed alternate, terminated by an odd one : lon- thistle with fifteen angles, having broad recurved fpines
the ſtalk is hollow, rifing four feet high, terminated fet very clofe.
by an umbel of yellow flowers like thofe of the for 4. CACTUS ( Mamillaris ) fubrotundus tectus tuberculis
mer forts. This grows naturally in Hungary. ovatis barbatis. Hort. Cliff. 181. Roundish Cactus clofely
The firft fort grows naturally in the fouth of France covered with bearded tubercles. Melocactus Americana
and Spain ; the fecond and third in Italy ; the fourth minor. Boerh. Ind. alt. 2. 84. Smaller American Mie
in Sicily. They flower in June, and their feeds ripen lon-thiftle.
in autumn.
6. CACTUS (Proliferus) proliferus fubrotundus, tectus tu
Thefe plants are all propagated by feeds, which berculis ovatis barbatis longis albidis. Roundish pro
fhould be fown foon after they are ripe ; for if they lific Cactus, with oval tubercles clofely joined, having
are kept out of the ground till the following fpring, long white beards, commonly called Small Childing Melon
they often mifcarry, and when they fucceed, they thiftle.
never come up until the fpring after ; fo that by Thefe plants are natives of the Weft-Indies, where
fowing them in autumn, a whole year is faved, and there are more forts than are here enumerated, if per
· fons of fkill were to examine thofe iflands. There
the feeds feldom mifcarry. Thefe feeds fhould be
fown on a fhady border, where the plants are to re have been about four of the large kinds brought to
main ; for the plants having long tap roots, will not England, fome of which have been crowned with a
bear tranfplanting fo well as many other kinds. The prickly brown cap, in form of one of thofe fur caps,
diftance to be oblerved for the fowing of their feeds which are worn by the Turks ; and others, which have
hould be three feet apart ; fo that if each kind is been deftitute of thefe caps, although the plants were
fown in a drill, when the plants are come up, they full as large as thofe which had them ; therefore
may be thinned, leaving two of the most promifing fome perfons have fuppofed them to be diftinct fpe
plants of each kind to remain. Thefe plants will be cies, efpecially fince thefe have been many years pre
gin to appear early in April, when they must be care ferved in the gardens, and no appearance of any caps
fully cleared from weeds , and in dry weather, if as yet have been produced ; but as thefe have been
they are gently watered while young, it will greatly rarely propagated by feeds, it is difficult to determine
promote their growth ; after which time they will if they are effentially different. Thofe which have
require no farther care but to keep them clean from thefe caps, produce their fruit in circles round the
upper
 CAC CAC

upper part of the cap ; whereas, the ſmaller forts pro I cannot take upon me to determine ; fince, in this
duce their fruit from between the tubercles, round country, they are very rarely propagated by feeds ;
the middle of the plant : and in fome figures of the nor could I obferve, in the feveral years that I have
7
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B

larger forts of theſe plants, the fruit is reprefented as had thefe plants under my care, there was the leaft
coming out near the crown of the plant ; fo that if a difpofition in either of them to produce fruit , when ,
be fkilful botanist was to examine thefe plants in the at the fame time, the common large fort produced
places of their growth, there would probably be found plenty of fruit out of their caps every year, from the
a much greater variety of them than is at prefent feeds of which I have raifed fome young plants ;
known. but although fome of thefe have grown to a con
Thefe ftrange plants commonly grow upon the ſteep fiderable fize, yet none of them have as yet pro
fides of rocks in the warmest parts of America, where duced caps, therefore no fruit can be yet expected
they ſeem to be thrust out of the apertures, having from them.
little or no earth to fupport them ; their roots fhoot The fifth fort produces quantities of fruit annually ;
ing down into the fiffures of the rock to a confidera and as the feeds grow very readily, it is now very
ble depth, fo that it is troubleſome to get the plants common in thofe gardens where there are ftoves to
1 up, especially as they are fo ftrongly armed with keep them ; for if the fruit is permitted to drop upon
thorns as to render it very dangerous to handle them ; the earth of the pots, and that is not diſturbed, there
$
and as theſe plants delight in thoſe rocky places, they will plenty of plants come up without any farther
feldom live long when they are tranfplanted into better trouble ; and theſe feedling plants may be taken up
foil by the inhabitants of thoſe iſlands. as foon as they are of a proper fize to remove, and
The great forts were fome years fince brought over planted fix or ſeven of them into a finall halfpenny
to England in much greater plenty than of late ; but pot, where they may ftand one year ; by which time
then the greateſt part of them were deftroyed, by the they will be large enough to be each planted into a
unfkilfulneſs of thoſe perfons who had the care ofthem feparate pot, and afterward they will make great pro
in the voyage ; for, by giving them water, they ge grefs, eſpecially if they are plunged into a hot-bed of
nerally caufed them to rot before they were taken out tanners bark in fummer ; for although this fort is
of the fhips ; and fome of thoſe which have appeared much more hardy than the large kind, and may be
to be found, have been fo replete with moiſture, as preferved in a moderate ftove, yet the plants will not
to rot foon after they have been placed in the ſtoves ; make near the progreſs as thoſe which are kept in a
therefore whoever propofes to bring theſe plants from greater degree of heat. This fort will continue
abroad, fhould be very careful to take up their roots many years with proper care, and the plants will grow
as entire as poffible, and to plant them in tubs filled to be a foot high or more ; but when they are fo tall,
with ftones and rubbiſh, mixing very little earth with the lower part of them is not fo fightly, their green
it, and to plant three or four plants in each tub, in being decayed, and the ſpines changed to a dark dirty
proportion to their fizes ; for if they are placed clofe colour, they appear as if dead, fo that the upper part
together, it will fave room ; and as they do not in of thefe old plants only feem to have life ; whereas
creaſe their growth during their paffage, there need the plants of the middling fize appear healthy from
not be any room allowed them for that purpoſe. top to bottom. The flowers of this fort appear in
There fhould be ſeveral pretty large holes bored thro' July and Auguft, and are fucceeded by the fruit
the bottom of theſe tubs, to let the moiſture paſs off ; quite round the plant, which are of a fine fcarlet co
and if theſe plants are planted in the tubs a month lour, and continue freſh upon the plants through the
before they are put on board the ſhip, they will in that winter, which renders them very beautiful at that
time have made new roots, which will be the moſt ſeaſon. And in the fpring, when the fruit fhrivels
fecure method to have them fucceed ; but, during and becomes dry, the feeds will be ripe, and may
their continuance in the country, they fhould have then be rubbed out, and fown upon the furface of the
no water given them, and after they are put on board earth in ſmall pots, which fhould be plunged into a
the fhip, they must not have any moiſture whatever ; hot-bed of tanners bark to bring up the plants.
therefore it will be a good method to cover the plants The fixth fort is but little larger than the fifth, grow
with tarpaulin, to keep off the fpray of the feain bad ing nearly in the fame form ; but this produces a
weather, and expofe them at all times to the open air great number ofyoung plants from the fides, bywhich
when the fea is calm . By obferving thefe directions, it is increaſed. This fort produces tufts of a foft
the plants may be brought to England in good health, white down upon the knobs, and alſo between them
provided they are brought in fummer. at every joint, which makes the whole plant appear
Some of the large fort which have been brought to as if it was covered with fine cotton. The flowers of
England, have been more than a yard in circumfe this fort are produced from between the knobs round
rence, and two feet and a half high, including their the fides of the plants, which are in fhape and colour
caps ; but I have been informed by feveral perfons very much like thofe of the fifth fort, but larger.
who have refided in the Weft-Indies, that there are Theſe flowers are not fucceeded by any fruit, at leaſt all
plants near twice as large. thoſe which I have under my care, have not produced
The third fort was brought into England by the late any, although they have produced plenty of flowers
Dr. William Houstoun, who procured the plants for fome years ; but from the fame places where the
from Mexico ; but as they were long in their paffage, flowers have appeared, there have been young plants
and had received wet, they were decayed before they thruft out the following feafon. Theſe young plants
arrived in England ; but from the remains of them I have taken off, and after laying them to dry for two
which were left, they appeared to be the moft fingu or three days , I have planted them, and they have
lar of all the fpecies yet known. This has two or fucceeded very well.
ders of thorns ; one of which are ftrait, and fet on All the fpecies of this genus are plants of a fingular
at the joints in clufters, fpreading out from the center ftructure, but especially the larger kinds of them,
each way like a ftar ; and in the middle of each cluf which appear like a large flefhy green Melon, with
ter is produced one broad flat thorn mear two inches deep ribs, fet all over with ftrong fharp thorns ; and
in length, which ftands erect, and is recurved at the when the plants are cut through the middle, their
point, and is of a brownish red colour. Thefe infide is nothing but a foft, green, fleshy fubftance,
thorns are, by the inhabitants of Mexico, fet in very full of moiſture. And I have been affured by,
gold or filver, and made ufe of for picking their teeth, perfons of credit, who have lived in the Weft-Indies,
and the plant is by them called Vifnaga, i. e. tooth that in times of great drought, the cattle repair to
pick. the barren rocks, which are covered with thefe plants,
The fort with fpiral ribs, as alfo that with white and after having ripped up the large plants with their
fpines, I received from Antigua, with the common horns, fo as to tear off the outfide fkin with the thorns ,
fort ; but whether thefe are only accidental varieties, they have greedily devoured all the fleshy moift parts
arifing from the fame feeds, or real different fpecies, of the plants, which has afforded them both meat
and
 CAC CÆS

and drink ; but how any animal fhould ever attack plentifully stocked with them, may be foon fupplied
plants which are fo well defended by ſtrong thorns, with the fifth fort from feeds, and the fixth from the
which are as hard and ſtiff as whalebone, or any other young plants which are thrust out from the fide of the
bony fubftance, is difficult to conceive ; nor could any old.

thing but diftrefs for moiſture ever have tempted CESALPINA. Plum. Nov. Gen. 9. Brafiletto.
them to venture amongſt theſe troubleſome plants to This plant was fo named by father Plumier, who dif
fearch for relief, fince they must encounter with many covered it in America, in honour of Andreas Cæfal
difficulties, before they could find a method of dif pinus, an eminent botanist, and one of the firſt writ
lodging the thorns . ers on a method of claffing plants.
The fruit of all the forts of Melon-thiftles, are fre The CHARACTERS are,
quently eaten by the inhabitants of the Weft-Indies ; It bath a quinquefid pitcher - fhaped empalement, the un
there is fcarce any difference in the fruits of all the der lobe being large. The flower bath five almost equal
kinds I have yet feen, either in fize, fhape, colour, petals, of the butterfly kind. It bath ten declining sta
or taſte. They are about three quarters of an inch in mina which are diftin&t, and terminated by roundish fum
length, of a taper form, drawing to a point at the mits, and an oblong germen fupporting a single ftyle the
bottom toward the plant, but blunt at the top, where length of theftamina, crowned by a blunt ftigma. The
the empalement of the flower was fituated. The tafte empalement afterward becomes an oblong compreſſed pod,
is an agreeable acid, which, in a hot country, muſt with one cellinclofing three or four compreffed feeds.
render the fruit more grateful . This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
All the forts of thefe plants require a very good ſtove Linnæus's tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Monogynia,
to preſerve them through the winter in England , nor the flower having ten feparate ftamina and one ftyle.
The SPECIES are,
fhould they be expofed to the open air in fummer ;
for although they may continue fair to outward ap 1 . CÆSALPINA (Brafilienfis) foliis duplicato-pinnatis ,
pearance, when they have been fome time expofed foliolis emarginatis, floribus decandris. Cefalpina with
abroad, yet they will imbibe moiſture, which will doubly winged leaves, whofe fmall leaves are indented at
cauſe them to rot foon after they are removed into the the end, and flowers with ten ftamina. Pfeudo-fanta
ftove. And this is frequently the cafe of thoſe plants lum croceum. Sloan . Hift . Jam. Vol . II . p. 184. Saf
which are brought from abroad, which have a fair fron-coloured Baftard Saunders, commonly called Brafiletto.
healthy appearance many times at their firft arrival, 2. CÆSALPINA ( Arifta) foliis duplicato- pinnatis foliolis
but foon after decay, and this will happen very fud ovatis integerrimis floribus pentandriis. Cefalpina with
denly. Scarce any appearance of diforder will be doubly winged leaves, whoſe ſmall leaves are oval and
feen, till the whole plant is killed ; which, in a few entire, and flowers with five ftamina. Cæfalpina poly
hours time, has often been the fate of thoſe plants , phylla aculis horrida. Plum . Nov. Gen. 28.
when they have been placed in the ſtove. The first fort is the tree which affords the Brafiletto
If theſe plants are plunged into a hot- bed of tanners wood, which is much ufed in dyeing . It grows na
bark in fummer, it will greatly forward them in their turally in the warmest parts of America, from whence
growth ; but when this is practifed, there fhould be the wood is imported for the dyers ; and the demand
fcarce any water given to the plants, for the moifture for it has been fo great, that there are no large trees
which they will imbibe from the fermentation of the left in any of the British colonies, the biggeſt fcarce
tan, will be fufficient for them, and more would exceeding eight inches in diameter, and fifteen feet
cauſe them to rot. The beft method to preſerve all in height. It hath very flender branches, which are
the large kinds is, in winter, to place the pots, either armed with recurved thorns . The leaves are wing
upon the tops of the flues, or, at leaft, very near ed, branching out into many divifions, each being
them, that they may have the warmeft place of the garniſhed with fmall oval lobes which are indented at
ftove ; and during that feafon, never to give them any the top, and are placed oppofite. The foot-ftalks
water ; but when the feafon comes for leaving out the of the flowers come out from the fide of the branches,
fire in the ftove, to remove them into a bed of tan and are terminated by a looſe pyramidal ſpike of
ners bark, which will foon fet them in a growing ftate, white flowers, which are fhaped fomewhat like thoſe
and recover their verdure . The foil in which theſe of the butterfly kind, having ten ftamina which are
fhould be planted, muſt be of a fandy nature, and if much longer than the petals, and terminated by
mixed with fome dry lime rubbiſh, it will be ftill bet roundifh yellow fummits. The germen afterward
ter. In the bottom of the pots fhould be placed fome becomes a long compreffed pod with one cell, inclof
ftones, in order to drain off any moiſture which may ing feveral oval flat feeds.
be in the earth ; for as thefe plants naturally grow The ſecond fort grows naturally in the fame countries
upon the hot dry burning rocks which have no with the first, but is of larger fize : it fends out many
earth, and, were it not for thefe plants, would be ab weak irregular branches, armed with fhort, ftrong, up
folutely barren, we muſt imitate their natural foil as right thorns. The leaves branch out in the fame
near as poffible, making fome allowance for the dif manner as the firſt, but the lobes (or fmall leaves)
ference of climates. are oval and entire. The flowers are produced in
The great forts may be propagated by feeds, which long ſpikes like thofe of the former, but are varie
muſt be ſown and managed as hath been directed for gated with red ; thefe have each but five ftamina,
the ſmaller fort ; but as the plants which are raiſed therefore, according to Linnæus's fyftem, ſhould
from feeds in England, will be fome years in arriving not be ranged in this clafs ; but as in all the other
to any confiderable fize, it will be much the best way characters they agree, I have continued them to
to procure fome plants from the Weft-Indies ; and if gether.
the plants arrive here in any of the fummer months, Dr. Linnæus has joined thefe two fpecies together,
fo as that there may be time for them to get new root in which he has been followed by Dr. Burman ; but
before the cold comes on in autumn, the plants will if either of them had feen the plants, they could not
more certainly fucceed . When the plants come over, have committed this miftake. To this genus Lin
it will be proper to take them out of the earth as foon næus has added two other fpecies, one of which is a
as poffible, and lay them in the ftove upon the fhelves, Guilandina, and the other a Bauhinia : to the latter he
to dry for a fortnight or three weeks ; and when they has added the Synonime of Colutea Vera Crucis Ve
are planted, they fhould be plunged into a good ficaria, which is a plant totally different , being a ge
warm bed of tanners bark, to promote their making nuine Colutea. I received this from the late Dr.
new roots. In this bed they may remain till the be Houftoun , who found it growing naturally at La Vera
ginning of October, when they must be removed into Cruz, in New Spain.
the ftove, and treated in the manner before directed . Theſe plants are propagated by feeds, which fhould
The two fmall forts propagate fo faft in England, as be fown in fmall pots filled with light rich earth early
to render it unneceffary to fend for plants of theſe in the fpring, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners
kinds from abroad ; for whoever hath a mind to be bark, obferving to water the earth as often as it ap
6 pears
 CAL CAL

pears dry, in order to promote the vegetation ofthe when the plants come up, they fhould be tendery
feeds ; and if the nights fhould prove cold, the glaffes treated while young, admitting fresh air to them
of the hot-bed fhould be covered with mats, to keep daily in proportion to the warmth of the feafon, giv
the bed in a moderate warmth. In about fix weeks ing them water frequently, but fparingly , when they
after, the plants will begin to appear, when they have obtained ftrength enough to be removed, thofe
muſt be carefully cleared from weeds, and frequently of the firſt fort fhould be tranfplanted into another
refreſhed with water ; and, in warm weather, the hot-bed, allowing them four inches diftance. The
glaffes of the hot-bed fhould be raiſed in the middle plants of the fecond fort fhould be put into fmall pots
of the day, to admit freſh air to the plants, which plunged into the tan-bed, obferving to fhade them
will greatly ftrengthen them, otherwife they are apt until they have taken new root ; after which they
to draw up weak. When the plants are about three fhould be treated in the fame manner as other tender
inches high, they fhould be carefully taken out of the exotic plants, watering them frequently in warm
pots, and each tranſplanted into a ſeparate ſmall pot weather, and admitting fresh air to them daily. When
filled with freſh light earth, and plunged into the hot the plants of the firft fort have grown fo ftrong as to
bed again, obferving to water them, and fcreen them meet, they fhould be carefully planted in pots, and
from the heat of the fun until they have taken new removed either into the ftove or glafs -cafe, where
root ; after which time, the glaffes of the hot-bed they may remain to ripen feeds, after which they foon
ſhould be raiſed every day, in proportion to the heat die. The plants of the fecond fort will live many
of the weather, to admit fresh air to the plants. In years if they are preferved in the bark-ftove, but
this hot-bed the plants may remain till autumn , when they are too tender to thrive in the open air in this
they ſhould be removed into the ftove, and plunged country ; however, they fhould have plenty of fresh
into the bark-bed, where they may have room to air admitted to them in fummer when the weather is
warm ,
grow. Theſe plants being tender, fhould always be
kept in the bark-ftove, and have a moderate fhare of CALENDULA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 885. Marigold ,
heat in the winter, and being placed among other The CHARACTERS are,
tender exotic plants of the fame country, will afford It bath a compound radiated flower, confifting of ber
an agreeable variety. maphrodite and female flcrets, included in a common fingle
CAINITO. See CHRYSOPHYLLUM .
empalement, the border or rays being composed offemale
CAKILE, Sea Rocket. See BUNIAS . florets, which are stretched out on one fide like a tongue ,
CALABA, Indian Maftich-tree . See CORNUS , thefe have no ftamina, but an oblong three-cornered ger
CALAMINTHA. See MELISSA. men, fupporting afender ftyle, crowned by two reflexed
CALCEOLUS, Ladies Slipper. See CYPRIPE Stigma. The hermaphrodite florets, which compofe the
DIUM. dijk, are tubulous and quinquefid, having five ſhort ſten
1 CALCITRAPA. See CENTAUREA,
derftamina, terminated by cylindricalfummits. The ger
CALEA. men is fituated under the petal, fupporting a flenderftyle,
The CHARACTERS are, crowned by an obtufe bifid ftigma. Thefeflorets are bar
It bath a uniform compound flower, compofed of many ren, but the female florets are each fucceeded by one oblong
equal hermaphrodite florets, included in a loofe imbricated incurved feed, with angular membranes.
empalement , the florets are tubulous, divided into five This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fection
Segments ; they have each five stamina with cylindrical of Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Po
fummits, and an oblong germen, with a slender style the lygamia neceffaria ; in which are included all thofe
length of the corolla, crowned by two recurved ftigma. plants which have hermaphrodite barren flowers in the
The florets are fucceeded by an oblong feed, crowned with difk, and fruitful female flowers in the border,
The SPECIES are,
a hairy down, having a chaffy fubftance between each
feed. 1. CALENDULA (Arvenfis) feminibus cymbiformibus mu
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft order of ricatis incurvatis . Flor. Suec. 711. Marigold with
Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Poly rough boat f
-haped feeds. Caltha arvenfis . C. B. P. 275.
gamia æqualis , the flowers being . compofed of her 2. CALENDULA (Sancta) feminibus urceolatis obovatis
maphrodite flowers . lævibus, calycibus fubmuricatis. Lin. Sp. 1304. Ma
The SPECIES are, rigold with fmcoth pitcher-shaped leaves, and a rough
1. CALEA (Oppofitifolia) corymbus congeftis, peduncu empalement. Caltha media folio longo cinereo, flore
lis longiffimis, foliis lanceolatis, caule herbaceo. A pallido. Bobart. Middle Marigold with a long Afb-co
moen. Acad. 5. p. 404. Calea with a clofe corymbus, loured leaf, and apale flower.
shaped leaves,
very long foot-ftalks to the flowers, fpear- 3 . CALENDULA (Officinalis) feminibus cymbiformibus
and an herbaceous ftalk. Santolina Americana foliis muricatis, incurvatis omnibus. Lin. Sp. 1304. Ma
oblongis integris, floribus albis. Houft. MSS. rigold with boat f
-haped, prickly, incurvedfeeds, Caltha
2. CALEA ( Amellus) floribus fubpaniculatis, calycibus vulgaris. C. B. P. 275. Common Marigold.
brevibus, feminibus nudis, foliis ovato-lanceolatis pe 4. CALENDULA ( Pluvialis) foliis lanceolatis finuato-den
tiolatis. Amoen. Acad . 5. p . 404. Calea with flowers ticulatis caule foliofo, pedunculis filiformibus. Hort.
in panicles, fhort empalements, naked feeds, and oval Upfal. 274. Marigold with Spear-shaped indented leaves,
Spear- shaped leaves on foot f-talks. Santolina fcandens and flender foot-ftalks. Caltha Africana flore intus
Americana Lauri foliis, floribus racemofis. Houft. albo extus violaceo. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 499 .
MSS. 5. CALENDUDA ( Nudicaulis) foliis lanceolatis finuato
Thefe plants grow naturally in Jamaica. The firſt dentatis caule fubnudo . Lin. Sp . Plant. 922. Marigold
hath an upright herbaceous ftalk three feet high, withfinuated, indented, fpear -
shaped leaves, and a naked
garniſhed with entire fpear-fhaped leaves, placed op ftalk. Caltha Africana flore intus albo, extus leviter
pofite at the joints ; the ftalk is terminated by three violaceo, femine plano cordato, Boerh. Ind. alt, 1 .
foot-ftalks, one in the middle, and one on each fide, p. 113.
fupporting a finall corymbus of white flowers clofely 6 . CALENDULA (Hybrida) foliis lanceolatis dentatis caule
joined together. foliofo, pedunculis fupernè incraffatis. Hort. Upfal.
The fecond fort hath ligneous branches, which ſpread 274. Marigold with indented fpear-shaped leaves, and
over the neighbouring plants, and rife eight or ten the upper part ofthe foot -talkfwelling. Cardifpermum
feet high, garnifhed with thick fpear-fhaped leaves Africanum pubefcens foliis incifis parvo flore. Vaill.
placed oppofite ; from thefe ftalks are put out many Mem . Acad . Sc. 1724.
fide branches, garniſhed with fmaller leaves placed 7 . CALENDULA (Graminifolia) foliis linearibus fubinte
oppofite, and terminated by panicles of yellow flow gerrimis caule fubnudo. Lin. Sp . Plant. 922. Mari
ers, having fhort empalements : thefe are fucceeded gold with narrow entire leaves, and a naked ſtalk. Çal
by naked feeds inclofed in the flower- cup . tha Africana foliis Croci anguftis, florum petalis ex;
Thefe plants are both propagated by feeds, which ternè purpurafcentibus, internè albis. Boerh. Ind. alt,
fhould be fown upon a hot-bed early in the fpring ; I.
1. p. 113.
X X 8. CALENT
 CAL CAL

8. CALENDULA (Fruticofa) foliis obovatis fubdentatis, ber, which, if permitted to fcatter, will furnish a
caule fruticofo. Amen . Acad. 5. p. 25. Marigold fupply of young plants in the fpring ; but as thefe "
with obverfe, oval, indented leaves, and a fhrubbystalk. will be a mixture of bad and good, the best method is
9. CALENDULA ( Decumbens) foliis oppofitis pinnatifidis to fave the beſt feeds, and fow each of the varieties
afperis, fubtus incanis , ramis decumbentis, pedun diftinct, which is the fure way to have them in per
culis nudis. Marigold with rough pinnatifid leaves grow fection. The flowers of the common Marigold are
ing oppofite, which are white on their under fide, trail ufed in the kitchen.
4
ing branches, and naked foot f-talks. Caltha Americana The fourth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
foliis laciniatis flore luteo. Houft . MSS. Hope, This plant is annual, and periſhes ſoon after
10. CALENDULA ( Americana) caule erecto ramofo, foliis the feeds are perfected.
oblongis oppofitis hirfutis, floribus lateralibus. Ma The lower leaves are oblong, fpear-shaped, and
rigold with an upright branching ftalk, oblong hairy deeply indented on their edges ; they are flefhy, and
leaves growing oppofite, and flowers proceeding from the of a pale green colour. The ftalks are produced on
fides of the stalk. Caltha Americana erecta, & hirfuta, every fide the root, which decline toward the ground,
flore parvo ochroleuco. Houft. MSS. and are from fix to eight inches long, garnished with
The firſt fort grows naturally in the fouth of France , leaves from the bottom, to within two inches of the
Spain, and Italy ; it rifes with a flender branching top. The leaves on the ftalks are much narrower,
and more indented than thofe at the root. The up
The
ftalk, which fpreads near the ground, and is garniſh
ed with narrow, fpear-fhaped, hairy leaves, which per part of the ftalk is very flender, upon which
half furround the ftalk at their bafe ; the flowers are refts one flower, fhaped like thofe of the common
produced at the extremity of the branches upon long Marigold, having a purple bottom , and the rays
naked foot-ftalks. They are very finall, and of a (or border ) of the flower are of a Violet-colour on
pale yellow colour ; the rays are very narrow, as are their outfide, and of a pure white within ; thefe open
alfo the leaves of the empalement. The feeds are when the fun fhines, but fhut up in the evening, and
long, narrow, and on their outfide armed with remain fo in cloudy weather. When the flower de
prickles. The root is annual, and periſhes foon after cays, the pedicle (or foot-ftalk ) becomes weak, and
the feeds are ripe . If the feeds of this plant are per the head hangs down, during the formation and
mitted to fcatter, there will be a fresh fupply of growth of the feeds ; but when they are fully ripe,
young plants : fo that from May, when the flowers the foot-ftalk raifes itself again, and the heads of the
first appear, till the froft puts a ftop to them, there feeds ftand upright.
will be a fucceffion of plants in flower. There are The fifth fort is a native of the Cape of Good Hope.
feveral botanists who fuppofe the common Marigold, This is alfo an annual plant, and has much the ap
which is cultivated in gardens, to be only a variety pearance of the former, but the leaves are more
of this, arifing from culture ; but I have cultivated deeply indented on their edges ; the ftalks grow
this in the garden more than forty years, without about the fame length as the former ; the flower is a
finding the leaft alteration in it, therefore cannot little fmaller, and the outside of the rays are of a
doubt of its being a diftinct fpecies. fainter purple colour. The feeds of this are flat and
The ſecond fort I gathered in the garden at Leyden, heart- shaped, but thofe of the former are long and
where it had been feveral years cultivated without al narrow.
tering ; the leaves of this fort are fmooth, and much The fixth fort was brought from the fame country
larger than thofe of the former, but not fo large as with the two former, and is alfo an annual plant ;
thoſe ofthe common Marigold ; the flowers are alfo the leaves of this are much longer than thofe of either
of a middle fize between them, and are of a very pale of the former forts, and broader at the end ; they are
yellow colour. This is alfo an annual plant. Ifthe regularly indented near the root, but thofe on the
feeds are permitted to fcatter, there will be a conftant ftalks have but few and fhallow indentures . The
fupply of young plants come up . ftalks of this fort are much longer and thicker than
The third fort is the common Marigold, which is thoſe of the former ; and at the top, juft below the
cultivated for ufe in the gardens ; this is fo well flower, fwell larger than at the bottom ; the flower is
known, as to require no defcription . Of this there fmaller than thofe of the other forts, but is ofthe fame
are the following varieties ; the common fingle ; the colour. Theſe plants flower in June, July, and Au
double flowering ; the largeft very double flower ; the guft, and their feeds ripen about fix weeks after ; fo
double Lemon- coloured flower ; the greater and that they must be gathered at different times as they
fmaller childing Marigold . come to maturity.
Theſe varieties are fuppofed to have been originally The feeds of thefe plants fhould be fown in the
obtained from the feeds of the common Marigold, but fpring in the borders of the garden where the plants
moſt of theſe differences continue, if the feeds are pro are defigned to remain, for they do not bear tranf
perly faved ; nor have I ever obferved the common planting well ; therefore they may be treated in the
fort approaching to either of thefe , where they have fame manner, and fown at the fame time, with Candy
been long cultivated in the greateſt plenty ; but as Tuft, Venus Looking Glafs, and other hardy annual
the two childing Marigolds, and the largeſt double, plants, putting four or five feeds in each patch ; if
are fubject to degenerate, where care is not taken in they all grow, there fhould not be more than two
faving their feeds, I conclude they are not diftinct plants left in each patch : after this, they require no
fpecies. The beſt way to preferve thefe varieties, is farther care but to keep them clean from weeds. If
to pull up all thofe plants, whofe flowers are lefs dou the feeds of thefe plants are permitted to fcatter, the
ble, as foon as they appear, that they may not im plants will come up the following fpring without care,
pregnate the others with their farina, and fave the and thefe will flower earlier than thofe which are fown
feeds from the largeſt and moſt double flowers , and in the spring.
the childing fort fhould be fown by itſelf in a feparate The feventh fort is alfo a native of the fame coun
part of the garden, and the feeds faved from the large try. This is a perennial plant, which divides nearthe
center flowers only, not from the fmall ones which root into feveral tufted heads, which are clofely co
come from the empalement of the other, for the feeds vered with long graffy leaves coming out on every
of thefe are apt to change. fide without order ; fome of thefe have one or two in
The feeds of thefe may be fown in March or April , dentures on their edges, but the most part are entire.
where the plants are to remain, and will require no From between the leaves arife naked foot -ftalks
other culture but to keep them clean from weeds, about nine inches long, fuftaining one flower at the
and to thin the plants where they are too clofe, leav top, which is about the fize of the common Mari
ing them ten inches afunder, that their branches may gold, having a purple bottom ; the rays are alfo pur
have room to fpread. Thefe plants will begin to ple without, but of a pure white within . Thefe expand
flower in June, and continue in flower until the froſt when the fun fhines, but always clofe in the evening,
kills them . The feeds ripen in Auguft and Septem and in cloudy weather. The general feafon of their
beauty
 CAL CAL

beauty is in April and May, when they have the flowers, about the fize of thofe of the Field Daify:
greatest number of flowers upon them ; but there is which are fucceeded by long, flat, rough feeds. It
commonly a fucceffion of flowers late in the autumn, grows naturally in poor fandy ground , and flowers in
though not in fo great plenty. This fort doth not the fpring. This plant is annual ; the feeds muſt
often produce good feeds in Europe, but it is eafily be fown in the fpring upon a hot-bed, and when the
propagated by flips taken off from the heads, in the plants are fit to remove, they fhould be planted in
fame manner as is practifed for Thrift. They may be pots filled with light fandy earth, and plunged into
planted any time in fummer, in pots filled with light a hot-bed of tanners bark, obferving to fhade them
frefh earth, which may be plunged into a very mo until they have taken new root ; then they must have
derate hot-bed, to forward their putting out roots ; air admitted to them every day, in proportion to the
or otherwife the pots may be funk in the ground up warmth ofthe feafon, and treated in the fame manner
to their rims, and covered with a Melon-glafs, which, as other tender plants from the fame countries. With
in the middle of fummer, will anfwer full as well, this management, the plants will flower in Auguft,
but in the fpring or autumn, the former method is and the feeds ripen in October.
to be preferred : when thefe are planted, the glaffes The tenth fort rifes with an upright ſtalk about eight
muſt be fhaded in the heat of the day, and the flips inches high, fending out flender ftiff branches on
must be frequently refreſhed with water, but it muft every fide, thofe near the ground being much longer
not be given them too liberally, for much wet will than the upper , thefe are garnifhed with oblong
rot them after they have got ſtrong roots, they fhould hairy leaves without foot-ftalks, placed oppofite.
be each planted into feparate fmall pots, filled with From the wings of the ftalk, arifes the foot- talk of
fresh light earth, and placed in a fhady fituation, till the flower, having two fmall leaves placed oppofite,
they have taken freſh root, when they may be placed juft below the flower, which hath a fingle empale
in the open air, in a fheltered fituation, where they ment, like the other fpecies. The flowers are of a
may remain till autumn, and then fhould be placed yellowifh white colour. This fort was fent me with
in a dry, airy, glafs- cafe, for the winter feafon, or the former from La Vera Cruz, by the fame gentle
under a common hot-bed frame ; for theſe plants do man. It is an annual plant, and requires the fame
not thrive in artificial heat, they only require pro treatment as the former fort.
tection from frost and wet, and fhould enjoy the air CALF'S SNOUT. See ANTIRRHINUM .
at all times when the weather is mild. The feeds of CALLA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 917. Wake Robin, or
this fort are heart- fhaped, like thofe of the fifth. I Ethiopian Arum.
have fometimes had one or two heads of them ripen The CHARACTERS are,
in a ſeaſon, but this is very rare ; and if the feeds are It bath a large open fpatha of one leaf, which is oval
not fown in autumn, they feldom grow. and heart-
shaped, ending in a point, it is coloured and
The eighth fort has been of late years introduced into permanent, and a single upright spadix, to which the
the Dutch gardens from the Cape of Good Hope. flowers and fruit adhere. This bath male and female
This was fent me by Dr. Van Royen, profeffor of flowers, intermixed toward the upper part of the club (or
botany at Leyden, fome years paft. It hath a flender, Spadix. ) The male flowers confift of many very short fta
fhrubby, perennial ſtalk, which rifes to the height mina, terminated by fmall yellowish fummits ; the female
of feven or eight feet, but requires fupport ; this flowers have a compreffed style, refting upon an obtuſe
fends out a great number of weak branches, from germen, crowned by a pointedftigma. These flowers, at
the bottom to the top, which hang downward, unleſs their first appearance, have a short green empalement
they are fupported ; they are garniſhed with oval which foon falls off, leaving the flyle naked. The germen
leaves, having fhort flat foot-ftalks ; moſt of theſe afterward becomes a globular pulpy fruit, compreffed on
are flightly indented toward the top, and many of two fides, inclofing two or three obtufe feeds.
them are entire ; they are of a fhining green colour This genus of plants is ranged in the feventh fection
on their upper fide, but paler underneath ; the flow of Linnæus's twentieth clafs, intitled Gynandria Po
ers come out at the end of the branches, on fhort lyandria. This clafs includes thofe plants whofe male
naked foot-ftalks, and are in fize and colour like thofe and female flowers are intermixed ; and this fection ,
of the fixth fort ; thefe are fometimes fucceeded by thoſe whoſe male parts have many ftamina.
The SPECIES are,
flat heart shaped feeds. The flowers appear during
the fummer months. 1. CALLA (Ethiopica) foliis fagitato- cordatis, fpathâ
This is eaſily propagated by cuttings , which may be cucullata, fpadice fupernè mafculo. Hort. Cliff. 436.
planted any time in fummer in a fhady border, or Calla with arrow-headed heart -
shaped leaves, a hooded
otherwife fhaded with mats in the heat of the day : fpatha or sheath, and male flowers fituated on the upper
in five or fix weeks, thefe will have taken root, when part of the fpadix. Arum Africanum flore albo odo
they should be carefully taken up, and each put into rato. Par. Bat. Prod.
a feparate pot, filled with light fandy earth, but not 2. CALLA ( Paluftris) foliis cordatis , fpathâ plana, ſpa
dunged, and placed in the fhade till they have taken diçe undique hermaphrodito. Hort. Cliff. 436. Calla
freſh root ; then they may be placed with other hardy with beart-shaped leaves, a plain fheath, and every part
exotic plants in a fheltered fituation where they may ofthe foot-ftalkbath hermaphroditeflowers. Dracunculus
remain till the froft begins, when they muſt be re aquatilis. Dod. Pempt. 330.
moved into the green-houſe, placing them near the 3 . CALLA ( Orientalis) foliis ovatis. Gron . Orient. 282 ,
windows that they may enjoy the free air, for this Calla with oval leaves. Arum minus Orientale, ro
plant only requires protection from froft. The earth tundioribus foliis. Mor. Hift. 3. p. 544.
in which thefe are planted, fhould be light, but very This plant hath thick, flefhy, tuberous roots, which 8
poor, for in rich earth they grow too luxuriant, and are covered with a thin brown fkin, and ftrike down
feldom flower. many ſtrong fleſhy fibres into the ground. The leaves
The ninth fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz, in arife in cluſters, having foot-ftalks more than a foot
New Spain, by the late Dr. Houftoun, where he long, which are green and fucculent. The leaves are
found it growing naturally in great plenty. This fhaped like the point of an arrow, they are eight or
fends out many herbaceous ftalks from the root, which nine inches in length, and of a fhining green, ending
are hairy, and trail upon the ground . The leaves in a fharp point; which turns backward ; between
are placed by pairs oppofite ; thefe are long, narrow, the leaves arife the foot-ftalk of the flower, which is
and indented on their edges in two or three places thick, fmooth, of the fame colour as the leaves, and
oppofite to each other, fo as to appear like three, rifes above them, and is terminated by a fingle flower,
five, or feven lobes : they are rough, and of a deep fhaped like thofe of the Arum ; the hood or fpatha
green on their upper fide, but hoary on their under, being twifted at the bottom , fpreads open at the
covered with flender hairs. From the divifions of top, and is of a pure white colour. In the center of
the branches and the wings of the leaves, come out this is fituated the fpadix or club, which is of an
long naked foot-ftalks, terminated by fingle yellow herbaceous yellow colour, upon which the ſmall her.
baceous
 CAL CAM

baceous flowers are placed, and fo clofely joined, as their natural places of growth, or when they are re,
that the male and female parts are very difficult to moved into a garden . They both grow upon moiſt
diſtinguiſh, without the affiftance of glaffes . When boggy land, in many parts of England, but the firſt
thefe fade, part of thoſe which are fituated at the top is the most common ; of this there is a variety with
of the club, are fucceeded by roundish fleshy berries very double flowers, which for its beauty is preſerved
compreffed on two fides, each containing two or three in many gardens. This is propagated by parting the
feeds. roots in autumn, and fhould be planted in a moift
This plant grows naturally at the Cape of Good foil and a fhady fituation ; and as there are often
Hope, but has been long an inhabitant in the English fuch places in gardens, where few other plants will
gardens . It propagates very faft by offsets, which thrive, fo thefe may be allowed to have room, and
fhould be taken off the latter end of Auguft, at which during their feaſon of flowering, will afford an agree
time the old leaves decay ; but this plant is never able variety. This fort with double flowers, doth
deftitute of leaves, for before the old ones decay, not appear fo early in the fpring as the fingle, but
there are young leaves produced, which advance in continues much longer in beauty. It flowers in May,
height all the winter ; but at this feafon the roots are and if the feaſon is not very warm, will continue till
in their most inactive ftate. Thefe roots have gene the middle of June.
rally a great number of offsets about them, fo that CALYCANTHUS . See BASTERIA
Basteria .,
unleſs there is a want of them, the largeſt only fhould CALYX [ with botanifts, fignifies the cup of a flower
be chofen ; which fhould be feparated from all the before it opens : this is ftyled the empalement of the
fmaller, and each planted in a feparate pot, filled flower; in fome plants this continues, and becomes
with kitchen-garden earth, and placed with other afterward a cover to the feeds of herbs, and fruit of
hardy exotic plants in the open air till autumn, when trees. ] Lat. The cup inclofing or containing the
they muſt be removed into ſhelter for the winter flower.

feafon, during which time, they muſt not have too CAMARA.. See LANTANA,
much wet, for that will rot the roots. This plant
This plant CAMERARIA. Plum. Nov. Gen. 18. tab. 29.
is fo hardy as to live in the open air in mild winters, Lin. Gen. Plant. 264.
without any cover, if they are planted in warm bor This plant was fo named by father Plumier, in ho
ders, and have a dry foil , but with a little fhelter nour of Joachim Camerarius, a phyfician and botaniſt
in hard froft, they may be preferved in the full ground of Nuremberg ; who publiſhed an edition of Mat
very well. It flowers in May, and the feeds ripen thiolus, in Latin and High Dutch, with new figures
in Auguft ; but as the roots increaſe fo plentifully, of the plants, and many obfervations.
few perfons care to fow the feeds, becauſe the young The CHARACTERS are,
plants will not flower in less than three years. The Theflower bath a ſhort permanent empalement of one leaf,
flowers of this plant have but little ſweetneſs, altho' cut into five acute fegments at the top : the flower is of
by Herman's title, it fhould have a very agreeable fhaped, having a long cylindrical tube at
one leaf, felver-
odour ; but unlefs a perfon places it near him, it bottom, which is enlarged above, and divided at the top
cannot be perceived. I have frequently received the into five acute fegments. It bath five fhort inflexed fta
feeds of this from the Cape of Good Hope, but have mina, which are terminated by obtufe membranaceous fum
always found they produced the fame fort. mits. In the bottom of the tube are fituated two roundiſh
The ſecond fort grows naturally in moift or marfhy germen, having one common style, which is cylindrical,
grounds in many parts of Europe, fo is rarely ad and the length of the ftamina, crowned by two ftigma ;
mitted into gardens. the under one is orbicular and flat, the other is concave,
The third fort grows naturally on the mountains near The germen afterward becomes two long, taper, leafy cap
Aleppo. This hath a thick tuberous root, from fules, filled with oblong cylindrical feeds.
which fpring up feveral oval leaves, ſtanding on pretty This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of
long foot-ftalks ; the fpadix of the flower rifes be Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
tween the leaves, about fix or eight inches high, the flowers of this clafs having five ftamina, and thofe
fupporting one white flower at the top. in this fection but one ſtyle.
The roots of this fort fhould be planted in pots filled The SPECIES are,

with light earth, and in fummer they may be placed I. CAMERARIA (Latifolia) foliis ovatis , utrinque acutis
with other exotic plants in the open air ; but in winter tranfverfe ftratis. Hort. Cliff. 76. Lin . Sp . Plant. 210.
they fhould be placed under a common hot-bed Cameraria with roundish leaves ending in points tranf
frame, to fcreen them from froft, to which if they verfly ribbed. Cameraria lato Myrti folio. Plum. Nov.
are expoſed the roots will be deſtroyed ; there is little Gen. 18.
beauty in this plant, fo it is only preferved in botanic 2. CAMERARIA ( Angustifolia) foliis linearibus. Lin. Sp.
gardens for variety. Plant. 210. Cameraria with long narrow leaves. Ca
CALLACARPA . See JOHNSONIA. meraria angufto linariæ folio. Plum. Nov. Gen. 18.
CALTHA. Lin. Gen. Plant, 623. Marsh Marigold. The first fort was fent me from the Havanna by the
The CHARACTERS are, late Dr. Houſtoun, where he found it growing na
The flower hath no empalement, but is composed of five turally in great plenty. This rifes with a fhrubby
large, oval, con ave petals, which spread open. It hath ftalk to the height of ten or twelve feet, dividing
a great number offlender stamina, which areshorter than into ſeveral branches, garniſhed with roundish pointed
the petals, terminated by obtufe erect fummits : in the leaves placed oppofite, having many fimooth tranf
center there are feveral oblong compressed germen fituated, verfe veins running from the midrib to the borders.
which have no ftyles, but are crowned by fingle ftigma. The flowers are produced at the end of the branches
The germen afterward become fo many short pointed cap in loofe cluſters, which have long tubes enlarging
fules, containing many roundish feeds. gradually upward, and at the top are cut into five
This genus of plants is ranged in the ſeventh fection fegments, broad at their bafe, but end in fharp
of Linnæus's thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Po points : the flower is of a yellowish white colour.
lygynia, the flowers of this clafs having many ſta After the flowers are fallen, the germen become two
mina, and of this fection feveral germen. leafy capfules joined at their bafe, and have two
The SPECIES are,
fwelling protuberances on each fide at the bottom,
1. CALTHA (Major) foliis orbiculatis crenatis, flore majore. the middle being extended confiderably longer ; thefe
Marfb Marigold with round crenated leaves, and a larger have one cell, filled with cylindrical feeds. It flow
flower. Populago flore majore. Tourn. Inft. 273. ers in Auguft, but never produces any feeds in
2. CALTHA (Minor) foliis orbiculato-cordatis crenatis flore England.
minore, Marfo Marigold with round heart -shaped leaves The fecond fort hath an irregular fhrubby ftalk,
which are crenated, and aſmaller flower. which rifes about eight feet high, fending out irre
Theſe two forts are fuppofed to be the fame, but I gular branches, garniſhed with very narrow thin leaves
have never obſerved either of them to vary, either in placed oppofite ; thefe have two ribs running longi
tudinally
1

1
$
 CAM CAM
The SPECIES are ,
tudinally through each. The flowers are produced
fcatteringly at the end of the branches, which are 1. CAMPANULA (Pyramidalis ) foliis ovatis glabris fub
fhaped like thofe of the former fort, but fmaller. ferratis, caule erecto paniculato, ramulis brevibus .
Both thefe plants abound with an acrid milky juice Lin. Sp . 233. Bell -
flower with oval fmooth leaves faced
like the Spurge. The fecond fort grows naturally in below , an upright paniculated stalk, and short branches.
Jamaica. Campanula pyramidata altiffima. Tourn. Inft. 109.
•
Theſe plants are propagated by feeds, which muſt be Talleft pyramidal Bell-
flower.
procured from the places of their growth, for they 2. CAMPANULA (Decurrens) foliis radicalibus obovatis ,
do not perfect their feeds in England. They may caulinis lanceolato- linearibus fubferratis feffilibus re
alfo be propagated by cuttings planted in a hot-bed motis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 164. Bell-flower with lower
during the fummer months : they muſt have a bark leaves oval, and thofe on the stalks narrow, spear-shaped,
ftove, for they are very tender plants ; but in warm fawed, and growing close to the stalks at remote distances.
weather muſt have plenty of air. Campanula perficæ folio. Cluf. Hift. 171. Peach-leafed
CAMOCLADIA, the Maiden Plumb. Bell-flower.
The CHARACTERS are , 3. CAMPANULA (Medium) capfulis quinquelocularibus
It hath a tripartite coloured empalement of one leaf, fpread tectis, calycis finubus reflexis. Vir. Cliff. 16. Bell
ing open ; the flower bath three plain, oval, Spreading flower with a covered capfule, having five cells, and the
petals, and three awl -shaped ftamina fhorter than the co borders ofthe cup reflexed. Campanula hortenfis folio
rolla, terminated by roundish incumbent fummits, and an & flore oblongo. C. B. P. 94. Commonly called Canter
oval germen, but no style, crowned by an obtufe ftigma ; bury Bell-
flower.
the empalement afterward becomes an oblong Plumb, 4. CAMPANULA (Trachelium) caule angulato, foliis pe
having three punctures at the top, inclosing a nut of the tiolatis, calycibus ciliatis, pedunculis trifidis. Vir.
fame form. Cliff. 16. Bell-
flower with an angular ſtalk, leaves having
This plant is ranged in the firſt order of Linnæus's foot -ftalks, a hairy empalement, and trifid foot f-talks to
third clafs, intitled Triandria Monogynia, the flower the flowers. Campanula vulgatior, foliis urticæ vel
having three ftamina and one ftyle. major & afperior. C. B. P. 94. Nettle-leaved Bell
The SPECIES are, flower.
1. CAMOCLADIA ( Integrifolia) foliolis integris. Jacq. 5. CAMPANULA (Latifolia) foliis ovato-lanceolatis, caule
Amer. 12. Camocladia with entire lobes. Prunus race fimpliciffimo tereti, floribus folitaris pedunculatis fruc
mofa, caudice non ramofa, alato fraxini folio non tibus cernuis. Vir. Cliff. 17. Bell- flower with oval
crenato, fructu rubro fubdulci . Sloan. Cat. 184. The Spear-shaped leaves, a fingle taper ftalk, flowers growing
Maiden Plumb.
Singly upon foot-ftalks, and pendent fruit. Campanula
2. CAMOCLADIA (Dentata) foliolis fpinofo-dentatis . maxima foliis latiffimis. C. B. P. 94. Greatest Bell
Jacq. Amer. 12. Camocladia with prickly indented flower with broadeft leaves.
leaves. 6. CAMPANULA (Rapunculus) foliis undulatis radicalibus
The first fort grows naturally in Jamaica, and alſo in lanceolato-ovalibus, paniculâ coarctatâ. Hort. Upfal.
many other of the iſlands in the Weft Indies ; this 40. Bell- flower with waved leaves, thofe growing near
rifes with an upright ftem near twenty feet high, gar the ftalk oval and fpear-shaped, and a compreffed panicle.
niſhed with long winged leaves, whofe pinnæ are en Campanula radice efculentâ. H. L. Commonly called
tire; at the top there are a few branches fent out Rampion.
about a foot long, which fuftain the flowers and 7. CAMPANULA (Glomerata) caule angulato fimplici,
fruit. floribus feffilibus capitulo terminali. Vir. Cliff. 16.
The fecond fort grows naturally at the Havanna, Bell-flower with a single angular stalk, flowers growing
where it riſes about the fame height with the former ; clofe, and terminating in a bead. Campanula pratenfis
but as the flowers and fruit of this are unknown to flore conglomerato. C. B. P. 94. Meadow Bell- flower
the author, he can give no farther account of with flowers gathered in bunches.
them . 8. CAMPANULA ( Speculum) caule ramofiffimo diffufo fo
Theſe plants are propagated by feeds, when they can liis oblongis fubcrenatis, calycibus folitariis corollâ
be obtained from the places of their growth, which longioribus, capfulis prifmaticis. Hort. Upfal. 41 .
ſhould be fown in pots and plunged into a hot-bed ; Bell-flower with a very branching diffuſed ftalk, oblong
the plants, when fit to remove, fhould be each planted crenated leaves, folitaryflower-cups which are longer than
in a ſmall pot, and plunged into a tan-bed, and in the petal, and prifmatic capfules. Campanula arvenfis
the autumn fhould be plunged into the bark-bed in erecta Euphrafiæ luteæ, feu Triffaginis appulæ fo
the ſtove, and treated as other tender plants. liis. H. Cath. Commonly called upright Venus Looking
CAMPANIFORM flowers [ of campana, a bell ; glass.
and forma, Lat. fhape, ] fuch flowers as in fhape re 9. CAMPANULA (Hybrida) caule baſi ſubramofo ſtricto,
femble a bell. foliis oblongis crenatis, calycibus aggregatis corollâ
CAMPANULA. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 108. tab. 38. longioribus, capfulis prifmaticis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 168 .
Lin. Gen. Plant. 201. [ fignifies a little bell, as tho' flower with a ſtalk branching at the bottom, oblong
Bell- "
parva campana, Lat. fo called, becauſe the flowers crenated leaves, flower-cups gathered together, which are
refemble a little bell. ] longer than the petal, and prifmatic capfules. Campanula
The CHARACTERS are, arvenfis minima erecta . Mor. Hift. 2. 457. Small Venus 1
The empalement is divided into five acute parts, is upright, Locking-glafs:
Spreading, and rests upon the germen. The flower is of 10. CAMPANULA (Erinus ) caule dichotomo, foliis fef
one leaf, fhaped like a bell, fpreading at the bafe where filibus utrinque dentatis. Hort. Cliff. 65. Bell-flower
there are holes. In the bottom is fituated the five cornered with a forked talk, and leaves growing clofe to the ftalks,
nectarium, which is joined to the top of the receptacle. which are indented on both fides. Čampanula minor
It bath five fhort ftamina, which are inferted in the top annua, foliis incifis. Mor. Hift. 1. 458. Smaller annual
of the valves of the nectarium, terminated by long com Bell-flower with cut leaves.
preffed fummits : below the receptacle is fituated the an II. CAMPANULA (Pentagonia) caule fubdivifo ramofif
gular germen, fupporting a style which is longer than the fimo, foliis linearibus acuminatis. Hort. Cliff. 66.
Stamina, crowned by a thick, oblong, tripartite ftigma. Bell-flower with a very branching divided talk, and
The empalement afterward becomes a roundish angular narrow pointed leaves. Campanula pentagonia flore
capfule, which in fome fpecies have three, and in others five ampliffimo Thracia. Tourn. Inft. 112. Five-cornered
cells, each having a hole toward the top, through which Bell-flower of Thracica.
the feeds are fcattered when ripe. 12. CAMPANULA (Perfoliata) caule fimplici, foliis cor
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of datis dentatis amplexicaulibus, floribus feffilibus ag
Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia; gregatis. Hort. Upfal. 40. Bell-flower with a fingle
the flowers of this claſs have five ftamina, and in this ftalk, heart-shaped indented leaves which embrace thestalk,
fection but one ftyle. and flowers gathered together, growing clofe to the talk.
YY Cam

•
 CAM CAM

Campanula pentagonia perfoliata . Mor. Hift. 2. p . quickeft, therefore generally practifed, but the plants
457. Five-cornered perfoliate Bell -
flower. which are raiſed from feeds, are always ftronger ; the
13. CAMPANULA ( Americana) caule ramofo, foliis lin ftalks will rife higher, and produce a greater number
guiformibus crenulatis margine cartilagineo. Prod. of flowers, therefore I recommend it to the practice
Leyd. 246. flower with a branching stalk,
Bell - and of the curious ; but in order to obtain good feeds,
tongue -
fhaped crenulated leaves with stiff edges. Cam there fhould be fome ftrong plants placed in a warm
panula minor Americana, foliis rigidis flore cæruleo fituation, near a pale, or wall, in autumn ; and, if
patulo. H. L. 107. Smaller American Bell - flower. the following winter fhould prove fevere, they ſhould
14. CAMPANULA (Canarienfis) foliis haftatis dentatis op be covered either with hand-glaffes or mats, to pre
pofitis petiolatis, capfulis quinquelocularibus . Lin . vent their being injured by the froft ; and, in the
Sp. Plant. 168. Bell -flower with Spear -shaped indented fummer, when the flowers are fully open , if the feaſon
leaves growing oppofite, having foot -
ftalks and capfules ſhould prove very wet, the flowers muſt be ſcreened
with five cells. Campanula Canarienfis, atriplicis fo from great rains, otherwife there will be no good
lio, tuberosâ radice. Canary Bell-
flower. feeds produced : the not obferving this, has occafioned
15. CAMPANULA (Patula) foliis ftrictis, radicalibus lan many to believe that the plants do not bear feeds in
ceolato-ovalibus, panicula patula. Flor. Suec. 186. England, which is a great miſtake, for I have raiſed
Bell-flower whofe radical leaves are oval, spear-shaped, great numbers of the plants from feeds of my own
and fpreading flowers in panicles. Campanula efculenti faving ; but I have always found that the plants which
facie, ramis & floribus patulis . Hort. Elth. 1. 68 . have been long propagated by offsets, feldom
16. CAMPANULA (Cervicaria) hifpida, floribus feffilibus, produce feeds, which is the fame with many other
• capitulo terminali, foliis lanceolato-linearibus undu plants which are propagated by flips, or cuttings,
latis. Lin. Sp. 235. Rough Bell-flower with feffileflowers which in a few years become barren.
terminating the ftalks, and linear, spear -
shaped, waved When the feeds are obtained, they muſt be fown in
leaves. Campanula foliis echii . C. B. 36. autumn in pots, or boxes, filled with light undunged
17. CAMPANULA (Saxatilis ) foliis obovatis crenatis, flo earth, and placed in the open air till the froft or
ribus alternis nutantibus , capfulis quinquecarinatis . hard rains come on, when they fhould be placed
Lin. Sp. 237. Bell -
flower with oval crenated leaves, under a hot-bed frame, where they may be fheltered
nodding flowers placed alternate, and boat-shaped capfules from both, but in mild weather the glaffes fhould be
with five cells. Campanula Cretica faxatilis, bellidis drawn off every day, that they may enjoy the free
folio, magno flore. Tourn. Inft. 111 . air ; with this management the plants will come up
There are feveral other fpecies of this genus, fome early in the fpring, and then they must be removed
of which grow naturally in England, and others in out of the frame, placing them first in a warm fi
the northern parts of Europe, which have but little tuation ; but when the feafon becomes warm, they
beauty, therefore are feldom cultivated in gardens , fhould be removed where they may have the morning
fo I fhall not enumerate them here. There are alfo fun only. During the following fummer they muft
feveral varieties of fome of the forts here mentioned, be kept clean from weeds, and in very dry weather,
which I fhall take notice of in their proper place ; now and then refreſhed with water, which must be
but as they are not diftinct fpecies, they are omitted given with great caution, for the roots are very fub
in the above lift. ject to rot with too much moiſture. In September
The firft fort hath thick tuberous roots which are the leaves of the plants will begin to decay, at which
milky ; this fends out three or four ftrong, fmooth, time they fhould be tranfplanted ; therefore there
upright ftalks, which rife near four feet high, and muſt be one or two beds prepared , in proportion to
are garniſhed with ſmooth oblong leaves, whofe edges the number of plants. Thefe beds must be in a warm
are a little indented. The lower leaves are much fituation, and the earth light, fandy, and without
broader than thofe which adorn the ftalks . The any mixture of dung, which laft is an enemy to this
flowers are produced from the fide of the ſtalks , and plant. If the fituation of the place is low, or the
are regularly fet on for more than half their length, natural foil moift, the beds muſt be raiſed five or fix
forming a fort of pyramid ; theſe are large, open, inches above the furface of the ground, and the na
tural foil removed a foot and a half deep, putting
and fhaped like a bell. The moft common colour
of the flowers is a light blue ; but there have been lime rubbiſh eight or nine inches thick in the bottom
fome with white flowers, which make a variety of the trench, to drain off the moiſture. When the
when intermixed with the blue, but the latter is moſt beds are prepared, the plants muſt be taken out of
efteemed. the pots, or cafes, very carefully, fo as not to break
This plant is cultivated to adorn halls, and to place or bruiſe their roots, for they are very tender, and,
before the chimnies in the fummer, when it is in on being broken, the milky juice will flow out plen
flower, for which purpoſe there is no plant more tifully, which will greatly weaken them. Thefe
proper ; for when the roots are ftrong, they will fend fhould be planted at about four inches diftance each
out four or five ftalks, which will rife as many feet way, with the head or crown of the root half an
high, D and are garnifhed with flowers great part of inch below the furface ; if there happens a gentle

their length. Theſe upright ftalks ſend out fome fhower of rain foon after they are planted, it will be
fhort fide branches, which are alfo adorned with of great fervice to the plants ; but as the feafon fome

flowers, fo that by fpreading the upright ftalks to a times proves very dry at this time of the year, in
flat frame compofed of flender laths ( as is ufually that cafe, it will be proper to give them a gentle
practifed) the whole plant is formed into the fhape watering three or four days after they are planted,
and to cover the beds with mats every day, to pre
of a fan, and will ſpread near the width of a common
fire-place. When the flowers begin to open, the vent the fun from drying the earth ; but thefe muſt
be taken off in the evening, that the dew may fall
pots are removed into the rooms, where, being
haded from the fun, and kept from the rain, the on the ground. Towards the end of October the beds
fhould be covered over with fome old tanners bark
flowers will continue long in beauty ; and if the pots
are every night removed into a more airy fituation , to keep out the froft, and where there is not conve
but not expofed to heavy rains, the flowers will be niency of covering them with frames, they fhould
fairer, and continue much longer in beauty. be arched over with hoops, that in fevere froſts they
Thoſe plants which are thus treated, are feldom fit may be covered with mats ; for theſe plants, when
for the purpoſe the following feaſon, therefore a fup young, are often deſtroyed in winter, where this care
ply of young plants fhould be annually raifed . The is wanting. In the fpring the coverings muſt be re
common method of propagating this plant, is by di moved, and the following fummer the plants muft
viding the roots. The belt time for doing this is in be kept clean from weeds ; and, if the ſeaſon fhould
September, that the offsets may have time to · get prove very dry, they muſt now and then be refreſhed,
ftrong roots before winter. with water. The following autumn the furface of
This method of propagating by the offsets is the the ground fhould be ſtirred between the plants, and
fome
 CAM CAM

fome fresh earth fpread over the beds, and in the win have taken new root ; after which they will require
ter covered as before. In thefe beds the plants may no other culture, but to keep them clean from weeds
remain two years, during which time they muſt be till the following autumn, when they ſhould be tranf
treated in the manner before directed ; by which time planted into the borders of the flower-garden. As
the roots will be ſtrong enough to flower : in Sep theſe plants decay the fecond year, there fhould be
tember they ſhould be carefully taken up, and fome annually young ones raiſed to fucceed them.
of the most promifing planted in pots ; the others The fourth fort hath a perennial root, which fends
may be planted into warm borders, or in a freſh bed, up ſeveral ſtiff hairy ftalks, having two ribs or an
at a greater diftance than before , to allow them room gles. Theſe put out a few fhort fide branches, gar
to grow. Thefe plants which are potted fhould be niſhed with oblong, pointed, hairy leaves, deeply
ſheltered in winter from great rains and hard frofts, fawed on their edges. Toward the upper part of the
otherwife they will be in danger of rotting, or at leaſt ftalks the flowers come out alternately, upon fhort
be fo weakened, as not to flower with any ftrength trifid foot-ſtalks, having hairy empalements. The
the following fummer ; and thoſe which are planted flowers are of the fhape of the former, but fhorter,
in the full ground, fhould have ſome old tanners bark ſpread more at the brim, and are pretty deeply cut
laid round them , to prevent the froft from entering into many acute fegments. This flowers in June, and
deep to the roots ; with this management theſe plants the feeds ripen in autumn.
may be brought to the utmoſt perfection, and a con The varieties of this are, the deep and pale blue ; the
ſtant fucceffion of good roots raiſed, which will be white with fingle flowers, and the fame colours with
much preferable to thofe which are propagated by double flowers. The double forts are propagated by
offsets. I have been informed that there is a double parting their roots in autumn, which fhould be an
flower of this kind, but as I have not feen any, I nually performed, otherwife the flowers are apt to de
can give no farther account of it. This fort is by generate to fingle ; to prevent which, the roots fhould
fome called Steeple Bell- flower. be every autumn tranfplanted and parted . The foil
The fecond fort grows naturally in the northern parts fhould not be too light or rich, in which they are
•
of Europe, but has been long cultivated in the planted, for in either of thefe they will degenerate ;
English gardens ; of this there are the following va but in a ſtrong fresh loam their flowers will be in the
rieties, viz. the fingle, blue, and white flower, which greateſt perfection. Thefe plants are extreme hardy,
have been long here ; and the double flower of both fo may be planted in any fituation ; thofe with fingle
colours, which has not been more than twenty-eight flowers do not merit a place in gardens.
years in England, but has been propagated in fuch The fifth fort grows naturally in the northern parts
plenty, as to have almoft banifhed thofe with fingle of England : this hath a perennial root, compofed of
flowers from the gardens. All theſe varieties are eaſily many fleshy fibres, which abound with a milky juice,
propagated by parting their roots in autumn, every from which arife feveral ſtrong, round, fingle ftalks,
head which is then flipped off will take root ; they which never put out branches, but are garniſhed with
are extreme hardy, fo will thrive in any foil or fitua oval fpear-shaped leaves, flightly indented on their
tion, therefore are very proper furniture for the com edges, which are placed alternately. Toward the
mon borders of the flower-garden . upper part of the ftalk the flowers come out fingly
This hath a root compoſed of many fibres, and fends upon fhort foot-ftalks ; theſe ſpread open at the brim,
up an angular, or channelled ſtiff ſtalk, about two where they are deeply cut into five acute fegments.
feet and a half high, garniſhed with oblong, oval, ſtiff After the flowers are paft, the empalement becomes
leaves near the root, which are placed without order ; a five-cornered feed-veffel, which turns downward till
but thofe on the ftalks are longer and narrower, hav the feeds are ripe, when it rifes upward again.
ing their edges flightly indented, and are of a ſhining The varieties of this are, the blue, purple, and white
green. The flowers are produced towards the upper flowering. This fort is eafily propagated by feeds,
part of the ftalk upon fhort foot-ftalks. Theſe are which it furniſhes in great plenty, and, if fuffered to
fhaped like thofe of the former fort, but are ſmaller, fcatter, the plants will come up in as great plenty the
and more expanded. This flowers in June and July, following fpring ; when they may be tranfplanted into
and in cool feaſons there will be fome continue great the nurſery till autumn, at which time they ſhould be
part of Auguft. tranſplanted where they are defigned to remain. As
The third fort is a biennial plant, which periſhes foon this fort delights in fhade, the plants may be planted
after it hath ripened feeds . It grows naturally in the under trees, or in fhady borders where few bet
woods of Italy and Auftria, but is cultivated in the ter things will thrive, they will afford an agree
English gardens for the beauty of its flowers. Of able variety when they are in flower. It flowers in
this fort there are the following varieties, the blue, June and July, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
the purple, the white, the ftriped, and the double The fixth fort hath roundish fleshyroots which are eata
flowering, but the laſt two are not very common in ble, and are much cultivated in France for fallads, and
England. fome years paft it was cultivated in the Engliſh gardens
This hath oblong, rough, hairy leaves, which are fer for the fame purpofe, but is now generally neglected .
rated on their edges, coming out without order from It grows naturally in feveral parts of England, but the
the root ; from the center of theſe a ſtiff, hairy, fur roots never grow to half the fize of thofe which are cul
rowed ſtalk, arifes about two feet high, fending out tivated. This is propagated by feeds, which fhould
feveral lateral branches, from the bottom upward, be fown in a fhady border the latter end of May, and
garniſhed with long, narrow, hairy leaves, fawed on when the plants are about an inch high, the ground
their edges, and are placed alternately ; from the fhould be hoed, as is practifed for Onions, to cut up
fetting on of thefe leaves, come out the foot-ftalks the weeds, and thin the plants to the diſtance ofthree
of the flower, thofe which are on the lower part of or four inches ; and when the weeds come up again,
the ſtalk and branches being four or five inches long, they muſt be hoed over to deſtroy them : this, if well
diminishing gradually in their length upward, and performed in dry weather, will make the ground clean
thereby form a fort of pyramid. The flowers of for a confiderable time, fo that being three times re
this kind are very large, fo make a fine appearance ; peated, it will keep the plants clean till winter, which
they come out the beginning of June, and, if the is the feafon for eating the roots, when they may be
ſeaſon is not very hot, will continue a month in beau taken up for ufe as they are wanted . Thefe will con
ty. The feeds ripen in September, and the plants tinue good till April, at which time they will fend
decay foon after. out their ſtalks, when they will become hard and un
It is propagated by feeds, which must be fown inthe fit for uſe, as do alſo thofe roots which have flowered ;
fpring on an open bed of common earth, and when fo that the young roots only are fuch which are fit for
the plants are fit to remove, they fhould be tranſ the table, therefore when the feeds are fown too
planted into the flower-nurſery, in beds fix inches. early, the plants frequently run up to flower the fame
afunder, obferving to water them frequently till they year, which ſpoils their roots.
1 This
 CAM CAM

This fort fends out upright ftalks about two feet high, land, or it where it grows wild among corn, fcarcely
which are garniſhed with oblong fpear-fhaped leaves, rifes to the height of fix inches. The ſtalk is fingle,
placed alternately. Towards the upper part of the rarely putting out any branches, unleſs near the root,
ftalk the fmall Bell-flowers are produced , ftanding from whence there are fometimes one or two fhort
upright clofe to the ftalk , fome of thefe flowers are lateral branches produced . The leaves are roundish,
blue, and others white ; they come out in June and and embrace the ftalk at their bafe ; their edges are
July, and the feeds ripen in autumn. fharply fawed, and from their bafe comes out a clofe
The feventh fort grows naturally upon chalky paf tuft of flowers, furrounded by the leaf, as in an em
tures in many parts of England, where the ftalks do palement. The flowers are five-cornered, fhaped
not rife many times a foot high, and in other places like thofe of the Venus Looking-glafs, but are much
it grows to double that height, which has occafioned finaller ; theſe are produced the whole length of the
their being taken for two diftinct plants . This hath ftalk. The feeds are inclofed in fhort capfules, which
a perennial root, which fends up feveral round hairy are fhaped like thofe of the former forts . It grows in
ftalks, which often rife upward of two feet high ; the Italy, and alfo in Virginia. If the feeds of this fort
bottom leaves are broad, and ftand upon long foot are permitted to ſcatter, the plants will come up with
ftalks, and are flightly fawed on their edges . Thofe out care ; or the feeds may be fown in the ſpring, in
which are upon the ftalks are long, narrow, have no the fame manner as thofe of the laft forts, and treated
* foot-ſtalks, and are placed alternately at confiderable in the fame way.
diſtances. From the wings of the leaves, towards The thirteenth fort is a native of America, but has
the upper part of the ftalk, come out long naked been long cultivated in the gardens of the curious,
foot-flalks, fupporting two or three bell-ſhaped flow both in England and Holland. This hath many rigid
ers, clofely joined together in a head, and the main oblong leaves coming out from the root on every
ftalk is terminated by a large cluſter of the fame flow fide, which form a fort of head like thofe of Houſe
ers, which are fucceeded by roundifh capfules filled leek , crenated, having a ſtrong rib running on their
with fmall feeds. This plant is eafily propagated border longitudinally. From the center of the plant
either by feeds, or parting their roots, and will thrive proceeds the ftalk, which rifes about a foot high,
in any foil or fituation . It flowers in July, and the and is thinly garniſhed with very narrow ftiff leaves,
feeds ripen in autumn. of a fhining green. From the wings of the leaves.
The eighth fort is an annual plant, which rifes with come out the foot-ftalks of the flower, which are
flender ftalks a foot high, branching out, garniſhed from two to four inches long, each being terminated
with oblong leaves, a little curled on their edges ; by one fpreading bell-ſhaped flower, whofe empale
from the wings of the leaves come out the flowers, ment is fhort, and cut into five acute fegments. The
1 fitting cloſe to the ftalks, which are of a beautiful ſtyle of this is longer than the petal, and is crowned
purple, inclining to a Violet- colour, divided into by a bifid ftigma . There is a white and a blue
five fegments, which refemble fo many leaves, and flower of this fort in the gardens, but in Holland they
in the evening contract and fold into a pentagonal have it with a double flower. This fort doth not
figure ; from whence it is by fome titled Viola Pen produce feeds in England, fo is only propagated by
tagonia, or five-cornered Violet. The empalement offsets ; thefe may be taken off from the old plants in
which encompaffes the flower, is compofed of five, Auguft, that they may get good root before the cold
long, narrow, green leaves, which ſpread open, and weather begins they must be planted in fmall pots
are much longer than the petals of the flower ; theſe filled with fresh, light, loamy earth, and placed in
remain on the top of the prifmatic feed-veffel, which the fhade until they have taken root ; then they may
is filled with fmall angular feeds. If this plant is be placed with other hardy exotic plants, and in au
fown in autumn, it will grow much taller, and flower tumn they must be removed into fhelter, for in fe
a month earlier than when the feeds are fown in the vere winters theſe plants are often deſtroyed which
fpring. The autumnal plants will flower in May, are expofed ; though in mild winters they will live in
and the fpring plants in June and July. There is a the open air. It flowers in July and Auguſt.
variety of this with white flowers, and another with The fourteenth fort is a native of the Canary Iſlands,
pale purple. from whence it was introduced to the gardens in Eu
The ninth fort is the common Venus Looking-glafs , rope, where it hath been many years cultivated ; and
which hath been long cultivated in the English gar of late years great numbers of the plants have been
dens . This fort feldom rifes more than fix inches raifed from feeds which were brought from thence,
high, with a ſtalk branching from the bottom upward, but the flowers of thefe new-raifed plants are not fo
garniſhed with oval leaves, fitting clofe to the ftalks , well coloured as thofe of the old ones.
from the bafe of which the branches are produced , This hath a thick fleſhy root, which is of an irregular
which are terminated by flowers very like thofe of the form, fometimes running downward like a Parſnep,
former fort. at other times dividing into feveral knobs near the
The tenth fort grows naturally in the fouth of France top, and when any part of the root is broken, there
and Italy. This is alfo a low annual plant, which iffues out a milky juice at the wound. There are
feldom rifes fix inches high, but divides into many many ſtrong fleshy fibres fent out, which ftrike deep
branches, garniſhed with fhort oval leaves, fitting into the ground, and from theſe a numerous quantity
clofe, which are deeply indented on both fides . The of fmall ones . From the head, or crown of the root,
flowers are produced at the ends of the branches , arife one, two, three, or more ſtalks, in proportion
which are ſhaped like thofe ofthe other fort laſt men to the fize of the root ; but that in the center is ge
( tioned, but they are fmall, their colours lefs beauti nerally larger, and riſes higher than the others. Theſe
ful, and the leaves of the empalement are broader. flalks are very tender, round, and of a pale green ;
The eleventh fort grows naturally in Thrace, but their joints are far diftant from each other, and when
hath been longin the Engliſh gardens. This is alfo the roots are ſtrong, the ftalks will rife ten feet high,
a low annual plant, which rifes little more than fix fending out ſeveral ſmaller fide branches . At each
inches high ; the ftalks divide by pairs, and frequent joint they are garniſhed with two, three, or four
ly there arifes a branch from the middle of the divi fpear-fhaped leaves, with a fharp pointed beard on each
fions ; the lower leaves are oblong and obtufe, but fide. Theſe are of a fea-green, and, when they firſt
thoſe which come out toward the end of the branches come out, are covered flightly with an Afh-coloured
are much narrower, and pointed . The flowers come pounce. From the joints of the ſtalk the flowers are
out fingle at the end of the branches, having a long produced, which are of the perfect bell-fhape, and
five-leaved empalement, and are larger than thofe of hang downward ; they are of a flame colour, marked
the three laft forts, of a fine blue colour ; the feeds with ſtripes of a brownish red ; the flower is divided
are like thofe of the eighth fort. into five parts, at the bottom of each is fituated a
The twelfth fort is an annual plant, which, in good nectarium, covered with a white tranfparent fſkin,
ground, will rife a foot and a half high, but in poor much reſembling thofe of the Crown Imperial, but
2 are
 CAM CAN
}
are fmaller ; upon each of theſe is fituated à ftamen, The CHARACTERS are ,
which riſes almoſt the length of the petal, and is ter It bath a pitcher-
fhaped four -pointed empalement, which
minated by oblong fummits. In the center of the is permanent, but no corolla. It has four flender ftamina
flower is fituated the ftyle, which is longer than the which are equal, terminated by oval fummits, and an
ſtamina, and is crowned by a trifid ftigma, which is oval compreſſed germen, ſupporting a ſlender Style longer
reflexed. The flowers begin to open in the beginning than the empalement, crowned by acute ftigma. The em
of October, and there is often a fucceffion of them palement afterward becomes a capfule crowned with one
till March. The ſtalks decay to the root in June, and cell open at the top, inclofing one compreſſed feed.
new ones fpring up in Auguft. The SPECIES are,

It is propagated by parting their roots, which muft 1 . CAMPHOR ASMA (Monfpeliaca) foliis hirfutis linearibus .
be done with caution ; for if the roots are broken or Amoen. Acad. 1. p. 392. Camphorata with linear hairy
wounded, the milky juice will flow out plentifully, leaves. Camphorata hirfuta. C. B. P. 486.
fo that if theſe are planted before the wounds are 2. CAMPHORATA (Glabra) foliis fubtriquetris glabris
ſkinned over, it occafions their rotting ; therefore inermibus. Amoen. Acad. p. 393. Camphorata with
whenever any of them are broken, they ſhould be fmooth three-cornered leaves.
laid in the green-houſe a few days to heal. Theſe The firft fort grows naturally about Montpelier. It
roots muſt not be too often parted, eſpecially if they is an annual plant, whoſe branches trail on the ground,
are expected to flower well ; for by frequent parting and extend each way a foot and more in length, gar
the roots are weakened . The beſt time for tranſplant niſhed with linear hairy leaves placed clofe on the
ing and parting their roots, is in July, foon after the branches ; the flowers are produced from the joints
ftalks are decayed. The earth in which theſe ſhould of the ftalks, which are fo fmall as to be fcarce per
be planted, fhould not be rich, for that will cauſe ceptible, having no petals but a pitcher-ſhaped em
them to be luxuriant in branches, and but thinly gar palement, which afterward becomes a capfule to the
nifhed with flowers. The foil in which they have feed . This is an annual plant, which is propagated
fucceeded beft, is a light fandy loam, mixed with a by feeds, which, if fown in the autumn, will more
fourth part of fcreened lime-rubbish : when the roots probably fucceed, than if fown in the fpring ; and if
are firft planted, the pots fhould be placed in the the feeds are permitted to fall in the autumn, there
fhade ; and, unleſs the ſeaſon is very dry, fhould not will be a fupply of young plants the following
be watered, for during the time they are inactive, fpring.
wet is very injurious to them. About the middle of The fecond fort grows naturally in the Helvetian
Auguft the roots will begin to put out fibres, at which mountains. This is a perennial plant, whoſe branches
time, ifthe pots are placed under a hot-bed frame, trail on the ground ; the leaves are fmooth, three
and as the nights grew cool, covered with the glaffes, cornered, and unarmed. The flowers are not more.
but opened every day to enjoy the free air, it will viſible than thoſe of the firft fort, and the empale
greatly forward them for flowering, and increaſe their ment becomes a cover to the feeds.
ftrength ; when the ftalks appear, the plants muſt be Theſe plants are preſerved in ſome gardens, more for
now and then refreſhed with water, which must not the fake of variety, than for either beauty or uſe ; if
be given too often, nor in great quantity. The plants the feeds are fown in any abject part of the garden, and
thus managed, by the middle of September, will have when the plants come up, they are thinned, and af
grown fo tall, as not to be kept longer under the frame, terward kept clean from weeds, they will ripen their
fo they ſhould be removed into a dry airy glaſs-cafe, feeds, which, if permitted to fcatter, there will be a
where they may enjoy the free air in mild weather, fupply of plants.
but fcreened from cold. During the winter feafon CAMPION. See LYCHNIS.
they muſt be frequently refreſhed with water, and CANDLE-BERRY-TREE . See MYRICA.
guarded from froft ; and in ſpring, when the ſtalks CANDY-TUFT. See IBERIS .
begin to decay, the pots fhould be fet abroad in the CANNA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1. Indian flowering Reed.
fhade, and not watered. In French Balifier.
The fifteenth fort grows naturally in fome ofthe north The CHARACTERS are,
weft counties of England. It is a biennial plant, The flower bath a three-leaved empalement, which is per
very like the eatable fort, but the branches grow more manent, erect, and coloured. It bath one petal, which
horizontal, and the flowers fpread wider open. is divided into fix parts : the three upper fegments are
This is propagated by feeds, which ſhould be fown in erect, and broader than the lower, which are longer, two
the autumn ; for thofe feeds which are fown in the of which are erect, and the other turns back and is twift
fpring often fail, or at leaſt lie a year in the ground ed. It bath one fpear - shaped stamina rifing as high as
before they grow. When the plants come up, they the petal, having the appearance of a fegment, which
ſhould be thinned and kept clean from weeds, which bath a flender fummit fitting upon its border. Below the
is all the culture they require. empalement is fituated a roundish rough germen, ſupport
The fixteenth fort grows naturally in Germany and ing a flat style, with a flender ftigma feftened to its bor
Sweden ; this hath rough leaves : the ftalk rifes der. After the flower is past, the germen becomes an ob
two feet high, garniſhed with narrow fpear-ſhaped long, roundish, membranaceous capfule, having three lon
leaves, and are terminated by an obtufe fpike of gitudinal furrows, crowned by the empalement, which
flowers. bath three cells filled with round fmooth feeds.
The feventeenth fort grows naturally in Crete, upon This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
rocks, where the roots penetrate the fiffures, whereby Linnæus's first clafs, intitled Monandria Monogynia.
the plants continue much longer than when they are The flowers of this claſs have but one ftamen, and in
tranfplanted into gardens. The ftalks of this rife a this fection but one ſtyle.
foot high, garnished with oval crenated leaves ; the The SPECIES are,
flowers are large, blue, and placed alternate, nodding 1 . CANNA ( Indica ) foliis ovatis utrinque acuminatis ner
toward the ground ; thefe open in July, and are fuc vofis. Prod. Leyd. 11. Canna with oval nervous leaves
ceeded by feed-veffels, having five cells filled with pinnted at both ends. Cannacorus latifolius vulgaris.
fmall feeds. Tourn. Inft. 367.
Theſe plants are propagated by feeds, which, if fown 2. CANNA (Latifolia) foliis oblongo-ovato, acuminatis,
in the autumn, will more certainly fucceed than when fegmentis florum anguftioribus. Canna with oblong,
fown in the fpring. When the plants are fit to re oval, pointed leaves, and the fegments of the flower nar
move, they fhould be tranfplanted into beds, and row . Cannacorus ampliffimo folio flore rutilo. Tourn.
treated in the fame manner as the hardy forts before Inft. 367.
mentioned ; but a few plants of the last fort may be 3. CANNA ( Coccinea) foliis ovatis obtufis nervofis, fpicis
planted in pots, to be fheltered in winter. florum longioribus. Canna with oval, obtufe, nervous
CAMPHORA. See LAURUS . leaves, and longer spikes offlowers. Cannacorus flore
CAMPHOROSMA. Camphorata. Tourn. Inſt. Coccineo fplendente. Tourn. Inft. 367.
Z z 4. CANNA
 CAN CAN

4. CANNA (Lutea) foliis ovatis petiolatis nervofis fpatha much brighter fcarlet. The feed-veffels are longer,
floribus longiore . Canna with oval, obtufe, nervous and the feeds larger than thofe ; and thefe differences
leaves, havingfoot-ftalks, and a longer bood to the flower. are permanent from feeds, fo that I make no doubt.
Cannacorus flore luteo punctato. Tourn . Inft. R. H. of its being a diftinct species.
367. The fourth fort is lefs common in America than ei
5. CANNA (Glauca ) foliis lanceolatis petiolatis enervi ther of the former. I received the feeds of this from
bus. Prod. Leyd. 11. Canna with spear-shapedsmooth India, but have had two varieties ariſe from the feeds,
leaves baving foot- talks. Cannacorus glaucophyllus, one with a plain yellow, and the other a fpotted
ampliore flore, Iridis paluftris facie . Hort. Elth. 69. flower, which I find are apt to change from one to the
The firft fort grows naturally in both Indies : the other, when propagated by feeds. This fort hath
inhabitants of the British iflands in America, call all fhorter and rounder leaves than either of the former
the fpecies without diftinction Indian Shot, from the forts. The ftalks feldom rife higher than three feet,
roundneſs and hardneſs of the feeds . and the fpikes of flowers are like thoſe of the firſt ſpe
This plant hath a thick, flefhy, tuberous root , cies, excepting the colour of the flowers.
which divides into many irregular knobs, fpreading The feeds of the fifth fort I received from Cartha- ·
wide near the furface of the ground, fending out gena in New Spain, in the year 1733 , which produced.
many large oval leaves without any order ; thefe, at very strong plants the firft year, fome of which flow
their first appearance, are twifted like a horn, but af ered the fame autumn. The roots of this are much

terwards expand and are near a foot long, and five larger than either of the former forts, and ſtrike down
inches broad in the middle, leffening gradually to both ftrong fleshy fibres deep in the ground . The ſtalks
ends, and terminating in points . They have many rife feven or eight feet high. The leaves are near
large tranfverfe veins running from the midrib to the two feet long, narrow, fmooth, and of a fea-green
fides, which are prominent on their under fide ; and colour. The flowers are produced in fhort thick
between each of theſe run two fmaller, parallel, point fpikes at the extremity, which are large, and of a
ed veins, which are peculiar to this fpecies. The pale yellow colour ; the fegments of the petal are
ftalks are herbaceous, rifing four feet high, encom broad, but their fhape like thofe of the other forts.
paffed by the broad leafy foot- ftalks of the leaves ; The feed-veffels are larger, and much longer than
thefe are compreffed on two fides ; at the upper part thofe of the other forts, but contain fewer feeds,
of the ftalk the flowers are produced in loofe fpikes, which are very large. The young plants which are
each being at firſt covered by a leafy hood, which raifed from feeds of this fort, do more certainly flower
afterward ftands below the flower, and turns to a than the old roots, or the offsets taken from them ;
brown colour. Each flower hath one petal, which for the roots ſend out many offsets, which will fpread
is cut almoſt to the bottom into fix flender fegments, to a confiderable diftance where they have room, but
the three upper being broadeft ; thefe are of a pale feldom produce flowers ; fo that it is the beſt way to
red colour. The flower is encompaffed by a three raife a fucceffion of plants from feeds, and to throw
leaved empalement, which fits upon a finall, roundiſh, out the old ones after they have perfected their feeds.
rough germen, which, after the flower is fallen, fwells All the forts are propagated by feeds, which fhould
to a large fruit or capfule oblong and rough, having be fown on a hot- bed in the fpring ; and when the
three longitudinal furrows, and is crowned by the plants are fit to remove, they thould be tranfplanted
three-leaved empalement of the flower which remains. into feparate fmall pots, filled with rich kitchen-gar
When the fruit is ripe, the capfule opens length den earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed of
ways into three cells, which are filled with round, tanners bark , obferving to fhade them till they have
hard, black, fhining feeds. The principal feafon of taken root ; after which, they fhould have a large
thefe plants flowering, is in June, July, and Auguft. fhare of free air admitted to them every day in warm
As this fort is a native of the warmest parts of A weather, and be frequently refreſhed with water. As
merica, it requires to be placed in a moderate ftove thefe plants will make great progrefs in their growth,
in winter, otherwife the roots will decay. I have they muſt be ſhifted into larger pots filled with the
frequently tried to keep thefe roots through the win fame fort of earth, and part of them plunged into
ter in a green-houfe, but could not fucceed ; for al the hot-bed again ; and the others may be placed
though fome have efcaped , yet they were fo much abroad in June, with other exotic plants, in a warm
weakened by the cold, as not to recover their ſtrength fituation. Thoſe which are placed in the hot-bed,
the following fummer, fo as to flower in any tolerable will be strong enough to flower well in the ftove the
degree of perfection ; fo that I have fince conftantly following winter ; but thofe in the open air, will not
kept them in winter in a moderate ftove, where they flower before the following fummer. Theſe may re
always flower in that feafon, at which time they make main abroad till the beginning of October, when
a fine appearance ; and in the fummer, place them they muſt be removed into the ftove, and treated in
abroad in a fheltered fituation with other tender exotic the fame manner as the old plants ; and in May, if
plants, where they flower again, and produce ripe a gentle hot-bed is made, and covered a foot thick
feeds annually. with rich earth, and the plants turned out of the pots,
The fecond fort grows naturally in Carolina, and planting them with their balls of earth upon the hot
fome of the other northern provinces of America. bed, covering each with a bell-glafs, which may be
The leaves of this fort are longer than thofe of the raiſed on one fide every day to admit air to the plants ;
former, and terminate in fharper points . The ftalks and as thefe advance, they must be gradually inured
grow taller, and the fegments of the flower are much to bear the open air. With this management the
narrower ; the colour is a pale red, fo it makes no plants will grow much taller, and flower ftronger
great appearance . The feeds are like thofe of the than thoſe which are kept in pots, and from theſe
former fort. If the roots of this fort are planted in good feeds may be expected in autumn. Theſe plants
warin borders and a dry foil, they will live through will continue many years with proper management ;
the winter in the open air. I have plants of this fort but as young plants always flower better than the old
in the Chelfea garden, which have furvived twelve roots, it is fcarce worth while to continue them after
winters in a fouth-weft border without cover, and they have borne good feeds.
flower well every year, but do not produce feeds. The fecond fort, which is much hardier than either
The third fort hath larger leaves than either of the of the other, fhould have a different treatment. The
former ; the ftalks rife much taller. I have received young plants of this must be earlier inured to the
the feeds of this from America, and from the Bra open air, where they may remain till the froft begins ;
I zils, by the title of Wild Plantain. The flower then they muſt be placed in the green-houfe, and
ftalks of this fort rife more than fix feet high. The fhould have but little wet in winter ; and the begin
leaves are very large, and thofe near the root have ning of May, thefe fhould be turned out of the pots,
long foot-ftalks. The flowers are produced in larger and planted in a warm fouth border, in a dry foil,
pikes than thofe of the former fort, and are of a where they will thrive and produce flowers annually s
but

1
 CAN CAP

but as there is little beauty in this fort, a few plants feeds will prove abortive, produce nothing if fown
for variety will be as many as moft perfons will choofe the next year, nor will thofe concerned in the oil
to keep. There is a variety of this with variegated mills give any thing for them, there being only empty
leaves, which is preferved in fome gardens, and is hufks, without any kernels to produce the oil. Thefe
propagated by parting the roots ; but this hath little male plants begin to decay foon after they have fhed
beauty, fo is fcarce worth cultivating. their farina.
CANELLA. See WINTERANA . The fecond pulling is a little after Michaelmas, when
CANNABINA. See DATISCA. the feeds are ripe : this is ufually called Karle Hemp,
CANNABIS [ Kávabis, Gr. ] Lin . Gen. Plant. 988 .. it is the female plants which were left at the time
Hemp . when the male were pulled . This Karle Hemp is
The CHARACTERS are, bound in bundles of a yard compafs, according to
It is male and female in different plants. The male ftatute meaſure, which are laid in the fun for a few
flowers have a five-leaved empalement which is concave, days to dry ; and then it is ftacked up, or houfed to
but have no petals ; they have five fhort hairy stamina, keep it dry, till the feed can be threſhed out. An
terminated by oblongfquare fummits. The female flowers acre of Hemp on a rich foil, will produce near three
have permanent empalements of one leaf, which are oblong quarters of feed, which, together with the unwrought
and painted. They have no petals, but a small germen, Hemp, is worth from fix to eight pounds.
Supporting two long styles, crowned by acute ftigma ; Of late years the inhabitants of the British colonies
the fmallgermen afterward becomes a globular depreffed in North America, have cultivated this ufeful plant,
feed, inclofed in the empalement. and a bountywas grantedby parliament for theHemp,
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth fection of which was imported from thence ; but whether the
Linnæus's twenty-fecond claſs, intitled Diccia Pen inhabitants of thofe colonies grew tired of cultivating
tandria, the male and female flowers being in feparate it, or the bounty was not regularly paid, I cannot
plants, and the male having five ftamina. fay ; but whatever has been the caufe, the quantity
We have but one SPECIES of this plant, which is, imported has by no means anfwered the expectation
CANNABIS. Lin . Sp . Plant. 1027. Hemp. Cannabis of the public, which is greatly to be lamented ; be
fativa. C. B. P. 320. Manured Hemp. Moſt of the caufe, as this commodity is fo effential to the marine,
old writers have applied the latter title to the female which fhould be the principal object of this king
Hemp, and the male they have titled Cannabis erra dom, the being furniſhed with it from our own
tica, or Wild Hemp ; but as both ariſe from the fame plantations, will not only fave the ready money paid
feeds, fo they fhould not be made different plants. for it, but fecure to the country an ample fupply at
This plant is propagated in the rich fenny parts of all times, without being obliged to our neighbours
Lincolnshire, in great quantities, for its bark, which for it.
is ufeful for cordage, cloth, &c. and the feeds afford CANNACORUS. See CANNA.
an oil, which is uſed in medicine. CAPERS. See CAPPARIS .
Hemp is always fown on a deep, moiſt, rich foil, fuch CAPILLAMENTS [ Capillamenta, Lat. ] the
as is found in Holland, in Lincolnshire, and the fens ftrings or threads about the roots of plants.
in the ifle of Ely ; where it is cultivated to great ad CAPILLARY plants, [ of Capillaris, Lat. of, or
vantage, as it might in many other parts of England, like hair, ] are fuch plants as have no main ftem, but
where there is the like foil ; but it will not thrive on the leaves arife from the root upon pedicles, and pro
clay, or ftiff cold land : it is eſteemed very good to duce their feeds on the back of their leaves, as the
deftroy weeds, which is no other way effected, but Fern, Maiden Hair, &c.
. by robbing them of their nouriſhment ; for it will CAPITULUM ; i. e. a little head ; the head or
greatly impoverish the land, fo that this crop muſt top of any flowering plant.
not be repeated on the fame ground. CAPNOIDES.
See FUMARIA.
The land on which Hemp is defigned to be fown, CAPNORCHIS.
fhould be well ploughed, and made very fine by har CAPPARIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 567. The Caper
rowing ; about the middle of April is a good feafon for Bush.
fowing the feed : three bushels is the ufual allowance The CHARACTERS are,
for an acre, but two is fully fufficient. In the choice The empalement is compofed of three oval concave leaves ;
of the feed, the heaviest and brighteft coloured fhould the flower bath four large roundish petals, which are
be preferred ; and particular care fhould be had to the indented at the top, and spread open ; it hath a great
kernel ofthe feed, fo that fome of them fhould be number offlender ftamina, which are as long as the petals,
cracked to fee if they have the germ or future plant terminated by fingle fummits. In the midst of thefe arife
perfect ; for in fome places the male plants are drawn a fingle style longer than the ftamina, with an oval ger
out too foon from the female, i. e. before they have men, crowned by a short obtufe ftigma. The germen af
impregnated the female plants with the farina : in terward becomes a fleshy turbinated capfule, with one cell,
which cafe, though the feeds produced by thefe fe filled with kidney-fhapedfeeds.
male plants may feem fair to the eye, yet they will This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt feion of
not grow, as is well known by the inhabitants of Linnæus's thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Mono
Bickar, Swinefhead, and Dunnington, three pariſhes gynia, the flower having many ftamina and but one
in the fens of Lincolnſhire, where Hemp is cultivated ityle..
in great abundance, who have dearly bought their The SPECIES are,
*
experience. 1. CAPPARIS ( Spinofa) pedunculis folitariis unifloris, fti
When the plants are come up, they fhould be hoed pulis fpinofis foliis annuis, capfulis .ovalibus. Lin.
out in the fame manner as is practifed for Turneps, Sp. 720. Caper with one flower on each foot-ftalk, prickly
leaving the plants a foot or fixteen inches apart ; ob ftipula, annual leaves, and oval fruit. Capparis ſpi
ferve alfo to cut down all the weeds, which, if well nofa, fructu minore, folio rotundo. C. B. P. 480.
performed, and in dry weather, will deftroy them. 2. CAPPARIS ( Baducca) pedunculis fubfolitariis, foliis
This crop will require a fecond hoeing about a month perfiftentibus ovato-oblongis nudis determinate con
or fix weeks after the firſt, in order to deftroy the fertis. Lin. Sp. 720. Caper withfingle foot-ftalks, ob
weeds . If this be well performed, it will require no long, oval, naked leaves in clusters, which are always
farther care ; for the Hemp will foon after cover the green. Capparis arborefcens Indica Baducca dicta.
ground, and prevent the growth of weeds. Raii Hift. 1630. Indian Tree Caper, called Baducca.
The firft feafon for pulling the Hemp, is ufually about 3. CAPPARIS ( Arborescens) foliis lanceolato- ovatis peren
the middle of Auguft, when they begin to pull what nantibus caule arborefcenti. Caper with oval Spear
they call the Fimble Hemp, which is the male plants ; fhaped leaves which continue through the year, and a tree
but it would be much the better method to defer this like ftalk..
a fortnight or three weeks longer, until thefe male 4 . CAPPARIS (Cynophallophora) pedunculis multifloris
plants have fully fhed their duft, without which, the terminalibus angulatis, foliis perfiftantibus ovalibus
obtufis .
 CAP CAP

obtufis. Lin. Sp . 721. Caper with angular branches had three plants come up in an old wall, which being
terminated byfoot-ftalks, having many flowers, and ever young and tender, were deftroyed in the year 1740;
green, obtufe, oval leaves. Capparis arborefcens Lauri but in the year 1765 , raiſed a good number of plants
foliis fructu longiffimo. Plum . Cat. 7. Tree Caper with from feeds, which were fown the year before. There
Bay leaves, and the longest fruit. is an old plant growing out of a wall in the gardens
5. CAPPARIS (Racemofis) foliis ovatis oppofitis peren at Cambden-Houfe, near Kenfington, which has re
nantibus floribus racemofis. Caper with oval leaves fifted the cold for many years, and annually produces
placed oppofite, which continue through the year, and many flowers, but the young fhoots of it are fre "
flowers growing in bunches. quently killed to the ftump every winter.
6. CAPPARIS (Siliquofa ) pedunculis unifloris compreffis , The roots of this plant are annually brought from
foliis perfiftentibus lanceolato-oblongis acuminatis Italy, by the perfons who import Orange-trees, fome
fubtus punctatis. Lin. Sp. 721. Caper with compressed of which have been planted in walls, where they have
foot -ftalks having one flower, and oblong, Spear-shaped, lived a few years, but have not continued long.
evergreen leaves, withpunctures on their under fide. Brey The third fort I received from Carthagena in New
nia arborefcens, foliis ovatis utrinque acuminatis, Spain, near which place it grows naturally. This
filiqua torofa longiffima . Brown . Hift . Jam . 247. rifes with a woody ftem to the height of twelve or
7. CAPPARIS ( Fruticofa ) foliis lanceolatis acutis confertis fourteen feet, fending out many lateral branches,
perennantibus, caule fruticofo. Caper with pointed covered with a ruffet bark, garniſhed with oblong
Spear s
-haped leaves growing in clusters, which continue oval leaves, ftanding upon long foot-ftalks ; the
through the year, and a fhrubby stalk. flowers are produced from the fide of the branches,
S. CAPPARIS (Confertis) foliis lanceolatis alternis petiolis fingle, ftanding upon long foot-ftalks, which are like
longiffimis floribus confertis. Caper with Spear- shaped thofe of the laſt fort.
leaves placed alternate on very long foot -
ftalks, and flow The fourth fort was fent me from Carthagena by the
ers growing in clusters. Capparis alia arborefcens Lauri late Mr. Robert Millar, furgeon. This grows with
foliis fructu oblongo ovato. Plum. Cat. 7. a ftrong upright trunk near twenty feet high, fend
9. CAPPARIS ( Breynia) pedunculis racemofis, foliis per ing out many lateral branches, garniſhed with a very
fiftentibus oblongis, pedunculis calycibufque tomen white bark, and cloſely garniſhed with large, oblong,
tofis, floribus octandris. Jacq. Amer. tab. 103. Caper ftiff leaves, of a thicker confiftence than thoſe of the
with branching foot-ftalks, oblong evergreen leaves, flow common Laurel, of a fplendid green, having ſeveral
ers with eight ftamina, whofe foot -ftalks and cups are tranfverfe nerves from the midrib to the border,
woolly. which are prominent on their under fide ; the flowers
10. CAPPARIS (Trifloris) foliis lanceolatis nervofis pe come out from the fide of the branches, which are
rennantibus pedunculis trifloris. Caper with nervous large, and the fummits of the ftamina are purple.
The fifth fort was fent me from the fame country.
Spear-shaped leaves which continue through the year, and
three flowers upon each foot- talk. This rifes with a trunk about twenty feet high, fend
The firft is the common Caper, whofe full grown ing out many long flender branches, which are co
flower-bud is pickled, and brought to England an vered with a brown bark, and garniſhed with leaves
nually from Italy, and the Mediterranean. This is like thofe of the Bay-tree, but longer, and deeply
a low fhrub, which generally grows out of the joints ribbed on their under fide, ſtanding upon pretty long
of old walls, the fiffures of rocks, and amongſt rub foot-ſtalks oppofite. The flowers are produced upon
biſh, in most of the warm parts of Europe : the ſtalks long branching foot-ftalks, which terminate the
are ligneous, and covered with a white bark, which branches, each fuftaining two or three flowers, which
fends out many lateral flender branches ; under each are large, white, and are fucceeded by pods two or
of theſe are placed two fhort crooked ſpines, between three inches long, the thickness of a man's little
which and the branches come out the foot-ftalk of finger, which are filled with large kidney-ſhaped
the leaves, which are fingle, fhort, and ſuſtain a feeds : theſe pods have a thick fleſhy cover.
The fixth fort was fent me from Tolu in America.
round, ſmooth, entire leaf, at the intermediate joints
between the branches, come out the flowers upon This rifes with a fhrubby ſtalk to the height of eight
long foot-ftalks ; before thefe expand, the bud, with or ten feet, fending out many ligneous branches,
the empalement, is gathered for pickling ; but thoſe covered with a reddish brown bark, garniſhed with
which are left expand in form of a ſingle Roſe, having oblong, fpear-shaped, ſtiff leaves, having punctures
on their under fide ; from the wings of the leaves arife
five large, white, roundiſh, concave petals ; in the
middle is placed a great number of long ſtamina, the foot-ſtalks of the flowers, which are long, flender,
furrounding a ſtyle, which rifes above them, and is and compreffed, each of which fuftains a fmall white
crowned with an oval germen, which afterward be flower, which is fucceeded by an oval pod, containing

comes a capfule, filled with kidney-fhaped feeds. many ſmall kidney-fhaped feeds.
This fort is cultivated upon old walls about Toulon, The feventh fort rifes with a fhrubby ſtem to the
and in feveral parts of Italy. Mr. Ray obſerved it height of twelve or fourteen feet, fending out many
growing naturally on the walls and ruins at Rome, ftrong lateral branches, covered with a dark brown
Sienna, and Florence. bark, garniſhed with fpear-shaped pointed leaves,
The fecond fort hath a tree-like ftem dividing into placed alternately, having very ſhort foot-ftalks ; the
branches, which are fimooth, having no fpines on leaves are of a thicker confiftence than thoſe of the
them ; the leaves are oblong, oval, and ſmooth, which Bay-tree ; at the foot-ftalk of each leaf comes out a
continue through the year. From the wings of the fingle flower, almoft the whole length of the branches,
leaves come out the foot-ftalks of the flowers, which which are fmall , and ſtand upon fhort foot-ftalks ;
are produced fingly ; thefe flowers are like thofe of the fummits of theſe flowers are of a purplish colour,
the former, but are much larger, as are alſo the but the ftamina are white. This fort was fent me
buds. from Tolu.
The plants of the first fort are with difficulty pre The eighth fort rifes with a fhrubby ftalk to the
ferved in England, for they delight to grow in cre height of ten or twelve feet, fending out flender ho
vices or rocks, and the joints of old walls or ruins, rizontal branches, which are covered with a reddiſh
and always thrive beft in an horizontal poſition ; fo bark ; the joints of theſe branches are far diftant ;
that when they are planted either in pots, or the full at each of theſe come out ſeveral leaves in cluſters,
ground, they rarely thrive, though they may be kept without order, ſtanding upon pretty long foot-ſtalks ;
alive for fome years. They are propagated by feeds they are fix inches long, and three broad in the
in the warm parts of Europe, but it is very difficult middle, and as thick as thofe of the Laurel, of a
to get them to grow in England . I have feveral fhining green, fmooth on their upper fide, but have
times fowed thefe feeds without fuccefs, as have many many tranfverfe ribs on their under fide, which are
other perfons ; I never had raiſed any of the plants from prominent. I received this fort from Tolu, with the
feeds, excepting in the years 1738 and 1765 , when I former.
The

1
 CAP CAP .

The ninth fort grows naturally in moſt of the islands tab. 15. Capraria with alternate leaves, and foot-talks
in the Weſt Indies ; it hath a ſtrong woody ſtem , with two flowers. Capraria Curaffavica . Par. Bat. 110.
twenty-five or thirty feet high, dividing into many This plant grows naturally in the warm parts of
branches, covered with an Afh-coloured bark, and America, where it is often a troubleſome weed in the
garniſhed with oblong oval leaves, downy on their plantations ; it rifes with an angular green ftalk about
under fide, but fmooth on their upper, placed with à foot and a half high, fending out branches at every
out order ; the flowers are produced in looſe panicles joint, which fometimes come out by pairs oppofite,
at the extremity of the branches ; theſe confift of four but generally there are three at ajoint ítanding round
pretty large concave petals, of a purple colour, in the ftalk ; the leaves are alfo placed round the
cluding eight long purple ftamina, with a very long branches by threes ; thefe ftand upon fhort foot-ftalks,
ftyle crowned by an obtufe ftigma ; the germen af are oval, hairy, and a little indented on their edges.
terward turns to an oblong fleshy pod, containing four The flowers are produced at the wings of the leaves,
or five feeds. coming out on each fide the ftalk, each foot-ftalk
The tenth fort hath flender fhrubby ftalks, which fuftaining two flowers ; they are white, and fucceeded
rife feven or eight feet high, fending out many lig by conical capfules compreffed at the top, opening
neous branches, garniſhed with very long, nervous, in two parts, and filled with fmall feeds.
fpear-shaped leaves. The flowers come out at the This plant is preferved in botanic gardens for the fake.
end of the branches, three ftanding upon each foot of variety ; but as it hath no great beauty, fo is
ſtalk ; theſe are ſmall, white, and are fucceeded by feldom admitted into other gardens.
oval fruit. It is propagated by feeds, which muſt be ſown upon
Theſe laft nine forts are natives of warm countries, a hot- bed in the fpring of the year, and the plants
fo will not live through the winter in England, with must be brought forward by planting them upon a
out the affiſtance of a ſtove. They are propagated by fecond hot-bed ; and about the middle or latter end
feeds, which must be procured from the countries of June they may be tranfplanted either into pots of
where they grow naturally, for they do not produce rich earth, or a warm border, and may then be ex
any in England ; theſe muſt be fown in fmall pots, poſed to the open air, where they will perfect their
feeds in autumn.
filled with light fandy earth, and plunged into a hot
bed of tanners bark ; which ſhould be now and then CAPREOLATE plants [ of capreolus, Lat. the
refreſhed with water, but by no means fhould have tendril of a Vine, ] fuch plants as twift and climb upon
it given in too great plenty : thefe feeds frequently others, by means of tendrils.
remain in the ground a year before they vegetate, CAPRIFOLIUM. See PERICLYMENUM .
therefore the pots in which they are fown fhould be CAPSICUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 225. [ takes its name
protected in winter ; and the fpring following muſt of capfa, Lat. a cheft ; becauſe the feeds of this plant
be plunged into a fresh hot-bed of tanners bark, are included, as it were, in a little cheft ; or elfe of
which will bring up the plants if the feeds were good ; xámlw, to bite, becauſe it is a burning pungent plant. ]
when the plants appear they muſt have but little wet, Guinea Pepper ; in French, Poivre d'Inde ou de
and a good ſhare of air in warm weather ; but when Guinée.
they are large enough to remove, they muſt be each The CHARACTERS are,
tranfplanted into a ſeparate ſmall pot, filled with the The flower bath a permanent empalement of one leaf, di
fame earth, and then plunged into the hot-bed again, vided into five parts, which are erect. It hath but one
obferving to fhade them until they have taken freſh petal, which is wheel-fhaped, having a very short tube,
root ; after which they ſhould have freſh air admitted Spread open above, and divided into five parts ; it hath
1
to them every day, in proportion to the warmth of five fmall ftamina, terminated by oblong jummits, which
the ſeaſon. In the autumn they muſt be removed into are connected. Itbath an ovalgermen, fupporting aflender
the ſtove, and plunged into the bark-bed, where ftyle, longer than the stamina, and crowned by an obtufe
they ſhould conſtantly remain, and will require the Stigma. The germen afterward becomes a foft fruit, or
fame treatment as other tender exotic plants from the capfule, of an indeterminate figure, having two or more
fame countries ; with this difference only, that they cells, divided by intermediate partitions, to which adhere
require but little water, eſpecially during the winter, many compreſſed kidney- fhapedfeeds.
for the roots of theſe plants are very fubject to rot This genus of plants is ranged in the first fection of
with wet. Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
If the feeds are brought over in their capfules, they the flower having five ftamina and but one ſtyle.
will keep much better than without them ; but theſe The SPECIES are,
fhould be fecured from infects, by wrapping them in I. CAPSICUM ( Annuum) caule herbaceo, fructu oblongo
Tobacco leaves which are well dried ; without this propendente. Capficum with an herbaceous ftalk, and an
precaution, the feeds will be deſtroyed before they oblongfruit hanging downward. Capficum filiquis lon
arrive . gis propendentibus. Tourn. Inft. 152 .
CAPER [BEAN. ] See ZYGOPHYLLUM . 2. CAPSICUM ( Cordiforme) caule herbaceo, fructu cor
CAPRARIA . Lin. Gen. Plant. 686. Sweet Weed. diformi. Capficum with an herbaceous ftalk, and an heart
The CHARACTERS are, fhaped fruit. This is the Capficum filiqua propen
It hath a permanent empalement of one leaf, cut into five dente oblonga & cordiformi. Tourn . Inft. 152 .
oblong narrow fegments, which are erect and stand afunder ; 3 . CAPSICUM ( Tetragonum ) caule herbacco, fructu max
the flower is bell- shaped, of one leaf, divided at the top imo angulofo obtufo. Capficum with an herbaceousſtalk,
into five equal parts, the two upper ftanding erect ; it and a large angular obtufe fruit. Capficum fructu
bath four stamina , which are inferted in the base of the longo, ventre tumido, per fummum tetragono. Tourn.
petal, and but little more than half fo long, two of the Inft. 153. Bell Pepper.
under being shorter than the other, and terminated by 4 . CAPSICUM (Angulofum ) caule herbaceo, fructu cor
shaped fummits ; it bath a conical germen fupport
beart - diformi angulofo. Capficum with an herbaceous ftalk,
ing a flender ftyle, longer than the ftamina, crowned by a and an angular heart-shaped fruit. Capficum filiquis
bivalve heart-fhaped ftigma. The germen afterward be furrectis cordiformibus angulatis. Tourn . Inft. R. H.
comes an oblong conical capfule, compreſſed at the point, 153.
having two cells, divided by a partition filled with roundish 5 CAPSICUM ( Cerafiforme) caule herbaceo, fructu ro
tundo glabro. Capficum with an herbaceous ftalk, and a
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection roundfmooth fruit. Capficum filiquis furrectis Cerafi
of Linnæus's fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia forma. Tourn . Inft. 153 .
Angiofpermia, the flower having two long and two 6. CAPSICUM (Oliveforme) caule herbaceo, fructu ovato.
fhort ftamina , and the feeds being included in a cap Capficum with an herbaceous ftalk, and an oval-shaped
fule. fruit. Capficum filiqua olivæ forma. Tourn. Inft.
We have but one SPECIES of this genus, viz. 153 ..
CAPRARIA (Biflora) foliis alternis floribus geminis. Jacq.
A a a 7. CAPSICUM
 CAP CAP

7. CAPSICUM (Pyramidale) caule fruticofo foliis lineari right, and of a beautiful fcarlet colour : fome of the
lanceolatis, fructu pyramidali erecto luteo. Capficum fruit will have their tops compreffed like a bonnet,
with a fhrubby ftalk, narrow spear-shaped leaves, and from whence it had the name ; others upon the fame
yellow pyramidal fruit growing upright. plants will be bell-shaped, but they never alter to any
8. CAPSICUM (Concide) caule fruticofo fructu conico of the other forts . This is much tenderer than either
erecto rubro. Capficum with a fhrubby ftalk, and a co of the former, fo will not ripen its fruit in the open
nical red fruit growing erect, commonly called Hen air in England ; but if the plants are kept under
Pepper. glaffes, without any artificial heat, they will thrive
9. CAPSICUM (Frutefcens) caule fruticofo, fructu parvo better, and produce more fruit , than in hot-beds or
pyramidali erecto. Capficum with a ſhrubby ſtalk, and ftoves.
fmall pyramidal fruit growing erect. Capficum mi The fifth fort was fent me from the Spaniſh Weft
nus fructu parvo pyramidali erecto. Sloan . Hift. Jam. Indies this doth not grow fo tall as the other forts,
vol. i. p. 240. Commonly called Barberry Pepper. but fpreads near the ground. The leaves come out
10. CAPSICUM (Minimum ) caule fruticofo, fructu parvo in cluſters, which are of a fhining green, and ſtand
ovato erecto. Capficum with a ſhrubby ſtalk, and a ſmall on long foot-ſtalks. The fruit is round, finooth, of
oval fruit growing erect, commonly called Bird Pepper. a beautiful red, and the fize of a common Cherry .
The firft is the common long podded Capficum , I have cultivated this feveral years, and have not
which is frequently cultivated in the gardens ; of this found it change.
there is one with red, and another with yellow fruit, The fixth fort I received from Barbadoes : this is
which only differ in the colour of their fruit, which like the common in its ftalk and leaves, but the
difference is permanent ; for I have cultivated both . fruit is oval, and about the fize of a French Olive. I
forts many years, and never have found them change have cultivated this many years, and find it conftantly
from one to the other ; but both will vary in the the fame.
fhape of their fruit and their manner of growing, fo Thefe fix forts are annual with us, whatever they
that the following varieties I have raiſed from the may be in their native countries, for their flaiks de-
fame feeds, viz. cay foon after the fruit is ripe. They are propagated
1. CAPSICUM fructu furrecto oblongo. Tourn. Capficum by feeds, which muft be fown upon a hot-bed in the
with oblongfruit growing erect. fpring ; and when the plants have fix leaves, they
2. CAPSICUM fructu bifido. Tourn . Copficum with a di fhould be tranfplanted on another hot-bed, at four
vided fruit. or five inches diftance, fhading them in the day time
3. CAPSICUM filiquis furrectis & oblongis brevibus . from the fun, until they have taken root, after which,
Tourn. Capficum with oblong and short pods growing they muſt have a large fhare of air admitted to them
erect. in warm weather, to prevent their drawing up weak.
4. CAPSICUM fructu tereti fpithameo . Tourn. Capficum Toward the end of May, the plants must be hard
with a taper fruit a ſpan long. ened by degrees to bear the open air ; and in June
Of thefe different forms I have had both the red and they fhould be carefully taken up, preferving as much
yellow, but neither of them have changed their co earth about their roots as poffible, and planted into
lours, though they have frequently varied in their borders of rich earth, obferving to water them well,
ſhape. as alfo to fhade them until they have taken root ; after
The fecond fort with heart- fhaped fruit, is un which time, they will require no other management,
doubtedly a different fpecies from the firft, and never but to keep them clean from weeds, and in very dry
alters toward it, though there are feveral varieties. feafons to refreſh them three or four times a week
ofthis, which arife from the fame feeds ; of this there with water. They will flower the end of June and in
are red and yellow fruit, which do not alter in colour, July, and their fruit will ripen in autumn. Thefe
though they produce the following varieties. directions are for the culture of the common forts of
1. CAPSICUM filiqua propendente rotunda & cordifor Capficum, which are generally planted by way of
shaped, hanging
mi. Tourn. Capficum with round, heart - ornament. But the plants of the third fort, which
pods. are propagated for pickling, fhould be planted in a
2. CAPSICUM filiqua latiore & rotundiore. Tourn. Cap rich ſpot of ground, in a warm fituation, about a
ficum with a larger and rounder pod. foot and a half afunder, and fhaded till they have
3. CAPSICUM rotundo maximo. Tourn . Capficum with taken root, and afterward duly watered in dry
the largest round fruit. weather , which will greatly promote their growth,
4. CAPSICUM filiquis furrectis cordiformibus . Tourn . and cauſe them to be more fruitful, as alfo enlarge
" the fize of the fruit. By this management, there may
Capficum with upright heart-shaped pods.
5. CAPSICUM filiquis furrectis rotundis. Tourn . Capficum be at leaſt two crops of fruit for pickling obtained
with round upright pods. the fame year, provided the feafon proves not too
The third fort I have cultivated many years, and cold ; but there fhould be one plant, whofe pods are
have not found it alter, nor have I feen any other but large and forward, chofen for to fave feeds ; fo the
the red fruit of this . It is the only fort which is firft fruits on this fhould be fuffered to remain, that
proper for pickling, the fkin of the fruit being flefhy they may have time to perfect their feeds before the
and tender, whereas thofe of the other forts are thin froft comes in autumn, for the early froft generally
and tough. The pods of this fort are from one inch . deftroys thefe plants. When the fruit is fully ripe,
and a half, to two inches long, are very large, fwell it fhould be cut off, and hung up in a dry room till
ing, and wrinkled ; flatted at the top, where they the fpring, when the feeds are wanted .
are angular, and fometimes ftand erect, at others The fourth, fifth, and fixth forts being tender, the
grow downward. When the fruit of this are defigned plants fhould be put into pots, and placed in an old
for pickling, they fhould be gathered before they ar hot-bed under a deep frame, where they may have
rive to their full fize, while their rind is tender ; then room to grow ; or if they are planted in the full
they must be fit down on one fide to get out the ground, the plants fhould be each covered with a
feeds, after which, they thould be foaked two or bell-glafs to fcreen them from cold. Thefe glaffes
three days in fait and water ; when they are taken out may be fet offevery day in warm weather, and placed
of this and drained, boiling vinegar must be poured over them in the evening again ; and at fuch times.
on them, in a fufficient quantity to cover them, and as the weather is not favourable, the glaffes fhould
clofely flopped down for two months ; then they be raiſed on the contrary fide to the wind, to admit
fhould be boiled in the vinegar to make them green ; the fresh air. With this care, the fruit of thefe forts
but they want no addition of any fort of fpice, and will ripen in England, which without it, rarely come
are the wholefomeft and beft pickle in the world. to maturity, but in very warm feaſons .
The fourth fort is alfo a diftinct fpecies . from all the The beauty of thefe plants is in their ripe fruit, which
other: this hath broad wrinkled leaves ; the fruit is being of different forms and colours , intermixed with ,
alfo furrowed and wrinkled , generally growing up the green leaves , and white flowers at the fame time,
6
 CAP CAR
**
do make a pretty appearance in the latter part of bifcuit, which, beaten into fine powder and fifted,
fummer, when they are properly difpofed in the may be kept for ufe. This may be uſed as the com
borders of the flower-garden ; or if they are planted mon Pepper, to feafon meat or broth, or for any of
in pots, for the decoration of courts, &c. being in the purpoſes that the ordinary Pepper is ufed : it
termixed with other annual plants, which are in gives a better relish to meat or fauce, and is found
beauty at the fame feaſon, they will make an agree of excellent ufe to break and difcufs the wind, both
able variety ; efpecially, if as many of the different in the ſtomach and the guts ; therefore is very proper
fhaped fruits, of both the red and yellow colours as fauce for fuch meats as are flatulent and windy, or
can be procured, are propagated. that breed much moiſture or crudity. A fcruple of
The four laft forts have perennial fhrubby ftalks , this powder put into chicken or veal broth, is greatly
which rife four or five feet high ; theſe are not fo commended for comforting cold ftomachs, or dif
hardy as the other, therefore when the plants have pelling of phlegm or viſcous humours, and helping
been brought forward in the hot-bed, as was di digeftion .
rected for the common forts, they ſhould be each Moſt of the forts of Capſicum are natives of both the
planted in a pot filled with rich earth, and plunged Indies ; but they have been brought to Europe from
into a very moderate hot-bed, under a deep frame, America, where they abound in all the Caribbee
where they may have room to advance ; and in warm iflands, and are by the inhabitants greatly uſed in all
weather, they ſhould have a large fhare of air ad their fauces ; but efpecially by the negroes, who are
mitted to them, but must be covered with glaffes great devourers of them ; from whence it had the
every night, or in cold weather, and frequently appellation of Negro Pepper, and probably the title
watered. With this management, they will produce of Guinea Pepper may have been applied to it for
plenty of fruit in autumn, which ripen in winter ; the fame reaſon. In Spain and Portugal thefe fruit
but they muſt be removed into the ſtove, on the first are much cultivated, where they are uſed for the fame
approach of froft, and placed where they may have purpoſes as in America ; but in England, they are
a temperate warmth, in which they will thrive better chiefly cultivated for ornament, being rarely uſed for
than in a greater heat ; and the fruit will continue in fauce, or in medicine , though it is much uſed in
beauty moſt part of winter, making a pretty appear both, in feveral other countries.
ance in the ſtove during that feaſon . If the ripe pods of Capficum are thrown into the fire,
The feeds of the feventh fort I received from Egypt : they will raiſe ſtrong and noifome vapours, which
the leaves of this are much narrower than thofe of occafion vehement fneezing and coughing, and often
any other fort I have yet feen ; the pods always grow vomiting, in thoſe who are near the place, or in the
erect, and are produced in great plenty, fo that the room where they are burnt. Some perfons have
plants make a good appearance for three months in mixed the powder of the pods with fnuff, to give to
the winter, and they may be preſerved two or three others for diverfion ; but where it is in quantity, there
years ; but as the young plants are the most fruitful, may be danger in ufing it, for it will occafion fuch
fo few perfons preferve the old longer, than till they violent fits of fneezing, as to break the blood-veffels
have perfected their fruit, when they begin to lofe of the head, as I have obferved in fome to whom it
their beauty. I have cultivated this fort feveral years, has been given .
and have never found it vary, fo conclude it is a CAPSULATE pods [ of capfula, Lat. a cheft] are
diftinct species. little, fhort, dry feed-veffels of plants.
The eighth fort I received from Antigua, by the title CAPSULATED plants, are fuch as produce their
of Hen Pepper. This rifes with a fhrubby ftalk feeds in ſhort dry pods or huſks.
three or four feet high, fending out many branches CARACALLA. See PHASEOlus .
toward the top the fruit is about half an inch long, CARAGANA. See OROBUs .
fhaped in form of an obtufe cone, and of a bright CARDA MINDUM. See TROPÆOLUM .
red, growing erect. This ripens its fruit in winter, CARDAMINE. Lin. Gen. Plant. 727. [ takes its
when it makes a pretty appearance. name of Cardamum, which is called Nafturtium ;
The ninth fort grows about the fame height as the hence it is a ſmall ſpecies of Nafturtium , ] in Engliſh ,
eighth, but differs from it in the fhape and fize of Ladies Smock .
the fruit : thofe of this fort being about the bignefs The CHARACTERS are, 1
of a Barberry, and nearly of the fame fhape. This The empalement is composed of four oval oblong leaves.
I have long cultivated, and have not obferved it to The flower bath four oblong petals, placed inform of a
alter. cross , which at their bafe are erect, but spread open
The tenth fort is commonly known by the title of above, and are much larger than the empalement ; it hath
Bird Pepper in America. This rifes with a fhrubby fix ftamina, four of which are the length of the empale
ftalk four or five feet high : the leaves are broad, and ment ; the other two, which are oppofite, are much longer :
rounder at the ends than thofe of the other forts, and thefe are terminated by oblong, heart-shaped, erect fum
of a lucid green : the fruit grows at the divifions of mits. It hath a flender cylindrical germen, as long as the
the branches, ſtanding erect : theſe are ſmall, oval, Stamina, having no ftyle, but is crowned by an obtufe
and of a bright red ; they are much more fharp and ftigma. The germen afterward turns to a long, compref
biting than thofe of the other forts. From the fruit fed, cylindrical pod, with two cells, opening in two valves
of this fort is made the Cayan butter, or what the which twift fpirally, and caft out the feeds when ripe, by
inhabitants of America call Pepper-pots, which they their elasticity.
eſteem as the beſt of all the fpices. The following This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
is a receipt for making a Pepper-pot : take of the of Linnæus's fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia
ripe pods of this fort of Capficum, and dry them Siliquofa ; the flowers of this clafs have fix ftamina,
well in the fun, then put them into an earthen or four of which are fhort, and two are longer, ftanding
ftone pot, mixing flour between every ftrata of pods, oppofite, and the feeds are included in long pods.
The SPECIES are,
and put them into an oven after the baking of bread,
that they may be thoroughly dried ; after which, 1 . CARDAMINE (Pratenfis) foliis pinnatis, foliolis radi
they must be well cleanfed from the flour, and if any calibus fubrotundis, caulinis lanceolatis . Lin . Sp .
of the ftalks remain to the pods, they fhould be taken Plant, 656. Ladies Smock with winged leaves, whofe
off, and the pods beaten, or ground to fine powder ; lobes at bottom are roundish, but thofe on the ftalks are
to every ounce of this, add a pound of Wheat flour, fpear-shaped. Cardamine pratenfis magno flore pur
and as much leaven as is fufficient for the quantity purafcente. Tourn . Inft. 224.
intended ; after this has been properly mixed and 2 . CARDAMINE (Parviflora) foliis pinnatis, foliolis inci
wrought, it fhould be made into fmall cakes, and fis , floribus exiguis, caule erecto ramofo. Ladies
baked in the fame manner as common cakes of the Smock with winged leaves, cut lobes, very fmallflowers,
fame fize ; then cut them into fmall parts , and bake and an upright branching ſtalk. Cardamina annua ex
them again, that they may be as dry and hard as iguo flore. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 224.
3. CARDAMINE
 CAR CAR

3. CARDAMINE ( Hirfuto ) foliis pinnatis, floribus tetran The fixth fort grows naturally by the fides of rivers
dis. Hort. Cliff. 336. Ladies Smock, or impatient Grefs and ditches in moft parts of England, fo is not ad
with winged leaves, and flowers with four ftamina. Car mitted into gardens. There has been a variety of
damine quarta. Dalechamp. Ludg. this found with double flowers, but it is not as yet
4. CARDAMINE ( Impatiens ) foliis pinnatis incifis ftipula much known. This flowers the latter end of April,
tis, floribus apetalis. Lin. Sp. 914. Impatient Crefs and in May.
with winged leaves, cut ftipula, and fugacious flowers. The other forts are low annual plants, which grow
Cardamine pratenfis parvo flore. Tourn . Inft. 224. naturally in feveral parts of England, ſo are ſeldom
5. CARDAMINE ( Græca) foliis pinnatis foliolis palmatis admitted into gardens. Thefe have the title of Im
aqualibus petiolatis . Prod. Ley. 345. Impatient Crefs patient Creſs, from the elasticity of their pods, which,
with winged leaves, whofe lobes are handed, equal, and if touched when they are ripe, fpring open, and caft
have foot-ftalks. Cardamine Sicula, foliis Fumariæ. out their feeds with violence, to a confiderable dif
Tourn. Inft. 225. Sicilian impatient Crefs with Fumitory tance. Theſe forts when young, are, by the country
leaves. people, eaten in fallads, and have the flavour of the
6. CARDAMINE ( Amara) foliis pinnatis, foliolis fubrotun common Crefs, but milder.
dis angulofis. Hall. Helv. 558. Impatient Crefs with Theſe plants, when once admitted into a garden, pro
winged leaves, whofe lobes are roundish and angular. pagate in plenty ; for they produce great quantities
Nafturtium aquaticum majus & amarum. C. B. P. of feeds, which, if permitted to ſcatter, there will be
104. a fupply of plants, which only require to be thinned
7. CARDAMINE (Trifolia) foliis ternatis obtufis, caule and kept clean from weeds , and will thrive beft in
fubnudo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 654. Three-leaved impatient the ſhade.
Crefs with a naked ftalk. Nafturtium Alpinum trifo CARDIACA. See LEONURUS .
lium . C. B. P. 104. CARDINALS FLOWER. See RAPUNTIUM .
8. CARDAMINE ( Bellidifolia) foliis fimplicibus ovatis in CARDIOSPERMUM . Lin. Gen. Plant. Heart
tegerrimis petiolis longis, Flor. Lap. 206. Impatient Pea ; by the inhabitants of America called Wild
Crefs withfingle, oval, entire leaves, having long foot Parſley ; by the French, Pois de Merveille.
falks. Nafturtium Alpinum Bellidis folio minus. The CHARACTERS are,
C. B. P. 105. Smaller Alpine Crefs with a Daifey leaf. It bath a permanent empalement composed of four concave
9. CARDAMINE (Petraa) foliis fimplicibus oblongis den leaves. The flower has four obtufe petals, which are al
tatis . Lin. Sp . Plant. 654. Impatient Crefs with fingle, ternately larger ; it hath a small four-leaved nectarium
oblong, indented leaves. Nafturtium petræum. Pluk. encompaffing the germen, and eight ftamina, three and
Alm. 261. Rock Crefs. three standing oppofite, the other two on eachfide ; theſe
10. CARDAMINE ( Chelidonia ) foliis pinnatis foliolis qui are terminated by fmall fummits. The germen is three
nis incifis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 655. Impatient Crefs with cornered, and fupports three fhort ftyles, crowned byfingle
winged leaves, havingfive lobes which are cut. Carda ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a roundish fwollen
mine glabra Chelidonii folio . Tourn . Inft. 225. capfule with three lobes, divided into three cells, opening
The first fort grows naturally in the meadows in at the top, each having one or two globular feeds, marked
many parts of England ; it is called Cuckow Flower, with a heart.
and Ladies Smock. Of this there are four varieties, This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection
viz. the fingle purple with white flowers, which are of Linnæus's eighth clafs, intitled Octandria Tri
frequently intermixed in the meadows, and the double gynia, the flower having eight ftamina and three ſtyles.
flower of both colours. The fingle forts are ſeldom The SPECIES are,
admitted into gardens ; but as the firſt fort ſtands in 1. CARDIOSPERMUM (Corindum) foliis fubtus tomentofis.
the lift of medicinal plants, I have enumerated it . Lin. Sp . 526. Heart Pea with woolly leaves. Corin
The young leaves of this plant have been gathered dum folio & fructu minori. Tourn . Inft. 431 .
in the fpring, by fome perfons, and put into fallads 2. CARDIOSPERMUM ( Halicacabum) foliis lævibus. Hort.
inſtead of Crefs : it is fuppofed to be an antifcorbutic. Cliff. 150. Heart -feed with smooth leaves. Corindum
The two varieties with double flowers were acci folio ampliori, fructu majore. Tourn . Inft. 431 .
dentally found growing in the meadows, and were The first fort rifes with a flender, channelled, climbing
tranfplanted into gardens, where they have been pro ſtalk, to the height of four of five feet, fending out
pagated . Thefe deferve a place in fhady moiſt bor many fide branches, garniſhed with leaves, upon very
ders of the flower-garden, where they will thrive, and long foot-ftalks, coming out oppofite at the lower
make a pretty appearance during their continuance in part of the ftalk ; but upward the leaves come out on
flower : they are propagated by parting their roots ; one fide, and the foot-ftalk of the flower at the oppo
the beſt time for this is in autumn, when they ſhould fite ; the foot-ftalks of the leaves are divided into
be tranfplanted annually. They delight in a foft three, each of which fuftain fmall leaves, which are
loamy foil, not too ſtiff, and muſt have a fhady fitu again divided into three parts, that are fharply cut
" ation . This flowers in May, and in cool feafons will on their edges, and end in fharp points. The foot
continue part of June. ftalk of the flowers are long, naked, and toward the
The feventh, eighth, and tenth forts, grow naturally top, divided into three fhort ones, each fuftaining a
on the Alps, and other mountainous places. I re fingle flower. Immediately under thefe divifions,
ceived theie from Verona, in the neighbourhood of comes out tendrils or clafpers, like thofe of the Vine,
which place they grow naturally. Theſe are low per but finaller ; thefe faften themſelves to whatever plants
ennial plants, which may be propagated by parting grow near them, and are thereby fupported . The
their roots in the autumn, and require a ftrong foil flowers are ſmall, white, and compofed of four fmall
and fhady fituation : they may alfo be propagated by concave petals, two of which ſtanding oppofite, are
feeds, which fhould be fown in the autumn, on a larger than the other ; when thefe fall away, the ger
fhady border, where they will come up foon after, men afterward becomes a large inflated bladder, hav
and are never hurt by froft, fo will flower the follow ing three lobes, in each of which is contained one,
ing feafon. Thefe varieties are preferved in fome two , and fometimes three feeds, which are round,
gardens, but having little beauty, are feldom admit hard, and the fize of fmall Peas, each being marked
ted into the flower-garden. with a black ſpot in ſhape of a heart.
The ninth fort is a low biennial plant, which grows The ſecond fort differs from the firft in having taller
naturally in feveral parts of England and Wales, and ftalks , the leaves being firft divided into five, and
is preferved in fome gardens for the fake of variety. again into three parts . The foot-ftalks are fhorter,
It may be propagated by feeds , which fhould be fown and the feeds and bladders in which they are con
in the autumn, upon poor light ground in an open tained are much larger, and the whole plant is
fituation, and will require no other care but to keep fmoother, in other refpects they agree.
the plants clear from weeds. It flowers in June, and Theſe plants grow naturally in both Indies, where
the feeds ripen in July. they climb upon whatever fhrubs are near them, and
rife
 CAR CAR

rife to the height of eight or ten feet, but in England | 5. CARDUUS (Cirfium) foliis lanceolatis decurrentibus
they feldom are much above half fo high ; they fend denticulis inermibus , calyce fpinofo. Hort. Cliff. 392 .
out many fide branches, which fpread to a confidera Thistle with Spear-shaped leaves running along the stalks,
ble diftance every way, and, if permitted, will with Smooth indentures, and a prickly empalement. Cir
faften themſelves to the plants which are near them fium Anglicum . Ger. Emac. 1183. English foft or
by their fmall tendrils, and thereby fpread over gentle Thistle.
them . 6. CARDUUS (Cafabone) foliis feffilibus lanceolatis inte
They are annual, and perifh foon after they have per gerrimis fubtus tomentofis, margine fpinis ternatis.
fected their feeds, and being natives of hot countries, Hort. Cliff. 393. Thistle with entire fpear-shaped leaves
they will not thrive in England in the open air. They growing clofe to the ftalks, whofe borders are fet with triple
are propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown upon Spines. Acarna Theophrafti anguillaræ. Lob. Icon .
a hot-bed in the fpring ; and when the plants are two 486. The fuppofed true Fish Thistle of Theophraftus.
inches high, they fhould be each tranſplanted into a There are a great number of fpecies more than are
pot filled with light fandy earth, not too rich, then here enumerated, fome of which are very troubleſome
plunged into a very moderate hot-bed, where they weeds in the gardens and fields , therefore are better
muft be carefully fhaded until they have taken freſh to be kept out of both ; fo I thought it needleſs to
root ; after which they muſt have a large fhare of air mention them here. The few forts which I have here
admitted to them, to prevent their being drawn up enumerated, being often preferved in the gardens of
tall and weak ; and when their roots have filled the the curious for the fake of variety, or cultivated
pots, they fhould be carefully fhaken out, preferving for uſe by fome perfons, therefore chofe not to omit
all the earth to their roots (for if that ſhould fall off, them .
the plants will not furvive it ; ) then put them into pots The firft fort grows naturally in Sicily. This is an an
a little larger, filling them up with the fame light nual plant, which rifes with a channelled ftem about a
earth, and place them either under a deep frame, or foot and a half high, fending out feveral fide branches
behind the plants in the ftove, where they may be toward the top, garniſhed with long narrow leaves like
fcreened from the fun till they are well fettled in the thofe of the Auftrian Ptarmica, which are of a deep
pots ; after which they may be removed into a glaſs green above, but white on their under fide, placed al
cafe, where they may have room to grow and be ternate : juft below the foot-ſtalk of the leaf come out
fcreened from the cold of the nights, but in warm feveral unequal yellow fpines, and at the end of the
weather they will require a large fhare of air ; with branches the flowers are produced ; thefe have very
this management they will flower in July, and their prickly empalements, under which are placed two
feeds will ripen in autumn . long leaves ; the flowers are purple, and ſhaped like
CARDUUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 832. Thiſtle, in thoſe of the common Thiſtle, but are fmaller ; theſe
French, Chardon. are fucceeded by oblong ſmooth feeds, which have a
The CHARACTERS are, long woolly down fitting on their top . This fort
It bath a compound flower made up of many hermaphro flowers in July and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in
diteflorets, which are fruitful ; these are included in one September. It is propagated by feeds, which should
common fcaly empalement, which is fwollen in the middle, be fown on a bed of light earth in the ſpring where
each fcale ending in a fharp fpine ; the florets are funnel the plants are to remain, for they do not bear tranf
Shaped, of one leaf, having a fender tube, with an erect planting, unless it is performed when they are very
brim, cut into five narrow fegments ; each of these florets young ; for they fend long flender roots deep into the
havefivefhort hairy ftamina, terminated by cylindricalfum ground, which, if broken, the plant ſeldom furvives
mits, which are indented at the top. In the center isfitu it. The only care they will require, is to keep them
ated an oval germen, crowned with down, fupporting a clean from weeds, and thin the plants where they are
flender ftyle, which is longer than the ftamina, crowned too cloſe.
with a fingle, naked, indentedftigma. The germen after The fecond fort grows naturally in feveral of the mid
ward becomes an oblong four- cornered feed, crowned with land counties of England. This is a biennial plant,
down, and inclofed by the empalement. which fends out many long leaves near the ground,
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of having feveral long fegments, placed alternate, which
Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngeneſia Poly are joined to a winged border running on each fide
gamia æqualis ; the flowers of this clafs have their the mid-rib the whole length ; theſe fegments point
fummits connected into a cylindrical tube, but the upward , the under fide of the leaves, and the mar
ftamina are ſeparate, and thofe of this ſection have gin of the midrib, are armed with long fharp fpines,
only hermaphrodite fruitful flowers. ſtanding every way. The following fpring, there arifes
1. CARDUUS (Ptarmicifolia) foliis integris fubtus tomen from the center of the plant one ſtrong channelled
fis, fpinis ramofis lateralibus. Prod. Leyd. 133 . ftalk, four or five feet high, branching every way
Thistle with entire leaves, woolly on their under fide, and toward the top the ſtalk and branches are garniſhed
branching fpines proceeding from the fide of the stalks. with the fame fhaped leaves as below, and each branch
Carduus humilis aculeatus, Ptarmicæ Auftriacæ foliis. is terminated by a ſingle head of purple flowers, hav
Triumf. obf. 96. ing a woolly empalement. This flowers in June
2. CARDUUS (Eriophorus) foliis feffilibus bifariam pinna and July, and the feeds ripen in the autumn. One
tifidis laciniis alternis erectis, calycibus globofis vil or two of theſe plants may be allowed a place in
lofis. Hort. Upfal. 249. Thistle with leaves growing fome abject part of the garden, for its fingularity.
clofe to theftalks, which are doubly pinnated, the fegments The feeds of this plant fhould be fown where the
alternately erect, and globular woolly heads. Carduus plants are to remain, and will require no other care
eriocephalus. Dod. Pempt. 723. Woolly-headed Thiſtle, but to keep them clean from weeds. The fecond "
1
called by fome Friars Crown. year they will flower, and then the whole plant
3. CARDUUS (Acarna) foliis lanceolatis dentatis ciliatis periſhes.
decurrentibus , fpinis marginalibus duplicibus. Thistle The third fort grows naturally in Spain and Por
with fpear-shaped indented leaves running along the stalks, tugal. This rifes fix feet high ; the leaves are
with hairy edges, and the fpines double on their borders. long, narrow, and the edges are fet clofely with
Acarna major caule foliofo. C. B. P. 379. Greater Fish ſmall hairs ; at every indenture of the leaves there
Thistle. comes out two long yellowifh fpines ; at the end
4. CARDUUS (Marianus) foliis amplexicaulibus haftato of the branches the flowers are produced from the
pinnatifidis fpinofis, calycibus aphyllis, fpinis canali fide of the ftalk, which have woolly oval empale
culatis duplicato-fpinofis. Gouan. Monfp. 422. Thistle ments, cloſely armed with flender fpines. The flow
with prickly leaves embracing the ftalks, empalements with ers are yellow, but make no great appearance, as they
out leaves, and doubly armed with channelled fpines. Car advance very little above the empalement. It flowers
duus Mariæ. Dalech. Hift. 1475. Our Ladies Thistle, in July and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
or Milk Thistle. This plant may be propagated by feeds in the fame
Bb b manner
 CAR CAR

manner as the former fort. It is called Fish Thiſtle, This fort rifes with a thick, foft, herbaceous ftem,
from the refemblance which the ſpines have to the to the height of eighteen or twenty feet, which is
bones of fish. naked till within two or three feet of the top, and
The fourth fort grows very common on the fide of hath marks of the veftiges of the fallen leaves great
banks , and in wafte land in many parts of England , part of its length ; the leaves come out on every fide
and is by fome perfons blanched and dreffed as a cu the ftem upon very long foot-ftalks ; thoſe which are
rious difh. This is a biennial plant, which fhould fituated undermoft are almoft horizontal, but thofe on
be fown very thin, and when the plants are come up the top are erect : thefe leaves ( in full grown plants)
fo as to be well diftinguifhed, the ground fhould be are very large, and divided into many parts ( or lobes)
hoed, to cut down all the young weeds, and the plants which are deeply finuated, or cut into irregular divi
left about a foot and a half distance ; and the following fions. The whole plant abounds with a milky acrid
fummer the ground fhould be kept clean from weeds . juice, which is eſteemed good for the ringworm :
In the autumn the leaves of the plants fhould be tied the ftem of the plant, and alfo the foot- ftalks of the
up, and the earth drawn up clofe to blanch them ; leaves, are hollow in the middle. The flowers of
when they are properly whitened, they will be fit for the male plants are produced from between the leaves
ufe. This is a biennial plant, which periſhes foon on the upper part of the plant, on every fide, which
after the feeds are ripe. have foot-ftalks near two feet long, at the ends of
The fifth fort is a biennial plant, which is by fome which the flowers ftand in loofe clusters, each having
cultivated for medicinal ufe, and has been fuppofed a ſeparate ſhort foot -ſtalk ; theſe are of a pure white,
and have an agreeable odour. They are monopeta
a remedy for fome fort of madnefs . This may be
propagated by feeds in the fame manner as the fecond lous, having pretty long tubes, but are cut at the
fort. It grows naturally in the northern parts of top into five parts, which twift backward like a fcrew ;
England, and flowers in June. fometimes theſe are fucceeded by ſmall fruit, about
The fixth fort is fuppofed to be the true Fiſh Thiſtle the fize and fhape of a Catherine Pear, which has
of Theophraftus. This is a biennial plant, which occafioned fome to fuppofe it was a diftinct fpecies ;
rifes with an upright ftalk fix feet high, garnished but I have frequently raiſed this, and the female or
with long fpear- shaped leaves, armed with triple fruitful fort, from the fame feeds, and in general the
fpines at every indenture on their edges ; at the top male flowers fall away, without any fruit fucceeding
of the ftalks the flowers come out in clufters, which them . The flowers of the female Papaw alfo come
are of a purple colour, and are fucceeded by fmooth , out between the leaves, toward the upper part of the
oval, black feeds. It grows naturally in Sicily and plant, upon very fhort foot-ſtalks, fingly fitting clofe
the Levant. It is propagated by feeds as the fecond to the ftem ; they are large and bell- shaped, com
fort, which fhould be fown on a warm border, other pofed of fix petals, which are commonly yellow, but
wife the plants will not live through the winter. It thoſe of the pyramidal fort, which I before mention
flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn. ed, were purple : when theſe fall away, the germen
CARDUUS BENEDICTUS. See CENTAU fwells to a large fleshy fruit, the fize of a fmall Melon,
REA. which are of different forms ; fome are angular, and
CARDUUS FULLONUM . See DIPSACUS. compreffed at both ends, others are oval and globu
CARICA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1000. Papaw, in French lar, and fome pyramidal ; the fruit alfo abounds with
Papaie. the fame acrid milky juice as the plants. This fruit,
The CHARACTERS are , when ripe, is by the inhabitants of the Caribbee
It is male and female in different plants ; the flowers of Iflands eaten with pepper and fugar as Melons, but
are much inferior to our most common Melon in fla
the male have fcarce any empalement ; they are funnel
vour, in its native country ; but thofe which have
Shaped, and of one leaf, having a longflender tube, which
expands at the top, where it is divided into five narrow ripened in England were deteftable : the only uſe I
have made known of this fruit, was, when they were
obtufe parts, which turn backward ; it hath ten ftamina,
five of which are alternately longer than the other, and about half grown, to foak them in falt water, to get
are terminated by oblong fummits. The female flowers out the milky juice, and pickle them for Mangos,
have a small permanent empalement indented in five parts ; for which they have been a good fubftitute. Theſe
plants are fuppofed to be natives of America, from
it bath five long Spear -
shaped petals, which are obtufe,
and turn backward at the top ; the oval germen fupports whence they were carried to the Philippine Inlands,
and to feveral parts of India, where they are now
five oblong blunt ftigma, which are broad at the top,
pretty common . Though thefe plants have been
and crenated. The germen afterward becomes a large
oblong fleshy fruit, having five longitudinal cells, which fuppofed to have male flowers only in fome plants,
are full offmall oval furrowed feeds, inclofed in a gluti and female on the other, yet I have often feen
fmall fruit on the male plants, and have frequently
nous pulp.
This genus of plants is ranged in the ninth ſection had fruit on the female, whoſe feeds have grown as

of Linnæus's twenty-fecond clafs, intitled Dioecia well as any I ever fowed, though no male plants
were in the fame ftove with them.
Decandria ; the plants of this clafs have male and fe
male flowers on different plants, and in this fection The fecond fort was found growing in a garden at
the male flowers have ten ftamina . Lima, by father Feuillée, and it was the only plant
The SPECIES are, he faw of that fort in his travels. This differs from
1. CARICA ( Papaya) foliorum lobis finuatis. Hort. the other, in having a branching ftalk, the lobes or
Cliff. 461. Papaw with the lobes of the leaves finuated. divifions of the leaves being entire, and the fruit be
Papaya fructu Melopeponis effigie. Plum. Papaw ing fhaped like a Pear, which he fays were of dif
with thefruit fhaped like the Squash. ferent fizes ; that which he defigned was about eight
2. CARICA ( Pofopofa) foliorum lobis integris . Hort . inches long, and three and a half thick, yellow within
Cliff. 461. Papaw with the lobes of the leaves entire. and without, and of a fweet flavour. The flower,
Papaya ramofa fructu pyriformi. Feuil. Peruv. 2 . he fays, was of a Rofe colour, and divided but into
five parts .
P. 52. tab. 39. Branching Papaw with a Pear - shaped
fruit. Thefe plants being natives of hot countries, will not
There are feveral varieties of the firſt fort, which thrive in England, unleſs they are preferved in a warm
differ in the fize and fhape of their fruit. Plumier ftove ; where there are fuch conveniencies, of a pro
mentions three of the female or fruitful Papaw, be per height to contain the plants, they deferve a place
fide the male, one of which he titles Melon-fhaped , as well as almoft any of the plants which are culti
and the other fhaped like the fruit of the Gourd ; vated for ornament ; for when they are grown to a
and I have ſeen another variety in England , with a large fize, they make a noble appearance with their
large, fmooth, pyramidal fruit : but theſe are fup ftrong upright ſtems, which are garnifhed on every
pofed to be accidental varieties, which arife from the fide near the top with large fhining leaves, fpreading
fame feeds. out near three feet all round the ftem : the flowers
of
 CAR CAR

of the male fort come out in cluſters on every fide ; The firft fort grows naturally upon fterile ground in
and the fruit of the female growing round the ftalks moft parts of England, fo is rarely admitted into gar
between the leaves, being fo different from any thing dens. The others are often preferved in botanic gar
of European production, may intitle them to the care dens for the fake of variety. They grow naturally in
of the curious. the fouth of France , Spain, and Italy.
They are eaſily propagated by feeds, which are an They may all be propagated by fowing their feeds in
nually brought in plenty from the Weſt- Indies. Theſe the ſpring on a bed of freſh undunged earth, where
fhould be fown in a hot-bed early in the ſpring, that they are defigned to remain ; for, as they fend forth
the plants may obtain ſtrength before the autumn : tap roots, they will not bear tranfplanting fo well as
when the plants are near two inches high, they ſhould moſt other plants. When the plants appear above
be each tranfplanted into a feparate fmall pot filled ground, they fhould be carefully weeded ; and, as
with a light, gentle, loamy foil, and plunged into a they grow in fize, they fhould be thinned, where
hot-bed of tanners bark, carefully fhading them from they are too clofe, leaving them about ten inches or
the fun till they have taken root ; after which they a foot afunder. The fecond year moſt of theſe plants
muſt be treated in the fame manner as other tender will flower ; but, unleſs the fummer proves dry, they
plants from the fame country ; but as theſe plants rarely produce good feeds in England, and moſt of
have foft herbaceous ftalks, and abound with a milky them decay foon after they have flowered, therefore
juice, they must not have too much water, for they it is pretty difficult to maintain thefe plants in this
are frequently killed with moiſture. There fhould country.
alfo be great care taken when theſe plants are ſhifted CARNATION. See DIANTHUS.
from ſmall pots into larger, to preferve the whole ball CARPESIUM. Lin. Gen. 948. Nodding Star
of earth to their roots ; for whenever they are left wort.
The CHARACTERS are,
bare, they rarely furvive it. As the plants advance
in their growth, they will require larger pots, and It bath an imbricated empalement, the outer leaves are
when they are too tall to remain under frames, they larger, Jpreading, and reflexed, the inner are fhorter and
muſt be placed in the tan-bed of the bark-ftove, where equal: the flower is equal and compounded ; the berma
they ſhould conftantly remain, being careful not to phrodite florets are funnel-shaped, opening at the top in
give them much water, efpecially during the winter five parts ; thefe compofe the disk. The female florets are
ſeaſon ; and in fummer their waterings fhould be often tubulous, quinquefid, clofing together, which compofe the
repeated, but given in ſmall quantities. With this border. The hermaphrodite florets have five fhort ftami
management I have raiſed plants near twenty feet na, crowned by cylindrical fummits, and an oblong ger
high in three years, which have produced their flow men, with a fingle stalk, crowned by a bifid ftigma ; the
ers and fruit in great perfection . female florets have the like, and both are fucceeded by oval
CARLINA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 836. The Carline naked feeds inclofed in the empalement.
Thiſtle. This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond order of
The CHARACTERS are, Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Po
It bath a compound flower, made up of many hermaphro lygamia fuperflua, the flowers being compoſed of fe
dite florets, which are fruitful ; thefe are included in a male and hermaphrodite florets, which are both
common, fwollen, fcaly empalement ; the inner fcales are fruitful.
The SPECIES are,
long, and placed in a circular order. Theflowers are fun
nel-shaped, having a narrow tube, but are bell-shaped 1 . CARPESIUM ( Cernuum ) floribus terminalibus. Lin.
above, and cut into five parts at the brim ; these have Sp. 1203. Nodding Starwort whofe flowers terminate
each five fhort hairy ftamina, terminated by cylindrical the ftalks. After Cernuus . Col. Ecphr. 1. p. 251 ..
Summits. In the center is fituated a short germen crowned 2. CARPESIUM ( Abrotanoides) floribus lateralibus. Ofb.
with down, fupporting a flender ſtyle the length of thefta It. tab. 10. Nodding Starwort whofe flowers come from
mina, crowned with an oblong bifid ftigma. The germen the fide of the stalks.
afterward becomes a fingle taper feed, crowned with a The first fort grows naturally in Italy. It is a bien
branching plumofe down. nial plant, whofe lower leaves are obtufe, woolly,
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of and foft to the touch. The flower-ftalk rifes from
Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngeneſia Poly the center of the plant near a foot and a half high ,
gamia æqualis, the flowers being compofed of only branching toward the top, and garniſhed with leaves
hermaphrodite florets which are fruitful, whofe fum of the fame form with thofe at bottom, but fmaller :
mits are connected, and form a tube. each of the branches are terminated by one pretty
The SPECIES are, large flower of an herbaceous yellow colour, nodding
1. CARLINA (Vulgaris) caule multifloro corymbofo, flo on one fide the ſtalk ; thefe are compofed of female
ribus terminalibus calycibus radio albis . Hort. Cliff. florets which compofe the border, and hermaphro
395. Carline Thistle with many flowers in a corymbus, dite florets which compofe the difk, both which are
which terminate the stalk, having white rays to the em fucceeded by oval naked feeds. This flowers in July,
palement. Carlina fylveftris vulgaris. Cluf. Hift. 2 . and the feeds ripen in September.
p. 155. Common wild Carline Thistle. The plant is eaſily propagated by feeds, which may
2. CARLINA (Racemofa ) floribus feffilibus, lateralibus be fown on a bed of light earth in the fpring, and
pauciffimis. Sauv. Meth. 293. Carline Thistle with a when the plants come up, if they are thinned and
few flowers growing clofe to the fide of the ftalk. Car kept clean from weeds, they will require no other
lina fylveftris minor Hifpanica. Cluf. Hift. 2. p. 157. culture. The fecond year they will flower and pro
Small wild Spanish Carline Thistle. duce feeds, foon after which the plants decay.
3. CARLINA (Acaulis) caule unifloro flore breviore. Hort. The fecond fort grows naturally in China, and at
Cliff. 395. Carline Thistle with one shorter flower on each preſent is rare in England. This hath a hard branch
ftalk. Carlina acaulos magno flore albo. C. B. P. ing ftalk, garniſhed with broad fpear- shaped leaves
380. flightly crenated on the edges : the flowers are thinly
4. CARLINA ( Lanata) caule multifloro lanato, calycibus fcattered on the fide of the ftalks and branches, where
radio purpureis. Lin. Sp. 1160. Carline Thistle with they fit very clofe, nodding downward ; their em
many downy flowers on aftalk, which have purple rays to palements are compoſed of many fmall leaves which
their empalement. Acarna flore purpureo rubente pa fpread open, and inclofe a great number of florets .
tulo . C. B. P. 372. This may be propagated by feeds, which fhould be
5. CARLINA (Corymbofa) caule multifloro fubdivifo, flo fown on a hot-bed in the fpring, and when the plants
ribus feffilibus calycibus radio flavis. Prod . 'Leyd . are fit to remove, they fhould be each planted in a
135. Carline Thistle with many flowers on a ftalk, which fingle pot ; and when the weather becomes warm, 1
is fubdivided, the flowers fit clofe on theſtalks, and have they may be expofed, but in autumn they must be
yellow rays to their empalement. Acarna apula umbella houfed.
ta. Colum. Ecphr. 27.
CARPI
 CAR CAR

CARPINUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 952. [fo called of be firmer and more durable. If thefe are not inter

Lat. to
carpere, Lat. to crop , becauſe it may be eaſily cropped, mixed with other kind of trees, they ſhould be planted
or its wood is eafily cleft. ] The Hornbeam, or Hard pretty clofe ; eſpecially on the outfide of the plan
beam, in French Charme. tations, that they may protect and draw each other
The CHARACTERS are , up and if they are kept clean from weeds three or
It hath male and female flowers, growing Separate on the four years, it will greatly promote their growth, after
fame plant. The male flowers are difpofed in a cylindrical which the plants will have obtained fufficient ſtrength
rope or katkin, which is loofe and fealy, each feale covering to keep down the weeds.
one flower, which hath no petals, but ten fmall sta As the trees advance in their growth, they muſt
mina, terminated by compreffed hairy fummits. Thefemale be thinned, which fhould be done with caution, cut

flowers are difpofed in the fame form, and are fingle under ting away the most unpromifing plants gradually, fo
each feale , thefe have one petal, which is fhaped like a as not to let much cold air at once, to thofe which
cup, cut into fix parts, and two short germen, each having are left, eſpecially on the borders of the plantation .
two hairy styles, crowned by a fingleftigma . The katkin For in all young plantations of timber, it is much the
afterwardgrows large, and at the base of each fcale is better method, to take away a few trees every year,
lodged an oval angular nut. where it is wanted, than, as is commonly practifed,
This genus of plants is ranged in the eighth fection to let all grow till it is fit to cut as under- wood, and
of Linnæus's twenty-firft clafs, intitled Monaccia Po then cut all away, except thofe intended for timber ;
lyandria, the plants of this clafs having male and fe whereby fo much cold air is fuddenly let in upon
male flowers growing feparate on the fame tree, and them, as to ftop their progreſs for fome years : but
thofe of this fection have many ftamina. by this method a prefent advantage is gained, which
The SPECIES are, is now more generally attended to, than the future
1. CARPINUS (Vulgaris) fquamis ftrobilorum planis . profit.
Hort. Cliff. 447. Hornbeam with flat fcales to the cones. The timber of this tree is very tough and flexible,
Carpinus. Dod . Pempt. 841. Common Hornbeam . and might be converted to many ufeful purpofes, when
2. CARPINUS ( Oftrya) fquamis ftrobilorum inflatis. Hort . fuffered to grow to a proper fize ; but as they have
Cliff. 447. Hornbeam with inflated fcales to the cones. been generally treated otherwife, the principal ufes
Oftrya ulino fimilis, fructu racemofo lupulo fimilis. it has been applied to, was for turnery ware, for
C. B. P. 427. The Hop Hornbeam . which it is an excellent wood, and alfo for making
3. CARPINUS (Orientalis) foliis ovato -lanceolatis ferratis mill-cogs, heads of beetles, & c. It is alfo excellent fuel.
ftrobilis brevibus. Hornbeam with oval, fpear-shaped, The leaves of this tree remain upon them, till the
fawed leaves, and the ferteft cones. Carpinus Orien young buds in the fpring thrust them off, fo they af
talis folio minori, fructu brevi. T. Cor. 40. Ecftern ford much fhelter to birds in winter ; and this ren
Hornbeam, with a fmaller leaf and ſhorterfruit. ders them very proper to plant round the borders of
4. CARPINUS (Virginiana) foliis lanceolatis acuminatis, other plantations in expofed fituations, where they
ftrobilis longiffimis. Hornbeam withpointedfpear-shaped will defend the other trees in winter, and thereby
leaves, and the longest cones. Carpinus Virginiana flo greatly promote their growth.
refcens. Pluk. Virginia flowering Hornbeam. The Hop Hornbeam fheds its leaves in winter, with
The first fort is very common in many parts of Eng the Elm, and other deciduous trees. This tree,

land, but is rarely fuffered to grow as a timber-tree, tho' but lately much known in England, is very
being generally reduced to pollards by the country common in Germany, growing promifcuouſly with
people ; yet where the young trees have been pro the common fort . It is alfo faid to grow plentifully
perly treated, they have grown to a large fize. I have in many parts of North America, but it is doubtful
feen fome of them in woods, upon a cold ſtiff clay, whether that is not a different fort from this. The
which have been near feventy feet high, with large, Hop Hornbeam is of quicker growth than the com
noble, fine ſtems, perfectly ftrait and found. Of mon fort, but what the wood of that will be I do
late years, this has been only conſidered as a fhrub, not know ; for there are but few of the trees in
and never cultivated but for under-wood in the coun England growing upon their own roots, moſt of them
try, and in the nurferies to form hedges, after the having been grafted upon the common Hornbeam ,
French tafte ; for in moft of their great gardens, which is the ufual method of propagating them in
their cabinets, &c. are formed of thefe trees, as are the nurferies ; but the trees fo raifed are of fhort du
their trelliffes and hedges which furround their plan ration, for the graft generally grows much fafter
tations. But fince thefe fort of ornaments have been than the ftock, fo that in a few years there is a great
almoft baniſhed from the English gardens, there has difproportion in their fize ; and where they happen
been little demand for theſe trees in the nurſeries. to ftand expofed to ftrong winds, the graft is fre
As this tree will thrive upon cold, barren, expofed quently broken from the ftock, after many years
hills, and in fuch fituations where few other forts will growth ; for which reafon, I would caution every
grow, it may be cultivated to great advantage by perfon not to purchaſe any of theſe trees which have
the proprietors of fuch lands . It will refift the vio been fo propagated .
lence of winds better than most other trees, and is by The Virginian flowering Hornbeam is ftill lefs com
no means flow in its growth. But where thefe are mon than the laft, and only to be ſeen in curious gar
propagated for timber, they fhould be raifed from dens ; it is equally as hardy as the other, and may be
feeds, upon the fame foil, and in the fame fituation , increaſed by layers .
where they are defigned to grow ; and not brought This fort will grow to the height of thirty feet, or
from better land, and a warmer fituation , as is too more, and is of quicker growth than either of the
frequently practifed.. Nor fhould they be propagated former forts : it fheds its leaves in autumn, about
by layers, which is the common method where they the fame time with the Elm ; and, during the time
are intended for hedges or under-wood ; for which of its verdure, this tree makes a good appearance,
thofe to raiſed will anfwer the purpoſe full as well as being well clothed with leaves, which are of a deep,
thofe raiſed from feeds, but the latter muſt always be ftrong, green colour, refembling more the long-leaved
preferred for timber-trees . Elm than the Hornbeam.
The feeds of this tree fhould be fown in the autumn, The Eaſtern Hornbeam is a tree of humble growth,
foon after they are ripe ; for if they are kept out of rarely rifing above ten or twelve feet high in this
the ground till fpring, the plants will not come up country, fhooting out many horizontal irregular
till the following year. When the plants appear, they branches, fo cannot eaſily be trained up to a ftem.
muſt be kept very clean from weeds, and treated as The leaves of this fort are much fmaller than thofe
other foreft-trees ; in two years time they will be fit of the common Hornbeam, and the branches grow
to transplant, for the fooner all trees which are de cloſer together, therefore may be very proper for low
figned for timber are planted where they are to re hedges, where they are wanted in gardens ; being a
main, the larger they will grow, and the wood will very tonfile plant, it may be kept in lefs compafs
6 than
 CAR CAR

than almost any deciduous tree. It is as hardy This is an annual plant, which rifes with a ſtiff lig
any of the forts, and may be propagated in the neous ſtalk two feet and a half, or three feet high,
fame manner ; but at prefent it is rare in the Engliſh dividing upward into many branches, which are gar
nurferies. nifhed with oval pointed leaves, fitting cloſe to the
CARROTS. See DAUCUS . branches : theſe are entire, and are flightly fawed on
CARTHAMUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 838. [fo called their edges, each tooth being terminated by a ſhort
of xalaigaw, Gr. to purge, becauſe the feeds of it fpine. The flowers grow fingle at the extremity of
are purging, ] Baftard Saffron, or Safflower in French ; each branch : the heads of flowers are large, incloſed
Cartame, ou Saffran Batard. in a fcaly empalement ; each ſcale is broad at the
The CHARACTERS are, bafe, flat, and formed like a leaf of the plant, ter
It bath a flower compofed offeveral bermaphrodite florets, minating in a fharp fpine. The lower part of the
included in one common fcaly empalement. The fcales are empalement ſpreads open, but the ſcales above cloſely
compofed of manyflat leaves, broad at their bafe, ending embrace the florets, which ftand out near an inch
in a fpine, andspread open below. The florets are funnel above the empalement ; thefe are of a fine Saffron
fhaped, of one leaf, cut into five equal fegments at the top ; colour, and this is the part which is gathered for the
thefe have five short hairy ftamina, terminated by cy uſes above-mentioned. When the florets decay, the
. germen which is fituated in each, become fingle,
lindrical tubularfummits ; in the center is fituated a fhort
germen, Jupporting a flender flyle the length ofthe ftamina, oblong, angular feeds, of a white colour, and have
a pretty ſtrong ſhell or cover to them. It flowers in
crowned by a fingle ftigma. Thegermen afterward becomes
a fingle, oblong, angular feed, inclosed in the empalement. July and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in autumn ; but
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of if the feafon proves cold and moift, when the plants
Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Po are in flower, there will be no good feeds produced ;
lygamia Equalis ; the flowers of this fection being fo that there are few feafons, wherein the feeds ofthis
compoſed of only fruitful florets, and their fummits plant do come to perfection in England .
are connected in form of a cylindrical tube. The feeds of this plant are fometimes uſed in me
The SPECIES are, dicine, and are accounted a pretty ftrong cathartic,
1. CARTHAMUS ( Tinctorius) foliis ovatis integris ferrato but at prefent they are feldom prefcribed . It is pro
aculeatis. Hort. Cliff. 394. Baftard Saffron with oval pagated by feeds, which fhould be fown in April,
entire leaves, which have ſpiny ferratures. Carthamus upon a bed of light earth : the best way is to fow them
officinarum, flore croceo. Tourn . Inft. 457. Bestard in drills, drawn at two feet and a half diftance from
Saffron of thefhops, with a Saffron- coloured flower. each other, in which the feeds fhould be ſcattered
2. CARTHAMUS ( Lanatus ) caule pilofo fupernè lanato, thinly, for the plants muft not ftand nearer each
foliis inferioribus pinnatifidis, fummis amplexicauli other than a foot in the rows ; but as fome of the
bus dentatis. Hort. Upfal. 251. Carthamus with a feeds will fail, fo a greater quantity ſhould be fown,
bairy talk, woolly above, the under leaves indented, and as it will be eafy to thin the plants, at the time when
the upper embracing theftalk. Atractylis lutea. C. B. P. the ground is hoed. If the feeds are good, the
Yellow Difteff Thistle. plants will appear in lefs than a month ; and in a
3. CARTHAMUS (Creticus ) caule læviufculo, calycibus fortnight or three weeks after, it will be proper to
fublanatis, flofculis fubnovenis, foliis inferioribus ly hoe the ground to deftroy the weeds, and at the
ratis, fummis amplexicaulibus dentatis. Lin . Sp . 1163 . fame time the plants ſhould be thinned where they
Carthamus with a smooth stalk, woolly empalements, ge are too clofe ; but at this time they ſhould not be ſe
nerally nine florets, the under leaves lyre-fhaped, and the parated to their full diftance, left fome of them ſhould
upper embracing the ftalk. Cnicus Creticus Atractylidis afterward fail ; fo that if they are now left fix inches
folio & facie, flore leucophæo . Tourn . Cor. 33. afunder, there will be room enough for the plants to
4. CARTHAMUS ( Tingitanus) foliis radicalibus pinnatis, grow, till the next time of hoeing, when they muſt
caulinis pinnatifidis, caule unifloro. Lin. Sp . 1163 . be thinned to the diftance they are to remain for good :
Carthamus whofe radical leaves are winged, thofe on the after this they ſhould have a third hoeing, which, if
falks wing-pointed, and one flower on a stalk. Cnicus carefully performed in dry weather, will deftroy the
perennis caeruleus Tingitanus. H. L. 162. Blue pe weeds and make the ground clean, fo that the plants
rennial Cnicus of Tangier. will require no farther care, till they come to flower
5. CARTHAMUS (Carduncellus) foliis caulinis linearibus when, if the Safflower is intended for uſe, the florets
pinnatis longitudine plante. Lin. Sp. Plant. 831 . fhould be cut off from the flowers as they come to
Carthamus with narrow winged leaves on the stalks, perfection ; but this must be performed when they
which are as long as the plant. Cnicus cæruleus hu are perfectly dry, and then they fhould be dried in a
milis Montis Lupi. H. L. Dwarf Cnicus of Mount kiln, with a moderate fire, in the fame manner as
Lupus with a blue flower. the true Saffron, which will prepare the commodity
6. CARTHAMUS (Ceruleus) foliis lanceolatis fpinofo- den for uſe.
tatis, caule fubunifloro. Hort. Cliff. 1163. Carthamus But if the plants are defigned for feed , the flowers
with fpear -
shaped leaves prickly indented, and one flower muft not be gathered ; for if the florets are cut off,
on each stalk. Cnicus cæruleus afperior. C. B. P. 378 . it will render the feeds abortive, though they may
Rougher blue Cnicus. fwell and grow to their uſual fize, as I have frequently
7. CARTHAMUS ( Arborescens ) foliis enfiformibus finuato experienced ; yet when they are broken, there will be
dentatis. Prod . Leyd . 136. Carthamus with fword found nothing more than a fhell without any kernel.
fhaped leaves which are finuated and indented. Cnicus And this frequently happens to be the cafe with theſe
Hifpanicus arborefcens foetidiffimus. Tourn. Inft. 451 . feeds, in wet cold feafons ; though in very wet year
Stinking frubby Cnicus of Spain. the germen will rot, and never come fo forward as to
8. CARTHAMUS (Corymbofus ) floribus umbellatis nume form a fhell.
rofis. Carthamus with many flowers in umbels. Chama I have been informed, that this plant was formerly
leon niger umbellatus, fiore cæruleo hyacinthino. cultivated in the fields in feveral parts of England,
C. B. P. 380. Black umbellated Chameleon with blue for the dyers ufe ; and particularly in Gloucefterfhire,
flowers. where the common people frequently gathered the
The first fort grows naturally in Egypt, and in fome florets, and dried them, to put into their puddings
of the warm parts of Afia. I have frequently re and cheeſecakes, to give them a colour ; but fome by
ceived the feeds of this from the British iflands in putting it in too great quantity, gave their puddings
America, but whether they were originally carried a cathartic quality.
thither, or if it grows naturally there, I could never If this plant was ever cultivated here in great quan
be rightly informed. It is at prefent cultivated in tity, it is furprifing how it came to be fo totally ne
many parts of Europe, and alfo in the Levant, from glected, as that at prefent, there are not the leaft
whence great quantities of Safflower are annually im traces to be met with, in any part of England, of its
ported to England, for dyeing and painting. ever having been cultivated ; nor is the commodity
Ccc fcarce
 CAR CAR

fcarce known, except to thofe who deal in it : the time gathered, it is dried in a kiln for ufe. There
quantity of this which is annually confumed in Eng is ufually a fucceffion of flowers for fix or ſeven
land is fo great, as to make a very confiderable article weeks. After the crop is gathered, the ftalks are
in trade, fo that it might be very well worthy of the pulled , and tied in bundles for fuel ; and when they
public attention ; for although the feeds feldom come have been fet up a few days to dry, they are carried
to perfection in England , yet theſe might be annually off, and the ground is ploughed for Wheat ; which
procured from abroad, and the plants would con they ſay, always fucceeds well after this plant.
ftantly produce the flower, which is the only part The good quality of this commodity is chiefly in the
ufeful. A few years paft I fent a fmall parcel of the colour, which fhould be of a bright Saffron colour,
feeds of this plant to South Carolina, where I was and herein that which is cultivated in England often
afterward informed it grew amazingly, for in fix fails ; for if there happens much rain during the
weeks after the feeds were fown, the crop of Safflower time the plants are in flower, it will cauſe the forets
was fit to cut, and the gentleman to whom the feeds to change to a dark or dirty yellow, which will alfo
were given, fent fome of the commodity to his brother befal that which is gathered when there is any moiſture
in London, who was fo kind as to fend me a fpe remaining upon it ; therefore great care muſt be
cimen of it, with an account that the dyers complained taken not to gather it till the dew is quite dried off,
of its want of colour ; and upon examining it, I found nor fhould it be preffed together till it has been dried
the florets were drawn out of their empalements the on the kiln. The manner of doing this being the fame
whole length, fo that their tails which had been in as for the true Saffron, I fhall not mention it here,
cluded in their covers were white, and being mixed but defire the reader to turn to the article CROCUS,
together gave the whole a pale appearance ; upon this where that is fully treated.
I wrote to the gentleman to defire he would cut off In Spain this plant is cultivated in their gardens, as
the upper part of the florets with fciffars, which would
Marigolds are in England, to put into their foups,
be ealier performed, but have heard nothing from olios, and other difhes, to give them a colour. The
him fince ; however, a year or two after I received a Jews alfo are very fond of this, and mix it in moſt
letter from his excellency Governor Lyttleton , in of their viands ; and it is very probable they were the
which he wrote that the Safflower bid fair to prove perfons who firſt carried the feeds of this plant to
one of their great branches of commerce, but how it America, and taught the inhabitants the uſe of it, for
has turned out I have not fince heard. it is now as commonly uſed by the Engliſh there, as
This plant is cultivated in great plenty, in fome parts in any part of Europe.
of Germany, where the feeds conftantly come to This plant may be admitted to have a place inthe
perfection ; and as I have obtained a fhort account borders of large gardens, where it will add to the
of their method of cultivation, from a curious gen variety, during the time of its continuance in flower,
tleman of that country, fo I fhall infert it for the be which is commonly two months, or ten weeks ; for
nefit of thoſe who may be induced to engage in this if the feeds are fown in the beginning of April, the
undertaking. first flowers will appear in the middle of July at far
The ground in which they propofe to fow the Car theft ; and there will be a fucceffion of flowers on the
thamus, has always a double fallow given to it, firſt fide branches, till the end of September, or in mild
to deſtroy the weeds, and afterward to make it fine. warm feaſons till the middle of October, during which
They make choice of their lighteſt land , and fuch as time the plants will not be deftitute of flowers ; which
is clear from Couch Grafs, and other troubleſome being of a bright Saffron colour, make a pretty ap
weeds. After the land has been fallowed a fummer pearance ; and if the plants are fupported to prevent
and winter, in which time they give it four plough their being broken, or blown down by the wind,
ings, and harrow it between each, to break the clods , they will not interfere with the other flowers, becauſe
and pulverize it : in the latter end of March they give thefe have a regular upright growth.
it the laft ploughing, when they lay it in narrow When they are cultivated for this purpoſe, the feeds
furrows of about five feet or a little more, leaving a fhould be fown in the places where the plants are de
fpace of two feet between each : then they harrow figned to remain, becauſe they do not bear tranf
thefe lands to make them level, and after it is finiſhed, planting well ; therefore three or four feeds fhould
they fow the feeds in the following manner. With a be fown in each patch, left any of them ſhould fail ;
fmall plough, they draw four fhallow furrows in and when the plants are grown fo ftrong as to be out
each land, at near a foot and a half diſtance, into of danger, the moſt promiſing in each patch fhould
which they fcatter the feeds thinly ; then with a har be left, and the others pulled up, that they may not
row, whofe teeth are little more than one inch long, draw or injure thoſe which are to ſtand .
they draw the earth into the drills to cover the feeds ; The ſecond fort grows naturally in the fouth of
after this, they draw a roller over the ground, to France, Spain, and Italy, where the women uſe the
fmooth and fettle it. When the plants are come up, ftalks of this plant for diftaffs, from whence it had
fo as to be diftinguifhed, they hoe the ground to de the title of Diftaff Thiſtle. It is by fome called
ftroy the weeds ; and at this firft operation, where Baftard wild Saffron . The leaves of this plant are
the plants happen to be clofe, they cut up the leaſt fometimes ordered for medicine, and are fuppofed to
promifing, leaving them all fingle, at the diftance of have the fame virtues as Carduus Benedictus.
three or four inches ; which they always fuppofe will This plant is annual, perifhing foon after the feeds
be fufficient room for their growth, till the fecond are ripe ; the lower leaves fpread flat upon the ground ;
time of hoeing, which must be performed in about thefe are five or fix inches long, narrow, and deeply
five weeks after their firft ; in which they are guided indented on both fides ; they are hairy, and have a
by the growth of the weeds, for as this work is per few foft fpines on their edges ; the ſtalk riſes about
formed with a Dutch hoe , fo they never fuffer the two feet high, covered with hairs, and garnished with
weeds to grow to any fize before they cut them ; oblong hairy leaves, which embrace the ftalk with
in which they judge right, for when the weeds are their bafe, and are deeply finuated, with fharp thorns
fmall, one man will hoe as much ground in a day, growing on their edges. The upper part of the ftalk
as can be performed by three, when they are per divides into many branches, which are garnished with
mitted to grow large ; and the weeds will be more leaves of the fame form, but fmaller. The flowers
effectually deftroyed . are produced at the end of the branches, having a
They give a third hoeing to the plants, about five cluſter of ſtiff, hard, prickly leaves below the ſcaly
or fix weeks after the fecond ; which generally makes empalement, which contains many yellow herma
the ground fo clean, as to require no more cleaning, phrodite flowers, fucceeded by oblong angular feeds.
till the Carthamus is pulled up. When the plants It flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen in
begin to flower, and have thruit out their florets ( or autumn. If the feeds of this fort are fown in au
thrum) to a proper length, they go over the ground tumn, the plants will flower early the following fum
once a week to gather it ; and as it is from time to mer, fo there will be a certainty of good feeds. They
may
 1

CAR CAR

may be fown upon a bed of earth in any ſituation, ftalks with their bafe. The branches are terminated
and will require no other culture, but to keep them by large, fcaly, prickly heads of yellow flowers,
clean from weeds, and thin the plants where they are which come out in July, but are never fucceeded by
too clofe ; this being a medicinal plant, is kept in fome feeds in this country , fo can only be propagated by
gardens, but it hath little beauty. fide fhoots, flipped from the branches in the fpring,
There is a variety of this, which grows much taller, and planted in pots filled with light fandy earth, and
the heads are larger, and the leaves are placed clofer plunged into a moderate hot-bed, obferving to fhade
upon the ftalks. This was found by Dr. Tournefort them till they have taken root ; then they muſt be
in the Levant. gradually hardened, and removed into the open air,
The third fort was alſo diſcovered by Tournefort in and when they have obtained ftrength, they may be
the island of Crete, from whence he ſent the feeds feparated, and fome of them planted in a warm dry
to the royal garden at Paris. This differs from the border, where they will endure the cold of our or
former, in having a ſmooth ſtalk ; the leaves are very dinary winters ; but, in fevere froft, they are fre
ftiff, deeply indented, fmooth, and are armed with quently deſtroyed, therefore a plant or two fhould be
very trong ſpines ; the heads of flowers are oval, kept in pots, and ſheltered in winter to preſerve the
the florets white, and the plant grows near four feet fpecies.
high. This is an annual plant, which may be fown The feeds of the eighth fort were fent me from
and treated in the fame way as the former, and flowers Spain, where it grows naturally. This hath a pe
about the fame time. rennial root but an annual ſtalk, which is fingle, and
The fourth fort hath a perennial root, but an annual never puts out any fide branches ; theſe are white,
ftalk. This grows naturally in Spain , and was firſt fmooth, and channelled . The leaves are long, narrow,
brought to England from Tangier ; the feeds of this of a pale green, and clofely armed on their edges
are never perfected in England, fo it is propagated by with fhort ftiff fpines, which come out double. The
parting of the roots. The beft time for tranfplanting ftalks are terminated by fingle, oval, fcaly heads of
and parting them, is about the beginning of March ; white flowers, each fcale being terminated by a pur
they ſhould have a dry foil and a warm fituation , pliſh fpine. This fquamous empalement is clofely
otherwiſe they are liable to be deſtroyed in ſevere joined at the top, fo as few of the hermaphrodite flo
winters. rets appear vifible above it ; and this is guarded by a
The ftalks of this rife about a foot and a half high, border of long, narrow, prickly leaves, furrounding
feldom putting out any branches, garnished with the head, which rife confiderably above the flowers.
narrow fpear-shaped leaves the whole length of the This plant flowers in July and Auguft, but feldom
ftalk ; thefe are deeply fawed on their edges, each of perfects its feeds in England. It ſhould be planted
the ferratures ending in a ſharp point. The ſtalk is in a light foil and a warm fituation, where it will
terminated by one large fcaly head of blue flowers, live abroad in our ordinary winters, but in fevere froft
fhaped like thoſe of the other fpecies. it is fometimes deftroyed. As the feeds of this fort
The fifth fort grows naturally in the ſouth of France, rarely ripen in England, the only method to propa
Spain, and Italy. This hath a perennial root and gate the plant, is by parting the roots in the fpring.
an annual ſtalk, which rifes about fix inches high ; it CARUM. Lin . Gen. Plant. 327. Carvi [fo called
is channelled, hairy, and garnished with long narrow of Kapa, Gr. the head, as though good for the head ;
leaves, ending in feveral fharp fpines ; their edges are but others derive the name from Caria, where the
indented, each indenture ending in a fpine. Each antients found this plant. ] Carui, or Carraway.
ftalk is terminated by one large head of blue flowers , The CHARACTERS are,
having a leafy empalement, compoſed of very broad. It hath an umbellated flower, compofed of feveral fmall
fcales, each ending in a fharp fpine. It flowers in umbels, which are formed as rays to the general umbel,
June. neither of which have any involucrum ; the fingle flowers
This fort is difficult to propagate in England, for the have very small empalements ; each hath five heart-shaped
roots do not put out offsets like the former, fo is obtufe petals, turned inward at their points ; it hath five
only to be raiſed from feeds ; which do not come to hairy ftaminathe length of the petals, terminated by round
perfection here, unless the feafon proves warm and ifb fmall fummits . The germen is fituated under the
dry. This plant fhould have a dry foil and a warm flower, fupporting two small flyles, crowned by a single
fituation. Stigma. The germen afterward becomes an oblong chan
The fixth fort is fuppofed by fome, to be the fame nelled fruit, dividing into two parts, each having an ob
with the fourth, which is a great miſtake, for they long furrowedfeed.
are extremely different. This rifes with a ſingle ftalk This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection
about two feet high, which is of a purplish colour, of Linnæus's fifth clafs , intitled Pentandria Dygynia,
hairy, and channelled, clofely garniſhed with broad the flowers having five ſtamina and two ſtyles.
fpear-shaped leaves, which are fharply fawed on their The SPECIES are,
edges, and covered with a fhort hairy down. The 1 . CARUM (Carvi ) foliis pinnatifidis planis, umbellatis I
ftalk is terminated by a fingle large head of blue inæqualibus confertis. Carraway withplain leaves ending
flowers, having a fcaly empalement, compofed of two with many points, and unequal umbels, growing close.
orders of leaves, the outer being broad, long, and Cuminum pratenfe, Carui officinarum . C. B. P. 159.
armed with fharp fpines on their edges ; the inner are Meadow Cumin, or Carraway of the shops. 1
narrow, and terminate with a fharp thorn. It flowers 2 . CARUM (Hifpanicum ) foliis capillaribus multifidis,
in June and July, and the feeds ripen in autumn. umbellis laxis. Carraway with capillary multifid leaves,
This fort may be propagated by parting of their and loofe umbels. Carvi Hifpanicum, femine majore,
roots, which fhould be performed in autumn, when & latiore. Juff. Spanish Carraway with a larger and
the leaves decay. It ſhould have a light dry foil, in broader feed. 1
which it will endure the cold of our winters, and The first fort is the common Carraway, whofe feeds
continue many years. It may alfo be propagated by are greatly uſed, not only in medicine, but alſo in
1
feeds, which ripen well in dry feafons, but in wet the kitchen, &c. This grows naturally in fome rich
fummers the feeds are generally abortive ; this re meadows in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire, and is
quires no other care but to keep it clean from weeds. fometimes found growing in the paftures near Lon
It grows naturally in Spain, France and Italy, on ar don. It is alfo cultivated for uſe in Effex, and fome
able land. other counties.
The feventh fort I received from Andalufia, where it This is a biennial plant, which rifes from feeds one
grows naturally in great plenty. This rifes with a year, flowers the next, and periſhes foon after the
fhrubby perennial ftalk to the height of eight or ten feeds are ripe. It hath a taper root like a Parfnep, }
feet, dividing into many branches, garnifhed with but much fmaller, which runs deep into the ground,
pretty long fword-fhaped leaves, which are indented, and hath a ſtrong aromatic tafte, fending out many
armed with fpines on their edges, and embrace the fmall fibres ; from the root arifes one or two fmooth,
I folid,

*
 CAR CAR

Tolid, channelled ftalks, about two feet high, gar tis, floribus geminatis alaribus. Brown . Hift. Jam.
nished with winged leaves, having long naked foot 248. Clove-tree with fpear-shaped leaves placed oppo
ftalks, and many finall wings placed oppofite on the fite, and flowers growing by pairs from the fides ofthe
midrib, which are compofed of many narrow, little, Stalks.
plain leaves, ending in feveral points. The ftalks 4. CARYOPHYLLUS ( Cotinifolia) foliis ovatis obtufis op
divide upward into feveral fmaller branches, each of pofitis, floribus fparfis alaribus. Clove-tree with oval
which is terminated by an umbel, compoſed of fix or blunt leaves placed oppofite, and flowers growing thinly
eight ſmall ſeparate umbels or rays, which divide in from the fides of the branches. Myrtus cotini folio .
to feveral fmall foot-ftalks, each fuftaining a fingle Plum. Cat. 19. Myrtle with a leaf of Venice Sumach.
white flower, with five heart-shaped petals ; the 5 . CARYOPHYLLUS ( Racemofus) foliis oblongo-ovatis,
flowers of theſe fmall umbels are clofely joined toge emarginatis, ridigis, glabris, floribus racemofis ter
ther. After the flowers are decayed, the germen be minalibus . Clove- tree with oblong oval leaves, which
comes an oblong channelled fruit, compofed of two are stiff, Smooth, and indented at the edges, and flowers
oblong channelled feeds, plain on one fide, but con growing in branches terminating the ftalk.
vex on the other. It flowers in June, and the feeds. The firft fott grows naturally in the Moluccas, and
ripen in autumn . the hotteft parts of the world, where it rifes to the
The belt feafon for fowing the feeds of this plant is height of a common Apple-tree ; but the trunk ge
in autumn, foon after they are ripe, when they will nerally divides at about four or five feet from the
more certainly grow, than thofe fown in the fpring ; ground into three or four large limbs, which grow
and the plants which rife in the autumn, generally erect, and are covered with a thin_fmooth bark,.
flower the following feafon, fo that a fummer's growth which adheres cloſely to the wood . Thefe limbs di
is hereby faved. When the plants come up, the vide into many ſmall branches, which form a fort of
ground fhould be hoed to deftroy the weeds ; and conical figure ; the leaves are like thofe of the Bay
where the plants are too clofe, they must be thinned tree, and are placed oppofite on the branches. The
in the fame manner as is practifed for Carrots, leaving flowers are produced in looſe bunches at the end of
them three or four inches apart. In the following the branches, which are fmall, white, and have a
fpring they will require to be twice more hoed, which great number of ftamina, which are much longer
will keep the ground clean till the feeds are ripe ; then than the petals. The flowers are fucceeded by oval
the ftalks muit be pulled up, and tied in bundles, berries, which are crowned with the empalement, di
fetting them upright to dry, when the feeds. may be vided into four parts, which fpread flat on the top
threſhed out for ufe. of the fruit, in which form they are brought to Eu
The fecond fort grows naturally in Spain : the feeds rope ; for it is the young fruit beaten from the trees
of this were fent me from the royal garden at Paris. before they are half grown, which are the Cloves uſed
This plant rifes with a ftronger ftalk than the former, all over Europe.
which feldom grows more than a foot and a half high, I have not heard of any plants of this kind being in
but is clofely garnished with fine narrow leaves like the gardens, either in England or Holland, but I
thofe of Dill , the ftalks divide upward into many chofe to mention it here, to introduce the other.
branches, each being terminated by loofe umbels of The fecond fort grows naturally in Jamaica, but par
white flowers, which are fucceeded by large broad ticularly on the north fide of that ifland, where it is
feeds, having the fame aromatic flavour as the com found in great plenty, and is a confiderable branch
mon fort. This is a biennial plant, and may be treated of their trade ; the unripe fruit dried, being the All
in the fame manner as the former. fpice fo well known in Europe. It is now cultivated
CARYOPHYLLATA. See GEUM. with care in many of the plantations, for the trees
CARYOPHYLLUS. Lin. Gen. 594. Caryo will thrive upon fhallow rocky land , which is unfit
phyllus aromaticus . Tourn. Inft. R. H. 661. tab. 432. for the Sugar- cane ; fo that a great advantage arifes to
The Clove-tree, or All -fpice. the planters from thofe lands, which would otherwiſe
The CHARACTERS are, be of fmall account to them .
It bath a double empalement, that of the flower is of one This tree grows to the height of thirty feet or more,
leaf, cut into four obtufe parts, upon which the germen with a ftrait trunk, covered with a fmooth brown
is fituated ; thefruit bath another empalement, which is bark, dividing upward into many branches which
fmall, andfightly divided into four parts, which are per come out oppofite, garniſhed with oblong leaves,
manent. The flower bath four blunt petals, which are refembling thoſe of the Bay-tree in form , colour, and
fituated oppofite to the inciffures of the empalement. It hath texture, but are longer, and are placed by pairs :
manyftamina, which rife from the fides of the empale when theſe are bruifed or broken, they have a very
ment, terminated by roundish fummits. The germen is fine aromatic odour like that of the fruit. The
fituated under theflower, and is crowned by the finall em branches grow very regular, fo that the trees make a
palement, fupporting a fingle upright ftyle, crowned by an fine appearance, and as they retain their leaves
btufe ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a foft ber through the year, the trees are worthy of being pro
ry with two cells, each containing a single kidney-shaped pagated for ornament and fhade about the habitations
feed. of the planters. The flowers are produced in large
This genus of plants is ranged in the first fection of looſe bunches from the fide of the branches, towards
Linnæus's thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Mo their ends, each branch is alſo terminated by a larger
nogynia, the flower having many ftamina and but bunch than the other ; the flowers are finall, and of
one ſtyle. an herbaceous colour ; they are male and female upon
The SPECIES are, diſtinct trees. I was favoured with fine famples of
1. CARYOPHYLLUS (Aromaticus ) foliis ovato- lanceolatis both, and alfo a particular account of the trees, by
oppofitis, floribus terminalibus , ftaminibus corollâ William Williams, Efq ; of St. Anne's, on the north
longioribus. The Clove-tree with oval fpear-shaped leaves fide of Jamaica, who has the greateſt number of theſe
growing oppofite, and flowers terminating the stalks, trees on his plantation of any perfon in that ifland.
whofe fiamina are longer than the petals. Caryophyllus The male flowers have very ſmall petals, and a great
aromaticus fructu oblongo. C. B. P. 410. Aromatic number of ftamina in each, which are of the fame
Clove with an oblong fruit. colour with the petals, terminated by oval bifid fum
2. CARYOPHYLLUS ( Pimento) foliis lanceolatis oppofitis , mits ; the female flowers have no ftamina, but an
floribus racemofis terminalibus , & axillaribus. Clove oval germen, fituated below the flower, fupporting

tree with spear-shaped leaves growing oppofic, and flow a flender ftyle, with a blunt ftigma at the top. The
ers growing in bunches at the ends of the branches, and germen afterward becomes a globular pulpy berry,
wings of the leaves. Myrtus arborea aromatica foliis including two kidney-fhaped feeds. The ufual fea
laurinis. Sloan. Cat. 161. The Pimento, or All fon when thefe trees flower, is in June, July, and
Spice. Auguft .
3. CARYOPHYLLUS (Fruticofus) foliis lanceolatis oppofi
When
1. CAR CAR

When the fruit of theſe trees are defigned for ufe, ftove ; but if the feafon fhould prove very wet or
they are gathered, or beaten down from the trees a cold, it will not be ſafe to truft thefe plants long
little before they arrive to their full fize, and are fe abroad ; therefore their leaves fhould be now and then
parated from leaves, ſtalks, or any rubbiſh which waſhed with a ſponge to clean them, which will not
may have accidentally mixed with them ; then the only render them more fightly, but alſo promote
fruit is expoſed every day to the fun, fpread on cloths their growth. This tree is pretty difficult to propa
for ten or twelve days to dry, but removed under co gate in England, where the feeds do not ripen ; the
ver every evening to fcreen it from the dews ; when only method in which this has been done, is by lay
the fruit is perfectly dry, it is packed up for expor ing down the young branches, flitting them at a joint
tation. If the fruit is permitted to grow to maturity, in the fame manner as is practifed in making layers of
the pulp, which furrounds the feeds, is fo full of Carnations. If this is carefully performed, and the
moiſture, and is fo glutinous, as to stick to the fin layers are regularly but gently watered, they will
gers of thoſe who bruiſe them, therefore are unfit for put out roots in one year ; then they may be care
thoſe uſes to which the dried fruit are applied. fully ſeparated from the old plants, and each planted
It is called by fome Jamaica Pepper, but the moſt in a ſmall pot filled with light earth, and plunged
general appellation is All-fpice, from its relifh and into the tan- bed, either in the ftove or under a frame,
flavour, partaking of many other fpices, and is de being careful to fhade them until they have taken
fervedly accounted one of the beſt ; and if it was as new root, after which they may be treated as the older
fcarce and difficult to procure as thofe fpices in the plants. This plant, being an Evergreen, makes a
eaſt, would be much more fought after and efteemed : fine appearance in the ftove at all feafons of the year ;
our neighbours the Dutch, who have engroffed the and their leaves having fuch an agreeable fragrancy
fpice trade to themſelves, have alſo been artful enough when rubbed, render them as worthy of a place in
to deceive us with this of our production, by purchaf the ſtove, as any other tender exotic plant which is
ing the dried fruit of the All-ſpice in England at a low preferved for ornament.
price, and grinding it to a powder, then felling it The third fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
to us at an advanced price for powder of Cloves, whence I received it fome years paft. This rifes with
This I have been credibly informed of, by an eminent a divided trunk to the height of eight or ten feet,
merchant, through whofe hands great quantities of fending out many branches, which are placed oppo
this commodity have paffed. , fite, covered with a grey bark : the leaves come out
The Dutch have alfo drawn an oil from the fruit of oppofite, which are ſhorter and rounder at their points
this tree, which they vend for oil of Cloves. I had than thoſe of the laſt ſpecies ; they are alſo ſmoother,
a ſmall phial of this oil fent me from Jamaica, which and of a firmer texture. The flowers come out from
was fhewn to fome of the beft judges of drugs in the fide of the branches between the leaves, upon
London, who tried many experiments with it, and flender foot-ſtalks, about an inch in length, two ge
declared they thought it as good oil of Cloves as they nerally arifing from the fame point : thefe are fuc
had feen. ceeded by round berries, of a brighter colour than
As there is fo great an affinity between this tree and thofe of the former, having the empalement on their
the true Clove, it might be worthy of trial, if the crowns. The leaves and fruit of this fort have no
fruit when firſt formed, or the flowers were beaten aromatic flavour, fo are not of uſe, but the charac
down from the trees, and dried in the fame manner ters of the flower and fruit are the fame as in the
as the eaſtern Cloves, might not anſwer the fame pur other fort.
pofe ; or, at leaſt, it would be a good fuccedaneum This tree retains its leaves all the year, which being
for that fpice ; and as it is the production ofour own of a fplendent green, make a very good appearance,
colonies , fhould have proper encouragement. when it is intermixed with other exotic plants in the
This tree is propagated by feeds, which in the natu ftove ; but the flowers being fmall, and growing
ral place of its growth is conveyed, and fown by thinly upon the branches, do not make any great fi
birds, to a great diftance ; and, it is very probable, gure, fo it is only preferved for the beauty of its fo
the feeds paffing through them, are rendered fitter for liage. It is propagated by feeds, and requires the
vegetation, than thofe which are immediately gathered fame treatment as the other fort.
from the tree ; for I have received great quantities of The fourth fort was fent me by the late Mr. Robert
the berries from the gentleman before- mentioned, Millar, furgeon, from Carthagena in New Spain :
which were perfectly ripe and freſh, great part of this rifes with many irregular ftems about twelve or
which I fowed in different ways, and communicated fourteen feet high, covered with an Aſh-coloured
fome of them to feveral other curious perfons, who bark, dividing into many branches upward : thefe
did the fame, but none of them have yet fucceeded ; are garniſhed with ftiff oval leaves, placed oppofite.
and upon informing my friend Mr. Williams of this, The flowers are produced from the fide of the
he told me that a friend of his, whofe plantation was branches, fometimes four, five, or fix foot- ſtalks
on the fouth fide of Jamaica, defired him to fave a arife from the fame point ; at other times, they come
large quantity of the ripe berries for him to fow on out fingle, or perhaps by pairs : theſe are white, and
his plantation, which he accordingly did, but his of the fame fhape with thofe of the fecond fort, and .
friend forgot to fend for them till near two years af are fucceeded by berries which are rounder, and, for +
ter ; during which time, they had lain in a large heap, the moft part, contain but one kidney-ſhaped feed.
and had fermented, and , on fowing thofe berries, the This fort agrees with the fecond in its general cha
plants came up with the firft rains in great abundance ; racters, but not in the virtues, for it hath none of the
fo that it may be of great fervice to theſe feeds, either aromatic flavour, with which that abounds ; but as
to paſs through animal bodies, or to be fermented it retains its leaves through the year, may merit a
before they are fown. place in the ftove, better than many other plants
The plants cannot be preferved in England unleſs which are preferved by the curious. This is propa
they are placed in a ftove during the winter feafon , gated by feeds, in the fame way as the fecond fort,
but they will thrive in a moderate degree of warmth : and the plants muſt be treated in the fame manner as
they fhould be planted in a foft light foil, and in win thofe.
ter muſt have but little water. In the fummer they The fifth fort was fent me from the inland of Ber
fhould have a large fhare of air, and in July, if the buda, where it rifes to the height of twenty feet ;
feafon proves warm , they may be placed in the open the trunk and branches are covered with a ſmooth
air, in a warm ſheltered fituation ; but upon the ap brown bark. The branches come out by pairs ; they
proach of cold nights, they must be removed into grow erect, and are garniſhed with very ftiff, fmooth,
the ftove again. The expofing of theſe plants to the lucid leaves, which are placed oppofite, and have
open air for one month only, will be of great fervice very fhort foot-ſtalks. The leaves vary much in
to clean their leaves from infects or filth, which they their form ; fome of them are oval, others oblong,
are fubject to contract, by remaining long in the and fome are indented fo deeply at their ends, as to
Dd d be

1
 CAS CAS

be almoft heart-shaped. Their confiftence is much patulis. Hort. Cliff. 158. Cafka with eight pair of ob
thicker than thofe of the common Laurel, and their long oval lobes, the inner being the leaft, foot-falks with
colour is a fplendent green, with one deep midrib out glands, and a spreading ftipula. Caffia fylveftris
running through their middle, and many fmall veins foetida, filiquis alatis. Plum. Cat. 18. Wild Stinking
going from thence tranfverfly to their border. The Cafia with winged pods.
flowers are produced in ſmall looſe bunches at the 4. CASSIA (Villofa) foliolis trijugatis, oblongo-ovatis
extremity of the branches, which have ſeveral narrow æqualibus villofis, filiquis articulatis, caule erecto .
leaves intermixed with the bunches. Thefe are fuc arboreo. Caffia with three pair of oblong, oval, beiry
ceeded by berries of the fame fhape with thofe of the leaves, which are equal, jointed pods, and an upright
fecond fort, but larger. woody ftem. Senna fpuria arborea, villofa, foliis latis
This tree is propagated by feeds as the other fpecies, mucronatis, filiquis articulatis . Houft . MSS.
and deferves a place in the ftove, for the beauty of 5. CASSIA (Uniflora) foliolis trijugatis, ovato-acumina
its evergreen leaves, which being of a thick confif tis, villofis, floribus folitariis axillaribus , filiquis erec
tence, and of a fhining green colour, make a fine tis. Caffia with three pair of lobes in each leaf, which are
appearance in the ftove at all feaſons of the year ; but
oval, pointed, hairy, and fingle flowers proceedingfrom
this hath no aromatic flavour to recommend it, as the fides of the stalks, with upright pods. Senna fpuria
hath the fecond fort, for which reafon it is feldom herbacea orobi Pannonici foliis rotundioribus, flore
noticed. I take this to be the Bay-tree, mentioned parvo, filiquis erectis . Houft. MSS .
by Hughes, in the Hiftory of Barbadoes, which he 6. CASSIA ( Marylandica) foliis octojugis ovato-oblongis,
defcribes to have no flavour ; for I have feen plants æqualibus, glandula bafeos petiolorum. Lin. Sp. 541 .
of this fort which were brought from Barbadoes, fo Caffia with fmall leaves compofed ofeight pair of oblong,
that I fuppofe it grows naturally there. oval, equal lobes, having a gland at the base of the foot
As the plants of thefe forts do not rife fo readily from Stalk. Caffia Marylandica pinnis foliorum oblongis,
feeds in England , the best way to obtain them , is to calyce floris reflexo. Mart. Cent. I. 21 .
get fome perfon of fkill in America, to take up a 7 . CASSIA ( Bicapfulari ) foliolis trijugatis obovatis gla
number of young plants, and plant them clofe in bris, interioribus rotundioribus minoribus, glandulâ
boxes of earth, fetting them in the fhade till they have interjectâ globofâ. Hort. Cliff. 159. Caffia with three
taken new root ; then remove them into an open fi pair of ovalfmooth leaves, the inner ones being rounder,
tuation, where they may have time to eftablish their fmaller, and a globular gland placed between the leaves.
roots before they are fhipped for England ; and in Caffia hexaphylla, filiquâ bicapfulari. Plum . Cat. 18 .
their paffage they must be guarded from the fpray of 8. CASSIA (Fistula ) foliis quinquejugatis ovatis acumi
the fea, and falt water, and fhould have very little natis, petiolis eglandulofis. Flor. Zeyl. 149. Caffia
water given them ; for moft of the plants which are with five pair of oval, pointed, smooth lobes, and foot
fent to England, are killed in their paffage by having ftalks having no glands. Caffia fiftula Alexandrina.
too much wet. If thefe directions are obferved, the C. B. P. 405. The purging Caffia of Alexandria, or Pud
plants may be brought in good health to England , ding Pipe-tree.
provided they come over any time in the fummer, 9. CASSIA (Bahamenfis) foliolis fexjugatis, lanceolatis,
that they may have time to get fresh root before the glabris, interioribus minoribus, floribus terminatrici
cold feafon begins ; and when once they are well efta bus. Caffia with fix pair ofſmooth ſpear-shaped lobes, the
blifhed in their roots here, they may be preferved inner ones being ſmaller, and flowers terminating the ftalk.
many years in vigour ; but I have not feen many of Caffia Bahamenfis, pinnis foliorum mucronatis anguf
the plants in flower here as yet. tis, calyce floris non reflexo. Martyn . Cent. 1. p. 21 .
CASIA. See OSYRIS . 10. CASSIA (Fruticofa) foliolis bijugatis , ovato-lanceola
CASSIA. Lin . Gen. Plant. 461. Caffia, or Wild tis, glabris, floribus terminalibus, filiquis longis te
Senna . retibus , caule fruticofo. Caffia with two pair of oval,
The CHARACTERS are,
Spear-
shaped, Smooth lobes, flowers terminating the stalks,
The empalement is compofed offive concave coloured leaves ; long taper pods, and a fhrubby stalk. Caffia fruticofa
*
the flower bath five roundish concave petals, which ſpread tetraphylla, filiquis erectis . Houft . MSS .
open it hath ten declining ftamina, three of the lower 11. CASSIA (Javanica ) foliolis duodecemjugatis , oblon
are long, the three upper are shorter ; the fummits of the gis, obtufis, glabris, glandula nulla. Lin . Sp . Plant.
1 three lower are large, arched, beaked, and 379. Caffia with twelve pair of fmooth lobes, which
feparated at
their points ; the three upper ftamina have very fmallfum have no glands. Caffia fiftula Brafilania. C. B. P. 403 .
mits ; the four fide ftamina have no beaks, but ſpread Purging Caffia of Brafil, commonly called Horfe Caffia in
:
from the other. America.
In the center isfituated a long taper ger
men, having a fhort ftyle, terminated by an obtufe ftig 12. CASSIA (Liguftrina) foliolis feptemjugatis, oblongo
ma. The germen efterward becomes a long pod, divided ovatis, floribus fpicatis axillaribus, filiquis recurvis.
by tranfverfe partitions, each containing one or two round Caffia with fevenpair of oblong oval lobes, andſhort ſpikes
ifh feeds, faftened to the margin of the upper valve. offlowers proceeding from the fides of the stalks, andre
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of curved pods. Senna folio liguftri . Plum. Cat. 18 .
Linnæus's tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Monogynia, Senna with a Privet leaf.
the flowers having ten ftamina and one ſtyle. 13. CASSIA ( Emarginata) foliolis trijugatis, obtufis,
The SPECIES are, emarginatis, caulibus pilofis, floribus folitariis axil
1. CASSIA (Occidentalis) foliis quinquejugis , ovato-lan laribus petiolis longioribus. Caffia with three pair of
ceolatis, margine fcabris, exterioribus majoribus, obtufe leaves, indented at the top, hairy stalks, flowers
glandula bafeos petiolorum. Lin.Sp . Plant. 337. growingfingly from the fides of the stalks upon a longfoot
Caffia with leaves compofed of five pair of oval spear falk. Senna fpuria frutefcens, foliorum pinnis lati
fhaped lobes with rough borders, the upper lobes being the oribus, caulibus pilofis, filiquis longiffimis pediculis
largest , and a small gland at the base of the foot -talk. infidentibus. Houft. MSS.
Senna occidentalis , odore opii virofo, orobi Pan 14. CASSIA (Biflora) foliolis quadrijugatis oblongo-ova
nonici foliis mucronatis glabris. Hort. Amft. 1. p . 51 . tis, caulibus procumbentibus, floribus axillaribus pe
tab. 26. dunculis bifloris. Caffia with four pair of oval oblong
2. CASSIA (Frutefcens) foliolis quinquejugatis ovatis gla leaves, trailingstalks, and flowers proceeding from the
bris, exterioribus longioribus, caule fruticofo. Caffia fides of the talks, two growing upon each foot -talk.
with leaves compoſed offive pair ofſmooth oval lobes, the Senna fpuria minima, procumbens, foliorum pinnis
•
upper being the longeft, and a fhrubbyftalk. Senna fpu fubrotundis, caule pubefcente. Houft. MSS.
ria Americana frutefcens, foliis mucronatis minori 15. CASSIA ( Arborescens) foliolis bijugatis oblongo
bus, filiquis teretibus, duplici feminum ordine foetus. ovatis, fubtus villofis, floribus corymbofis, caule
Houft. MSS.
erecto arboreo. Coffia with two pair of oblong oval
3. CASSIA (Aleta) foliolis octojugatis , ovali- oblongis , leaves, hairy on their under fide, flovers growing in
interioribus minoribus, petiolis eglandulofis ftipulis round bunches, and an eres tree-like ftem. Senna fpuria
6 tetra
 CAS CAS

tetraphylla arborea, filiquis compreffis, anguftis, lon warm fummers the plants may be placed in the open
giffimis, pendulis. Houft. MSS . air toward the latter end of June, where they will
16. CASSIA (Flexuofa ) foliolis multijugatis linearibus, flower very well ; but thefe will not perfect their
floribus folitariis axillaribus, pedunculis longiffimis. feeds, unless they are removed into the ftove in au
tumn.
Caffia with many pair of narrow leaves, fingle flowers
proceedingfrom the fides of the stalks, and very long foot The fecond fort was fent me from Jamaica by the
falks. Senna occidentalis, foliis herbæ mimofa, fili late Dr. Houſtoun, who found it growing there na
quâ fingulari, floribus pediculis longioribus infiften turally. This rifes with a fhrubby ftalk five or fix
tibus. Sloan . Hift. Jam. 2. 51 . feet high, fending out many branches toward the top,
17. CASSIA (Chamacrifta) foliolis multijugatis lineari garniſhed with winged leaves, compofed of five pair
bus, caulibus procumbentibus, frutefcentibus, flori of fmall oval leaves, the upper ones being longeft.
bus maximis folitariis axillaribus, filiquis glabris . Caf The flowers come out from the fide of the ftalks, and
fia with many pair of small leaves, which are narrow, alfo terminate the branches in loofe fpikes ; thefe are
fhrubby trailing ftalks, large flowers growingfingly from yellow, and fhaped like thofe of the former, but are
the fides of the stalks, and smooth pods. Senna fpuria fmaller ; the pods are long, taper, and contain two
mimofæ foliis, frutefcens & procumbens, flore maxi rows of feeds.
mo, filiquis glabris. Houft. MSS. This plant may be preferved three or four years in
18. CASSIA ( Pentagonia ) foliolis trijugatis ovatis, exte the ftove, and will annually flower and perfect the
rioribus majoribus glandulâ fubulatâ inter inferiora. feeds. It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be
Prod. Leyd. 46. Caffia with three pair ofsmall oval fown on a hot-bed in the fpring ; and the plants muft
leaves, the upper being the largest, and an awl-shaped be treated in the fame manner as the former fort, with
glandule between the lower pair. Senna fpuria ple only this difference, that theſe, when they are too tall
rumque hexaphylla filiquâ pentagonà alatâ. Houft. to remain longer under the frames on the hot-bed,
MSS. muſt be removed into the ſtove, where they will often
19. CASSIA ( Racemofa ) foliolis quinquejugatis, lanceo flower in autumn or winter, but they feldom perfect
latis rigidis floribus racemofis axillaribus, filiquis their feeds till the ſecond year.
planis, caule fruticofo. Caffia with five pair of Spear The third fort hath an herbaceous ftalk, which rifes
fhapedfiff leaves, flowers growing in bunches from the five or fix feet high, garnished with long winged
fides of the fialk, flat pods, and a fhrubbystalk. leaves, compofed of eight or ten pair of large oval
20. CASSIA (Procumbens) foliolis bijugatis ovatis, cauli lobes, each being more than three inches long, and
bus procumbentibus, floribus folitariis axillaribus, ſi one broad, rounded at the end, where they are flight
liquis hirfutis. Caffia with two pair offmall oval leaves, ly indented. The flowers are produced in looſe ſpikes
trailing ftalks, fingle flowers proceeding from the fides of at the top of the ftalk , which are large, yellow, and
the stalk, and hairy pods. Senna fpuria tetraphylla of the fame ſhape with thofe of the other fpecies ; the
herbacea procumbens, filiquis hirfutis. Houft. MSS. pods are long, taper, and have four borders or wings
21. CASSIA (Glandulofa) foliolis multijugatis, glandulâ running longitudinally ; thefe contain a double row
petioli pedicellatâ, ftipulis enfiformibus. Hort. Upfal. of angular feeds . The whole plant hath a ſtrong
fœtid odour.
101. Caffia with many pair of leaves, and the gland on
the foot-ftalk refembling an infect, and fword- shapedſti This fort feldom continues more than two years ; it
pule. Chama chrifta pavonis Americana, filiquâ mul muſt be raiſed from feeds as the former forts, and
tiplici. Breyn. Cent. 64. placed in the tan-bed in the ftove, being very tender,
The firft fort grows naturally in moſt of the iſlands and fhould have but little water in winter. The fe
in the Weſt Indies, where it is called Stinking Weed, cond year the plants will flower, but they very rarely
from its unfavoury odour. This rifes with a channell produce feeds in England.
ed ftalk three or four feet high, dividing into feveral The fourth fort was fent me from Campeachy by the
branches, garniſhed with winged leaves placed alter late Dr. Houſtoun, who found it growing there in
nately ; each of theſe is compoſed of five pair of lobes great plenty. This rifes with a woody ftem to the
which are oval, ſpear-ſhaped, fitting cloſe to the mid height of fourteen or fixteen feet, fending out many
rib, having rough edges, the lower pair of lobes be lateral branches, garnished with winged leayes, com
ing the fmalleft, the others enlarge to the top, which pofed of three pair of oblong, oval, hairy lobes, of
are the biggeft ; at the baſe of the foot- talk is pro equal fize ; the flowers come out in looſe bunches at
duced a fmall protuberance, which is called a gland ; the end of the branches, which are of a pale ſtraw co
this is differently fituated in the ſeveral ſpecies of this lour, and fmall, but fhaped like the others ; the
genus. The flowers come out from the fides of the pods are long, narrow, and jointed, each feed being
talks, two growing upon each foot-ſtalk ; but the lodged in a fort of ifthmus ; the feeds are oval and
branches are terminated by loofe fpikes of flowers , brown.
which are compofed of five concave yellow petals, This may be propagated by feeds, which must be
with ten declining ftamina, fituated round the ger fown upon a hot-bed, and the plants afterward treated
men and ftyle, which becomes a fword-fhaped flat as the former forts, placing them in a warm ftove,
pod, having a border on each fide, and is indented where they will continue feveral years producing their
between each feed. flowers in fummer, and in warm feafons the feeds
事
This is a biennial plant, which is propagated by feed will ripen .
in plenty, in the countries where it grows naturally ; The fifth fort is a low herbaceous plant, feldom rif
but in England, the feeds must be fown on a hot-bed ing a foot high ; the ftalk is fingle, and garnished
in the fpring, and when the plants are fit to remove, with winged leaves, compofed of three pair of oval
they fhould be each planted in a feparate pot, filled pointed lobes, which are hairy ; the flowers come out
with light earth, and plunged into a moderate hot fingle from the fide of the ſtalks ; they are of a pale
bed, where they fhould be fhaded till they have taken yellow, and fmall ; theſe are fucceeded by narrow ta
fresh root ; after which they ſhould have freſh air ad per pods two inches long, which grow upright. This
mitted to them every day, in proportion to the warmth plant is annual ; the feeds muſt be fown on a hot-bed,
of the feafon, and fhould be frequently watered . and the plants treated as the firft fort : they will flower
When the plants have filled the pots with their roots, in July, and ripen their feeds in autumn. This was
they fhould be fhifted into larger ; and if they are too fent me from Campeachy by the late Dr. Houſtoun.
tall to remain in the hot-bed, they muſt be placed The fixth fort grows naturally in Maryland, from
either in the ſtove, or a glafs-cafe, where they may whence I received the feeds. It hath a perennial root,
be defended from cold, but in warm weather have compofed of a great number of black fibres ; this
plenty of air. With this management the plants will fends out feveral upright ftalks in the fpring, which
flower in Auguft, and perfect their feeds in October, rife four or five feet high, garnifhed with winged
but may be preſerved through the winter in a ftove, leaves, compofed of nine pair of oblong ſmooth lobes ,
where they will continue flowering a long time. In which are equal ; toward the upper part of the ftalks
the
 CAS CAS

the flowers come out from the wings of the leaves , loofe fpikes at the extremity of the branches, which
two or three together ; but the ftalks are terminated are large, of a gold colour, and fucceeded by taper
by loofe fpikes of pale yellow flowers, which are brown pods about nine inches long, having many
rarely fucceeded by pods in England . The ftalks de tranfverfe partitions, in which the feeds are lodged in
cay in autumn, and rife again in the fpring. The a thin pulp .
roots of this fort continue many years, and will live This fort is propagated by feeds, which muſt be fown
abroad in a warm border and a dry foil. The feeds upon a hot-bed, and the plants afterward treated in
will come up in the full ground, if fown in April, the fame manner as the eighth fort, for the plants
and in autumn they may be planted into the borders will not live abroad in this country in the warmest fea
where they are defigned to remain . fon ofthe year ; but if properly managed in the ſtove,
The feventh fort is an annual plant, which rifes a will produce their beautiful flowers in three or four
foot and a half high, with an erect herbaceous ſtalk , years from the feed.
garniſhed with winged leaves, compofed of three pair The eleventh fort grows in great plenty in moſt of the
of oval lobes ; the flowers come out fingly from the iſlands of the Weft Indies. This rifes to a great mag
wings of the leaves ; theſe are ſmall, yellow, and of nitude, with a large trunk, dividing into many
the fame ſhape with thofe of the other fpecies, and branches, garniſhed with very long winged leaves,
are fucceeded by taper pods, having cells containing compofed of twelve or fourteen pair of oblong blunt
two rows of feeds. It grows naturally in Jamaica, lobes, which are fmooth, of a light green, and placed
and the other fugar iflands. near together. The flowers come out in loofe fpikes
This is propagated by feeds, which must be fown on at the end of the branches, which are of a pale Car
a hot-bed in the fpring, and the plants afterward treat nation colour, fhaped like thofe of the other fpecies,
ed in the fame manner as hath been directed for the and are fucceeded by large cylindrical pods, divided
firft fort. They flower in July, and the feeds ripen in by tranſverſe partitions into many cells, in which the
October, and then the plants will decay. feeds are lodged, furrounded with a black purging
The eighth fort is the tree which produces the purg pulp. This is called Horfe Caffia, becauſe it is ge
ing Caffia which is ufed in medicine. It grows na nerally given to horſes, and ſeldom taken by any per
turally in Alexandria, and in both Indies, where it fons on account of its griping quality.
rifes to the height of forty or fifty feet, with a large It is propagated by feeds, which ſhould be fown, and
trunk, dividing into many branches, garniſhed with the plants afterward treated in the fame manner as the
winged leaves, compofed of five pair of fpear-shaped eighth fort, with which management they will thrive
lobes, which are fmooth, having many tranfverfe and produce flowers in England.
nerves from the midrib to the borders ; the midrib is The twelfth fort was fent me from the Havannah by
very prominent on the under fide ; the flowers are the late Dr. Houſtoun . This hath an herbaceous ftalk,
produced in long fpikes at the end of the branches, which divides into many branches, rifing about three
each ſtanding upon a pretty long foot-ſtalk ; theſe are feet high, garniſhed with winged leaves, compofed
compofed of five large concave petals, of a deep yel of feven pair of oblong oval lobes, which are rounded
low colour, and are fucceeded by cylindrical pods, at the end. The flowers come out from the fide of
which are from one to two feet long, with a dark the branches, upon very long foot-ſtalks, difpofed
brown woody ſhell, having a longitudinal feam on one in looſe fpikes ; thefe are of a pale yellow, and are
fide, divided into many cells by tranfverfe partitions , fucceeded by recurved pods, containing one row of
each containing one or two oval, fmooth, compreffed compreffed feeds .
feeds, lodged in a fweetiſh black pulp, which is the This is a biennial plant, which, if brought forward
part uſed in medicine . early in the fpring, will fometimes perfect feeds the
This tree is propagated by feeds , which may be eafily fame year; but if they fhould fail, the plants may be
procured from the druggifts who import the pods for kept through the winter in a ftove, as the firft fort,
ufe ; theſe muſt be fown on a hot-bed in the fpring, and good feeds may be obtained the following
and when the plants come up, they muſt be treated feafon.
in the fame manner as the firſt fort, during the firft The thirteenth fort rifes with feveral weak fhrubby
fummer ; and in autumn they must be removed into, ftalks about two feet high, clofely garniſhed with
a ftove, and plunged into the tan- bed : during the winged leaves, compofed of three pair of lobes, which
winter they fhould have very little water ; for as theſe are very narrow at their bafe, enlarging to the top,
trees grow naturally in dry fandy land, moiſture is a where they are blunt, and rounded with a little in
great enemy to them, but efpecially during that fea denture at the point ; thefe contract cloſely every
fon. In the fummer they fhould have a good ſhare of evening, after the fun has left them. The flowers
air admitted to them in warm weather, but they will come out fingle from the fide of the branches, ftand
not thrive in the open air in this country, at the ing upon very long foot-ftalks ; they are of a bright
warmest time of the year, fo fhould conftantly remain yellow, and fhaped like thofe of the other fpecies,
in the ftove. With proper care thefe plants will grow and are fucceeded by narrow flat pods, an inch and
to the height of eight or ten feet, and produce their a half long. This grows plentifully in Jamaica. It
flowers, when they make a fine appearance . is propagated by feeds, which must be fown on a
The ninth fort grows naturally in the Bahama Iſlands , hot- bed, and managed as the other tender forts ; it
from whence I received the feeds. This is an annual will continue two or three years, if placed in a warm
plant, which rifes with an upright ftalk two feet and ftove.
a half high, garniſhed with winged leaves , compoſed The fourteenth fort fends out from the root two or
of fix pair of lobes, which are fmooth, narrow, and three flender ſtalks, which trail on the ground, gar
fpear-shaped, ftanding at wide diftances ; the flowers niſhed with winged leaves, having four pair of fmall
are collected into loofe bunches at the top of the roundish lobes, of a pale green ; at the infertion of
ftalks , which are of a pale yellow, and are fucceeded the foot-ftalks arife thofe of the flower, which is
by long compreffed pods . It flowers in July, and the jointed, dividing into two fhorter at the top, fuftain
feeds ripen in autumn. This muſt be treated as the ing two fmall yellow flowers. This grows naturally
firft fort. in Jamaica, from whence the feeds were fent me. It
The tenth fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz, in is an annual plant, whofe feeds muſt be fown early
New Spain, by the late Dr. Houftoun . This grows in the fpring on a hot-bed, and treated like the other
upward of twenty feet high, with feveral trunks co kinds ; but as the branches of this grow near the
vered with brown bark ; thefe divide into many ground, fo the plants may remain under a frame all
branches upward, garnished with winged leaves, com the fummer, and will flower in July ; when , if the
pofed of two pair of lobes, which in the lower ſeaſon is warm, they muſt have have a large fhare of
leaves are oval ; but thofe of the upper are five inches air, otherwiſe the flowers will fall off, without being
long, and two and a half broad in the middle, fmooth , fucceeded by pods ; but if rightly managed, the feeds
and of a light green, The flowers are produced in will ripen in autumn.
The
 CAS CAS

The fifteenth fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz, fpikes ; thefe are of a deep Orange colour, large, and
in New Spain, by the late Dr. Houſtoun. This rifes fhaped like thofe of the other fpecies, and are fuc
with a ftrong upright trunk, to the height of twenty ceeded by flat brown pods, about four inches long,
five, or thirty feet, dividing into many branches, containing one row of flat, ſmooth, oval feeds. This
whichare covered with an Afh-coloured bark, garnished fort was fent me from Carthagena, by the late Mr.
with winged leaves, having long foot-ftalks ; each Robert Millar.
being compoſed of two pair of oblong oval lobes, This fort is propagated by feeds in the fame manner
four inches long, and near two broad, which are as the other fpecies, and requires a warm ftove to
fmooth, of a dark green on their upper fide, but preferve it, where it will thrive and produce flowers
paler underneath. The flowers are produced fome annually.
times from the fide of the ftalks, where they are few The twentieth fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz,
and ſcattering, but the ends ofthe branches have large by the late Dr. Houftoun. This hath feveral trailing
round bunches of flowers, which branch out from herbaceous ftalks, about two feet long, garniſhed
one center ; they are of a deep yellow, inclining to with winged leaves, having long foot- ftalks, which
an Orange colour. Theſe are fucceeded by compreffed are placed at a confiderable diſtance from each other;
pods, near nine inches long, having a border on each they have two pair of oval ſmooth lobes. The flow
fide, and contain one row of oval, fmooth, compreffed ers come out fingle from the fide of the branches,
feeds. which are of a pale yellow colour, and are fucceeded
This fort may be propagated by feeds, which ſhould by fhort, flat, hairy pods, containing one row of flat
be fown on a hot-bed in the fpring, and when the feeds.
plants come up, they will require the fame treatment This is an annual plant, which must be raiſed on a
as the feventh fort ; with , which management the hot-bed early in the fpring, and treated in the fame
plants will thrive, and produce their flowers in a few manner as the other annual forts before-mentioned.
years. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
The fixteenth fort hath very flender trailing ftalks , The twenty-first fort grows common in all the iſlands
about two feet long, garniſhed with winged leaves, • of the Weft-Indies. This rifes with a flender ſtalk
fitting cloſe to the branches, compofed of many about two feet high, fending out a few ſide branches
narrow pinnæ, like thofe of the Senfitive Plant ; the upward, garniſhed with winged leaves, compoſed of
flowers come out fingle from the fide of the ſtalk, many pairs of narrow pinnæ, like thofe of the Senfi
upon long flender foot-ftalks, which are ſmall, of a tive Plant. The flowers come out upon fhort foot
bright yellow colour, ſhaped like thoſe of the other ftalks from the fide of the branches, each foot-ftalk
fpecies ; they are fucceeded by fhort flat pods, con fuftaining two or three yellow flowers, of the fame
taining two or three feeds. This grows naturally in form with the other fpecies of this genus ; thefe are
Jamaica. It is a biennial plant, and requires the fame fucceeded by fhort flat pods, containing three or four
treatment as the firſt fort. flat feeds in each.
The feventeenth fort was fent me by the late Dr. This is an annual plant, and requires the fame treat
Houſtoun from La Vera Cruz, where he found it ment as the laft ; but as the ſtalks of this grow up
growing naturally. This rifes with ſeveral fhrubby right, they will be too tall to remain under a frame
trailing ftalks, which are two feet long, fending out all the fummer ; therefore when the plants are ad
many fide branches, clofely garniſhed with winged vanced fo high as to be near the glaffes, they fhould
leaves, compoſed of feveral pair of very narrow pin be removed into the ftove, or a glaſs cafe, where they
næ, fmaller than thoſe of the fenfitive Plant. The may have room to grow, and be fcreened from the
flowers are produced fingle from the fide of the cold, but in warm weather fhould have a good fhare
branches, on very fhort foot-ſtalks ; they are large, of air admitted to them ; with this management they
of a deep Orange colour, and are fucceeded by fhort, will flower in July, and perfect their feeds in
narrow, ſmooth pods. This plant differs much from autumn.
the Chama crifta pavonis major, of Breynius, in Theſe plants are frequently preferved in the gardens
having a ſhrubby trailing ftalk ; the leaves are much of feveral curious perfons, therefore I have enume
fhorter, having but half the number of pinnæ, rated them here, though feveral of them have not
which are alſo narrower and fhorter, the flower is alfo much beauty to recommend them, but are chiefly
larger. kept for the fake of variety. The moſt beautiful are
This plant will continue two or three years, and pro the fourth, the eighth, tenth, eleventh, fifteenth,
duce flowers annually, but it muſt be treated in the and nineteenth forts ; thefe all make a good appear
fame manner as the other tender forts ; for it will not ance in the ſtove, eſpecially when they are in flower ;
thrive unless it is preſerved in a warm ftove, where and as they retain their leaves all the year, they
it will perfect feeds the fecond year. It flowers in July make an agreeable variety in the winter feaſon, when
and Auguſt, and the feeds ripen in autumn. intermixed with other plants from the fame countries.
The eighteenth fort was fent me from Campeachy, All the fpecies of this genus contract their leaves
by the late Dr. Houſtoun. This rifes with a ſhrubby every evening as the fun declines, and open them
flender ſtalk about two feet high, dividing upward again with the rifing fun in the morning ; which is
into ſeveral branches, which are thinly garniſhed with alfo common to many other plants, fome of which
winged leaves, compofed of three pair of oval lobes, turn their upper furface outward, but all thofe of
the upper being the largeft ; theſe ftand upon long this genus turn their under furface outward, the
foot-ftalks, from the baſe of which comes out the upper being very cloſely folded together. Thefe are
flower, ftanding fingle on a fhort foot-ftalk, of a pale what Linnæus titles fleeping plants. It muſt alſo be
yellow colour, and is fucceeded by a bending pod, obferved that moft of thoſe plants, whofe under fur
near four inches long, having five longitudinal wings, face is turned outward, are fuch as grow upon dry
ending in a point. fandy land, where their roots do not find a fupply of
It is a biennial plant, which if brought forward in the moiſture, fo that the lower furface of their leaves
fpring, will flower the fame fummer, and fometimes being generally covered with a ſhort ſoft down, or
perfect feeds in autumn ; but if the plants are placed hairs, detain the nightly dews, which are inhaled by
in a warm ſtove, they will live through the winter, the leaves, and furniſh part of their nouriſhment ;
and the following feafon will flower earlier, and good whereas the other, whofe upper furface is turned
feeds may then be obtained. outward, do not ſtand in need of this fupply ; being
The nineteenth fort rifes with a fhrubby ſtalk to the ſmooth, the moiſture is caft off, and not imbibed by
height of ten or twelve feet, dividing upward into them .
many branches, garniſhed with winged leaves, com CASSIDA [i. e. an helmet, ] Scull-cap. See Scu
pofed of five pair of ſtiff fpear-ſhaped lobes ; the TELLARIA.
flowers come out from the fide of the branches, on CASSINE. Lin. Gen. Plant. 333. The Caffioberry
long branching foot-ftalks, collected into large loofe Bufh, and South- Sea Thea.
Eee The
 A S CAS

The CHARACTERS are, near the ſhelter of trees, or walls, they are very rarely
hurt.
Itbath ſmall permanent empalement, which is divided
into five parts , the flower hath but one petal, which is The fecond fort grows naturally in Carolina, and alfo
cut into five obtufe fegments, which ſpread open ; it hath in fome warm parts of Virginia, but chiefly near the
free ftamina, cobich spread from each other, and are ter fea ; this, in the natural places of its growth, rifes to
minated byfinglefummits ; it,bath a conicalgermen, with the height of ten or twelve feet, fending out branches
out a style, fupporting three reflexed ftigma. The germen from the ground upward, which form themfelves
afterward becomes an umbilicated berry with three cells, into a fort of pyramid, garnished with fpear-fhaped
each containing a fingle feed. leaves, placed alternately ; theſe are in texture and
This genus of plants is ranged in the third ſection colour like thofe of Alaternus, and continue green
of Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled, Pentandria Tri through the year. The flowers are produced in clofe
gynia, the flower having five ftamina, and three whorls round the branches, at the foot-ftalks of the
ftigma. leaves ; they are white, and of the fame fhape as the
The SPECIES are , former ; thefe are fucceeded by red berries, like thofe
1 of the former fort.
1. CASSINE (Corymbofa) foliis ovato-lanceolatis, ferratis ,
oppofitis, floribus corymbofis axillaribus. Fig. Pl. Dr. Linnæus has feparated this from the clafs in
plat. 83. f. 1. Caffine with oval fpear -
shaped leaves which he has placed the other, and has joined it to
placed oppofite, and flowers growing in round bunches from the Dahoon Holly, fuppofing them to be the fame
the fides of the branches. Caffine vera perquam fimi plant ; in which he is equally miltaken , for they not
lis, arbufcula, Phillyre foliis antagoniſtis, ex Pro only differ in the fhape of their leaves, but alſo in
vincia Carolinienfi. Pluk. Mant. 40. The Caffioberry their effential characters ; for the Dahoon Holly muſt,
Bufs. according to his fyftem, be ranged in his twenty
2. CASSINE (Paragua) foliis lanceolatis alternis femper fecond clafs, and the Caffine muft be ranged in his
virentibus, floribus axillaribus . Fig. pl . Plat. 83. f. 2. fifth.
Caffine with evergreen Spear-
shaped leaves placed alter This plant was many years preferved in feveral cu
nately, and flowers proceeding from the fides of the rious gardens near London, till the fevere winter in
bran bes. Caffine vera Floridanorum, arbufculâ bac 1739, when most of them were deftroyed, fo that
cifera, Alaterni ferme facie, foliis alternatim fitis there was fcarce any left ; but of late years there have
tetrapyrene. Pluk. Mant. 40. Evergreen Caffine, Ya been many of the young plants raifed from feeds,
pon, or South-Sea Thea. which came from Carolina, fome of which have been
3. CASSINE (Oppofitifolia) foliis ovatis acutis glabris, growing in the full ground feveral years, and have
floribus axillaribus fparfis. Caffine with oval acute leaves refifted the cold of the winters, without covering ;
placed oppofite, andflowers coming from the wings of the though they often fuffer in very cold feafons, where
ftalks, commonly called Hyffon Tea. they are not very well fheltered. If this plant can
The first fort rifes with two or three ſtems , which be brought to thrive well in England, and to endure
fend out many fide branches their whole length, and the winter in the open air, it will be a fine plant,
become bufhy ; theſe ſeldom rife more than eight or to make a variety in plantations of Evergreen-trees.
nine feet high. The branches are garniſhed with oval The leaves of this fort are not fo bitter as thofe of
fpear-fhaped leaves, fawed on their edges, which the firſt, eſpecially when green, therefore are preferred
grow oppofite. Toward the upper part of the to them for making the Thea ; but an infufion of the
branches the flowers come out from the fides, grow leaves of the firft, has been taken for a lofs of appe
ing in roundifh bunches ; thefe are white, and are tite by fome perfons with good fuccefs ; but it muſt
divided into five parts almoft to the bottom ; in their not be too ſtrong, left it fhould prove emetic or ca
center is placed the germen, attended by five ftamina, thartic .

which ſpread open, near as much as the fegments of The inhabitants of North Carolina and Virginia,
the petal. After the flower is paft, the germen fwells where this fhrub grows in plenty, give it the title
to a round berry, having three cells, each containing of Yapon, which I fuppofe to be the Indian name ;
a fingle feed. This is by Dr. Linnæus fuppoſed to for, as it is a plant much efteemed by the Indians for
be the fame plant as the Phillyrea Capenfis folio ce its medicinal virtues, they certainly have a name for
laftri. Hort. Elth. But thofe who know both the it ; this grows to the height of ten or twelve feet ;
plants, can have no doubt of their being different. the leaves are about the ſize and ſhape of thoſe of
The Caffine here mentioned drops its leaves in au the ſmall leaved Alaternus, but are fomewhat fhorter,
tumn, whereas that Phillyrea is evergreen ; the former and a little broader at their bafe ; they are a little
lives abroad in the open air, but the latter can ſcarce notched about their edges, and are of a thick fub
be kept through the winter in a green-houfe, without ſtance, and deep green colour ; the flowers of this
artificial heat ; nor have the plants the fame appear fort are produced at the joints near the foot-ftalk of
ance, and withal differ effentially, according to his the leaves, but the Caffioberry Bufh produces its
own fyftem , in the number of ftamina, which removes flowers in umbels at the extremity of the fhoots ; the
them to different claffes. berries of this Yapon continue upon the plants moſt
The firft fort has been pretty common in the nur part of the winter, and, being of a bright red colour,
feries near London fome years, where it is propagated intermixed with the green leaves, make a fine ap
by laying down the branches , which afford fhoots in pearance at that feafon. From thefe berries con
plenty for that purpoſe from the root, and lower part tinuing fo long untouched by the birds , we may
of the ftem, fo as to become very bushy and thick , reafonably conclude, they have fome venomous
if they are not cut off ; there are numbers of theſe quality, becauſe few of the fruits, or berries, which
fhrubs which produce flowers in England every year, are wholeſome, eſcape the birds , in a country where
but none of them ripen their feeds. there are fuch flocks of many kinds of them.
The leaves of this plant are extremely bitter, fo that Thefe fhrubs are propagated by fowing their feeds
if a fingle one is chewed, the bitterneſs cannot be (which are obtained from Carolina, where they grow
gotten rid of in a long time. Thefe leaves will con in great plenty near the fea-coafts ; ) they fhould be
tinue green very late in autumn, if the feafon proves fown in pots filled with light fandy earth, and plunged
mild, and they come out early in the fpring, but into a gentle hot-bed, obferving to water them fre
are frequently pinched by the froft in March , quently, until you fee the plants appear, which is
when they appear fo foon . This fhrub flowers in fometimes in five or fix weeks time, and at other
July and Auguft. It grows naturally in Virginia and times they will remain in the ground until the fecond
Carolina. year ; therefore, if the plants fhould not come up in
It loves a light foil, not too dry, and ſhould have a two months time, you should remove the pots into
warm fituation ; for, in expofed places, the young a fhady fituation, where they may remain till October,
fhoots are frequently killed in the winter, whereby being careful to keep them clean from weeds, and
the fhrubs are rendered unfightly ; 'but where they are now and then in dry weather giving them a little
6 water ;
 CAS
CAS
water; then remove thefe pots into fhelter during been in ufe time out of mind : we may alſo obſerve,
the winter feafon, and in the March following put that the place of its growth in the north, is the fame
them upon a fresh hot-bed, which will forward the latitude as Paraguay is fouth ; fo I fhall beg leave to
feeds in their vegetation . infert the account given of the Paraguay Tea by
When the plants are come up, they fhould, by de Monf. Frezier, who travelled through great part of
grees, be expoſed to the open air, in order to inure New Spain, by exprefs order of the king of France .
them to our climate ; yet they fhould not be expofed In South Carolina the plant is called Caffena, or South
to the open fun at first, but rather let them have the Sea Tea the inhabitants of that country do not
morning fun only, placing them for fome time where make fo great ufe of this Tea, as thofe of Virginia
they may be ſheltered from cold winds ; they fhould and North Carolina ; in the laft of which, the white
enjoy a fhelter during the two or three firft winters , people have it in as great eſteem as the Indians, and
P after which the Caffioberry Bufh. may be planted make as conftant uſe of it.
abroad ; but the South- Sea Thea fhould be kept in Monfieur Frezier alfo fays, that the Spaniards who
pots a year or two longer, being flower of growth, live near the gold mines in Peru, are obliged fre
and will therefore not have ftrength enough to refift quently to drink of the herb Paraguay or Mate, to
the cold when young.
moiſten their breafts, without which, they are liable
The third fort has been but few years introduced to
to a fort of fuffocation , from the ftrong exhalations
the English gardens ; this rifes eight or ten feet high, which are continually coming from the mines.
fending out branches from the root to the top, gar The fame author alſo adds, that the inhabitants of
nifhed with oval, fmooth, entire leaves placed op
Lima, during the day-time, make much uſe of the
pofite, whofe foot-ftalks are drawn toward each other, herb Paraguay, which fome call St. Bartholomew's
whereby the leaves turn upward ; the flowers come Herb, who, they pretend, came into thofe provinces,
out from the wings of the leaves thinly, they are where he made it wholefome and beneficial ; whereas,
white, and of the fame fhape with thofe of the other before it was venomous ; this, he fays, is brought to
forts, but are not fucceeded by berries in England. Lima dry, and almoft in powder.
This is propagated by feeds as the other forts, or by Inftead of drinking the tincture or infufion apart, as
laying down the branches in the ſpring, which if we drink tea, they put the herb into a cup or bowl
carefully performed will take root in one year; when made of a calabash tipped with filver, which they
they may be cut from the old plant, and put into call mate ; they add fugar, and pour the hot water
fmall pots, and placed in the fhade till they have upon it, which they drink immediately, without giving
taken new root ; afterward they may be expofed in it time to infufe, becauſe it turns black as ink. To
fummer, but in autumn they muſt be removed into avoid fwallowing the herb, which fwims at the top,
fhelter.
they make uſe of a filver pipe, at the end whereof is
The Paraguay, or South-Sea Thea, is accounted by a bowl full of little holes ; fo that the liquor fucked
the Indians very wholefome, and ( as I have been in in at the other end, is clear from the herb.
They
formed by feveral worthy perfons, who refided for drink round with the fame pipe, pouring hot water
feveral years in Carolina) is the only phyfic the In on the fame herb, as it is drunk off. Inftead of a
dians ufe; and for which, at certain times of the year, pipe, which they call bombilla, fome part the herb
they come in droves, fome hundred miles diftant, for with a filver feparator, called apartador, full of little
the leaves of this tree (it not being known to grow holes. The reluctancy which the French have fhewn
at any confiderable diftance from the fea ; ) where to drink after all forts of people, in a country where
their ufual cuſtom is, to make a fire upon the ground,
many have the venereal diſeaſe, has occafioned the in
and, putting a great kettle of water thereon, they venting the uſe of little glafs pipes, which they begin
throw into it a large quantity of thefe leaves, and to ufe at Lima. This liquor, he fays, in his opinion ,
immediately fet themſelves round the fire, and, with is better than tea ; it has a flavour of the herb, which
a bowl that holds about a pint, they begin drinking
is agreeable enough : the people of the country are
large draughts, which in a very fhort time vomits fo ufed to it, that even the pooreft drink it once a
them feverely ; thus they continue drinking and vo day, when they rife in the morning.
miting, for the ſpace of two or three days, until they The trade for this herb, (he fays, ) is carried on at
have fufficiently cleanfed themſelves ; then they gather Santa Fé, whether it is brought up the river of Plate.
every one a bundle of the fhrub to carry away with There are two forts of it ; the one called Yerba de
them, and retire to their habitations. But thefe Palos ; and the other, which is finer, and of more
gentlemen obferved fomething very extraordinary in virtue, Yerba de Camini ; the laft is brought from
the operation of this plant, which was, that in vo the lands belonging to the jefuits . The great con
miting it gave them no uneafinefs, or pain, but fumption of it is between La Paz and Cuſco , where it
came away in a full ſtream from their mouths, with is worth half as much more as the other, which is
out fo much as declining their heads, or the leaft fent from Potofi to La Paz. There come yearly from
reaching. Paraguay into Peru about fifty thoufand arrovas,
This plant is generally fuppofed to be the fame as twelve thouſand hundred weight of both forts, where
that which grows in Paraguay, where the jefuits of of at leaſt one third is of the Camini, without reck
that country make a great revenue of the leaves, oning twenty- five thoufand arrovas of that of Palos
which they export to feveral other countries, where for Chili. They pay for each parcel, containing fix
it is infufed and drank like tea ; indeed, there are
or feven arrovas, four royals for the duty called al
fome perfons who doubt its being the fame ; which cavala ( being a rate upon all goods fold ; ) which,
will be pretty difficult to determine, fince there is with the charge of carriage, being above fix hundred
fo little converfe between the inhabitants of Paraguay
leagues, doubles the first prices, which is about two
and thofe in Europe ; and all the leaves of that tea,
pieces of eight ; fo that at Potofi it comes to about
which have been brought to Europe, have been ge
five pieces of eight the arrova. The carriage is com
nerally fo broken and defaced, as to render it almoſt
monly by carts, which carry an hundred and fifty
impoffible to know their true figure ; however, from arrovas from Santa Fé to Jujuy, the laft town of the
fome ofthe faireft leaves, which were picked out of
province of Tucuman ; and from thence to Potofi,
the Paraguay Tea by a perſon of ſkill, who compared which is an hundred leagues farther, it is carried on
them with thoſe of the Yapon, he had great reafon mules.
to believe they were the fame ; and as the virtues What this curious author has obferved, on there being
attributed to the Yapon are nearly, if not abfolutely, two forts of this herb, may very well agree with the
the fame with thofe of the Paraguay, the Indians of two laft forts mentioned, fince both of them are ge
thefe northern parts of America making the fare uſe nerally fuppofed to agree in their qualities, though
of it as the inhabitants of the fouth parts of America one is much preferable to the other ; therefore I
do, viz. to reſtore loft appetites, and they fay it gives
imagine the Yerba de Camini, is what we call Para
them courage and agility, for which purpofes it has guay or South- Sea Thea ; and Yerba de Palos to be
our

1
 1
CAS . CAS

out third fort . But as our author only faw the dried lyandria, the plants of this fection have male and fe
her3, he could no more diftinguish their difference, male flowers, and the male flowers have many ſta
than we can the Thea brought from China ; I mean, mina ; but he has joined this genus to the Fagus,
as to the particular trees which produce it. making theſe of one genus, fo that he has entirely
CASSYTHA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 505. abblifhed the title. However, as the male flowers
The CHARACTERS are, of the Chefnut are formed into long katkins, and
It bath a fmall three-leaved permanent empalement ; the thofe of the Beech are globular, they may with
flowerbath three petals which are concave and permanent, propriety be kept feparate ; and this I chooſe to do,
and three oblong, coloured, nettarious glands furrounding that it may be more intelligible to common readers.
the germen, with nine erect compressed stamina, and two The SPECIES are,
globular glands, inclosing each afingle stamina, fitting on 1. CASTANEA ( Sativa) foliis lanceolatis acuminato-fer.
one fide the bafe ; these have fummits under the top of the ratis, fubtus nudis. Chefnut with Spear-shaped leaves,
Stamina ; it has an oval germen within the coloured em which are sharply fawed, and naked on their underfide.
palement, fupporting a thick ftyle the length of the ftamina, Caftanea fativa. C. B. P. 418. The manured Chefnut.
crowned by an obtufe almost trifid ftigma , the receptacle 2. CASTANEA ( Pumila) foliis lanceolato-ovatis acutè fer
becomes a pulpy berry, globular but a little depreſſed, in ratis, fubtus tomentofis, amentis filiformibus nodofis.
clofed in the coloured empalement, having a perforated Chefnut with oval fpear-shaped leaves fharply fawed,
navel inclofing many ovalfeeds. which are woolly on their underfide, and aflender knotted
This is ranged in Linnæus's firft order of his eleventh katkin. Caftanea pumila Virginiana, racemofa fructu
clafs of plants, intitled Enneandria Monogynia, the parvo in fingulis capfulis echinato unico. Pluk. Alm.
flower having eleven ftamina and one ſtyle. 90. The Chinquapin.
We have at prefent but one SPECIES of this genus. 3. CASTANEA (Sloanea) foliis oblongo-ovatis, ferratis,
CASSYTHA (Filiformis) Ofb . It. Lin. 530. Slender Caffytha. fructu rotundo maximo echinato. Chefnut with oblong,
Cufcuta baccifera Barbadenfium. Pluk. Phyt. tab. oval, fawed leaves, and a very large, round, prickly fruit.
172. f. 2 . Sloanea amplis Caftanæ foliis. fructu echinato. Plum.
This plant grows naturally in both Indies. I have Nov. Gen. 49.
received it from Barbadoes, Jamaica, and the Spaniſh The Chefnut is a tree which deferves our care, as
Weft Indies ; and that it grows alfo in the East Indies, much as any of the trees which are propagated in
is plain from its figure in the Hortus Malabaricus . this country, either for ufe or beauty, being one of
It rifes with taper fucculent ftalks, which divide into the beſt fort of timber, and affording a goodly fhade.
many flender fucculent branches ; thefe come out fre It will grow to a very great fize, and fpread its
quently by threes or fours at the fame joint, afterward branches finely on every fide where it has room.
they fend out fide branches fingly without order, and The leaves are large, of a lucid green, and continue
become very bufhy : the flowers come out on the late in the autumn ; nor are they fo liable to be eaten
fide of the branches fingly, fitting very cloſe thereto, by infects, as are thofe of the Oak, which of late
having no empalement , the corolla is oval, white, years have frequently happened to the latter, and has
with a ſmall tincture of red , opening like a navel at rendered them very unfightly great part of fummer,
the top, including the germen, ftamina, ftyle, and which I have never obferved to be the cafe with the
nectarious glands fo clofely, as not to be diſcovered Chefnut, which renders them more valuable for parks
till the corolla is cut open ; after the flower is paſt, and plantations for ornament ; and there is no better
the germen becomes many oblong, oval, dark feeds , food for deer, and many other animals, than their
furrounded with a mucilaginous fubftance. nuts, . which most of them prefer to acorns ; but yet,
This plant is cafily propagated by planting cuttings there fhould not be many of thefe trees planted too
ofit during the fummer months, but as thefe cuttings near the habitation ; becaufe, when they are in flower,
are fucculent, it will be proper to cut them off a they emit a very difagreeable odour, which is very
week before they are planted, laying them in the offenfive to moſt people.
ftove, that the part cut may have time to heal over There are feveral varieties of this tree, which have
before they are planted . Theſe cuttings fhould be accidentally arifen from feeds ; fome have been fup
planted in ſmall pots , which must be plunged into a pofed diftinct fpecies, but the differences are only in
moderate hot-bed, where, if they are not over watered , the fize of their fruit and leaves, which have been
they will take root in fix weeks ; then they may be altered, and improved by culture ; fo that the wild
parted, planting each into a ſeparate ſmall pot, filled and manured Chefnut, are undoubtedly the fame ;
with light fandy earth, and may be plunged again for I have frequently found, that the nuts taken from
into the hot-bed to forward their taking new root ; the fame tree, and cultivated in the fame foil, with
after which they ſhould be removed into a dry ſtove, equal care, have produced trees with very fmall fruit ;
and among them have been others, whoſe fruit have
where they ſhould conftantly remain, giving but little
water in winter, and in fummer admitting a large been as large as thofe of the parent tree ; therefore
fhare of air in warm weather, for this plant is too they can be only eſteemed as varieties. But in many
tender to thrive in the open air in this climate. countries, where the trees are cultivated for their
CASTANEA. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 584. tab. 352 . fruit, the people graft the largeſt and faireft fruit,
Fagus. Lin. Gen. Plant. 951. [ It takes its name from upon ftocks of Chefnut raifed from the nut ; and
Caftana, a city of Theffaly, where this tree anciently theſe grafted trees are by the French called Maron
grew in great plenty. ] The Chefnut-tree, in French nier, but they are unfit for timber.
Chateignier, or Maronnier. There is alfo a Chefnut with variegated leaves, which
The CHARACTERS are, is propagated in the nurſeries by way of curiofity:
It bath male and female flowers on the fame tree, fome this is maintained by budding, and inarching it upon
times at feparate diftances, and at other times near each common Chefnut ftocks, in the fame manner as other
other. The male flowers are fixed to a long ftring, form fruit-trees ; but theſe variegated trees and plants are
ing a fort of katkin ; theſe have each an empalement of not fo much regarded at prefent, as they were fome
one leaf, cut into five parts ; they have no petals, but years paſt.
include about ten or twelve briftly stamina, terminated by The Dwarf branching Chefnut which is mentioned
oblongfummits. The femaleflowers have alſo an empale in moſt of the books, I take to be only a variety of
ment of one leaf, divided into four parts, having no pe the common ; for Dr. Boerhaave fhewed me fome
tals, but a germen fixed to the empalement, fupports three young trees in his garden near Leyden , which he had
Styles crowned by a reflexed ftigma. The germen, which raiſed from nuts, which were fent him by Micheli
is fituated at the base of the empalement, becomes a from Florence, as the true fruit of the Dwarf Chef
roundifh fruit armed with foft fpines, including one or nut; but there appeared to be no difference between
more nuts. thofe, and fome other which came from nuts of the
This genus of plants is ranged in the eighth fection large fort.
of Linnæus's twenty- firft clafs, intitled Monoecia Po
The
 CAS CAS

The third fort grows in South Carolina, from whence ponderofity ; thofe of them that ſwim upon the fur
fome ofthe fruit with their outer covers, were fent to face of the water fhould be rejected as good for
his grace the Duke of Bedford, a few years paft : nothing; but fuch as fink to the bottom, you may
thefe were as large and round as a tennis-ball, and be fure are good .
armed all over with ftrong fpines like a hedge-hog : In fetting theſe feeds or nuts, the best way is, to make
thefe capfulæ were divided regularly in four cells , a drill with a hoe (as is commonly practifed in fetting
each containing one fmall Chefnut. At that time I Kidney Beans ) about four inches deep, in which you
compared thefe with father Plumier's defcription and fhould place the nuts, at about four inches diſtance,
figure, which he exhibited under the title of Sloanea, with their eye uppermoft ; then draw the earth over
and found them to agree exactly ; and upon looking them with a rake, and make a fecond drill at about
through the box in which thefe were fent, I found a foot diftance from the former, proceeding as before,
fome of the leaves of the tree, which alfo tallied with allowing three or four rows in a bed, with an alley
his defcription, which confirmed my former opinion ; between, three feet broad, for a conveniency of
therefore, as I could fee no other difference between clearing the beds, & c. When you have finifhed your
the fruit of this and the common Chefnut, but its plantation, you must be careful that it is not de
having four regular cells, divided by partitions, ftroyed by mice, or other vermin ; which is very often
whereas thofe of the Chefnut have generally but three ; the cafe, if they are not prevented by traps, or other
therefore I have joined them together, being perfuaded, means.
that farther obfervations will juftify my fo doing. In April thefe nuts will appear above ground ; you
It does not appear where Plumier found this tree muft therefore obferve to keep them clear from
growing naturally, though it is probable, it might weeds, efpecially while young : in thefe beds they
be in Louiſiana ; for I think it could not be in either may remain for two years, when you ſhould remove
of the Weft India islands, where the heat is too great them into a nurſery, at a wider diftance. The beſt
for this tree to thrive ; though this is tender while feafon for tranfplanting thefe trees, is either in Oc
young, for two or three young plants which were tober or the latter end of February ; but October is
raiſed in England, did not furvive the third winter. the beſt ſeaſon : the diftance theſe fhould have in the
The firft of thefe trees was formerly in greater plenty nurſery, is three feet row from row, and one foot in
amongst us than at prefent, as may be proved by the the rows : you must be careful in tranfplanting thefe
old buildings in London, which were for the moſt trees, to take them up without injuring their roots,
part of this timber ; and in a defcription of London, nor ſhould they remain long out of the ground ; but
written by Fitz-Stephens, in Henry the Second's time, if they have a downright tap-root, it fhould be
he fpeaks of a very noble foreft, which grew on the cut off, efpecially if they are intended to be removed
north part of it : proxime (fays he ) patet foreſta in again ; this will occafion their putting out lateral
gens, faltus numerofi ferarum, latebræ cervorum , roots, and render them lefs fubject to mifcarry when
damarum, aprorum, & taurorum fylveftrium, &c. they are removed for good.
And there are now fome remains of old decayed The time generally allowed them in this nurſery, is
Chefnuts, in the woods and chaces not far diftant from three or four years, according to their growth ; but the
London, but particularly on Enfield Chace ; which younger they are tranfplanted, if defigned for timber,
plainly proves, that this tree is not fo great a ſtranger the better they will fucceed ; during which time you
to our climate, as many people believe ; and may fhould be careful to keep them clear from weeds , ob
be cultivated in England, to afford an equal profit ferving alfo to prune off lateral branches, which would
with any of the other forts of larger timber-trees, retard their upright growth ; and where you find any
fince the wood of this tree is equal in value to the that are difpofed to grow crooked , either by their upper
beſt Oak, and, for many purpofes, far exceeding it; bud being hurt, or from any other accident, you may
as particularly for making veffels for all kinds of the yearafterplanting, inMarch, cut them down to the
liquor, it having a property (when once thoroughly lowermoft eye next the furface of the ground, which
feafoned ) of maintaining its bulk conftantly, and is will cauſe them to make one ftrong upright fhoot,
not fubject to fhrink or fwell, as other timber is too and may be afterwards trained into good ftrait trees :
apt to do and I am certainly informed, that all the but this fhould not be practifed, unlefs the plants
large cafks, tuns, &c. for their wines in Italy, are have abfolutely loft their leading fhoot ; for although
made of this timber ; and it is for that, and many the items of the trees fhould be very crooked ( as is
more purpoſes, in greater efteem among the Italians, generally the cafe with them when young) yet when
than any other timber whatever. It is alfo very va they are tranfplanted out, and have room to grow,
luable for pipes to convey water under ground , as as they increaſe in bulk, they will grow more up
enduring longer than the Elm, or any other wood. right, and their ftems will become ftrait, as I have
In Italy it is planted for coppice-wood, and is very frequently obferved where there have been great
much cultivated in ftools, to make ftakes for their plantations made of them.
Vines ; which, being ftuck into the ground, will But in doing ofthis, you must be careful not to diſturb
endure feven years, which is longer than any other or break their roots, which, perhaps might deſtroy
flakes will do, by near half the time. The ufefulneſs them. Thefe trees require no other manure than their
of the timber, together with the beauty of the tree, own leaves, which fhould be fuffered to rot upon the
renders it as well worth propagating as any tree ground ; and in the fpring of the year, the ground
whatever. fhould have a flight digging, when thefe fhould be
Thefe trees are propagated by planting the nuts in buried between their roots, but not too clofe to the
February, in beds of fresh undunged earth. The trees, which might be injurious to their young fibres .
best nuts for fowing, are fuch as are brought from After having remained three or four years in the
Portugal and Spain, and are commonly fold in winter nurſery, they will be fit for tranfplanting, either in
for eating, provided they are not kiln-dried, which is rows to grow for timber, or in quarters for wil
generally the cafe of moſt of thoſe brought from abroad, derneſs plantations ; but if you intend them for timber,
which is done to prevent their fprouting or fhooting it is by much the better method to fow them in
in their paffage ; therefore, ifthey cannot be procured furrows ( as is practiſed for Oaks, &c. ) and let them
fresh from the tree, it will be much better to uſe remain unremoved ; for thefe trees are apt to have
thofe of the growth of England, which are full as a downright tap-root, which, being hurt by tranf
good to fow for timber or beauty, as any of the fo planting, is often a check to their upright growth,
reign nuts, though their fruit is much fmaller : thefe and caufes them to fhoot out into lateral branches, as
fhould be preferved, until the feafon for fowing, in is the cafe with the Oak, Walnut, & c.
fand, where mice, or other vermin cannot come to Therefore, wherever any of thefe trees are planted
them , otherwiſe they will foon destroy them : before for timber, they fhould remain unremoved : but
you fet them , it will be proper to put them into where the fruit of them is more fought after, then it
water, to try their goodnefs, which is known by their is certainly the better way to tranfplant them ; for as
Fff tranf
 CAS CAS

mained three or four years (if the nuts fucceeded well, )

tranfplanting is a check to the luxuriant growth of
you will have many of theſe trees to remove, which
trees, fo it is a promoter of their fructification , as
fhould be done at the feafons before directed , leav
may be evinced by obferving low fhrubby Oaks,
ing the trees about three feet diftance in the rows ;
Walnuts , &c. which generally have a greater plenty
at which diſtance they may remain for three or four
of fruit, than any of the larger and more vigorous
years more, when you fhould remove every other tree
trees ; and the fruit of fuch trees is much fuperior in
to make room for the remaining, which will reduce
tafte, though the feeds of vigorous trees are vaftly
the whole plantation to fix feet fquare, which will be
preferable for plantations of timber ; for it is a con
diſtance enough for them to remain in, until they are
ftant obfervation , that, by faving feeds from dwarf
large enough for poles, when you may cut down
trees or plants, from time to time, they may be ren
every other of thefe trees (making choice of the leaft
dered much lower in their growth than is their na
promifing, ) within a foot of the ground, in order to
tural fize ; but where the fruit is moſt deſired, then
make ftools for poles , which, in eight or ten years
they ſhould be taken from fuch trees as produce the
time, will be ftrong enough to lop for hoops, hop
largeft and fweeteft nuts, which are commonly found
poles, &c . for which purpoſes they are preferable to
upon fuch trees as fpread the moſt, and have hori
moft other trees ; fo that every tenth year, here will
zontal roots ; for the weaker trees being lefs capable
be a fresh crop , which will pay the rent of the
to furniſh a ſupply of nourishment, and having a
ground, and all other incumbent charges, and, at the
greater quantity of fruit upon them, to which this
fame time, a full crop of growing timber left upon
muſt be diftributed , together with their roots lying the ground : but as the large trees increaſe in bulk,
near the furface of the ground (by which means the
their diſtance of twelve feet fquare will be too ſmall ;
juices are better prepared by fun, air, &c. before it
therefore when they have grown to a fize for ſmall
enters their veffels , ) it is certain their juices are bet boards, you ſhould fell every other tree, which will
ter digefted, and their fruits better maturated, than
reduce them to twenty-four feet fquare, which is a
thofe can poffibly be, which grow upon ftrong vi proper diſtance for them to remain for good ; this
gorous trees, which have long tap- roots running
will give air to the under wood (which, by this time,
feveral feet deep into the earth, and confequently take would be too much overhung by the clofenefs of the
in vaft quantities of crude unprepared juice, which
iarge trees ; ) by which means that will be greatly en
is buoyed up to the extreme parts of the tree ; and
couraged, and the ſmall timber felled, will pay fuffi
thefe feldom having many lateral branches, to digeſt
cient intereft for the money at first laid out in plant
and prepare their juice, by perfpiring and throwing
ing, &c. with the principal alfo : fo that all the re
off the crude part before it enters the fruits . maining trees are clear profit, for the under wood ftill
And this, I dare fay, univerfally holds good in all continuing, will pay the rent of the ground, and all
forts of fruit trees, and is often the occafion of the other expences ; and what a fine eftate here will be
good and bad qualities of the fame forts of fruits
for a fucceeding generation, in about fourfcore years,
growing on the fame foil.
I leave every one to judge.
What has been related about grafting this tree into
The Chinquapin , or Dwarf Virginian Chefnut, is at
the Walnut, to promote their bearing, or render their
prefent very rare in England : it is very common in
fruit fairer , or inoculating Cherries into the Chefnut,
the woods of America, where it feldom grows above
for later fruit, is very whimfical and filly, fince nei
ther the Chefnut nor Walnut will receive its own kind twelve or fourteen feet high, and produces great plen
ty of nuts, which are, for the most part, fingle in
any other way than by inoculating or inarching ; and
each outer coat or capfule . This tree is very hardy,
it is the latter only, by which the Walnut can be pro and will refift the fevereft of our winters in the open
pagated ; nor was it ever known, that any two trees
ground , but is very apt to decay in fummer, efpe
of a different genus would take upon each other, ſo
cially if it is planted in very dry ground . The nuts
as to produce either a good tree or fruit ; therefore ·
of theſe trees, if brought from America, fhould be
we may juſtly explode all thoſe different graftings of
put up in fand as foon as they are ripe, and fent to
various trees upon each other, fo much talked of by
England immediately, otherwife they lofe their grow
the ancients ; at leaſt we may fuppofe thofe trees are ing quality , which is the reafon this tree is at prefent
not known by the fame names now, that they are fo fcarce with us ; for not one feed in five hundred
mentioned by in their writings ; for I have made
fent over ever grew, which was owing to the neglect
many trials upon them, which, although performed
of putting them up in this manner : indeed, moft of
with great care, and in different ſeaſons , yet ſcarcely the nuts which have been brought over, have been
one of them fucceeded. But to return :
kiln-dried, to preſerve them from fprouting, which
If you defign a large plantation of thefe trees for
infallibly deſtroys the germen . When the nuts ar
timber, after having two or three times ploughed the
rive, they fhould be put into the ground as foon as
ground, the better to deftroy the roots of weeds, you poffible ; and if the winter fhould prove fevere, it
fhould make your furrows about fix feet diſtance
will be proper to cover the ground with leaves, tan,
from each other, in which you ſhould lay the nuts
or Peafe - haulm , to prevent the froft from penetrating
about ten inches apart, covering them with earth This fort of
the ground, fo as to deftroy the nuts.
about three inches deep ; and, when they come up, Chefnut delights in a moift foil ; but if the wet conti
you must carefully clear them from weeds : the dif
nues long upon the ground in winter, it is apt to kill
tance allowed between each row, is for the uſe of the
the trees . This will take by inarching it upon the
horfe hocing plough , which will diſpatch a great deal common fort, but the trees fo propagated feldom
of this work in a fhort time ; but it fhould be per
fucceed well.
formed with great care, fo as not to injure the young
I have feen a fpecimen , and fome nuts of a Dwarf
plants ; therefore the middle of the fpaces only fhould
Chefnut , which were brought from North America ,
be cleaned with this inftrument, and a hand hoe muſt
which differed from all the other forts ; and I have
be uſed to clean between the plants in the rows, and
been informed , that the French have raifed plants of
alfo on each fide, where it will be unfafe for the plough
this kind, from the nuts which were brought from
to be drawn and in hand hoeing, there muſt be
great care taken , not to cut the tender rind of the Canada ; but as I have not feen any of the plants
raiſed in England , I can give no farther account of
plants . If the following fpring the spaces are care
it, than that fome of the late writers have fuppofed
fully ftirred with the plough, it will not only make
it might be the dwarf branching kind before-men
the ground clean, but alfo loofen it, fo as that the fun
tioned.
and moiſture may more easily penetrate the fame,
CASTANEA EQUINA . See EscULUS .
which will greatly promote the growth of the plants ;
CAS TOR E A. Sce DURANTIA .
and the oftener thefe ploughings are repeated , the
CATANANCHE . Lin. Gen. Plant. 824. [Kala
cleaner will be the ground, and the greater will be
vdyxw , a violent allurement to love, of xalà and dváyun,
the progrefs of the plants, which cannot be kept too
neceffity, or of xalavalná?, to compel ; fo called,
clean while they are young. When thefe have re becaufe
 CAT CAT

becauſe the opinion the ancients had of it, that it ers are fmall, they make but little appearance ,
was a ſtrong, and almoſt invincible inducement to therefore the plant is only kept for the fake of va
love. ] Candia Lions Foot. riety.
The CHARACTERS are, The first of thefe plants is a perennial, and may be
The flower is compofed of many bermaphrodite florets, propagated by heads taken off the mother plant, ei
thofe on the border being longer than thofe which are in ther in fpring or autumn ; but thofe plants which are
the center ; thefe are included in one common fealy empale raifed from feeds, are much ftronger than thofe from
ment, which is permanent and elegant. The florets are of flips. Thefe plants are commonly planted in pots
one leaf, tongue-shaped, indented in five parts, and are filled with light fandy foil, in order to fhelter them in
longer than the empalement ; theſe have eachfivefhort hairy the winter from ſevere frofts ; but if they are planted
Stamina, terminated by cylindrical fummits. The germen in warm borders, either near walls, pales, or hedges ,
is fituated below the flower, fupporting a flender ftyle the in a moderately dry foil, they will endure abroad very
length of theftamina, crowned with a bifid ftigma which well. It begins flowering in May, and con
is reflexed. The germen afterward becomes a fingle oval tinues till Auguft or September ( efpecially if the fum
feed, which is compreffed and crowned with briftles, in mer is not too dry, ) is a pretty ornament to a gar
clofed in the empalement. den, and is eaſily kept within bounds. This may alfo
This genus of plants is ranged in the first fection of be propagated by feeds, which fhould be ſown in a
Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Poly border of good light earth in March ; and in May,
gamia æqualis ; the flowers of this clafs have their when the plants are come up, they may be either
Itamina feparate, and their fummits connected toge tranfplanted into pots or borders, where they are to
ther in a cylinder, and thoſe of this fection have only remain for flowering. Thefe plants fhould remain
hermaphrodite flowers. unremoved when they are planted in the full ground,
The SPECIES are, which will cauſe them to flower better, and they
1. CATANANCHE (Cerulea) fquamis calycinis inferiori will produce more feeds. The feeds ripen in Au
bus ovatis. Hort. Cliff. 390. Catananche whofe under guft.
Scales ofthe empalement are oval. Catanance quorundam . The other fort is an annual plant, and therefore only
Lugd. Hift. 1190. propagated by feeds, which ripen very well in this
2. CATANANCHE ( Lutea ) fquamis calycinis inferioribus country. The time for fowing them is early in
lanceolatis. Hort. Cliff. 390. Catananche whofe under March, in beds or borders of light earth where they
´fcales of the empalement are spear -
shaped. Catanance flo are to remain, which will come up in a month or five
re luteo, latiore folio. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 478 . weeks time, and require no other care but to keep them
Tournefort mentions a third fort with a narrow leaf, clean from weeds, and thin the plants where they are
in which it differs from the ſecond ; but if there is too cloſe. Theſe flower in June, and perfect their ſeeds
fuch a diftinct fpecies, I have not happened to meet in Auguft or September ; but as they have little
with it ; for although I have frequently received the beauty, they are not often kept in gardens .
feeds from ſeveral parts of Europe by this title, yet CATAPUTIA MAJOR. See RICINUS .
I could not find any difference between the plants, and CATAPUTIA MINOR . See EUPHORBIA.
thoſe of the fecond fort ; therefore I fuppofe Tourne- CATARIA. See NEPETA .
fort may have found the plants growing on a fterile CATCH-FLY. See LYCHNIS .
foil, where the leaves were much narrower than thofe CATERPILLARS.
growing in a garden, or in better ground, which may There are feveral kinds of this infect, which are very
have induced him to fuppofe they were diſtinct ſpe pernicious to a garden ; but there are two forts which
cies . Both theſe plants grow naturally in the fouth are the moſt common, and deftructive to the young
of France, in Spain, Italy, and Candia, from whence plants : one of them is that which the white butterfly
it had the title of Candia Lions Foot. breeds. It is of a yellowish colour, fpotted and
The firſt fort fends out many long, narrow, hairy ftriped with black ; this commonly infefts the tender.
leaves, which are jagged on their edges like thofe of leaves of Cabbages, Cauliflowers, and the Indian
Buckthorn Plantain, but the leaves are broader, the Crefs : they eat off all the tender parts of the leaves,
jags deeper, and at greater diftances ; thefe lie flat leaving only the fibres entire ; fo that very often we
on the ground, turning their points upwards, which fee, in the autumn feaſon, whole gardens of winter
are very narrow. Between the leaves come out the
Cabbages and Savoys almoſt deſtroyed by them, efpe
flower-ftalks, which are in number proportionable to cially in thoſe which are crouded with trees, or are
the fize of the plant ; for from an old thriving root, near buildings. They always increaſe moft in very
there is frequently eight or ten, and young plants do dry feafons ; and when the plants have been ftinted
not ſend out more than two or three. Thefe ftalks rife by the drought, they are conftantly attacked ; where
near two feet high, dividing into many fmall branches as, thoſe which are in vigour, feldom fuffer much by
upward, garnished with leaves like thofe below, but thoſe infects. Nor is there any other method found
are fmaller, and have few or no jags on their edges : out to deſtroy them that I know of, but to pick them
each of the foot- ftalks are terminated with fingle off the plants before they are fpread from the neſts ;
1
heads of flowers, having a dry, filvery, fcaly empale by which means, though perhaps many may be over
ment, in which are included three or four florets , looked, yet their numbers will be greatly diminiſh
whofe petals are broad, flat, and indented at their ed. But this work must be often repeated during the
ends ; theſe are of a fine blue colour, having a dark warm weather, when the butterflies are abroad, which
fpot at bottom, and in each the five ftamina, with are continually depofiting their eggs, and in a few
their yellow fummits, ftanding a little above the pe days time will be metamorphofed to perfect caterpil
tal, make a pretty appearance . lars . But as thefe, for the moſt part, feed upon the
It has been by fome authors titled Chondrilla cærulea , outer leaves of plants, fo they are more eafily taken
i. e. Blue Gum Cicory ; and by others Sefamoides, or than the other fort, which is much larger : the fkin
Catanances Sefamoides. Cafpar Bauhin calls it Chon is very tough, and of a dark colour : this is called by
drilla cærulea cyani capitulo. Pin. 130. Blue Gum Ci the gardeners, a grub, and is exceeding hurtful.
cory with a Blue Bottle head. There is a variety of this The eggs of this fort of caterpillar, are, for the
with double flowers, which is not very common in moft part, depofited in the very heart or center of the
the Engliſh gardens. plant ( efpecially in Cabbages ; ) where, after it hath
The fecond fort hath broader leaves than the firft, obtained its form, it eats its way out through all the
which are fimoother, and lefs jagged on their edges : leaves thereof; and alfo their dung, being lodged
from each root arife two or three ftalks, which grow between the inclofed leaves of the Cabbages , gives
a foot and a half high, fending out two or three flen them an ill fcent.
der foot-ftalks, each fuftaining a fingle head of yel This infect alfo burrows juft under the furface of the
low flowers, inclofed in a dry fcaly empalement, of a ground, and makes great havock on young plants,
darker colour than thofe of the firft : as thefe flow by eating them through their tender fhanks, and draw
ing
L

1
 CAT CEA

ing them into their holes. The miſchief is chiefly be watered with great caution, and in fpring they
done in the night : whenever you obferve this, you fhould be carefully taken up, and each planted
fhould every morning look over your plat of plants ; in a feparate finall pot filled with light fandy earth,
and wherever you fee any plants eaten off, ftir the and plunged into a fresh hot-bed of tanners bark, be
ground round about the place with your fingers an inch ing careful to fhade them until they have taken freſh
deep, and you will certainly find them out. This is root, as alfo to refreſh them with water gently, as
the only method I know of deftroying them. they may require it ; and in fummer, when the wea
CATKINS, or IULUS. ther is warm , they fhould have a good fhare of air ad
This is, by the botanifts, called Flos Amentaceus : mitted to them ; but in autumn muſt be removed
it is an aggregate of fummits, which are joined toge into the ftove, where they fhould conftantly remain,
ther in form of a rope or cat's tail, and is the male and muſt be treated afterward in the fame manner as
flower of the trees which produce them ; as the other tender exotic plants .
Firs, Pines, Cedars, Walnuts, Birch-trees, and This plant may be propagated by planting cuttings
Willows . in finall pots filled with light earth, during the months
CATESBÆ A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 121. Hift. Carolin. of June and July. The pots fhould be plunged into
Vol
. II. p. 100. The Lily Thorn. a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, and the cuttings
The CHARACTERS are, clofely covered with fmall bell-glaffes to exclude the
It bath a fmallpermanent empalement of one leaf, with external air. If this is properly performed, the cut
five fharp indentures ; the flower is of one leaf, funnel tings will put out roots in about two or three months,
Shaped, having a very long tube, which gradually widens when they may be carefully feparated , planting each
to the top, where it is four- cornerned and spread open ; it into a finall pot filled with light earth, and plungedinto
bathfour ftamina rifing in the neck of the tube, terminated the hot-bed again, and afterward muft be treated as
by oblong erect fummits ; the roundifh germen is fituated the feedling plants.
under the flower, ſupporting a ſlender ftyle, crowned by a Moft of thofe plants which were raifed from Mr.
Single frigma. The germen afterward becomes an oval Catefby's feeds, were killed by the fevere winter in
berry with one cell, filled with angular feeds. 1739 ; but feven years ago I received fome freth feeds,
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of which fucceeded fo well, as to enable me to commu
Linnaeus's fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Monogy nicate plants to feveral curious perfons in England
nia, the flower having four ftamina and one ſtyle. and Holland.
We have but one SPECIES of this plant, viz. CACAULIS, Baftard Parſley.
CATESBÆA. Lin. Sp . Plant. 109. The Lily Thorn. This is one of the umbelliferous plants with oblong
Frutex fpinofus Buxi foliis, plurimis fimul nafcenti feeds , which are a little furrowed and prickly : the
bus, flore tetrapetaloide, pendulo, fordidè flavo, tu petals of the flower are unequal and heart-shaped. I
bo longiffimo, fructu ovali croceo, femina parva con There are feveral fpecies of this plant preferved in
tinente. Catefb. Hift. Carol . Vol . II. p. 100 . the botanic gardens ; but as there is no great beauty
This fhrub was difcovered by Mr. Catefby, near Naf or ufe in any of them, I fhall pafs them over with
fau town, in the iſland of Providence, where he faw only obferving, that if any perfon hath a mind to cul
two of them growing, which were all he ever faw ; tivate them, the beſt ſeafon to fow their feeds is in
from thefe he gathered the feeds, and brought them autumn, foon after they are ripe ; for if the feeds are
to England in 1726, from which many plants were kept till fpring, the plants feldom produce ripe feeds
raifed in the English gardens, fome of which have again. They are most of them biennial, and require
fince flowered here. to be fown every year. We have four or five fpecies
It rifes with a branching ftem to the height of ten or of them, which grow wild in England.
twelve feet, which is covered with a pale ruffet bark ; CAULIFEROUS plants [ of Caulis , Lat. a ftalk,
the branches come out alternately from the bottom to and fero, to bear ; ] fuch plants as have a true ftalk.
the top, which are garniſhed with ſmall leaves, re CAULIS, is that part of a plant which rifes fingle
fembling thofe of the Box-tree, coming out in cluf above the earth, from whence the leaves or little
ters all round the branches, at certain diftances ; the branches put forth, as Jungius defines it ; or it is the
flowers come out fingle from the fide of the branches , upper part of a plant ſtretched forth to an height, fo
hanging downward ; they are tubulous, and near fix that the fore parts differ not from the hind, nor the
inches long, very narrow at their bafe, but widening right from the left. In trees and fhrubs it is called
upward toward the top, where it is divided into four Caudix ; in corn Culmus ; the ftalk of any herb ; the
parts which fpread open, and are reflexed backward ; ftem, trunk, or body of a tree. Lat.
thefe are of a dull yellow colour. After the flower CEANOTHUS. Lin . Gen. Plant. 237. Euonymus.
decays, the germen fwells to an oval fleshy berry the Com . Hort. New Jerfey Thea.
fize of a middling Plumb, hollow within, and filled The CHARACTERS are,
with fmall angular feeds. It hath a turbinated empalement of one leaf, which is
This fhrub is propagated by feeds, which must be permanent, cut into five acute fegments which close toge
procured from the country where it naturally grows. ther ; the flower bath five roundish equal petals which
If the entire ftuit are brought over in fand, the feeds Spread open, and are less than the empalement ; it bath
will be better preferved : when they arrive in England, five erect ftamina, placed oppofite to the petals, and are
: the feeds must be fown in fmall pots filled with light of equal length, terminated by roundish fummits, and a
fandy earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed of three-cornered germen, fupporting a cylindrical ftyle, crown
tanners bark, and now and then moderately watered . ed by an obtufe ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a
If the feeds are good , the plants will appear in about dry capfule with three cells, in which are lodged three
fix weeks after fowing ; when, if the heat of the bed ovalfeeds.
declines, the tan fhould be turned over to the bottom , This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt fection of
and, if neceffary, fome freſh added to renew the Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
heat, for thefe plants make but little progrefs the the flower having five ftamina and one ſtyle.
first year. When the pots are again plunged into the The SPECIES are,
tan-bed, they must have fresh air admitted to them 1. CEANOTHUS (Americanus ) foliis trinerviis. Lin. Sp.
every day in proportion to the warmth of the ſeaſon, Plant. 195. Ceanothus with leaves having three nerves.
and frequently refrefhed with water, in fmall quan Euonymus Nervi Belgii corni fœminæ foliis. Hort.
tities, for much wet will certainly kill them ; if the Amft. 1. 167. New England Dogwood with female Cor
nights fhould prove cold, the glaffes fhould be co nel leaves, commonly called New Jersey Thea.
vered with mats every evening. As thefe plants 2 . CEANOTHUS ( Africanus ) foliis lanceolatis enerviis,
grow flowly, they will not require to be removed out ftipulis fubrotundis. Lin . Sp. Plant. 196. Ceanothus
of the feed-pots the first year. In the autumn the with fpear s
-haped leaves without nerves, and roundifhfti
pots fhould be removed into the ftove, and plunged pule. Alaternoides Africana lauri ferratæ folio . Com.
into the tan-bed. During the winter, the plants ſhould Præl. 61. tab. II.
6 3. CEANCTHUS

1
 CEA CEA

3 CEANOTHUS ( Arborescens) foliis ovatis feffilibus ner in which cafe they ſhould have a little water once în
vofus floribus alaribus. Ceanothus with oval nervous eight or ten days, which will be ſufficient.
leaves fet cloſe to the branches, flowers proceeding from The beſt time for laying down theſe branches is in
the wings of the leaves, commonly called Red-wood. autumn ; and if after this is performed, the furface of
The firit fort grows naturally in moft parts of North the ground is covered over with fome old tan, taken
America, from whence great plenty of the feeds have from a decayed hot-bed, it will prevent the froft from
been of late years brought to Europe, by the title of penetrating the ground, which will fecure them from
New Jerſey Thea, where I have been informed the injury , and the fame covering will prevent the winds
inhabitants dry the leaves of this fhrub to uſe as Thea. from drying the ground in the fpring, and thereby
The people of Canada ufe the root in venereal cafes. promote their putting out roots. Theſe layers, when
I have received the feeds of this fort from New rooted, may be taken up the following fpring, and
England, Penfylvania, Virginia, and Carolina ; and treated in the fame manner as thofe raiſed from
the French mention it as a common fhrub in Canada, feeds.
where they ſaythe cattle browze upon it, and keep it The fecond fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
very low. Hope, from whence it was originally brought to Hol
In England this fhrub feldom rifes more than three or land, and has been many years preferved there ; and
four feet high, fending · out branches on every fide fince has been communicated to most of the curious
from the ground upward. The branches are very gardens in Europe, where it has been long known by
flender, and as it is pretty late in the fpring before the title of Alaternoides, & c, and by fome authors
they begin to fhoot, they keep growing very late ; it is titled Ricinoides Africana arborefcens, & c. but
therefore, unless the autumn proves dry and mild, the Dr. Linnæus, having examined the characters morę
tender ſhoots are often killed down very low by the exactly, has joined it to this genus,
early froſts ; but, in favourable feaſons, the extreme This rifes to the height of ten or twelve feet, with
parts of the fhoots only are injured by the cold . a woody ftem, covered with a rough dark- coloured
Theſe branches are garniſhed with oval pointed leaves, bark, and fends out many weak branches, which
having three longitudinal veins running from the hang downward ; thefe while young are green, but
foot- talk to the point, which diverge in the broad afterward change to a purplish colour. They are
part of the leaves from each other : the leaves are garnished with oblong pointed leaves, of a lucid
placed oppofite, and are of a light green colour. At green, which are fmooth, and flightly fawed on their
the extremity of each fhoot the flowers are produced edges. The flowers are fmall, of an herbaceous co
in clofe thick fpikes, which are compofed of five lour, coming out from the fide of the branches ; theſe
fmall leaves, of a clear white. Thefe appear in July, fometimes appear in July, but are not fucceeded by
and make a pretty appearance during their continu feeds in this country, nor do the plants often produce
ance ; for, as every fhoot is terminated by one of flowers ; fo that they are preſerved only for the beauty
thefe fpikes, the whole fhrub is covered over with of their fhining evergreen leaves, which make a va
flowers, the branches commonly growing very clofe riety in the green-houfe during the winter ſeaſon ,
to each other ; and when the autumn proves mild, It may be propagated either by layers or cuttings ; the
theſe ſhrubs often flower again in October. After latter being a very fure and expeditious method, is
the flowers are paft, there fucceeds to each flower a generally preferred, The cuttings fhould be planted
tricapfular feed-vefiel, flatted at the top, opening into in the fpring into pots filled with good kitchen-garden
three cells, each having a fingle feed. In warm fea earth, and plunged into a very moderate hot-bed, ob
fons the feeds ripen in England. This fhrub is beſt ferving to fhade them in the heat of the day, and
propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown in the au now and then refreſh them with water, In about two
tumn in fmall pots, and plunged into an old hot- bed, months or lefs, they will have taken root, when they
where they may remain during the winter, expofing muſt be gradually inured to the open air, placing
them in mild weather to the open air, but in froſt them in a fheltered fituation till they have obtained
they must be protected from cold, In March the ftrength, when they may be feparated, and each
pots fhould be plunged into a moderate hot-bed to planted in a ſmall pot filled with light earth, placing
bring up the plants, which fhould be inured to bear them in the fhade till they have taken freſh root ;
the open air by degrees ; and as foon as they have then they may be removed, and intermixed with other
obtained a little ftrength, they should be expofed in exotic plants for the fummer feafon, In autumn they
a fheltered fituation till autumn, when they muſt be muſt be houfed with Myrtles, and other more hardy
placed under a hot-bed frame, to fcreen them from exotic plants, and treated in the fame manner,
fevere froft in winter ; but in mild weather they ſhould The third fort grows naturally in the Bahama Iflands,
be fully expoſed to the open air, for while the plants from whence the late Mr. Catefby brought the feeds
are young, they will not endure the cold of the win to England. It also grows naturally in Barbadoes,
ter. In the following fpring, before the plants be and fome other iſlands in the West Indies, from
gin to ſhoot, they ſhould be tranſplanted ; fome of whence I have received the feeds. This, in the coun
them may be put into feparate pots, and the others tries of its natural growth, rifes to the height of forty
into a nurſery-bed, in a warm ſituation, where they or fifty feet, with large trunks, which are by the in
may remain a year or two to get ftrength, after which habitants fawn into boards, and were at firſt eſteemed
time they may be removed to the places where they for the beauty of their colour ; but being expofed to
are defigned to remain. They fhould have a mode the air, their colour vanifhed and they became pale,
rately dry foil and a fheltered ſituation, where they fo have not fince been much regarded .
will thrive and flower extremely well ; but in ftiff cold In Europe, where the plants have been properly
land, they are always very late in the ſpring before treated, they have grown to the height of twenty
they come out, fo that their young fhoots are full of feet ; and if the ftoves in which they were placed had
fap in the autumn, and the firft froſt commonly kills been lofty enough, would have grown much higher,
"
their tops, which frequently caufes them to die great The ftem is ſtrong, woody, and is covered with a
part of their length. light brown bark, which, when young, has feveral
It may alfo be propagated by laying down the young furrows ; the branches come out irregularly from
branches, which, in a light foil, will put out roots in every fide the ſtem, garnifhed with pretty large oval
a year's time, but thefe layers fhould not be much leaves, of a light green colour, having feveral longi
watered ; for as the fhoots are tender, moiſture will tudinal veins inclining to white, The flowers are
often occafion their rotting, when it is given in quan fmall, of an herbaceous white, fo make little appear
tities, or too often repeated ; therefore the beſt me ance ; they come out from the wings of the leaves,
thod is to cover the furface of the ground in dry wea and, in their native foil, are fucceeded by roundish
ther, all round the layers, either with mulch or rotten fruit almoſt the fize of finall Peafe, opening in three
tan, which will preſerve a fufficient moiſture in the cells ; in each is incloſed one fhining black feed ,
ground, provided the feafon is not extremely dry ;
Gg g This

1
 CE C CED

This is propagated by feeds, which should be fown when they are put up in light fand, it will prevent
in the fpring, in fmall pots filled with light earth, that inconveniency. The feeds fhould be fown in
and plunged into a hot-bed ; thefe feeds lie generally fmall pots filled with light earth, and plunged into
two months in the ground before the plants make a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, obferving to wa
their appearance, during which time the pots fhould ter the pots duly, and to admit fresh air whenever the
be duly watered, and air admitted when the weather weather is favourable . When the plants come up
is warm. When the plants come up and are fit to
and are fit to tranfplant, they fhould be carefully taken
remove, they fhould be carefully feparated, planting up, and each planted in a ſeparate ſmall pot filled
each in a finall pot filled with light earth, watering with the like light earth , and plunged into the hot-bed
the earth to fettle it about their roots ; then plunge again, being careful to water them to fettle the earth
them into the tan-bed again, fhading the plants from to their roots , and alfo to fcreen them from the fun
the fun till they have taken new root ; afterward till they have taken new root : after which they ſhould
they may be treated in the fame manner as other ten be conftantly kept plunged into the bark-bed in the
der plants from the fame countries. When the plants ftove, and treated in the fame manner as other plants
have obtained ftrength, they may be preferved in win from the fame country.
ter in a dry ftove, but thele will not make fuch pro CEDRUS. The Cedar-tree of Barbadoes , and the
grefs as thofe in the tan-ftove. Mahogany, & c.
CECROPIA. Yaruma Oviedi. Sloan. Hift. Jam . The CHARACTERS are,
The Trumpet-tree, or Snakewood. shaped empalement of one leaf, in
It bath a tubulous bell -
: The CHARACTERS are,
dented in five parts. The flower is of one leaf, divided at
It hath male and female flowers in different plants. The the top into five parts ; it bath five short stamina, which
male flower bath an oval acute fpatha, which bursts and adhere at bottom to the germen, and are terminated by
contains a tale compofed of many katkins, which are taper roundifh fummits ; in the center is fituated the roundish
and bundled together ; these are imbricated, and have germen, fupporting a thick ftigma ; thegermen afterward
many turbinated fcales, which are four-cornered, obtuse, becomes an oval pod, having five cells, openingfrom the
and comprefed. The flower bath no corolla, but a fealy bottom upward with five valves, having a double co
netarium , with two fhort hair-like famina, crowned by ver ; the outer being thick and woody, the inner very
four-cornered oblongfummits. The female flowers have a thin, which immediately furrounds the feeds. In the cen
Spatha, with four taper imbricated germen ; they have no ter is fixed a five- cornered column the length ofthe pod,
corolla, but the compreffed imbricated germen fupport one whofe angles are oppofite to the filures of the pod, to
Short Style, crowned by a beaded torn ftigma. The empale which the feeds adhere, placed over each other like the
ment afterward turns to a berry with one cell, containing fcales offifb , thefe are thick at their bafe, but upward
one oblong compreffed feed. are flat and thin, like the wings adhering to the jeeds of
This tree is ranged in the fecond order of Linnæus's Firs and Pines.
twenty-fecond clafs, intitled Diccia Diandria, the This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection
male flowers growing upon feparate plants from the of Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Mono
female, and have each two ftamina. gynia, the flower having five ftamina and one
It grows naturally in moft of the woody parts of the germen.
ifland of Jamaica, where it rifes to the height of As the Cedar of Libanus is by Tournefort very pro
thirty-five or forty feet : the trunk and branches are perly referred to the genus of Larix , and all the berry
hollow, and ftopped at different ſpaces by membra bearing Cedars are joined to the Junipers, I have
naceous feptæ, which have fo many light annular given the title of Cedrus to this genus, as they were
marks in the furface ; the leaves are large, divided mentioned by imperfect titles by moft of the authors
into many lobes like thofe of Papaya, but the foot who have treated of them ; and as the first fort has
ftalk is placed more in the center, fo as to reſemble a been generally known by the appellation of Cedar in
target : they are downy on their under fide. The the countries where it naturally grows, the applying
flowers are inclofed in a conical fpatha or fheath, the the fame name to thofe plants which agree in their
male growing upon feparate plants from thoſe which effential characters with it, will join them properly
have the female ; they are produced upon imbri together.
The SPECIES are,
bricated katkins, compofed of feveral turbinated
fcales, having no corolla, each having a fcaly nec 1. CEDRUS (Odorata ) foliis pinnatis, foliolis multijugatis
tarium, with two ſhort hair-like ftamina, crowned obtufis, fructu ovali glabro. Cedar- tree with winged
with four-cornered oblong fummits. The female leaves, compofed of many pair offmall leaves or lobes,
flowers are inclofed in a conical fpatha or fheath ; which are obtufe, and an oval fmooth fruit. Cedrus
thefe have no corolla, but have four imbricated ger Barbadenfium , alatis fraxini foliis non crenatis, fructu
men, fupporting one fhort ſtyle, crowned by a headed fingulari, quinis involucris craffis validis cochleato
The empalement afterward turns to an cavis, totidem femina membranis adaucta & columnæ
torn ftigma.
oblong cylindrical berry, compofed of many ſmall canaliculatæ pentagonæ prægrandi adnata, occluden
acini like the Strawberry, and much refemble it in tibus ornato. Pluk . Phyt. tab. 157. f. 1. The Barba
flavour when ripe. does Cedar-tree.

This tree is very rare at prefent in Europe ; the fruit 2. CEDRUS ( Mahogani ) foliis pinnatis , foliolis oppofitis,
1 being ſmall are generally devoured by birds, fo are glabris, floribus racemofis fparfis . Cedar with winged
not much obferved by the European inhabitants, but leaves, whofe lobes are fmooth andfand oppofite, andflow
the negroes are fond of it ; they alſo make ufe of the ers growing in loofe bunches. Arbor foliis pinnatis, nullo
fmall branches of the tree to obtain fire, by rubbing impari alam claudente, nervo ad latus unum excur
them against each other ; by this attrition they foon rente fructu angulofo magno, femine alato inftar Pi
emit fparks of fire, fo that it is a ufeful tree in that nûs. Catefb. Hift. Carol . Vol . II . p . 181. The Mako
country. gany-tree.
I received fpecimens of this tree from the late Dr. 3. CEDRUS ( Alternifolius ) foliis alternis fimplicibus , corda
Houſtoun, who found it growing naturally at La Vera to-ovatis acutis, fructu pentagono mucronato. Cedar
Cruz, in New Spain, but without flowers ; nor had withfingle leaves placed alternately, which are oval, heart
the Doctor leifure to examine the characters of it, fo Shaped, and acute, having a five-cornered pointed fruit.
that at prefent we are not fufficiently acquainted with Arbor excelfa Coryli folio ampliore. Houft . MSS.
them. The first fort is commonly known under the title of
It may be propagated by feeds (when procured from Cedar in the British iflands of America, where this
the places where it naturally grows . ) Thefe fhould tree grows naturally, and is one of the largest trees
be brought over in fand ; for as the fruit are com of that country. The trunks of thefe trees are fo
pofed of feveral acini like thofe of Strawberries, fo large, that the inhabitants hollow them, and form
if they are put up moift in papers, they will be apt them into the fhape of boats, and periaguas, for
to grow mouldy, and thereby fpoil the feeds : but which purpofe they are extremely well adapted ; the
wood
 CED CED

wood being foft, it may be cut out with great faci the fhot without fplintering ; nor is the worm fo apt
lity, and beinglight, it will carry a great weight on to eat this wood as that of the Oak, fo that for the
the water. There are canoes in the Weft Indies, Weft Indies the fhips built of Mahogony are prefera
which have been formed out of thefe trunks , which ble to any other.
are forty feet long and fix broad ; the wood is light, The excellency of this wood for all domeftic ufes,
of a brown colour, and has a fragrant odour, from is now fufficiently known in England ; and it is mat
whence the title of Cedar has been given to it. This ter of furprife, that the tree fhould not have been
wood is frequently cut into fhingles for covering of taken notice of by any hiftorian or traveller to this
houfes, and is found very durable ; but as the worms time ; the only author who has mentioned this tree,
are apt to eat this wood, it is not proper for build is Mr. Catefby, in his Natural Hiftory of Carolina,
ing of fhips, though it is often ufed for that purpoſe, and the Bahama Islands, before whom I believe nei
as alfo for fheathing of fhips. It is often uſed for ther the tree or the wood was taken notice of by any
wainscoting of rooms, and to make chefts, becauſe writer on natural hiftory, although the wood has
vermin do not fo frequently breed in it, as in many been many years brought to England in great quan
other forts of wood, this having a very bitter taſte, tities .
which is communicated to whatever is put into the In the Weft Indies thefe trees are of fo quick growth,
chefts, eſpecially when the wood is freth ; for which as to arrive to a large fize in a few years ; the man
reafon it is never made into cafks, becaufe fpirituous ner of their propagation in the Bahama Iſlands, as it
liquors will diffolve part of the refin, and thereby ac is defcribed by Mr. Catefby, is as follows : when the
quire a very bitter taste. fruit is ripe, the outer hard fhell or covering fepa
This tree rifes with a ſtrait ftem to the height of fe rates at the bottom , next the foot-ftalk, thereby ex
venty or eighty feet, while young the bark is fmooth, pofing the feeds, which are faftened to a hard five
and of an Afh- colour ; but as they advance, the bark cornered column, ftanding in the middle ; thefe feeds
becomes rough and of a darker colour. Toward the being broad and light, are difperfed on the furface of
top it fhoots out many fide branches, garniſhed with the ground, which is very rocky. Such of the feeds
winged leaves, compofed of fixteen or eighteen pair as happen to fall into the fiffures of the rock, very
of lobes (or fmall leaves) fo that they are fometimes foon fend forth roots ; and if thefe tender fibres meet
near three feet long ; the lobes are broad at their with refiftance from the hardneſs of the rock, they
bafe, and are near two inches long, blunt at their creep out on the furface of it, and feek another fif
ends, and of a pale colour ; thefe emit a very rank fure, into which they creep, and fwell to fuch a ſize
odour in the fummer feafon, fo as to be very offen and ſtrength, as to break the rock, and thereby make
five. As I have not , feen any of thefe flowers upon way for the root's deeper penetration ; and by this
the trees, I can give no defcription of them . The nouriſhment from the rock, the trees grow to a large
fruit is oval, about the fize of a partridge's egg, fize in a few years .
fmooth, of a very dark colour, and opens in five The leaves of this tree are winged like thofe of the
parts, having a five-cornered column ftanding in the Afh, having commonly fix or eight pair of pinnæ
middle, between the angles of which the winged feeds (or lobes ) which are ſhorter and broader at their baſe
are clofely placed, lapping over each other like the than thofe of the Afh, where they adhere to the mid
fcales of fifh . rib by very ſhort foot-ftalks ; thefe lobes are very
There are fome plants of this fort in England, which fmooth, having but one vein running through each,
are preſerved in the gardens of thoſe who are curious which is always on one fide, fo as to divide them un
in collecting exotic plants ; thefe have been raiſed equally. We have no perfect account of the flower
from the feeds which have been brought from Barba of this tree ; thofe which are exhibited in Mr. Catef
does, but they are too tender to live in the open air by's Natural Hiftory, were drawn from a withered
in England ; therefore thefe plants fhould be treated imperfect fragment, which were the only remains of
in the fame manner as the Mahogony next mentioned , the flowers which could be found at the time when
but they are of much quicker growth ; for in four he was there ; but the fruit he has delineated very ex
years from the feed, I have had the plants upward of actly, as I have had opportunity of comparing it with
ten feet high. fome which have been brought to Ehgland. The en
I have received plants of this kind from Paris, by tire fruit, before it opens, is of a brown colour ; theſe
the title of Semiruba ; but whether the root of this fruit grow erect, upon foot-ftalks, which clofely ad
tree is what they ufe in medicine under that appella here to the five-cornered column, running through
tion, I cannot fay. The feeds of this have alfo been the middle of the fruit, and to which the feeds are
fent me from the French iflands in America, by the faftened, lying imbricatim like flates on a houſe,
title of Acajou Cedre. over each other ; fo that when the fruit is ripe, the
It is propagated by feeds, which may be eafily pro outer cover divides at the bottom into five equal parts,
cured from the American islands , which must be fown and when thefe fall off, and the feeds are difperfed,
upon a hot-bed in the fpring, and the plants treated the foot-ftalk and the column remain fome months
in the fame manner as the next. after on the tree.
The fecond fort is the Mahogony, whofe wood is now It is propagated by feeds, which may be eafily pro
well known in England . cured from the Bahama Iflands, from whence moft
This tree is a native of the warmest parts of Ameri of the good feeds which have come to England were
ca, growing plentifully in the islands of Cuba, Ja brought ; for moft of thefe which have been fent from
maica, and Hifpaniola ; there are alfo many of them Jamaica, although brought in their pods, have not
on the Bahama Iflands, but I have not heard of their fucceeded ; whereas, thofe from the Bahama Iflands,
being found in any of the Leeward Iſlands. In Cuba have grown as well as if they were immediately taken
and Jamaica there are trees of a very large fize, ſo as from the trees . The feeds fhould be fown in ſmall
to cut into planks of fix feet breadth ; but thofe on pots filled with light fandy earth, and plunged into a
the Bahama Ilands are not fo large, though they are hot-bed of tanners bark, giving them a gentle wa
frequently four feet diameter, and rife to a great tering once a week : if the feeds are good, the plants
height, notwithſtanding they are generally found will appear in five or fix weeks ; and when they are
growing upon the folid rocks, where there is fcarce two inches high, a fufficient number of fmall pots
any earth for their nouriſhment. The wood which fhould be filled with light earth, and plunged into the
has been brought from the Bahama Iflands has ufually tan bed a day or two, that the earth may be warmed
paffed under the appellation of Madeira wood, but before the plants are put into the pots ; then the young
there is no doubt of its being the fame as the Maho plants fhould be fhaken out of the pots, and carefully
gony. The Spaniards make great ufe of this wood feparated, fo as not to tear their roots, and each plant
for building of fhips ; for which purpoſe it is better ed in a fingle pot, being careful to fhade them till
adapted, than any other fort of wood yet known, be they have taken fresh root ; after which they muft be
ing very durable, refifting gun fhots, and burying treated in the fame manner as other tender plants from
6 the
 CEL CEL

the fame climate, being careful not to give them tals, which are equal, and ſpread open. It hath five
much water, eſpecially in winter ; as alfo when they Stamina as long as the petals, terminated by ſmall jum
are fhifted, to preferve the earth about their roots, mits, and afmall germen with a large receptaile, marked
otherwiſe they are very fubject to perifh ; for in the with ten deep channels, fupporting a short fiyle crowned
country where they grow naturally, they fay it is not with an obtufe trifid ftigma. The germen afterward le
poffible to remove thefe trees fo as to live ; if the comes an oval, blunt, three-cornered capfule, opening in
plants are properly managed, they will make con three cells, each containing an ovalfmoothfeed.
fiderable progrefs. I have fome plants now in the This genus of plants is ranged in the first fection
Chelſea garden, more than twelve feet high, which of Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Mono
are but of eight years growth from feeds . gynia, from the flower having five ftamina and one
As the wood of this tree is now fo generally ufed in ſtyle.
England, fo it might furely be worthy of the care The SPECIES are ,

of the planters in America, many of whom are pof 1 . CELASTRUS ( Bullatus) inermis, foliis ovatis integer
feffed of barren rocky lands, which at prefent produce rimis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 196 Smooth Staff- tree with oval
no profit ; but if the feeds of this tree were fown entire leaves. Euonymus Virginianus, rotundifolius
there, might turn out greatly to the advantage of capfulis Coccineis eleganter bullatis. Pluk. Alm.
their fucceffors, though the prefent poffeffors fhould 139 .
not live to enjoy the profit ; but I fear there are few 2. CELASTRUS ( Scandens) inermis , caule volubili foliis
of the gentlemen in thofe iflands, who extend their ferrulatis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 285. Smooth Staff- tree with
thoughts fo far, as to make provifion for the rifing twiningftalk, whofe leaves areflightly fawed. Euony
generation. moides Canadenfis fcandens foliis ferratis. Ifnard. Ac.
The third fort was difcovered by the late Dr. Houf Reg. 1716.
toun at Campeachy, from whence he fent the feeds 3 . CELASTRUS (Pyracanthus ) fpinis nudis, ramis tereti
to England, which fucceeded in feveral gardens ; bus, foliis acutis . Hort. Cliff. 72. Staff-tree with naked
when the doctor firft obferved thefe trees, they were
Spines, taper branches, and pointed leaves. Lycium
deftitute of leaves, but were loaded with ripe fruit ; Æthiopicum pyracanthæ foliis. Hort. Amft . 1. p.
and on his fecond vifit to the place, he found the 163.
trees in full verdure, but no appearance of flowers, 4. CELASTRUS ( Buxifolius) fpinis foliofis, ramis angu
fo he was at a lofs to know what genus it belonged latis, foliis obtufis. Hort. Cliff. 73. Staff-tree with
to ; but as the fruit of the trees agree exactly with leaves on the spines, angular branches, and obtufe leaves.
thofe of the two former fpecies, fo I have ventured to Lycium Portoricenfe, Buxi foliis anguftioribus. Pluk,
join it to them . Alm. 234. tab. 202. f. 3 .
Thefe trees ufually rife to the height of eighty feet, 5. CELASTRUS (Myrtifolius) inermis, foliis ovatis fer
or upward, and divide into many large branches to rulatis, floribus racemofis caule erecto. Hort. Cliff,
ward the top ; garnished with leaves, fomewhat re 72. Staff-tree without fpines, ovalfawed leaves, flowers
fembling thoſe of the Witch Hazel, but are broader in long bunches, and an erect stalk. Myrtifolia arbor,
at their bafe, and cut angular at their top ; thefe are foliis latis fubrotundis, flore albo. Sloan. Hift. Jam,
of an Afh-colour underneath, and are fet on the 2. p . 79. tab. 193.
branches without any order ; the fruit of this tree is The firit fort grows naturally in Virginia, and many
much larger than that of the Barbadoes Cedar, being other parts of North America, where it rifes to the
broad at the bafe, and diminishing gradually to the height of eight or ten feet ; but in England there are
top, where it terminates in a point, being upwards few of them much more than half that height. It
of two inches long ; this has alfo a column, or woody generally puts out two or three ftems from the root,
core, running lengthways through the fruit, to which which divide upward into feveral branches, covered
the winged feeds adhere as in the two former ; but as with a brown bark, garnifhed with leaves near three
both their fruit are ſmooth on the outſide, this differs inches long, and two broad, which are placed alter
from them, in having five angles running from the nately on the branches ; the flowers come out in loofe
baſe upward ; at each angle the fruit, when ripe, fpikes at the end of the branches ; thefe are white,
feparates, and expofes the winged feeds, which are made up of five oval petals, with a germen in the
diſperſed by the winds . center, attended by five ftamina : when the flowers
We have no account of the wood of this tree, whether fall off, the germen fwells to a three-cornered cap
it is ever uſed in buildings, or other purpoſes, as fule, of a fcarlet colour, fet full of fmall protuber
there have been few perfons of any curiofity in that ances this opens in three cells, each containing a
country, the cutters of Logwood being the chief hard oval feed, covered with a thin red pulp. This
people who inhabit there, from whom there can be fhrub flowers in July, but rarely produces good feeds
little known of the produce. The plants which have in England .
been raiſed from the feeds in England, have made It is propagated here by layers, which will take root
great progrefs for the two first years, but afterward in one year ; the young branches only are proper for
were but flow of growth ; for, in fix years more, they this purpoſe, fo that where there is not any of theſe
did not fhoot fo much as in the first year from the near the ground, the main ftalks fhould be drawn
feed, when they grew more than three feet high. I down, and faſtened with pegs to prevent their rifing,
made feveral trials to propagate the trees by cuttings and the young fhoots fromthem fhould be laid. The
and layers, but without fuccefs ; fo that by feeds, beſt time for doing this is in autumn, when they be
ſeems to be the only method of having them ; theſe gin to caft their leaves, and by that time twelve
may be raiſed and managed in the fame manner as month they will be fufficiently rooted, when they
the two foregoing forts, and with them conftantly fhould be cut from the old plant, and planted in a
kept in the bark-ftove. nurſery for two or three years to get ſtrength ; after
CEDAR of BERMUDAS. which they must be removed to the places where they
See JUNIPERUS.
CEDAR of CAROLINA. are to remain . This fhrub grows naturally in moiſt
}
CEDAR of JAMAICA. See THEOBROMA , places, fo will not thrive well in a dry foil. It is very
CEDAR of LIBANUS. See LARIX. hardy, and bears the cold of our winters very well,
CEDAR of LYCIA. It is alfo propagated by feeds, which are frequently
CEDAR of PHOENICIA. See JUNIPERUS. brought from America ; but as theſe rarely arrive
CEDAR of VIRGINIA. }See here time enough to fow before the fpring, fo the
CEIBA. See BOMBAX . plants never come up the first year ; therefore the feeds
CELASTRU S. Lin. Gen. Plant. 392. Euonymoi may be fown either in pots , or in a bed of loamy
des. Ifnard. Ac . R. Sc. 1716. The Staff-tree, earth, keeping them clean from weeds during the
The CHARACTERS are, fummer ; and thofe in the pots fhould be placed in the
The flower bath a small one leaved empalement, cut into fhade till the autumn, when the pots fhould be either
five unequal blunt parts. The flower bath five oval pe plunged into the ground in a warın fituation, or
Į
placed
 CEL CEL

placed under a common frame, to prevent the froft expofed to the open air, and then placed in a fieltered
from penetrating through the fide of the pots ; and fituation till they have obtained ftrength , when they
if the furface of thofe which are plunged in the fhould be feparated, and planted each in a fmall pot
ground, and alfo the bed where the feeds are ſown filled with the fame earth, then placed in the fhade

B
are lightly covered with fome old tan from a decayed till they have taken freſh root ; after which they may
hot-bed, it will fecure the feeds from being hurt by be placed with other exotic plants in a fheltered fi
fevere frofts. In the fpring the plants will come up, tuation till autumn, when they muſt be houfed with
which must be kept clean from weeds, and, if the •
Myrtles , and other hardy green-houſe plants, and
ſeaſon proves dry, they ſhould have water now and will require the fame treatment.
then, which will greatly forward their growth. If This plant has been titled African Barberry by fome
the plants make good progrefs the firft fummer, they ignorant perfons, I fuppofe from the refemblance of
may be tranfplanted into a nurſery in autumn, other its fruit to that of the Barberry.
wife they ſhould remain in the feed-bed till the ſecond The fourth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
year, when they may be treated in the fame manner Hope, from whence I received the feeds. This rifes
as the layers. with a flender ligneous ftalk to the height of ten or
The fecond fort fends out feveral ligneous ftalks from twelve feet, covered with a light Afh- coloured bark,
the root, which are flexible, and twift themſelves and full of joints, which are armed with long fpines,
about whatever trees and fhrubs grow near them, or upon which grow many fmall leaves ; the branches
when they are at a diſtance from fuch fupport, they are flender, and armed with the fame fpines at every
twine about each other, and rife to the height of joint, but the whole plant is fo weak, as to require
twelve or fourteen feet ; but when they faften them fome fupport, without which they would fall to the
felves about trees they will grow much taller, but ground. The leaves come out in clufters without
wherever this happens, their branches girt the trees any order, which are fhaped fomewhat like thofe of
fo cloſely, as in a few years will deftroy them. Theſe the narrow-leaved Box-tree, but are longer, and of
are garnished with leaves about three inches long, a looſe texture ; the branches are angular, and when
and near two broad, which are fawed on their edges, young their bark is whitifh. As I have not feen the
and placed alternately on the branches ; they are of flowers of this fhrub, I can give no farther de
a lively green above, and paler on their under fide , ſcription of it.
having feveral tranſverſe nerves from the middle to This rifes very eaſily from feeds, and the plants make
the fide. The flowers are produced in ſmall bunches great progrefs ; for I have raiſed them four feet high
toward the end of the branches, which are of an her in two years from feeds, without any artificial heat ;
baceous colour, compofed of five roundiſh petals ; and fome of the plants have lived thro' two winters
thefe are fucceeded by roundish three- cornered cap againſt a fouth-eaft wall, but theſe have fhed their
fules, which are red when ripe, fpread open in three leaves in winter, whereas thoſe which were removed
cells, difclofing the feeds in the fame manner as our into the green-houſe have retained their verdure
common Spindle-tree. This flowers about the be through the year.
ginning of June, and the feeds ripen in autumn . It may be propagated by cuttings, which fhould be
The feeds of this fort generally ripen well in England , planted in the fpring, and treated in the fame manner
and the plants may be propagated from the feeds, or as hath been directed for the former fort ; or ifthe
by layers, in the fame manner as the former fort ; it young fhoots are laid, they will take root in one year,
delights in a ſtrong loamy foil, rather moift than dry, and may then be tranfplanted either into pots, or
and will grow in woods among other trees and fhrubs, againſt a good afpected wall, where I find they will
where, when the fruit is ripe, they make a pretty ap endure our ordinary winters without any protection ;
pearance. It grows naturally all over North America, and if they are covered in fevere frofts, they may be
and is extremely hardy. brought, when old, to live abroad without protection .
The third fort is a native of Ethiopia, from whence Thofe in pots will require a little fhelter in winter,
the feeds were first brought to the gardens in Holland , but should not be tenderly treated, for that will caufe
where the plants were propagated, and have been them to have weak branches, nor will the leaves have
fince communicated to moft of the curious gardens in fo much verdure, as when they are expoſed to the
Europe. This rifes with an irregular ſtalk about open air in mild weather.
three or four feet high, fending out feveral fide The fifth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, and alfo
branches, covered with brown bark, garniſhed with in fome of the other iflands in the Weft Indies , where
leaves about two inches long, and more than half it rifes to the height of eighteen or twenty feet,
an inch broad, fome of which are pointed, and others fending out many fide branches, garniſhed with leaves
are obtufe ; they are ftiff, of a lucid green, and come fomewhat like thofe of the broad-leaved Myrtle, which
out irregular from the branches ; theſe continue green are flightly fawed on their edges ; the flowers come
through the year. The flowers are produced from out from the fide of the branches in long bunches ;
the fides of the branches in loofe tufts, many of them they are white, and compofed of five petals, having
arifing from one point, ftanding upon long foot five ftamina placed oppofite to them, and a germen
ftalks ; they are of an herbaceous white colour, com in the center which is channelled ; this afterward be
pofed of five petals, which ſpread open, and five comes a fruit, having five cells, each inclofing an
fpreading ftamina, which furround a fwelling germen, oblong feed .
fupporting a tapering ftyle, crowned by an obtufe This plant is at preſent rare in England , for the feeds
trifid ftigma ; the germen afterward becomes an oval feldom grow the first year ; therefore when the feeds
fruit, of a fine red colour, which opens in three cells , arrive here, they fhould be fown in ſmall pots filled
containing one oblong hard feed, the other two cells with light earth, and plunged into a tan-bed, where
being generally empty . they fhould remain till the following fpring, when
This plant is commonly propagated by cuttings in they fhould be plunged into a freſh hot-bed of tan
Europe, which is more expeditious than raifing them ners bark ; and if the pots are duly watered, the
from feeds, becauſe the feeds rarely come up the firſt plants will appear in about a month after; when thefe
year. The cuttings may be planted any time in are fit to remove, they fhould be planted into fepa
fummer ; but thofe which are planted early, will have rate ſmall pots, and plunged again into the tan-bed,
more time to get ftrength before winter. They being careful to water and fhade them till they have
ſhould be planted in fmall pots, which will contain taken new root, after which they fhould be treated
four cuttings in each ; the earth of a kitchen garden, in the fame manner as other tender plants from the
which is well cultivated, is as good as any for this fame countries.
purpoſe. The pots fhould be then plunged into a CELERY or SALARY. See APIUM.
moderate hot-bed, and fhaded from the fun every CELLS of plants [ of Cella, Lat. ] are thofe partitions
day, and gently refreshed with water now and then ; or hollow places in the hufks or pods of plants, in
when they have taken root they muſt be gradually which the feed is contained .
Hhh CELOSIA,
 CEL CEL

CELOSIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 255. Amaranthus . diftinct fpecies. I have raiſed great varieties of thefe
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 234. tab . 118. Amaranth. from feeds which came from China, and other coun
The CHARACTERS are, tries, but have generally found them alter in a few
The empalement is permanent, and compofed of three dry years, notwithstanding great care has been taken in
coloured leaves. The flower bath five erect sharp-pointed the faving of their feeds : the principal colours of
petals, which are permanent, fiff, and shaped like a their heads are red, purple, yellow, and white ; but
flower-cup. It bath a small nectarium joined to the border I have had fome, whofe heads have been variegated
of the germen, to which adhere the five ftamina, which with two or three colours. I alfo raiſed fome from
are terminated by turning fummits. The globulargermen feeds which I received from Perfia, whofe heads
Supports an upright flyle, which is as long as the ftamina, were divided like a plume of feathers, which were
crowned with afingleftigma. The empalement afterward of a beautiful fcarlet colour, but thefe in a few
years degenerated : therefore I fhall include all the
becomes a globular capfule with one cell opening horizon
different varieties of Cockfcomb , under this general
tally, containingroundifh feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of title .
Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia, The feeds of the third fort were ſent me from Ja
the flower having five ftamina and one flyle. maica by the late Dr. Houftoun. This grows na
The SPECIES are, turally in moft of the Sugar Ilands . It rifes with a
1. CELOSIA (Margaritacea) foliis ovatis ftipulis falcatis, weak talk near four feet high, garnished with oblong
pedunculis angulatis, fpicis fcariofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. pointed leaves, which ftand oppofite at each joint.
297. Celofia with oval leaves, a faulchion-shaped ftipula, The flowers come out in loofe panicles from the fide
end a rough fpike. Amaranthus fpicâ albefcente habi of the ſtalks , and alſo at the end of the branches :
1
tiore. Martyn. Cent. 1. p . 7. thefe are divided into a great number of very flender
t olato
2. CELOSIA (Cristata) foliis lanceolato-ovatis recurvis fpikes, which are of a pale yellow, fhining with a
fubundatis pedunculis angulatis, fpicis oblongis crif glofs like filk. The plants of this perished in the
tatis. Lin . Sp . 297. Celofia with oval fpear -
shaped leaves, autumn, without perfecting their feeds.
angular foot-ftalks, and oblong crested spikes of flowers. The fourth fort I received from China ; this hath a
Amaranthus criftatus. Camer. Epit. 792. Crested furrowed ftalk, which rifes three or four feet high,
Amaranth, commonly called Cockfcomb. garniſhed with oval leaves which are not eared at their
3. CELOSIA (Paniculata ) foliis lanceolato-ovatis, pani bafe ; the ftalk is terminated by feveral fpikes of
culâ diffufà filiformi . Flor. Virg. 144. Celofia with flowers which are varioufly formed, fome being
oval fpear -
shaped leaves, and a flender diffufed panicle. crefted, others are plumed like feathers, of a bright
Amaranthus paniculâ flavicante gracili holofericeâ. fcarlet colour, fo make a good appearance ; but the
Sloan. Hift. 1. p. 142. tab. 90. feeds of this when carefully faved, are apt to dege
4. CELOSIA (Coccinea) foliis ovatis ftrictis inauriculatis , nerate.
caule fulcato, fpicis multiplicibus criftatis. Lin. Sp . The fifth fort is of humbler growth, the leaves are
297. Celofia with oval leaves, a furrowed ſtalk, and oval, fpear-fhaped, ending in very acute points ; the
many crafted fpikes of flowers. Amaranthus panicula branches proceed from the wings of the leaves, al
•
fpeciofa criftata. C. B. P. 121 . moft the length of the ftalk, and are terminated by
5. CELOSIA (Caftrenfis) foliis lanceolato-ovatis lineatis flender fpikes of flowers of no great beauty, therefore
acuminatiffimis, ftipulis falcatis, fpicis criftatis. Lin. the plant is preferved as a variety in the botanic
Sp . 297. Celofia with oval, linear, fpear-shaped, acute gardens.
pointed leaves, and crefted fpikes offlowers. Amaranthus The fixth fort grows naturally in Ceylon ; it rifes with
vulgaris. Rumph. Amb. 5. p. 236. a very white woolly ftalk from two to three feet
6. CELOSIA (Lanata) foliis lanceolatis tomentofis obtufis , high, garnished with obtufe, fpear- shaped, woolly
fpicis confertis, ftaminibus lanatis. Flor. Zeyl. 102 . leaves , from the upper part of the ftalk come out
•
Celofia with fpear-shaped, obtufe, woolly leaves, and many two or three flender fide branches, which (as alſo the
fpikes offlowers having downyftamina. principal ftalk ) are terminated by woolly fpikes of
The firft fort here mentioned , grows naturally in flowers : thefe flowers are fo clofely wrapped up in
America, from whence I have frequently received their woolly empalements, as to be ſcarce vifible to
the feeds. This rifes with an upright ftalk about two the naked eye, fo they make no appearance ; but
feet high, garniſhed with oval leaves ending in points, the extreme whitenefs of the ſtalk, leaves, and fpikes,
of a pale colour ; thofe on the lower part being four make a pretty variety among other tender plants
or five inches long, and one and a half broad in the during their continuance.
middle, but they diminish gradually in their fize up This plant is tender; the feeds fhould be fown in the
ward. Toward the upper part of the ftalk, there are fpring upon a hot-bed, and the plants fhould be
a few fide branches fent out which ftand erect ; each treated in the fame way as is directed for the Cockf
of which is terminated by a flender fpike of flowers , combs ; but when the plants are fully grown, they
and the principal ftalk is terminated by one which fhould be removed into an airy glass- cafe, where they
is much larger ; this is two or three inches long, and may be ſcreened from cold and wet, but have free
about as thick as a man's middle finger, the whole air admitted to them in warm weather, otherwife
fpike being of a filvery colour. But there is a variety they will not perfect their feeds in this country.
of this with flender pyramidal fpikes, intermixed In order to have large fine Amaranths, great care
with red toward the top , the feeds of which I re ſhould be taken in the choice of the feeds ; for if they
ceived from Dr. Linnæus, by the above title ; but I are not carefully collected, the whole expence and
am inclinable to think it is different from that which
trouble of raising them will be loft. When you are
was figured by Dr. Martyn in his Decades of rare provided with good feeds, they muſt be ſown on a
plants, which I have cultivated many years in the hot-bed (which fhould have been prepared a few
Chelfea garden, and have never found it to vary. days before, that the violent heat may be abated )
The fpike of this is much thicker than that of Lin about the beginning of March ; and in about a fort
næus's, and of equal fize the whole length; whereas night's time ( if the bed is in good temper) the plants
his diminishes almoft to a point at the top, and the will rife ; but as they are tender when they first ap
colours of both are very different. This fort is an pear, they require great care for a few days till
nual like the other Amaranths, and requires the fame they get ftrength ; firft, in giving them a due pro
culture.
portion of air, to prevent their drawing up weak ;
The fecond fort is well known by its common ap and next to keep them from too great moiſture, for
pellation of Cockfcomb, which was given to it from a fmall fhare of moiflure will caule their tender flems
the form of its crefted head of flowers refembling a to rot : in fowing the feeds, there fhould be care
Cockfcomb ; of this there are many varieties, which taken not to put them too clofe, for when the plants
differ in their form, magnitude, and colours ; but as come up in clufters, they frequently spoil each other
they vary from feeds, they are not enumerated as for want of room to grow : in a fortnight or three
6 weeks
 CEL CEL

weeks time the plants will be fit to remove, when Let them at firft be fet near the fhelter of a hedge
you muſt prepare another hot-bed, covered with good for two or three days, where they may be fcreened
rich light earth, about four inches thick ; which .from the violence of the fun, and ſtrong winds, to
fhould be made a few days, that it may have a proper which they must be inured by degrees : thefe plants ,
temperature of heat ; then raiſe up the young plants when grown to a good ftature, perfpire very freely,
with your finger, fo as not to break off the tender and muſt be every day refreſhed with water, if the
roots, and prick them into the new hot-bed about weather proves hot and dry ; otherwife they will funt,
four inches diſtance every way, giving them a gentle and never produce their plumes fo fine as they would
watering to ſettle the earth to their roots : but in do if taken care of.
doing this, be very cautious not to bear the young This is the proper management, in order to have fine
plants down to the ground by hafty watering, which Amaranths ; which, if rightly followed, and the
rarely rife again, or at leaft fo as to recover their kinds are good, in a favourable feafon, will produce
former ftrength in a long time, but very often rot in wonderful large fine heads, and are the greateft or
the ſtems, and die quite away. nament to a good garden for upwards of two months :
After the plants are thus planted, they muſt be & by this method, I have had plants five or fix feet
fcreened from the fun till they have taken freſh root ; high, with crefts near a foot in breadth ; and I am
but as there is generally a great fteam rifing from the perfuaded, if the kind is good , ( and there is no want
fermentation of the dung, which condenfes to wet of dung, or conveniencies) in a kindly feafon, they
against the glaffes, and this dropping upon the will grow much larger.
plants, very frequently deſtroys them ; fo the glaffes By the middle or latter end of September, the Ama
fhould be frequently turned in the day-time, whenever ranths will have perfected their feeds, fo that you
the weather will permit ; but if the weather happens muſt make choice of the largeſt, moſt beautiful, and
to prove bad, that you cannot turn your glaffes, it leaft branching plants of each kind for feed ; which
will be of great fervice to your plants, to wipe off all you ſhould remove under fhelter, (eſpecially if the
the moiſture two or three times a day with a woollen weather proves wet, or the nights frofty ) that the
cloth, to prevent its dropping upon the plants. When feeds may be perfectly ripened ; in the choice thereof,
your plants are firmly rooted, and begin to grow, be fure never to take any feeds from fide branches,
you muſt obſerve to give them air every day ( more nor from the neck of the plume, but fuch only as are
or lefs, as the weather is cold or hot) to prevent produced in the middle thereof, which in many plants,
their drawing up too faſt, which greatly weakens their perhaps, may be but a fmall quantity ; but I do
items. affure you, it is thofe only you can depend upon, to
In about a month or five weeks theſe plants will have . have your kinds good the fucceeding year.
grown fo as to meet ; therefore fhould have another CELSIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 675. The name was
hot-bed, which fhould be of a moderate temper, and given to this plant in honour of Dr. Olaus Celfius,
covered with the fame rich earth about fix inches profeffor of philofophy and theology in the univerſity
thick, in which they ſhould be planted (obſerving to of Upfal, in Sweden, by Dr. Linnæus. We have no
take them up with as much earth about their roots as English name for it.
poffible) at feven or eight inches diftance every way, The CHARACTERS are ,
giving them fome water to fettle the earth about It bath an obtufe permanent empalement , which is as long
their roots ; but be very careful not to water them as the petal, divided at the top into five parts. The
heavily, fo as to bear down the plants, (as was be flower is of one leaf, with a very short tube, fpread open
fore directed) and keep them fhaded in the heat of above, and cut into five unequal parts ; the two upper
the day, until they have taken freſh root ; and be being small, and the under larger. It bath four hairy
fure to refreſh them often (but gently) with water, Stamina, which incline toward the upper fegments of the
and give them air in proportion to the heat of the petal, two of which are longer than the petal, and two
weather, covering the glaffes with mats every night, are of the fame length, terminated by ſmall roundif fum
left the cold chill your beds, and ſtop the growth of mits. In the center is fituated a roundish germen, fupport
the plants . ing a flender ftyle, crowned by an obtufe ftigma. The
In the middle of May you muſt provide another hot germen afterward becomes a roundish capfule compreffed at
bed, which ſhould be covered with a deep frame, the top, fitting upon the empalement, having two cells
that your plants may have room to grow upon this which are filled with fmall angular feeds.
hot-bed, you muſt fet as many three-penny pots as This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection
can ſtand within the compaſs of the frame ; thefe of Linnæus's fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia
pots muſt be filled with good rich earth, and the ca Angiofpermia, the flower having two long and two
vities between each pot filled up with any common fhort ftamina, and the feeds being included in a
earth, to prevent the heat of the bed from evaporat capfule.
ing, and filling the frame with noxious fteams ; then, There is but one SPECIES of this genus at prefent
with a trowel, or fome fuch inftrument, take up known, which is,
your plants (from the former hot- bed) with as much CELSIA ( Orientalis ) foliis duplicato-pinnatis. Hort. Cliff.
earth as poffible to the roots, and place each fingle 321. Celfia with double winged leaves. Verbafcum
plant in the middle of one of the pots, filling the pot orientale Sophiæ folio. Tourn . Cor. 8. Eaftern Mullein
up with the earth before deſcribed, and fettle it clofe with a Flixweed leaf.
to the root of the plant with your hands ; water them This plant grows naturally in Armenia, from whence .
gently, as before, and fhade them in the heat of the Dr. Tournefort fent the feeds to the royal garden at
day from the violence of the fun, by covering the Paris, where they fucceeded, and have been fince
glaffes with mats ; refreſh them often with water, communicated to moft parts of Europe. In its na
and give them a good quantity of air in the day tural place of growth, this is an annual ; but in
time. England it will rarely ripen its feeds, unless the
In about three weeks more, thefe plants will have plants come up in the autumn and live through the
grown to a confiderable fize and ſtrength, fo that you winter.
muft now raiſe the glaffes very much in the day-time ; It fends out many oblong leaves, which are finely
and when the air is foft and the fun is clouded, draw divided almoft to the mid-rib on both fides ; thefe
off the glaffes, and expofe them to the open air, and lie flat on the furface of the ground, and from the
repeat this as often as the weather will permit; which center arifes a roundifh herbaceous ftalk near two fest
will harden them by degrees, to be removed abroad high, garnished the whole length with leaves of the
into the places where they are to remain the whole fame fhape, but diminifhing in their fize gradually
feafon but it is not advilable to ſet theſe plants out to the top thefe are placed alternately, and at the
until a week in July, obferving to do it when the air foot-ftalk of each come out the flowers, more than
is perfectly foft, and if poffible, in a gentle fhower half the length of the ftalk, which are of an iron co
of rain. lour on their outfide, but pale yellow within, fpread
ing

T
 CEL CEL

ing open like thofe of the common Mullein, but are duced fruit, but was never propagated in this coun
not fo regular ; the fhort tube being turned down try; nor were there any young plants of this kind in
when I pro
ward, and the lower fegments being larger than the the garden, till about fourteen years ago, when I
upper, and the ftamina beingunequal, have occafioned cured a good quantity of the fruit from Italy, which
Linnæus to remove it to his ringent flowers. The I communicated to feveral of my friends.
feed-veffel is round, compreffed, and hath two cells This tree rifes with an upright ftem to the height
filled with ſmall feeds. It flowers in June, and the of forty or fifty feet, fending out many flender
feeds ripen in September : if the feeds of this plant branches upward, which have a ſmooth dark coloured
are fown upon a warm dry border as foon as they are bark, with fome fpots of gray ; thefe are garnifhed
ripe, the plants will often come up and live through with leaves placed alternately, which are near four
the winter, provided the foil is poor ; for in rich inches long, and about two broad in the middle,
ground they are apt to grow rank, and then they are ending in long fharp points, and deeply fawed on
generally deftroyed by the early frofts, or will rot their edges, having feveral tranfverfe veins which
with much wet ; but if the plants fhould not rife the are prominent on their under fide. The flowers come
fame autumn, there will be little hazard of their out from the wings of the leaves all along the
growing the following fpring. When the plants come branches ; they have a male and an hermaphrodite
up, they will require no other care but to keep them flower generally at the fame place, the male flowers
clean from weeds, and thin them if they are too cloſe ; being fituated above the others : theſe have no petals.
for they do not bear removing well, fo fhould be fown but a green herbaceous empalement, fo make no
where they are intended to remain . figure ; they come out in the fpring, at the fame time
I have fometimes, when the feafons have proved when the leaves make their firft appearance , and
warm, had ripe feeds from plants fown in the fpring; generally decay before the leaves have grown to half
but this cannot be depended on, therefore it is much their magnitude . After the flowers are paft, the
better to fow the feeds in autumn. germen of the hermaphrodite flowers become a round
CELTIS . Tourn . Init. R. H. 612. tab . 383. Lin. berry about the fize of a large Pea, which, when ripe,
Gen. Plant. 1012. The Lote or Nettle- tree, in is black.
French Micocoulier. The fecond fort grows naturally in North America ;
The CHARACTERS are, it delights in moiit rich foil, in which it becomes a
It bath male and hermaphrodite flowers on the fame tree: very large tree. This rifes with a ſtrait ftem, which
the bermaphrodite flowers are fingle, and fituated above in young trees is fimooth and of a dark colour, but
the male. The empalement of the hermaphrodite flower as they advance, it becomes rougher and of a lighter
is divided into five parts, in which there are no petals, green. The branches are much diffuſed on every
but five fhort ftamina terminated by thick quadrangular fide,and are garnifhed withoblique oval leaves,
fummits, which have four furrows. In the center is fi ending in points, fawed on their edges ; they are
tuated an oval germen, fupporting two reflexed styles placed alternately on the branches, with pretty
crowned by a fingle ftigma. The germen afterwardbecomes long foot-ftalks . The flowers come out oppofite to
a round berry with one cell, inclofing a roundish nut. The the leaves, upon pretty long foot-ftalks ; the male
male flowers have their empalements divided into fix parts, flowers ftanding above the hermaphrodite as in the
and have no germen or ftyle, but in other parts like the other fpecies ; after thefe decay, the hermaphrodite
bermaphrodite. flowers are fucceeded by roundish berries, which are
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of fmaller than thofe of the firft fort, and when ripe,
Linnæus's twenty-third clafs, intitled Polygamia Mo are of a dark purple colour. This tree flowers in
noecia, from the fame tree having male and herma May, and the feeds ripen in October. Of this fort
1 phrodite flowers . there are feveral pretty large trees in the English
The SPECIES are, gardens, fome of which produce great quantities of
1. CELTIS ( Australis ) foliis lanceolatis acuminatis , fer fruit annually, which in favourable feafons come to
ratis, nervofis . Nettle-tree with Spear-shaped pointed maturity, fo that from thefe feeds there have been
leaves, which are veined and fawed on their edges. Celtis plants raiſed ; and there are few years, in which there
fructu nigricante. Tourn . Inft. 612. Lote-tree with a is not fruit of this fort fent from America, whereby
black fruit . it is now become pretty common in the Engliſh nur
2. CELTIS ( Occidentalis) foliis obliquè-ovatis, ferratis, feries.
acuminatis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 1044. Nettle-tree with This tree is late in coming out in the fpring, but in
oblique, oval, pointed leaves, which are farved on their recompenfe for that, it continues as long in beauty
edges. Celtis fructu obfcurè purpurafcente. Inft. R. in the autumn, for it is the lateſt in fading of any
H. 612. Lote-tree with a darkpurple fruit. of the deciduous trees ; nor do the leaves alter their
3. CELTIS (Orientalis) foliis ovato- cordatis, denticulatis, colour long before they fall, but continue in full
petiolis brevibus. Nettle- tree with oval heart - shaped verdure till within a few days of their dropping off;
leaves, flightly indented, and fhort foot-ftalks. Celtis and, fo foon as they begin to fall, the trees will in
orientalis minor, foliis minoribus & craffioribus, fructu a few days be quite deftitute of leaves, fo that the
flavo. Inft. Cor. 42. Smaller Eastern Lote-tree with litter which their falling leaves occafion, may be
fmaller and thicker leaves, and a yellow fruit. fooner cleared away, than that of any other deciduous
4. CELTIS ( Americana) foliis oblongo- ovatis, obtufis , tree. There is little beauty in the flowers or fruit of
nervofis, fupernè glabris, fubtus aureis. Nettle-tree this tree ; but, as the branches are well clothed with
avith oblong, obtufe, nervous leaves, which are fmooth on leaves, which are of a fine green colour, the trees,
their upper furface, and of a gold colour beneath. Celtis when mixed with others in wilderneffes, make a
foliis citrii fubtus aureo , fructu rubro. Plum. Cat. 18 . pleafing variety during the fummer feafon. The
Lote-tree withCitron leaves, ofagold colour on their under wood of this tree being tough and pliable, is
fide, and a red fruit. efteemed by coachmakers for the frames of their car
The firft fort grows naturally in the fouth of France , riages .
in Spain and Italy, where it is one of the largeſt trees The third fort was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort in
of thofe countries : yet this is not fo plenty in Eng Armenia, from whence he fent the fruit to the royal
land as the fecond, nor do I remember to have feen garden at Paris, where they fucceeded, and the trees,
but two large trees of this fort in the English gardens ; which were there raifed , have produced fruit for
feveral years, fo that moft of the curious gardens in
one of which was formerly growing in the Bishop of
London's garden at Fulham, but was cut down fome Europe have been furniſhed with it from thence.
years paft, with many other curious exotic trees, It rifes with a ftem about ten or twelve feet high,
which were there growing in great perfection : the dividing into many branches, which ſpread horizon
▸
other was in the garden of Dr. Uvedale at Enfield, tally on every fide, having a ſmooth greenifh bark,
which was there ftanding a few years ago, when I garniſhed with leaves about an inch and a half long,
paid a viſit to that place, which had frequently pro and near an inch broad, inclining to a heart-ſhape,
but
 CEN CEN

but are oblique, one of the ears of the bafe being removing, which will be a great prejudice to their
fmaller and lower than the other ; they are of a future growth .
thicker texture than thofe of the common fort, and Theſe forts are hardy enough to thrive in the open air
of a paler green, placed alternate on the branches, in England, after they are become ſtrong ; but for
and have fhort foot-ftalks . The flowers come out the two firft winters after they come up from feeds,
from the foot-ftalks ofthe leaves, in the fame manner they require a little protection, eſpecially the third
as the former, and are fucceeded by oval yellow ber fort, which is tenderer than either of the former. The
ries, which, when fully ripe, turn of a darker co young plants of this fort frequently have variegated
lour. The wood of this tree is very white. leaves, but thofe are more impatient of cold than the
Thefe trees are all propagated by feeds, which ſhould plain leaved.
be fown foon after they are ripe, when they can be The fourth fort was firſt diſcovered by father Plumier,
procured at that feafon, for theſe frequently come up in the French iflands of America ; and it was found
the following fpring ; whereas, thofe which are fown growing in Jamaica, by. Dr. Houftoun, who fent the
in the fpring, will not come up till a twelvemonth feeds to England . This rifes with a ftrait trunk
after therefore it is the beft way to fow them in pots near twenty feet high, covered with a gray bark, di
or tubs, that they may be eaſily removed, for thoſe vided into many branches upward, garniſhed with
which are fown in the fpring fhould be placed in a leaves near four inches long, and two and a half
fhady fituation in fummer, and conftantly kept clean broad, rounded at their extremity, of a thick texture,
from weeds ; but in autumn they fhould be placed in very ſmooth on their upper furface, and on their un
a warm fituation, plunging the pots into the ground ; der fide are of a lucid gold colour, placed alternately
and ifthey are covered over with a little tan from a on the branches. The fruit is round and red, but
decayed hot-bed, it will prevent the froft from pene the flowers I have not feen .
trating the earth to injure the feeds ; and if theſe The feeds of this fort rarely come up the firft year,
pots are placed on a gentle hot-bed in the ſpring, it fo they may be fowed in pots, and plunged into the
will greatly forward the vegetation of the feeds, tan-bed in the ftove, where they fhould remain till
whereby the plants will have more time to get ſtrength the plants come up. Theſe plants muſt be conftantly
before the winter : but when the plants appear above kept in the bark-ftove, and treated in the fame man
ground they muſt have a large ſhare of air admitted ner as other tender exotics.
to them, otherwiſe they will draw up weak ; and as CENTAURE A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 880. Centaurium
foon as the weather is warm, they muſt be expoſed majus. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 449. tab. 256. Jacea.
to the open air, and in fummer they must be con Tourn. 443. Cyanus. Tourn. 445. Greater Centaury,
ftantly kept clean from weeds ; if the feafon proves Knapweed, Blue Blottle, & c.
dry, they will require water two or three times a The CHARACTERS are,
week. In autumn it will be proper to remove the It hath a compound flower, whofe difk is compofed of many
pots, and place them under a hot-bed frame, to fhel bermaphrodite florets, and the borders or rays of female
ter them in winter from fevere froft ; or where there florets, which are larger and loofer ; these are included
is not that conveniency, the pots fhould be plunged in a common, roundish, fcaly empalement ; the berma
into the ground near a wall or hedge ; and as the phrodite florets have narrow tubes, fwelling at the top,
plants, when young, are full of fap, and tender, the and cut into five parts ; thefe have five fhort hairy fta
early frofts in autumn frequently kill the upper part mina, terminated by cylindrical fummits : the germen is
of the ſhoots ; therefore the plants fhould be either fituated under the petal, fupporting aflender style, crown
covered with mats, or a little ſtraw or Peaſe-haulm ed with an obtufeftigma. The germen afterward becomes
laid over them to protect them. a fingle feed fhut up in the empalement. The female
In the following fpring the plants fhould be taken florets have a fender tube, but expands above, where
out of the feed-pots, and planted in the full ground : it is enlarged, and cut into five unequal parts ; these are
this fhould be done about the middle or latter end of barren.
March, when the danger of the froft is over ; there This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection
fore a bed or two fhould be prepared (according to of Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Po
the number of plants raifed) in a fheltered fituation, lygamia Fruftanea ; the flowers of this fection have
and, if poffible, in a gentle loamy foil. The ground their diſk and middle compofed of hermaphrodite flo
muſt be well trenched, and cleared from the roots of rets, which are fruitful, and their borders of female
bad weeds, and when levelled, ſhould be marked out abortive florets .
in lines at one foot diſtance ; then the plants ſhould The SPECIES are,
be carefully turned out of the pots and feparated , 1. CENTAUREA ( Alpina) calycibus inermibus, fquamis
fo as not to tear their roots, and planted in the lines ovatis obtufis, foliis pinnatis glabris integerrimis im
at fix inches aſunder, preffing the earth down clofe to pari ferrato. Hort. Cliff. 421. Centaury with an em
the roots. If the ground is very dry when they are palement without ſpines, oval obtufe fcales, and ſmooth
planted, and there is no appearance of rain foon , it will winged leaves, which are entire. Centaurium alpinum
be proper to water the beds, to fettle the ground to luteum. C. B. P. 117. Yellow Alpine Centaury.
the roots of the plants ; and after this, if the fur 2 . CENTAUREA ( Centaurium) calycibus inermibus, fqua
face of the ground is covered with fome old tan or mis ovatis, foliis pinnatis, foliolis ferratis decurren
rotten dung, it will keep it moift, and prevent the tibus. Hort . Cliff. 421. Centaury with an empalement
drying winds from penetrating to the roots of the without fpines, oval fcales, and winged leaves, whofe
plants. lobes are fawed, and run along the midrib. Centaurium
The following fummer, the neceffary care muſt be to majus, folio in lacinias plures divifo. C. B. P. 117.
keep them conftantly clean from weeds ; but after the Greater Centaury with a leaf divided into many parts.
plants are pretty well eſtabliſhed in the ground, they 3 . CENTAUREA (Glaftifolia) calycibus fcariofis foliis in
will not require any water, efpecially toward the lat divifis integerrimis decurrentibus. Hort . Cliff. 421 .
ter end of fummer, for that will occafion their late Centaury with a fcaly empalement, and undivided entire
growth, whereby they will be in great danger of fuf leaves running along the ftalks. Centaurium majus ori
fering by the autumn froſts ; for the more any of entale erectum , glaſti folio, flore luteo. Tourn . Cor,
thefe young trees are ftopped in their growth by 32. Com. Rar. Plant. 39. Upright, eaftern, greater Cen
drought towards autumn, the firmer will be their tex taury, with a Woad leaf and a yellow flower.
ture, fo better able to bear the cold. 4. CENTAUREA ( Stebe) calycibus ciliatis oblongis, fo
The plants may remain in thefe nurſery-beds two liis pinnatifidis linearibus integerrimis . Prod. Leyd.
years, by which time they will have obtained fuffici 140. Centaury with oblong hairy empalements, and winged
ent ftrength to be tranfplanted where they are de pointed leaves, which are very narrow and entire. Stæ
figned to remain for good, becauſe theſe plants ex be incana, cyano fimilis tenuifolia. C. B. P. Hoary
tend their roots wide every way ; fo that if they Stabe with the appearance of Blue Bottle, and a narrow
ftand long in the nurſery, their roots will be cut in leaf.
Iit 5. CENTAU
 CEN CEN

CENTAUREA (Conifera) calycibus fcariofis, foliis to 144. Greater Centaury with a foft, pointed, cut leaf, and
mentofis, radicalibus lanceolatis, caulinis pinnatifidis a large golden flower, with a prickly empalement.
caule fimplici. Prod . Leyd . 142. Centaury with afcaly 17. CENTAUREA ( Orientalis) calycibus fquamato-ciliatis,
empalement, woolly leaves, thofe near the root being foliis pinnatifidis , pinnis lanceolatis. Lin. Sp . Plant.
Spear-shaped, thofe on the stalk pointed, and a ſingle ſtalk. 913. Centaury with hairy fcales to the empalement, wing
Centaureum majus incanum, humile, capite pini. pointed leaves, whofe lobes are spear-shaped. Cyanus
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 469. Dwarf, hoary, greater Cen foliis radicalibus partim integris, partim pinnatis,
taury, with a head like a Pine cone. bracteâ calycis ovali, flore fulphureo. Hall. Act. Phil.
6. CENTAUREA ( Montana) calycibus ferratis, foliis lan 1745 .
ceolatis decurrentibus, caulefimpliciffimo. Hort. Cliff. 18. CENTAUREA ( Argentea) calycibus ferratis, foliis to
422. Centaury with fawed empalements, Spear-shaped mentofis, radicalibus pinnatis, foliolis uniauritis . Lin.
running leaves, and a fingle stalk. Cyanus montanus Sp . 1290. Centaury with fawed empalements, woolly
latifolius. fc. Verbafculum Cyanoides. C. B. P. 273 . leaves, thofe near the root winged, and the lobes eared.
Greater Mountain Blue Bottle with broad leaves. Jacea Cretica laciniata argentea, flore parvo flavef
7. CENTAUREA ( Angustifolia) calycibus ferratis, foliis cente. Tourn. Cor. 31 .
lineari-lanceolatis decurrentibus, caule fimplici . Cen 19. CENTAUREA ( Sempervirens) calycibus ciliatis, foliis
taury with fawed empalements, very narrow, fpear-shaped, lanceolatis ferratis, inferioribus haftatis. Lin. Sp.
running leaves, and a fingle foot -
ftalk. Cyanus angufti 1291. Centaury with a hairy empalement, Spear - shaped
ore folio & longiore Belgicus. H. R. Par. Narrower fawed leaves, and thoſe near the root halbert -
ſhaped. Jacea
and longer leaved Belgick Blue Bottle. Lufitanica fempervirens .
8. CENTAUREA ( Mofchata) calycibus inermibus, fubro 20. CENTAUREA ( Splendens ) calycibus fcariofis obtufis,
tundis glabris, fquamis ovatis, foliis lyrato-dentatis. foliis radicalibus pinnatifidis, caulinis pinnatis denti
Hort. Cliff. 421. Centaury with unarmed, roundish, bus lanceolatis. Prod . Leyd. 142. Centaury with a rough
Smooth empalements, oval fcales, and finuated leaves. Cya obtufe empalement, the radical leaves wing-pointed, and
nus floridus odoratus, Turcicus five orientalis major. thofe on the fialk winged, spear-shaped, and indented.
Park . Theat. 421. Sweet oriental Cyanus, commonly Jacea caliculis argenteis major. Inft. R. H. 444.
called Sweet Sultan. 21. CENTAUREA ( Romana ) calycibus palmato-fpinofis,
9. CENTAUREA ( Amberboi ) calycibus inermibus, fubro foliis decurrentibus inermibus, radicalibus pinnatifidis,
tundis, glabris, fquamis ovatis obtufis, foliis lacinia impari maximo. Hort. Cliff. 423. Centaury with a
tis ferratis. Centaury with roundish, ſmooth, unarmed palmated spiny empalement, fmooth running leaves, thofe
empalements, oval obtufe fcales, and cut leaves, which near the root wing-pointed, and a large terminating lobe.
are fawed on their edges. Cyanus orientalis flore luteo Jacea fpinofa Cretica. Zan. Hift. 141 .
fiftulofo . Ac. R. Par. 75. Eastern Cyanus with a yellow 22. CENTAUREA (Sphærocephala) calycibus palmato-fpi
fiftular flower, commonly called yellow Sweet Sultan. nofis , foliis ovato -lanceolatis petiolatis dentatis. Hort.
10. CENTAUREA (Cyanus) calycibus ferratis, foliis linea Cliff. 423. Centaury with a palmated prickly empalement,
ribus integerrimis, infimis dentatis . Hort. Cliff. 422 . and oval, fpear-shaped, indented leaves, having foot
Centaury with fawed empalements, very narrow entire falks. Jacea fphærocephala fpinofa Tingitana. H. L.
leaves indented below. Cyanus fegetum . C. B. P. 273 . 332.
Corn Blue Bottle. 23. CENTAUREA (Eriophora) calycibus duplicato-fpino
11. CENTAUREA ( Lippii ) calycibus inermibus, fquamis fis lanatis, foliis femidecurrentibus integris finuatif
mucronatis, foliis pinnatifidis obtufis decurrentibus . que caule prolifero . Hort. Upfal. 272. Centaury whofe
Lin. Sp. Plant. 910. Centaury with unarmed empale empalement is downy and doubly armed with spines, run
ments, having pointed fcales, and winged pointed leaves, ning leaves, fome entire, others finuated, and a childing
which are obtufe, running along the ftalk. Cyanus Æ - Stalk.
gypticus flore parvo purpureo, caule alato. D. Lipp. 24. CENTAUREA ( Benedita ) calycibus duplicato-fpino
Egyptian Cyanus with a small purple flower, and a wing fis lanatis involucratis, foliis femidecurrentibus den
ed ſtalk . ticulato-fpinofis. Lin. Sp. 1296. Centaury whofe em
12. CENTAUREA ( Cineraria) calycibus ciliatis terminali palement is downy and doubly armed with fpines, running
feffilibus, foliis tomentofis pinnatifidis , lobis acutis. leaves with indentures, terminating in fpines. Carduus
Hort. Cliff. 422. Centaury with hairy empalements clofely Benedictus. Camer. Epit. 562. Bleed Thistle.
terminating the ftalks, woolly leaves with winged points, There are many other fpecies of this genus, which
and the fegments very narrow. Jacea montana candi are preferved in botanic gardens for the fake of varie
diffima, Stæbes foliis . C. B. P. 273. White Mountain ty ; fome of which grow naturally in England, and
Knapweed with a Stabe leaf. are often troublefome weeds in the fields, fo do not
13. CENTAUREA ( Ragufina) calycibus ciliatis, foliis to deſerve a place in gardens ; therefore I choſe not to
mentofis pinnatifidis, foliolis obtufis ovatis integerri trouble the reader with mentioning their titles, but
mis exterioribus majoribus. Hort. Cliff. 422. Centaury have here ſelected thofe fpecies which have fome
with hairy empalements, woolly leaves with wingedpoints, beauty to recommend them.
the fmall leaves oval and obtufe, the outer larger. Jacea The first fort grows naturally upon the Alps. This
arborea argentea Ragufina. Zan. Hift. 107. Silvery hath a perennial root, which ftrikes deep into the
tree Knapweed of Ragufa. ground, fending out a great number of long, winged,
14. CENTAUREA ( Napifolia) calycibus palmato-fpinofis , Imooth leaves, of a glaucous colour ; the ſtalks riſe
foliis decurrentibus radicalibus lyratis. Prod. Leyd . near four feet high, and divide upward into many
141. Centaury with palmated fpinous empalements, and branches, garnished with fmall leaves of the fame
finuated prickly leaves running along the stalks. Jacea form as the lower ; each of thefe ftalks is terminated
cyanoides altera, alato caule. Herm. Par. 189. Ano by a fingle head of yellow flowers, compoſed of many
ther Knapweed like Cyanus, with a winged ſtalk. florets ; thoſe which occupy the diſk are hermaphro
15. CENTAUREA ( Rhapontica) calycibus fcariofis, foliis dite, but thofe of the ray are female. This flowers
ovato-oblongis denticulatis integris petiolatis, fubtus in June and July, and, in dry feaſons, will perfect
tomentofis. Hort. Cliff. 421. Centaury with fcaly em their feeds in autumn. It may be propagated either
palements, oval, oblong, indented, entire leaves, having by feeds, or by parting their roots in the autumn,
foot -ftalks, woolly underneath. Centaurium majus, fo being careful not to divide the roots too fmall. The
lio helenii incano. Tourn . Inft . 449. Greater Centaury
feeds fhould be fown in the ſpring on a bed of light
with a white Elecampane leaf. earth , and when the plants are fit to remove, they
16. CENTAUREA ( Peregrina) calycibus, fetaceo-fpinofis, fhould be tranfplanted into a bed of freſh earth fix
1 foliis lanceolatis petiolatis, infernè dentatis. Hort. inches afunder, in which place they ſhould remain
Cliff. 423. Centaury with briftly prickly empalements, till autumn, when they ſhould be planted where they
Spear-shaped leaves, with foot f-talks indented beneath. are defigned to remain.
Centaurium majus folio molli acuto laciniato, flore The fecond fort ftands in the lift of medicinal plants.
aureo magno, calyce fpinofo. Boerh. Ind . alt. 1. p. of the college, but is very rarely uſed ; the root is
reckoned
 CEN CEN

reckoned to be binding, and good for all kinds of fo well known as to need no defcription ; the roots of
fluxes, and of great ufe to heal wounds. This grows this fort creep under ground to a great diſtance,
' naturally on the mountains of Italy and Spain ; it hath whereby the plant propagates too faft, and often be
a ftrong perennial root like the former fort, from comes troubleſome in gardens. It flowers in May and
which come out a great number of long winged leaves, June, and will grow in any foil and fituation.
which fpread wide on every fide, of a lucid green, The feventh fort differs from the eighth , in having
and fawed on their edges ; the flower-ftalks are flen much longer and narrower leaves, which are not fo
der, but very ftiff, and divide upward into many white, the heads of flowers are alfo fmaller ; but
fmaller foot-ftalks ; thefe, together with the otherſtalks , whether this is only a variety from the other, I cannot
rife five or fix feet high, having at each joint one determine, having never raiſed either from feeds ; for
fmall winged leaf of the fame form with the other : theſe plants ſpread very much by their creeping roots,
each of theſe foot-ftalks is terminated by a fingle head which renders them barren, as is frequently the cafe
of purplish flowers, which are confiderably longer with many other creeping rooted plants, few of which
than the empalement. This fort flowers in July, and produce feeds : however, this plant has always re
in very warm dry feafons will produce ripe feeds in tained its difference from the year 1727, when I
England. It may be propagated by parting of the firſt brought it to England ; and as it propagates fo
roots in the fame manner as the former fort, and the faft, it is now become almoft as plenty in the gar
plants muſt be treated in the fame way, but ſhould dens, as the common broad leaved fort. This is
have more room to grow, therefore it is not proper equally hardy, and may be planted in any foil or fi
for fmall gardens ; but in large open borders, or to tuation, where many other forts will not thrive, and
intermix in open quarters with other tall growing during its continuance in flower will make a variety
plants, this will make a variety. in the garden.
The third fort was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort in The eighth fort is annual, fo is only propagated by
the Levant, who ſent the feeds to the royal garden at feeds. This has been many years propagated in the
Paris, and from thence it hath fince been communi Engliſh gardens, under the title of Sultan Flower, or
cated to moit of the curious gardens in Europe. This Sweet Sultan. It was brought from the Levant,
hath a perennial root, which ftrikes deep into the where it grows naturally in arable land among the
ground, from which ſprings up a great tuft of long corn. This fends up a round channelled ftalk near
entire leaves, ſhaped like thofe of Woad, growing three feet high, which divides into many branches,
upright, with many upright ſtalks, which grow near garnifhed with jagged leaves, of a pale green, fmooth,
five feet high, garniſhed with leaves coming out fin and ftand clofe to the branches ; from the fide of the
gle at each joint, of the fame ſhape as the under, but branches come out long naked foot-ftalks, each fuf
are lefs, and have a border or wing running along taining a fingle head of flowers fhaped like thofe of
the ftalk. The upper part of the ftalk divides into the other fpecies, which have a very ftrong odour, fo
two or three ſmaller, each of which is terminated by as to be offensive to many people, but to others is
a fingle head of yellow flowers, included in a filvery very grateful. The empalement of thefe is fcaly,
fcaly empalement. This flowers in July, but rarely round, and without fpines ; the flowers are in fome
produces good feeds in England. It may be propa purple, and others white, and likewiſe a flesh colour
gated by parting the roots in the fame manner as the between them hath come from the fame feeds. There
former, and the plants may be treated in the fame is alſo a variety of this with fiftular flowers, and ano
way, being equally hardy ; and as this doth not ſpread ther with fringed flowers, commonly called Amber
fo much as the laft, it may be allowed a place in boi or Emberboi : but thefe have degenerated to the
fmaller gardens. common fort in a few years, although I have faved
The fourth fort grows naturally in Auftria. This the feeds with great care, fo I fuppofe they are only
hath a perennial root as the former, from which come varieties. Theſe feeds are commonly fown upon a
out many winged leaves, which are hoary, the feg hot-bed in the fpring, to bring the plants forward,
ments narrow and entire ; the ftalks rife near three and in May they are tranfplanted into the borders of
feet high, dividing into feveral branches, which have the flower-garden ; but if the feeds are fown in a
a fingle winged leaf at each joint, of the fame fhape warm border in autumn, they will live through the
with the other ; at the end of each ftalk is one head winter ; and thefe plants may be removed in the
of purple flowers, incloſed in an oblong fcaly em fpring into the flower-garden, which will be ſtronger,
palement, each ſcale being bordered with ſmall hairs and come earlier to flower than thoſe which are raiſed
like an eye-brow. The flowers appear in June, and in the fpring. The feeds may alſo be fown in the
the feeds ripen in Auguft. This is propagated by fpring on a common warm border, where the plants
feeds, which may be fown in a bed of common earth, will rife very well, but thefe will be later in flowering
in a nurſery ; and when the plants come up they than either of the other. The autumnal plants will
muſt be thinned, and kept clean from weeds, and begin to flower the middle of June, and will conti
the following autumn the plants may be tranfplanted nue flowering till September ; and the fpring plants
where they are defigned to remain ; after which they will flower a month later, and continue till the froft
will require no further care . Two or three of thefe ftops them. Their feeds ripen in autumn.
plants may be allowed a place in gardens where there The ninth fort has been fuppofed to be only a variety
is room, for the fake of variety. of the former, which is a great miſtake ; for although
The fifth fort grows naturally in the fouth of France, there is a great fimilitude in their appearance , yet
and in Italy : I received the feeds of this from Verona. they are ſpecifically different, fo never alter. I have
It hath a perennial root, which doth not divide and cultivated this fort upward of forty years, and have
fpread as the former, but grows fingle, fending out never obſerved the leaft variation in it. This is much
in the fpring feveral entire fpear-fhaped leaves, and tenderer than the former, fo the feeds muſt be ſown
afterward a ſingle ſtalk, more than a foot high, gar upon a hot-bed in the fpring ; and when the plants
nifhed at each joint with one divided hoary leaf ; are fit to remove, they fhould be tranfplanted on a
and at the top comes out a fingle, large, fcaly head, freſh hot-bed to bring them forward : when they have
fhaped like a cone of the Pine-tree, very taper at the taken root in this bed, they muſt have air admitted
top, where it clofely furrounds the florets, whofe tops to them every day, to prevent their drawing up weak,
just peep out of the empalement : they are of a bright and refreſhed with water fparingly, becauſe they are
purple colour, and appear in June, but are not fuc very apt to rot with much wet. When the plants
ceeded by feeds in England, fo cannot be propagated have obtained ftrength, they muſt be carefully taken
unleſs the feeds are procured from abroad. Theſe up, and planted în feparate pots filled with light earth,
feeds may be fown, and the plants afterward treated and fome of them placed in the fhade till they have
in the fame manner as the laſt.
taken root ; then they may be placed with other an
The fixth fort is the common perennial Blue Bottle, nual plants in the pleafure-garden , where they will
which by fome is titled Batchelors Button. This is continue long in beauty. But as theſe plants which
are
 CEN CEN

are placed in the open air rarely produce good feeds, about three feet high ; the lower leaves are not much
there fhould be two or three plants kept in a mode unlike thofe of the Turnep, being rounded at their
rate hot- bed under a deep frame, where they will come ends, and their bafe is cut into many fegments ; thofe
earlier to flower ; and being protected from wet and upon the ſtalks and branches are nearly of the fame
cold, they will ripen their feeds every year, which is form, but diminiſh gradually in their fize tothe top ;
the fureft method to preferve the fort. thefe have a border or wing running along the ſtalks,
This fort differs from the common, in its leaves be which connect them together ; the flowers are pro
ing fawed on their edges ; the flowers are fiftular, of duced at the end of the branches, which have prickly
a bright colour, and have a very agreeable foft odour. empalements ; the fpines come out from the border
It flowers in July and Auguſt, and the feeds ripen in of the fcales, divided like the fingers of a hand.
October. The flowers are of a bright purple, fo make a pretty
The tenth fort is the common Blue Bottle, which appearance. This fort may be treated in the fame
grows naturally amongſt the corn in moft parts of manner as the Corn Bottle, by fowing the feeds in
England : this ftands in the lift of medicinal plants . autumn, and keeping the plants clean from weeds.
There is a diftilled water of the flowers, which is The plants will flower in June, and the feeds will
eſteemed good for the eyes. There are great varie ripen in Auguft. If fome feeds are alſo ſown in the
ties of colours in thefe flowers, fome of which are fpring, the plants will come to flower a month after
finely variegated : the feeds of thefe are fold by feedf the others, and will continue flowering till the froſt
men, by the title of Bottles of all Colours . Theſe are ftops them. But thefe plants do not always perfect
annual plants, which will rife in any common border, feeds, fo that from the autumnal plants the feeds will
and require no other care but to keep them clean more certainly be procured.
from weeds, and thinned where they are too clofe, The fifteenth fort grows naturally upon the Helve
for they do not thrive well when they are tranfplant tian, and fome of the Italian mountains. I received
ed. If the feeds are fown in autumn, they will fuc the feeds of this fort from Verona : it hath a perennial
ceed better, and the plants will flower ſtronger than root and an annual ftalk ; the leaves are oblong,
thofe which are fown in the fpring. flightly indented on their edges, and woolly on their
The feeds of the eleventh fort were fent me by Dr. under fide ; theſe have much the refemblance of thofe
Juffieu, from Paris, who received them from Dr. of Elecampane, generally ſtanding upright ; the ſtalks
Lippi, at Grand Cairo. This is an annual plant, rife little more than a foot high, and are terminated
which rifes near two feet high, fending out two or by large fingle heads of purple flowers, inclofed in
three branches toward the top ; the leaves are divided fcaly empalements ; thefe appear in July, but unleſs
into many obtufe fegments, and have a border run the feafon proves very dry and warm they have no
ning along the ftalk ; the flowers are ſmall, of a feeds fucceed them in this country ; fo that this, like
bright purple, and have a ſcaly empalement. If the the fifth fort, is very difficult to propagate in Eng
feeds are fown in the fpring upon a border of light land, unleſs good feeds can be procured from the
earth, where the plants are to remain, they will re countries where they naturally grow. This is very
quire no farther care but to keep them clean from hardy, fo may be treated in the fame manner as any
weeds. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in of the former perennial forts, but will require a little
autumn. more room than the fifth.
The twelfth fort is a perennial plant, which retains The fixteenth fort grows naturally in Auftria and
its leaves through the year. This grows naturally Hungary, from both which countries I have received
in Italy, on the borders of the fields. The leaves are the feeds. The lower leaves of this plant fpread flat
hoary, and divided into many narrow fegments ; the on the ground ; they are foft, hairy, and end in ſharp
ftalks rife near three feet high, branching upward in points, but toward their bafe are cut into feveral nar
to many divifions, each being terminated by a head row fegments ; the ftalks rife near three feet high,
of purple flowers ; thefe come out in June, and in garniſhed at each joint by ſpear-ſhaped entire leaves,
favourable feafons will perfect their feeds in autumn. and are terminated by fingle large heads of flowers,
This fort will live abroad in moderate winters , if it of a gold colour, inclofed in a prickly fcaly empale
has a warm fituation and a dry foil ; but in fevere ment. This flowers in July and Auguft, but never
winters the plants are commonly killed, fo one or produces feeds in this country. It hath a perennial
two of them may be fheltered under a common frame root, which fends out offsets ; thefe may be taken
in winter to preferve the kind. It may be eaſily pro from the old plants in autumn, whereby it may be
pagated by feeds in the fame manner as the fourth eafily propagated. It is very hardy in refpect to cold,
fort ; or if the young branches, which do not fhoot but should have a dry foil, the roots being very apt
up to flower, are cut off, and planted in a fhady bor to rot in winter with much wet.
der any time in fummer, they will take root, and in The feventeenth fort grows naturally in Siberia. The
autumn may be removed to warm borders, or put into feeds of this were fent me from Peterſburgh. This
pots to be fheltered in winter. fends out many long winged leaves from the root,
The thirteenth fort grows naturally in Mauritania, which are divided into ſeveral ſpear-shaped lobes ;
and in feveral other places on the borders of the Me the ſtalks rife near five feet high, and divide upward
diterranean Sea. This feldom rifes more than three into many ſmaller branches, garniſhed with leaves of
feet high in this country ; it hath a perennial ftalk, the fame form as the lower, but much fmaller, and
which divides into many branches, garniſhed with very the fegments very narrow ; each of the ftalks is ter
white woolly leaves, divided into many obtufe entire minated by a head of yellow flowers, inclofed in a
lobes, the fmall leaves or lobes on the exterior part fcaly empalement ; the borders of the fcales are fet
of the leaf being the largeft. The flowers are pro with fine hairs like an eye-brow. It flowers in June,
duced from the fide branches upon fhort foot-ſtalks , July, and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
which are of a bright yellow, and are included in a This hath a perennial root and an annual ftalk, which,
fine hairy empalement. Thefe appear in June and with the leaves, decay in autumn, and ariſe new from
July, but fcarce ever are fucceeded by feeds in Eng the root in the spring. It may be propagated either
land. It is propagated by planting of the young fhoots by feeds or parting of the roots, in the fame manner
in the fame manner as the laft, and the plants require as the fifth fort, and the plants require a large fhare
protection from hard froft. But if they are planted in of room, fo fhould not be planted too near other
dry lime-rubbish, where they will not grow luxuriant, plants ; therefore it is not proper furniture for fmall,
they will refift the cold of our ordinary winters in the gardens.
open air. As this plant retains its leaves all the year, The eighteenth fort grows naturally in Crete. This
which are extremely white, it makes a pretty variety hath a perennial root ; the lower leaves are winged
in a garden. and very woolly, thofe on the flower-ftalks are fingle,
The fourteenth fort is annual. This grows naturally wedge- shaped, and indented ; the ſtalks are termi
in the Archipelago. It rifes with a branching ſtalk nated by heads of yellow flowers, compofed of as many
I florets
 CEP CEP

florets as the other forts. This flowers in July, but fcience of botany, or who may have no inclinatioh tơ T
rarely produces ripe feeds in this country, fo is pro ſtudy it, and yet may want information how to cul
pagated by flips as the fifth fort ; and as the plants tivate the plants which are uſeful in the kitchen , Í
which are expoſed to the open air in winter are fre have chofen to treat of thefe under their former ap
quently deſtroyed, it will be proper to place one or pellation. Mr. Ray and Tournefort admit of the
two of them under a common frame to preferve the fiftular leaves and fwelling ftalks, as characters to
fpecies . diftinguish the plants of this genus from Porrum and
The nineteenth fort grows naturally in Portugal : the Allium .
ftalks of this are perennial ; the leaves continue in The VARIETIES of the common Onion are,
verdure through the year, for which it is chiefly va The Straſburgh. Cepa oblong. C. B. P. 71 .
lued, for the flower has little more beauty than the The Spaniſh Onion. Cepa vulgaris, floribus & tuni
common Knapweed. It flowers in June and July, cis purpurafcentibus . C. B. P. 71.
and in warm ſeaſons the feeds ripen in September. It The white Egyptian Onion. Cepa floribus & tunicis
is propagated by feeds, which, if fown in April in a candidis. C. B. P. 71 .
bed of light earth, the plants will rife eaſily. Theſe All theſe vary from feeds, fo that there are feveral
plants, in a dry foil and a fheltered fituation, will live intermediate differences which are not worth enume
in the open air in mild winters ; but as they are fre rating.
quently killed when the frofts are fevere, it will be Theſe three varieties are propagated by feeds, which
proper to ſhelter a plant or two under a common frame fhould be fown at the latter end of February or the
in winter to preſerve the ſpecies. beginning of March, on good, rich, light ground,
The twentieth fort grows naturally in Spain, and which ſhould be well dug and levelled, and cleared
upon the Helvetian mountains. This rarely conti from the roots of all bad weeds ; then the feeds
nues longer than two or three years : the lower leaves ſhould be fown in a dry time, when the furface of the
are doubly wing- pointed, thofe on the ſtalks are ground is not moift ; and where they are intended for
fpear-shaped, winged, and indented ; the ſtalks rife a winter crop, they muſt not be ſown too thick. The
three feet high,, and are terminated by flowers like common allowance of feed is fix pounds to an acre
thoſe of the common Knapweed, having filvery em of land ; but the generality of gardeners fow more,
palements. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in becauſe many of them allow for a crop to draw out,
September. If theſe are fown in April on a bed of which they call cullings ; thefe are all fuch as want
light earth, the plants will come up, and will live to be removed from others, fo are thinned out when
through the winter in the open air. young, and tied in bunches for the market ; but thoſe
The twenty-firſt fort grows naturally in the Campania who have regard to their principal crop, never prac
of Rome. This is a biennial plant in England ; thoſe tife this ; therefore fow no more feeds than is fufficient,
plants which arife from feeds in the fpring feldom which is the quantity before-mentioned, for when the
flower till the following year, and when they perfect plants come up too cloſe, they draw each other weak ;
their feeds they die. The ſtalks of this fort rife three and when this happens, their roots never grow fo
feet high ; the lower leaves are wing-pointed, without large as thoſe which are thin : befides, there is a
fpines ; thofe on the ſtalks run along the ſtalks like greater trouble in hoeing them ; and when they are
wings ; the flowers are large, red, and their empale thinned for the market, the ground is trodden over,
ments are ſtrongly armed with fpines. This flowers and the Onions which are to ftand have their leaves
in July, and the feeds ripen in September. It may bruifed, whereby they are greatly injured ; fo that
be propagated by feeds as the former. where young. Onions are wanted, it is a much better
The fecond fort grows naturally in Spain and Mauri way to fow fome feparate beds for this purpoſe, than
tania. This is an annual plant, which rarely ripens to injure the future crop.
its feeds in England ; the leaves of this are fpear In about fix or feven weeks after fowing, the Onions
fhaped, indented, and woolly ; the ftalk rifes two will be up forward enough to hoe ; at which time
feet high, dividing upward into three or fourbranches, (choofing dry weather) you ſhould , with a fmall hoe
which are terminated by pretty large heads of flow about two inches and a half broad, cut up lightly all
ers, whoſe empalements are woolly, and ſtrongly the weeds from amongſt the Onions ; and alfo cut
armed with fpines. This flowers in July, and in out the Onions where they grow too cloſe in bunches,
warm ſeaſons the feeds ripen in September. It is pro leaving them at this firft hoeing at least two inches
pagated by feeds as the two former forts. apart. This, if well performed, and in a dry ſeaſon ,
The twenty-third fort grows naturally in Portugal. will preferve the ground clear of weeds at leaſt a
The ſtalk of this rifes two feet high, garniſhed with month or five weeks ; when you muſt hoe them over
woolly leaves ; fome of which are entire, others are a fecond time, cutting up all the weeds as before, and
finuated on their borders ; the ftalks are terminated alfo cut out the Onions to a larger diftance, leaving
by woolly heads of flowers, ftrongly armed with dou them this time three or four inches afunder. This
ble fpines on the empalement, which almoſt inclofes alfo, if well performed, will preferve the ground
the florets. It flowers in July, and in warm ſeaſons clean a month or fix weeks longer, when you must
the feeds ripen in September. It is propagated by hoe them over the third and laſt time.
feeds as the former. Now you muſt carefully cut up all weeds, and fingle
The twenty-fourth fort is the Carduus Benedictus, or out the Onions to near fix inches fquare ; by which
Bleffed Thiſtle, which is frequently ufed as an emi means they will grow much larger, than if left too
tic. It grows naturally in Spain and the Levant ; in clofe. This time of hoeing, if the weather proves
England it is propagated in gardens for medicinal dry and it is well performed, will keep the ground
ufe. It is an annual plant, which periſhes foon after clean until the Onions are fit to pull up ; but if the
the feeds are ripe. The fureft method of cultivating weather fhould prove moift, and any of the weeds
this plant, is to fow the feeds in autumn ; and when fhould take root again, you fhould, about a fortnight
the plants come up, to hoe the ground, to cut up or three weeks after, go over the ground and draw
H
the weeds, and thin the plants ; and in the following out all the large weeds with your hands ; for the Oni
fpring to hoe it a fecond time, leaving the plants a ons having now begun to bulb, they ſhould not be
foot afunder, which will ripen their feeds in autumn , diſturbed with a hoe.
and foon after decay. Toward the middle of Auguft your Onions will have
CENTAURIUM MINUS. See GENTIANA. arrived to their full growth, which may be known by
CENTINODIUM, Knot Grafs . See Polygonum. their blades falling to the ground and fhrinking ; you
CEPA, the Onion. fhould therefore, before their necks or blades are wi
The botanical characters of this genus are the fame thered off, draw them out of the ground, cropping
with thofe of Allium, to which it is now joined by off the extreme part of the blade, and lay them abroad
the late fyftem ; but as this work is intended for the upon a dry ſpot of ground to dry, obferving to turn
inftruction of fuch as are not well acquainted with the them over every other day at leaft, to prevent their
Kk k
ftriking
 CEN CEN

ftriking fresh root into the ground ; which they will and the cells in which the feeds are contained opening ;
fuddenly do, eſpecially in moift weather. fo that if it be not cut in a fhort time, the feeds will
In about a fortnight's time your Onions will be dry fall to the ground : when you cut off the heads, they Y
enough to houſe, which must be performed in per fhould be ſpread abroad upon coarfe cloths in the
fect dry weather ; in doing of this, you muſt care fun, obferving to keep it under fhelter in the night,
fully rub off all the earth from the roots, and be fure as alſo in wet weather ; and when the heads are quite
to mix no faulty ones amongst them , which will in dry, you muſt beat out the feeds, which are very
a fhort time decay, and ſpoil all thofe that lie near eafily diſcharged from their cells ; then having cleared.
them ; nor fhould you lay them too thick in the it from all the hufk, &c. after having expoſed it one
houſe, which would occafion their fweating, and day to the fun to dry, you muſt put it up in bags
thereby rot them ; nor fhould they be put in a lower to preferve it for uſe.
room, or ground floor, but in a loft or garret ; and The directions here given is for the general crop of
the clofer they are kept from the air, the better they winter Onions ; but there are two other crops of this
will keep. You ſhould, at leaſt, once a month, look common fort of Onion, cultivated in the gardens
over them to fee if any of them are decayed ; which about London to fupply the market, one of which is
ifyou find, must be immediately taken away, other commonly called Michaelmas Onions. Theſe are
wife they will infect all that lie near them. fown in beds pretty clofe, the middle of Auguft,
But notwithstanding all the care you can poffibly take and muſt be well weeded when they come up. In
in the drying and houfing of your Onions, many of the fpring of the year, after the winter Onions are
them will grow in the loft, efpecially in mild winters, over, they are tied up in bunches to fupply the
which are generally moift ; therefore thoſe who would markets ; but from the thinning of theſe they carry
preferve them late in the feafon, fhould felect a parcel to market young green Onions in March, for fal
of the firmelt and moſt likely to keep from the lads , & c.
others, and with a hot iron flightly finge their beards, And in the fpring they fow more beds in the fame
or roots, which will effectually prevent their ſprouting; manner, to draw up young for fallads, after the Mi
but in doing of this there must be great caution uſed chaelmas Onions are grown too large for that purpofe;
not to fcorch the pulp of the Onions, for that will and where a ſupply of thefe are required, there may
cauſe them to perish foon after. be three different fowings, at about three weeks
The beft Onions for keeping are the Strafburgh kind, diſtance from each other, which will be fufficient for
which is an oval-ſhaped bulb ; but this feldom grows the feaſon.
fo large as the Spaniſh, which is flatter ; the white There are alfo the following forts of Onions cultivated
fort is eſteemed the ſweeteft ; but thefe varieties are in the kitchen-gardens.
not lafting ; for if you fave feeds of white Onions The Shallot, or Efchalottes, which is the Cepa Af
only, you will have a mixture of the red ones amongſt calonica. Matth. 556.
them ; nor will the Strafburgh Onion keep long to its The Ciboule, or Cepa fiffilis. Matth . Lugd . 1539.
kind, but will by degrees grow flatter, as do the The Cives, or Cepa fectilis juncifolia perennis. Mor.
large Portugal Onions, when planted in our climate, Hift . 2. 383 .
which in a year or two will be fo far degenerated, The Welch Onion I fuppofe to be the fame with the
as not to be known they were from that race. Ciboule, although they pafs under different appella
But in order to fave feeds, you muſt in the ſpring tions ; for I have feveral times received the Ĉiboule
make choice of fome of the firmeft, largeſt, and from abroad, which, when planted, prove to be what
beſt ſhaped Onions ( in quantity proportionable to the is generally known here by the title of Welch Onions.
feed you intend to fave ; ) and having prepared a There is alfo a great affinity between the Efchalottes
piece of good ground ( which ſhould be well dug, and and thefe, fo that they are not well diftinguiſhed yet ;
laid outin beds about three feet wide, ) in the beginning for although they are generally cultivated in the gar
or middle of March you muſt plant your Onions in dens, yet they are not well known to the botanists,
the following manner. Having ftrained a line about fome of whom have fuppofed a greater variety than
four inches within the fide of the bed, you muſt, is in nature ; while others have joined them together,
with a fpade, throw out an opening about fix inches making but two fpecies.
deep, the length of the bed, into which you fhould The Scallion, or Efcallion, is a fort of Onion which
place the Onions, with their roots downward, at never forms any bulbs atthe roots, and is chiefly uſed
about nine inches diftance from each other ; then in the fpring for green Onions, before the other forts,
with a rake draw the earth into the opening again fown in July, are big enough ; but this fort of
to cover the bulbs ; then proceed to remove the line Onion, how much foever in ufe formerly, is nowfo
again about a foot farther back, where you muſt fcarce as to be known to few people, and is rarely
make an opening as before, and fo again till the whole to be met with, except in curious botanic gardens :
is finiſhed ; fo that you will have four rows in each the gardeners near London fubftitute another fort for
bed, between which you muſt allow a fpace of two this, which are thoſe Onions which decay and ſprout
feet for an alley to go among them to clear them from in the houſe theſe they plant in a bed early in the
weeds, &c. In a month's time their leaves will ap fpring, which in a fhort time will grow large enough
pear above ground, and many of the roots will pro for ufe ; when they draw them up, and after pulling
duce three or four ſtalks each ; you must therefore off all the outer coat of the root, they tie them up
keep them diligently cleared from weeds, and about in bunches, and fell them in the market for Scal
the beginning of June, when the heads of the flowers lions.
begin to appear upon the tops of the ſtalks, you The true Scallion is eafily propagated by parting the
muſt provide a parcel of ftakes about four feet long, roots, either in fpring or autumn ; but the latter feafon
which fhould be driven into the ground, in the rows is preferable, becauſe of their being rendered more
of Onions, at about fix or eight feet apart ; to which fit for uſe in the fpring : theſe roots fhould be planted
you fhould faften fome packthread , rope yarn, or three or four in a hole, at about fix inches diſtance
fmall cord, which fhould be run on each fide the every way, in beds or borders three feet wide, which
ſtems of the Onions, a little below their heads, to in a fhort time will multiply exceedingly, and will
fupport them from breaking down with the wind and grow upon almoſt any foil and in any fituation ; and
rain ; for when the feeds are formed, the heads will their being fo hardy as to refift the fevereft of our
be heavy, and fo are very often broken down by winters, and being green, and fit for ufe fo early in'
their own weight, where they are not well fecured ; the fpring, renders them worthy of a place in all
and if the ſtalks are broken before the feeds have good kitchen-gardens.
arrived to maturity, they will not be near fo good, The Cives are a very ſmall fort of Onion, which
nor keep fo long as thofe which are perfectly ripened. never produce any bulbs, and feldom grow above fix
About the end of Auguft the Onion feed will be inches high in the blade, which is alfo very ſmall and
ripe, which may be known by its changing brown, flender, and are in round bunches like the former ;
this
 1

CEP CER

this was formerly in great requeſt for fallads in the arifing at the fame joint, ftanding round the branch ;
fpring, as being milder than thofe Onions which had theſe are near three inches long, and one and a quarter
flood through the winter ; theſe are propagated by broad, having a ſtrong vein running longitudinally
parting their roots like the former, and are alfo very through the middle, and fome ſmall tranfverfe veins
hardy, and will be fit for ufe early in the fpring. from that to the borders ; they are of a light green ,
The Welch Onions are only propagated for fpring and their foot-ftalks change to a reddish colour next
uſe alfo ; theſe never make any bulb, and are there the branches ; the ends of the branches are terminated
fore only fit to be uſed green for fallads, & c. They by loofe fpikes of fpherical heads, about the fize of a
are fown about the end of July, in beds of about marble, each of which are compofed of many fmall
three feet and a half wide, leaving alleys oftwo feet flowers, which are funnel-ſhaped, of a whitish yellow
broad to go between the beds to clean them, and in a colour, faftened to an axis which ſtands in the middle;
fortnight's time they will appear above ground, when thefe appear in July, and, in warm feafons, are fuc
they muſt be carefully cleared from weeds ; towards the ceeded by feeds, which have fometimes ripened in
middle of October their blades will die away, fo that England.
the whole ſpot will ſeem to be naked, which hath led Theſe plants are propagated chiefly by feeds ( though
many people to dig up the ground again, fuppofing there has been fome raifed from cuttings and layers ; )
the crop totally loft ; whereas, if they ftand undif theſe ſhould be fown in pots, for the greater conve
turbed, they will come up again very ftrong in Ja niency ofremoving them either into a fhady fituation ,
nuary, and from that time grow very vigorously, re or where they may have fhelter. If the feeds can be
fifting all weathers ; and by March will be fit to draw procured fo early as to fow them before Chriſtmas,
for young Onions, and are, in the markets, more the plants will come up the following fummer ; but
valued than any other fort at that ſeaſon ; for they if they are fown in the fpring, they generally remain
are extremely green and fine, though they are much a year in the ground ; therefore, in fuch cafe, the
ftronger than the common Onion in tefte, approaching pots fhould be placed in the fhade that fummer, and
nearer to Garlick, which hath occafioned their being in the autumn following removed under a common
lefs efteemed for the table : but as no winter, how frame to fhelter them from froft, and the fpring
ever hard, will hurt them, it is proper to have a few following the plants will come up.
of them to fupply the table, in cafe the common fort The first year, when the plants come up; it will be
fhould be deftroyed by frofts. neceffary to fhade them in hot dry weather, while
The roots of thefe Onions, if planted out at fix or they are young, at which time they are often de
eight inches diftance, in March, will produce ripe ftroyed by being too much expofed ; nor fhould the
feeds in autumn, but it will be in fmall quantities watering be neglected ; for as thefe plants naturally
the firſt year ; therefore the fame roots ſhould remain grow on moift ground, fo when they are not duly
unremoved, which the fecond and third year will watered in dry weather, the young plants will languiſh
produce many ſtems, and afford a good fupply of and decay.
feeds ; theſe roots will abide many years good, but The next autumn, when the leaves begin to drop,
fhould be tranfplanted and parted every fecond or the young plants may be tranfplanted into nurſery
third year, which will cauſe them to produce ftrong beds, which fhould be a little defended from the cold
feeds. winds ; and, if the foil is moist, they will fucceed
CEPHALANTHUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 105. Pla much better than in dry ground ; but where it hap
tanocephalus. Vaill. Acad. R. Scien. 1722. Button pens otherwiſe, it will be abfolutely neceffary to water
Wood. them in dry weather, otherwife there will be great
The CHARACTERS are, danger of the plants dying in the middle of fummer,
It bath a number offmallflowers, which are collected into which has been the cafe in many gardens where theſe
a fpherical head ; thefe have no common empalement, but plants were raiſed .
each particular flower hath a funnel-fhaped empalement, In thefe nurſery-beds the plants may remain a year
divided into four parts at the top ; the flower is funnel or two (according to the progrefs they may have
Shaped, of one petal, divided at the top into four parts, made, or the distance they were planted ; ) then they
inclofing fourftamina, which are inferted in the petal, and may be taken up in October, and tranfplanted where
are fhorter than the tube, being terminated by globular they are to remain for good. Although I have men
fummits. The germen is fituated under the flower, fup tioned but one feafon for tranfplanting them, yet
porting a style which is longer than the petal, and is this may alſo be performed in the fpring, efpecially
crowned by a globular ftigma ; the germen afterward be if the ground is moift into which they are removed,
comes a globular hairy capfule, inclosing one or two oblong or that the plants are duly watered, if the fpring
angular feeds ; these are joined to an axis, and form a fhould prove dry, otherwife there will be more
round bead. hazard of their growing when removed at this
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of feafon.
Linnæus's fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Mono Theſe plants make a pretty variety among other
gynia, the flower having four ftamina and but one hardy trees and fhrubs, being extreme hardy in re
ſtyle. fpect to cold ; but they delight in a moift light foil,
We have but one SPECIES of this plant, viz. where they will grow very faſt, and their leaves will
CEPHALANTHUS ( Occidentalis) foliis oppofitis ternifque. be larger than in dry land.
Flor. Virg. 15. Button-tree with leaves growing oppofite, CERASTIUM . Lin . Gen. Plant. 518. Mouſe-ear,
andfometimes by threes. Scabiofa dendroides Americana or Moufe-ear Chickweed ; in French, Oreille de
ternis foliis caulem ambientibus, floribus ochroleucis . Souris.
Pluk. Alm. 336. tab. 77. The CHARACTERS are ,
This fhrub grows naturally in North America, from It hath apermanent five-leaved empalement, which spreads
whence the feeds are annually fent to Europe , and of open ; the flower bath five obtufe bifid petals, which are
late years great numbers of the plants have been raiſed as large as the empalement. It hath ten flender ftamina
in the gardens of the curious ; but there are no very Shorter than the petals, terminated by roundish fummits.
large plants in the Engliſh gardens ; the largeſt I have In the center isfituated an oval germen, from which ariſe
feen are in the curious gardens of his grace the Duke five ftyles, which are hairy, erect, and crowned with ob
of Argyle, at Whitton, near Hounslow, where they tufe ftigma; the empalement afterward becomes an oval,
thrive better than in almoft any other place where cylindrical, or globular capfule with one cell, opening at
they have been planted, fo that in a moiſt foil they the top, containing many roundish feeds.
will do the beſt. This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fection
This feldom rifes higher than fix or feven feet in this of Linnæus's tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Pen
country. The branches come out by pairs, oppofite tagynia, the flower having ten ftamina and five
at each joint ; the leaves alſo ſtand oppofite, fome ftyles.
times by pairs, and at other times there are three
1 The
 CER CER

The SPECIES are, The fourth fort is very like the third in its whole
1. CERASTIUM ( Repens) foliis lancolatis, pedunculis ra appearance, and differs from it, in having but five
mofis, capfulis fubrotundis. Lin . Sp. Plant. 439 . ftamina in the flower, whereas the other hath ten.
Ceraftium with Spear-fhaped leaves, branchingfoot -
ftalks, This was difcovered by Mr. Loefling, a pupil of
and roundish capfules. Myofotis incana repens. Tourn. Dr. Linnæus's, in Spain, from whence he fent the feeds
Inft. R. H. 245. Hoary creeping Moufe-ear, by fome to Upfal, part of which were fent me by the Doctor.
called Sea Pink.
The fifth fort was diſcovered by Dr. Tournefort in
2. CERASTIUM ( Tomentofum) foliis oblongis, tomentofis, the Levant, from whence he fent the feeds to the
pedunculis ramofis, capfulis globofis . Lin. Sp . Plant . royal garden at Paris, where they fucceeded , and
440. Ceraftium with oblong woolly leaves, branchingfoot have been fince communicated to moft of the curious
ftalks, and globular capfules. Myofotis tomentofa, li botanic gardens in Europe. This is an annual plant,
nariæ folio anguftiore . Tourn. Inft. R. H. 245. which rifes with an upright ftalk a foot high; the
Woolly Moufe-ear with a narrow Toad-flax leaf. lower leaves of this plant have much reſemblance to
3. CERASTIUM (Dichotomum) foliis lanceolatis , caule thofe ofthe Lychnis, which is called Lobel's Catchfly,
dichotomo ramofiffimo, capfulis erectis. Prod . Leyd . fo that when the plants are young, it is not eafy to
450. Ceraftium with spear-shaped leaves, a very branching diftinguish them . The ftalks are garniſhed with
falk divided in forks, and upright capfules. Myofotis leaves of the fame fhape, but fmaller, placed by
Hifpanica fegetum . Tourn . Init. R. H. 545. Spanish pairs, and embrace the ftalks at their bafe. The
Corn Moufe-ear, or Horned Chickweed. flowers come out at the top of the ftalks, and alfo
4. CERASTIUM (Pentandrum) floribus pentandriis, pe from the wings of the leaves, on the upper part of
talis integris. Lin. Sp . Plant. 438. Ceraftium with the ſtalks, which are white, and ſhaped like thofe of
flowers having fiveftamina, and entire petals. Chickweed. They appear in May and June, and are
5. CERASTIUM ( Perfoliatum) foliis connatis. Hort. Cliff. fucceeded by beaked capfules, containing many
roundifh feeds.
173. Ceraftium whofe leaves are joined. Myofotis Orien
talis perfoliata folio lychnidis. Tourn. Cor. 18. Eaftern If the feeds of this fort are fown in autumn, they will
perfoliated Moufe- car with a Lychnis leaf. more certainly grow than thoſe which are fown in the
The first fort grows naturally in France and Italy, fpring ; or if the feeds are permitted to fcatter, the
and was formerly cultivated in the English gardens plants will come up and live through the winter, and
under the title of Sea Pink ; one of the ufes made will require no other care but to keep them clean
of it was to plant it as an edging to keep up the earth from weeds .
of borders ; but this was before the Dwarf Box was There are many other fpecies of this genus than are
brought to England, fince which all thoſe plants here enumerated , which are weeds in many parts of
which were formerly applied for this purpofe have England, fo are never cultivated in gardens, therefore
been neglected. This plant was by no means fit for not worthy of notice here.
this ufe, becauſe its creeping branches would fpread CERASUS [ xigaros, Gr. fo called according to Ser
into the walks where they put out roots into the vius, from Cerafus, a city of Pontus, which Lucullus
gravel ; fo that unless they are frequently cut off, having deftroyed, he carried the Cherry-tree from
they cannot be kept within compafs. thence to Rome, and called it Cerafus, after the name
This fends out many weak ftalks which trail upon of the city ; but others will have it that the city took
the ground, and put out roots at their joints, where its name from the abundance of thofe trees which
by it propagates very faft ; the leaves are placed by grew there. ] The Cherry-tree.
pairs oppofite, which are about two inches long, and The botanical characters of this genus, according to
little more than half an inch broad, very hoary ; the fyftem of Linnæus, are the fame with thofe of
thofe next the root are much ſmaller than the upper ; Prunus ; therefore he has joined the Apricot Cherry,
the flowers come out from the fide of the ftalks upon Laurel, and Bird Cherry together, making them only
flender foot-ftalks, which branch out into ſeveral fpecies of the fame genus ; but thofe who admit of
fmaller, each ſupporting a white flower, compoſed of the fruit, as a character to determine the genus , muſt
five petals, which are ſplit at the top . The whole feparate the Cherry from the others, becauſe they
flower has the appearance of Chickweed flowers, but differ greatly in the fhape of their ftones ; but there
are larger ; it flowers in May. is a more effential difference in nature between them,
It propagates too faft by its creeping roots and trail which is, that the Cherry will not grow upon a
ing branches, when it is admitted into gardens, fo Plumb-ftock, by budding or grafting, nor will the
may be planted in any foil or fituation ; and is very Plumb take upon a Cherry-ſtock ; and yet we know
proper to be planted between ftones on the fide of of no trees of the fame genus which do not unite with
grottos, where it will fpread, and thrive without each other, by budding or grafting.
care . However, as the joining fo many genera into one,
The feeds of the fecond fort I received from Iftria, would occafion great confufion among gardeners,
where it naturally grows ; this is by Parkinſon titled who cultivate thefe trees for fale, therefore if there
hoary narrow-leaved Pink. The leaves of this fort were no other motive than that, it would be a fuf
are narrower than thoſe of the former, and are much ficient excufe for not clofely following that fyftem in
whiter ; the ftalks grow more erect, and the feed-vef this work, which is defigned for the inftruction of
fels are rounder, in which their chief difference con thoſe who have not made botany their ſtudy ; fo I
fifts. This is a trailing plant, and propagates by fhall refer the reader to the article PRUNUS , under
fending out roots at the joints, in the fame manner which the botanical characters will be inferted, and
as the former, and is equally hardy. It flowers in proceed to the fpecies.
May and June, and the feeds ripen in Auguft. I ſhall firſt enumerate the forts which are fpecifically
The third fort is annual ; this grows naturally on different from each other, and then mention the va
arable land in Spain, from whence the feeds were rieties of thefe fruits, which are cultivated in the
fent to England, where it is allowed a place in bo English gardens ; many of which feem to differ fo ef
tanic gardens for the fake of variety, but hath not fentially from each other, that they may be allowed
much beauty ; this hath branching ftalks, which as fpecific differences ; but as I have not had an op
grow about fix inches high, dividing by pairs in forks, portunity of trying the various forts from feeds, to
the flowers coming out in the middle ofthe divifions , fee ifthey alter, fo I chofe to infert them only as va
which are ſhaped like thofe of Chickweed ; the whole rieties, till further obfervation may better fettle their
plant has a clammy moisture, which ſticks to the boundaries .
fingers of thofe who handle it. This flowers in May, The SPECIES are ,
and the feeds ripen in July. If the feeds are fown in 1. CERASUS (Vulgaris) foliis ovato-lanceolatis, ferratis .
autumn, they will fucceed better than in the fpring ; The common, or Kentish Cherry. Cerafus fativa rotunda
or if they are permitted to fall, the plants will rife rubra & acida. C. B. P. 449. Manured Cherry with
without care. round, red, acid fruit.
6 2. CERASUS
 CER CER

2. CERASUS (Nigra) foliis ferratis lanceolatis. Cherry is cultivated as a flowering fhrub for ornament. The
tree with Spear-shaped fawed leaves. Cerafus major ac ftones of this were fent me by Dr. Bernard de Juſſieu,
fylveftris, fructu fubdulci nigro colore inficiente. profeffor of botany at Paris, which fucceeded very
Č . B. P. 450. Greater wild Cherry-tree with a fweetiſh well in the Chelfea garden ; but by comparing this
fruit, whofe juice affords a black colour. with a fpecimen of the old Chamæcerafus, or Cerafus
3. CERASUS ( Hortenfis ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis , floribus humilis of Gerard, and other old writers, I find it to
confertis. Cherry-tree with oval ſpear-shaped leaves, and be the fame plant, for it alſo agrees exactly with their
flowersgrowing in clusters. Cerafus racemofa hortenfis . defcriptions of it.
C. B. P. 450. Commonly called the Cluster Cherry. This is a low fhrub, which feldom grows more than
4. CERASUS ( Mahaleb) floribus corymbofis, foliis ovatis. three or four feet high, fending out many horizontal
Lin . Sp. Plant. 474. Cherry-tree with flowers growing branches , which ſpread near the ground on every
in round bunches, and oval leaves. Cerafus fylveftris fide ; and the lower branches are very fubject to lie in
amara, mahaleb putata. J. B. The Mahaleb or per the ground, where they will put out roots, and thereby
fumed Cherry. multiply. The young branches have a very ſmooth
5. CERASUS (Canadenfis) foliis lanceolatis, glabris , inte bark, inclining toward red ; the leaves are long,
gerrimis, fubtus, cæfiis, ramis patulis . Cherry-tree narrow, very imooth, and entire, having the appear
with Smooth, fpear-shaped, entire leaves, of a bluish ance of fome forts of Willow leaves, of a light
green on their underfide, andspreading branches. Cera green on their upper fide, but of a bluifh or fea-green
fus pumila Canadenfis, oblongo angufto folio fructu on their under : the flowers come out from the fide
parvo. Du Hamel. Dwarf Canada Cherry, with oblong of the branches, two , three, or four arifing at the
narrow leaves, and aſmall fruit, called Ragouminier, Ne fame joint most part of the length of the young
ga, or Niinel in Canada. fhoots ; thefe are shaped like thofe of the common
The first fort is the common or Kentifh Cherry, Cherry, but are fmaller, ftanding upon long flender
which is fo well known in England as to need no de foot-ftalks. The fruit is like thofe of the fmall wild
Cherry, but hath a bitterifh flavour. It flowers
fcription. From this fort it hath been fuppofed many
of the varieties which are cultivated in the English about the fame time as the other forts of Cherries,
gardens, have been raifed ; but as there are very and the fruit ripens in July ; thefe fruit are good
great differences in the fize and fhape of their leaves, food for birds, and the French plant them among
as alfo in the fhoots of the trees from thofe of this their other fhrubs, to entice the birds to harbour
fort, I think it is very doubtful, where the boun there .
daries of their ſpecific differences terminate : how It is eafily propagated by laying down the branches
ever, I fhall comply with the generality of modern early in the fpring, which will take root by the tol
botanifts, in fuppofing the following forts to have, lowing autumn, when they may be taken off, and ei
been produced from the feeds of this, as we have not ther planted in a nurſery to get ſtrength, or to the
fufficient experiments to determine otherwife. places where they are defigned to remain. It may
The Ox Heart.
The Early May Cherry. alfo be propagated by fowing the ftones, in the fame
The May Duke Cherry. The Lukeward. manner as other Cherries.
The Archduke Cherry. The Carnation. All the forts of Cherries which are uſually cultivated
The Flemish Cherry. The Hertfordshire Heart. in fruit-gardens, are propagated by budding or graft
The Red Heart. The Morello . ing the feveral kinds into ſtocks of the Black or wild
The White Heart. The Bleeding Heart. Red Cherries, which are ftrong fhooters, and of
The Black Heart. Yellow Spaniſh Cherry. longer duration than any of the garden kinds. The
The Amber Heart. ftones of thefe two kinds are fown in a bed of light
Two forts with double flowers, one larger and fuller fandy earth in autumn (or are preſerved in fand till
than the other. Thefe are propagated for ornament. fpring, and then fowed . ) When theſe ſtocks ariſe
The fecond fort above-mentioned is the Black Cherry, they muſt be carefully weeded, and if in dry weather
which is fuppofed to be a native of England. This you refreſh them with water, it will greatly promote
grows to be a large tree, fit for timber, and is fre their growth . Thefe ftocks fhould remain in the
quently found growing as fuch in the woods. From nurſery-beds till the fecond autumn after fowing ; at
this, the only varieties which I have ever known which time you fhould prepare an open fpot of good
raiſed by feeds, are the Black Coroun, and the frefh earth, which fhould be well worked ; but if
fmall Wild Cherry ; of which there are two or three the foil is freſh, it will be the better. In this ground,
varieties, which differ in the fize and colour of their in October, you ſhould plant out the young ftocks
fruit. at three feet diftance row from row, and about a foot
Thefe Wild Cherries are very proper to plant in parks , afunder in the rows, being careful in taking them .
becauſe they grow to a large fize, and make beautiful up from their feed-beds to loofen their roots well with
trees ; and in the fpring, when they are in flower, a fpade, to prevent their breaking, as alſo to prune
will be very ornamental. The fruit of them will be their roots ; and if they are inclinable to root down
good food for birds, and when the trees are cut down, wards, you ſhould ſhorten the tap-root to cauſe it to
the wood is very useful for turners. Thefe trees will put out lateral roots ; but do not prune their tops,
thrive in poor land better than moft other forts , fo for this is what by no means they will endure.
there is an advantage in propagating them in thoſe The fecond year after planting out, if they take to
places. The French often plant them for avenues to growing well, they will be fit to bud, if they are in
their houſes, upon fuch land where they cannot get tended for dwarfs : but if they are for ftandards, they
any other trees to thrive ; they alfo cultivate them in will not be tall enough until the fourth year ; for they
their woods to cut for hoops, and greatly eſteem fhould be budded or grafted near fix feet from the
them for this purpoſe. ground, otherwife the graft will not advance much
The ftones of this fort are generally fown for raifing in height ; fo that it will be impoffible to make a good
ftocks to graft or bud the other forts of Cherries up tree from fuch as are grafted low, unleſs the graft is
on, being of quicker growth, and of longer duration trained upward.

than either of the other, fo are very juftly eſteemed The ufual way with the nurſery gardeners is to bud
and preferred to them. their ſtocks in fummer, and fuch of them as miſcarry
The wood of the fourth fort, is by the French greatly they graft the fucceeding ſpring (the manner of theſe
efteemed for making of cabinets, becauſe it hath an operations will be defcribed under their proper heads . )
agreeable odour. This, and the wood of the Bird Thoſe trees where the buds have taken, muſt be
Cherry, are often blended together, and paſs under headed off in the beginning of March about fix inches
the appellation of Bois de Sainte Lucie ; but the Bird above the bud ; and when the bud hath fhot in fum
Cherry is the true fort. mer, if you fear its being blown out by the winds, you
The fifth fort was brought from Canada, where it may faften it up with fome bafs, or any other foft
grows naturally, to the gardens in France, where it. binding, to that part of the ſtock which was left abovę
L11 the
 CER CER

the bud. The autumn following theſe trees will be fit it is cut the weaker it fhoots ; and, at laft, by frew
to remove ; but if your ground is not ready to re quent pruning, I have known a whole wall of them
ceive them, they may remain two years before they deftroyed , which, if they had been fuffered to grow
are tranfplanted ; in doing which, you must obferve without any pruning, might probably have lived many
not to head them, as is by many practifed, for this years, and produced large quantities of fruit.
very often is immediate death to them ; but if they Cherry- trees are alfo planted for orchards in many
furvive it, they feldom recover this amputation in five parts of England, particularly in Kent, where there
or fix years. are large plantations of thefe trees. The ufual dif
If thefe trees are intended for a wall, I would adviſe tance allowed for their ftanding is forty feet fquare,
the planting dwarfs between the ftandards ; fo that at which ſpace they are lefs fubject to blight than
while the dwarfs are filling the bottom of the walls, when they are clofer planted ; and the ground may be
the ſtandards will cover the tops, and will produce tilled between them almoſt as well as if it were entire
a great deal of fruit : but thefe, as the dwarfs arife ly clear, efpecially while the trees are young ; and
to fill the walls, muft be cut away to make room for often ftirring the ground, provided you do not dif
them ; and when the dwarf trees cover the walls, the turb their roots, will greatly help the trees ; but
ftandards fhould be entirely taken away. But I would when they are grown fo big as to over-fhadow the
advife, never to plant ftandard Cherries over other ground, the drip of their leaves will fuffer very few
fruits, for there is no other fort of fruit that will prof. things to thrive under them. Thefe ftandard trees
per well under the drip of Cherries. fhould be planted in a fituation defended as much as
When theſe trees are taken up from the nurſery, poffible from the ftrong wefterly winds, which are
their roots muſt be fhortened, and all the bruifed parts very apt to break their tender branches ; this occafi .
cut off , and alfo all the fmall fibres, which would ons their gumming, and is very prejudicial to them.
dry, grow mouldy, and be a great prejudice to the The forts beft approved for an orchard, are the com
new fibres in their coming forth ; you muſt alfo cut mon Red, or Kentish Cherry, the Duke, and Luke
off the dead part of the ftock which was left above ward ; all which are plentiful bearers. But orchards
the bud, clofe down to the back part of it, that the of thefe trees are now fcarcely worth planting, except
ftock may be covered by the bud. If thefe trees are where land is very cheap ; for the uncertainty of their
defigned for a wall, obferve to place the bud directly bearing, with the trouble in gathering the fruit, to,
from the wall, that the back part of the ſtock that gether with the fmall price it commonly yields, hath
was cut may be hid from fight. The foil that Cher occafioned the deftroying many orchards of this fruit
ries thrive beft in, is a fresh hazel loam ; but if the in Kent within a few years paft.
foil is a dry gravel, they will not live many years, and This fruit was brought out of Pontus, at the time
will be perpetually blighted in the ſpring. of the Mithridatic victory, by Lucullus, in the year
The forts commonly planted against walls, are the of the city 680 , and were brought into Britain about
Early May, and May Duke, which fhould have a 120 years afterward, which was An. Dom. 55 ; and
fouth afpected wall. The Hearts and common Duke were foon after fpread through moft parts of Europe,
will thrive on a weft wall ; and in order to continue it being generally eſteemed for its earlineſs, as being
this fort later in the feafon, they are frequently planted one of the first of the tree fruit that appears to wel
againſt north and north-weft afpected walls, where come in the approaching fruit ſeaſon .
they fucceed very well ; and the Morello on a north This fort of fruit hath been by many people grafted
wall, which laft is chiefly planted for preferving. upon the Laurel, to which it is a congener ; but the
The Hearts are all of them ill bearers, for which rea effect it hath in the growth of the tree, as alfo in its
fon they are feldom planted againſt walls but I am fruit, will not recommend it to practice, the trees
apt to believe, if they were grafted upon the Bird being of fhort duration , and feldom produce much
Cherry, and managed properly, that defect might be fruit ; though this practice is as old as Pliny, who
remedied ; for this ftock (as I am informed) will ren fays it gives the fruit a pleafant bitterneſs : but there
der Cherries very fruitful ; and having the fame ef is little to be depended upon in the writings of the
fect on Cherries, as the Paradife ftock hath on Apples, ancients, with refpect to the feveral forts of trees be
they may be kept in lefs compafs , which is an expe ing grafted upon each other ; very few of thofe which
riment well worth the trial. we find mentioned by them to have been frequently
Your trees, if planted against a wall, fhould be practifed, will not fucceed with us. Nor is it owing
placed at least twenty or twenty-four feet afunder, to the difference of climate, as fome have fuppofed,
with a ſtandard tree between each dwarf : this will who are inclinable to believe whatever they find re
be found a reaſonable diſtance , when we confider, that lated in thoſe books, efpecially in the bufinefs of buf
Cherry-trees will extend themſelves full as far as Apri bandry and gardening , whereas many of the rules for
cots, and many other forts of fruit. the practical part of huſbandry, are not founded on
In pruning theſe forts of fruit, you ſhould never experiments, but are mere theory ; for from many
fhorten their fhoots ; for the moſt part of them pro repeated trials which have been made with the utmoſt
duce their fruit buds at the extremities, which, when care, by perfons of the beft fkill , it appears, that no
fhortened, are cut off, and this often occafions the two forts of trees, which are of different claffes, will
death of the ſhoot, at leaſt a good part of its length : take upon each other. However, the Laurel and
their branches fhould be therefore trained in at full the Cherry being of the fame genus, or fo near of
length horizontally, obferving in May, where there is a kin to be ranked together by moft botanifts, will
vacancy in the wall, to ftop fome ſtrong adjoining take upon each other by grafting. But I have not
branches, which will occafion their putting out two or yet feen any of the trees fo grafted, which have lived
more fhoots ; by which means, at that feafon of the to be of any confiderable fize ; though I have feen
year,you may always get a fupply of wood for covering many trees fo grafted, which have lived a few years,
the wall ; and at the fame time, fhould all foreright but have made very poor progrefs ; nor do I remem
fhoots be difplaced by the hand ; for if they are fuffered ber to have ſeen any fruit upon the Cherry-trees
to grow till winter, they will not only deprive the bear which were grafted on the Laurels, therefore cannot
ing branches of their proper fupply of nourishment, but determine what effect this has on the flavour of the
when they are cut out, it occafions the tree to gum in fruit.
that part (for Cherries bear the knife the worſt of any There are ſome perfons who graft the Duke, and
fort of fruit trees ; ) but be careful not to rub off the fides other forts of Cherries, upon the Morello Cherry,
or fpurs, which are produced upon the two and three which is but a weak fhooter, in order to check the
years oldwood; for it is upon thefe that the greateſt part luxuriant growth of their trees, which will fucceed
of the fruit are produced, which fides will continue for three or four years : but they are not of long du
fruitful for feveral years . And it is for want of duly ration, nor have I ever ſeen one tree fo grafted, which
obferving this caution , that Cherry-trees are often ſeen had made ſhoots above fix or eight inches long, but
fo unfruitful, efpecially the Morello, which the mo e they were closely covered with bloffoms, fo may pre
1 duce
 CER CER

duce fome fruit in a finall compafs ; but theſe are ex the flowers being as double and large as a Cinnamon
periments unfit to be carried into general ufe, and Rofe ; and thefe being produced in large bunches on
only proper to fatisfy curiofity ; for is it not much every part of the tree, render it one of the moſt beau
better to allow the trees a greater fhare of room tiful trees of the fpring. Some of the flowers which
againſt the walls, when one tree fo planted and pro are lefs double , will often produce fome fruit, which
perly managed, will produce more fruit than twenty the very double flowers will not ; but this defect is
of theſe trees, or twice that number, when they are fufficiently recompenfed in the beauty of its flowers.
planted too cloſe, though they are grafted upon the This is propagated by budding or grafting on the
Black Cherry or any other free ſtock. Black or Wild Cherry ſtock, and the trees are very
The Early or May Cherry is the firſt ripe, ſo one or proper to intermix with the fecond growth of flower
two trees of this fort may be allowed a place in a gar ing trees.
den, where there is room for variety. The next ripe CERASUS RACEMOSA . See Padus .
is the May Duke, which is a larger fruit than the CERATONIA . Lin. Gen. Plant. 983. Siliqua.
other, and is more valuable. After this comes the Tourn. Inft. R. H. 578. tab . 344. The Carob, or St.
Archduke, which, if permitted to hang upon the John's Bread, in French Carouge.
tree till the fruit is quite ripe, is an excellent Cherry ; The CHARACTERS are,
•
but few perſons have patience to let them hang their It is male andfemale in diftinct trees. The male flowers
full time, fo rarely have them in perfection , for theſe have large empalements , divided into five parts ; they have
fhould not be gathered before July ; and if they no petals, but have five longftamina, terminated by large
hang a fortnight longer they will be better. This fummits. The female flowers have empalements of one
is to be understood of the fituation near London, leaf, divided by five tubercles ; they have no petals, but
where they ripen a fortnight earlier than in places *
aflefby germen fituated within the receptacle, fupporting
forty miles diftant, unleſs they have a very warm a flender ftyle, crowned by aftigma in form of a head.
fheltered fituation . When this fort is planted againſt The germen afterward becomes a long, flefby, compreſſed
north walls, the fruit may be continued till the middle pod, divided by tranfverfe partitions, each having one
of Auguft ; but theſe muſt be protected from the large, roundifh, compreffed feed.
birds, otherwife they will deftroy them. This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection of
The Hertfordshire Cherry, which is a fort of Heart Linnæus's twenty-third clafs, intitled Polygamia Tri
Cherry, but a firmer and better flavoured fruit, will cecia. The plants of this clafs have male, female,
not ripen earlier than the end of July, or the begin and hermaphrodite flowers on diftinct plants.
ning of Auguft, which makes it the more valuable We have but one SPECIES of this genus, viz .
for its coming when the other forts of Cherries are CERATONIA ( Siliqua . ) H. L. The Carob-tree, or St.
gone. This is now pretty common in the nurſeries ; John's Bread. Siliqua edulis of Cafpar Bauhin, and
but as it is one of the beft kind of Cherries, it is well the Caroba of Dale.
worthy of being propagated in the nurſeries. This tree is very common in Spain, and in fome parts
The Morello Cherry, which is generally planted of Italy, as alfo in the Levant, where it grows in the
against walls to a north afpect, and the fruit com hedges, and produces a great quantity of long, flat,
monly uſed for preferving ; yet where they are plant brown-coloured pods, which are thick , meally, and
ed to a better afpect, and fuffered to hang upon the of a fweetiſh taſte . Theſe pods are many times caten
trees until they are thoroughly ripe, is a very good by the poorer fort of inhabitants when they have a
fruit for the table ; therefore fome of the trees of this fcarcity of other food, but they are apt to loofen the
fort ſhould have place where there is plenty of wall belly, and caufe gripings of the bowels. The pods
ing, upon a fouth-west wall, where they will ripen are directed by the College of Phyficians to enter fome
perfectly by the middle or end of Auguft, at which medicinal preparations, for which purpoſe they are
time they will be an acceptable fruit. often brought from abroad.
The Carnation Cherry is alfo valuable for coming In England the tree is preferved by fuch as delight
late in the ſeaſon ; this has a very firm fleſhy fruit, but in exotic plants, as a curiofity ; the leaves always
is not the beft bearer. This fort will fome feafons continue green, and being different in fhape from
ripen very well on efpaliers, and by this means the moft other plants, afford an agreeable variety when
fruit may be continued longer in the feafon. intermixed with Oranges, Myrtles, &c. in the green
The large Spaniſh Cherry is nearly allied to the Duke houſe.
Cherry, from which it feems to be only a variety ac Theſe plants are propagated from feeds, which , when
cidentally obtained ; this ripens foon after the com brought over freſh in the pods, will grow very well, if
mon Duke Cherry, and very often paffes for it. they are fown in the fpring upon a moderate hot-bed ;
The yellow Spaniſh Cherry is of an oval ſhape and and when the plants are come up they ſhould be care
of an amber colour ; this ripens late, and is a ſweet fully tranfplanted each into a ſeparate ſmall pot filled
Cherry, but not of a rich flavour ; and being but a with light rich earth, and plunged into another mo
middling bearer, is not often admitted into curi derate hot- bed, obferving to water and fhade them
ous gardens, unlefs where variety is chiefly con until they have taken root ; after which you muſt let
fidered . them have air, in proportion to the heat of the wea
The Corone, or Coroun Cherry, is fomewhat like the ther. In June you muſt inure them to the open air
Black Heart, but a little rounder ; this is a very good by degrees ; and in July they ſhould be removed out
bearer and an excellent fruit, fo fhould have a place of the hot-bed, and placed in a warm fituation , where
in every good fruit-garden. This ripens the middle they may remain until the beginning of October,
of July. when they fhould be removed into the green-houſe,
The Lukeward ripens ſoon after the Corone Cherry ; placing them where they may have free air in mild wea
this is a good bearer, and a very good fruit ; it is of ther ; for they are pretty hardy, and require only to
a dark colour, not fo black as the Corone ; this will be ſheltered from hard frofts. When the plants have
do well in ftandards, remained in the pots three or four years, and have
The Black Cherry is feldom grafted or budded, but gotten ftrength, fome of them may be turned out of
is generally fown for ftocks to graft the other kinds of the pots in the fpring, and planted into the full ground,
Cherries upon ; but where perfons are curious to have in a warm fituation, near a fouth wall, where they
the beſt flavoured of this fort of fruit, they fhould be will endure the cold of our ordinary winters very well,
propagated by grafting from fuch trees as produce but muſt have ſome ſhelter in very hard weather.
the beſt fruit. This fort of Cherry is frequently I have not as yet feen any of theſe trees produce
planted in wilderneffes, where it will grow to a large flowers, though from fome which have been planted
fize, and, at the time of its flowering, will make a fome time againſt walls, it is probable there may
variety, and the fruit will be food for the birds. be flowers and fruit in a few years ; though it can
The double-flowering Cherry is alſo propagated for not be expected that the fruit will ever ripen in this
the beauty of the flowers, which are extremely fine, country,
CER.
 CER CER

CERBERA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 260. Thevetia. Lin. about the fame time as the former, but never pro
Hort. Cliff. 76. Prod . Leyd . 413. Ahouai. Tourn . duces fruit in England .
Inft. R. H. 657. tab. 434. The third fort grows naturally in India, and alfo in
The CHARACTERS are, fome parts of the Spanish West Indies, from whence I
The empalement is composed of five fharp-pointed leaves, received the feeds ; this rifes with a woody ſtem to
which spread open and fall away. The flower is of one the height of twenty feet, fending out many branches
leaf, funnel -fhaped, having a long tube fpread open at the toward the top, garnifhed with long fpear-shaped
top, where it is divided into five large obtufe fegments, leaves, which are rounded at their ends ; they are
ftanding oblique to the mouth of the tube ; it hath five thick , fucculent, and, on their upper fide, of a lu
Staminafituated in the middle of the tube, which are ter cid green, having feveral tranfverfe nerves from the
minated by erect fummits , thefe ftand clofe together. In midrib to the fide ; on their under fide they are of a
the center is fituated a roundish germen, fupporting ashort paler green. The flowers are produced at the end of
Style, crowned by a stigma in form of a head. The ger the branches, ftanding on long foot-ftalks, each fuf
men afterward becomes a large, fleshy, roundish berry, taining two or three flowers fhaped like thoſe of the
with a longitudinal furrow on the fide, dividing it into other species.
two cells, each containing a fingle, large, compreffed nut. Thefe plants may be propagated from their nuts,
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of which must be procured from the countries where
Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia, they grow naturally ; thefe fhould be put into fmall
the flower having five ftamina and one ſtyle . pots filled with light earth, and plunged into a hot
The SPECIES are, bed of tanners bark in the fpring, and treated in the
1. CERBERA ( Abouai ) foliis ovatis . Lin . Sp . Plant. 208 . fame manner as other tender exotic feeds, giving them
Cerbera with oval leaves. Ahouai. Thevet. Antarct . now and then a little water to promote their vegeta
66. Tourn. Inft. 658. The Abouai. tion. Whenthe plants are come up about two inches
2. CERBERA (Thevetia) foliis linearibus, longiffimis , high, they ſhould be tranfplanted each into a fepa
confertis . Lin. Sp. Plant. 209. Cerbera with very long, rate pot, filled with light fandy earth, and plunged
narrow leaves growing in clusters. Ahouai Nerii folio, again into a hot-bed of tanners bark, obferving to
flore luteo. Plum. Cat. 20. Abouai with a Rofe-bay fhade the glaffes in the heat of the day, until the
leaf, and a yellow flower. plants have taken new root ; they muſt alſo be fre
3. CERBERA ( Manghas ) foliis lanceolatis , nervis tranf quently refreſhed with water, but it muſt not be
verfalibus. Flor. Zeyl. 106. Cerbera with spear-shaped given in too large quantities. As the fummer ad
leaves and tranfverfe nerves. Manghas lactefcens, fo vances, thefe plants fhould have air admitted to them
liis Nerii craffis venofis, Jafmini flore, fructu Perfici in proportion to the warmth of the feafon ; and when
fimili venenato. Burm. Zeyl. 150. tab. 70. they have filled thefe fmall pots with their roots, they
The firſt fort grows naturally in the Brazils, and alſo fhould be turned out and tranfplanted into other pots
in the Spaniſh Weſt Indies in plenty ; and there are of a larger fize, but they muft not be too large , for
fome ofthe trees growing in the Britiſh iſlands of A the roots of thefe plants fhould be confined, nor fhould
merica ; this rifes with an irregular ftem to the height the earth in which they are planted be rich, but a
of eight or ten feet, fending out many crooked dif light fandy foil is beft for them ; after they are new
fufed branches, which toward their tops are garnished potted they ſhould be plunged into the hot-bed again,
with thick fucculent leaves about three inches long, obferving to water them now and then, as alfo to ad
and near two broad , of a lucid green, fmooth, and mit air under the glaffes every day in proportion to
very full of a milky juice, as is every part of the the warmth of the feafon. When the plants are grown
fhrubs . The flowers come out in loofe bunches at about a foot high, they ſhould have a larger fhare
the end of the branches , of a cream colour, having of air, in order to harden them before the winter,
long narrow tubes at the top cut into five obtufe feg but they fhould not be wholly expofed to the open
ments, which ſeem twiſted, fo as to ſtand oblique to air. In the winter thefe plants fhould be placed in a
the tube ; thefe fpread open, and have the appearance warm ſtove, and during that feaſon they fhould have
of the flowers of Oleander. It flowers in July and very little water given to them, efpecially in cold
Auguft, but never produces fruit in England. The weather, left it fhould rot their roots. In the fol
wood of this tree ftinks moft abominably, and the lowing fpring theſe plants fhould be ſhifted again into
kernels of the nuts are a moft deadly poifon ; fo that other pots, at which time you fhould take away as
the Indians always caution their children againſt eating much as you conveniently can of the old earth from
them , for they know of no antidote to expel this poi-. their roots, and afterwards cut off the decayed fibres ;
fon ; nor will any of them ufe the wood of this tree then put them into pots filled with the fame light fan
for fuel, but they take the kernels out of the fhells , dy earth, and plunge them into the bark-bed again,
into which they put finall ftones, then bore a hole for theſe plants will not thrive well unlefs they are
through each fhell, and ftring them ; theſe they tie conftantly kept in tan : and as they abound with
about their legs to dance with, as the morris- dancers milky juice, they fhould be fparingly watered, for
ufe bells. they are impatient of moisture, efpecially during the
The fecond fort grows naturally in the Spaniſh Weſt winter feafon .
Indies, and alfo in fome of the French iſlands in A When by any accident the tops of theſe plants are
merica, and hath lately been introduced into the Bri injured, they frequently put out fhoots from their
tiſh iſlands, from whence I received the feeds by the roots, which, if carefully taken up and potted, will
title of French Phyfic Nut ; but how it came by that make good plants, fo that they may be this way pro
appellation, I cannot imagine, becauſe there is another pagated.
plant which grows common there, and has paffed un CERCIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 458. Siliquaftrum . Tourn.
der that title many years. Inft. R. H. 646. tab . 414. The Judas-tree, in French
This rifes with a round ftalk about the fame height Guainier.
as the former, dividing upward into many branches. The CHARACTERS are,
Thefe, when young, are covered with a green fmooth It bath a fhort bell-shaped empalement of one leaf, which
bark, but as they grow older, the bark becomes rough, is convex at the bottom, and full of honey liquor ; at the
but changes to a gray or Afh- colour. The leaves are top it is indented in five parts. The flower bath five
four or five inches long, and half an inch broad in petals, which are inferted in the empalement, and greatly
the middle, ending in tharp points, of a lucid green, refembles a papilionaceous flower. The two wings rife
and come out in cluſters without order, and are full above the standard, and are reflexed ; the standard is of
of a milky juice, which flows out when they are one roundish petal, and the keel is compofed of two petals,
broken. The flowers come out from the fide of the
in form of a heart, which inclofe the parts of genera
branches upon long foot-ftalks, each fupporting two tion. It hath ten diftinct ftamina, which decline, four
or three yellow flowers with long tubes, fpreading of which are longer than the rest, and are terminated by
open in the fame manner as the former. It flowers oblong incumbent fuumits. It hath a long flender ger
men,
 CER CER

men, fitting upon a flender Style, crowned by an obtufe are weaker than thofe of the firft fort ; the leaves are
figma ; the germen afterward becomes an oblong pod with downy, and terminate in points ; whereas thofe of
an oblique point, having one cell, incloſingſeveral roundiſh. the first are ſmooth, and round at the end where they
are indented. The flowers of this are alfo finaller, fo
compreffed feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of do not make fo fine appearance as thofe of the firit ;
Linnæus's tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Monogynia, but the trees are equally hardy, and will thrive in the
the flower having ten ftamina and one ſtyle. This open air very well.
genus is by all the writers placed with the papilio The flowers of this fort are frequently put into fallads
naceous flowers, before Linnæus's Syftem, which by the inhabitants of America ; and the French in
feparates it from them, becauſe the ftamina in theſe Canada pickle the flowers, but thefe have little fla
flowers are all diftinct ; whereas the papilionaceous vour. The wood of this tree is of the fame colour
flowers have nine ftamina joined together, and one and texture as that of the firſt.
ſeparate. Thefe plants may be propagated by fowing their feeds
The SPECIES are, upon a bed of light earth, towards the latter end of
1. CERCIS (Siliqueftrum) foliis cordato-orbiculatis gla March, or the beginning of April ( and if you put a
bris. Hort. Cliff. 156. Cercis with round, heart-shaped, little hot dung under the bed, it will greatly facilitate
fmooth leaves. Siliquaftrum. Caft. Duran. 415. and the growth of the feeds ; ) when the feeds are fown,
the Arbor Judæ. Dod . Pemp. 786. The common Ju fift the earth over them about half an inch thick ;
das-tree. and, if the ſeaſon prove wet, it will be proper to
2. CERCIS (Canadenfis) foliis cordatis pubefcentibus. cover the bed with mats, to preferve it from great
shaped leaves.
Hort. Cliff. 156. Cercis with downy heart - rains, which will fometimes burft the feeds, and caufe
Siliquaftrum Canadenfe. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 647. them to rot ; the feeds will often remain till the fpring
Canada Arbor Juda, or Red Bud-tree. following before they come up, fo the ground mult
The firft fort grows naturally in the fouth of France, not be disturbed till you are convinced that the plants
Spain, and Italy, and is by the Spaniards and Por are all come up ; for fome few may rife the firft year,
tugueſe, titled the Tree of Love : this rifes with an and a greater number the fecond.
upright trunk to the height of twenty feet, covered When the plants are come up they should be care
with a dark brown bark, dividing upward into many fully cleared from weeds, and in very dry weather
irregular branches, garniſhed with round, heart-fhap muſt be now and then refreſhed with water, which
ed, finooth leaves, placed irregularly on the branches, will greatly promote their growth. The winter fol
having long foot-ftalks ; they are of a pale green on lowing, if the weather is very cold, it will be proper
their upper, and of a grayifh colour on their under to ſhelter the plants, by covering them either with
fide, and fall off in autumn. The flowers come out mats or dry ftraw in hard frofts, but they fhould
on every fide the branches, and many times from the conftantly be opened in mild weather, otherwife they
ftem of the tree in large cluſters, arifing from the will grow mouldy and decay.
fame point, having fhort foot-ftalks ; they are of a About the beginning of April, you ſhould prepare a
very bright purple colour, fo make a fine appearance, fpot of good fresh ground, to tranſplant theſe out
1
efpecially when the branches are covered pretty thick (for the beft feafon to remove them is just before they
with them for they come out in the fpring with the begin to fhoot ; ) then you fhould carefully take up
leaves, fo are in full beauty before the leaves have the plants, being careful not to break their roots,
obtained to half their fize. The ſhape of the flower and plant them as foon as poffible, becauſe if their
is the fame as other papilionaceous (or butterfly) roots are dried by the air, it will greatly prejudice
flowers ; theſe have an agreeable poignancy, fo are them .
frequently eaten in fallads. When the flowers fall The diſtance thefe fhould be planted, muſt be pro
off, the germen becomes a long flat pod with one portionable to the time they are to remain before they
cell, containing one row of roundifh feeds, a little are again tranfplanted ; but commonly they are plant
compreffed ; but thefe do not often fucceed the flow ed two feet row from row, and a foot afunder in the
ers in this country upon ftandard trees, for the birds. rows, which is full room enough for them to grow
pick off the flowers when fully open ; but where they two or three years, by which time they fhould be
have been planted againſt good afpected walls, I have tranſplanted where they are defigned to remain ; for
feen great plenty of the pods, which, in warm fea if they are too old when removed, they ſeldom fuc
fons, have ripened very well. ceed fo well as younger plants.
Theſe trees are ufually planted with other flowering The ground between the plants fhould be carefully
trees and fhrubs for ornaments to pleafure-gardens, kept clean from weeds in fummer, and in the fpring
and fortheir fingular beauty, deferve a place as well fhould be well dug to loofen the earth, that their
as moſt other forts ; for when they are arrived to a roots may extend themſelves every way ; at that fea
good fize, they are productive of flowers, fo as that fon prune off all ſtrong fide branches ( efpecially if
the branches are often cloſely covered with them ; and you intend to train them ' up for ſtandard trees, ) that
the fingular ſhape of their leaves make a very pretty their top branches may not be checked by their fide
variety in the fummer, and are feldom damaged by fhoots, which often attract the greateſt part of the
infects, fo that they are often entire, when many other nouriſhment from the roots ; and if their ſtems are
trees have their leaves almoſt eaten up. This tree crooked, you muſt place a ſtrong ſtake down by the
flowers in May, when planted in the full air, but fide of each plant, and faften the ftem to it in feveral
against warm walls it is a fortnight or three weeks places, fo as to bring it ftrait, which direction it will
earlier. foon take as it grows larger, and thereby the plants
The wood of this tree is very beautifully veined with will be rendered beautiful.
black and green, and takes a fine poliſh, fo may be When they have remained in this nurſery two or
converted to many uſes. three years, they ſhould be tranfplanted in the ſpring
There are two other varieties of this tree, one with where they are defigned to remain, which may be in
a white, and the other hath a flesh-coloured flower, wilderneſs quarters among other flowering trees, ob
but theſe have not half the beauty of the firſt. Tour ferving to place them with trees of the fame growth,
nefort alſo mentions one with broader pods and fo as they may not be overhung, which is a great pre
pointed leaves, which I believe is only a variety of this. judice to moft plants.
The fecond fort grows naturally in moft parts of North CEREFOLIUM. See CHÆREFOLIUM.
America, where it is called Red Bud, I fuppofe from CEREUS. Par. Bat. 122. Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. 292 .
the red flower-buds appearing in the fpring before Juff. Act. R. Par. 1716. Cactus. Lin. Gen. Plant.
the leaves come out ; this grows to a middling ftature 539. The Torch Thiſtle.
in the places where it is a native, but in England The CHARACTERS are,
roly rifes with a ſtem more than twelve feet high, It hath an oblongscaly empalement, which is covered with
nches out near the root. The branches of this fpines, andfits upon the germen. The flower is compofed
M m in
of
 CER CER

of a great number of narrow pointed petals, which spread | 10. CEREUS ( Compreffis) repens triangularis, angulis
open like the fun's rays. It bath a great number of compreffis. Creeping triangular Torch Thistle, with
decliningftamina, which are inferted to the base of the compreffed angles. Ficoides Americanum, f. Cereus
petals, and are terminated by oblong fummits. The ger erectus, criftatus, foliis triangularibus profundè ca
men, which is fituated under the empalement , fupports a naliculatis. Pluk. Phyt. tab. 29. f. 3. Creſted Ameri
long cylindrical ftyle, crowned with a multifid ftigma, in can Torch Thistle, with three angles deeply channelled.
form of a head. The germen afterward becomes an oblong II. CEREUS (Grandiflorus) repens fubquinquangularibus .
fucculent fruit, with a prickly fkin, full offmall feeds in Creeping Torch Thiftle with five angles. Cereus fcan
clofed in the pulp. dens minor polygonus articulatis . Par. Bat. 120.
Dr. Linnæus has joined the plants of this genus, and Lefferjointed climbing Torch Thistle with many angles.
alfo thofe of Opuntia to the Cactus, making them 12. CEREUS (Flagelliformis) repens decemangularis .
only fpecies of the fame genus ; but as the flowers Creeping Cereus with ten angles. Cereus minor fean
of thefe plants differ greatly in their form from thoſe dens, polygonus, fpinofiffimis, flore purpureo. Ed.
of the Cactus, they fhould be feparated ; and by pre Prior. Leffer climbing Torch Thistle, with many spinous
ferving the title to this genus, by which it has been angles and a purple flower.
long known, it will prevent confufion ; and by increaf The firft fort has been the most common in the Eng
ing the number of genera, the fpecific differences lifh gardens. This grows naturally in Surinam, from
may be better aſcertained. Linnæus places the genus whence it was brought to the gardens in Holland,
of Cactus in his twelfth clafs, intitled Icofandria, in where it produced flowers in the year 1681 , and from
which he includes thofe plants, whofe flowers have the Dutch gardens, most parts of Europe have been
from nineteen to thirty ftamina, which are faftened to fupplied with this plant.
the petals. This rifes with an upright ftalk, having fix large an
The SPECIES are ,
gles, which are far afunder, armed with fharp fpines,
1. CEREUS (Hexagonus) erectis, fexangularis, longus, which come out in clufters at certain diftances, arif
angulis diftantibus . Upright long Cereus withfix angles, ing from a point, but fpread open every way like a ſtar;
which are far diftant. Cereus erectus altiffimis Suri the outer fubftance of the plant is foft, herbaceous,
namenfis. Par. Bat. 116. Tallest upright Torch Thistle and full of juice, but in the center there is a ftrong
of Surinam . fibrous circle running the whole length, which fecures
2. CEREUS (Tetragonus) erectis quadrangularis, angulis the item from being broke by winds . Thefe will
compreffis. Upright Cereus with four compressed angles. rife to the height of thirty or forty feet, provided
Cereus erectus quadrangularis, coftis alarum inftar their tops are not injured, if they have room to grow ;
affurgentibus. Boerh. Ind. alt. 293. Four-cornered up but fome of them have grown too tall to be kept in
right Torch Thistle. the ſtoves, fo have either been cut off, or the plants
3. CEREUS ( Lanuginofus ) erectus octangularis, angulis laid down at length in winter ; but whenever the ſtems
obtufis, fuperne inermibus. Upright Cereus with eight are cut, or otherwife injured, they put out one, two,
obtufe angles, having no fpines on the upper part. Ce or fometimes three fhoots, from the angles, immedi
reus erectus, fructu rubro non fpinofo. Par. Bat. 114. ately under the wounded part, and frequently one or
Upright Torch Thistle with a red fruit, having no fpines. two lower down. Thefe fhoots, if they are not cut
4. CEREUS (Peruvianus ) erectus octangularis, angulis off, form fo many diftinct ftems, and grow upright ;
obtufis, fpinis robuftioribus patulis . Upright Cereus but theſe feldom are fo large as the principal ftem,
with eight angles which are obtufe, and strong spreading efpecially if more than one is left on the fame plant.
Spines. Cereus erectus maximus fructu fpinofo rubro. The flowers come out from the angles on the fide of
Dadus. Par. Bat. 113. Greatest upright Torch Thistle the ſtem ; theſe have a thick, fleſhy, fcaly foot-ftalk,
with a red pricklyfruit. round, channelled, and hairy, fupporting a ſwelling
5. CEREUS ( Repandus) erectus novemangularis, obfoletis germen, upon the top of which fits the fcaly prickly
angulis, fpinis lanâ brevioribus . Upright Cereus with empalement, clofely furrounding the petals of the
nine angles, and fpines fhorter than the down. Cereus flowers, till a little time before they expand, which
Curaflavicus, erectus, maximus, fructu rubro non in moſt of the forts is in the evening, and their dura
fpinofo, lanugine flavefcente. Par. Bat. 115. Greatest tion is very fhort, for before the next morning they
upright Torch Thistle with a red fruit, having noſpines, wither and decay. The flower of this fort is compofed
of many concave petals, which, when fully expand
and a yellowish down.
ed, are as large as thofe of the Hollyhock ; the inner
6. CEREUS ( Heptagonus) erectus octangularis, fpinis la
petals are white, and crenated at their extremity.
nâ longioribus. Upright Cereus with feven or eight an
gles, and fpines longer than the down. Cereus erectus The empalement is green, with fome purple ſtripes ;
craffiffimus maximè angulofus, fpinis albis pluribus the middle of the flower is occupied by a great num

longiffimis, lanugine flavâ. Boerh. Ind. alt. 293. Up

ber of ftamina, which decline, and rife at their extre
mities, having roundifh fummits. The flowers of
right thickest Torch Thistle, having many angles, ſeveral
very long white fpines, and a yellow down. this kind are never fucceeded by fruit in this coun
7. CEREUS ( Royeni) erectus novemangularis, fpinis lanâ try, nor do the plants often produce their flowers
æqualibus. Upright Torch Thistle with nine angles, and here ; but when they do, there are generally feveral
fpines of equal length with the down. Cereus erectus, on the fame plant. I have fome years had more than
a dozen upon a fingle plant, which have all flowered
gracilis, fpinofiffimis, fpinis flavis, polygonus, lanu
within a few days of each other. The ufual time of
gine albâ pallefcente. Boerh. Ind. alt. 293. Upright
flender Torch Thistle, very full of yellowish spines, many its flowering is in July.
angles, and a pale white down. This fort is not fo tender as the others, fo may be
8. CEREUS (Gracilis) erectus gracilior novemangularis preferved in a warm green-houſe, without any artifi
fpinis brevibus, angulis obtufis. Slenderer upright Torch cial heat ; but the plants fhould have no water given
Thistle having nine obtufe angles, and fhort fpines. Ce them in winter, when they are thus fituated ; for un
reus altiffimis, gracilior, fructu extus luteo intus ni lefs they are placed in a ftove, where the moifture
veo, feminibus nigris pleno. Tallest fiender Torch Thif is foon evaporated, the wet will occafion them to rot.
tle with a fruit yellow without, white within, and full Thefe plants naturally grow upon very dry rocky
of black feeds. places, where their roots are confined, fo they muft
9. CEREUS (Triangularis) repens triangularis, fructu not be planted in large pots, nor fhould they be plant
maximo rotundo, rubro, efculento. Creeping triangu ed in rich foil ; the best compoft for them is onethird
lar Torch Thistle, with very large, round, red, eatable light earth from a common, a third of fea fand, and
fruit. Cereus fcandens minor trigonus articulatis the other part fifted lime-rubbifh ; if thefe are well
fructu fuaviffimo . Par. Bat. Prod . 118. Leffer, creep mixed together, and often turned over before the
ing, three-cornered, jointed Torch Thistle, with a very plants are put into it, they will thrive the better. The
fweet fruit, commonly called in the West Indies, the true farther directions for their management, will be here
prickly Pear, and by the Spaniards Pithatiaya. after exhibited.
The
1
 CER CER

The fecond fort rifes with an upright ftem like the nificent appearance ; for the calyx of the flower,
first, but it hath only four angles, which are com when open, is near a foot diameter ; the infide of
preffed, and ftand far afunder. This is very fubject which, being of a fplendid yellow colour, appears
to put out many fhoots from the fides, which ftops like the rays of a bright ftar, the cutfide of a dark
its upright growth, fo that the plants rarely rife more brown ; and the petals of the flowers being of a pure
than four or five feet high. This hath not flowerd white, adds to the luftre ; and the vaft number of
in England, fo far as I have been able to learn. recurved ftamina, furrounding the ftyle in the center
The third, fourth, fifth , fixth, feventh and eighth of the flower, make a fine appearance ; and add to
forts grow naturally in the Britiſh iſlands of America, this the fine fcent of the flower, which perfumes the
from whence I received them in the year 1728. air to a confiderable diftance : there is fcarce any plant
Theſe have the fame form as the firſt, but differ in which deferves a place in the hot-houfe fo much as
the fize of their ftems, the number of angles, and this, efpecially as it is to be trained against the wall,
the length of their fpines, as is before expreffed in where it will not take up room . The ufual feafon
their titles ; but, except the eighth fort, not any of of its flowering is in July, and when the plants are
them have flowered in England as yet, though there large, they will produce a great number of flowers,
are many of the plants which are more than twelve fo that there will be a fucceffion of them for ſeveral
or fourteen feet high : the eighth fort hath the nights, and many of them will open the fame night.
fmalleft ftem of any of the upright forts which I have I have frequently had fix, eight, or ten flowers open
yet feen ; this hath generally nine obtufe angles, at the fame time upon one plant, which have made
which are armed with fhort fpines, placed at farther a moft magnificent appearance by candle-light, buţ
diſtances than thofe of the other forts, nor are the none of them have been fucceeded by any appearance
channels between the angles near fo deep. The offruit.
flowers of this are produced from the angels, in the The tenth fort produces a flower little inferior to the
fame manner as the firft, but they are ſmaller, and former, as I have been informed by perfons who
the empalement is of a light green, without any have ſeen them ; but I never had the good fortune to
mixture of colour. The fruit is about the fize and have any of thefe plants which have been under my
fhape of a middling Bergamot Pear, having many care flower ; nor have I heard of more than two gar
foft fpines on the fkin ; the outfide is a pale yellow, dens where they have as yet flowered in England ;
the infide very white, full of pulp, having a great the firſt of them was many years fince in the royal
number of fmall black feeds lodged in it. This fort gardens at Hampton Court, when there was a curious
frequently flowers in July, and in warm feaſons will collection of exotic plants kept in good order in
perfect its fruit, which hath very little flavour in this thofe gardens, which have fince been greatly ne
country. glected ; the other was produced in the gardens of
Theſe forts are more impatient of cold than the firſt, the right honourable the Marquis of Rockingham,
fo require a ftove to preferve them in winter ; nor at Wentworth-Hall, in Yorkshire. Thefe are the
fhould they be expofed abroad in fummer, but kept only gardens in this country where I have heard of
conftantly in the houſe, giving them a large fhare of this fort having produced flowers ; although there are
´air in warm weather. many of theſe plants in ſeveral gardens, which are of
The twelfth fort grows naturally in Peru, from a confiderable age, and extend their branches to a
whence it was fent to the royal garden at Paris ; and very great diftance.
in the year 1734, I was favoured with fome cuttings The ninth fort has never produced any flowers as yet
of it by Dr. Bernard de Juffieu, demonftrator of in England, nor have we any good figure of the
the plants in that garden. Theſe fucceeded in the flower in any of the botanic books ; but I have been
Chelſea garden, and have fince been communicated informed by fome curious perfons who have refided
to moft of the curious gardens in England. This is in America, that the flowers are not near ſo beautiful
not fo tender as the other forts, fo may be preferved as thofe of the tenth and eleventh, but the fruit is
in a good green-houſe, or placed under a hot-bed greatly eſteemed by all the inhabitants.
frame in winter, and in fummer fhould be expoſed The twelfth fort produces a greater number of flow
to the open air, which will prevent the fhoots from ers than either of the other ; thefe are of a fine Pink
drawing weak, and thereby a greater number of colour, both within and without ; the petals are not
flowers will be produced ; but during the time they fo numerous, and the tube of the flower is longer
remain in the open air, they ſhould have little water ; than thoſe of the other fpecies ; and, contrary to all
and ifthe feafon fhould prove wet, the plants fhould the other forts, keep open three or four days, pro
be ſcreened from it, otherwife it will cauſe them to vided the weather is not too hot, or the place where
rot the following winter. This fort produces its flow they ſtand kept too warm. During the continuance
ers in May, and fometimes earlier, when the ſeaſon of theſe flowers, they make a fine appearance. This
is warm . fort has very flender trailing branches, which require
The ninth fort is, by the inhabitants of Barbadoes, to be fupported ; but thefe do not extend fo far as
trained up againſt their houſes for the fake of its thoſe ofthe other fort, nor are their branches jointed
fruit, which is about the bigness of a Bergamot Pear, as thoſe are, fo they cannot be trained fo far againſt
and of a moſt delicious flavour. This, and alſo the the walls of the houſe ; but as it produces fuch
tenth, eleventh, and twelfth forts, are tender, fo beautiful flowers, and in fo great plenty, it may be
require a warm ſtove to preferve them . Thefe placed among the firft clafs of exotic plants. This
fhould be placed againſt the walls of the ftove, into plant has produced fruit in the garden at Chelſea,
which they will infinuate their roots, and extend but it hath not as yet ripened.
themſelves to a great length ; and with a little help, Thefe plants are all propagated by cuttings, fo that
in faſtening them to the wall in a few places, may be if you intend to increafe the number of them, you
led up about the cieling of the houſe, where they muſt cut off the ſtems of the upright forts at what
will appear very handfome. And the eleventh fort, length you pleaſe ; thefe fhould be laid in a dry place
when arrived to a fufficient ftrength, will produce to heal the part cut, at leaſt a fortnight or three weeks
many exceeding large, beautiful, fweet-fcented flow before they are planted ; but if they lie a month it
ers ; but they are ( like moſt of the flowers of theſe is much the better, and they will be in lefs danger
kinds ) of very fhort duration, fcarcely continuing of rotting, eſpecially thoſe forts which are the moſt
full blown fix hours ; nor do the fame flowers ever fucculent.
open again, when once cloſed : they begin to open Theſe cuttings fhould be planted in pots filled with
in the evening between ſeven and eight of the clock, the mixture of earth before directed, laying fome
are fully blown by eleven, and by three or four the ftones in the bottom of the pots to drain off the
next morning fade, and hang down quite decayed ; moiſture ; then place the pots into a gentle hot-bed
but, during their continuance, there is fcarce any of tanners bark, to facilitate their rooting, giving
flower of greater beauty, or that makes a more mag them once a week a gentle watering.
6 The
 CER CER

The beſt ſeaſon for this work is in June, or the be purpurafcente. C. B. P. 258. Honeywort with a pur
ginning of July, that they may have time to root plifh redflower.
before winter ; towards the middle of Auguft you 3. CERINTHE (Minor) foliis amplexicaulibus, integris,
muſt begin to give them air by degrees, to harden fructibus geminis, corollis acutis, claufis. Lin. Sp.
them againſt winter, but they fhould not be wholly Plant. 137. Honeywort with entire leases , embracing
expofed to the open air or fun ; at the end of Sep the stalk, a double fruit, and a pointed clofed petal. Ce
tember they must be removed into the ftove, or rinthe minor. C. B. P. 258. Smaller Honeywort.
green-houfe, where they are to abide the winter, The first fort grows naturally in Germany and Italy.
during which feafon you must be very careful not to This is an annual plant, which rifes with fmooth
let them have much water ; and always obferve to branching ftalks a foot and a half high, garniſhed
place the young plants, for the first winter, in a little with oval, oblong, prickly leaves, which are of a
warmer fituation than the older plants, as being fome fea-green, fpotted with white, and embrace the ſtalks
what tenderer. with their bafe ; the flowers are produced at the end
Theſe plants fhould always have a dry fituation in of the branches, ftanding between the fmall leaves,
winter, for as they imbibe the greateſt part of their which embrace the ftalks ; thefe are long, tubulous,
nouriſhment from the circumambient air, fo if this and blunt at the top, where the tube is greatly en
be top replete with moift particles, it will occafion larged ; they are yellow, and have a mellous liquor
their rotting ; therefore they fhould not be expofed in their tubes, with which the bees are much de
abroad, not even in the midft offummer, unless they lighted , and an herbaceous empalement, cut into
are under ſhelter ; for great rains, which often happen five parts, which afterward inclofes the feeds ; thefe
at that feafon, are very injurious to them ; the firft flowers have each four embryos, or germen, but only
eight forts fhould be therefore placed fo as to enjoy two of them are fruitful The top of the ftalks are
a free air in the fummer, but, at the fame time, reflexed backward, fomewhat like thofe of Turnfole.
fcreened from rains and great dews ; it will therefore It flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen in
be much the better method to fet them in an open Auguft and September. If the feeds are not taken
glafs ftove, where the windows may be fet open in as foon as they change black, they drop out of the
good weather, and fhut in cold or wet. The other empalement in a fhort time ; fo unless they are care
four forts must not be expofed too much to the open fully gathered up, they will vegetate with the firſt
air, even in the hotteſt feafon, eſpecially if you de moift weather.
fign to have them flower ; and in winter they The fecond fort is like the firſt, but the leaves are
fhould be kept very warm , and have no water given larger, and ſmooth, having no prickles on them.
them . The flowers of this are of a purplish red colour, and
When you have once cut off the tops of any of thefe the plants grow larger. This grows in Italy, and the
plants, in order to increaſe them, the lower parts fouth of France ; it is alfo an annual plant.
will put forth freſh ſhoots from their angles , which, The third fort grows naturally on the Alps, and
when grown to be eight or nine inches long, may alfo other mountainous places ; this hath flenderer ftalks
be taken off to make freſh plants ; and, by this means, than either of the former, which rife two feet high,
the old plants will continually afford a fupply, fo that and clofer garniſhed with leaves than either of the
you never need cut off above one plant of a fort, others ; thefe embrace the ſtalks with their bafe, and
which you ſhould preferve for a breeder. are of a bluer green colour. The flowers are finall,
Thefe plants being fucculent, they will bear to be a their upper part is deeply cut into five fegments,
long time out of the ground ; therefore whoever hath but the mouth of the tube is clofely fhut up; the em
a mind to get any of them from the Weft Indies, palement is large, and clofely furrounds the flower.
need give no other inftructions to their friends, but The flowers are yellow, and appear at the fame time
to cut them off, and let them lie two or three days with the other forts. If the feeds of this are per
to dry ; then put them up in a box with dry hay, or mitted to ſcatter, the plants will come up in autumn ,
ftraw, to keep them from wounding each other with and thefe will grow much taller, and flower earlier
their spines, and if they are two or three months on than thoſe which are fown in the fpring ; this hath
their paffage, they will keep very well, provided no been fuppofed a perennial plant by many, but from
wet get to them.' many years obfervation , I could never find theſe
CERINTHE . Lin . Gen. Plant. 171. Tourn. Inft . plants continue after they had flowered and perfected
R. H. 79. tab . 16. Honeywort ; in French, Me their feeds .
linet. The fpecies of this plant are propagated by feeds,
The CHARACTERS are, which should be fown foon after they are ripe ; for,
It hath an oblong permanent empalement, cut into five if they are kept till fpring, the growing quality of
equal parts. The flower bath one petal, having a thick them is often loft ; or at leaft they lie fome months in
fhort tube, whichfwells upward much thicker, and at the the ground before theygrow; the plants are hardy, and
brim is quinquefid ; the chaps are naked and pervious ; if the feeds are fown in a warm fituation, they will
it bath five fhort ftamina, terminated by pointed upright endure the winter's cold very well without fhelter ;
fummits. In the bottom are fituated four germen, fup thefe autumnal plants are alfo much furer to produce
porting a flender flyle the length of the ftamina, crowned ripe feeds than thofe which are fown in the fpring,
by an obtufe ftigma ; two of the germen afterward be which are generally late in the feafon before they
comes fo many feeds, which are hard, fmooth, plain on flower ; and confequently if the autumn fhould not
one fide, but convex on the other, and are inclofed in the prove very warm, their feeds would not be per
fected.
empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of The plants make a pretty variety for large borders in
Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia, gardens, where, if they are fuffered to drop their
the flower having five ftamina and one ftyle. feeds, the plants will arife without any farther care ;
The SPECIES are, fo that when a perfon is once furnished with the fe
1. CERINTHE (Major) foliis ovato- oblongis, afperis , veral varieties, he need be at no more trouble than
amplexicaulibus, corollis obtufiufculis, patulis. Ho to allow each of them a refpective place where it may
neywort with oval, oblong, rough leaves, embracing the remain, and fow itſelf, and with this culture, there
ftalk, and Spreading blunt petals. Cerinthe quorundam is a greater certainty of preferving the forts than in
major, fpinofo folio, flavo flore. J. B. 3. 602. any other management ; nor will they perhaps be en
Greater Honeywort with a prickly leaf, and a yellow tirely loft in this way, if it fhould happen that the
flower. feafon fhould prevent their ripening feed ( as it fome
2. CERINTHE (Glabris) foliis oblongo-ovatis, glabris, times proves ; ) for when great quantities of the feeds
amplexicaulibus, corollis obtufiufculis, patulis. Honey have fcattered upon the ground, fome of them will
wort with oblong, oval, Smooth leaves, embracing the be buried fo deep, in ftirring the earth, as not to
ftalks, and afpreading blunt petal. Cerinthe flore rubro grow the first year ; which, upon being turned up
2 to
 CES CES

to the air the fucceeding year, will come up as well flowers, which have very fhort empalements, with
as new feeds . long flender tubes, which are enlarged at the top,
CESTRUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 231. Jafminoides . where they are cut into five parts which are reflexed ;
Dill. Nov. Gen. 170. Baftard Jaſmine. thefe are of an herbaceous colour ; they appear in
The CHARACTERS are, Auguft, but are not fucceeded by berries in this
It bath a fhort tubular empalement of one leaf, which is country ; but thofe which I received from America
indented at the top into five parts, " which are erect. The were fmall, and of a dark brown colour, inclofing
feveral feeds.
flower is funnel- fhaped, of one petal, having a long cy
lindrical tube, which spreads open at the top, where it is The feeds of the fecond fort were fent me from the
cut into five equalfegments ; it hath five flender ftamina Havannah, by the title of Dama de Dio, or Lady of
the length of the tube, to which they adhere, and are ter the Day ; this rifes with an upright ftalk to the height
minated by roundish four-cornered fummits. The oval cy of ten or twelve feet, covered with a ſmooth light
lindrical germen is fituated in the empalement, fupporting green bark, dividing upward into many fmaller
aflenderftyle the length of the ftamina, crowned by an ob branches, garnished with fmooth leaves near three
tufe thick ftigma. The germen afterward becomes an inches long, and one and a half broad, of a lively
oval oblong berry with one cell, inclofingfeveral roundish green colour, and the confiftence of thofe of the
feeds. Spurge Laurel ; theſe are ranged alternately on the
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection branches. Toward the upper part of the ſhoots come
of Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Mo out the flowers from the wings of the leaves, ftanding
1 in cluſters clofe to the branches ; they are very white,
nogynia, the flower having five ftamina and one
ftyle. fhaped like thoſe of the former fort, and fmell fweet
The SPECIES are, in the day time, from whence it had the appellation
1. CESTRUM (Nocturnum ) floribus pedunculatis. Hort. of Lady of the Day. The berries of this are finaller
Cliff. 490. Ceftrum with flowers ftanding upon foot than thoſe of the firft fort. This flowers in Sep
Stalks. Jafminoides foliis Pithaminis, flore virefcente tember, October and November..
noctu odoratiffimo. Hort. Elth. 183. tab. 153. Baftard The third fort was fent me from Carthagena in New
Fafmine with leaves of Pifhamin, and a greenish flower, Spain, near which place it grows naturally ; this rifes
Smelling very fweetly in the night. with a fhrubby ftalk five or fix feet high, covered
2. CESTRUM (Diurnum ) floribus feffilibus. Hort. Cliff. with a brown bark, and divides upward into many
491. Ceftrum with flowers growing to the branches. fmall branches, garniſhed with fpear-fhaped leaves,
Jafminoides laureolæ folio, flore candido interdiu about four inches long, and little more than one
odorato. Hort. Elth. 186. tab. 154. Bastard Jasmine broad ; they are fmooth, of a light green, and have
with a Spurge Laurel leaf, and a white flower, fmelling many horizontal veins running from the midrib to
in the day. the fides, and are placed oppofite. From the wings
3. CESTRUM (Nervofum) foliis lanceolatis oppofitis ner of the leaves, toward the upper part of the branches,
vis tranfverfalibus, pedunculis ramofis . Ceftrum with are produced the flowers, ftanding upon branching
Spear-shaped leaves growing oppofite, having tranfverfe foot-ſtalks, each fuftaining four or five flowers, whofe
veins, and branching foot-ftalks to the flowers. Jafmi tubes are fwelling at their bafe, juſt above the em
noides Americanum, lauri folio, flore albo odorato. palement, but contract upward to the mouth, where
Houft. MSS. Baftard Jafmine of America with a Bay the petal is cut into five broad fegments which ſpread
leaf, and a white, fweet, fmellingflower. flat ; they are white, but without fcent.
4. CESTRUM ( Spicatum) foliis ovato- lanceolatis, floribus The fourth fort was fent me from Carthagena with
fpicatis, alaribus & terminalibus. Ceftrum with oval the former. This rifes with a fhrubby ftalk ten or
Spear -
shaped leaves, and flowers growing in ſpikes from twelve feet high, covered with a light gray bark, and
the fides and tops of the branches. fends out many branches the whole length, gar
5. CESTRUM (Confertum) foliis oblongo-ovatis, obliquis, niſhed with oval fpear-fhaped leaves, ftanding
floribus alaribus confertis, tubo longiffimo & tenuif without order; they are two inches and a half long,
fimo. Ceftrum with oblong oval leaves which are oblique, and one and a half broad, of a light green,
with flender foot-ftalks. The flowers come out in
and flowers growing in cluſters from the fides of the
branches, with a very long flender tube. loofe fpikes from the fide, and alfo the end of the
6. CESTRUM (Venenatum) foliis lanceolatis obliquis, flo branches, which are fhaped like thofe of the first fort,
ribus alaribus, pedunculis foliofis. Ceftrum with ob and are of a whitish green colour, without fcent.
lique fpear-shaped leaves, flowers proceeding from the fides Theſe are fucceeded by roundifh purple berries , the
of the branches, and leafy foot-stalks. Jafminum lauri fize of large Peafe, which have a foft juicy pulp, filled
nis foliis, flore pallidè luteo, fructu atrocæruleo po with flat feeds.
lypyreno venenato. Sloan. Hift. Jam. 2. p. 196. The fifth fort rifes with feveral fhrubby ftalks eight
Fafmine with Bay leaves, a pale yellow flower, and a dark or ten feet high, covered with a white fmooth bark,
blue fruit with many feeds, which are poisonous. fending out many irregular branches, garnished with
The firſt fort was many years paſt raiſed in the cu oblong oval leaves, which at their bafe are longer on
rious gardens of the Duchefs of Beaufort, at Bad one fide, fo that the foot- ftalk is oblique ; they are
mington, in Glouceſterſhire, and was from thence placed on the branches without order, and are of a
communicated to feveral gardens in England and pale green. The flowers come out in cluſters from
Holland, where in the latter it paffes under the title the fide of the branches, many of them arifing from
of Badmington Jafmine to this time. This grows the fame point ; thefe have very flender long tubes,
naturally in the iſland of Cuba, from whence I re which are cut at the top into five acute fegments
ceived the feeds by the title of Dama de Noche, i. e. which are erect. They are of a pale yellow, and
Lady of the Night ; which appellation I fuppofe was without fcent.
given it, from the flowers fending out a ftrong odour The fixth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
after the fun is fet. whence it was fent me by the late Dr, Houſtoun.
It rifes with an upright ſtalk about fix or feven feet This rifes with a woody ftem eight or nine feet high,
high, covered with a grayish bark, and divides up covered with a fmooth brown bark, and fends out
ward into many flender branches, which generally many branches on the fide which grow erect, gar
incline to one fide ; and are garnifhed with leaves niſhed with oval ſpear-shaped leaves, whofe foot- ftalks
placed alternate, which are near four inches long, are fhort ; they are five inches long, and two broad ,
and one and a half broad, fmooth on their upper fide, fmooth, of the confiftence with Bay leaves, and are
of a pale green, and on their under fide they have placed alternate on the branches. From the wings
feveral tranfverſe veins, and are of a fea-green colour, of the leaves the flowers are produced, most part of
having fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers are produced the length of the branches ; the foot-ftalks of the
at the wings of the leaves, in ſmall clufters, ftanding flowers are garnifhed with ſmall leaves, ftanding
upon fhort foot-ftalks, each fuftaining four or five between each flower in a fingular manner, the flowers
Nnn
rifing

隔
 CES CHÆ

rifing one above the other ; and between, or oppofite fresh air admitted to them in warm weather, and
to each, is one, and fometimes two leaves, of the two or three times a week refreſhed with water.
fame form with thofe on the branches. The flowers With this management the cuttings will put out
are of a pale yellow, and emit a difagreeable odour. roots in five or fix weeks, when they fhould be gra
Thefe are fucceeded by oval berries of a Violet co dually expofed to the fun ; and when they begin to
lour, full ofjuice , each containing ſeveral flat feeds ; put out fhoots, they muſt have a greater fhare of
they are reckoned very poifonous, fo have the ap fresh air admitted to them , to prevent their drawing
pellation of Poifon Berries in Jamaica. up weak ; and their waterings fhould be oftener re
This has been, by many of the writers on botany, peated, but given in fmall quantities, for their young
fuppofed to be the fame with the firft ; but any perfon tender fibres will not endure much wet . When they
who has feen both forts growing, cannot doubt of have made good roots, they fhould be carefully
their being diſtinct fpecies ; the fhape and fize of fhaken out of the pots, and each put into a feparate
the leaves are very different, as are alfo their flowers fmall pot, filled with the fame fort of earth as before ;

and berries . Some have alfo fuppofed that the Parqui then give them fome water, to fettle the earth to their
of Pere Feuillé, is the fame with this, but that is a roots, and plunge them again into the tan-bed ; ob
great mistake ; for the flowers of this plant are pro ferving if any of their leaves hang down, to fhade
duced in loofe bunches at the extremity of the them from the fun in the middle of the day, until
branches, whereas thofe of this fort come out from they have taken freſh root ; after which they ſhould
the fide, at the foot- ftalks of the leaves ; fo that this have a large fhare of air in warm weather, to
"
plant is certainly different from either of theſe, but ftrengthen them before winter. Their waterings in
approaches neareft to the third. the fummer fhould be frequent ; and if they are
The fifth fort I take to be the fame as Pere Plumier's fprinkled all over their leaves, it will wafh and cleanſe
Jafminum aliud arborefcens, foliis folani, minus ; for them from filth, which will greatly promote their
by an imperfect fpecimen of his plant which was growth ; but their roots must not be kept too
fhewn me, the leaves appear the fame, but as the moiſt.
fpecimen was without flower or fruit, ſo I could not In the autumn the plants of the three laft forts muft
determine it.. be removed into the bark-ftove, and plunged into
The firſt and ſecond forts produce their flowers every the tan-bed, where they must be treated in the fame
year in England, but the others do but ſeldom flower manner as other tender exotic plants ; but the two
here ; but as they retain their leaves all the year, fo firſt forts may be treated otherwife, efpecially when
they make a pretty variety in the ftove, during the they have obtained ftrength, yet the firit winter they
winter feafon ; and when they flower, the branches may be managed in the fame way as the others.
are commonly well garnished at their joints with There must be great care had in watering of thefe
bunches of flowers, fo they make a fine appearance at plants in winter, for they are all ( except the fecond
that time. fort) very impatient of moisture ; fo that they are foon
All thefe plants grow naturally in very hot countries, killed by being over-watered .
fo cannot be preferved in England without artificial If the feeds of thefe are procured from the countries
heat ; therefore require to be placed in a warm ftove, where they grow naturally, they fhould be fowed in
efpecially in the winter. The two firſt are hardier fmall pots filled with the earth before directed, and
than the others ; thefe I have kept feveral years in plunged into a moderate hot- bed of tanners bark,
a dry ftove, with a moderate fhare of heat in winter, giving them now and then a little water. Sometimes
and in the middle of fummer have fet them in the the feeds will come up the fame year, but they very
open air, in a warm fituation. With this manage often lie in the ground till the fpring following ; fo
ment I have found them thrive, and produce flowers that if the plants do not appear in fix or feven weeks
much better than when they have been placed in a after the feeds are fown, they will not come up that
greater heat ; but I have often endeavoured to keep feafon ; in which cafe the pots may be plunged in
thefe plants through the winter, in a green-houfe, or the tan-bed of the ftove, between the other plants,
a glafs cafe, without fire, but could never fucceed ; where they will be fhaded from the fun, and but little
for by the end of January, they commonly de water given them ; in this fituation they may remain
cayed. till the following fpring, when they fhould be re
The other forts require a larger fhare of heat, efpe moved, and plunged into a frein hot-bed, which will
cially when the plants are young ; therefore they bring up the plants in a fhort time, provided the
fhould be plunged in the tan- bed of the bark-ftove, feeds were good .
otherwife they will lofe their leaves in winter, if they When the young plants are fit to remove, they ſhould
are not quite deftroyed ; but after three or four years be carefully fhaken out of the pots, and each planted
growth, they will bear to be treated more hardily, into a feparate pot filled with the before-mentioned
provided they are inured to it gradually. earth, and plunged into the hot-bed again, and af
Thefe plants may be propagated from feeds, or by terward treated in the fame way as hath been directed
cuttings. Thofe which come from feeds are always for the plants raifed from cuttings .
the moſt vigorous, and ftraiteft plants ; but as they CETERACH. See ASPLENIUM .
do not produce feeds in England, fo the other method CHEROPHYLLUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 320.
is generally practifed, becauſe their feeds are rarely Tourn . Inft. R. H. 314. tab . 166. [xaigóguanor, of
brought hither. xaígw, to rejoice, and go , Gr. a lear, becaufe the
The beft time to plant thefe cuttings is about the leaves, fteeped in wine, and drank, will exhilarate
end of May, by which time the fhoots will have had and chear melancholy perfons. ] Chervil.
time to recover their ſtrength, after their confinement The CHARACTERS are ,
during the winter feafon. The fhoots which come It is an umbelliferous plant ; the principal umbel is ſpread
out from the lower part of the ſtalks , fhould always ing and hath no involucrum, compofed of feveral small
be chofen for this purpoſe. Theſe fhould be cut ones, called rays ; the fmall ones have a five-leaved in
about four inches long, and five or fix of them may volucrum, which is reflexed ; the flowers have five heart
be planted in each halfpenny pot ; for the cuttings faped inflexed petals, and five ftamina, which are ter
of moſt forts of exotic plants, will fucceed better when minated by roundish fummits : the germen is fituated below
they are planted in thefe fmall pots, than they do in the flower, fupporting two reflexed styles, crowned with
larger, as I have many years experienced . The earth obtuje figmas. The germen afterward becomes an ob
in which theſe are planted , fhould be fresh and light, long pointed fruit, dividing in two parts, each having
but not full of dung : when the cuttings are planted , one jeed, which is convex on one fide and plain on the
the earth must be preffed pretty clofe to them, and other.
then gently watered ; after which the pots must be This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection of
plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, and Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia, the
every day ſhaded from the fun. They muſt alſo have flowers having five ftamina and two ſtyles,
The
 CHÆ CHA

The SPECIES are, CHAMECERASUS. See CERASUs and Lo

1. CHÆROPHYLLUM (Sylveftre) caule ftriato geniculis NICERA.
tumidiufculis. Flor. Suec. 2. N. 257. Wild Chervil CHAMACISTUS. See CISTUS.
withftriatedftalks, whofe joints are fewelling. Myrrhis CHAMECLEMA. See GLECHOMA .
fylveftris feminibus lævibus. C. B. P. 160. Wild Myrrh CHAMAECYPARISSUS . See SANTOLINA.
CHAMEDAPHNE . See Ruscus .
withSmooth feeds.
2. CHÆROPHYLLUM (Bulbofum) caule lævi, geniculis CHAMEDRYS. See TEUCRIUM.
tumidis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 258. Chervil with a fmooth CHAMELEA. See CNEORUM.
Stalk, and fwellingjoints. Myrrhis tuberofa & nodofa CHAMA MELUM. See ANTHEMIS .
conyophillon. Mor. Umb. 67. Tuberous and knotted CHAMAMESPILUS. See MESPILUS .
Myrrh with a Hemlock leaf. CHAMEMORUS. See RUBUS .

3. CHAROPHYLLUM (Temulum ) caule fcabro, geniculis CHAMÆNERION. See EPILOBIUM.

tumidis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 258. Chervil with a rough CHAMEPITYS. See TEUCRIUM .
Stalk, and fwelling joints. Charophyllum fylveftre. CHAMÆRHODODENDRON . See AZA
C. B. P. 152. Wild Chervil. LEA and KALMIA .
4. CHAROPHYLLUM ( Aureum) caule æquali, foliolis inci CHAMERIPHES. See CHAMEROPs.
fis acutis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 258. Chervil with an equal CHAMEROPS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1084. Chamæ
falk, and leaves cut into acute fegments. Myrrhis pe riphes. Pont. 10. Dod. Pempt. 820. Dwarf Palm , or
rennis alba minor, foliis hirfutis, femine aureo. Mor. Palmetto.
Umb. 282. The CHARACTERS are,
5. CHÆROPHYLLUM (Hirfutum) caule æquali, foliolis in It bath male and hermaphrodite flowers in diftinct plants ;
cifis acutis, feminibus fubulatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 371 . the hermaphrodite flowers are all included in one common
Wild Chervil with an equalstalk, whofe fmall leaves are fpatha or hood, which is compressed and bifid, and the
cut acutely, and awl-shaped feeds. Myrrhis paluftris , Spadix or club is branching ; eack flower bath afmall three
latifolia rubra. C. B. P. 161. pointed empalement ; they have one thick upright petal,
The first fort grows naturally on the fide of high which is cut into three parts, and turns inward at the
ways, and the borders of the fields in moft parts of top, and five compreſſedſtamina which join at their baſe,
England, fo is never cultivated in gardens. It is fre terminated by narrow twin fummits, joined to the inte
quently called Cow Parfley, but for what reafon I rior part of theftamina. They have three roundish ger
cannot fay, becauſe there are few animals who care to men, each having a diſtinctstyle, which is permanent, ter
eat it, except the afs ; for it is reckoned to have fome minated by pointed ftigma. The three germen after
thing of the quality of Hemlock , but in a leſs degree. ward become fo many round berries, having one cell, each
It is a weed which fhould be rooted out from all containing afingle feed. The male flowers are like the her
paſtures in the fpring, for it is one of the moſt early maphrodite, but the ftamina are not diftinct, nor have they
plants in fhooting ; fo that by the beginning of April any germen.
the leaves are near two feet high. The feeds of this
1 This genus of plants is joined with the other kinds
plant fpread greatly over the ground, and as the of Palms by Dr. Linnæus, and placed in the appen
roots are perennial, they are often very troubleſome dix to his Genera Plantarum ; but fhould be ranged
weeds to deftroy. in his twenty-third clafs, or rather made a diftinct clafs
The fecond fort grows naturally in Hungary and If by themſelves, becauſe their manner of fructification
tria. This plant hath a thick tuberous root, from is very different from moft other plants.
which come forth feveral leaves reſembling thoſe of The SPECIES are ,
Wild Chervil, which fpread horizontally near the I. CHAMÆROPS ( Humilia) frondibus palmatis, plicatis,
ground. The ſtalks rife fix or feven feet high, which ftipitibus fpinofis. Hort. Cliff. 482. DwarfPalm with
are fpotted with purple, and garnished with leaves of folding palmated leaves, and prickly foot-ftalks. Palma
the fame form as thofe below. The knots at the humilis, fc. Chamæriphes. J. B. Hift. 1. 368. Dwarf
8
joints of the ftalks fwell out on every fide, at which Palm, or Palmetto.
is placed one of thefe divided leaves ; the ftalks are 2 . CHAMÆROPS (Glabra) foliis flabelliformibus, maxi
terminated by fmall umbels of white flowers, which mis, ftipitibus glabris . Dwarf Palm with very large
are fucceeded by long narrow feeds. It flowers in June, -haped leaves, and fmcoth foot-ftalks.
fan f Palma non
and the feeds ripen in Auguft. If the feeds of this fpinofa humilima. Dwarf Palm without fpines, com
plant are permitted to fcatter, the plants will come monly calledfmall Palmetto Royal.
up without any farther care, and only require to be The firft fort grows naturally in Spain, particularly
kept clean from weeds . in Andalufia, where , in the fandy land, the roots
The third fort grows naturally on the fides of foot ſpread and propagate fo faſt, as to cover the ground
walks, and on the borders of woods in many parts in the fame manner as the Fern in England. The
of England, fo is not cultivated in gardens. leaves of theſe plants are tied together to make be
The fourth fort grows naturally in the paftures about fom: for fweeping.
Geneva, and in Switzerland ; this hath a perennial This never rifes with an upright ftem, but the foot
root, from which come out in the fpring many leaves, ftalks of the leaves rife immediately from the head of
fhaped like thofe of the firft, but narrower, hairy, the root, and are armed on each fide with ftrong
and more divided . The ftalks are channelled, and fpines ; they are flat on their upper furface, and con
rife three feet high, garniſhed with the like leaves ; vex on their under fide. The center of the leaves
thefe are terminated by large umbels, formed of many are faftened to the foot-ftalk, which fpread open like
fmall ones, which are compofed of flowers, having a fan, having many foldings, and at the top are
five heart-shaped petals, which turn inward ; thefe deeply divided like the fingers of a hand ; when they
are fucceeded by long pointed feeds. The whole firit come out, they are clofed together like a fan
plant has an aromatic Imell and tafte. when fhut, and are faftened together by ftrong fibres
The fifth fort grows naturally on the Alps, and the which run along the borders of the leaves ; and when
Helvetian mountains . It is a perennial plant, fome the leaves fpread open, thefe fibres or ftrings hang
what refembling the firft fort, but their leaves are from the fides and ends ; the borders of the leaves
hairy, and their fegments are broader ; the ftalk rifes are finely fawed, and have white narrow edgings ;
four feet high, terminated by large umbels of flow they are from nine to eighteen inches long, and near
ers, which in fome plants are red, and in others a foot broad in their wideft part : as the lower leaves
white ; thefe are fucceeded by long pointed feeds, of the plants decay, their veftiges remain, and form
two being joined in the fame cover. a fhort ſtump above ground, in the fame manner as
Theſe plants are preferved in botanic gardens for va our common male Fern does ; from between the
riety ; but as their ufe either in medicine or the kitchen leaves comes out the fpadix or club, which fuftains
are not known, they are rarely admitted into other the flowers ; this is covered with a thin fpatha or
gardens. hood, which falls off when the bunches open and di
6 vide.
 CHE CHE

As all the plants of this fort which I have ſeen The CHARACTERS are,
vide.
flower were male, I cannot give any particular de It bath a four-leaved compreffed empalement ; the two
fcription of their fructification. outer leaves are fwelling at their bafe. The flower bath
This plant is commonly propagated here by heads, four petals placed in form of a cross ; these are longer than
which fometimes feparate fromthe main root ; if theſe the empalement. It bathfix parallel ftamina, which are
are carefully taken off with fibres and planted, they the length of the empalement, two of which are between
will grow , but the plants fo raiſed are not fo good the fuelling leaves of the empalement, the other are a little
as thofe which are produced from feeds ; fo that if fhorter, and are terminated by erect bifid fummits, which
good feeds can be procured, that is by much the bet are reflexed at the top. It bath a four-cornered prifmatic
ter way to propagate them. The feeds fhould be germen as long as the ftamina, fupporting a very short
fown in fmall pots filled with light fandy earth, and compreffed ftyle, crowned with an oblong divided figma,
plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark ; which is reflexed andpermanent. The germen afterward
thefe muft be refreshed now and then with water. becomes a long compreffed pod with two cells, opening with
If the feeds are frefh, the plants will come up in two two valves, filled with compreffed feeds.
months ; thefe rife with a fingle long-pointed leaf. This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
When they appear they must be now and then re of Linnæus's fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetrandynamia
freſhed with water, but they must not have it in too filiquofa, the flowers having two long and four fhorter
great plenty. If the plants are not too cloſe to each ftamina, and the feeds are lodged in long pods.
other in the pots, they will not require to be tranf The SPECIES are,
planted the first year ; therefore they ſhould remain 1. CHEIRANTHUS ( Eryfimoides) foliis lineari-lanceolatis
in the tan-bed all the fummer, but in warm weather dentatis caule recto, filiquis tetragonis . Cheiranthus
they must have plenty of air admitted to them. In with narrow, indented, fpear-shaped leaves, an upright
autumn the pots fhould be removed into the ftove, ftalk, and four-cornered pods. Hefperis leucoii folio
and, if they are plunged into the bark-bed the firſt ferrato, filiquâ quadrangula. Tourn. Inft . R. H. 223 .
winter, it will greatly forward the growth of the Dames Violet with afawed Wall- flower leaf, and a qua
plants. The following fpring the plants fhould be drangular pod.
carefully turned out of the pots, fo as to preferve 2 . CHEIRANTHUS ( Integerrimis ) foliis lanceolatis inte
their roots entire ; for all the forts of Palms have ten gerrimis, caule erecto, filiquis tetragonis . Cheiranthus
der roots, which, if they are cut off or broken, fre with spear-shaped entire leaves, an upright falk, and qua
quently kill the plants : then they fhould be each drangular pods. Hefperis leucoii folio non ferrato ,
planted into a feparate fmall pot filled with light, fan filiquâ quadrangulâ . Tourn. Init. R. H. 223. Dames
dy, undunged earth, and plunged into a freſh hot Violet with a Wall-
flower leaf not fawed, and a quadran
bed to encourage their taking root ; the following gular pod.
fummer they fhould be gradually hardened, by rail 3. CHEIRANTHUS (Cheiri) foliis lanceolatis , acutis, gla
ing the glaffes pretty high, fo as to admit a large bris ramis angulatis. Hort. Cliff. 334. Cheiranthus
fhare of air to them, but they fhould not yet be wholly shaped, pointed, fmooth leaves. Leucojum
with Spear-
expofed to the open air. The autumn following the luteum vulgare. C. B. P. Common yellow Leucojum, or
plants may be placed in a dry ſtove ; but as the plants Wall-flower.
advance and get ftrength, they may be treated more "
4. CHEIRANTHUS (Anguftifolium ) foliis linearibus, un
hardily, and in fummer placed in the open air in a guibus petalorum calyce longioribus. Cheiranthus
warm fituation , and in winter may be preferved in a with narrow leaves, and the necks of the petals longer
warm green-houfe without artificial heat than the empalement. Leucojum anguftifolium Alpi
As the plants advance in growth, they ſhould be put num flore fulphureo. H. R. Par. Narrow-leaved Wall
into larger pots ; but when this is done, there muſt flower of the Alps, with a fulphur- coloured flower.
be great care taken, that their roots are not cut or 5. CHEIRANTHUS ( Annuus) foliis lanceolatis, fubdenta
broken, nor fhould they have pots too large. In tis, obtufis , incanis, filiquis cylindricis apice acutis,
winter they must have but little water, and if they caule herbaceo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 662. Cheiranthus with
are expofed to the open air in fummer, they will not Spear-shaped leaves fomewhat indented, obtufe, and beary
require much, unless the feafon proves very warm and cylindrical pods, with acute points and an herbaceous ftalk.
dry, in which cafe they may be ſparingly watered Leucojum incanum minus. C. B. P. 200. Leffer
two or three times a week. boary Stock Gilliflower, commonly called the Ten Weeks
Stock.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the Weft Indies,
where it never riles with a ftem ; the foot-ftalks of 6. CHEIRANTHUS ( Incanus ) foliis lanceolatis, integerri
the leaves are rounder than thofe of the former, and mis, obtufis , incanis, filiquis apice truncatis, com
have no fpines on their fides. When the plants are preffis, caule fuffruticofo. Hort. Upfal. 187. Ckei
old their leaves are three or four feet long, and up ranthus with very entire spear-shaped leaves, which are
ward of two broad ; theſe are folded in the fame man obtufe and hoary, compreffed pods with truncated points,
ner as thofe of the firft, but the folds are broader, and a fhrubby ftalk. Leucojum incanum majus.
and the leaves are of a darker green ; fome of theſe C. B. P. 200. Greater hoary Stock Gilliflower, commonly
plants have put out flender bunches of male flowers called the Queen's Stock Gilliflower.
in England, which were too imperfect to form a de 7. CHEIRANTHUS (Coccincus) foliis lanceolatis undatis,
fcription . caule erecto indivifo. Cheiranthus with waved Spear
This fort rifes freely from feeds, which may be eafily Shaped leaves, and an upright undivided fialk. Leuco
procured from the inlands in America ; thefe muft be jum incanum majus Coccineum. Mor. Hift. 2. 240.
fown in the fame manner as the former, and the plants Greater hoary Stock Gilliflower with a fearlet flower, com
treated in the fame way ; but as they are natives of monly called the Brompton Stock Gilliflower.
a warmer climate, they fhould be conſtantly kept in 8. CHEIRANTHUS ( Albus) foliis lanceolatis, integerri
the bark-ftove, where, if they are carefully managed, mis, obtufis, incanis, ramis floriferis axillaribus, caule
they will make good progreſs. fuffruticofo. Cheiranthus with boary, entire, spear
I have received feeds from Carolina of a Dwarf Palm , Shaped, obtufe leaves, flower branches proceeding fromthe
which is very like this, if not the fame ; but the plants fides, and a forubbyftalk. Leucojum album five pur
do not make fo good progrefs here, as thofe which pureum five violaceum. Ger. The white, purple, or
came from Jamaica ; the berries were fo like, that I Violet Stock Gilliflower.
could not diftinguifh them ; but as the plants ad- 9 . CHEIRANTHUS ( Glabrus ) foliis lanceolatis, acutis, pe
vance, if they are different, it will appear. tiolatis, viridibus, caule fuffruticofo. Cheiranthus with
CHAMÆRUBUS. See RUBUS. Spear-shaped acute leaves, which are green, having foot
CHAMESYCE. See EUPHORBIA. ftalks, and a frubly talk. Leucojum album odora
CHEIRANTHUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 730. Leu tiffimum, folio viridi. C. B. P. 2. 102. Sweetest white
18
cojum . Tourn. Inft. R. H. 220. tab. 107. Stock Gil Stock Gilliflower with a green leaf, commonly called white
liflower and Wall-flower, in French Girofflier ou Violier, Wall-flower.
10. CHEIRAN
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10. CHEIRANTHUS (Seniftalis) foliis conferto-capitatis, buildings in many parts of England ; it is alfo cul
recurvatis, undatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. App. 1198. Chei tivated in gardens for the fragrancy of its flowers :
ranthus with leaves growing close together in beads, which When thefe plants grow upon walls or buildings,
turn backward, and are waved. they feldom rife more than fix or eight inches high,
11. CHEIRANTHUS ( Littoreus) foliis lanceolatis, fubden having very tough roots and firm ftalks ; the leaves
tatis fubtomentofis fubcarnofis, petalis emarginatis, are fhort, and fharp-pointed, and the flowers are
filiquis tomentofis. Lin. Sp. 925. Cheiranthus with fmall , but in gardens the plants will grow two feet
Spear -shaped, indented, woolly leaves, emarginated petals, high, and branch out wide on every fide ; the leaves
and woolly pods. Leucojum maritimum anguftifolium. are broader, and the flowers much larger ; but in ſe
C. B. P. 221. Narrow-leaved Sea Stock Gilliflower. vere winters, when theſe plants are frequently killed
12. CHEIRANTHUS (Maritimus) foliis lanceolatis acuti in the gardens, thofe upon the walls will receive no
ufculis, caule diffufo, antheris eminentibus. Amoen . injury, though they are much more expofed to the
Acad. 4. p. 280. Cheiranthus with acute spear-shaped winds and frofts ; for as thefe plants are ftunted, and
leaves, a diffuſed ſtalk, and eminent antheræ. Hefperis of a firmer texture, having but little juice, the cold
maritima, fupina, exigua. Tourn. Inft. 223. Small, never affects them.
low, maritime Dames Violet, commonly called Dwarf, or There is a variety of this with very double flowers,
Virginia Stock Gilliflower. which is propagated in the gardens from flips planted
13. CHEIRANTHUS (Chius) foliis obovatis aveniis emar in the fpring, which readily take root. There is
ginatis, filiquis apice fubulatis. Hort. Upfal. 187. one fort of this with variegated leaves, which is pre
Cheiranthus with oval emarginated leaves and pods, whofe ferved in the gardens, but this is not quite fo hardy
fummits are awl-shaped. Hefperis filiquis hirfutis flore as the plain.
parvo rubello. Hort. Elth . 180. tab. 147. Dames The large, yellow, bloody Wall-flower, is alfo fup
Violet with hairypods, and a ſmall reddiſhflower. pofed to be a variety of this, which has been im
14. CHEIRANTHUS (Tricuspidatus) filiquarum apicibus proved by culture ; and this I am inclinable to be
tridentatis foliis lyratis. Hort. Cliff. 335. Cheiranthus lieve, becauſe I have frequently obferved many of
with pods indented in three parts at the point, and lyre them degenerate to the common fort ; but although
fhapedleaves. Hefperis maritima latifolia filiquâ tricuf I have many years fowed the feeds of the common
pide. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 223. Broad-leaved maritime fort from the walls, yet I could never find them alter,
Dames Violet, with a three-pointed pod. except in being larger, but not any of them approach
15. CHEIRANTHUS (Sinuatis) foliis tomentofis obtufis ed toward the other varieties . The large bloody
fubfinuatis, ramis integris, filiquis muricatis. Lin. Wall-flower will frequently rife with double flowers
Sp. 926. Cheiranthus with woolly, obtufe, finuated from feeds, if they are carefully faved from ſuch
leaves, intire branches, and rough pods. Leucojum plants as have five petals ; and theſe double flowers
maritimum finuato folio. C. B. P. 200. may be propagated by flips as the common fort,
16. CHEIRANTHUS (Triftis) foliis linearibus fubfinuatis, but the plants fo raifed will not produce fuch large
floribus feffilibus petalis undatis, caule fuffruticofo. fpikes of flowers as thoſe which are propagated by
Loeft. Cheiranthus with linear indented leaves, flowers feeds.
clofe to the ftalk, wavedpetals, and aforubbyftalk. Leu There is alſo another variety with double blood- co
cojum minus breviore folio, obfolete flore. Barrel. loured flowers, whofe petals are ſhorter and more nu
It. 999. merous, approaching nearer to the common double
17. CHEIRANTHUS (Lacerus) foliis lacero-dentatis acu Wall-flower, but much larger. This is called the
minatis, calycibus pilofis, filiquis nodofis mucronatis. Old Bloody Wall-flower. It is propagated from flips,
Lin. Sp. 926. Cheiranthus with torn, indented, pointed in the fame manner as the other double forts . There
leaves, hairy empalements, and knobbed, acute-pointed are fome intermediate varieties of theſe flowers, dif
pods. Leucojum Lufitanicum purpureum, foliis ele fering in the fize and colour of their petals, which
ganter dentatis. Parad . Bat. 193. the florifts diftinguifh as different ; but as they
The firft fort grows naturally in the fouth of France, conftantly vary from feeds, they do not deferve
in Spain and Italy ; this is an annual plant, which notice.
rifes a foot high, with an angular channelled ftalk, The fourth fort grows naturally upon the Alps, and
which branches upward on every fide ; thefe are gar the mountains in Italy, where it rarely rifes above fix
nifhed with long, narrow, green leaves, reſembling inches high ; the leaves are very narrow, and the
thoſe of the common Wall-flower, but are fharply flowers grow in clofe fpikes at the end of the
indented on their edges, fitting clofe to the ftalks ; branches ; they are of a pale yellow, or brimftone co
at the extremity of the branches the flowers are pro lour, and the necks of the petals are much longer
duced in loofe fpikes ; thefe are yellow, having four than the empalement ; thefe have but little fcent.
petals fituated in form of a crofs, greatly refembling When this fort is cultivated in gardens , it grows as
thofe of the common yellow Wall- flower, but have large as the common Wall-flower, and makes a finer
no fcent ; thefe are fucceeded by long four-cornered appearance, for the fpikes of flowers are longer, and
pods, filled with brown feeds. It flowers in June, they grow much clofer together ; but they have little
and the feeds are ripe in autumn . fcent, which occafioned their being firſt neglected ,
The fecond fort grows naturally in Hungary and If and at preſent there are few, if any, of the plants re
tria ; this is also an annual plant, rifing with an upright maining in the English gardens. It was titled the
ftalk nearly the fame height as the other, but doth Straw-coloured Wall- flower by the gardeners.
not branch out as that doth. The leaves are broader, The forts with fingle flowers produce feeds in plenty,
fmoother, and not pointed as thofe of the other ; from which the plants are railed ; but the largeſt and
they ftand alternately on the ftalk without any viſible deepeſt coloured flowers fhould always be felected
foot-ftalk, and are of a deep green. The flowers for feeds, becauſe from feeds carefully faved , there
come out in loofe fpikes at the top of the ftalks ; will be fewer of the plants degenerate. The feeds
thefe are fmall, and of a pale yellow without fcent, fhould be fown in April, upon poor or undunged foil,
and are fucceeded by four-cornered pods like thoſe and when the plants are fit to remove, they fhould be
of the former. It flowers, and the feeds are ripe at tranſplanted into nurſery-beds, at about fix inches
the fame time with the former. diftance each way, obferving to water and fhade them
Theſe two plants have by fome perfons been fuppofed until they have taken freſh root ; after which they will
the fame, but I have cultivated them thirty years, require no farther care, but to keep them clean from
and have never found them alter. If their feeds are weeds all the fummer ; and at Michaelmas they may
permitted to ſcatter, the plants will come up without be tranfplanted into the borders of the flower-garden
care, and will thrive on any foil or fituation, and up where they are defigned to remain, that the plants
on walls, or in rubbish, in the fame manner as the may get good roots before the froft comes on. This
common Wall -flower. is the method which is commonly practifed with theſe
The fecond fort grows naturally upon old walls and flowers ; but if the feeds are fown upon poor land,
Ooo where
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where they are defigned to remain, and not tranſ plants , I can affirm, that the fpecies here enumerat
planted, they will thrive, and endure the froft in win ed, do not alter from one to the other, though they
ter much better than thoſe which are removed ; fo frequently vary in the colour of their flowers.
that upon ruins or rubbish the feeds of theſe plants It rifes with a ſtrong ſtalk, which is almoſt ſhrubby,
may be fown, where they will thrive and continue a foot high or more, having oblong, fpear-shaped,
much longer than in good land ; and in ſuch places, hoary leaves, which are frequently waved on their
if they are properly difpofed, they will be very orna edges, and turn downward at the extremity ; from
mental, and their flowers having a ſtrong odour, will the ſtalk is fent out many lateral branches, which are
perfume the air to a confiderable diſtance. garniſhed with the fame fhaped leaves, but ſmaller ;
The Stock Gilliflowers are diftinguiſhed from the theſe fide branches are each terminated by a looſe
Wall-flowers by their hoary leaves. Theſe agree with fpike of flowers, each having an oblong woolly em
each other in their botanical characters, fo are gene palement, and confift of four large roundiſh petals,
rally included in the fame genus ; but the gardeners which are indented at the end . Thefe ufually ap
remove thein to a confiderable diſtance, and treat pear in May and June, but the fame plants frequently
them very differently ; yet there is fo great affinity continue flowering moft part of the fummer. The
between them, as that they may be treated in the feeds ripen in autumn, and the plants generally pe
fame manner, and both will grow equally upon old rifh foon after ; but when any of them grow in
walls or ruins ; but as they have been feparated by dry rubbish, they will laft two or three years and
moſt of the writers on gardening, I have, in compli become ſhrubby ; but thoſe with fingle flowers, are not
ance with that cuſtom , ranged them accordingly. worth preferving after they have perfected their feeds.
The fifth fort is now generally known by the appel The flowers of this fort vary in their colour ; fome
lation of ten Weeks Stock , but it is what was for are of a pale red, others are of a bright red, and fome
merly titled Annual Stock Gilliflower, which of late are curiouſly variegated, but thofe of the bright red
has been applied to another fpecies, which is biennial. are generally moft efteemed. There is always a
This rifes with a round ſmooth ſtalk about two feet great number of double flowers produced, if the feeds
high, dividing into feveral branches upward, garniſh are well chofen, frequently three parts in four of the
ed with fpear-shaped hoary leaves , which are rounded plants will be double ; and as the plants divide into
at their ends, and placed without order, fometimes many branches, they make a fine appearance during
their continuance in flower.
being almoft oppofite, and others alternate, and fre
quently three or four together of unequal fizes ; at The ſeventh fort is known by the title of Brompton
the ends of the branches the flowers are produced in Stock Gilliflower, I fuppofe from its having been
loofe fpikes, which are placed alternate ; the empale there firſt cultivated in England. This rifes with an
ment of the flower is large, erect, and flightly cut upright, ftrong, undivided ſtalk, to the height of
into ſeveral acute parts at the top ; the petals are two feet or more, garniſhed with long hoary leaves,
large and heart-shaped, fpreading open in form of a which are reflexed, and waved on their edges, and at
the top form a large head ; out ofthe center of theſe
crofs ; the pods are long, cylindrical, and have a
longitudinal furrow on one fide, which opens in two arifes the flower-ftalk, which, when the plants are
cells, which are filled with flat roundifh feeds, having ftrong, is frequently a foot and a half long, putting
a thin border. It flowers in July and Auguft, and out two or three fhort branches toward the bottom ;

the feeds ripen in October. the flowers of this kind have longer petals than any
Of this fort there are the red, the purple, the white, of the other forts, and are formed into a pyramidal
and ſtriped, with fingle flowers, and the fame colours ſpike ; but thoſe with fingle flowers are looſely dif
with double flowers ; theſe are very great ornaments pofed, becauſe the flowers having but few petals, do
in the borders of the flower-garden in the autumn , not fill the ſpike, as thoſe do which are double ; for
when there is a fcarcity of other flowers ; and if the theſe often have fo many petals, as to render each
feeds are fown at two or three different times, the flow flower as large and full as fmall Rofes ; and when
ers may be continued in fucceffion near three months. they are of a bright red, make a pretty appearance,
The firft fowing ſhould be about the middle of Fe being excelled by none of the flowery tribe ; but the
bruary, upon a very flender hot- bed, juft to bring up plants of this fort produce but one fpike, in which it
the plants, which muſt be guarded againſt froft ; and differs from all the other kinds, and being conftant in
when they are fit to remove, they fhould be tranf this particular, I think is fufficient to eſtabliſh a dif
planted into the nurſery beds, at about three or four tinct fpecies. This fort is generally biennial, though
inches diftance, obferving to water and fhade them many times the plants are preferved longer ; but
till they have taken root, and afterward to keep them they are always ftronger the first year of their flower
clean from weeds ; in thefe beds they may remain ing, than they will be after ; fo that the feeds are
five or fix weeks to get ftrength, and may then be fown every ſpring, to continue a fucceffion of flower
planted into the borders of the flower-garden, where ing plants. 10
they are to remain : if theſe are tranfplanted when The eighth fort is the White Stock Gilliflower,
there is rain, they will foon take root, after which which is of longer duration than either of the other
they will require no farther care. From theſe early forts. I have frequently had theſe plants live three or
plants good feeds may be expected, therefore fome four years, which have become ſhrubby ; their ſtalks
of the fineſt plants of each colour fhould be preferv have been three feet high, and branched out on every
ed, and marked for feeds, which, when ripe, fhould fide, fo as to appear like fhrubs ; theſe feldom fend
be carefully cut before the froft pinches it, and the out flower-ftalks from the center of the plant, but it
ftalks tied up in ſmall bundles, and hung up in a dry is the fide branches which produce the flowers, and
room till the pods are well dried , when the feeds may theſe fide branches divide into ſeveral other, which is
be rubbed out and preferved for ufe. not common to the other forts. There are always
The fixth fort is a biennial plant, though when the many double flowers rife from feeds of this fort, when
feeds are fown early in the fpring, the plants often they are well chofen ; fome years I have fcarce had
flower the following autumn ; but theſe plants which enough fingle flowers to preferve the kind . The va
are fo forward, are often killed in winter ; therefore rieties of this are few, fometimes a few of the plants
it is much better to fow them in May, that the plants will produce pale fleſh-coloured flowers, and now and
may not grow too rank the firft feafon ; they will then fome have been purple ; and as that fort of Stock
live through the winter, and produce large ſpikes Gilliflower, which is titled the Twickenham Purple,
of flowers the fecond year. will fometimes come with flowers variegated with
This is commonly called the Queen's Stock Gilli white, I have been inclinable to think theſe two
flower by the gardeners, and differs greatly from the may be varieties of each other ; and the rather, be
other forts, though many of the late botanists have cauſe the plants agree with each other in their exter
fuppofed they were only feminal variations ; but from nal habit ; for neither of theſe put out their flower
near forty years experience in the culture of theſe ſtems from the center of the plants, but always on
their
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CHE
their fide, fo that theſe are undoubtedly a diſtinct fpe
The ground where theſe feeds are fown, muft not
cies from the former.
have any dung, for in rich land the plants will grow
The ninth fort is known by the title of White Wall
very vigorous in fummer, but when the froft comes
flower, among the gardeners and florifts. This rifes
on , or the heavy rains in autumn , either of which
with a greeniſh ſtalk a foot high, dividing into many
will foon deſtroy them ; for thefe plants will thrive
branches, garniſhed with narrow, fmooth, fpear upon rocks or old walls, as was before obſerved ; and
fhaped leaves, of a lucid green, and of thicker con in fuch fituations they will live, when all thoſe which
fiftence than thofe of any of the other forts ; they
are planted in gardens are deſtroyed . The beſt timé
come out without any order, are near three inches to fowthe feeds is about the beginning of May ; and
long, and about half an inch broad in the middle ; if the feafon fhould prove dry, it will be proper to
the flowers are produced in looſe ſpikes at the end of ſhade the beds with mats every day, to prevent the
the branches, which are of a pure white, and have a
earth from drying too faft ; but the covering muſt be
great fragrancy, eſpecially in an evening or in cloudy taken off every evening, to admit the dews of night,
weather ; the flowers are fucceeded by oblong com
and they ſhould be gently watered in the evening two
preffed pods like thoſe of the other fpecies. There is or three times a week. When the plants firſt appear,
a variety of this with double flowers, which is propa with their two feed- leaves, they are often attacked by
gated by cuttings or flips, in the fame manner as the flies, eſpecially in dry hot ſeaſons ; therefore to pre
double Wall-flowers ; but theſe plants require protec
vent their deſtroying of the plants, the covering
tion from great rains, and froft in winter ; fo if they ſhould be continued over them during the heat of the
are planted in pots, and placed under a common
day, and the plants frequently refreſhed with water,
frame in winter, where in mild weather they may en
which will keep them in a growing ſtate, ſo the flies
joy the open free air, and be covered from hard rains will not infeft them ; for I have always obferved, they
and froft, they may be preferved ſeveral years.
never attack any plants unleſs they have been ſtunted
Sometimes many of the plants with double flowers
in their growth : when the plants have got ſtrength,
will come up from feeds, but not fo frequent as
they will be fecure from this danger, and the cover
fome of the other forts. I have for feveral years raiſed
ings may be removed ; after this the plants will re
more than one hundred plants in a ſeaſon, without
quire no farther care but to keep them clean from
obtaining one double flower ; and from the feeds of weeds, and to be thinned to the diſtance of nine
thefe, have the following year had more than half inches or a foot afunder, that they may have proper
the plants with double flowers : but this is not to be
room to grow, and not draw each other up tall and
expected often.
weak. The plants which are drawn out of theſe beds
The feeds of the tenth fort were fent me by Dr.
to thin them, may be planted in the borders of the
Linnæus, from Upfal in Sweden. This plant rifes flower- garden, where they are defigned to remain,
about fix inches high, with an herbaceous fwelling
and the fooner they are removed, when the plants
ftalk ; the leaves are produced in cluſters at the top,
have got fix or eight leaves, the more likely they will
which are very hoary, waved on their edges, have ob
be to live through the winter ; becauſe their roots
tufe points, and fet very cloſe to the ftalk ; the flow will not have extended themſelves fo far, ſo cannot
ers are produced in flender fpikes from the fide of be planted deep in the ground, and may take their
ftalk ; theſe are purple, but not fo fragrant as many
natural direction ; therefore whenever theſe plants are
of the other forts ; the pods are woolly, and recurve
removed, it is always the beſt way to do it when they
backward at the end.
are young .
All theſe forts flower in May and June, at which
The farther care of the plants which are left in the
time they are the greateſt ornament to the flower beds, will be to cover them in winter with mats ; and
garden, therefore deferve our care to cultivate them when they come to flower, all thoſe which are not of
as much as any of the flowery tribe ; but in order to good colours, or whoſe flowers are ſmall, ſhould be
have many double flowers, there muſt be great care drawn out as foon as they appear, that they may not
taken in the choice of plants for feeds, without which impregnate thoſe which are defigned for feeds with
there can be little hopes of having theſe flowers in their farina ; but thoſe with double flowers fhould by
perfection. The only fure way of getting many dou no means be removed, nor fhould their flowers be cut
ble flowers, is to make choice of thofe fingle flowers off, but fuffered to fade among the fingle ones , by
which grow near many double ones ; for I have al which the feeds will be improved ; it will alfo be a
ways found thoſe feeds which have been faved from fure method of preferving each fort in perfection, to
plants growing in beds clofe to each other, where have them ſeparate from each other, in diſtinct beds ;
there happened to be many double flowers among though I think there is no danger of any of the fpe
1 them, have produced a much greater number of cies altering, by the mixture of their farina, but their
plants with double flowers, than thoſe which have colours are liable to be changed by it ; fo that in or
been faved from plants of the fame kinds, which der to continue thofe pure, they fhould not ftand
grew fingle in the borders of the flower-garden ; fo too near each other.
that there fhould be a fmall bed of each kind planted The time for fowing the feeds before- mentioned,
on purpoſe to fave feeds in the flower-nurfery ; or if muſt be underſtood to be for the forts which are bien
they are fown there, and the plants thinned properly nial ; for the annual, or ten Weeks Stock Gilliflower
when they are young, they need not be tranfplanted'; fhould be for the firſt ſeafon fown in February , as
for I have always obferved the plants which have was before directed ; and to fucceed thefe, there
come up from fcattered feeds, which have not been fhould be another parcel fown in March ; and thoſe
tranfplanted, endure the froft much better than thoſe who are curious to continue theſe flowers late in the
which have been removed ; for as thefe plants fend
autumn, fhould fow a parcel of the feed the latter
out horizontal roots from the bottom of their ſtems, end of May ; and if theſe laſt fown plants are upon
which ſpread near the furface of the ground, fo when a warm border, where they may be covered, by
they are tranfplanted , the roots are forced downward
placing glaffes before them in winter, or covering
out of their natural direction ; and if their ftalks were
them with mats, they may be continued in flower till
grown tall before removal, they are generally planted Chriſtmas ; and if fome of the plants are potted, and
low in the ground, whereby they are apt to rot, if
put under a hot- bed frame in autumn, where they
the ground is moift, or the winter fhould prove wet ;
may enjoy the open air in mild weather, and be
therefore where they can be left unremoved , there
fcreened from hard rains and froft ; by which method
will be a better chance of their living through the
I have known theſe plants kept flowering all the win
winter ; and as theſe beds need not be of great extent,
ter, when the winters have not been very fevere.
fo when the winter proves very fevere, it will not be
There are ſome who propagate the double Stock Gil
much trouble or expence to arch the beds over with
liflowers by flips and cuttings, which will take root
hoops, and cover them with mats in frofty weather,
when properly managed ; but the plants fo raiſed are
by which method they may be always preferved.
never fo ftrong as thofe which come from feeds, and
2
their
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their fpikes of flowers are always very ſhort, and have . The fifteenth fort grows naturally on the fea coafts
not half the beauty ; therefore it is not worth while in the fouth of France and Spain, where it continues
to practiſe this method , unleſs for thoſe forts which three or four years ; the ftalk is erect, and the whole
J cannot be obtained with any certainty from feed. plant is covered with a white down ; the lower leaves
The eleventh fort grows naturally in the fouth of are broad, fpear-fhaped, obtufe, and alternately in
France, Spain, and Italy, near the fea coaft. This dented ; the flowers are flesh- coloured, compofed of
rifes near a foot high, with a ligneous ſtalk, dividing four petals like the other fpecies, and are fucceeded
into many fmall branches, garnished with narrow by long woolly pods .
hoary leaves, which are entire, and rounded at their This may be propagated by feeds in the fame manner
as the other forts ; and if the plants grow in rubbiſh,
extremity ; the flowers are produced in loofe fpikes
at the end of the branches, which are ſmaller than they will live through the winter better than in rich
thoſe of either fort before-mentioned, of a bright red earth.
at their first appearing, but fade to a purple before The fixteenth fort is of humble growth, feldom rifing
they fall off. The ftalks, leaves, and the whole plant above eight or nine inches high ; the leaves are very
is very white, and by its woody ſtalks hath the ap narrow, and indented on their edges ; the ſtalk be
pearance of a perennial plant, but it generally pe comes fhrubby, to which the flowers grow very clofe ;
riſhes in autumn. The feeds of this fort fhould be theſe are of a worn out purple colour, fo make but
fown in autumn, upon a warm border, where the little appearance. It grows naturally in Spain and
plants are defigned to remain ; when the plants come Italy, and is not fo hardy as the other forts, therefore
up, they will require no farther care but to keep requires fome protection in winter.
them clean from weeds, and thin them where they The feventeenth fort grows naturally in Portugal.
come up too cloſe . Thefe autumnal plants will This is a low annual plant with pointed leaves, whofe
flower early in June, fo will produce good feeds ; borders are indented as if torn ; the empalement of
but thoſe which are fown in the fpring will flower in the flower is hoary ; the flowers have four purple pe
July and Auguft, fo that from theſe there cannot be tals placed in form of a crofs, which are fucceeded
any certainty of having ripe feeds : however, by fow by knobbed-pointed pods inclofing flat feeds.
ing the feeds at two or three different feafons, there If the feeds of this kind are fown in the ſpring upon
may be a fucceffion of flowers continued for three or fheltered borders , where the plants are to remain , and
four months . they are thinned and kept clean from weeds, the
The twelfth fort is commonly fown in gardens, plants will flower in July, and produce ripe feeds in
fometimes as an edging for borders, but more gene autumn,
rally in patches between taller growing flowers : it is CHELIDONIUM. Tourn. Inft . R. H. 231. tab.
titled fometimes Dwarf annual Stock Gilliflower, and 116. Lin. Gen. Plant. 572. Chelidonium majus. Raii
by others it hath the appellation of Virginia Stock Meth. Plant. 100. Glaucium . Tourn. Inft . R. H.
• Gilliflower. This feldom rifes more than fix inches tab. 130. Celandine, or Greater Celandine, in French
high, fending out many branches from the root, Cheliodine or Eclair.
which intermix and grow irregular ; thefe are gar The CHARACTERS are,
nished with fpear-fhaped leaves, rounded at their The flower bath a roundish empalement, compofed of two
ends, and fit cloſe to the branches ; the flowers come concave obtufe leaves, which fall off ; it hath four large
out in looſe ſpikes at the end of the branches, which roundish petals, which fpread open and are narrow at their
are of a purple colour, compofed of four petals in bafe ; in the center is fituated a cylindrical germen, at
form of a crofs, and are fucceeded by flender pods tended by agreat number offtamina, which are broad at
like thofe of the other forts. If the feeds of this the top, and are terminated by oblong, compreſſed, twin
fort are fewn in patches, at two or three different fummits. Upon the germen isfituated a bifid ftigma in
times, the first in autumn, the fecond the latter end form of a head. The germen afterward becomes a cylin
of March, and the third the end of April, or the be dricalpod, with one or two cells, opening with two valves,
ginning of May, in the borders of the flower-garden, and filled with manysmallfeeds.
they will make a variety, when intermixed with other This genus of plants is ranged in the first fection of
low growing annual flowers, for three months. Linnæus's thirteenth clafs , intitled Polyandria Mo
The thirteenth fort rifes near two feet high, fending nogynia, the flower having many ftamina and one
out many upright branches from the bottom, which ftyle. To this genus he has joined the Glaucium of
Tournefort, whofe characters with
are thinly garnished with fpear-fhaped leaves, the very well agree
lower ones being a little indented ; the flowers come thofe of Celandine, fo are very properly brought
out fingle, at great diſtances from each other, toward together.
: the upper part of the branches ; theſe are ſmall, of a The SPECIES are,

purplish red colour, and foon fall away, being fuc 1. CHELIDONIUM (Majus) pedunculis umbellatis. Lin.
ceeded by long taper pods, with awl-shaped points . Gen. Plant. 505. Celandine with an umbellatedfoot-ſtalk.
This is an annual plant, which may be treated in the Chelidonium majus vulgare. C. B. P. 144. Greater
fame manner as the laft mentioned fort ; but as it common Celandine.

hath little beauty, it is not often cultivated in gardens. 2. CHELIDONIUM ( Laciniatum) foliis quinque lobatis,
The fourteenth fort grows naturally on the fea coafts lobis anguftis acute laciniatis. Celandine whofe leaves
in Italy, Spain, and Portugal. This is alfo an an are compofed offive narrow lobes, which are cut into many
nual plant, which branches out from the root into acute fegments. Chelidonium majus laciniato flore.
many declining ſtalks ; the lower leaves are about Cluf. Hift. 203. Greater Celandine with ajaggedflower.
two inches long, and three quarters of an inch broad, 3 . CHELIDONIUM ( Glaucium) pedunculis unifloris, foliis
very deeply finuated on their edges , and hoary ; thofe amplexicaulibus finuatis, caule glabro. Lin. Sp . Plant.
upon the ftalks are of the fame form, but much 506. Celandine with fingle flowers on the foot -ftalks, fu
fmaller ; the flowers are produced from the fides of ated leaves which embrace thestalks, and a smooth stalk.
the ftalks fingly, and at the top in looſe ſpikes ; the Glaucium flore luteo. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 351. Glau
empalements of the flowers are covered with a white cium with a yellow flower ; and the Papaver cornicula
down, as are alfo the end of the branches ; the flow tum luteum. C. B. P. 171. Yellow borned Poppy.
ers are purple, compofed of four leaves placed in 4. CHELIDONIUM ( Corniculatum) pedunculis unifloris, fo
form of a cross ; the pods are about three inches long, liis feffilibus pinnatifidis, caule hifpido. Lin. Sp.
taper, woolly, and at their ends are divided into three Plant. 506. Celandine with fingle flowers upon the foot
parts, which ſpread into a triangle. It flowers in Ju Stalks, leaves fet close to the stalks which have winged
ly, and when the feafon is favourable, the feeds will points, and a rough ftalk. Glaucium hirfutum fiore
ripen in autumn ; but if the feeds are fown in autumn Phoenicio. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 253. Hairy Glaucium,
on a warm border, the plants will live through the or horned Poppy, with a fcarlet flower.
P
winter, and theſe will flower early in June, fo from 5. CHELIDONIUM ( Glabrum) pedunculis unifloris, foliis
thefe good feeds may be obtained from them. femiamplexicaulibus, dentatis, glabris. Celandine with
foot
 CHE CHE

foot-ftalks having a fingle flower, and Smooth indented The fourth fort grows naturally in Spain, Italy, and
leaves, which half embrace the stalks. Glaucium gla fome parts of Germany, from whence the feeds have
brum flore Phoenicio. Tourn . Inft. 254. Smooth borned been brought to England. The leaves of it are
Poppy with a Scarlet flower. deeply jagged and hairy, of a pale green, and grow
clofe to the ftalks : thofe at the bottom lie on the
6. CHELIDONIUM ( Hybridum) pedunculis unifloris, foliis
pinnatifidis, linearibus, caule lævi filiquis trivalvibus. ground, and are broader than thofe above. The
Lin. Sp. Plant. 724. Celandine with fingle flowers upon talks are a foot and a half high, having a fingle
the foot-ftalk, many pointed narrow leaves, and a smooth jagged leaf placed at each joint ; thefe have many di
Stalk. Glaucium flore violaceo. Tourn. Inft. 254. vifions, from their origin to the point, which is ex
Horned Poppy with a Violet-coloured flower. tended longer than the lower leaves. The flowers
The firſt fort is the common Celandine which is uſed come out from the bofom of the leaves ; theſe are
in medicine, and is eſteemed aperitive and cleanſing, compofed of five broad obtufe petals, which are of
opening obftructions of the fpleen and liver, and is a dark ſcarlet colour, and foon fall off. In the center
of great uſe in curing the jaundice and fcurvy. This of each is fituated an oblong germen, having no ſtyle,
grows naturally on the fide of banks, and in fhady but fupports a bifid ftigma ; this is attended by a
lanes in many parts of England, fo is feldom culti great number of ſhort ſtamina, terminated by obtufe
vated in gardens ; for if the feeds are permitted to fummits. The germen afterward becomes a long
fcatter, the ground will be plentifully ſtored with 1 taper pod, on the apex of which the bifid ftigma re
plants to a confiderable diſtance. It flowers in May, mains, litting on the middle partition, which divides
at which time the herb is in the greateſt perfection the pod into two cells, which are filled with ſmall
for uſe. feeds . The flower hath an empalement compofed of
The fecond fort is found growing in a few particular two hollow leaves, which are clofely fet with fhort
places, where the feeds have been formerly fown, or prickles ; this falls away when the flower is expanded.
the plants caft out of gardens. This is by fome fup It flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen in
poſed to be only a variety of the firſt, but I have autumn. As the flowers of this plant are but of
propagated this by feeds above forty years, and have fhort duration, they do not make any confiderable
conſtantly found the plants produced to be the fame figure ; but the foliage of the plant is very elegant,
as thoſe from which the feeds were faved, and never and might be introduced by way of ornament to fur
vary, nor have I ever obſerved the firſt alter to this . niture with great advantage, being very pictureſque :
The leaves of this are divided into narrow long feg it may alſo be wrought into patterns for filks, and
ments, which are deeply jagged on their edges, and painted upon porcelain, where it would have a very
the petals of the flower are cut into many parts, in good effect. If the feeds of this plant are fown in
which it differs from the firft. If the feeds of this J the autumn, they will more certainly grow than
fort are permitted to fcatter, they will fill the ground thoſe which are fown in the ſpring ; which frequently,
with plants. They both delight in fhade. There is in dry feaſons, do not come up the fame year, or at
a variety of this with double flowers, which generally leaſt not before autumn ; whereas thofe fown in au
rifes the fame from feeds, which is not uſual in many tumn, frequently come up foon after, or if not at
other plants ; however, this variety may always be that feaſon, do not fail coming up in the fpring;
preferved by parting the roots. and theſe plants come early to flower, fo that good
The third fort is known by the title of Horned Poppy; feeds may always be obtained from them. They
it was fo called from the reſemblance which the fhould be fown where the plants are to remain, and
flower bears to the Poppy, and the long feed-veffel, they will require no other care but to thin them
which is like a horn. It grows naturally upon the where they are too clofe, and keep them clean from
fandy and gravelly fhores by the fea, in many parts weeds.
of England, from whence the feeds have been brought The fifth fort differs from the fourth, in having
into gardens, where it is fometimes allowed to have broader leaves, which are not fo deeply divided ; the
place for the fake of variety. This plant abounds whole plant is ſmooth, and the flowers are larger, but
with a yellow juice which flows out from every part, are of the fame colour : this is alſo an annual plant,
when broken. It fends out many thick gray leaves, and requires the fame treatment as the laft.
which are deeply jagged ; the ftalks are ftrong, The fixth fort grows naturally among the Corn, in
fmooth, and jointed, which rife near two feet high, fome parts ofEngland. This is alſo an annual plant,
and divide into many branches. Theſe are garniſhed whofe feeds fhould be fown in autumn, for thoſe
with leaves at each joint ; thofe on the lower part of which are fown in the fpring feldom fucceed. The
the ſtalks are long, broad, and deeply jagged, but leaves of this fort are finely jagged, and divided into
the upper leaves are entire and almoſt heart-shaped : narrow fegments, fomewhat like thofe of Buckfhorn
they cloſely embrace the ſtalks with their baſe ; from Plantain ; they are fmooth, of a lucid green, and are
the bofom of the leaves come out the ſhort foot- ſtalks commonly oppofite. The ftalks rife little more than
of the flowers, each fupporting one large yellow a foot high, dividing into two or three branches up
flower, compoſed of four broad petals, which ſpread ward, garniſhed with ſmall leaves of the fame form
open like the garden Poppy, in the center of which as thoſe below. The flowers are fuftained by flender
are a great number of yellow ftamina, ſurrounding foot-ſtalks, which come out from the wings of the
a long cylindrical germen, crowned by an arrow leaves ; theſe are compofed of four obtufe petals, of
pointed ftigma, which is permanent, remaining upon a Violet colour, in the center of which is fituated a
the top of the horned feed-veffel, which grows nine cylindrical germen, attended by a great number of
or ten inches long, having a longitudinal furrow on ftamina ; the germen afterward becomes a long cy
one fide, where it opens when ripe, and lets out the lindrical pod, like thofe of the other fpecies. The
feeds. This is a biennial plant, which flowers the Howers of this plant are very fugacious, feldom lafting
fecond year, and periſhes foon after the feeds are above three or four hours before the petals drop off,
ripe. efpecially in clear weather. It flowers in May, and
If the feeds of this plant are permitted to ſcatter, the feeds ripen in July, and the plants foon after
they will fill the ground near them with plants, fo periſh. If the feeds are permitted to fcatter, the plants
that it is not a proper plant for a flower-garden ; but will come up without care as the others.
if a few of the feeds are ſcattered about in rock work, CHELONE [xελ , Gr. a tortoife . ] Tourn. Act.
the plants will rife without trouble, and in fuch R. S. 1706. tab. 7. fol. 2. Lin. Gen. Plant. 666.
places will have a pretty effect. And if the feeds are The CHARACTERS are,

permitted to ſcatter, there will always be a ſupply of The empalement of the flower is of one leaf, cut into five
young plants , fo the only care they will require, is parts, and is permanent ; the flower is of the ringent kind,
to pull them up when they multiply too faft. It having a fhort cylindrical tube, which is fwollen at the
flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen in chaps, where it is oblong, convex above, and plain below ;
autumn. the mouth is almoft closed; the upper lip is obtufe and in
PPP dented
 CHE CHE

dented, the lower lip is lightly cut into three parts. İt bright purple colour, fo make a finer appearance.
bath four ftamina, which are inclofed in the backfide of This flowers at the fame time with the firft, and is
the petal, the two fide ones being a little longer than the propagated by parting of the roots in the fame
other, which are terminated by oval hairy Jummits. It manner.
bath an oval germen fupporting a flender ftyle, crowned by The third fort I received from New England, where
an obtufe ftigma ; the germen afterward becomes an oval it grows naturally : this is near to the firft fort, but
capfule having two cells, which are filled with flat roundish the ftalks and leaves are very hairy, and the flower
feeds having a border. is of a purer white. It flowers at the fame time with
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection the former, and requires the fame treatment.
of Linnæus's thirteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia As theſe plants flower in the autumn, when there is
Angiofpermia, from the flower having two long and a fcarcity of other flowers, it renders them the more
two ſhort ftamina, and the feeds being included in a valuable, eſpecially the fecond fort, whofe flowers
capfule. make a very pretty appearance, when they are
The SPECIES are,
ſtrong ; and if ſome of them have a fhady fituation
1. CHELONE (Glabra) foliis lanceolatis, acuminatis, fef- in the fummer, they will flower later in the autumn.
filibus, obfoletè ferratis, radice reptatrice . Chelone with CHENOPODIA-MORUS. See BLITUM.
pointed fpear-
shaped leaves, fet clofe to the ftalks, with CHENOPODIUM [ xnvowódion, Gr. ] Tourn . Inft.
Smallferratures on their edges, and a creeping root. Che R. H. 506. tab. 288. Lin. Gen. Plant. 272. Gooſe
lone Acadienfis flore albo. Tourn . Act . R. Par. 1706. foot, or Wild Orach.
Chelone of Acadia, with a white flower. The CHARACTERS are,
2. CHELONE (Purpurea) foliis lanceolatis , obliquis, pe It bath a permanent empalement, composed offive oval
tiolatis, oppofitis, marginibus acutè ferratis. Chelone concave leaves: the flower hath no petal, but in the center
with obliquefpear -fhaped leaves, growing oppofite onfoot it bath five ftamina placed oppofite to the leaves of the
ftalks, and their bordersfharplyfawed. Chelone floribus empalement, and of the fame length, terminated by
fpeciofis pulcherrimis, colore rofæ damafcenæ . Clayt. roundish twin fummits ; it bath a round germen fupport
Flor. Virg. 71. Chelone with a very beautiful looking ing a short double ftyle, crowned by an obtufe ftigma.
flower, the colour of the Damask Rofe. Thegermen afterward becomes afive-corneredfruit inclosed
3. CHELONE (Hirfuta) caule foliifque hirfutis. Lin. Sp. in the empalement, containing one roundifh depreffed feed.
Plant. 611. Chelone with hairy ſtalks and leaves. Digi Linnæus places this genus in the fecond fection of his
tatis Virginiana, panacis coloni foliis, flore amplo, fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia, the flower
pallafcente. Pluk. Mant. 64. Virginia Foxglove with having five ftamina and two ſtyles.
Clowns all-beal leaves, and a large pale flower. The SPECIES are,
The first fort grows naturally in moſt parts of North I. CHENOPODIUM ( Bonus Henricus) foliis triangulari-fa
America. This is called by Jofcelin, in his New gittatis, integerrimis fpicis compofitis aphyllis. Hort.
England Rarities, the Humming Bird-tree. It hath Cliff. 84. Goofefoot with arrow-
fhaped triangular leaves
a pretty thick jointed root, which creeps under ground which are entire. Chenopodium folio triangulo. Tourn.
to a confiderable diftance, fending up fmooth chan Inft. 506. Goofefoot with a triangular leaf, called English
nelled ſtalks, which rife about twofeet high, garniſhed Mercury, All Good, or Good Henry.
with two leaves at each joint, ftanding oppofite 2 . CHENOPODIUM (Vulvaria) foliis integerrimis rhombeo
without foot-ftalks ; thefe are three inches and a half ovatis, floribus conglomeratis axillaribus. Flor. Suec.
long, and about three quarters of an inch broad at 216. Goofefoot with entire, oval, rhomboidal leaves, and
their bafe, where they are broadeft, and diminiſh flowers growing in clusters on the fide of the talks.
gradually to a fharp point ; they have ſmall ferratures Chenopodium foetidum. Tourn. Inft. 506. Stinking
on their edges, which ſcarcely appear. The flowers Orach.
grow in a clofe fpike at the end of the ftalks ; they 3. CHENOPODIUM (Scoparia) foliis lineari-lanceolatis,
are white, and have but one petal, which is tubular, planis, integerrimis . Hort. Cliff. 86. Goofefoot with
and narrow at the bottom, but fwells upward, almoſt narrow spear s
-haped leaves, which are plain and entire.
like the Foxglove flower ; the upper fide is bent Chenopodium lini folio villofo. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
over and convex, but the under is flat, and flightly Goofefoot with a hairy Flax leaf, commonly called Belve
indented in three parts at the end. When the flowers dere, or Summer Cypress.
fall off, the germen turns to an oval capfule fitting 4. CHENOPODIUM (Botrys) foliis oblongis, finuatis, ra
in the empalement, filled with roundish compreffed cemis nudis multifidis. Hort. Cliff. 84. Goofefoot with
feeds, which have a thin border. It flowers in Au oblong finuated leaves, and naked multifid fpikes offlowers.
Chenopodium ambrofioides folio finuato. Tourn. Inft.
guft, and when the autumn proves favourable, the
feeds will fometimes ripen in England ; but as the 506. Goofefoot, like Ambrofia, with finuated leaves, com
plants propagate fo faft by their creeping roots, the monly called Oak ofJerufalem.
feeds are feldom regarded. The beft time to tranf 5. CHENOPODIUM (Ambrofioides) foliis lanceolatis, den
plant the roots is in autumn, that they may be well tatis, racemis foliatis fimplicibus. Hort. Cliff. 84.
eſtabliſhed in the ground before the fpring, otherwiſe Goofefoot with Spear-shaped indented leaves, and fingle
leafy fpikes of flowers. Chenopodium ambrofioides
they will not flower fo ftrong, eſpecially if the feafon
proves dry ; but when they are removed in the ſpring, Mexicanum. Tourn . Inft. 506. Mexican Goofefoot, like
it ſhould not be later than the middle of March, by Ambrofia, commonly called Oak of Cappadocia.
which time their roots will begin to push out new 6. CHENOPODIUM (Fruticofum) foliis lanceolatis, den
fibres. They will thrive in almoſt any foil or fituation, tatis, caule fruticofo. Goofefoot with Spear-shaped in
but their roots are apt to creep too far, if they are dented leaves, and a fhrubby ftalk. Chenopodium am
not confined, and fometimes intermix with thoſe of brofioides Mexicanum fruticofum. Boerh. Ind. alt. 2.
other plants ; and then their ftalks ftand fo far diftant P. 90. Shrubby Mexican Orach.
from each other, as to make but little appearance ; 7. CHENOPODIUM ( Multifidum ) foliis multifidis, fegmen
therefore they ſhould be planted in pots, which will tis linearibus, floribus axillaribus feffilibus. Lin. Sp.
confine their roots, fo that in each pot there will 320. Goofefoot with multifid leaves, linear fegments, and
be eight or ten talks growing near each other, when flowersfet close to the ftalk. Chenopodium fempervirens,
they will make a tolerable good appearance. This foliis tenuiter laciniatis. Hort. Elth. 78 .
plant is very hardy, fo is not injured by cold, but it There are many other fpecies of this genus, fome of
muft have plenty of water in hot weather. which grow naturally on dunghills and the fide of
The fecond fort was difcovered in Virginia by Mr. ditches, in moft parts of England, where they often
Clayton, who fent it to England : the roots of this become very troubleſome weeds , for which reafon,
do not creep fo far as thofe of the firft, the ftalks are I have not enumerated them here.
ftronger, and the leaves much broader, and are ob The firft fort is found growing naturally in fhady
doubt
lique ; they are deeply fawed on their edges, and lanes in many parts of England, but it is very
ftand upon fhort foot-ftalks : the flowers are of a ful if the feeds have not been caft out of gardens
" originally,
 CHE CHI

originally, becauſe this plant was formerly cultivated The fifth fort is annual : this alfo grows naturally in
in kitchen-gardens for ufe ; and in fome of the nor North America, from whence I have frequently re
thern counties, the people ftill preſerve it in their gar ceived the feeds. It is alfo a native of many of the
dens as an efculent herb ; which in the fpring feafon, warm countries in Europe. This hath many oblong
•
they drefs in the fame manner as Spinach, for which leaves at the bottom , which are deeply finuated on
it is a ſubſtitute. But, as the latter is a much better both fides, fomewhat like thofe of the Oak-tree,
herb, it has obtained the preference very justly, in all from whence it received the title of Oak of Jeruſalem .
the countries where the culture of the kitchen-garden Theſe are purple on their under fide, and when bruif
is underſtood . ed, emit a ſtrong odour. The ftalks rife about eight
The ſecond fort is very common upon dunghills, or nine inches high, dividing into ſeveral ſmaller
and in gardens, in moft parts of England : it is fel branches. The lower part of theſe is garniſhed with
dom cultivated, except in fome phyfic-gardens ; for leaves of the fame fhape with thoſe below, but are
the markets in London are fupplied with it by the fmaller. The flowers grow in naked looſe ſpikes,
herb-women, who gather it in the places where it divided into many parts : they are ſmall, herbace
grows wild. ous, and are fucceeded by ſmall round feeds. This
The third fort is fometimes cultivated in gardens ; fort flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen in
it is a beautiful plant, which is naturally difpofed to autumn.
grow very cloſe and thick, and in as regular a pyra The fixth fort hath leaves very like thofe of the
mid as if cut by art. The leaves are of a pleaſant fourth, and have the fame fcent : but this hath a
green ; and were it not for that, it hath fo much of fhrubby ftalk, which rifes five or fix feet high, and
the appearance of a Cyprus-tree, that at ſome diſtance divides into many branches. It is a native of Ame
it might be taken for the fame, by good judges : the rica, and muſt be houfed in the winter, for it will
feeds fhould be fown in autumn ; and in the fpring, not live through the winter in England in the open
when the plants are come up, they may be planted air. It is eafily propagated by cuttings during any
into pots of good earth, and kept fupplied with wa of the fummer months, which, if planted in a fhady
ter in dry weather : theſe pots may be intermixed border, and duly watered, will foon take root ; and
with other plants to adorn court-yards, & c. where then may be planted in pots filled with light earth,
they will appear very handfome, until their feeds be and placed in the ſhade till they have taken new root,
gin to fwell and grow heavy, which weigh down and after which they may be placed with other hardy ex
difplace the branches ; at which time the pots fhould otic plants in a ſheltered fituation during fummer ;
be removed to fome abject part of the garden, to and when the froft comes on, they muſt be removed
perfect their feeds ; which, if permitted to fall upon into the green-houſe , but they only require protec
the ground, will come up the next fpring ; fo that you tion from hard frofts, and ſhould have plenty of air
need be at no more trouble in propagating theſe in mild weather. This grows naturally in the Brafils.
plants, but only to tranſplant them where you intend The ſeventh fort grows naturally at Buenos Ayres :
they ſhould grow. this rifes with a fhrubby ſtalk three or four feet high,
The fifth fort was formerly uſed in medicine ; but garniſhed with oblong leaves, which are cut into
although it ftill continues in the catalogue of fimples many linear fegments ; the flowers fit cloſe to the
annexed to the London Difpenfatory, yet is very fel ftalks, which, like the other fpecies of this genus,
dom uſed at preſent. This plant may be propagated have no petals, but the empalement inclofes five flen
by ſowing the feeds in an open border of good earth der ftamina : the germen fupports two ſtyles, crowned
in the fpring, where it will perfect its feeds in au by obtufe ftigma.
tumn ; which, if permitted to fhed upon the ground, This is a perennial plant, which retains its leaves
will ariſe as the former. through the year, fo will add to the variety in a
The fourth fort was brought from America, where green-houſe in winter, but has little other beauty to
the feeds are called Worm Seed, I fuppofe from recommend it. This may be propagated by cuttings,
fome quality contained in it, which deftroys worms which, if planted in a bed of light earth during any
in the body. of the fummer months, and duly ſhaded and watered,
This is propagated by fowing the feeds in the ſpring, will put out roots ; then they may be tranſplanted into
as the before-mentioned fort, and will perfect its feed pots, and may be placed with other hardy exotic
in autumn ; after which, the plant decays to the plants in fummer, but muſt be ſheltered from froſt in
ground : but if the root be preferved in fhelter un winter.
der a common frame in winter, the ftalks will rife CHERRY-LAUREL. See PADUS.
again the following fpring. CHERRY-TREE. See CERASUS.
The leaves of this plant emit a very ftrong odour CHERVIL. See SCANDIx .
when bruifed, fomewhat like thofe of the Ambrofia, CHESNUT. See CASTANEA.
for which the plants are preferved in gardens, for the CHESNUT, the Horſe. See ESCULUS.
+
flower hath no beauty. This plant grows naturally CHIONANTHUS. • Lin. Gen. Plant. 21. The Fringe, I
in moſt parts of North America, where it is generally or Snowdrop- tree. This title was given to this plant i
called Worm Seed . It fends up feveral ſtalks from by Dr. Van Royen, from the whitenefs of its flow
the root, which rife about two feet high, garniſhed ers : the inhabitants of America, where this tree is a
with oblong leaves a little indented on their edges, of native, call it Snowdrop-tree, for the fame reafon :
a light green, and placed alternately on the talks ; and the Dutch call it Sneebaum, i. e. Snow-tree, on
the flowers come out from the wings of the leaves the fame account .
on the upper part of the branches, in loofe fpikes : The CHARACTERS are,
thefe appear in July, and the feeds ripen in Septem It bath a permanent empalement of one leaf, which is
ber ; which, if permitted to ſcatter, the plants will ere , and cut intofour acute parts ; the flower is ofone
come up the following fpring, when a few of them petal, having a fhort spreading tube the length of the em
may be tranſplanted into pots filled with kitchen-gar palement, and the upper part is cut into four very long
den earth, to be preferved through the winter ; and narrow fegments, which are erect. It hath two fhort p
the others may be planted in the common borders, Stamina inferted in the tube of the petal, which are ter
where they will flower and perfect their feeds ; but minated by upright heart-shaped fummits. In the center
unleſs the winter is very favourable, the roots will be is placed the oval germen, fupporting a ſingle ſtyle,
deftroyed. crowned by an obtufe trifid ftigma. The germen after
The feeds of all the fpecies of this genus will fuc ward becomes a round berry with one cell, inclofing one
ceed beft, if they are fown in autumn ; for when they bard feed.
are fown in the ſpring, they frequently lie a whole This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of
year before the plants come up : therefore where the Linnæus's fecond clafs, intitled Diandria Mono
feeds of any of them fcatter, the plants will come up gynia, the flower having two ftamina and one
much better than thoſe which are fown by hand. style.
We
 CHI CHI

We have but one SPECIES of this plant in the Eng In the places where this fhrub grows naturally,
liſh gardens , viz. produces great quantities of flowers, fo that they
CHIONANTHUS pedunculis trifidis trifloris. Lin. Sp. leem covered with fnow, which gave occafion to the
Plant. 8. Snowdrop-tree, or Fringe-tree, with trifid inhabitants for titling it Snowdrop-tree ; but in Eng
foot f-talks fupporting threeflowers. Amelanchier Vir land the flowers are feldom fo numerous, fo do not
贾 make fo good an appearance.
giniana laurocerafi folio. Pet. Hor. Sicc. 241. Virgi
nia Amelanchier with a Laurel leaf. CHIRONIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 227.
This fhrub is common in South Carolina, where it The CHARACTERS are,
grows by the fide of rivulets, and feldom is more The flower bath a permanent empalement of one leaf,
than ten feet high : the leaves are as large as thofe of cut into five oblong fegments : it hath one petal, with a
the Laurel, but are of a much thinner. fubftance ; roundish tube the fize of the empalement, divided into
the flowers come out in May, hanging in long five equal parts above, which spread open : it hath five
bunches, and are of a pure white, from whence the fhort broad ftamina, which are faftened to the top ofthe
inhabitants call it Snowdrop-tree ; and, from the tube, and are terminated by large oblong fummits, which
flowers being cut into narrow fegments, they give join together, and after the flowers drop are fpirally twist
it the name of Fringe-tree. After** the flowers have ed. It hath an oval germen , fituated in the center,
fallen away, the fruit appears, which becomes a Supporting a flender declining style, crowned by a rifing
black berry, about the fize of Sloes, having one hard Stigma in form of a head. Thegermen afterward becomes
feed in each. an oval capfule with two cells, filled with fmall feeds.
This tree is now more common in the curious gar This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt fection of
dens in England, than it was a few years fince ; there Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia ,
having been many young plants raiſed from the feeds, the flower having five ftamina and one ſtyle.
which have been brought from America lately : there The SPECIES are ,

have alſo been fome plants propagated by layers, 1 . CHIRONIA frutefcens, capfulifera. Lin. Sp. Plant.
1
. though there is great uncertainty of their taking root, 190. Shrubby Chironia bearing capfules. Centauri
which they feldom do in lefs than two years ; nor um minus Africanum, arborefcens, latifolium, flore
( will they ever take root, unleſs they are well ſupplied ruberrimo. Com. Rar. Pl. 8. tab . 8. Leffer Tree-like
with water in dry weather. African Centaury, with a broad leaf, and a very red
The best way to obtain good plants, is from the flower.
feeds, which muſt be procured from America, for 2. CHIRONIA frutefcens baccifera. Lin. Sp . Plant.
they never have produced any fruit in this country. 190. Shrubby berry-bearing Chironia. Centaurium
The feeds fhould be fown in fmall pots filled with minus arborefcens pulpiferum. Com. Rar. Pl. 9.
freſh loamy earth foon after they arrive, and fhould tab. 9. Leffer Tree-like Centaury with feeds furrounded
be placed under a hot-bed frame, where they may with pulp.
: remain till the beginning of May, when they muſt be Theſe plants grow naturally at the Cape of Good
removed to a fituation expofed to the morning fun, Hope, from whence their feeds were brought to Hol
and fcreened from the fun in the middle of the day. land many years paft, and the plants were raiſed in
In dry weather the pots muſt be watered, and kept fome of the curious gardens there, and have fince
clean from weeds ; for as theſe feeds lie in the ground been communicated to the curious in many parts of
a whole year before the plants will come up, they Europe. The feeds of the first fort were fent me
fhould not be expoſed to the fun the firſt fummer, but from Paris, by Mr. Richard, gardener to the king
the following autumn they ſhould be removed, and at Verſailles, from which I raiſed ſeveral plants, which
} placed under a frame, to protect the feeds from be have flowered in the Chelſea garden feveral years, but
ing injured by the froft ; and if the pots are plunged have not as yet perfected any feeds.
into a moderate hot-bed the beginning of March, it It hath a fibrous root, which ſpreads near the furface
will bring up the plants much fooner than they will of the ground. The ftalks are round, and inclining
otherwife rife ; by which means they will get more to be ligneous, but are of a very foft texture ; theſe
ftrength the first fummer, and be better able to refift grow from two to three feet high, having feveral
the cold of the next winter. While theſe plants are branches on every fide, which grow erect, garniſhed
very young, they will be in danger of fuffering by with fucculent leaves, which are an inch or more in
fevere froft ; but when they have obtained ftrength, length, and an eighth part of an inch broad, ending
they will refift the greateſt cold of our climate in the in an obtufe point. At the ends of each fhoot the
open air ; therefore for the two or three firft winters, flowers are produced, which are tubulous, and ſpread
it will be proper to keep them under fhelter ; fo that open at the top like thofe of Periwinkle ; thefe are of
the young plants may remain in the feed-pots all the a bright red colour, and when there are a large num
firft fummer, and the following winter ; and in the ber of the flowers open onthe fame plant, they make
fpring before they begin to fhoot, they ſhould be a very fine appearance. In the center of the flower
fhaken out of the pots, and carefully ſeparated fo as is placed an oval germen, upon which there is fixed
not to break off their roots, and each planted in a a recurved ftyle, having a blunt ftigma at the top,
fmall pot filled with light loamy foil, and plunged furrounded by five incurved ftamina, each fupporting
into a very moderate hot-bed, juft to forward their a large fummit. When the flowers fall away, the
taking freſh root ; then they fhould be gradually germen becomes an inflated capfule, which is filled
inured to the open air, and during the following fum with ſmall feeds . The flowers are produced from
mer, the pots fhould be plunged into the ground, to June to autumn, and the feeds ripen in October. This
prevent the earth from drying, in a fituation where plant ſhould be placed in an airy glaſs- cafe in winter,
they may enjoy the morning fun, but fcreened from where it may enjoy a dry air and much fun, but will
the great heat at noon. During the ſummer ſeaſon, not thrive in a warm ſtove ; nor can it be well pre
they will require to be frequently watered, and kept ferved in a common green-houſe, becauſe a damp
clean from weeds. The autumn following, they moist air will foon cauſe it to rot.
fhould be again placed under a hot-bed frame to The feeds of this plant fhould be fown in fmall
fcreen them from froft ; but they ſhould enjoy the pots filled with light fandy earth, foon after they
free air at all times, when the weather is mild. The are ripe, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed, and
April following, the plants may be fhaken out of the must be frequently but gently watered ; fome
pots, with the ball of earth to their roots, and planted times the feeds will lie a long time in the ground, fo
where they are defigned to remain. that if the plants do not appear the fame ſeaſon, the
This fhrub delights in a moift, foft, loamy foil, and pots fhould not be diſturbed, but preferved in fhelter
if it is planted in a fheltered fituation, will endure till the following fpring, and then plunged into a
the cold of our winters very well in the open air ; but fresh hot-bed, which will bring up the plants in a
in dry land it is very fubject to decay in warm fhort time, if the feeds are good . When the plants
feafons. are fit to remove, they fhould be tranfplanted into
2 fmall
 CHO CHR

fmall pots, four or five in each pot ; then plunge the that when this plant hath obtained poffeffion of the
pots into a moderate hot-bed, and fprinkle them with ground, it is very difficult to root out. The root
water, and fhade them every day from the fun till fends out a great number of ſlender ftalks, which at
they have taken new root ; after which they muſt their bottom are garnished with oblong finuated
have a large ſhare of air in warm weather, to prevent leaves, but thoſe above are very narrow and entire.
their drawing up weak : when the plants have obtain The flowers are produced from the fide and top of
ed fome ftrength, they must be gradually inured to the branches, which are like thofe of Lettuce, and
bear the open air ; but when they are expofed abroad, are fucceeded by feeds of the fame form, crowned
it there fhould happen much rain, the plants muſt with down. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen
be fcreened from it, otherwife it will caufe them to in September.
rot : when the plants have filled the pots with their The other fpecies of this genus which were enume
roots, they fhould be parted, and each put into a fe rated in the former edition, are referred to the Lac
parate pot filled with light fandy earth, not rich with tuca and Crepis.
dung, placing them in the fhade till they have taken CHRISTMAS FLOWER, or Black Helle
fresh root; then they may be removed to a warm bore. See HELLEBORUS.
fheltered fituation, and mixed with fuch other plants CHRISTOPHORIANA. See ACTEA.
as require but little water ; in which fituation they CHRISANTHEMOIDES OSTEOSPER
may remain till autumn, when they muſt be placed MON. See OSTEOSPERMUM .
in a dry airy glass-cafe , and in the winter fhould have CHRYSANTHEMUM . Tourn . Inft. R. H.
very little wet, but muft enjoy the fun as much as 491. tab. 280. Lin . Gen. Plant. 866. Leucanthe
poffible ; and in mild weather should have freſh air mum. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 492. [xp uσávleμov,, Gr.
[ χρυσάνθεμον
admitted to them, but must be protected from froſt : from pur , gold, lep , a flower ; that is to fay,
with this management, the plants will thrive and pro Golden Flower. ] Corn Marigold.
duce flowers the fecond year from feed. The CHARACTERS are,
The fecond fort rifes with a firmer ftalk than the It bath a compound flower, the rays being compofed of
firft, which is round, jointed, and divides upward female florets, which are extended on one fide like a tongue,
into a greater number of branches, garniſhed with and are indented in three fegments at the end ; theſe have
fhort narrow leaves, which are pretty thick and fuc an oval germen, fupporting a flenderftyle, crowned by two
culent. The flowers are produced at the end of the obtufe ftigmas. The hermaphrodite florets which compofe
branches, in the fame manner as thofe of the firſt, fhaped the length of the empalement,
the difk, are funnel -
which are of a fine red colour, but not half fo large but are divided into five fegments at the top, which are
as the flowers of the firft ; when theſe fall away, they Spread open; thefe have five fhort hairy ftamina, termi
are fucceeded by oval pulpy berries, in which are in nated by tubular cylindricalfummits, and have an oval
cluded many fmall feeds. This fort continues flow germen, with fiyle andftigma like the female ; the germen
ering great part of fummer and autumn, and in warm afterward becomes afingle, oblong, naked feed.
feafons the feeds will ripen in England . This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
It is propagated by feeds in the fame manner as the of Linnæus's nineteenth clafs , intitled Syngeneſia
former fort, and the plants require the fame treat Polygamia fuperflua. In this fection all the central
ment. florets which compofe the difk, are hermaphrodite
CHIVES, as they are by fome titled, are the ſta and fruitful , and the rays are compoſed of female
mina, which fupport the fummits in the center of florets.
flowers. The SPECIES are ,
CHIVETS, in French, are the ſmall parts, or little 1. CHRYSANTHEMUM ( Segetum) foliis amplexicaulibus,
offsets from the roots of bulbous plants, by which fupernè laciniatis, infernè dentato-ferratis. Hort. Cliff.
they are propagated. 416. Corn Marigold with leaves embracing theftalks, the
CHONDRILLA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 815. Tourn . upper being jagged, and the lower indented like a faw.
Inft. R. H. 475. tab. 268. [ of Xóvde , Gr. a carti Chryfanthemum fegetum. Cluf. Hift. 1. p . 334. Corn
lage. ] Gum Succory. Marigold.
The CHARACTERS are, 2. CHRYSANTHEMUM (Leucanthemum) foliis amplexicau
The common empalement is compofed of many narrow cy libus, oblongis, fupernè ferratis, infernè dentatis.
lindricalfcales, which are equal. The flower is compofed Hort. Cliff. 416. Corn Marigold with oblong leaves em
of many hermaphrodite florets, which are uniform, and lie bracing the ftalks, the upper ones being fawed, and the
imbricatim, like tiles on a boufe ; these have one petal, lower indented. Bellis fylveftris caule foliofo major.
which is ftretched out on one fide like a tongue, and are C. B. P. 261. Greater wild Daify with aleafystalk.
indented at the top in four or five fegments ; they have 3 . CHRYSANTHEMUM (Serotinum) foliis lanceolatis, fu
each five fhort hairy ftamina, terminated by cylindrical pernè ferratis, utrinque acuminatis. Hort. Cliff. 416.
fummits. The germen isfituated under the floret, having Corn Marigold with Spear-shaped leaves, thofe above be
a ftyle the length of theftamina, crowned by two reflexed ingfawed, and pointed on all fides. Bellis major, ra
ftigmas ; the germen afterward becomes a fingle, oval, dice repente, foliis latioribus, ferratis. Mor. Hift. 3 .
compreffedfeed, crowned with a fingle down, and inclofed P. 29. Greater Daify with a creeping root, and broad
in the empalement. fawed leaves.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of 4. CHRYSANTHEMUM (Montanum ) foliis imis fpathulato
Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Poly lanceolatis, ferratis, fummis linearibus. Sauv. Monfp.
gamia æqualis. The flowers of this fection are 87. Corn Marigold with lower leaves pointed like a fpear
compofed of only hermaphrodite florets, which are Shaped Spatula, and fawed, and the upper ones linear.
fruitful. Leucanthemum montanum minus. Tourn. Inft. 492 .
We have but one SPECIES of this genus, viz. Leffer Mountain Ox-eye.
CHONDRILLA (Funcea. ) Lin. Hort. Cliff. 383. Gum Suc- 5. CHRYSANTHEMUM (Graminifolium ) foliis linearibus,
cory. Chondrilla juncea vifcofa arvenfis . C. B. P. 30 . fubintegerrimis. Sauv. Monfp. 87. Corn Marigold
Vifeous Field Gum Succory with ruby ftalks. with narrow leaves, which are entire. Leucanthemum
This plant grows naturally in Germany, Helvetia, gramineo folio. Tourn. Inft. 493. Ox-eye with a Grafs
and France, on the borders of the fields, and is fel leaf.
dom preferved in gardens, becauſe the roots are very 6. CHRYSANTHEMUM ( Alpinum ) foliis pinnatifidis, la
apt to fpread, and become troublefome weeds ; and ciniis parallelis, integris, caule unifloris. Lin. Sp.
the feeds having down on their tops, are carried by Plant. 889. Corn Marigold with many pointed leaves,
the wind to a great diftance, fo that the neighbouring whofe fegments are parallel and entire, and one flower on
ground is filled with the plants ; the roots of this each foot-ftalk. Leucanthemum Alpinum, foliis Co
itrike deep into the ground, and fpread out with ronopi. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 493. Alpine Ox- eye with a
thick fibres on every fide, each of which, when cut, Hartshorn leaf.
or broken into many parts, will fhoot up a plant ; fo
Qqq 7. CHRYSAN
 CHR CHR

7. CHRYSANTHEMUM ( Corymbiferum) foliis pinnatis, in with leaves of the fame form as thofe below. The
" cifo-ferratis, caule multifloro . Prod . Leyd. 174. Corn ftalks are each terminated by one large white flower,
Marigold with winged leaves, fawed fegments, and many with a yellow difk or middle. This flowers in June,
flowers upon a ftalk. Tanacetum montanum inodorum, but rarely perfects feeds in England, fo is propagated
minore flore. C. B. P. 132. Unfavoury Mountain Tanfy only by parting the roots : the beft time for this is in
with a leffer flower. autumn, that the plants may get good root before
CHRYSANTHEMUM ( Coronarium ) foliis pinnatifidis, in winter.
cifis, extrorfum latioribus. Hort. Cliff. 416. Corn The ſeventh fort grows naturally on the Alps, and
Marigold with wing-pointed cut leaves, whofe exterior other mountainous places in Germany : this fends out
parts are broadest . Chryfanthemum Creticum. Cluf. upright ſtalks, garniſhed with leaves cut into many
Hift. 1. p. 334. Corn Marigold of Crete. parallel fegments, fomewhat like thofe of Buckfhorn
9. CHRYSANTHEMUM ( Monfpelienfium ) foliis imis palma Plantain. The ftalks rife a foot and a half high,
tis, foliolis linearibus, pinnatifidis. Sauv. Monfp. and are each terminated by a ſingle flower of the
304. Corn Marigold, whofe lower leaves are palmated, fame form with thofe of the laft : it hath a perennial
and the fmaller linear, ending in many points. Leu root, and may be propagated in the fame manner as
canthemum montanum foliis Chryfanthemi. Tourn . the other.
Inft. 492. Mountain Ox- eye with Corn Marigold leaves. The eighth fort has been many years cultivated in
10. CHRYSANTHEMUM (Frutefcens) fruticofum , foliis li the gardens for the beauty of its flowers. Of this
nearibus dentato-trifidis. Hort. Cliff. 417. Shrubby there are fingle and double with white, and the
Corn Marigold with narrow leaves, having three indent fame with yellow flowers ; and as theſe do not differ
ed points. Leucanthemum Canarienfe, foliis Chry from each other in any thing except in the colour of
fanthemi, Pyrethri fapore. Tourn . Inft. 493. Canary their flowers, therefore they are generally esteemed
Ox-eye with Corn Marigold leaves, and the taste of Pe but one fpecies ; but this difference is conftant, for I
litory. have never found the feeds faved from the white, pro
II . CHRYSANTHEMUM (Flofculofum ) flofculis omnibus duce plants with yellow flowers, nor thoſe of the yel-.
uniformibus, hermaphroditis. Hort. Cliff. 417. Corn low produce white.
Marigold, whofe florets are all uniform and hermaphro There is alſo a variety of thefe colours with fiftular
dite. Bellis fpinofa, foliis Agerati. C. B. P. 262 . florets, which has accidentally rifen from feeds ofthe
Prickly Daify with Maudlin leaves. other ; thefe are generally titled Quill-leaved Chry
12. CHRYSANTHEMUM (Pallidum) foliis linearibus, in fanthemum ; but as the feeds faved from thefe dege
fernè apice dentatis, fupernè integerrimis, peduncu nerate to the common forts, fo they do not merit a par
lis nudis unifloris. Corn Marigold with narrow leaves, ticular denomination.
thofe on the lower part being indented at their points, the Theſe plants are always eſteemed as annual, fo the
upper entire, and naked foot -ftalks with one flower. Chry feeds are ufually fown upon a flender hot-bed in the
fanthemum pallidum minimis, imifque, foliis incifis fpring, and the plants treated in the fame manner as
fuperioribus integris, capillaribus. Barrel. Icon. 421 . the African Marigold, for the culture of which we
Leaft Corn Marigold, with the under and leffer leaves di fhall refer the reader to that article ; but as the plants
vided, the upper entire. which riſe from feeds, do many of them produce fingle
The firſt fort is the common Corn Marigold, which flowers, although the feeds are faved from the beſt
grows naturally amongst the corn, and the borders of double flowers, therefore many perfons now propa
the corn-fields in divers parts of England, fo is rarely gate theſe plants from cuttings, whereby they conti
admitted into gardens ; but we have inferted this and nue the double forts only ; theſe cuttings, taken from
the next to introduce the other fpecies. the plants the beginning of September, and planted
L The fecond fort is the greater Daify, which ftands in pots, will readily take root ; and if they are placed
in the lift of medicinal plants in the College Difpen under a hot-bed frame to fcreen them from the froft
fatory this grows naturally in moift paftures, almoſt in winter, letting them have free air in mild weather,
every where in this country. It rifes with ftalks near they will live through the winter ; and in the fpring
two feet high, garniſhed with oblong indented leaves, theſe plants may be tranfplanted into the borders of
which embrace the ftalks with their bafe. The foot the flower-garden, where they will flower in June,
ftalks are each terminated by one white flower, fhaped and continue in fucceffion till the froft puts a ftop to
like thoſe of the Daify, but four times as large. It them ; by this method all the varieties may be conti
flowers in June. nued without variation, but the plants which are pro
The third fort grows naturally in North America, pagated this way by cuttings will become barren foon,
but hath been long preferved in the Engliſh gardens . fo will not produce feeds .
The roots of this plant creep far under the furface, The ninth fort is a perennial plant, fending out many
and fend up ſtrong ſtalks three or four feet high, gar ftalks from the root, which divide into branches, gar
nifhed with long fawed leaves, ending in points ; niſhed with pretty thick leaves, deeply cut into many
the italks divide upward into many fmaller, each be fegments, like thofe of the laft fort ; theſe are of a
ing terminated by a large, white, radiated flower ; pale green ; the flowers are produced at the end of
thefe appear in September. It multiplies very faſt the branches, ſtanding upon pretty long naked foot
by its creeping roots, and will thrive in any foil or ftalks ; they are very like thofe of the common
fituation. Greater Daify, in fize and colour. It flowers in June,
The fourth fort grows naturally upon the Alps, and and continues till the end of September. This fort
other mountainous places. I received this from Ve ripens feeds every year in England, by which the
rona, near which place it grows in plenty this fends plant is eaſily propagated ; for ifthe feeds are fown
up a ſingle ſtalk a foot high, garnished with entire in the fpring on a common border, the plants will
leaves above, but the under leaves are fawed on the come up in fix weeks ; when thefe are fit to remove,
edges. The ftalk is terminated by one large white they may be tranſplanted into a nurſery-bed at about
flower, fhaped like thofe of the third fort. It flowers a foot diſtance every way, and kept clean from weeds
in June, and the feeds ripen in Auguft. This fort till autumn, when they may be removed to the places
may be propagated by feeds, which, if fown in a where they are defigned to remain. As thefe plants
fhady border, will come up in about fix weeks ; and extend their branches pretty far on every fide, they
the plants, when fit to remove, may be tranfplanted fhould be allowed at leaſt two feet room ; therefore
into a fhady border, where they are to remain, and they are not very proper furniture for fmall gardens,
will require no other care but to keep them clean where there is not room for theſe large growing
from weeds. plants ; but in large gardens, theſe may have a place
The fifth fort grows naturally about Montpelier ; for the fake of variety.
this hath a perennial root, from which fprings up If theſe plants are planted in poor dry land, or upon
many narrow Grafs-like leaves, and, between them, lime-rubbish, they will not grow fo vigorous as in
ftalks which rife a foot and a half high, garniſhed good ground, fo they will endure the cold better,
and
 CHR CHR

and continue longer ; for when their leaves and five parts, almost to the middle. The flower bath five
branches are replete with moiſture, they are very apt petals, which spread open, and ten ftamina, five of which
to rot in the winter, fo are feldom of long duration ; are longer than the petals ; the other areshorter, and are
but where the plants have grown from the joints of terminated by heart-shapedfummits. In the center isfitu
old walls, I have known them continue in vigour fe ated an ovalgermen, ſupporting a trifid ſhort ſtyle, crowned
veral years . by obtufe ftigmas. The germen afterward becomes an
The tenth fort grows naturally in the Canary Iſlands, oval fleshy berry, inclosing a nut with five longitudinal
from whence it was firft brought to England, where furrows.
it has been long an inhabitant in fome curious gar This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of
dens. It has been frequently called by the gardeners Linnæus's thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Mo
Pellitory of Spain, from the very warm taſte which it nogynia ; but it would be more properly placed in
hath, much refembling the tafte of that plant. the third fection of his tenth clafs, for the flowers
This rifes with a fhrubby ftalk near two feet high, have ten ſtamina and three ftyles.
dividing into many branches, garniſhed with pretty The SPECIES are,
thick fucculent leaves, of a grayish colour, cut into 1. CHRYSOBALANUS ( Icaco) foliis ovatis, emarginatis,
many narrow fegments, which are divided into three floribus racemofis, caule fruticofo. Chryfobalanus with
parts at their extremity. The flowers come out from oval indented leaves, flowers growing in bunches, and a
the wings of the leaves, ftanding upon naked foot Shrubby ftalk. Frutex Cotini ferè folio craffo, in fum
ftalks fingly, which greatly refemble thofe of the mitate deliquium patiente, fructu ovali cæruleo offi
1
common Chamomile ; there is a fucceffion of flowers culum angulofum continente. Catefb. Car. The Cocoa
upon the fame plants great part of the year, for which Plumb.
it is chiefly esteemed. This plant will perfect feeds 2. CHRYSOBALANUS (Purpurea) foliis decompofitis, fo
in England, when the feaſons are favourable ; but as liolis ovatis integerrimis. Chryfobalanus with decom
the cuttings of it take root fo eaſily, if planted dur pounded leaves, whofe lobes are oval and entire. Icaco
ing any of the ſummer months, the feeds are rarely fructu purpureo. Plum. Nov. Gen. 44. Icaco with
fown.
purple fruit.
As this plant is a native of warm countries, it will The first fort grows naturally in the Bahama Islands,
not live in the open air in England during the winter and in many other parts of America, but commonly
ſeaſon ; therefore when the cuttings have made good near the fea. It rifes with a fhrubby ftalk about
roots, they fhould be each planted into a feparate pot, eight or ten feet high, fending out feveral fide
and placed in the fhade till they have taken freſh branches, covered with a dark brown bark, fpotted
root ; then they may be removed to a fheltered fitua with white ; theſe are garniſhed with oval ftiff leaves,
tion, where they may remain till autumn, at which which are indented at the end, in form of a heart,
time they muſt be removed into the green-houſe to placed alternately on the branches. From the
protect them from froſt ; but in mild weather they wings of the leaves, and alfo at the divifion of the
hould have plenty of free air, and, during the win branches, the flowers are produced, which grow in
ter, they fhould be frequently refreſhed with water, looſe bunches ; theſe are ſmall and white, having
but it muſt not be given them in too great plenty. In many ſtamina in each, which are joined to the petals
fummer they will require more moisture, and fhould of the flowers, terminated by yellow fummits. The
be treated in the fame manner as other hardier kinds flowers are fucceeded by oval Plumbs about the fize
of exotic plants. • of Damfons ; fome of thefe are blue, fome red, and
The eleventh fort grows naturally at the Cape of others yellow ; they have a fweet lufcious taſte. The
Good Hope, from whence the feeds were brought Spaniards in the iſland of Cuba, make a conferve of
many years paſt to Holland, where the plants were thefe fruits. The ſtone of the Plumb is ſhaped like
firft raiſed, and from thence all the other parts of a Pear, and hath five longitudinal ridges on it. This
Europe have been ſupplied with this plant. It rifes grows naturally on moift land.
with a ſhrubby ſtalk about two feet high, which di The feeds of the fecond fort were fent me from Ja
vides into many flender branches upward, garniſhed maica, with Plumier's title ; the ftones were exactly
with oblong leaves, much indented on their edges, the fame ſhape of thofe ofthe former, but the plants
each indenture terminating in a foft fpine ; thefe are have leaves compounded of feveral winged lobes,
of a pale green, fet cloſe to the branches. The flow which are branched out oppofite, each having fix or
ers are produced on ſhort foot-ſtalks from the wings ſeven pair of pinnæ ( or lobes . ) This fort hath not
of the leaves, toward the upper part of the branches ; flowered in England, fo I can give no farther account
theſe are globular, and formed of a great number of of it.
hermaphrodite florets, which are tubular and even, As theſe trees are natives of the warm parts of
having no rays, ſo are naked, and of a deep yellow America, fo they will not thrive in England, unleſs
colour. The flowers appear in June, and continue they are kept in a warm ftove. They are propagated
This may by feeds, which must be obtained from the countries
in fucceffion till the froft ftops them.
be propagated by cuttings in the fame manner as the where the plants naturally grow ; theſe muſt be fown
laft , and the plants fhould be treated in the fame way. in the ſpring in ſmall pots filled with light earth, and
The twelfth fort grows naturally about Madrid : this plunged into a hot bed of tanners bark, obferving
hath a low fhrubby ſtalk, which ſeldom riſes a foot frequently to water the pots ; but not let them have
high, putting out ſeveral ſlender ligneous branches, much at each time. In fix weeks the plants will
garniſhed with narrow, pale, green leaves ; thoſe on come up, and, if properly managed, will be fit to
the lower part of the branches are indented at their remove in a month's time after, when they ſhould be
extremity in feveral parts, but the upper leaves are carefully ſeparated, and each planted into a ſeparate
entire ; from the end of each branch is produced a fmall pot filled with light kitchen- garden earth, and
naked foot-ftalk fix inches long, fuftaining one ra then plunged into the hot-bed again, obferving to
diated flower, of a fulphur colour. The flowers fhade them from the fun till they have taken freſh
come out in June and July, but there is feldom any root ; after which they muſt have air every day in
feeds ripened in England ; this fort muſt be ſheltered proportion to the warmth of the feaſon, and their
under a common frame in winter, for unleſs the win waterings during the fummer fhould be frequent, but
ter proves very favourable, the plants will not live in fparing. In the autumn the plants muſt be removed
the open air here. It may be propagated by cuttings into the bark-ftove, and plunged into the tan-bed ;
in fummer, as the two laft forts, but thefe cuttings and in winter the plants muft not have too much
do not fo readily take root as thofe do. water, left it occafions their throwing off their leaves.
CHRYSOBALANUS . Lin. Gen. Plant. 585. In fummer they muſt have a good ſhare of air, and
Icaco. Plum. Nov. Gen. 44. Cocoa Plumb. the plants in the ftove fhould be conſtantly treated in
The CHARACTERS are, the fame manner as other tender plants from the fame
The empalement of the flower is of one leaf, divided into countries .
CHRY
 CHR CHR

CHRYSOCOMA. Lin . Gen. Plant. 845. Dillen. every fide to a confiderable diftance, fending up
Gen. 14. Coma aurea. Boerh. 1. p. 121. Goldy many erect talks, garnished with flat fpear-shaped
locks . leaves, ending in points ; thefe are rough, and have
The CHARACTERS are, three longitudinal veins ; the upper part of the ſtalks
The common empalement is imbricated, the fcales are branch out, and form looſe panicles of yellow flow
narrow , the outer being convex and pointed ; the flower is ers, which are larger than thofe of the former fort.
compofed of many hermaphroditeflorets, which are tubular, This flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen
in autumn .
equal, andfunnel -
shaped, cut into five fegments at the brim,
which turn back ; thefe have each five fhort flender fta It propagates too faft by its creeping roots to be
mina, terminated by cylindrical fummits ; they have an admitted into the flower-garden, for the roots will
oblong germen, fupporting a flender ftyle, crowned by often extend two or three feet every way in the
two oblong depreffedftigmas . The germen afterward be compaſs of one year, fo that they will interfere with
comes a fingle, oblong, compreffed feed, crowned with hairy the neighbouring flowers ; but as the plants will grow
doren.
in any foil or fituation, fo a few roots may be planted
This genus of plants is ranged in the first fection of on the fide of extenfive rural walks round the borders
Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Po of fields, where they will require no care, and their
lygamia Æqualis ; the plants of this fection have only flowers will make a good appearance, and continue
hermaphrodite florets, which are fruitful . long in beauty.
The SPECIES are, The third fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
1. CHRYSOCOMA ( Lincfyris) herbacea, foliis linearibus , Hope. This rifes with a ligneous ſtalk about a foot
glabris, calycibus laxis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 841. Her high, dividing into many ſmall branches, which are
baceous Goldylocks with narrow smooth leaves, and loofe garniſhed with narrow leaves, of a deep green, coming
empalements. Coma aurea Germanica linariæ folio. out on every fide without order ; the back part of
Park. Theat. 688. German Goldylocks. each leaf hath a fmall fhort appendix, which runs
2. CHRYSOCOMA ( Biflora) herbacea paniculata, foliis along the ſtalks . The flowers are produced at the
lanceolatis trinerviis, punctatis, nudis. Lin . Sp . Plant. end of the branches, on flender naked foot-ſtalks ;
841. Herbaceous Goldylocks with flowers growing in pa thefe are of a pale yellow, and fhaped like thoſe of
nicles, and spear-
shaped leaves, having three nerves, and the former forts , but are larger. This plant flowers
yellow flowers growing in umbels. great part of the year, for which it is chiefly eſteemed ,
3. CHRYSOCOMA (Coma Aurea) fruticofa foliis linearibus the feeds ripen very well in autumn, which if fown
dorfo decurrentibus . Hort. Cliff. 397. Shrubby Goldy on a common border of light earth in the fpring, the
locks with very narrow leaves, whofe back parts run along plants will come up, and may be tranfplanted into
the ftalks. Coma aurea Africana fruticans , foliis li pots, to be removed into fhelter in winter, for theſe
nariæ auguftis, major. Com. Hort. Amft. 2. p . 89. plants will not live through the winter in the open
Greater fhrubby African Goldylocks, with narrow Toad air in England.
flax leaves. The moſt expeditious method of propagating this
4. CHRYSOCOMA ( Cernua) fubfruticofa, foliis linearibus plant is by cuttings, which, if planted in a common
fubtus pilofis, floribus ante florefcentiam cernuis . border in any of the fummer months, and covered
Hort. Cliff. 397. Shrubby Goldylocks with very narrow with hand-glaffes, will eafily take root, provided they
bairy leaves, and flowers nodding before they are blown. are fhaded from the fun and duly watered : when
Coma aurea foliis linariæ auguftioribus minor. Hort. theſe have gotten good roots they ſhould be carefully
Amft. 2. p. 89. Leffer Goldylocks with narrower Toad-flax taken up, and each planted in a ſeparate pot, filled
leaves. with light earth, placing them in the fhade till they
5. CHRYSOCOMA (Ciliata) fuffruticofa, foliis linearibus have taken new root ; then they may be expofed with
rectis, ciliatis ramis pubefcentibus . Lin. Sp. Plant . other hardy exotic plants till autumn, when they
481. Shrubly Goldylocks with narrow leaves and downy muſt be removed into the green-houſe during the
branches. Conyza Africana, tenuifolia, fubfrutefcens, winter ſeaſon ; they ſhould enjoy a large ſhare of
flore aureo. Hort. Elth . 104. tab. 68. Narrow-leaved, free air in mild weather, for they only require pro
African, forully Fleabane, with agolden flower. tection from froft, fo muſt not be too tenderly
The first fort grows naturally in Germany, and alſo treated.
in France and Italy ; this hath a perennial root ; the The fourth fort is a native of the Cape of Good
ftalks rife two feet and a half high, are round, ſtiff, Hope, from whence I received the feeds ; this is a
and clofely garnished with long, narrow, fmooth lefs plant than the former, it hath a fhrubby ſtalk,
leaves, which come out without any order, of a pale branching out in the fame manner ; the leaves are
green colour ; the upper part of the ſtalk divides fhorter, and a little hairy ; the flowers are not half
into many flender foot-ftalks, each ſuſtaining a ſingle fo large, of a pale fulphur colour, and nod on one
head of flowers, which are compofed of many her fide before they are blown . This alfo flowers great
maphrodite florets, contained in one common em part of the year, and ripens feeds very well ; but
palement, having very narrow fcales. The flowers this is generally propagated in the fame manner as
are of a bright yellow, and ftand difpofed on the top the former, and the plants require the fame treat
of the ftalk, in form of an umbel. Thefe appear in ment.
July ; and in favourable feafons are fucceeded by The fifth fort is alſo a native of the fame country as
feeds, which ripen in September, foon after which the two former ; this hath a low ſhrubby ftalk, which
the ftalks decay to the root, and new ones arife the branches out on every fide, very narrow, fhort,
following fpring. rough, and reflexed ; the flowers ſtand ſingle on the
This plant is generally propagated by parting of the top of naked foot-ftalks, which arife from the upper
roots, that being the most expeditious method ; for part of the branches ; thefe flowers are larger than
the feedling plants do not flower till the fecond or thofe of the laſt, and ſtand erect. This plant requires
third year. The best time to remove the plants and the fame treatment as the two former, and is pro
part their roots, is foon after the ftalks decay in au pagated by cuttings in the fame manner.
tumn, that the plants may get fresh roots before CHRYSOPHYLLUM. Lin . Gen. Plant. 233.
Cainito. Plum. Nov. Gen. 9. tab. 9. The Star
winter. It delights in a dry loofe foil, in which it
will live in the open air, and propagate by its roots Apple.
very faft ; but in ftrong wet land, the roots often rot The CHARACTERS are,
in winter.
The empalement is permanent, and confifts offive small,
The fecend fort grows naturally in Siberia, from roundish, concave petals ; the flower is composed of five
whence the feeds were fent to Petersburgh, part of petals, which spread open, and are cut in the middle into
which I received from the late Dr. Amman , who
two parts ; it hath five ftamina placed alternate to the
" was profeffor of botany in that univerfity. This plant fegments of the petals, terminated by heart-shaped fum
hath a perennial creeping root, which fpreads on mits : the oval germen is fituated in the center, fupport
I ing
 CHR CIC

ing a fhortstyle, crowned by an obtufe ftigma. The ger either flowers or fruit, yet as they keep their leaves
men afterward becomes a large, oval, fleshy fruit, inclofing through the year, which are fo very beautiful, they
three orfour flat feeds, having hardfhells. deferve a place in the ftove, better than most other
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of plants. The chief care they require, is to keep them
Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia , conftantly in a proper degree of heat, and never to
the flower having five ftamina and one ſtyle. put them into too large pots ; and in winter they
The SPECIES are, Thould not have too much water, about twice a week
CHRYSOPHYLLUM (Cainito) foliis ovatis, parallele will be often enough to water them ; and in the
ftriatis fubtus, tomentofo-nitidis. Jacq . Amer. 15. depth of winter, they fhould not have much at each
Chryfophyllum with oval leaves, with parallel veins and time.
neat woolly leaves on their under fide. Cainito folio Thefe trees are frequently propagated in the Weft
fubtus aureo, fructu olivæ formi. Plum. Nov. Gen. Indies, by planting of their branches (as I have been
10. The Damfon- tree. informed by perfons of credit ; ) but I have not
2. CHRYSOPHYLLUM (Glabrum) foliis utrinque glaberri heard of their being propagated in England by that
mis. Jacq. Amer. 15. Chryfophyllum with very fmooth method .
leaves. Cainito folio fubtus aureo, fructu maliformi. CHRYSOSPLENIUM . Lin. Gen. Plant. 493 .
Plum. Nov. Gen. 10. The Star Apple. [χρυσοσπλήνιον, of χρυσός , Gold , and σπλήν, the fpleen ;
Theſe trees grow naturally in the Weft-Indies, where q. d. a plant, the flowers of which are of a golden
the firſt fort rifes from twenty to thirty feet high, colour, and good againſt diſeaſes of the fpleen .]
dividing into many branches, garniſhed with oval Golden Saxifrage .
leaves, fmooth above, and of a gold colour on their The CHARACTERS are,
under fide ; the flowers come out from the fide of The empalement is divided into four or five parts, which
the branches, at the fetting on of the leaves, in Spread open, are coloured, and permanent. The flower
round cluſters, which are fucceeded by oval, ſmooth , hath nopetals, but eight or ten ftamina, which are short,
pulpy fruit, inclofing three or four hard flat erect, and ftand oppofite to the angles of the empalement,
feeds. terminated by fingle fummits : the germen is immersed in
The ſecond fort rifes with an upright trunk to the the empalement, jupporting two fhort ftyles, crowned by
height of thirty or forty feet, dividing into many obtufe ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a capfule
flender branches, garnished with fpear-fhaped leaves, with two beaks, opening with two valves, andfilled with
coming out without order ; from the wings of the Small feeds.
leaves, and alſo at the extremity of the branches , the This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
flowers are produced in bunches, which are fucceeded of Linnæus's tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Digynia,
by round pulpy fruit the fize of a Golden Pippin, the flowers having ten ſtamina and two ſtyles.
containing many flat hard feeds. The SPECIES are,
The fruit of both theſe trees is very rough and af 1. CHRYSOSPLENIUM ( Alternifolium) foliis alternis. Flor.
tringent at first, but by lying fome time after they Suec. 317. Golden Saxifrage with alternate leaves. Saxi
are gathered, they become mellow, like the Medlar. fraga aurea foliis pediculis oblongis infidentibus. Raii
The timber of both theſe trees is ufed in buildings, Syn. Hift. 206. Golden Saxifrage with leaves growing
and for fhingles to cover houſes. upon long foot-ftalks.
Theſe plants are preſerved in ſeveral curious gardens 2. CHRYSOSPLENIUM ( Oppofitifolium) foliis oppofitis . Sauv.
for the beauty of their leaves, eſpecially the firſt fort, Monfp. 128. Golden Saxifrage with oppofite leaves.
whofe under fides fhine like fattin, the upper fides are Chryfofplenium foliis amplioribus auriculatis. Tourn.
of a deep green. The leaves continue all the year, Inft. 146. Golden Saxifrage with larger eared leaves.
fo make a very pretty appearance in the ſtove at all Theſe two plants are found growing wild in many
feaſons .
parts of England, upon marihy foils and bogs, as
Thefe trees, being natives of the warmest parts of alfo in moift fhady woods, and are feldom propagated
the world, cannot be preſerved in this country, with in gardens ; where, if any perfon has curiofity to
out being kept in the warmest ftoves ; and ſhould cultivate them, they must be planted in very moiſt
always remain in a hot-bed of tanners bark, other fhady places, otherwife they will not thrive. They
wife they will make but little progrefs. They are flower in March and April.
propagated by feeds, which must be procured from CIBOULS, or CHIBOULS . See CEPA.
the places of their growth, for they do not produce CICER. Lin. Gen. Plant. 783. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
fruit in Europe. Theſe feeds must be freſh, other tab. 210. [This plant is called Cicer, of Kixus, ftrength,
wife they will not grow ; and if they are fent over in becauſe it is ſaid to ftrengthen : it is alſo called Arie
fand, it will preſerve them from drying too much ; taria, becauſe the feeds of it refemble the head of a
when the feeds arrive, they muſt be ſown as foon as ram . ] Cicer, or Chich Peaſe.
poffible in ſmall pots filled with light freſh earth, and The CHARACTERS are,
plunged into a good hot-bed of tanners bark. If The empalement of the flower is cut into five fegments, four
the feeds are good, and the bed in a proper tempe of which lie upon the ſtandard ; the two middle, which are
rature of warmth, the plants will appear in five or the longest , are joined, the other is under the keel. The
fix weeks ; and in about two months after, will be flower is of the butterfly kind ; the ftandard is large,
ftrong enough to tranfplant ; in doing of which, the roundish, and plain ; the wings are much ſhorter and ob
plants, with all the earth, fhould be fhaken out of tufe, the keel is shorter than the wings, and is sharp
the pots very carefully, and feparated with their roots pointed. It bath ten stamina, nine of them are joined,
entire, and each planted into a ſingle ſmall pot filled and the tenth is feparate, terminated by fingle fummits.
with freſh rich earth, and plunged again into a hot It hath an oval germen fupporting a fingle flyle, crowned
bed of tanners bark, watering and fhading them un by an obtufe ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a
til they have taken freſh root. If the hot-bed in turgid fwelling pod of a rhomboidal figure, inclosing two
which theſe plants are plunged, is from time to time roundifh feeds, with a protuberance on their fide.
ftirred, and a little fresh tan added to it, to renew This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection of
the heat when it declines, the plants will make good Linnæus's feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia De
progrefs, and in three or four months will be near candria, from the flower having ten ftamina joined
a foot high, and may then be ſhifted into pots a in two bodies.
fmall fize larger than thofe they before were in. If There is but one SPECIES of this genus, viz.
theſe plants are conſtantly kept in a warm bed in the CICER (Arietinum) foliolis ferratis. Hort . Cliff. 370 .
ſtove, and ſhifted twice a year, to renew the earth Chich Peafe with fawed leaves. Cicer fativum. C. B. P.
to their roots, they will thrive very faft, and put out 347. Garden Chich Peafe.
their fide branches, fo as to make a handfome ap There is a variety of this with a red feed , which dif
pearance in the ftove, with other curious plants of fers from it in nothing but the colour.
the fame country ; for though they do not produce
Rrr It
 CIC CIC

It is much cultivated in Spain, being one of the in difference between thefe, for the wild Succory hath
gredients in their olios, and is there called Gara a perennial creeping root, whereas the other is at moſt
vance ; it is alfo cultivated in France, but in England but a biennial plant ; and if the feeds of the latter are
it is rarely fown. fown in the fpring, the plants will flower and produce
This plant is annual, fhooting out feveral hairy ſtalks feeds the fame year, and perifh in autumn, fo that
from the root, which are about two feet long ; gar it may rather be called annual. The wild Succory
nished with long winged leaves of a grayish colour, fends out from the roots long leaves, which are jagged
compofed of feven or nine pair of fmall roundifh to the midrib, each fegment ending in a point ; from
leaves (or lobes ) terminated by an odd one, which between theſe arife the ftalks , which grow from three
are fawed on their edges. From the fide of the to four feet high, garniſhed with leaves, fhaped like
branches come out the flowers, fometimes one, at thofe at the bottom, but are fmaller, and embrace
other times two together. They are ſhaped like thofe the ſtalks at their bafe. Theſe branch out above into
of Peaſe, but are much finaller and white, ſtanding feveral ſmaller ſtalks, which have the fame leaves,
on long foot-ftalks ; thefe are fucceeded by fhort but ſmaller and lefs jagged ; the flowers are produced
hairy pods, including two feeds in each, which are from the fide of the ſtalks, which are of a fine blue
the fize of common Peafe, but have a little knob or colour ; theſe are fucceeded by oblong feeds, incloſed
protuberance on one fide. in a down. It flowers in June and July, and the
The feeds of this plant may be fown in the fpring, feeds ripen in September.
in the fame manner as Peafe, making drills with a The fecond fort grows naturally on the fea-coafts in
hoe, about an inch and a half deep, in which the feeds Sicily and the islands of the Archipelago . This fends
fhould be fown at about two inches afunder, then out from the root many long leaves, which are in
with a rake draw the earth into the drill to cover the dented on their edges, fpreading flat on the ground ;
feeds. The drills fhould be made at three feet diſtance from between thefe arife the ftalks, which have very
from each other, that there may be room for their few leaves, and thoſe ſmall and entire : the ſtalks are
branches to fpread, when the plants are fully grown, divided in forks upward, from between thefe come
as alfo to hoe the ground between them , to keep it out the flowers, which are of a pale blue, and are
clean from weeds, which is all the culture theſe plants fucceeded by feeds fhaped like thofe of the common
require. fort; the ends of the fmaller branches are terminated
This plant flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in by flar-like fpines, which are very ſharp . The plant
Auguft ; but unleſs the ſeaſon proves warm and dry, is biennial with us in England, and in cold winters is
the plants decay in this country before the feeds are frequently killed . It flowers and feeds about the ſame
ripe. time with the former fort, and may be treated in the
CICHORIUM . Lin. Gen. Plant. 825. Tourn. Inſt. fame way as the Endive.
R. H. tab. 272. [ xixúgion, or xixópsion, of xxew, to The broad leaved Succory or Endive, differs from
find, becauſe found every where in walking. ] Succory. the wild forts in its duration, the root always perifhing
The CHARACTERS are, after it has ripened feeds : the leaves are broader,
The flower bath a common fcaly empalement, which at rounder at the top, and not laciniated on the fides as
firft is cylindrical, but is afterward expanded ; the fcales the leaves of the wild ; the branches are more hori
are narrow, fpear-shaped, and equal. The flower is com zontal, and the ftalks never rife fo high.
pofed of many hermaphrodite florets, which are plain, This fort is not much cultivated in the English gar
uniform, and ftand circularly, each having one petal, dens at prefent, for the curled Endive being tenderer,
which is tongue -fhaped, and cut into five fegments. They and not fo bitter, is generally preferred to it . The
have five fhort hairy ftamina, terminated by five-cornered broad-leaved and curled Endive has been fuppofed
cylindrical fummits. The germen is fituated under the to be only varieties from each other, which hath ac
petal, fupporting a flender ftyle, crowned by two turning cidentally been produced by culture ; but from having
Stigmas : the germen afterward becomes a single feed, in cultivated both near forty years, I could never find
clofed with a down, andfbut up in the empalement. that they ever altered , otherwife than by the curled
This genus of plants is ranged in the first fection of fort coming more or lefs curled ; the leaves of this
Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Poly fort have only a few flight indentures on their edges,
gamia æqualis. The plants of this fection have only and the ſtalks grow more erect, having but few leaves
hermaphrodite fruitful florets . upon them. This, when blanched, has a bitter taste,
The SPECIES are, which has occafioned its being generally neglected
1. CICHORIUM ( Intybus) floribus geminis feffilibus, foliis in England, but in Italy it is ftill cultivated in their
runcinatis. Flor. Suec. 650. Succory with two flowers gardens .
fitting close to the ftalk. Cichorium fylveftre five of All the forts of Succory are eſteemed aperitive and
ficinarum. C. B. P. 126. Wild Succory. diuretic, opening obftructions of the liver, and good
2. CICHORIUM ( Spinofum ) caule dichotomo fpinofo flo for the jaundice ; it provokes urine, and cleanfes the
ribus axillaribus feffilibus. Hort. Cliff. 388. Succory urinary paffages of flimy humours, which may ftop
with a prickly forked ftalk. Cichorium fpinofum. C. their paffage.
B. P. 126. Prickly Succory. The curled Endive is now much cultivated in the

3. CICHORIUM ( Endivia) floribus folitariis pedunculatis, English gardens, being one of the principal ingredi
foliis integris, crenatis . Hort. Cliff. 389. Succory with ents in the fallads of autumn and winter, for which
fingle flowers on foot-ftalks, and entire crenated leaves. purpoſe it is continued as long as the feafons will per
Cichorium latifolium, five endivia vulgaris . C. B. P. mit. I fhall therefore give directions for the managing
125. Broad-leaved Succory, or common Endive. of this plant, fo as to have it in perfection during the
4. CICHORIUM (Crifpum ) floribus folitariis pedunculatis, autumn and winter months.
foliis fimbriatis, crifpis. Succory withfingle flowers on The first feafon for fowing of thefe feeds is in May,
foot-ftalks, and fringed curled leaves. Endivia crifpa. for thoſe which are fown earlier in the year, generally
C. B. P. 125. Curled Endive. run up to feed, before they have arrived to a proper
The firſt fort grows naturally by the fides of roads. fize for blanching , and it frequently happens, that
and in fhady lanes, in many parts of England : this the feeds fown in May in the rich ground near Lon
has been fuppofed to be no other way differing from don, will run to feeds the fame autumn ; but in fi
the garden Succory, but by the latter being cultivated tuations which are colder, they are not fo apt to run
in gardens ; indeed, moft of the writers on botany, up, therefore there fhould be fome feeds fown about
have confounded the two forts together ; for the Gar the middle or latter end of that month. The fecond
den Succory which is defcribed in moſt of the old fowing fhould be about the middle of June, and the
books, I take to be the broad-leaved Endive, which laſt time in the middle of July . From thefe three
is the third fort here enumerated , for I have many different crops, there will be a fupply for the table
years cultivated both forts in the garden, without during the whole feafon ; for there will be plants of
finding either of them alter. There is an effential each fowing, very different in their growth, fo that
there
 CIC CIC

there will be three different crops from the fame bursting out on one fide ; which they are fubject
beds. to do, as the plants grow, if not prevented this
When the plants come up they muſt be kept clean way.
from weeds, and in dry weather duly watered, to In doing of this you need only tie up the largeſt
keep them growing till they are fit to tranfplant, when plants firſt, and fo go over the piece once a week,
there should be an open fpot of rich ground prepared as the plants increafe in their growth ; by which
to receive the plants, in fize proportionable to the means you will continue the crop longer, than if they
quantity intended. When the ground is well dug and were all tied up at one time : for when they are quite
levelled, if it should be very dry, it muſt be well blanched, which will be in three weeks or a month
watered to prepare it to receive the plants ; then the after tying, they will not hold found and good above
plants fhould be drawn up from the feed-bed care ten days or a fortnight, eſpecially if the feafon proves
fully, fo as not to break their roots, drawing out all wet : therefore it is that I would advife to fow at
the largeſt plants, leaving the fmall ones to get more three or four different feafons, that you may have a
ftrength , which, when they have room to grow, fupply as long as the weather will permit. But in
by taking away the large ones, they will foon do. order to this, you muſt tranſplant all the plants of the
As the plants are drawn up, they ſhould be placed laft fowing under warm walls, pales, or hedges, to
with their roots even, all the fame way, and every ſcreen the plants from froft ; and if the winter fhould
handful as they are drawn, ſhould have the tops of prove very fharp, you fhould cover them with fome
their leaves ſhortened, to make them of equal length : Peaſe haulm, or fuch other light covering, which
this will render the planting of them much eaſier, fhould be conftantly taken off in mild weather : theſe
than when the plants are promifcuouſly mixed, heads borders fhould alfo be as dry as poffible, for theſe
and tails : then the ground fhould be marked out in plants are very fubject to rot, if planted in a moift foil
rows at one foot aſunder, and the plants fet ten in winter.
inches diftant in the rows, clofing the earth well to Although I before directed the tying up of the plants
their roots, and let them be well watered ; and repeat to blanch them, yet this is only to be underftood for
this every other evening, till the plants have taken the two firſt fowings ; for after October, when the
good root, after which they muſt be kept clean from nights begin to be frofty, thofe plants which are fo
weeds.
far above ground will be liable to be much prejudiced
When the plants of the feed-bed have been thus thereby, eſpecially if they are not covered in froſty
thinned, they fhould be well cleaned from weeds and weather ; therefore the beſt method is, to take up
watered, which will encourage the growth of the re your plants of the latter fowings in a very dry day,
maining plants, fo that in ten days or a fortnight and with a large flat-pointed dibble, plant them into
after, there may be another thinning made of the the fides of trenches of earth, which fhould be laid
plants, which fhould be tranfplanted in the fame very upright, planting them fideways, on the fouth
manner. And at about the fame diftance of time, fide of the trenches, towards the fun, with the tops
the third and laſt drawing of plants may be tranſ of the plants only out of the ground, fo that the hafty
planted. rains may run off, and the plants be kept dry, and
Thofe plants which were the firft tranfplanted, will fecured from froſts .
be fit to blanch by the latter end of July at fartheſt ; The plants thus planted, will be blanched fit for uſe
and if they are properly managed, in three weeks or in about a month or five weeks time, after which it
a month, they will be fufficiently blanched for uſe, will not keep good more than three weeks, before it
which will be as foon as theſe fallads are commonly will decay ; you fhould therefore continue planting
required ; for during the continuance of good Cos fome freſh ones into trenches every fortnight or three
Lettuce, few perfons care for Endive in their falladss ; weeks, that you may have a fupply for the table ;
nor, indeed, is it fo proper for warm weather. If and thoſe which were laft tranfplanted out ofthe feed
any of the plants fhould put out flower-ſtems, they beds, fhould be preferved till February, before they
fhould be immediately pulled up and carried away, are planted to blanch ; fo that from this you may be
being good for nothing, fo fhould not be left to in ſupplied until the beginning of April, or later : for
commode the neighbouring plants. As the quantity. at this laft planting into the trenches, it will keep
of roots neceffary for the fupply of a middling family longer than in winter, the days growing longer ; and
is not very great, fo there fhould not be too many the fun, advancing with more ftrength, dries up the
plants tied up to blanch at the fame time, therefore moiſture much fooner than in winter, which will pre
the largeſt ſhould be firft tied, and in a week after vent the rotting of theſe plants ; but if the weather
thofe of the next fize ; fo that there may be three fhould prove froíty, thefe latter plantations of Endive
different times of blanching the plants, on the fame fhould be covered with mats and ftraw to preferve
fpot of ground. But as in fome large families there it, otherwife the froft will deftroy it, but the coverings
is a great confumption of this herb for foups, fo the must always be taken off when the weather is fa
quantities of plants fhould be proportionably greater, vourable.
at each time of planting and blanching. The manner When your Endive is blanched enough for ufe, you
of blanching is the next thing to be treated of, muft dig it up with a fpade ; and after having cleared
therefore in order to this you ſhould provide a parcel it from all the outfide green and decayed leaves , you
of ſmall Ofier twigs (or baſs mat) to tie up fome of fhould wash it well in two or three different waters to
the largeſt heads to blanch ; which ſhould be done in clear it the better from flugs, and other vermin,
a dry afternoon, when there is neither dew nor rain which commonly ſhelter themſelves amongſt the leaves
to moiſten the leaves in the middle of the plants, thereof, and then you may ſerve it up to the table
which would occafion their rotting foon after their with other fallading.
being tied up. The manner of doing it is as follows, But in order to have a fupply of good feeds for the
viz. You muſt firſt gather up all the inner leaves of next ſeaſon, you muſt look over thoſe borders where
the plant in a regular order, into one hand, and then the laft crop was tranfplanted, before you put them
take up thofe on the outfide that are found, pulling into the trenches to blanch ; and make choice of fome
off and throwing away, all the rotten and decayed of the largeſt, foundeft, and moft curled plants , in
leaves which lie next the ground ; obferving to place number according to the quantity of feeds required :
the outfide leaves all round the middle ones, as near for a ſmall family, a dozen of good plants will pro
as poffible to the natural order of their growth, fo duce feeds enough ; and for a large, two dozen or
as not to cross each other : then having got the thirty plants.
whole plant cloſe up in your hand, tie it up with Thefe ſhould be taken up and tranfplanted under a
the twig, bafs, &c. at about two inches below the hedge or pale, at about eighteen inches diftance, in
top, very clofe ; and about a week after go over the one row about ten inches from the hedge, &c. This
plants again, and give them another tie about the work ſhould be done in the beginning of March, if
middle of the plant, to prevent the heart leaves from the feafon is mild, otherwife it may be deferred a
fortnight
 CIC CIN

fortnight longer. When the flower-ſtems begin to ftanding water for the plants to root in, they will
advance, they fhould be fupported with a packthread, not grow. I have feveral times tranfplanted theſe
which ſhould be faftened to nails driven into the pale, plants into ponds, where they have grown one fum
or to the ſtakes of the hedge, and run along before mer, but have not continued through the winter.
the ſtems, to draw them upright clofe to the hedge It grows near four feet high, with a branching hol
or pale, otherwife they will be liable to break with low ftalk, garniſhed with winged leaves. The ftalks
the ftrong winds. Obferve alfo to keep them clear are terminated by umbels of yellowish flowers, which
from weeds, and about the beginning of July your are fucceeded by finall channelled feeds like thoſe of
feeds will begin to ripen ; therefore, as foon as you Parfley. It flowers in June and July, and the feeds
find the feeds are quite ripe, you must cut off the ripen in autumn. ..
ftalks, and expoſe them to the fun upon a coarfe cloth The fecond fort grows naturally in North America,
to dry ; and then beat out the feeds, which must be from whence the feeds have been brought to England,
dried, and put up in bags of paper, and preferved where the plants are preferved in botanic gardens for
for uſe in fome dry place. But I would here caution the fake of variety. This is propagated by feeds,
you, not to wait for all the feeds ripening upon the which fhould be fown in autumn in a fhady border,
fame plant ; for if fo, all the first ripe and beft of where the plants will come up in the ſpring, and re
the feeds will fcatter and be loft before the other are quire no other care but to keep them clean.
near ripe ; fo great a difference is there in the feeds The third fort is a native of North America. This
of the fame plant being ripe. is fometimes preſerved in botanic gardens for variety,
The wild Succory (of which there are ſome varieties but being a plant of no great beauty or uſe, is fel
in the colour of the flowers) is feldom propagated in dom allowed a place in other gardens. It is propa
gardens ; it growing wild in unfrequented lanes and gated by feeds, which fhould be fown in autumn, and
dunghills in divers parts of England, where the herb the plants afterward treated as thofe of the fecond
women gather it, and fupply the markets for me fort.
dicinal uſe. CICUTARIA. See LIGUSTICUM .
CICUTA properly fignifies an hollow intercepted CINARA. See CYNARA.
between two knots, of the ftalks or reeds of which CINERARIA, Sea Ragwort.
the fhepherds uſed to make their pipes, as Virgil The CHARACTERS are,
fings ; It has a fimple empalement, composed of many small equal
leaves. The flower is radiated. The difk is compofed of
Eft mihi difparibus feptem compacta Cicutis many hermaphrodite florets, which are funnel-shaped, cut
Fiftula into five fegments at the top ; thefe have five flender fta
mina, crowned by cylindrical fummits, and an oblong ger
CICUTA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 316. Sium. Raii Syn . men, fupporting a veryflenderftyle, crowned by two erect
212. Water Hemlock.
Stigmas. The germen afterward becomes a narrow four
The CHARACTERS are,
cornered feed, covered with downy hairs. The female fio
It is a plant with an umbellated flower ; the principal rets which compofe the rays are tongue - shaped, indented
umbel is compofed of feveral fmaller ( called rays ; ) thefe at their points , thefe have an oblong germen with two
are equal, roundish, and briftly : the great umbel bath no Styles, and have feeds like the hermaphrodite florets, which
involucrum, but the fmaller have, which are compofed of are included in the empalement.
manyfhort leaves. The flowers have each five oval pe This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond order
tals nearly equal, which turn inward ; they have five of Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngeneſia
bairyftamina, which are longer than the petals, termi Polygamia fuperflua, the flowers being compofed of
nated by fingle fummits. The germen is fituated below hermaphrodite and female florets, which are both
fruitful.
the flower, fupporting two flender ftyles, which are per
The SPECIES are,
manent and longer than the petals, crowned byftigmas in
form of a head. The germen afterward becomes a roundish I. CINERARIA ( Geifolia) pedunculis ramofis, foliis re
channelledfruit dividing into two parts, containing two niformibus fuborbiculatis fublobatis dentatis petiola
ovalfeeds, plain on one fide and convex on the other. tis . Lin. Sp . 1242. Ragwort with branchingfoot -
ftalks,
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fec kidney-shaped, orbicular, indented leaves upon foot-ſtalks.
tion of Linnæus's fifth clafs of plants, intitled Pen Jacobæa Africana, hederæ terreftris folio, repens.
tandria Digynia, the flower having five ftamina and Hort . Amft. 2. p. 145.
two ftyles. The title of this genus has been gene 2. CINERARIA ( Maritima) floribus paniculatis, foliis
rally applied to the common Hemlock, which pinnatifidis tomentofis, laciniis finuatis, caule fru
grows naturally on the banks by highways, in moſt tefcente. Lin. Sp . 1244. Sea Ragwort with a fhrubby
parts of England. But to that plant Dr. Linnæus ftalk, woolly wing-pointed leaves, andflowers growing in
has applied the old title of Conium, and added this panicles. Jacobea maritima. C. B. P. 131. Sea
title to the poiſonous Water Hemlock deſcribed by Ragwort.
Webfer. 3. CINERARIA ( Amelloides) pedunculis unifloris, foliis
The SPECIES are, ovatis oppofitis, caule fuffruticofo. Lin. Sp. 1245.
1. CICUTA (Virofa ) umbellis oppofitis foliis, petiolis Ragwort with an underforubftalk, oval leaves placed op
marginatis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 255. Hemlock with umbels pofite, and foot-ftalks with one flower. After caule ra
oppofite to the leaves, and obtufe marginatedfoot -
ftalks. mofo fcabro perenne, foliis ovatis feffilibus, pedun
Sium erucæ folio. C. B. P. 154. Sium with a Rocket culis nudis unifloris. Fig. pl.
leaf. Cicuta aquatica Gefneri. J. B. 111. 2. p. 175. 4. CINERARIA ( Othonnites) pedunculis unifloris, foliis
Water Hemlock of Gefner. oblongis indivifis fubdentatis petiolatis alternis nu
2. CICUTA (Maculata) foliorum ferraturis mucronatis, dis. Lin. Sp . 1244. Ragwort with oblong undivided
petiolis membranaceis, apice bilobis. Lin. Sp . Plant. leaves flightly indented, and foot-ftalks with one flower.
256. Hemlock with pointed ferratures to the leaves, and Jacobea Africana frutefcens, craffis & fucculentis fo
liis. Hort . Amft . 2. p . 147 .
membranaceous foot -
ftalks ending in two lobes. Angelica
Virginiana foliis acutioribus, femine ftriato minore, 5. CINERARIA (Tomentofa) foliis pinnato- finuatis den
cumini fapore & odore. Mor. Hift. 3. p . 281. Vir tatis fubtus tomentofis, floribus paniculatis, caule
ginia Angelica with pointed leaves, and a fall channelled frutefcente. Ragwort with finuated, wing- fhaped, in
feed, having the taste and fmell of Cumin. dented leaves, downy on their under fide, flowers in pa
3. CICUTA ( Bulbifera) ramis bulbiferis. Lin. Sp. 367 . nicles, and a fhrubby stalk. Jacobæa maritima latifo
Hemlock, whofe branches bear bulbs. Ammi foliorum lia. C. B. P. 69.
There are feveral other fpecies of this genus than are
lacinulis capillaribus, caule angulato. Flor. Virg. 31 .
The first fort grows naturally in ftanding waters in here enumerated, but being plants of little ufe or
many parts of England, fo is never propagated in beauty are omitted, as they are rarely cultivated in
gardens ; for unleſs there is a confiderable depth of gardens.
6 The

CO
 CIR CIR

The first fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good rife three or four feet high, garnished with oblong,
Hope. The root of this is compofed of many fmall thick, undivided leaves, of a glaucous colour. The
bres ; the talks are weak, fo trail on the ground, flowers are produced on branching foot-ſtalks, arifing
if they are not fupported ; but if they are will toward the end of the branches ; they are yellow,
rife four feet high, dividing into many branches, fhaped like thofe of the other forts, but are rarely
garnifhed with roundifh kidney-fhaped leaves, cre fucceeded by feeds in England . This is eafily pro
nated on their edges ; the flowers are produced at pagated by cuttings any time in fummer : the plants,
the extremity of the branches in finall cluſters ; they when rooted, muſt be planted in pots, that they may
are yellow, and in fhape like thofe of the common be removed into fhelter in winter, for they will not
Ragwort, which are fucceeded by feeds, crowned live abroad in England. It grows naturally at the
with down. Cape of Good Hope.
This fort is eafily propagated by cuttings, which, if The fifth fort grows naturally on the fea coafts of Italy
planted in a fhady border during the fummer months , and Sicily. This has great refemblance to the fecond
and duly watered, will put out roots in a month or fort, but the ſtalks are more woody, rife higher, and
five weeks ; foon after which it will be proper to do not branch fo much. The leaves are broader,
tranfplant them into pots, becauſe their roots are not fo much finuated, and are of a black green co
very apt to spread in the full ground ; fo when the lour on their upper fide. The flowers are produced
plants are taken up, many of their roots are torn in fmaller bunches on the top of the foot-ftalks, and
off, whereby the plants are endangered . This is alfo are like thofe of the fecond fort, but are rarely fuc
often the cafe of the plants in pots. When they ceeded by feeds in England, nor are the plants fo
are not often removed, their roots will ſhoot through hardy, therefore fhould be fheltered in winter. It is
the holes in the bottom of the pots into the ground, eafily propagated by cuttings during the fummer
and the plants will grow luxuriantly ; but when the months, in the fame way as the fecond fort.
pots are removed, and thofe roots torn off, the plants CIRCEA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 24. Tourn . Inft. R. H.
are often killed thereby. As this plant grows na 301. tab. 155. [ It is faid to be fo called from Circe,
turally at the Cape of Good Hope, it is too tender to the famous enchantrefs, faid to have enchanted U
live through the winters in England in the open air ; lyffes and his companions. Boerhaave fuppofes it to
yet if it is nurfed tenderly, it is very apt to draw up be fo called, becauſe the fruit of this plant takes
weak, and thereby is deftroyed ; therefore the fureft hold of peoples cloaths, and by this means draws
method to preferve it, is to make young plants an them to it, as the enchantrefs Circe was wont to do
nually from cuttings, and to place them in a common by her enchantments . ] Enchanter's Nightfhade.
hot-bed frame in winter, where they may enjoy the The CHARACTERS are,
full air in mild weather, but be fcreened from the The empalement of the flower is compofed of two oval
froft, and in fummer place them abroad with other of concave leaves : the flower bath two heart-shaped petals,
the hardier forts of exotic plants.. which are equal and spread open ; it hath two erect hairy
The fecond fort grows naturally on the fea- coafts in Stamina, terminated by roundifh fummits. The germen
fome parts of England and Wales, in particular is fituated under the flower, fupporting a flender Style,
warm fpots, but in the fouth of France and Italy, it crowned by an obtufe bordered ftigma. The empale
is very common . This hath many ligneous ftalks , ment afterward becomes a rough oval capfule with two
which rife two or three feet high, dividing into many cells opening lengthways, each containing a fingle oblong
branches, which have a white downy bark, and are feed.
garnished with very woolly leaves fix or eight inches This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
long, deeply finuated, and jagged on their borders Linnæus's fecond clafs, intitled Diandria Monogynia ,
into many winged points ; they are downy on both the flower having two ftamina and one ſtyle.
fides. The ftalks which fupport the flowers are a The SPECIES are,
foot or more in length, having two or three fmall 1. CIRCEA (Lutetiana) caule erecto, racemis pluribus.
leaves on each, fhaped like thofe below, and are ter Lin. Sp . Plant. 9. Enchanter's Nightshade, with an up
minated by many yellow flowers growing in panicles, right falk and many spikes offlowers. Circea luteti
fhaped like thole of common Ragwort ; thele appear ana. Lob. Icon. 266. Common Enchanter's Night
in June, July, and Auguft, and are fucceeded by Shade.
feeds, which ripen the beginning of October. ¿ ¹ ‚ ‚i 2. CIRCEA (Alpina) caule adfcendente, racemo unico,
This fort is alfo cafily propagated by planting cut -1 Lin. Sp . Plant. 9. Enchanter's Nightshade, with an
tings or flips of it on a fhady border during the fum afcendingstalk and a fingle fpike. Circea minima. Col.
mer months, obferving to water them duly. When p. 2. 80. Leaft Enchanter's Nightshade.
thefe are well rooted, they ſhould be planted in a dry The first fort grows naturally in fhady woods, and
rubbiſhing foil, where they will refift the cold of our under hedges, in many parts of England . This
ordinary winters very well, and continue many years ; plant hath a creeping root, by which it multiplies
but in rich moift ground , the plants are often fo very greatly. The ftalks are upright, and riſe a foot and
luxuriant in fummer, as to be killed in winter when a half high, garniſhed with heart-ſhaped leaves placed
there is much froſt, oppoſite, upon very long foot-ftalks : thefe are of a
The third fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good dark green on their upper fide, but are pale on their
Hope. This hath branching ftalks, which are under fide. The ftalks are terminated by looſe ſpikes
fhrubby, and rife from two to three feet high, gar of flowers, which are branched out into three or four
nifhed with oval leaves placed oppofite : the foot finall fpikes. The flowers are fmall and white, hav
ftalks of the flowers are long, naked, and fupport ing but two petals, oppofite to which are ſituated the
one blue flower at the top, whofe rays are reflexed ; two ftamina. After the flowers fall away, the em
thefe appear great part of the year, and thoſe which palement of the flower becomes a rough capfule, in
blow in fummer are fucceeded by compreffed feeds clofing two oblong feeds.
crowned with down. The fecond fort grows at the foot of mountains in
This may be propagated by fowing the feeds on a bed many parts of Germany. It alfo grows naturally in
of light earth the beginning of April, and when the a wood near the Hague, from whence I brought it
plants are fit to remove, they fhould be part of them to England. This fort feldom rifes more than fix or
planted in pots, that they may be fheltered in winter eight inches high, with a flender ftalk, garnished
under a hot-bed frame , the remainder may be plant with leaves fhaped like thofe of the former fort, but
ed clofe to a warm wall in poor ground, where, if the fmaller, and are indented on their edges. The flow
winter proves favourable, they will live ; but if theſe ers are produced on fingle loofe fpikes at the top of
fail, thofe in the frame will be fecured . It may alfo the ſtalks, which are fmaller than thofe of the former
be propagated by cuttings, in the fame manner as fort, but of the fame form and colour. Theſe plants
the laft mentioned. flower in June, and their feeds ripen in Auguft ; but
The fourth fort hath fhrubby branching ftalks, which they both multiply exceedingly by their creeping
Ss $ roots,
 CIS CIS

roots, fo are ſeldom kept in gardens, unleſs for the The CHARACTERS are,
fake of variety. It bath a small many-leaved empalement, and four con
If the roots are planted in any fhady moist part of a cave petals to the flower, with a large nectarium at the
garden, they will increafe faft enough without any border of the germen, and four stamina the length of the
care. corolla inferted in the nectarium, crowned by roundish fum
CIRCULATION of the fap. See SAP. mits. The germen is four-cornered, supporting a fiender
CIRRI are thofe fine ftrings or fibres put out from Style the length of the ftamina, crowned by an acute ftigma.
the ftalks of plants, by which fome plants faften them The cover of the flower afterward becomes a berry inclofing
felves to walls, pales, or trees, in order to their fup one roundish feed.
port, as Ivy, &c. This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
CIRSIUM. See CARDUUS . Linnæus's fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Mono
CISSAMPELOS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 993. Caapeba. gynia, the flowers having four ftamina and one
Plum. Nov. Gen. 33.
33. tab. 29. ftyle.
The CHARACTERS are, The SPECIES are,

It is male andfemale in different plants ; the male flow 1. CISSUS (Cordifolia ) foliis cordatis integerrimis. Lin.
ers have no empalement ; they have four oval plain petals, Sp. 170. Wild Grape with entire heart - shaped leaves.
and a wheel-shaped nectarium in the difk, with four fmall Vitis folio fubrotundo, uva corymbofa cæruleo .
Stamina joined together, crowned by plain fummits. The Plum. Gen. 18 .

femaleflowers have neither empalement or corolla ; instead 2 . CISSUS ( Sicyoides) foliis ovatis nudis fetaceo ferratis.
ofpetals, there is a large nectarium, whofe membranes Lin. Sp. 170. Wild Grape with oval leaves which are
ftand round the hairy oval germen, which afterward be fawed. Bryonia alba geniculato, violæ foliis, baccis
comes a fucculent berry, inclosing afingle feed. e viridi-purpurafcentibus. Sloan. Hift. Jam. 1. p. 106.
This genus of plants is ranged in the twelfth fection 3. CISSUS ( Acida) foliis ternatis oblongis carnofis inci
of Linnæus's twenty-fecond clais , intitled Dioecia fis. Lin. Sp . 170. Wild Grape with trifoliate leaves,
Monodelphia, the male and female flowers being on which are oblong, fleshy, and cut on their edges. Vitis
different plants, and the male flowers have four fta trifolia minor corymbofa, acinis nigrioribus turbina
mina, which are joined in one body. tis. Plum . Sp . 18 .
The SPECIES are, 4. CISSUS (Trifoliata) foliis ternatis fubrotundis fubden
1. CISSAMPELOS (Pariera ) foliis peltatis cordatis emar tatis. Lin. Sp. 170. Wild Grape with roundish trifoliate
ginatis. Lin. Sp . 1473. Ciffampelos with target heart leaves, which are fightly indented. Bryonia alba tri
Thaped leaves which are indented at their top. Caapeba phylla maxima. Sloan. Hift. Jam. 1. p. 106.
folio orbiculari, & umbilicato lævi. Plum . Nov. 33 . Theſe plants all of them grow naturally in the
Caapeba with a round, fmooth, umbilicated leaf. ifland of Jamaica, and in fome of the other iflands
2. CISSAMPELOS ( Caapeba ) foliis bafi petiolatis integris. in the warm parts of America, where they ſend out flen
Lin. Sp. 1473. Cilampelos with leaves having foot der branches, having tendrils at their joints, by which
Stalks, and entire at their bafe. Caapeba folio orbicu they faften to the neighbouring trees, bushes, and
lari non umbilicato. Plum. Nov. Gen. 33. Caapeba any other fupport, mounting to a confiderable height.
with a round leaf not umbilicated, called Velvet Leaf in The firft fort produces bunches of fruit, which are
America. frequently eaten by the negroes, but are chiefly food
Thefe plants grow naturally in the warmest parts of for birds and wild fowl, as indeed are moft of the
America, where they twift themſelves about the neigh fruit of the other forts, as they all grow in the un
cultivated parts .
bouring fhrubs, and rife to the height of five or fix
feet. The first fort hath round heart-shaped leaves, The plants are preferved in fome of the European
鲁 whoſe foot-ftalks are fet within the bafe of the leaf, gardens, more for the fake of variety, than for ufe
refembling an ancient target ; thefe are hairy on their or beauty, as they rarely produce either fruit or flow
under fide, and have pretty long flender foot-ftalks . ers in moderate climates. They are propagated ei
Toward the upper part of the ftalks the flowers come ther by laying their flexible branches down in pots of
out from the wings of the leaves ; thofe of the male earth, where they will put out roots in four or five
plants grow in fhort fpikes or clufters, and are of a months, or by planting cuttings in pots filled with
pale herbaceous colour ; but the female flowers are light earth, which fhould be plunged into a moderate
produced in long loofe racemi from the fide of the hot- bed of tanners bark , covering the pots cloſely with
ftalks, and are fucceeded by a fingle pulpy berry in hand-glaffes to exclude the outer air : the cuttings
cloſing a fingle feed . muft be frequently refreſhed with water, but not too
The fecond fort hath round heart-shaped leaves, much given at each time. When thefe or the layers
which are extremely woolly and foft to the touch ; are well rooted, they fhould be carefully taken up,
theſe have their foot-ftalks placed at the baſe between and each planted in a fmall pot filled with light earth,
the two ears ; the flowers of this come out in bunches and plunged into the hot- bed of tan, where they
from the fide of the ftalks, in the fame manner as the fhould conftantly remain, being too tender to thrive
firft. The ftalks and every part of the plant is co in England, but with this care. Therefore they
vered with a foft woolly down. fhould be ſhifted into larger pots when it is neceffary,
The feeds of both thefe plants were fent me from and their branches muſt be fupported with ftakes, to
Jamaica, by the late Dr. Houſtoun , which fucceeded prevent them from trailing over the neighbouring
in the Chelfea garden, where the plants produced plants ; and in warm weather the plants fhould have
their flowers for feveral years ; and the fruit of the free air admitted to them daily. With this treatment
firſt fort were produced, but thefe would not grow, they will thrive very well.
though they feemed to be perfectly ripened ; but the CISTUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 598. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
plants grew at fome diftance from the male, fo were 259. tab. 136. [ It is fo called from Kiròs, or Kiroods,
probably not impregnated. Gr. Ivy, becaufe its fmall feminal veffel is inclofed in
Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which fhould a cifta, or little cheft. ] Rock- rofe.
be fown upon a hot- bed in the fpring ; and the plants The CHARACTERS are,
muft afterward be treated in the fame way as other The flower bath a five- leaved empalement which is perma
tender exotics, keeping them conftantly in the nent, two ofthe middle alternate leaves being fmaller than
bark-ftove, otherwife they will not live in this the other. Theflower bathfive large roundish petals which
country . Spread open ; it hath a great number of hairy stamina,
The first fort is fuppofed to be the Pareira, whoſe which arefhorter than the petals, and are terminated by
root has been fo much efteemed as a diuretic . But fmall roundish fummits. In the center is fituated a roundiſh
by a fpecimen which I received from the late Dr. germen, fupporting a single flyle the length of the stamina,
Houftoun, under the title of Pariera, it fhould ra
crowned by a plain orbicular figma. The germen after
ther be ranged under the genus of Smilax. ward becomes an oval clofe capfule, having in fome five,
CISSUS, Wild Grape. and others ten cells, filled withsmall roundish feeds. This
 CIS CIS

This genus of plants is ranged in the first fection of albo, maculâ punicante infignito. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
Linnæus's thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Mo 260. Spanish Gum-bearing Ciftus with white flowers
nogynia, the flowers having many ftamina and but Spotted with purple.
one ſtyle. 15. CISTUS ( Populifolius) arborefcens exftipulatus , foliis
The SPECIES are , cordatis lævibus acuminatis petiolatis . Hort. Cliff.
1. CISTUS (Pilofus) arborefcens exftipulatis foliis ovatis , 205. Tree Rock-rofe with heart s -haped smooth leaves,
petiolatis hirfutis. Lin. Sp. 736. Tree Rock-rofe with having foot-ftalks. Ciftus ledon foliis populi nigræ
aval leaves, whofe foot-ftalks are hairy. Ciftus mas ma major. C. B. P. 467.
jor, folio rotundiore. J. B. 2. 2. Greater male Ciftus, 16. CISTUS (Crifpus) arborefcens exftipulatus, foliis lan
or Rock-rofe, with a rounder leaf. ceolatis pubefcentibus trinerviis undulatis. Hort. Cliff.
2. CISTUS (Incanus) arborefcens exftipulatis foliis fpatu 206. Rock-rofe with Spear - shaped, hairy, waved leaves,
latis tomentofis rugofis, inferioribus bafi vaginantibus having three veins. Ciftus mas, foliis chamaedryos.
connatis. Hort. Cliff. 205. Tree Rock-rofe with fpa C. B. P. 464.
tule-shaped, woolly, rough leaves, which are joined at their 17. CISTUS ( Halimifolius) foliis ovatis, incanis, infernè
bafe. Ciftus mas 2 folio longiore incano. J. B. 2. 2 . petiolatis, fupernè coalitis, caule fruticofo. Rock-rofe
3. CISTUS ( Breviorifolius) arborefcens, foliis ovato -lan with oval hoary leaves, thofe beneath having foot - ftalks,
ceolatis, bafi connatis, hirfutis, rugofis, pedunculis and the upper ones joined at their bafe, and a ſhrubbyſtalk.
florum longioribus . Tree Rock-rofe with oval fpear Ciftus Halimi, folio 1. Cluf. Hift. 1. p. 71. Ciftus
Shaped leaves, joined at their bafe, which are hairy and with Sea Purflane leaves.
rough, and longer foot-ftalks to the flowers. Ciftus mas 18. CISTUS (Longifolius) foliis lineari-lanceolatis , incanis
folio breviore. C. B. P. 464. petiolatis, floribus racemofis caule fruticofo. Rock
4. CISTUS (Lufitanicus) arborefcens, foliis ovatis, ob rofe with narrow Spear -
shaped leaves, having foot- talks
tufis, villofis, fubtus nervofis rugofis, floribus am which are boary, flowers growing in clusters, and a
plioribus. Tree Rock-rofe, with oval, obtufe, hairy fhrubby ftalk. Ciftus folio halimi longiore incano. J.
leaves, which are nervous and rough on their underfide, B. 2. 5.
and larger flowers. Ciftus mas Lufitanicus, folio am Thefe plants all grow naturally in the fouth of France,
pliffimo incano. Tourn. Inft. 259. in Spain, and Portugal, from whence their feeds
5. CISTUS (Hifpanicus) arboreſcens villofus, foliis lan have been brought to England, where most of the
ceolatis, viridibus, bafi connatis, floribus feffilibus , forts are now cultivated in the nurferies for fale. The
calycibus acutis. Hairy-tree Rock-rofe with green spear firft fort hath a ſtrong woody ftem, covered with a
fhaped leaves joined at their bafe, flowers fittin clofe, and rough bark, which rifes three or four feet high, di
Sharp-pointed empalements. viding into many branches, fo as to form a large
6. CISTUS ( Ladaniferus) arborefcens exftipulatus, foliis bufhy head ; garniſhed with oval hairy leaves, placed
lanceolatis, fuprà levibus, petiolis bafi coalitis va oppofite, and fit cloſe to the branches, having ſeveral
ginantibus. Hort. Cliff. 205. Tree Rock-rofe withfpear fmaller leaves of the fame form, rifing from the fame
Jhaped leaves, fmooth on their upper fide, and their foot joint. The flowers are produced at the end of the
talks joining like fheaths. Ciftus ladanifera Hifpanica branches, four or five ftanding together, almoft in
incana. C. B. P. 467. form of an umbel, but rarely more than one is open
7. CISTUS (Albidus) arborefcens exftipulatus foliis ovato at the fame time ; theſe are compofed of five large
lanceolatis tomentofis incanis, feffilibus fubtrinerviis . roundish petals of a purple colour, which fpread open
Sauv. Monfp. 150. Tree Rock-rofe with oval, Spear like a Rofe, having a great number of ſtamina, fur
Shaped, woolly leaves, fitting clofe to the stalks. Ciftus rounding the oval germen in the center, terminated
mas folio oblongo incano. C. B. P. 464. by fmall, roundish, yellow fummits ; thefe flowers
8. CISTUS (Salvifolius) arborefcens exftipulatus, foliis are but of fhort duration, generally falling off the
ovatis petiolatis utrinque hirfutis. Hort. Cliff. 205. fame day they expand ; but there is a fucceffion of
Rock-rofe with oval hairy leaves, having foot-ſtalks. freſh flowers every day for a confiderable time. After
Ciftus foemina, folio falviæ, fupina humifparfa. C. the flowers are paft, the germen fwells to an oval
B. P. 466 . feed-veffel, fitting in the empalement, which is hairy;
9. CISTUS (Creticus) arborescens exftipulatus, foliis fpa thefe capfules have ten cells, which are full of fmall
tulato-ovatis petiolatis enerviis fcabris, calycinis lan roundish feeds. This fort flowers in May and June,
ceolatis. Lin. Sp. 738. Tree Rock-rofe with oval spatule and the feeds ripen in autumn ; and there is generally
ftalks.
fhaped rough leaves without veins, having foot - more flowers produced in September and October, if
Ciftus ladanifera Cretica flore purpureo. Tourn. Cor. the autumn proves favourable, and where the plants
19. Gum-bearing Ciftus of Crete with a purpleflower. are protected from froft, they frequently produce fome
10. CISTUS ( Olefolius) fruticofus, foliis lineari-lanceo flowers all the winter feafon.
latis, hirfutis, feffilibus, floribus terminalibus . Shrubby The ſecond fort differs from the firſt in the fhape of
Rock-rofe with narrow , spear-shaped, hairy leaves, fitting the leaves, which are longer and whiter ; thofe on
clofe to the branches, and flowers terminating the stalks. the lower part of the branches are oval, and join at
Ciftus ledon foliis oleæ fed anguftioribus . C. B. P. their bafe, furrounding the ftalks, but the upper
167. leaves are fpear-ſhaped and diftinct ; the flowers are
LI. CISTUS ( Laurifolius) arborefcens exftipulatus foliis larger, and of a paler purple colour. This flowers
oblongo-ovatis petiolatis, trinerviis fupra glabris. and ripens feeds at the fame time with the firſt.
Tree Rock-rafe with oblong oval leaves, having foot The third fort differs from both the former, in having
ftalks, fmooth above, and the foot-ſtalks joined at their fhorter and greener leaves, which are joined at their
bafe. Ciftus ledon foliis laurinus . C. B. P. 476. bafe, and are hairy. The foot-ftalks of the flowers
12. CISTUS (Cordifolius) foliis oblongo-cordatis, glabris, are much longer, and the flowers are ſmaller, but of
petiolis longioribus, caule fruticofo. Rock-rofe with a deeper purple. This flowers and feeds at the fame
oblong, heart-shaped, " fmooth leaves, longer foot-ftalks, time with the two former, and the fhrubs grow as
and a fhrubby stalk. large as the firſt fort.
13. CISTUS ( Monfpelienfis) arborefcens exftipulatus, fo The fourth fort hath much larger and rounder leaves
liis lineari-lanceolatis, feffilibus, utrinque villofis, tri than either of the former, which are hairy, and
nerviis . Hort. Cliff. 205. Tree Rock-rofe with linear ſmooth on their upper fide, but rough, and full of
-haped leaves fitting clofe to the branches, hairy on
Spear s veins on their under ; the branches are white, hairy,
both fides, having three nerves. Ciftus ladanifera Monf and the flowers are very large, and of a light purple
pelienfum. C. B. P. 467. colour. This flowers at the fame time with the
14. CISTUS (Salicifolius) arborefcens, foliis lineari-lan former.
ceolatis, fubtus incanis, trinerviis, petalis fubrotundis . The fifth fort doth not rife fo high as either of the
Tree Rock-rofe with narrow spear-shaped leaves, hoary former, but fends out branches near the root, which
on their under fide, having three nerves with roundish pe are hairy and erect, garnished with fpear-ſhaped
tals. Ciftus ladanifera Hifpanica, falicis folio, flore leaves, of a dark green colour, which join at their
I bafe,
 CIS CIS

bafe, furrounding the ftalk. At each joint comes branches from the bottom upward, which are hairy,
out a very flender branch, having three pair of fmall garniſhed with fpear-fhaped leaves, of a very dark
leaves of the fame fhape with the other, terminated green colour, having three longitudinal veins in each,
by a fingle flower ; the ends of the branches have and in warm weather are covered with a glutinous
three or four flowers fitting clofe without foot-ftalks . fweet-fcented fubftance, which exfudes from their
The flowers are of a deep purple colour, and like pores . The flower-ftalks which come out at the end
thofe of the first. This flowers at the fame time with of the branches, are long, naked, and fuftain many
the other forts. white flowers , rifing above each other ; their em
The fixth fort rifes to the height of five or fix feet, palements are bordered, and end in fharp points.
with a ſtrong woody ftalk, fending out many hairy This flowers at the fame time with the laſt men
tioned.
branches, garnished with fpear-shaped leaves, fmooth
on their upper fide , but veined on their under, having The fourteenth fort rifes with a woody ftem to the
fhort foot- ftalks, which join at their bafe, where they height of five or fix feet, fending out many fide
form a fort of fheath to the branch. The flowers branches from the bottom, the whole length ; theſe
come out at the end of the branches, which are large, are ſmooth, covered with a reddish brown bark, gar
of a light purple colour, and refembling thofe of the nifhed with narrow fpear-fhaped leaves, whitish on
fourth fort. their under fide , of a dark green above, having three
The feventh fort hath erect branches, which come longitudinal veins. The flowers are produced at the
out from the lower part of the ftalk, and are woolly; end of the branches, on fhort foot-ftalks, and are
garniſhed with oblong hoary leaves, covered with a compofed of five very large, roundish, white petals,
white down, which are fmooth above, but veined each having a large purple fpot at their bafe. The
on their under fide, joining at their bafe where they whole plant exfudes a fweet glutinous fubftance in
furround the ftalk ; the flowers are produced at the warm weather, which hath a very ftrong balfamic
end of the branches, which are of a bright purple fcent, fo as to perfume the circumambient air to a
colour, and large. This flowers at the fame time great diftance. This flowers in June, July, and
with the other forts. Auguft.
The eighth fort hath a flender ſmooth ſtalk , covered There is a variety of this with white flowers, having
with a brown bark, which never rifes more than three no purple fpots, which is in all other refpects the fame
feet high, fending out many horizontal weak branches, with this.
which ſpread wide, garnifhed with fmall oval leaves, The fifteenth fort hath a ftiff, flender, woody ftalk,
which are hairy, ftanding upon fhort foot-ftalks . The which fends out many branches the whole length, and
flowers come out at the wings of the leaves, upon rifes to the height of fix or feven feet ; the leaves are
long naked foot-ftalks ; theſe are white, and fome large, heart-shaped, and of a light green colour ;
what fmaller than thofe of the other forts . This thefe fit clofe to the branches, having many nerves ;
flowers in June, July, and Auguft. the flowers are produced at the end of the branches,
The ninth fort grows naturally in the islands of the upon naked foot- ftalks ; they are white, and foon drop
Archipelago ; this is the plant which produces the off . This flowers in June and July, and is at preſent
labdanum, as is hereafter mentioned ; it rifes three pretty rare in the English gardens..
or four feet high, with a woody ftalk, fending out The fixteenth fort hath weak, flender, woody branches,'
many lateral branches, covered with a brown bark, which fpread horizontally, fo feldom rife more
garniſhed with oval, fpear-shaped , hairy leaves, with than two or three feet high, garniſhed with ſpear
waved borders ; thefe in warm feafons fweat a glu fhaped hairy leaves, which are indented on their
tinous liquid, which fpreads on the furface of the edges, and have three longitudinal veins running
leaves, is very claramy and fweet feented. The flowers through them ; the flowers are white, coming out
come out at the end of the branches, on fhort hairy upon naked foot- ſtalks from the wings of the leaves ;
foot-ftalks ; they are of a deep purple colour, and thefe are fucceeded by roundifh blunt feed- veffels,
about the fize of a fingle Rofe ; thefe appear in June having feveral cells, filled with angular feeds. This
and July. flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen in Au
The tenth fort rifes with a fhrubby flalk about four guft and September.
feet high, the branches are very hairy, glutinous, The feventeenth fort hath an upright fhrubby ftalk,
grow erect, and are garnished with long, narrow, which rifes four or five feet high, fending out many
hairy leaves, ending in points, of a deep green on branches from the ground upward, fo as to form a
both fides, having a deep longitudinal furrow on their large bush. The branches are channelled and hoary.
upper fide, made by the midrib, which is prominent, The leaves are oval, ftanding oppofite ; thofe on the
the flowers ftand upon long foot-ftalks at the end of lower part of the branches have foot-ftalks, but up
the branches, which are of a pale fulphur colour, ward they coalefce at their bafe, and furround the
having a bordered empalement, which is cut into ftalk ; they are very white. The foot-ftalks of the
five acute parts at the top. This flowers in June, flowers which rife at the end of the branches, are a
July, and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in autumn . foot in length, naked, hairy, and put out two or
The eleventh fort rifes with a ſtrong woody ftem to four fhorter foot-ftalks on the fide, each fupporting
the height of five or fix feet, fending out many erect three or four flowers . The flowers are large, of a
branches, garrifhed with fpear-fhaped leaves ending bright yellow colour, but of fhort duration ; their em
in points ; theſe are thick, white on their under fide, palements are hairy, and ſharp-pointed . This flowers
of a dark green above, and very glutinous in warm in June and July, and at prefent is but in few Engliſh
weather. The flowers are produced at the end of gardens.
the branches, upon long naked foot- ftalks, which The eighteenth fort hath been long preferved in the
branch on their fides into fmall foot-ftalks, each fuf English gardens ; this rifes with a flender woody
taining one large white flower, having a hairy em ftalk three or four feet high, fending out many
palement. This fort flowers in June and July. flender branches, garniſhed with narrow, fpear-shaped,
The twelfth fort rifes with a fmooth fhrubby ftalk hoary, waved leaves ; from the wings of the leaves
four or five feet high, fending out many flender lig come out flender branches, which have two or three
neous branches, covered with a fmooth brown bark ; pair of fmall leaves, terminated by loofe bunches of
1
garnished with oblong heart- shaped leaves, which are flowers, each ſtanding on a flender foot-ftalk. The
imooth, and have long foot-ftalks. The flowers are flowers are of a dirty fulphur colour, and appear in
produced at the end of the branches, ftanding upon June and July, but are never fucceeded by feeds in
pretty long foot- ftalks ; they are white, and appear this country.

in June, July, and Auguft, but rarely produce any This fort will not live abroad in the winter, fo is
feeds in England. always placed in a green-houſe, where, by its hoary
The thirteenth fort rifes with a flender fhrubby ſtalk, leaves, which continue all the year, it makes a va
from three to four feet high, fending out many riety.
All
 CIS CIS

All the various kinds of Ciftus are very great orna of the plants forward in the fpring in this method,
ments to a garden ; their flowers are produced in they will grow to the height of two feet, or more,
great plenty, which though but of a fhort duration , the first funmer, and have many lateral branches, fo
yet are fucceeded by freſh ones almoft every day for will be ftrong enough to plant abroad the following
above two months fucceffively ; theſe flowers are fpring, and most of them will flower the fame fummer;
many of them about the bignefs of a middling Rofe, whereas thofe which are fown in the full ground,
but fingle, and of different colours ; the plants con rarely flower till the year after ; nor will they be fo
tinue their leaves all the year. ſtrong, or capable to refift the cold of the fecond
Theſe plants are all of them, except the laft, hardy winter, as thofe which have been brought forward.
enough to live in the open air in England, unleſs in In the fpring following, thefe plants may be turned
very fevere winters, which often deſtroys many of out of the pots, with all the earth preferved to their
them, ſo that a plant or two of each fort may be kept roots, and planted in the places where they are to re
in pots, and fheltered in winter, to preferve the main (for they are bad plants to remove when grown
kinds ; the reſt may be intermixed with other fhrubs, old, ) obferving to give them now and then a little
where they will make a pretty diverſity ; and in fuch water, until they have taken freſh root ; after which
places where they are ſheltered by other plants, they time, they will require no farther care than to train
will endure the cold much better than where they them upright in the manner you would have them
are ſcattered fingly in the borders. Many of thefe grow ; but thofe plants which were at first planted
plants will grow to the height of five or fix feet, and into a border in the open ground, fhould be arched
will have large fpreading heads, provided they are over, and covered with mats in frofty weather, during "
permitted to grow uncut ; but if they are ever the first winter, but may be tranfplanted abroad the
trimmed, it fhould be only fo much as to prevent their fucceeding fpring. In removing of theſe plants, you
heads from growing too large for their ftems ; for fhould be careful to preferve as much earth about
whenever this happens, they are apt to fall on the the roots as you can ; and if the ſeaſon fhould prove
ground, and appear unfightly. hot and dry, you muſt water and fhade them until
Theſe ſhrubs are propagated by feeds, and alfo from they have taken freſh root, after which they will re
cuttings ; but the latter method is feldom practiſed, quire no other culture than was before directed.
unleſs for thoſe forts which do not produce feeds in Theſe plants may alfo be propagated by cuttings,
England ; thefe are the twelfth, feventeenth, and which fhould be planted in May or June, upon a bed
eighteenth forts ; all the others generally produce of light earth, keeping them fhaded with mats, and
plenty of feeds, eſpecially thofe plants which came frequently refreſhed with water, until they have taken
from feeds; for thofe which are propagated by cuttings, root ; which will be in about two months time, when
are very ſubject to become barren, which is alfo com you may tranfplant them into pots filled with good
mon to many other plants. frefh light earth, and they ſhould be fet in a fhady
The feeds of thefe plants may be fown in the ſpring place until they have taken root, then they may be
upon a common border of light earth, where the expoſed to the open fun until October, when you
plants will come up in fix or leven weeks, and, if fhould remove them into fhelter the firft winter ; but
they are kept clear from weeds, and thinned where the fucceeding fpring you may plant them abroad, as
they are too cloſe, they will grow eight or ten inches was before directed for the feedling plants.
high the fame year ; but as theſe plants, when young, The fourteenth and fifteenth forts are by much the
are liable to injury from hard froft, therefore they moft beautiful of all theſe Ciftus's ; the flowers, which
fhould be tranfplanted when they are about an inch are as big as a large Rofe, are of a fine white, with a
high, fome into fmall pots filled with light earth, deep purple fpot on the bottom of each leaf. Theſe
that they may be removed into fhelter in winter, and plants alfo abound with a fweet glutinous liquor,
the others into a warm border, at about fix inches which exfudes through the pores of the leaves in fo
diſtance each way ; thoſe which are potted, muſt be plentiful a manner in hot weather, that the furfaces
fet in a fhady fituation till they have taken new root ; of the leaves are covered therewith ; from this plant
and thofe planted in the border muſt be fhaded every Clufius thinks might be gathered great quantities of
day with mats till they are rooted, after which the the ladanum which is uſed in medicine, in the woods
latter will require no other care but to keep them in Spain, where he faw vaſt quantities of this ſhrub
clean from weeds till autumn, when they ſhould have growing.
hoops placed over them, that they may be covered But it is from the ninth fort, which Monf. Tourne
in frofty weather ; thofe in the pots may be removed fort fays, the Greeks, in the Archipelago, gather
into an open fituation, ſo ſoon as they have taken this fweet gum ; in the doing of which ( Bellonius
new root, where they may remain till the end of Oc fays ) they make uſe of an inftrument like a rake
tober, but during the fummer they muſt be fhifted without teeth, which they call ergaftiri ; to this are
into larger pots, and be frequently watered ; the end tied many thongs of raw and untanned leather, which
of October they fhould be placed under a hot-bed they rub gently on the buſhes that produce ladanum,
frame to fcreen them from the cold in winter, but, fo that the liquid moiſture may ſtick upon the thongs,
at all times, when the weather is mild, they ſhould after which they ſcrape it off with knives ; this is
be fully expoſed to the open air, and only covered in done in the hotteſt time of the day, for which reafon
frofts with this management, the plants will thrive the labour of gathering this ladanum is exceffive, and
much better than when they are more tenderly almoſt intolerable, fince they are obliged to remain
treated. on the mountains for whole days together, in the very
The above method is what the gardeners generally heat of fummer, or the dog days ; nor is there any
practife ; but thoſe who are defirous to have their perfon almoſt that will undertake this labour, except
plants come forward, fhould fow the feeds on a mo the Greek monks.
derate hot-bed in the fpring, which will bring up the Monf. Tournefort alfo relates the fame in his travels,
plants very foon ; but theſe muſt have plenty of air where he fays, that the fhrubs which produce the
when they appear, otherwife they will draw up very ladanum grow upon dry fandy hillocks ; and that he
weak ; when the plants are fit to remove, they fhould obferved feveral country fellows in their fhirts and
be each planted into a ſeparate ſmall pot, and plunged drawers, that were brushing the fhrubs with their
into a very moderate hot- bed, obferving to fhade whips ; the ftraps whereof, by being drawn over the
them till they have taken freſh root ; then they muſt leaves of the plant, licked up a fort of odoriferous
have plenty of air admitted to them every day in good balfam fticking upon the leaves, which he fuppofes
weather, to prevent their drawing up weak ; and by to be part of the nutritious juice of the plant, which
degrees they muſt be hardened, fo as to be removed exfudes through the pores of the leaves, where it re
into the open air the beginning of June, and then mains like a fattifh dew, in fhining drops as clear as
they may be treated in the fame manner as is before turpentine.
directed for the other feedling plants. By the bringing
Ttt When
 CIT CIT

When the whips are fufficiently laden with this greafe, the firft. This is alfo a very large tree, whofe timber
they take a knife, and fcrape it clean off the ftraps, is greatly valued in America, for buildings, being
and make it up into a mafs of cakes of different fizes ; very durable ; and from thence I have been informed
this is what comes to us under the name of ladanum, the French gave it the title of Fidelle -wood , which
or labdanura. A man that is diligent, will gather the Engliſh have rendered Fiddle-wood ; and fome
three pounds two ounces per day, or more, which have fuppofed that the wood was uſed for making
they fell for a crown on the fpot ; this work is rather thofe mufical inftruments , which is a great mistake.
unpleafant than laborious, becauſe it must be done in This tree rifes with a ftrong upright trunk to the
the hottest time of the day, and in the greatelt calm ; height of fixty feet or more, fending out many an
and yet the purcft ladanum is not free from filth , gular branches , ftanding oppofite, which are covered
becauſe the winds of the preceding days have blown with a looſe whitish bark, (from whence the inhabitants
duft upon thefe fhrubs, which, by the glewy fub give it the name of white Fiddle-wood , ) garniſhed with
ftance upon the furfaces of the leaves, is thereby de oval oblong leaves, ftanding oppofite, on fhort foot
tained and mixed therewith . But to add weight to ftalks , thefe are of a lucid green, and are rounded at
this drug, they knead it up with a very fine blackish their ends. The flowers comeout in long loote fpikes,
fand, which is found in thofe parts, as if nature her toward the end of the branches, which are white,
felf was minded to teach them how to adulterate this and fmell very fweet ; thefe are followed by finall,
commodity. It is no eafy thing to diſcover this cheat, roundifh, pulpy berries, each incloſing a ſingle feed.
when the fand has been well blended with the la The first fort hath been long preferved in fome of
danum , in order to which you muſt chew it for the curious gardens in England, for the fake of va
fome time, to find whether it crackles between the riety. The leaves continuing through the year, and
teeth, and if it doth, you muſt firſt diffolve it, and being of a fine green colour, make a pretty variety in
then ſtrain it, in order to purify away what has been the ftove during the winter feafon : this may be pro
added to it. pagated either by feeds, or cuttings ; the latter is the
CITHAREXYLUM. Lin. Gen. Plant . 678 . ufual method in England, where the feeds are not
Fiddle-wood. produced ; but when feeds can be obtained from
The CHARACTERS are, abroad, the plants which rife from them are much
The empalement of the flower is bell-shaped, of one leaf, better than thofe raifed from cuttings.
indented in five parts. The flower is of one leaf, funnel The feeds of this fort fhould be fown in ſmall pots
fhaped, divided at the top into five equal parts, which early in the fpring, and plunged into a fresh hot-bed
Spread open. It bath four ftamina which adhere to the of tanners bark, and treated in the fame manner as
tube, two of them being longer than the other, terminated other exotic feeds, which are brought from hot coun
by oblong fummits with two lobes. In the center is fi tries. If the feeds are freſh, the plants will appear
tuated the roundish germen, fupporting a flender Style, in fix or feven weeks, and in about one month more
crowned by an obtufe double-headed ftigma. The germen will be fit to tranfplant ; when this is done, the
afterward becomes a capfule with two cells, each having plants fhould be carefully feparated, ſo as not to tear,
a fingle feed. or break off their roots, and each planted in a ſmall
This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection pot filled with light fresh earth, and plunged into
of Linnæus's fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia the hot- bed again, obferving to fhade them till they
Angiofpermia ; the plants of this fection have two have taken freth root ; after which they fhould have
long, and two fhort ftamina, and the feeds are in a large fhare of air admitted to them in warm weather,
cluded in a capfule. and must be frequently watered ; in autumn the plants
The SPECIES are, fhould be removed into the bark-ftove, where it will
1. CITHAREXYLUM ( Cinereum) ramis angulatis, foliis be proper to keep them the firft winter, till they
ovato-lanceolatis venis candicantibus . Fiddle- wood with have obtained ftrength ; then they may be afterward
angular branches, and oval spear-shaped leaves, having kept in a dry ftove in winter, and in the middle of
white veins. Citharexylum arbor laurifolia Americana, fummer they may be expoſed in the open air for two
foliorum venis latis candicantibus. Pluk. Almag. 108 . or three months, in a warm fituation, with which
Fiddle-wood with oval spear-shaped leaves, which are management the plants will make better progrefs
veined, indented, and placed by threes, angular branches, than when they are more tenderly treated.
and flowers growing in loofe bunches. This is the common If the cuttings of thefe plants are planted in finall pots
Fiddle- wood of America. during the fummer months, and plunged into a
2. CITHAREXYLUM (Album) foliis oblongo -ovatis , in moderate hot-bed, they will take root, and may af
tegris, oppofitis, ramis angulatis, floribus fpicatis. terward be treated in the fame manner as the feedling
Fiddle- wood with oblong, oval, entire leaves growing op plants.
pofite, angular branches, and flowers growing in spikes. The feeds of the fecond fort were fent me by William
Berberis fructu arbor maxima baccifera, racemofa, Williams, Efq; from Jamaica, which have fucceeded
foliis integris obtufis, flore albo pentapetalo odora in the phyfic garden at Chelfea ; but as the plants
tiffimo, fructu nigro monopyreno. Sloan . Cat. Jam. have not yet flowered, I can give no other account
170. Fiddle-wood, or Fidelle-wood. of them, than what is before-mentioned ; however,
The first fort grows common in moſt of the islands they feem to be full as hardy as thofe of the firſt fort,
in the Weft-Indies, where it rifes to a great height, and make full as great progrefs. The leaves of this
and becomes a very large timber-tree ; the wood of fort continue all the year, and having a gloffy green
which is greatly efteemed for buildings, being very colour, make a pretty appearance in the winter
durable. feafon.
This hath an upright trunk fifty or fixty feet high, CITRUS. Lin . Gen. Plant . 807. Citreum . Tourn.
fending out branches on every fide, which have fe Inft . R. H. 620. tab . 395, 396. The Citron-tree.
The CHARACTERS are,
veral angles, or ribs, running longitudinally, gar
nished by three oval fpear-fhaped leaves at every The empalement of the flower is of one leaf, indented in
joint, ftanding in a triangle, upon fhort foot-ftalks . five parts. The flower bath free oblong, thick petals,
The leaves are about four inches long, and one or which spread open, and are a little concave ; it hath ten
two broad, of a lively green colour, pretty much Stamina, which are not equal, and join in three bodies at
notched on their edges, having ſeveral deep veins their bafe, terminated by longfammits . The ovalgermen
running from the midrib to the edges, which are of in the center fupports a cylindrical style, crowned by a
a white colour on their upper fide, and very prominent globular ftigma ; the germen afterward becomes an oblong
on their under. The flowers come out from the fides, fruit, with a thick fleflyfkin filled with a fucculent pulp,
and alfo at the end of the branches, in loofe bunches, having many cells, each containing two oval hard feeds.
which are fucceeded by finall pulpy berries, inclofing Dr. Linnæus has joined the Aurantium and Limon
two feeds in each . to this genus, making dera only different fpecies of
The fecond fort is a native of the fame iflands with the fame genus ; but all the varieties of Citron which
I have
 CIT CLA

I have examined, have but ten ftamina in their flow fit to remain, being incapable to make a ftrait hand.
ers, whereas thofe of the Orange have more, fo that fome ſtem, which is the great beauty of thefe trees.
thefe may be ſeparated on that difference ; but Tour CITRUL. See Paro .
nefort adds, as a diftinguishing character to this ge CLARY. See SCLAREA.
nus, the appendix which grows to the foot-ftalk of CLAYTONIA. Gron . Flor. Virg. Lin. Gen. Plant.
the leaf. However, I fhall not fo clofely follow Lin 253.
næus, in joining thofe things together, which have The CHARACTERS are,
by all the writers on botany and gardening been The flower bath a two-leaved oval empalement, with a
kept feparate, left I ſhould render this work unin tranfverfe bafe : it hath five oblong oval petals, which
telligible to thofe who have not made botany their are indented at the top, and five awl-shaped recurved ſta
ſtudy. mina, which are shorter then the petals, terminated by
The SPECIES are,
oblongfummits. In the center is fituated an oval germen,
1. CITRUS (Medica ) fructu oblongo, majori, mucrona Supporting a fingle ftyle, crowned by a trifid ftigma. The
to, cortice craffo rugofo. Citron with a larger, oblong, germen afterward becomes a roundish capfule, having three
pointed fruit, having a thick rough rind. Malum cells, opening with three eleftic valves, and filled with
Citreum dulci medulla. Fer. Hefp. 72. The Sweet round feeds.
Citron. This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
2. CITRUS (Tuberofa) fructu oblongo, cortice tuberofa Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
rugofo. Citron with an oblong fruit, having a rough the flower having five ftamina and but one ſtyle.
knobbed rind. Malum Citreum vulgare. Fer. Help. The SPECIES are,
57. The common Citron.
1. CLAYTONIA (Virginica) foliis linearibus. Lin. Sp.
There are ſeveral varieties of this fruit, with which Plant. 294. Claytonia with very narrow leaves. Orni
the Engliſh gardens have been fupplied from Genoa, thogalo affinis Virginiana, flore purpureo pentapeta
where is the great nurſery for the feveral parts of Eu loide. Pluk. Alm. 272 .
rope for this fort, as alfo Orange and Lemon-trees ; 2. CLAYTONIA ( Siberica) foliis ovatis . Lin. Sp . Plant.
and the gardeners who cultivate them there, are as 294. Claytonia with oval leaves. Limnia. Act. Stockh.
fond of introducing a new variety to their collection , 1746.
as the nurſery-men in England are of a new Pear, Ap The firft fort grows naturally in Virginia, from
ple, Peach, &c. fo that the varieties being annually whence it was fent by Mr. Clayton to England, and
increaſed, as are many of our fruits from feeds, there received its title from him.
is like to be no end of the vatiety of thefe, nor of It hath a ſmall tuberous root, which fends out low
the Orange and Lemon-trees . flender ſtalks in the fpring, about three inches high,
The fruit of the Citron is feldom eaten raw, as thofe which have each two or three fucculent narrow leaves
of the Orange, but they are generally preferved, and about two inches long, of a deep green colour. At
made into fweetmeats, which are by fome perfons the top of the ſtalk are four or five flowers produced ,
greatly eſteemed ; and as thefe are kept till winter ſtanding in a looſe bunch ; thefe are compofed of
and fpring, when there is a fcarcity of fruit for fur five white petals which spread open, and are fpotted
nishing out the defert, they are the more valuable ; with red on their infide ; after thefe fall away, the
but unleſs the feafons are warm, and the trees are germen becomes a roundifh capfule divided into three
well managed, the fruit rarely ripens in England . cells, which are filled with roundifh feeds. The flow
Some of the faireft fruit which I have feen growing ers appear in April, and the feeds ripen in June, foon
in England, were in the gardens of his late grace the after which the plant decays to the root.
Duke of Argyle, at Whitton, where the trees were The fecond fort grows naturally in Siberia. This is
trained against a fouth wall, through which there a low plant, feldom rifing more than two or three
are flues contrived for warming the air in winter, inches high ; the root is tuberous, fending out three
and glaſs-covers to put over them when the weather or four oval leaves ; the foot-ftalk of the flower arifes
begins to be cold. In this place the fruit were as immediately from the root, fuftaining two or three
large, and perfectly ripe, as they are in Italy or Spain. fmall white flowers of the fame fhape with thofe of
The feveral forts of Citrons are cultivated much in the first fort, fo make but little figure in a garden.
the fame manner as the Orange-tree, to which I fhall The plants are both propagated by feeds, and alfo
refer the reader, to avoid repetition ; but fhall only from offsets fent out from the roots : the feeds fhould
remark, that thefe are fomewhat tenderer than the be fown upon a fhady border of light earth, or in
Orange, and ſhould therefore have a warmer fituation pots filled with the like mould, foon after they are
in winter, otherwiſe they are very fubject to caft their ripe ; for if they are kept out of the ground till
fruit. They ſhould alſo continue a little longer in the fpring, the plants will not come up till the next year ;
houfe in the ſpring, and be carried in again fooner in whereas thofe which are fown early in the autumn ,
the autumn ; as alfo have a warmer and better de
will grow the following fpring, fo that a whole year
fended fituation in the fummer, though not too much is gained . When the plants come up, they will re
expofed to the fun in the heat of the day. quire no other care but to keep them clean from
And as their leaves are larger, and their fhoots weeds ; and in the autumn, if fome old tanners bark
ftronger, than thofe of the Orange, they require a lit is ſpread over the furface of the ground, it will fe
tle more water in the fummer ; but in winter they cure the roots from being injured by froft ; which, if
fhould have but little water at each time, which it ſhould prove very fevere, might injure the young
muſt be the oftener repeated . The foil ought to be plants, but in mild winters they will not require pro
much the fame as for the Orange-tree, but not quite tection.
fo ſtrong. The beſt time to transplant the roots is about Micha
The common Citron is much the beft ftock to bud elmas, when they are inactive ; but as they are ſmall,
any of the Orange or Lemon kinds upon, it being if great care is not taken in opening the ground,
the traiteft and freeft growing tree. The rind is the roots may be buried and loft ; for they are of a
fmoother, and the wood lefs knotty, than either the dark colour, fo are not eafily diftinguished from the
Orange or Lemon ; and will take either fort full as ground .
well as its own kind, which is what none of the other CLAVICLE [ Claviculus, Lat. ] a clafper or tendril.
forts will do : and theſe ſtocks, if rightly managed, CLEMATIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 616. Clematitis.
will be very ſtrong the fecond year after fowing, ca C. B. P. 300. [Kańμatis, of Kañµa, a twig or clafper,
pable to receive any buds, and will have ftrength to &c. becauſe it climbs up trees with clafpers, like
force them out vigorously ; whereas it often happens, thofe of Vines. Hence it is called Virgultum duc
when thefe buds are inoculated into weak ſtocks, they tile, Ranunculus obfequiofus ; and alfo Antrogeno
frequently die, or remain till the fecond year before mene, and Flammula, as though producing a car
they put out ; and thoſe that ſhoot the next spring af buncle ; for the leaves being bruifed , and applied to
ter budding, are oftentimes fo weak as hardly to be the ſkin, burn it into carbuncles, as it is in the pefti
lence ;

1
 CLE CLE

lence ; and Flammula, becauſe if one leaf be cropped riùs reflexo. Tourn . Cor. 20. Eastern Climber with a
in a hot day in the fummer feafon, and bruifed, and Smallage leaf, and a reflexed, greenifh, yellow flower.
prefently put to the noftrils, it will caufe a finell and 12. CLEMATIS ( Sibirica) foliis compofitis & decompofi
pain like a flame . ] Virgin's Bower. tis, foliolis ternatis, ferratis . Gmel. Climber with
The CHARACTERS are ,
compound and decompounded leaves, whofe fmallleaves are
The flowers have no empalement ; they have each four faced and trifoliate.
loofe oblong petals, with a great number ofstamina, 13. CLEMATIS ( Dioica) foliis ternatis, integerrimis, flo
which are fhorter than the petals, and the fummits ad ribus diocis. Three-leaved Climber, with entire leaves,
here to their fide. They have many germen, which are having three lobes, and male and female flowers on the
roundish and compreffed; the awl-fhaped style, which is fame plant. Clematis foliis ternis. Sloan . Cat. 84.
longer than the ftamina, is crowned by a fingle ftigma. Three-leaved Climber.
The germina afterward become fo many roundish com 14. CLEMATIS ( Americana) foliis ternatis, foliolis cordato
preffed feeds, with the style fitting on their top, and are acuminatis, integerrimis, floribus corymbolis. Three
collected into a bead, the styles of the feveral fpecies being leaved Climber with heart - shaped pointed lobes, which are
of variousforms. entire, antlflowers collected in round bunches. Clematitis
This genus of plants is ranged in the feventh fection Americana triphylla, foliis non dentatis. Houft. MSS.
of Linnæus's thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Po 15. CLEMATIS (Crifpa) foliis fimplicibus, ternatifque,
lygynia, the flowers of this fection having many ſta foliolis integris trilobifve. Lin. Sp . Plant. 543. Climber
mina and ſeveral ſtyles. with fingle and trifoliate leaves, whofe fmall leaves are
The SPECIES are,
either entire, or have three lobes. Clematis flore crifpo.
1. CLEMATIS ( Recta) foliis pinnatis , foliolis ovato - lan Hort. Elth. 86. Climber with a curled flower.
ceolatis, integerrimis, caule erecto. Hort. Cliff. 225. The first fort grows naturally in the ſouth of France,
Clematis with winged leaves, whofe lobes are oval, fpear Italy, Auftria, and feveral parts of Germany, but
fhaped, entire, and an upright ftalk. Clematitis hath been long cultivated in the English gardens for
five flammula furrecta alba. J. B. 2. 127. Upright ornament. This hath a perennial root. The ftalks
white Climber. are upright, about three or four feet high, garniſhed
2. CLEMATIS ( Integrifolia) foliis fimplicibus, ovato-lan with winged leaves ſtanding oppofite, which are com
ceolatis. Hort. Cliff. 225. Clematis with fingle leaves, pofed of three or four pair of lobes, terminated by
which are oval and fpear-shaped. Clematitis cærulea an odd one ; they are oval, fpear-fhaped, and en
erecta. C. B. P. 300. Upright blue Climber. tire the flowers are produced in large loofe panicles
3. CLEMATIS (Hifpania) foliis pinnatis, foliolis lanceo at the top of the ſtalks ; theſe are compofed of four
latis, acutis, integerrimis, caule erecto. Clematis with white petals, which ſpread open ; and the middle is
winged leaves, whofe lobes are fpear-shaped, pointed, and occupied by a great number of ftamina, furrounding
entire, and an upright ftalk. Clematitis Hifpanica fur five or fix germen, which afterward become fo many
recta altera & humilior flore albicante. H. R. Par. compreffed feeds, each having a long tail or beard
4. CLEMATIS (Vitalba) foliis pinnatis, foliolis cordatis, fitting on the top. It flowers in June, and the feeds
fcandentibus. Hort. Cliff. 225. Clematis with winged ripen in September.
shaped and climbing.
leaves, whofe lobes are heart - Cle The fecond fort grows naturally in Hungary and Tar
matitis latifolia integra. J. B. 2. p. 125. Climber with tary, but hath been long an inhabitant in the Engliſh
broad entire leaves, commonly called Viorna, or Traveller's gardens. The root of this is perennial, fending up
Joy. many flender upright ftalks, from three to four feet
5. CLEMATIS (Canadenfis) foliis ternatis, foliolis corda high, garnished with oppofite fingle leaves at each
tis, acutis, dentatis, fcandentibus . Clematis with tri joint, having fhort foot-ftalks ; the leaves are near
foliate, heart-shaped, pointed leaves, which are indented, four inches long, and an inch and an half broad in
and climbing. Clematitis Canadenfis latifolia & tri the middle, of a bright green, fmooth, and entire,
phylla. Sar. Broad- leaved Canada Climber. ending in a point : the flowers come out from the
6. CLEMATIS (Flammula) foliis inferioribus, pinnatis , upper part of the ftalks, ftanding upon very long
laciniatis, fummis fimplicibus, integerrimis, lanceo naked foot-ftalks, each fupporting a fingle blue flow
latis. Hort. Cliff. 225. Clematis whofe lower leaves are er, compofed of four narrow thick petals which ſpread
winged andjagged, and the upper ones fingle, fpear shaped, open, and many hairy ftamina furrounding the ger
and entire. Clematitis five flammula repens. C. B. P. mina in the center. After the flowers are paſt, the
300. Creeping Climber. germen become fo many compreffed feeds, each hav
7. CLEMATIS (Cirrhofa) cirrhis fcandens foliis fimplici ing a tail or beard. It flowers and feeds at the fame
bus. Hort. Cliff. 226. Clematis with climbing tendrils, time with the former fort.
and fimple leaves. Clematitis peregrina, foliis pyri The third fort is very like the firft, from which it
incifis. C. B. P. 300. Foreign Climber with cut Pear differs in having but two or three pair of lobes in each
Shaped leaves. leaf, which are narrower and ftand farther aſunder :
8. CLEMATIS (Viticella) foliis compofitis decompofitif the ftalks are fhorter, and the flowers larger.
que, foliolis ovatis, integerrimis. Hort. Cliff. 225. The fourth fort grows naturally in the hedges, in
Clematis with compound and decompounded leaves, whose moft parts of England. This hath a tough climbing
fmall leaves are oval and entire. Clematitis cærulea ftalk, fending out clafpers, by which it faftens to the
vel purpurea repens. C. B. P. 300. Single blue Virgin's neighbouring bufhes and trees, and fometimes rifes
Bower. more than twenty feet high, fending out many fide
9. CLEMATIS ( Alpina) foliis compofitis ternatis ternatif branches, fo as often to cover all the trees and bushes
que, foliolis acutis ferratis. Clematis with compound of the hedge. This puts out many bunches of white
leaves, whofe lobes are sharply fawed. Clematitis Al flowers in June, which are fucceeded by feveral flat
pina geranii folio. C. B. P. 300. Alpine Climber with feeds joined in a head, each having a long twifted
a Crane's-bill leaf. tail fitting on the top , which is covered with long
10. CLEMATIS (Viorna) foliis compofitis decompoſitif white hairs ; and in autumn, when the feeds are near
que, foliolis quibufdam trifidis . Flor. Virg. 62. Cle ripe, they appear like beards, from whence the coun
matis with compound and decompounded leaves, fome of try people call it Old Man's Beard. The branches of
whofe lobes are trifid. Clematis purpurea repens, pe this being very tough and flexible, are uſed for tying
talis florum coriaceis. Raii Hift. 1928. Creeping pur up faggots ; from whence, in fome countries, it is
ple Climber, with coriaceous petals to the flower. called Bindwith.
11. CLEMATIS ( Orientalis) foliis compofitis, foliolis in There are two varieties of this, one with indented
cifis angulatis lobatis cuneiformibus, petalis interne leaves, which is the most common, and the other hath
villofis. Lin. Sp . 765. Clematis with compound leaves, entire leaves ; but as thefe are fuppofed to arife acci
whofe fmall leaves are cut into angular wedge -shaped dentally from feeds, they are not diftinguiſhed by
lobes, and the infide of the petals are hairy. Clematitis later botanifts .
Orientalis folio apii, flore ex viridi flavefcente, pofte
6 The
 CLE CLE

The fifth fort grows naturally in moft parts of North them. The double flowers have no ftamina öf
America, from whence the feeds have been brought to germen, but in lieu of them, there is a multiplicity
Europe. This is in its firſt appearance very like the of petals, which are narrow, and turn inward at the
laft fort, but the leaves are broader, and grow by top.
threes on the fame foot-ſtalk, whereas thofe of the Thefe plants grow naturally in the woods in Spain
former have five or feven lobes in each leaf. The and Portugal, but have been long cultivated in the
flowers appear at the fame time with the former, English gardens for ornament. They flower in June
but the feeds do not ripen in England, unleſs the and July, but they feldom ripen feeds in England ,
ſeaſon is very warm . There is little beauty in this and the double fort continues to the end of Auguft.
fort. The ninth fort grows naturally on the Alps, and other
The fixth fort hath a climbing ſtalk like the fourth mountains in Italy. I received it from mount Baldus,
the lower leaves of this are winged, and deeply cut where it grows in plenty. This hath a flender climb
on their edges, but the upper leaves are fingle, fpear ing ftalk, which rifes three or four feet high, fup
fhaped, and entire. The flowers of this fort are porting itſelf by faſtening to the neighbouring plants
white, and appear in June or July. This grows na or fhrubs. The leaves of this are compoſed of nine
turally in the fouth of France, and in Italy. lobes or ſmall leaves, three ſtanding upon each foot
The feventh fort grows naturally in Spain and Por ftalk, fo that it is what the former writers ftile a nine
tugal. This hath a climbing ſtalk, which will rife to leaved plant. The flowers come out at the joints of
the height of eight or ten feet, fending out branches the ſtalk, in the fame manner as the common Tra
from every joint, whereby it becomes a very thick vellers Joy, which are white, fo make no great ap
bufhy plant ; the leaves are fometimes fingle, at pearance. This fort flowers in May.
other times double, and frequently trifoliate, being The tenth fort grows naturally in Virginia and Caro
indented on their edges. Theſe keep their verdure lina, from both of theſe countries I have received the
all the year : oppofite to the leaves come out clafpers , feeds. This hath many flender ſtalks, garniſhed with
which faften themſelves to the neighbouring fhrubs, compound winged leaves at each joint ; and are ge
by which the branches are fupported, otherwiſe they nerally compoſed of nine leaves, ftanding by threes,
would fall to the ground. The flowers are produced like thofe of the eighth fort, but the fmall leaves or
from the fide of the branches ; theſe are large, of an lobes of this are nearly of a heart-fhape. The flowers
herbaceous colour, and appear always about the end of this ftand upon fhort foot-ftalks, which come out
of December, or beginning of January, which being from the wings of theleaves, one on each fide theſtalk.
a feaſon when few perfons vifit gardens for informa The flowers are compofed of four thick petals, which
tion, theſe flowers have eſcaped their notice, fo that are purple on their outſide, and blue within. They
many have fuppofed this fort doth not produce flow appear in July, and if the autumn proves warm, the
ers in England ; and the flowers being nearly the feeds will ripen in September.
fame colour of the leaves, thoſe who have been more The eleventh fort was diſcovered by Dr. Tournefort
conſtant viſitors of gardens, have paffed by this plant, in the Levant, from whence he ſent the feeds to the
without noticing the flowers ; but for many years to royal garden at Paris, where they fucceeded and per
gether, it hath produced plenty of flowers in the gar fected feeds, fo that moſt of the gardens in Europe
den at Chelſea, and always at the ſame ſeaſon. have been furniſhed with the feeds from thence : this
The ſeventh fort is cultivated in the nurſery-gardens hath weak climbing ſtalks, which faften themſelves
for fale, and is known by the title of Virgin's Bower. by their clafpers, to any plants or fhrubs which ſtand
There are four varieties of it which are preferved in near them, and thereby riſe to the height of ſeven or
the gardens of the curious, and have been by fome eight feet, garniſhed with compound winged leaves,
treated as fo many diftinct fpecies ; but as their only * confifting of nine fmall leaves ( or lobes) which are
differences confift either in the colour of their flow angular and fharp-pointed. The flowers come out
ers, or the multiplicity of their petals, they are now from the wings of the leaves, which are of a yellowish
only eſteemed as feminal variations ; but as they are green, and the petals are reflexed backward ; they
diftinguiſhed by the nurſery-gardeners, I fhall juft come out in April and May, and in warm ſeaſons
mention them. the feeds will ripen very well, if the plants have a
1. Single blue Virgin's Bower. good fituation.
2. Single purple Virgin's Bower. The twelfth fort grows naturally in Siberia, from
3. Single red Virgin's Bower. whence the feeds were fent to the imperial garden at
4. Double purple Virgin's Bower. Peterſburgh, where they fucceeded and produced
Thefe have no difference in their ftalks or leaves, fo feeds, part of which were fent me in the year 1753.
that the fame defcription will fit them all, excepting Theſe grew, and the plants have flowered feveral
the colours or multiplicity of petals in their flowers. years in the Chelſea garden. It hath weak climbing
The ſtalks of theſe plants are very flender and weak, ftalks which require fupport, that rife from four to
having many joints, from whence come out fide fix or eight feet high ; the joints are far aſunder ; at
branches, which are again divided into fmaller. If each of theſe come out two compound winged leaves,
thefe are ſupported, they will rife to the height of whoſe ſmall leaves or lobes are placed by threes ; theſe
eight or ten feet, and are garnished with compound are deeply fawed on their edges, and terminate in fharp
winged leaves, placed oppofite at the joints. Theſe points. The flowers come out from the wings of the
branch out into many divifions, each of which hath leaves ſingle, ſtanding upon long naked foot-ſtalks, and
a flender foot-ftalk, with three fmall leaves, which are compofed offour broad obtufe petals, whichfpread
are oval and entire : from the fame joint, generally open in form of a crofs, of a whitish yellow colour.
four foot-ſtalks arife, two on each fide ; the two lower In the center is placed feveral germen, furrounded
havethree of theſe divifions, ſo that they are each com by a great number of ftamina, with flat compreffed
pofed of nine fmall leaves or lobes ; but the two upper fummits, of the fame colour with the petals of the
have only two oppofite leaves on each, and between flower ; after theſe are paft, the germen become fo
thefe arife three flender foot-ftalks, each fupporting many compreffed feeds, each having a bearded tail.
one flower. The flowers have each four petals, It flowers in February March and April, and the
which are narrow at their baſe, but are broad at the feeds ripen in July or Auguſt.
top and rounded : in one they are of a dark worn-out The thirteenth fort was fent me from Jamaica by
purple, in another blue, and the third of a bright pur the late Dr. Houftoun . This hath fender climbing
ple or red colour. The double fort, which is com ftalks, which faſten themſelves to the trees and ſhrubs
mon in the Engliſh gardens, is of the worn-out pur which ſtand near them, and thereby rife to the height
ple colour : but the foreign catalogues mention dou of ten or twelve feet, garnished with trifoliate leaves,
ble flowers of both the other colours, which may coming out on each fide the ftalk ; the lobes
probably be found in fome of their gardens ; but are large, oval, and entire, having three longitudinal
as I have not feen them myſelf, I have not noticed veins. The foot-ftalks of the flowers arife at the
Uuu fame
 CLE CLE

fame joints, cloſe to thofe of the leaves, one on each they fill up thofe fmall vacancies, and are agreeable
fide the ftaiks : theſe are long, naked, and grow hori enough. They begin to flower about the beginning
zontally, extending beyond the leaves before they of June, and often continue to produce freſh flowers
divide and branch ; then there comes out three or until Auguft, which renders them valuable, efpeci
four pair of ſmall foot-ſtalks from the large one, each ally fince they require very little care in their culture ;
of which divides again into three fmaller, each fup for their roots may be fuffered to remain feveral
porting a fingle flower : the lower pair of theſe are years undiſturbed, where there is no want to part
T extended four or five inches, the other gradually di them, which will not in the leaft prejudice them.
miniſh to the top, fo that they form a pyramidal The fourth fort is found wild in moft parts of Eng
thyrfe of flowers ; thefe are white, and are compofed land, growing upon the fides of banks under hedges,
of four narrow petals which are reflexed back , but and extends its trailing branches over the trees and
the ftamina all ſtand erect. ſhrubs that are near it. This plant in the autumn is
This hath been by fome perfons fuppofed to be the generally covered with feeds, which are collected into
fame with the common Travellers Joy, but thofe who little heads, each of which having, as it were, a rough
have feen the two plants, cannot doubt of their be plume faftened to it, hath occafioned the country
ing diftinct fpecies. people to give it the name of Old Man's Beard. It
The fourteenth fort was fent me from Campeachy is titled by Lobel and Gerard, Viorna ; and by Do
by the late Dr. Houſtoun. This hath strong climb donæus, Vitis alba : in Engliſh it is moſt commonly
ing ftalks, which faften themſelves by their clafpers called Travellers Joy. This fort is rarely cultivated
to the neighbouring trees, whereby they are fupport in gardens, being too rambling, and having but little
ed, and rife to the height of twenty feet or more, gar beauty.
niſhed at each joint by trifoliate leaves, which are The fifth and fixth forts have no more beauty than
heart-shaped, pointed, and entire. The flowers the fourth, fo are feldom preferved in gardens, unlefs
come out on long, naked, branching foot-ftalks, for the fake of variety. They are both as hardy as
which rife from the wings of the leaves ; they are the common fort, and may be propagated either by
white, and collected into roundish bunches ; theſe are feeds or laying down their branches.
fucceeded by feeds ſhaped like thoſe of the common The feventh fort retains its leaves all the year,
fort, but have long curling beards to each, which are which renders it valuable. This was formerly pre
finely feathered. ſerved in green-houſes in the winter, fuppofing it too
The fifteenth fort grows naturally in Carolina, from tender to live in the open air in England ; but now
whence I received the feeds in the year 1726. This it is generally planted in the full ground, where the
hath weak ftalks which rife near four feet high, and plants thrive much better than in pots, and produce
by their clafpers faſten themſelves to the neighbouring plenty of flowers, which they never did when they
they are fupported
plants, whereby they fupported.. The leaves were more tenderly treated , nor have I found that
: come out oppofite at the joints ; theſe are ſometimes the plants have fuffered from fevere frofts ; for thoſe
fingle, at others trifoliate, and fome of the leaves are which have been growing in the open air at Chelsea,
divided into three lobes. The flowers come out more than fifty years, have refifted the greateſt cold
1 without covering.
fingly from the fide of the branches upon fhort foot
ftalks, which have one or two pair of leaves below This fort doth not produce feeds in England, fo it is
the flower, which are oblong and fharp-pointed. propagated by layers, and alfo from cuttings. If
The flowers have four thick petals, like thofe of the they are propagated by layers, it must be done inthe
tenth fort ; theſe are of a purple colour, and their beginning of October, when the ſhoots of the fame
inner furface is curled, and hath many longitudinal year only ſhould be chofen for this purpofe ; for the
furrows. This flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in older branches do not put out roots in less than two
September. years, whereas the tender fhoots will make good
" The three first forts have perennial roots, which mul roots in one year : theſe muſt be pegged down into
tiply pretty faſt , but their ftalks die down every au the ground, in the fame manner as is ufually prac
tumn, and new ones arife in the fpring, in which par tifed for other layers, to prevent their rifing. If the
ticular they differ from all the other fpecies, therefore fhoots have two inches of earth over them, it will be
require different management, and are propagated in better than a greater depth ; but then, a little old tan
a different manner ; therefore I fhall firft give direc ners bark fhould be fpread over the furface of the
tions for their culture. ground, to keep out the froft ; for as the plants ge
Theſe plants are propagated either by feeds, or part nerally begin flowering about Chriſtmas, fo at the
ing their roots ; but the, former being a tedious me fame time they are putting out roots, which being
thod (the plants feldom rifing until the ſecond year but juft formed, may be injured by fevere frofts :
after fowing, unleſs the feeds are fown in the autumn theſe layers will have ftrong roots by the follow
foon after they are ripe, and are often two years ing autumn, when they may be taken from the old
more before they flower,) the latter is generally prac plant, and tranfplanted where they are defigned to
tifed . The beſt ſeaſon for parting thefe roots is in remain.
October or February ; either juſt before their branches When they are propagated by cuttings, they ſhould
decay, or before they rife again in the ſpring. be planted in March, in pots filled with good kitchen
They will grow almoft in any foil or fituation ; but if garden earth, and plunged into a very moderate hot
the foil is very dry, they fhould always be new plant * bed, obferving to fhade them from the fun in the day
ed in the autumn, otherwife their flowers will not be time, and gently water them two or three times a
fo ſtrong ; but if the foil be wet, it is better to defer week, and in less than two months they will have
it until the fpring. The roots may be cut through taken root, when they ſhould be gradually inured to
their crowns with a ſharp knife, obferving to preſerve the open air. The following fummer they may be
to every offset ſome good buds or eyes ; and then it placed in any part of the garden till Michaelmas, and
matters not how fmall you divide them, for their then they fhould be turned out of the pots and planted
'roots increaſe very faft : but if you part them very in the full ground, either where they are defigned to
fmall, you ſhould let them remain three or four years remain, or into a nurſery-bed, to grow a year longer
before they are again removed, that their flowers to get ftrength, before they are placed out for good.
may be ftrong, and their roots multiplied in eyes, All the varieties of Virgin's Bower are propagated by
which in less time cannot be obtained. laying down their branches ; for although the fingle
Theſe plants are extreme hardy, enduring the cold flowers fometimes produce feeds in England, yet as
of our fevereft winters in the open air, and are very theſe feeds, when fown, generally remain a whole
proper ornaments for large gardens, either to be year in the ground before they vegetate, fo the other
planted in large borders, or intermixed with other being the more expeditious method of increafing thefe
I hardy flowers in quarters of flowering fhrubs ; where, plants, is generally practifed : but in order to fuc
by being placed promifcuouſly in little open places, ceed, thefe layers fhould be laid down at a different
feafon
 CLE CLE

feafon from the former fort ; for when they are laid Stamina which are incurved, having rifing fummits fixed
in the autumn, their fhoots are become tough, fo to their fide : it bath aſingle ſtyle, ſupporting an oblong
rarely put out roots under two years ; and after lying germen, which is of the fame length as theftamina, and
fo long in the ground, 2 not one in three of them will crowned by a thick ftigma. The germen afterward be
have made good roots ; fo that many have fuppofed comes a long cylindrical pod, fitting upon thestyle, having
theſe plants were difficult to propagate, but fince they one cell, opening with two valves, and filled with roundifh
have altered their feafon of doing it, they have found feeds.
theſe layers have fucceeded as well as thofe of other This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
plants. of Linnæus's fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia
The beſt time for laying down the branches is in the Siliquofa ; the plants of this fection have in the flow
beginning of July, foon after they have made their ers four long and two ſhort ſtamina, and their feeds
firſt fhoots, for it is thefe young branches of the are included in long pods .
fame year, which freely take root ; but as theſe are The SPECIES are,
: very tender, there fhould be great care taken not to 1 . CLEOME (Pentaphylla) floribus gynandris, foliis qui
break them in the operation : therefore thoſe natis caule inermi. Lin. Sp. 938. Cleome with flowers
branches from which thefe fhoots were produced , **
having male and female parts, five leaves, and smooth
fhould be brought down to the ground, and faftened ftalks. Sinapiftrum Indicum, pentaphyllum flore
to prevent their rifing ; then the young ſhoots ſhould carneo, minus, non fpinofum. H. L.
be laid into the earth, with their tops raiſed upright, 2 . CLEOME ( Ornithopodoides) floribus hexandris, foliis
three or four inches above ground ; and after the ternatis, foliolis ovati-lanceolatis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
layers are placed down, if the furface of the ground 940. Cleome with flowers having fix ftamina, trifoliate
be covered with mofs, rotten tanners bark, or other leaves, and fpear-shaped lobes. Sinapiſtrum Orientale,
decayed mulch, it will prevent the ground from dry triphyllum, ornithopodii filiquis. Tourn. Cor. 17.
ing, fo that the layers will not require watering above 3 . CLEOME ( Lufitanica) floribus hexandris, foliis terna
three or four times, which fhould not be at leſs than tis, foliolis lineari- lanceolatis, filiquis bivalvibus.
five or fix days interval ; for when thefe layers have Cleome with flowers havingfix ftamina, trifoliate leaves,
too much wet, the tender fhoots frequently rot ; or narrow Spear-shaped lobes, andpods having two valves.
when the young fibres are newly put out, they are fo Sinapiftrum Lufitanicum triphyllum, flore rubro.
tender, as to perifh by having much wet : therefore Tourn. Inft. R. H. 231.
where the method here directed is practifed, the lay 4. CLEOME (Vifcofa) floribus dodecandris, foliis quina
ers will more certainly take root, than by any other tis ternatifque. Flor. Zeyl. 241. Cleome with flowers
yet practifed . having twelve ftamina, trifoliate and quinquefoliate
As moſt of theſe plants have climbing branches, leaves. Sinapiftrum Zeylanicum, triphyllon & pen
they should be always planted where they may be taphyllon vifcofum, flavo flore. Mart. Dec. 3.
fupported, otherwife the branches will fall to the 5. CLEOME ( Triphylla) floribus hexandris, foliis ternatis,
ground and appear unfightly ; fo that unleſs they are foliolo intermedio majori. Cleome with flowers having
properly difpofed, inſtead of being ornaments to a fixftamina, and trifoliate leaves, whofe middle lobe is the
garden, they will become the reverfe. Where there largeft . Sinapiftrum Indicum triphyllum, flore car
are arbours or feats, with trellis work round them, neo non fpinofum. H. L.
theſe plants are very proper to train up against it ; or 6. CLEOME ( Erucago) floribus hexandris, foliis feptenis,
where any walls or other fences require to be covered caule fpinofo, filiquis pendulis. Cleome with flowers
from the fight, theſe plants are very proper for the having fix ftamina, leaves with feven lobes, a prickly
purpoſe ; but they are by no means proper for open Stalk, and banging pods. Sinapiftrum Ægyptiacum
borders, nor do they anfwer the expectation, when heptaphyllum, flore carneo, majus fpinofum. H. L.
they are intermixed with fhrubs ; for unless their 7. CLEOME ( Spinofa ) floribus hexandris, foliis quinatis
branches have room to extend, they will not be pro ternatifque, caule fpinofo. Cleome with flowers having
ductive of many flowers. fix ftamina, leaves compofed offive and three lobes, and
The fort with double flowers is the moſt beautiful, a prickly talk. Sinapiftrum Indicum fpinofum, flore
fo that ſhould be preferred to thoſe with fingle flow carneo, folio trifido vel quinquefido. Houft. MSS.
ers, of which a few only fhould be planted for va 8. CLEOME (Monophylla) floribus hexandris, foliis fim
riety. They are all equally hardy, fo are feldom in plicibus, petiolatis ovato-lanceolatis. Flor. Zeyl. 243.
jured by froft, excepting in very fevere winters, when Cleome with fix ftamina to the flowers, and fix leaves,
fometimes the very tender fhoots are killed ; but if which are ovally spear-
shaped. Sinapiſtrum Zeylanicum
theſe are cut off in the fpring, the ſtems will put out vifcofum, folio folitario, flore flavo, filiquâ tenui.
new ſhoots. Burm. Thef. 217 .
The tenth, eleventh, and fifteenth forts are alfo very The first fort grows naturally in Afia, Africa, and
hardy plants, and have climbing branches, fo may America ; I have received the feeds of it from Aleppo,
be difpofed in the fame manner as the other : they and the coaft of Guinea, and in the earth which came
are alfo propagated by layers, which will fucceed, if from the Weft-Indies with other plants ; this hath
performed at the fame time, and in the fame manner come up as a weed. It rifes with an herbaceous ſtalk
as is directed for them. about a foot high, garniſhed with finooth leaves,
The other forts are natives of the warmeſt parts of compoſed of five finall leaves or lobes, joining at
America, fo will not thrive in this country, unleſs their baſe to one center, and ſpread out like the fin
they are preſerved in ſtoves ; but as theſe are great gers of a hand. The leaves on the lower part of the
ramblers and plants of no great beauty, they are fel Italk ſtand upon long foot-ftalks, which are gradu
dom preſerved in Europe, but in botanic gardens for ally ſhortened to the top of the ſtalk, where they al
the fake of variety. Theſe may be propagated by moft join it : the flowers are produced in looſe ſpikes
layers, in the fame manner as the other forts ; or may at the end of the ftalks and branches ; thefe have four
be raiſed from feeds, obtained from the countries petals of a fleſh colour, which ſtand erect, fpreading
where they naturally grow ; but theſe muſt be treated from each other ; and below thefe are placed the
in the fame manner as other exotic plants from the ftamina and ſtyle, which coalefce at the bottom, and
fame country. are ſtretched out beyond the petals, where they ſpread
CLEOME. Lin. Gen. Plant. 740. Sinapiftrum . open ; after the flower is paft, the germen which fits
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 231. tab. 116. upon the ſtyle, becomes a taper pod, about two
The CHARACTERS are, inches long, filled with round feeds. This is an an
The flower bath a four-leaved empalement which spreads nual plant, which dies foon after the feeds are ripe. 1
open : it hath four petals which are inclined upward and The fecond fort grows naturally in the Levant, from
Spread open, the two lower being less than the other ; in the whence Dr. Tournefort fent the feeds to the royal gar
bottom there are three mellous glands which are roundish, den at Paris, and from thence moft of the botanic
and are feparated by the empalement. It bathfix or more gardens in Europe have been furnished with it : this
rifes
 C LÊ CLE

rifes with an upright ftalk about the fame height as alſo an annual plant, which rifes near two feet high;
the first, garnished with leaves compofed of three branching out on every fide : the lower leaves are
fpear-fhaped lobes, ftanding upon fhort foot-ſtalks ; compofed of five oblong lobes standing upon long
the flowers come out fingly from the fide of the foot- ftalks, but thofe on the ftalks and branches have
ftalks, and have four red petals, which ſtand in the but three lobes, and have ſhort foot-ftalks : the
fame form as thofe of the former fort : theſe are fuc main ſtalk and alſo the branches, are terminated by
ceeded by flender pods two inches long, which fwell loofe fpikes of purple flowers, each fitting upon a
in every divifion, where each feed is lodged, fo as to flender foot-ftalk, at the bafe of which is placed a
appear like joints , as thofe do ofthe Bird's-foot Tre fingle oval leaf. The ftalks are armed with flender
foil ; when the feeds are ripe, the whole plant decays. ſtiff fpines, which are fituated juft under the foot
If the feeds of this are fown in autumn the plants ftalks ofthe leaves ; when the flowers fade, the germen
will flower in June, and their feeds will ripen in Au becomes a taper pod, two inches long, filled with
guft, but thoſe which are fown in the fpring do not round feeds.
flower till July ; fo that unless the feafon proves fa The eighth fort grows naturally in Ceylon ; this is
vourable, the feeds will not ripen : if the feeds of an annual plant, which rifes with an herbaceous ftalk
this fort are permitted to fcatter, the plants will come a foot and half high, garnished with long, narrow,
up without care, and require only to be thinned and fingle leaves, ſtanding alternately on the ftalks ; from
kept clean from weeds, for they will not bear tranf the wings of the leaves come out the foot-ftalks of
planting. the flower, each fuftaining a ſingle yellow flower,
The thirdfort grows naturally in Portugal and Spain, which is fucceeded by a very flender taper pod.
from whence I have received the feeds. This rifes with All theſe plants except the ſecond and third forts, are
an herbaceousſtalk about a foot and halfhigh, fending natives of very warm countries, fo will not thrive in
out a few fhort fide branches, which are garniſhed England without artificial heat ; therefore their feeds
with leaves compofed of three narrow lobes, ſtanding muſt be ſown upon a good hot-bed in the fpring,
upon fhort foot- talks. The flowers come out fingly and when the plants are fit to remove, they ſhould be
from the fide of the ſtalks, are of a deep red colour, planted in feparate fmall pots, filled with freſh light
and are fucceeded by thick taper pods, filled with earth, and plunged into a fresh hot-bed, obferving
round feeds. This is an annual plant, which will to fhade them until they have taken freſh root ; after
thrive in the open air, and requires the fame treat which they ſhould have air admitted to them every
ment as the former. day in proportion to the warmth of the feafon, and
The fourth fort grows naturally in the iſland of Cey their waterings fhould be frequently repeated, but
lon, from whence the feeds were brought to Holland , not given in too great plenty ; when the plants have
where they fucceeded, and the feeds were fent me by filled thefe fmall pots with their roots, they fhould
the late Dr. Boerhaave ; this rifes near two feet high, be put into larger, and plunged again into a hot-bed
fending out ſeveral fide branches, garniſhed with to bring them forward ; and in July, when they are too
leaves, fome of which have five, and others three tall to remain longer in the hot-bed, they ſhould be re
roundiſh lobes ſtanding upon ſhort hairy foot-ftalks. moved into an airy glafs cafe, where they may be
The flowers come out fingly at the foot-ftalks of the ſcreened from cold and wet, but in warm weather
leaves, they are of a pale yellow, and are fucceeded may enjoy the free air. With this management the
by taper pods between two and three inches long, plants will flower foon after, and perfect their feeds
ending in a point, which are full of round feeds. The in autumn. The fecond and third forts may be fown
whole plant fweats out a viſcous clammy juice. This in the open borders of the garden , where they are
is alfo an annual plant. defigned to remain, for they do not require any ar
tificial warmth.
The fifth fort was fent me from Jamaica by the late
· Dr. Houſtoun, in the year 1730. This is an annual CLEONIA, Portugal Self-heal.
plant which rifes two feet high, fending out many The CHARACTERS are,

fide branches, garniſhed with leaves, with one large It bath a bilabiated empalement of one leaf, which is tu
fpear-shaped lobe in the middle, and two very ſmall bulous and angular ; the upper lip is broad, plain, and
ones on the fide ; thefe fit clofe to the branches . The indented in three parts ; the under is fhort and divided into
flowers come out fingly from the fide of the branches , two. Theflower is of the grinning kind, with one petal ,
upon long foot-ftalks : theſe have four large fleſh the upperlip is erect and divided into two parts, the lower
coloured petals, and fix long ftamina, which stand is trifid, the middle fegment having two lobes, the two
out beyond the petals ; when the flowers fade , the lateral spread afunder ; it hath four ftamina, the two
germen which fits upon the ftyle becomes a taper pod lower being the longest, whofe outer top of theirfummits
four inches long, filled with round feeds . form a cross. It hath four germen, fupporting a fender
The fixth fort was fent me from Jamaica by the Style withfourftigma, havingfour equal briftles ; theger
late Dr. Houſtoun, who found it growing naturally men afterward become four feeds, inclofed in the hairy em
there in great plenty. It also grows naturally in palement.
Egypt. This rifes with a ftrong thick herbaceous This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of
ftalk two feet and a half high, dividing into many Linnæus's fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia Gym
branches, which are garniſhed with leaves compofed nofpermia, the flower having two long and two fhort
of feven long ſpear-shaped lobes, joining in a center ſtamina, and are fucceeded by naked feeds filling in
at their bafe, where they fit upon a long flender foot the empalement.
ftalk : juft below the foot-ftalk comes out one or This plant grows naturally in Spain and Portugal ; it
two fhort, thick, yellow fpines, which are very fharp. is annual, perifhing foon after it has ripened its feeds.
The flowers come out fingly from the fide of the "
It was formerly ranged under the genus of Bugula,
branches, forming a long loofe fpike at their extre Tournefort afterward titled it Clinopodium, and
mities ; this fpike hath fingle broad leaves, which father Barrelier placed it with the Prunella, to which
half furround the ſtalks at their baſe, from the bofom genus it is nearly related.
of which, come out the foot-ftalks of the flowers, It is propagated by feeds, which, when fown in the
which are two inches long, each ſuſtaining a large autumn the plants will come up the following fpring :
flefh-coloured flower, whofe ftyle and ftamina are but the feeds which are fown in the fpring, fre
extended two inches beyond the petals. After the quently lie in the ground till the following autumn,
flower is paſt, the germen, which fits upon the ftyle, and fometimes till the next fpring before they ve
becomes a thick taper pod five inches long, which getate. When the plants come up and are fit to
hangs downward, and is filled with round feeds . This tranfplant, a few of them may be planted into a border
is alfo an annual plant, which periſhes ſoon after the where they may remain to produce their flowers and
feeds are ripe. feeds, as they require but little culture ; fo a few
The feventh fort was fent me from the Havannah in plants may be allowed to have place in ſmall gardens,
the year 1731 , by the late Dr. Houſtoun. This is where they will not take much room ..
2 CLETHRA .
 CLI CLI

CLETHRA. Gron . Fl. Virg. 43. Lin. Gen. Plant. The CHARACTERS are;
489. It bath male and female flowers in different plants : the
The CHARACTERS are, male flowers have a spreading empalement, compofed of
Theflower bath apermanent empalement of one leaf, which three fmall, oval, concave leaves. It hath no petals, but
is cut into five parts ; it hath five oblong petals, which a great number of hairy upright ftamina, which are the
are longer thanthe empalement ; it hath ten stamina which length of the empalement, terminated by compreffed, oblong,
are as long as the petals, and are terminated by oblong twin fummits. The female flowers have a permanent em
erect fummits ; in the center is fituated a roundish germen palement, compofed of three leaves which are equal, fitting.
"
Supporting a permanent erect style, crowned by a trifid upon the germen ; thefe have no petals, but the oblong
ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a roundish capfule germen which is fituated below the empalement, fupports
inclofed by the empalement, having three cells, which are two long, flender, feathered ftyles, terminated by asingle
full of angular feeds. Stigma, the germen afterward becomes an oblong taper
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of capfule, with two cells crowned by the empalement, in
Linnæus's tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Monogynia, cluding one narrow taper feed.
the flowers having ten ftamina, and one ftyle. This genus of plants is ranged in the tenth fection of
We know but one SPECIES of this genus at pre Linnæus's twenty-fecond clafs, intitled Diocia Po
ſent, viz. lyandria ; the plants of this fection and clafs have
CLETHRA ( Alnifolia) Gron . Virg. 47. There is no English male and female flowers on different plants, and the
title to this plant, it is the Alnifolia Americana fer male flowers have a great number of stamina.
rata, floribus pentapetalis albis in fpicam difpofitis. The SPECIES are,
Pluk . Alm . 18. American Shrub with an Alder fawed I. CLIFFORTIA ( Ilicifolio) foliis fubcordatis, dentatis.
leaf, and white five-leaved flowers, difpofed in a ſpike. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1308. Cliffortia with heart-shaped in
This fhrub is a native of Virginia and Carolina, where dented leaves. Arbufcula Afr. folio acuto ilicis cau
it grows in moiſt places, and near the fides of rivu lem amplexo rigido . Boerh. Ind . alt. 2 .
lets, rifing to the height of eight or ten feet, but in 2. CLIFFORTIA (Trifoliata ) foliis ternatis, intermedio
this country it rarely rifes to half that height : the tridentato. Prod. Leyd. 253. Three-leaved Cliffortia,
leaves are in fhape like thofe of the Alder-tree, but whofe middle leaf is cut in three parts. Myrica foliis
are longer ; theſe are placed alternately upon the ternatis, intermediis cuneiformibus tridentatis. Hort.
branches : the flowers are produced at the extremity Cliff. 456.
of the branches, in clofe fpikes : they are compofed 3 . CLIFFORTIA ( Rufcifolia) foliis lanceolatis, integerri
of five leaves, are white, and have ten ftamina in mis. Hort. Cliff. 463. Cliffortia with Spear -
shaped leaves
each, which are nearly of the fame length with the which are entire. Frutex Æthiopicus conifer, fructu
petals, this plant flowers in July, and when the au parvo, fparfim intra folia rufci, feminibus cylin
tumn proves favourable, there are often fome ſpikes draceis.
of flowers again in October. The first fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
This is hardy enough to bear the open air in Eng Hope, but hath been long cultivated in many of the
land, and is one of the moſt beautiful fhrubs at the Engliſh gardens ; however it was not reduced to any
feaſon of its flowering ; which is very little later than genus, till Dr. Linnæus eſtabliſhed this, and gave
in its native country, being commonly in flower here it the title. By fome former writers it was called
by the beginning of July ; and if the ſeaſon is not Camphorata, to which genus it had no relation.
very hot, there will be part of the fpikes in beauty It rifes with a weak fhrubby ftalk four or five feet
till the beginning of Auguft ; and as moft of the high, fending out many diffufed branches, which
branches are terminated with thefe fpikes of flowers, ſpread out on every fide, requiring fome fupport :
fo when the fhrubs are ftrong, they make a fine ap thefe are garniſhed with leaves, which are heart
pearance at that feaſon. fhaped at their baſe, but broad at their ends , where
This will thrive much better in moift land tha nin they are fharply indented. They are very ftiff, of
dry ground, and requires a fheltered fituation , where a grayish colour, and clofely embrace the ftalks with
it may be defended from ftrong winds, which fre their bafe, and are placed alternate on the branches ;
quently break off the branches, where they are too from the bofom of thefe arife a fingle flower, fitting
much expofed to its violence. It is propagated by cloſe to the branch, having no foot-ftalk. Before
layers, but they are generally two years before they the empalement is fpread open, it forms a bud, in
get root, fo that at prefent it is rare in England. fhape and fize of thofe of the Caper ; this empale
The fineſt ſhrubs of this kind, which I have yet feen, ment is compofed of three green leaves, which af
are in the curious garden of his grace the late duke terwards fpread open, and then the numerous fta
of Argyle, at Whitton near Hounflow, where they mina appear ſtanding erect ; theſe, as alfo the inner
thrive as well as in their native country. They may furface of the empalement, are of a yellowish green
alfo be propagated by fuckers, which are fent out colour. The flowers appear in June, July, and Au
from their roots ; if thefe are carefully taken off with guft, but the leaves continue in verdure through the
fibres in the autumn, and planted into a nurſery-bed, year.
they will be ftrong enough in two years to tranfplant All the plants which I have feen of this fort, either
where they are to remain. in the Engliſh or Dutch gardens, were male, nor
It may alſo be propagated by feeds, which muſt be have I heard of any female plants being in any of the
procured from the countries where it grows naturally, European gardens.
for the feeds are not perfected in England . But as This plant is eaſily propagated by cuttings, which
thefe feldom arrive here till fpring, fo when they are may be planted in any of the fummer months ; iftheſe
fown at that feafon, the plants will not come up till are planted in ſmall pots filled with light earth, and
the following fpring. Therefore the feeds fhould be plunged into a very moderate hot- bed they will foon
fown in pots, and placed in a fhady fituation till au take root, provided they are fcreened from the fun
tumn, then placed under a frame in winter; the plants and duly watered ; when they have taken root, they
will come up the next fpring, and in autumn may be muſt be gradually inured to bear theopen air, to
tranfplanted into a nurſery-bed, to get ſtrength before which theyſhould be expofed, to prevent their drawing
they are placed to remain for good. up weak therefore they ſhould be placed abroad till
CLIFFORTIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1004 . they have obtained fome ftrength, then they may be
The name was given to this genus of plants by Dr. each tranfplanted into a ſeparate ſmall pot, and placed .
Linnæus, in honour of Mr. George Clifford , of Am in the fhade until they have taken freſh root ; after
fterdam ; a great collector of plants, and a patron which they may be placed with other of the hardy
of botanifts, who has printed a folio book of the kinds of exotic plants in a fheltered fituation till Oc
plants in his garden , with feveral copper-plates, ex tober, when they ſhould be removed into the green
hibiting the figures ofmany ofthe moft curious plants. houſe, or placed under a common hot-bed frame,
We have no Engliſh name for it. where they may be fcreened from the hard froft, but
x x x enjoy
 CLI CLI

chjoy the free air at all times when the weather is cifely twelve hours long ; at its end twelve hours
mild. and a half: the fecond, which begins where the firſt
When the plants advance in height, their ſtems and ends, viz. at twelve hours and a half, ends at
branches must be fupported, otherwife they will trail thirteen hours : and fo of the reft, as far as the polar
upon the ground. In fummer they must be placed circles.
in the open air, with Myrtles and other hardy green Here what geographers call hour-climates terminate,
houfe plants ; and in winter the plants may be treated and month-climates commence.
in the fame manner as thofe, but muft have little water As an hour-climate is a fpace compriſed between two
in winter. This plant has endured the cold of our or parallels of the equator, in the firft of which the
dinary winters, when planted near a fouth-weft wall longeſt day exceeds that in the latter by half an hour ;
without covering, but in fevere winters they are always fo the month-climate is a ſpace between two circles
deſtroyed . parallel to the polar circles, whofe longeſt day is
The fecond fort is a native of the fame country as longer or fhorter than that of its contiguous one by a
the first ; this hath very flender ligneous ſtalks, which month, or thirty days.
must be fupported, otherwife they will fall to the The antients, who confined the climates to what they
ground. Theſe ſend out flender branches on every imagined the habitable part of the earth, only allowed
fide, which are cloſely garniſhed with trifoliate leaves of feven, as had been faid : the firft they made to
ftanding clofe to the branches ; the middle lobes of paſs through Meroe, the fecond through Sienna, the
thefe are much larger than the two fide, and are in third through Alexandria, the fourth through Rhodes,
dented in three parts. The flowers of this come out the fifth through Rome, the fixth through Pontus,
from the bofom of the leaves, having very fhort and the ſeventh through the mouth of the Boryſt
foot-ſtalks, and are ſhaped like thofe of the firft, but henes.
are ſmaller ; theſe appear in July and Auguft. Of The moderns, who have failed farther towards the
this fort we have only male plants in the Engliſh poles, make thirty climates on each ſide ; and becauſe
gardens, which can only be propagated by layers ; the obliquity of the fphere makes a little difference
and as thefe are two years before they take root, the in the length of the longeſt day, fome of them make
plants are at prefent very rare in England. This fort the difference of the climate but a quarter of an hour
requires the fame management as the firſt, and is inſtead of half an hour.
equally hardy, but must not be over watered in winter. The term climate is vulgarly beftowed on any coun
The leaves of this fort continue green all the year,
try or region differing from another, either in reſpect
and being fingularly fhaped, they make a variety in of the feafons, the quality of the foil, or even the
the green-houfe during the winter feaſon. manners of the inhabitants, without any regard to the
The third fort rifes with a weak fhrubby ſtalk about length of the longeſt day.
four feet high, ſending out lateral branches, which CLINOPODIUM . Lin. Gen. Plant. 644. Tourn.
are covered with a whitish bark, and are garniſhed Inft. R. H. 194. tab. 92. Field Bafil.
with leaves, placed in cluſters without order ; theſe The CHARACTERS are ,
are ftiff, ofthe confiftence and colour of the Butchers It bath an involucrum cut into many parts, is the length
Broom, but are narrower, and run out to a longer of the empalement, upon which the whorls fit. The em
point. Between theſe cluſters of leaves the flowers palement is of one leaf, with a cylindrical tube, which is
come out in looſe bunches, theſe have a great number divided into two lips ; the upper lip is broad, trifid, acute,
of yellowish ftamina, included in a three-leaved em and reflexed; the under lip is cut into two narrow feg
palement. We have only the male plant of this fort, ments, which turn inward. The flower is ofthe lip kind,
which is very difficult to propagate, fo is very rare with afhort tube enlarging to the mouth ; the upper lip is
in Europe at preſent. erect, concave, and indented at the top, which is obtuſe ;
This plant is tenderer than either of the former forts, the under lip is trifid and obtufe, the middle fegment being
fo fhould be placed in a warm green-houſe in broad and indented. It bath fourftamina under the upper
winter, and during that feafon, they muſt have but lip, two of which are shorter than the other, terminated
little water. In the fummer they may be expofed to by roundish fummits ; in the center is fituated the qua
the open air in a fheltered fituation, but they fhould dripartite germen, fupporting a flender Style the length of
not remain abroad too late in the autumn ; for ifthere the ftamina, crowned by afingle compressed ftigma. The
fhould be much rain at that feafon; it would endanger germen afterward become four oval feeds fhut up in the
thefe plants if they are expoſed to it. empalement.
CLIMATE [of Kaipa, Gr. an inclination, ] is a This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of
part of the furface of the earth bounded by two circles Linnæus's fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia Gym
parallel to the equator ; fo that the longeſt day in nofpermia. The flowers of this clafs and fection,
that parallel, nearest to the pole, exceeds the longeſt have two long, and two fhort ftamina, which are fuc
day in that parallel neareſt to the equator by fome ceeded by four naked feeds.
The SPECIES are,
certain ſpace of time, viz. half an hour, till you come
to places fituate nearly under the arctic circle ; and I. CLINOPODIUM (Vulgare) capitulis fubrotundis, hif
a whole hour, or even ſeveral days when you go be pidis, bracteis fetaceis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 587. Field
yond it. Bafil with roundish prickly beads, and bristly bractea. Cli
The antient Greek geographers reckoned only feven nopodium Origano fimile, elatius, majore flore. C.
•
climates from the equator towards the north pole, and B. P. 225. Common English Field Bafil.
denominated them from fome noted place, through 2. CLINOPODIUM ( Incanum) foliis fubtus tomentofis,
which the middle parallel of the climate paffed ; but verticillis explanatis, bracteis lanceolatis . Lin. Sp.
the moderns reckon up twenty-four. Plant. 588. Field Bafil with leaves which are woolly on
The beginning of the climate is the parallel circle, the under fide, broad plain whorls, and Spear-shaped
wherein the day is the ſhorteſt. bractea. Clinopodium menthæ folio incanum, &
The end of the climate is that wherein the day is the odoratum . Hort. Elth. 87.
longeit. 3. CLINOPODIUM ( Rugofum) foliis rugofis, capitulis ax
The climates therefore are reckoned from the equa illaribus, pedunculatis, explanatis, radiatis. Lin. Sp .
tor to the pole ; and are fo many bands or zones, Plant. 588. Field Bafil with rough leaves, plain heads
terminated by lines parallel to the equator ; though growing on thefides of theftalks, which have foot -
ftalks,
in ftrictneſs there are ſeveral climates in the breadth and are radiated. Clinopodium rugofum , capitulis
of one zone. fcabiofæ. Hort. Elth. 88 .
Each climate only differs from its contiguous ones, in 4. CLINOPODIUM (Humile) humile ramofum, foliis ru
that the longeft day in fummer is longer or ſhorter by gofioribus, capitulis explanatis. Low branching Field
half an hour in one place than the other. Bafil with rougher leaves, andplain heads . Clinopodium
As the climates commence from the equator, the Americanum humile, foliis rugofioribus. Dale.
firft climate at its beginning has its longeft day pre
5. CLI
 Ĉ LI CLI

5. CLINOPODIUM (Carolinianum ) caule erecto, non ramofo, of the fcabious ; they are white, fhaped like thofe
foliis fubtus villofis, verticillis paucioribus, bracteis of the other, but finaller ; the bractea immediately
calyce longioribus. Field Bafil with an upright un under the empalement , ſpread out like rays. This
branching falk, leaves hairy on their under fide, fewer plant flowers in September in this country, but never
whorls, and bractea longer than the empalement. Cli ripens its feeds here.
nopodium Americanum, erectum, non ramofum fo The feeds of the fourth fort were fent me from Ca
liis longioribus, internodiis longiffimis . Dale. rolina, by the late Dr. Dale ; this hath fome appear
6. CLINOPODIUM (Egyptiacum) foliis ovatis rugofis, ance of our common fort, but the ftalks do not grow
verticillis omnibus diftantibus, i. e. Field Bafil with more than half ſo high, and divide into many long
vval rough leaves, and the whorls of flowers ftanding at fide branches ; the leaves are fmaller and rougher, and
agreat diftance. Clinopodium Ægyptiacum, vulgari the whorls of flowers are produced half the length of
fimile. Dill. Egyptian Field Bafil like the common. the branches, whereas the common fort hath rarely
The firft fort grows naturally by the fide of hedges more than two ; the bractea at the bafe of the em
and in thickets, in many parts of England ; this hath palement is alſo much longer. This flowers in June
4
a perennial fibrous root, which fends up ſeveral ſtiff and July, and hath a perennial root.
fquare ftalks afoot and a halfhigh, from which come out The fifth fort was fent me by the late Dr. Dale, from
a few lateral branches toward the top, garnished with Carolina ; this hath a perennial root, which fends up

POST
oval hairy leaves, placed oppofite ; at the top ofthe ftrait hairy ſtalks; almoft round ; the joints of theſe
ftalks the flowers come out in round whorls, or heads ; are four or five inches aſunder, at each of theſe come
one of theſe terminate the ftalk, and there is generally out two oblong leaves; hairy on their under fide,
another which furrounds the ftalk at the joint im ftanding upon fhort foot-ftalks ; at the bottom of
mediately below it. The flowers are fometimes purple, thefe come out on each fide a flender branch, half
at others white, for they vary from one colour to the an inch long, having two or four fmall leaves, ſhaped
other, when they are propagated by feeds, fo that like the other. The flowers are produced in fmall
both colours are found naturally in the fields. The whorls, ftanding thinly ; thefe are white, and the
whorls (or heads ) grow very clofe, and each foot bractea are longer than the empalement: This flowers
ftalk fuftains feveral flowers ; each flower hath a tu in Auguft.
bular empalement, ending in five fharp points, which The fixth fort is a native of Egypt, from whence the
ftand erect ; at the baſe of the empalement ftand two feeds were fent to Europe, and the plants have for
briftly fpines, which Linnæus terms the bractea ; fome years paft grown in many curious gardens. It
thefe ftand almoſt horizontal under the empalement. hath a perennial root ; the ftalks rife a foot and an
The flower is of the labiated, or lip kind, according half high, garniſhed with oval leaves, having many
to Tournefort, Ray, & c. which is now ſtyled ringent, tranfverfe deep furrows, of a dark green colour,
or grinning, from the appearance which the upper placed oppofite, at about five or fix inches afunder.
part has to the mouth, or chaps of animals. The There are commonly two or four fide branches from
upper lip is broad and trifid, but the under is cut the main ftem, produced toward the bottom ; and
into two narrow fegments ; each flower is fucceeded the whorls of flowers are produced at every joint to
by four naked feeds, fitting at the bottom of the em ward the upper part of the ftalks : theſe are pretty
palement. This flowers in June. large and hairy. The flowers are fomewhat larger
The fecond fort grows naturally in Penfylvania and than thoſe of the common Field Bafil, and are of a
Carolina, from both of theſe countries I have fre deeper colour, ſtretching a little more out of the em
quently received the feeds ; this hath a perennial root, palement. The leaves of this have at first fight much
which fends up many ſquare ftalks about two feet the fame appearance ; but when they are obferved
high, which put out a few fhort fide branches toward with attention, the difference is foon obferved be
the upper part, garnifhed with oblong oval leaves, tween the two forts : but the greateſt difference is
about the fize of thoſe of Water Mint, ftanding op in the leaves and whorls of flowers being placed at a
pofite, cloſe to the ftalk ; they are hoary, and ſoft to greater diſtance, and the ſtalks growing fparfedly in
the touch, and have a ſtrong odour, between that of this fpecies ; nor do the plants continue fo long as "
Marjoram and Bafil. The upper furface of the leaves thofe of the common fort.
is of a pale green, but their under fide is hoary and This fort flowers in June, commonly a fortnight or
woolly, they are flightly indented on their edges. three weeks before the common Field Bafil, and the
The flowers grow in flat fmooth whorls round the feeds ripen in September ; which, if permitted to
ſtalks, each ſtalk hath generally three of theſe whorls, fcatter, the plants will come up in autumn ; and if
the upper which terminates the ftalk being ſmaller, the winter proves favourable, they will live in the
the other two increafing, fo that the lower is the open air, provided they grow on a dry foil , but in
greateft. The flowers are of a pale purple colour, moift ground they are frequently deſtroyed , eſpecially
and ſhaped like thoſe of the firſt fort, but the ftamina
. when the plants are young.
of this ftands out beyond the petal, and the bractea This plant approaches near to the Clinopodium Ori
at the baſe of the empalement are large, fpear-ſhaped, entale Origani folio, flore minimo. Tour. Corol. 12 .
and indented on their fides. This plant is called But by comparing this with a fpecimen of that fort
Snake-weed in fome parts of America, fuppofing it from the Paris garden, I find the leaves of that are
a remedy for the bite of rattle ſnakes. This flowers fmoother, and placed much nearer together on the
in July in England. ftalks than thoſe of this fort ; the flowers are ſmaller,
The third fort grows naturally in Carolina, from fo that it may be deemed a diftinct fpecies, as theſe
whence the feeds were fent me by the late Dr. Dale : differences are permanent, and do not alter in any of
this hath a perennial root, which fends up feveral the plants which arife from the feeds.
fquare ftalks, which are clofely covered with brownifh Theſe plants may be propagated by feeds, and alſo
hairs ; theſe rife between two and three feet high, by parting their roots ; the latter is generally prac
garniſhed with leaves which are very unequal in their tifed in England, becauſe few of the forts perfect
fize, thoſe at the bottom, and alfo toward the top, their feeds here. The beſt time to tranfplant and
being above three inches long, and one inch and a part their roots is in autumn, that they may take
quarter broad, whereas thofe in other parts of the root before winter. If theſe are planted in a dry foil,
ftalk are not half fo large ; they are rough on their they are all, except the third fort, hardy enough
upper fide, hairy below, and fawed on their edges, to thrive in the open air in England, and require no
ftanding oppofite : all the lower part of the ſtalk, but other care but to keep them clean from weeds, and
immediately below the foot-ftalks of the flower-heads, every other year they may be tranfplanted and parted.
there are three large leaves ſtanding round the ftalks ; The third fort muſt be planted in pots, and in win
between theſe arife two flender hairy foot-ſtalks , ter fheltered under a frame, where the plants may
about three inches long, one on each fide the ſtalk ; enjoy the free air in mild weather, but fcreened
thefe fuftain fmall heads of flowers, fhaped like thofe from froft, otherwife they will not live in this country.
2 CLITORIA.
1
 CLI CLU

CLITORIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 796. Ternatea . are encompaffed about the middle with two fmali
Tourn. Act . Reg. 1706. Clitorius. Dill. Hort. Elth. oval leaves ; the flowers are very large, the ſtandard
76. We have no English title for this plant. being much broader than that of the first fort, and
The CHARACTERS are , the two wings are larger ; the flowers are of a fine
The flower bath a permanent empalement of one leaf, blue colour, fo make a fine appearance. The flow
which is tubular, erect, and indented in five parts at the ers appear in July, and in warm feafons the feeds
top. The flower is of the butterfly kind, having a large will ripen in autumn, foon after which the plants
Spreadingstandard, which is erect, and indented at the decay.
top; the two wings are oblong, obtufe, and shorter than There is one with a double flower of this fort, which
the ftandard, which is clofed. The keel is fhorter than I raiſed in the Chelfea garden fome years paft, from
the wings ; it is roundish and hooked ; it hath ten ftamina, feeds ſent me from India ; but the plants did not pro
nine of which are joined, and one ſtands feparate, which duce feeds here, and being annual, the fort was loſt.
are terminated byfingle fummits. In the center is fituated The flowers of this were very beautiful.
an oblonggermen, fupporting a rifing ftyle, crowned by an The feeds of the third fort were fent me from the
obtufe ftigma. Thegermen afterward becomes a long, nar Bahama Iſlands ; this fends out from the root two or
row, compreffedpod, with one cell, opening with two valves, three flender twining ſtalks, which rife to the height
inclofingfeveral kidney-ſhapedfeeds. of fix or ſeven feet, garniſhed at each joint with one
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection of trifoliate leaf, whofe lobes are oblong and pointed .
Linnæus's feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia De At the oppoſite fide of the ſtalk, the foot-ſtalk of the
candria ; the flowers of this fection have ten ftamina, flower arifes, which is little more than an inch long,
which compoſe two bodies . naked, and fuftains a fingle flower, which is of a
The SPECIES are , purple colour within, but of a greenish white on the
1. CLITORIA (Ternatea) foliis pinnatis. Hort. Cliff. 360. outfide, not half fo large as either of the former :
Clitorea with winged leaves. Ternatea flore fimplici cæ theſe flowers are each fucceeded by long, flender,
ruleo. Tourn. Acad. Reg. Sc. 1706. compreffed pods, ending in a point, which contain
2. CLITOREA ( Brafiliana) foliis ternatis, calycibus cam one row of roundifh kidney-ſhaped feeds. This fort
panulatis folitariis. Hort. Upfal. 215. Clitoria with flowers in July and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in
shaped
trifoliate leaves, and afingle flower with a bell- autumn.
empalement. Planta leguminofa Braſiliana, Phafe The feeds of the fourth fort were fent me from Ca
oli flore, flore purpureo maximo. Breyn . Cent. 78 . rolina, where the plants grow naturally. This rifes
! tab. 32. with a twining weak ftalk about five feet high, gar
3. CLITORIA (Virginiana) foliis ternatis, calycibus cam nished with trifoliate leaves like the former, whofe
panulatis fubgeminis. Flor. Virg. 83. Three-leaved lobes are narrower, and of a grayish colour on their
Clitoria with two flowers joined, whofe empalements are under fide ; the flowers come out by pairs on the
bell-shaped. Clitorius trifolius flore minore cæruleo . foot-ftalks ; their empalements are cylindrical. The
Hort. Elth. 90. tab. 76. flowers are ſmall, and of a pale blue colour within,
4. CLITORIA (Mariana) foliis ternatis, calycibus cylin but of a dirty white on the outſide. This flowers in
dricis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 753. Clitoria with trifoliate Auguft, but rarely ripens any feeds in England.
leaves, and cylindrical empalements to the flowers. Clito All theſe forts are annual with us in England, fo that
rius Marianus trifolius fubtus glaucis. Pet. Hort. unleſs the feeds ripen, the fpecies are loft ; and asthe
Sicc. 243 . two forts with double flowers have not formed any
The first fort grows naturally in India ; the feeds of pods in this country, fo far as I have been able to
this were firft brought to Europe from Ternate, one learn, therefore the feeds of theſe muſt be procured
of the Molucca Iſlands, and this induced Dr. Tour from the countries where they naturally grow. In
nefort to give the title of Ternatea to this genus . deed thefe are fuppofed to be only varieties, which
There is a variety of this with white flowers, and ano accidentally arife from the fingle. If this be true, I
ther with large blue flowers, which make a fine ap cannot account for the fuccefs of thofe plants which
pearance. The feeds which I received of the latter, grew at Chelfea, for they were all of the fame double
produced all the plants with very double flowers , kind, without the leaſt variation ; and this was not
without the leaſt variation ; but in cold feafons the from a fingle experiment, but in three different years
plants do not produce any pods here. when I received the feeds, the plants did all of them
This rifes with a twining herbaceous ftalk to the produce double flowers.
height of four or five feet, in the fame manner as the The feeds of theſe plants muſt be fown upon a good
Kidney-bean, and requires the like fupport ; for in hot-bed early in the fpring ; and when the plants are
the places where it grows naturally, it twifts itfelf two inches high, they ſhould be carefully taken up,
about the neighbouring plants ; the talks are gar and each planted in a ſmall pot filled with light fresh
niſhed with winged leaves, compofed of two or three earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark,
pair of lobes, terminated by an odd one ; theſe are obferving to fhade them till they have taken freſh
of a beautiful green, and are placed alternate on the root, and refreſh them with water as they may re
ftalks ; from the appendages of the leaves, come out quire it. After they are well rooted in the pots, they
the foot-ſtalks of the flower ; each of thefe is encom muſt have air every day in proportion to the warmth
paffed by two very fine leaves about the middle, of the feafon, to prevent their drawing up weak ;
where they are bent, fuftaining a very large, gaping, their waterings fhould be repeated two or three
beautiful flower, whoſe bottom part feems as if grow times a week, but they ſhould not have too much at
ing to the top. each time. As thefe plants have climbing ftalks,
The flowers have a green membranaceous empale they will foon grow too tall to remain under com
ment, which is cut into five parts . The ſtandard of mon frames, therefore they must then be removed
the flowers is large, and is fpread open very wide ; into the ftove, and plunged into the bark-bed ; but
and the flowers are of fo deep a blue colour, as to if their roots have filled the pots, they should be re
ftain paper, after having been many years dried, al moved into larger, and afterward they must be treat
moft as blue as indigo ; thefe flowers are fucceeded ed in the fame manner as other plants from the fame
by long flender pods, containing feveral kidney-fhaped countries.
feeds. CLUSIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 577. Plum. Nov. Gen.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the Brafils, from 20. tab. 20. The Balfam-tree.
whence thefe feeds were brought to Europe. This The CHARACTERS are,
hath a twining talk like the former, which rifes five · It bath an imbricated empalement, compofed of roundish
or fix feet high, garniſhed at each joint with one tri concave leaves which ſpread open ; it bath five orfix large,
foliate leaf, ſtanding upon a long foot-ftalk. The roundish, concave, spreading petals. In the bottom is
flowers come out fingly from the foot-ftalk of the
fituated a globular nectarium, including the germen, which
leaves, ftanding upon pretty long foot-ftalks, which
is pervious at the top, from which place the ftigma arifes.
It
 CLU CLU

It bath a great number of stamina, which are shorter be well rooted before the cold weather comes on in
than the petals, terminated by fingle fummits. The ob autumn. In winter theſe plants may be placed upon
long ovalgermen is terminated by a plain ftar-likeftigma, ftands in the dry ftove ; but if in fummer they are
with fix obtufe indentures. The germen afterward be plunged into the tan-bed, they will make great pro
匪
comes an oval capfule, with fix furrows, and fix cells, grefs, and their leaves will be large, in which confifts
opening withfix valves, which ſpread in form of a star, the great beauty of theſe plants.
including many angular feedsfixed to a column, furrounded The fecond fort was diſcovered by the late Dr. Houf
withpulp. toun, growing naturally at Campeachy, from whence
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of he fent me fome dried famples and feeds : this hath
Linnæus's twenty-third clafs, intitled Polygamia Mo very large oval ſpear-shaped leaves, ending in points,
noecia, having male, female, and hermaphrodite which are placed alternate on the branches, and have
flowers on the fame plant. feveral ribs, which go off from the midrib alternate,
The SPECIES are, rifing upward to the ſide of the leaves ; and alſo a
1. CLUSIA (Flava) foliis aveniis corollis tetrapetalis. great number of finall veins, running horizontally be
Jacq. Amer. 34. Clufia whofe leaves have no veins, tween theſe ribs. The borders of the leaves are faw
and the flower has four petals. Terebinthus folio fin ed, and their under fides are of a fhining brown co
gulari, non alato, rotundo, fucculento flore pallidè lour. The branches are covered with a woolly down,
Iuteo. Sloan. Hift. Jam. 2. p . 97. Commonly called and the flowers are produced in looſe ſpikes at the
Balfam-tree in America. end of the fhoots ; theſe are ſmaller than thoſe
2. CLUSIA (Venofa) foliis venofis . Lin. Sp. Plant. 510. of the former fort, and are of a Rofe colour. This
Clufia with veined leaves. Clufia flore rofeo minor, tree rifes to the height of twenty feet ; it is propa
fructu flavefcente. Plum. Nov. Gen. 2 . gated by feeds, which must be obtained from the
There are three varieties of the firft fort, which differ countries where the trees naturally grow, for there
in the fize and colour of their flowers and fruit ; one can be little hopes of obtaining any of the feedsin Eu
hath a white flower and ſcarlet fruit, another hath a rope. The plants are tender, fo muſt be placed in
Roſe flower and a greenish fruit, and a third hath a the tan-bed of the bark-ſtove, otherwiſe they will not
yellow fruit but theſe are ſuppoſed to be only fe thrive in this country ; and they muſt be treated in
minal variations, though Plumier has enumerated the fame manner as is directed for other tender plants
them as diftinct fpecies ; but as the plants have not from the fame countries.
flowered in England , I can give no particular account CLUTIA. This genus of plants was conftituted by
of their difference : the fingular beauty of the leaves the learned Dr. Boerhaave, profeffor of botany in the
of this plant, renders it worthy of a place in every univerſity of Leyden, in honour of Augerius Clute,
collection of rare plants. a curious botanist.
The firſt fort is pretty common in the Britiſh Iſlands The CHARACTERS are,
of America, where the trees grow to the height of It is male and female in different plants. The male flow
twenty feet, and fhoot out many branches on every ers have a large fpreading empalement, compofed of five
fide, garniſhed with thick, round, fucculent leaves, oval concave leaves ; they have five heart-shaped petals,
placed oppofite. The flowers are produced at the which are shorter than the empalement, and ſpread open.
ends of the branches, each having a thick fucculent They have five exterior nectariums, which arefituated in
cover : theſe are of different colours in different a circle at the bottom of the petals ; and five interior,
plants, fome being red, others yellow, fome white, which are fituated within the other, having ſmall apices
and fome green. After the flowers are paft, they are with a mellous liquor, and five ftamina fituated in the
fucceeded by oval fruit, which are alfo of different middle of the ftyle, which spread horizontally, terminated
colours in different plants : from every part of theſe by roundifh fummits : thefe have no germen, but a long
trees there exfudes a fort of turpentine, which is truncated ftyle in the middle of theftamina. The female
called in the Weft Indies Hog-gum ; becauſe they flowers have permanent empalements, and petals like thoſe
fay, that, when any of the wild hogs are wounded of the male ; thefe have five double exterior nectariums,
they repair to thefe trees, and rub their wounded but no interior ; they have a roundish germen, ſupporting
parts againſt the ſtems of them, till they have anoint three bifid reflexedstyles the length of the petals, crowned
ed themſelves with this turpentine, which heals their by obtufeftigma : the germen afterward becomes a globular
wounds. The turpentine of theſe trees is alſo greatly capfule, with fix furrows, and three cells, each containing
recommended for the cure of fciaticas, by fpreading a fingle feed.
it on a cloth, and applying it as a plafter to the part This genus of plants is ranged in the thirteenth fec
affected . tion of Linnæus's twenty -fecond clafs, intitled Dice
The plants are at prefent very rare in Europe : there cia Gynandria . This fection and claſs include thoſe
were fome years ago fome fine plants in the garden of plants which have the different ſexes on feparate plants,
Mr. Parker, near Croyden in Surry ; theſe were and the male flowers have their ſtamina adhering to
brought over, growing in tubs of earth from Barba the ſtyle .
does, which is the beſt method of procuring them ; The SPECIES are,
for the feeds feldom fucceed, and the young plants 1 . CLUTIA ( Alaternoides) foliis feffilibus lineari-lanceo
grow fo flowly, as not to make any figure in fome latis floribus folitariis erectis . Hort. Cliff. 500. Clu
years ; but in the bringing over the plants, great shaped leaves fitting close to the
tia with linear Spear -
care fhould be had, that they do not receive much ftalks, and folitary erect flowers. Alaternoides Afri
wet ; for as theſe plants have very fucculent ftems, cana telephii legitimi imperati foliis. Hort. Amft. 2 .
moiſture will caufe them to rot. 2. CLUTIA (Pulchella) foliis ovatis integerrimis, floribus
The plants are tender, fo they must be conftantly lateralibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1042. Clutia with oval en
kept in the ſtove, otherwife they will not live through tire leaves, and flowers growing from thefides of the
the winter in England ; they muft alfo be watered branches. Frutex Æthiopicus, portulace folio, flore
very ſparingly, eſpecially in winter, for they natu . ex albo virefcente. Hort. Amft. 1. p . 177.
rally grow in thofe parts of the iſlands, where it 3. CLUTIA ( Eleutheria ) foliis cordato lanceolatis. Flor.
feldom rains, therefore they cannot bear much Zeyl. Clutia with heart fpear-shaped leaves. Ricinus
moiſture. dulcis arborefcens Americanus, populneâ fronde
They may be propagated by cuttings, which must be argenteâ. Pluk. Alm . 321 .
laid to dry when they are cut off from the plants for The two first forts are natives of Africa, from
a fortnight or three weeks, that the wounded part whence they were brought to fome curious gardens
may be healed over, otherwiſe they will rot. When in Holland, and have fince been communicated to
the cuttings are planted, the pots fhould be plunged moft of the botanic gardens in Europe. The firſt
into a hot-bed of tanners bark, and now and then fort with male flowers has been long an inhabitant of
gently refreshed with water : the beſt time for plant fome curious gardens in England ; the other with
ing thefe cuttings is in June or July, that they may female flowers has been lately introduced.
Y yy The

}
 CLU CLY

The fecond fort has alſo been ſome years in the Eng planted. Theſe muſt be planted in ſmall pots filled
lifh gardens, where we had not that fort with male with light fandy earth, and plunged into a moderate
flowers till lately, when I was favoured with one hot-bed of tanners bark ; and if the feafon is very
by my learned friend Dr. Job Bafter, of Zirkzee in warm, the glaffes fhould be fhaded in the heat ofthe
Holland. day, and raifed up to admit fresh air to the cuttings
The first fort rifes with a fhrubby ftalk to the height every day ; thefe muſt be fparingly watered . When
of fix or eight feet, putting out many fide branches they have taken root, and begin to shoot, they muſt
which grow erect ; thefe are garnished with ſmall, have a greater fhare of air, and by degrees be inured
linear, fpear-fhaped leaves, placed alternate, fitting to the open air ; and when their roots have filled the
clofe to the branches : they are of a grayish colour pots, they fhould be carefully parted, and each
and entire. The flowers come out from the joints, planted in a feparate pot of the fame light fandy
at the fetting on of the leaves : toward the upper earth ; then they fhould be placed on the back part
part of the branches thefe are finall and of a greeniſh of the ftove, behind the other plants, where they
white ; they appear in June, July, and Auguft, but may be ſcreened from the fun till they have taken
being fmall make no great appearance. fresh root, after which they may be brought forward,
The ſecond fort riſes about the fame height with the and expofed gradually to the open air. In the fum
first, but hath a ſtronger ftem ; the branches are gar mer they fhould have free air conſtantly in warm
niſhed with oval leaves, which are much larger than weather, but they muſt be ſcreened from heavy rain ;
thoſe of the firſt fort, ftanding upon foot-ftalks which and in winter placed in an airy glafs - cafe, where they
+ are an inch long ; they are of a fea green, and entire ; may enjoy the fun, and during that ſeaſon have very
the flowers are like thoſe of the firſt fort in fhape and little wet .

colour, but thoſe on the male plants are fmaller, and CLYPEOLA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 723. Jonthlafpi.
grow clofer together than thofe of the female, but both Tourn. Inft. R. H. tab. 99. Treacle Muſtard.
are fuftained upon fhort foot-ftalks . Theſe flowers The CHARACTERS are,
appear at the fame time as thoſe of the firſt ſort, and The flower bath a permanent empalement, composed of
the feeds ripen in autumn. I have raiſed feveral of four oblong oval leaves. It hath four oblong entire pe
thefe plants from feeds, which have all proved fe tals, placed in form of a cross, andfix ftamina which are
male, the fame as the parent plant. fhorter than the petals, two of which standing oppofite
Theſe plants are eafily propagated by cuttings during are fhorter than the other, terminated by fingle fummits.
any of the fummer months : if the cuttings are plant In the center is fituated a roundish compressedgermen, fup
ed in fmall pots, and plunged into a very moderate porting a single style, crowned by an obtufe ftigma. The
hot-bed, and fhaded from the heat of the fun in the germen afterward becomes an orbicular pod, which is
middle of the day, they will foon take root, and compreffed, erect, and indented at the top, with a longi
fhould then be inured to the open air, otherwife they tudinal fillure, opening in two cells, containing round com
will draw up very weak : afterward theſe plants may preffed feeds.
be each put into a feparate fmall pot, and placed in This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
a fheltered fituation, where they may remain until the Linnæus's fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia fili
middle of October, or later, if the weather continues culofa, the flower having four long and two fhorter
mild, when they ſhould be removed into the green ftamina, and the feeds growing in fhort pods.
houfe, and placed where they may have the free air The SPECIES are,
in mild weather, for they only require to be protected 1. CLYPEOLA (Fontblafpi) filiculis unilocularibus mo
from froft, therefore require no warmth in winter ; nofpermis. Hort. Cliff. 329. Clypeola with pods, hav
but if the green-houſe is fhut up too clofe, or the ing but one cell and a fingle feed. Jonthlafpi minimum
plants are much fhaded by others, the tender fhoots fpicatum lunatum. Col. Ecp. 1. Leaft Buckler Muf
are fubject to grow mouldy, which deſtroys more of tard with spiked flowers.
theſe plants than the cold . In fummer they muſt be 2. CLYPEOLA (Maritima) filiculis bilocularibus ovatis
placed abroad in a fheltered fituation , with other difpermis. Sauv. Monfp. 71. Clypeola with ovalpods
hardy exotic plants. having two cells and two feeds. Thlafpi Alyffon dic
As theſe plants are always green, they look well in tum maritimum. C. B. P. 107.
the green- houſe during the winter feafon ; and in fum This genus of plants was named Jonthlafpi by Fa
mer, when they are placed in the open air with other bius Columna, and the fame title was continued by
exotic plants, they make a pretty variety. Dr. Tournefort, and other late writers on botany be
The third fort grows naturally in India, from whence fore Dr. Linnæus , who has altered the name to this
the feeds were brought. This rifes with an upright of Clypeola .
ſhrubby ſtalk, not more than three or four feet high The first fort is a low annual plant, which ſeldom
in England ; but in the places where it grows natu rifes more than four inches high ; the flender branches
rally, it rifes upward of twenty feet high, and fends commonly lie proftrate on the ground ; theſe are gar
out many branches at the top , fo as to form a large niſhed with ſmall leaves, narrow at their bafe, but
fpreading head : the branches are garniſhed with are broader at their ends, where they are obtufe.
leaves, fhaped like thofe of the black Poplar, which The flowers are produced in ſhort clofe fpikes at the
are of a lucid green, and are placed alternate ſtanding extremity of the branches, which are ſmall, yellow,
upon flender foot-ftalks. As thefe plants have not and compofed of four petals , placed in form of a
yet flowered in England, I can give no account of crofs ; theſe are fucceeded by orbicular compreffed
them, but the feed-veffels are very like thofe of the ſeed-veſſels, each having one cell, containing a fingle
fecond fort. feed. It flowers in June and July, and the feeds
This plant will live through the winter in an airy ripen in autumn.
glafs- cafe, without artificial heat ; but in that fitua The fecond fort is perennial. This fends out

@ tion they should have very little water, for the plants from the root feveral fender branches, which di
abound with a milky juice like the Euphorbia, ſo vide again into many ſmaller, that lie proftrate ,
muſt at no ſeaſon of the year have too much wet. garniſhed with very narrow hoary leaves, fitting clofe
If theſe plants, when young, are placed in a very to the branches. · The flowers are produced in ſpikes
moderate warmth in winter, it will greatly forward at the end of the branches ; thefe are fmall, yellow,
their growth, but they must not have too much heat, and ſhaped like thofe of the other fort, but the fpikes
for that will force them too much ; and when the terminate in a roundish bunch. It flowers in June,
plants have obtained ftrength, they may be treated and the feeds ripen in autumn.
more hardily. This fort may be propagated by cut Theſe two forts are low plants, which grow naturally
tings during the fummer feafon ; but the cuttings in the fouth of France, Spain, and Italy, and are
fhould be laid in a dry place for a few days, when preferved in botanic gardens for the fake of variety,
they are taken from the old plants, that their wounded but have little beauty ; their leaves and ſtalks are
parts may dry and be healed over before they are . of a hoary white, which is much lighter in the warm
countries
 CNE CNI

countries than in England ; theſe are propagated by fhrub, will not want to be removed : it rifes better
feeds, which fhould be fown upon a border of light from ſcattered feeds, than if fown with care.
earth where they are to remain, and will require no This was formerly preferved in green-houſes, and
other culture, but to thin them if they come up too thought too tender to live in the open air in England ;
clofe, and keep them clean from weeds. The feeds but of late years people have planted it in the full
may be fown either in the fpring or autumn ; thofe ground, where it refifts the cold of our ordinary win
which are fown in autumn will grow much larger, ters very well, and is feldom injured but by extreme
and flower earlier than thofe which are fown in the hard frofts ; nor do theſe kill the plants which grow
fpring, and from them there will be a greater cer upon dry, rocky, or rubbiſhing foils, where their
tainty of having ripe feeds. If the feeds fcatter, the fhoots are generally fhort and firm ; but in moift rich
plants will come up, and, if kept clean from weeds, ground, where the fhoots are more luxuriant, they
they will thrive without farther care. are fometimes injured.
The fecond fort is a perennial plant, fo fhould be It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown in
fown upon a warm border and on a dry foil. This autumn foon after they are ripe, and then the plants
grows naturally on the borders of the fea, in the fouth will come up the following fpring ; whereas thoſe
of France and Italy ; but when it is cultivated in a which are not fown till the fpring, will remain a year
garden, ifthe foil is rich and moift, the plants gene in the ground, and often mifcarry : theſe feeds may
rally grow luxuriant in fummer, and are thereby too be fown in a bed of common earth, covering them
replete with moisture, fo that they are frequently half an inch deep, and will require no other care but
killed bythe froft in winter ; but when they grow on to keep the plants clear from weeds the following
a poor, dry, gravelly foil, their ftalks will be ſhort, fummer ; and in the autumn following, the plants
ligneous, and tough, fo will endure the cold of this may be tranfplanted where they are to remain.
climate, and continue feveral years. This is propa CNICUS . Lin. Gen. Plant. 833. Tourn. Inſt. R. H.
gated by feeds, which fhould be fown where the 450. tab. 257. Bleffed Thiftle.
plants are defigned to remain ; or if any of them are The CHARACTERS are,
removed, it fhould be done when the plants are The empalement of the flower is composed of many oval
young, for they do not bear tranſplanting well, when fcales, placed over each other ; thofe toward the top are
they are grown pretty large. terminated by branching fpines. The flower is composed of
CNEORUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 47. Chamelaa. feveral hermaphrodite florets, which are uniform ; theſe
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 651. tab. 421. Widow-wail. are funnel-fhaped, and cut at the top into five equal feg
The CHARACTERS are ,
ments, standing erect, each having fivefhort hairy ftamina,
The flower bath a small permanent empalement, inaented terminated by cylindrical fummits. In the center is fituated
in three parts. It hath three narrow oblong petals, a short germen, crowned with down, fupporting a flender
which are erect, and three stamina which are shorter ftyle, terminated by an oblongftigma. The germen after
than the petals, terminated by ſmall fummits. In the ward becomes a fingle feed, crowned with down, and ſhut
center isfituated an obtufe three-cornered germen, fupport up in the empalement.
ing a firm erect style, crowned by a trifid ſpreadingftigma. This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of
The germen afterward becomes aglobular dry berry, with Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngeneſia Poly
three lobes, having three cells, each containing one round gamia Equalis. The plants of this ſection have only
feed, hermaphrodite flowers, which are fruitful.
This genus of plants is ranged in the first fection The SPECIES are ,
of Linnæus's third clafs, intitled Triandria Mono 1 . CNICUS ( Erifithales) caule erecto, foliis inferioribus
gynia, the flower having three ftamina and one laciniatis, fuperioribus integris concavis. Hort. Cliff.
ftyle. 394. Cnicus with an upright ſtalk, whofe lower leaves
We have but one SPECIES of this genus, viz. are laciniated, the upper entire and concave. Cnicus
CNEORUM (Tricoccum) . Hort. Cliff. 18. Widow-wail. pratenfis, Acanthi folio, flore flavefcente, Tourn.
Chamelæa Tricocccs of Dodonæus and Cafpar Inft. 450 .
Bauhin. 2. CNICUS ( Spinofiffimus ) foliis amplexicaulibus, finuato
This is an humble fhrub, which feldom rifes more pinnatis, fpinofis, caule fimplici, floribus feffilibus.
than two feet and a half high in this country, but Lin. Sp. Plant. 826. Cnicus with winged, finuated,
ſpreads out on every fide with many lateral branches, prickly leaves embracing the ftalk, and flowers fitting
fo as to form a thick bufh. The ſtems are ligneous , clofe on the top. Cirfium Alpinum fpinofiffimum, flo
and almost as hard as thofe of the Box-tree, and the ribus ochro-leucis inter flavefcentia folia congeftis.
wood is of a pale yellow colour under the bark : the Haller. tab. 20.

branches are garnished with thick ſtiff leaves, of an 3 . CNICUS (Cernuus ) foliis cordatis, petiolis crifpis fpi
oblong oval shape, about an inch and a half long, nofis amplexicaulibus, floribus cernuis . Hort. Upfal.
and a quarter of an inch broad, of a dark green co 251. Cnicus with heart - shaped leaves, having curled
lour, having a strong vein or rib through the middle. prickly foot-ftalks which embrace the stalks, and a nod
The flowers are produced fingle from the wings of ding flower. Carduus foliis ex cordato-lanceolatis,
the leaves, toward the extremity of the branches, margine ferratis & fpinofis, fquamis calycum membra
which are of a pale yellow colour, compoſed of three naceis, laceris fpinofis, capitulis nutantibus. Flor.
petals, which fpread open, and a round germen at Sib . 2. p. 47.
the bottom, having a fingle ſtyle, which doth not The first fort grows naturally in the northern parts of
rife above half the length of the ftamina, which are Europe. Mr. Ray found it growing on the Rhine
three in number, ftanding erect, and are fituated be near Bafil. This hath a perennial root, which fends
tween the petals . After the flowers are fallen, the out many long jagged leaves, fpreading on every
germen becomes a fruit, compoſed of three feeds fide near the ground, fo as to form a thick tuft ;
joined together after the fame manner as thofe of Ti thefe are jagged almoſt to the midrib, in form of a
thymalus or Spurge ; thefe are firſt green, afterwards winged leaf. The ftalks are ftriated, fmooth, and
turn of a brown colour, and when ripe are black. rife above four feet high, dividing at the top into
The flowers begin to appear in May, and are fuc fmaller branches : the leaves which grow upon the
ceeded by others during the fummer months ; and, ftalks are entire, heart-shaped, concave, and em
when the autumn proves favourable, theſe fhrubs brace the ſtalks, and are fawed on their edges, each
will continue in flower till the end of October. indenture ending in a weak ſpine : the ftalks are ter
As this is a low evergreen shrub, it may be very or minated by large heads of flowers, growing in cluf
namental, if placed in the front of plantations of ters ; they are of a whitiſh yellow colour, and incloſed
evergreen trees and fhrubs ; for as the branches grow in a fcaly empalement, and are fucceeded by fmall
pretty compact, and are well garniſhed with leaves , oblong feeds, crowned with a briftly down. It flow
it will hide the ground between the taller ſhrubs bet ers in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
ter than most other plants ; and, being a durable
I This
 COL COL

This fort may be propagated by feeds, or parting the four of which are longer than the other two ; these are
roots ; the latter is commonly practifed where there terminated by obtufe compreffed fummits. The germen is
are any of the plants, but the feeds are more eaſily heart-shaped, fupporting a fhort fingle style, crowned by an
conveyed to a diſtant place. The beſt time to part obtufe ftigma : this afterward becomes a gibbous, heart
the roots is in autumn ; it delights in fhade, and Shaped, compreffed pod, faftened to the style, having
requires no farther care but to keep it clean from two cells, in each of which are lodged four roundish
weeds. feeds.
The fecond fort grows naturally on the Alps, and This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt fection of
on the mountains of Auftria. This rifes with an Linnæus's fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia Sili
upright ſingle ſtalk near four feet high, garniſhed culofa. The flowers of this clafs have four long and
with finuated leaves, which are very prickly, and two ſhort ſtamina, and thoſe of this fection have very
embrace the ftalks with their bafe. The flowers fhort pods.
are produced at the top of the ftalk, furrounded The SPECIES are,
f
by a cluſter of broad prickly leaves, fitting clofe 1. COCHLEARIA ( Officinalis) foliis radicalibus fubrotun
to the ſtalk ; they are of a whitish yellow, and ap dis, caulinis oblongis fubfinuatis. Flor. Lapp. 256.
pear at the fame time with the former fort. It is a Scurvy Grafs whofe lower leaves are roundish, and those
perennial plant, which may be propagated in the fame on the ftalks oblong and finuated. Cochlearia folio fub
manner as the former, and requires a moift foil and a rotundo. C. B. P. 110. Round-leaved Scurvy Grass.
fhady fituation. 2. COCHLEARIA ( Anglica) foliis ovato-lanceolatis, finua
The third fort grows naturally in Siberia, from tis. Flor. Ang. 248. Scurvy Grafs with oval Spear
whence the feeds were fent to the imperial garden at fhaped leaves, which are finuated. Cochlearia folio fi
Peterſburgh, where they fucceeded, and produced nuato. C. B. P. 110. Sea Scurvy Grass.
feeds, part of which were fent me by the profeffor of 3. COCHLEARIA (Grænlandica) foliis reniformibus, car
botany ; this hath a perennial root, compofed of nofis integerrimis. Hort. Cliff. 498. Scurvy Grafs with
thick fleshy fibres . The leaves which rife immedi kidney -
fhaped leaves, which are fleshy and entire. Coch
ately from the root are near a foot long, and near fix learia minima ex montibus Walliæ. Sher. Boerh. Ind.
inches broad in the middle, diminiſhing toward each alt. 2. p. 10.
end, and at a little diſtance from the baſe are much 4 . COCHLEARIA ( Danica) foliis haftatis, angulatis. Flor .
contracted, but are wider at the end ; thefe have Suec. 196. Scurvy Grafs with angular Spear-shaped
fcarce any foot-ſtalks ; they are of a deep green on leaves. Cochlearia Armorica. H. R. Par. Danish , or
their upper fide, but white on their under, and ſharply Ivy-leaved Scurvy Grass.
fawed on their edges . The ſtalks rife more than fix 5. COCHLERIA ( Armoracia) foliis radicalibus lanceolatis,
feet high, fending out on each fide ſmall branches crenatis, caulinis incifis. Hort. Cliff. 332. Scurvy
above a foot long ; the ftalks are ftriated, and of a Grafs whofe lower leaves are fpear-shaped and crenated,
reddiſh colour ; they are garniſhed with heart-ſhaped and thofe on the ftalks jagged. Raphanus Rufticanus.
leaves, which almoſt embrace the ftalks with their C. B. P. 96. Horfe Radifh.
baſe, and are of the fame colour with thofe below ; 6. COCHLEARIA ( Glaftifolia) foliis caulinis cordato-fagit
each branch is terminated by one large globular head tatis, amplexicaulibus. Hort. Cliff. 332. Scurvy Grafs
of yellowiſh flowers, included in a ſcaly empalement, whofe upper leaves are arrow-pointed, heart-
shaped, and
each ſcale ending with a fharp fpine . This flowers embrace the stalks. Cochlearia altiffima glaſti folio.
in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn . It may be Inft. R. H. 216.
propagated in the fame manner as the two former The first fort grows naturally on the ſea-fhore in the
forts, but requires a moift foil and fhady fituation ; north of England, and in Holland, but is cultivated
and if the weeds are kept down, there will be no far for ufe in the gardens near London . This is an an
ther care required . The inhabitants of Siberia eat nual plant, for the feeds are fown, and the plants de
the tender ſtalks of this plant, when boiled, inſtead of cay within the compafs of one year, but the feeds
other vegetables . fhould be fown early in autumn ; this hath a fibrous
This is a perennial plant, which may be propagated root, from which arife many round fucculent leaves,
by parting the roots : the beſt time for doing of this which are hollowed like a ſpoon ; the ſtalks rife from
is in autumn, that the plants may get good root in fix inches to a foot high ; theſe are brittle, and gar
winter ; for thoſe which are tranfplanted in the fpring, niſhed with leaves, which areoblong and finuated.
do not flower well the first year, unless they are The flowers are produced in cluſters at the end of
planted in a moiſt foil . As thefe plants grow very the branches, confifting of four ſmall white petals,
large, they are not proper furniture for fmall gardens, which are placed in form of a crofs, and are fuc
where they will take up too much room ; for they ceeded by fhort, roundifh, fwelling feed-veffels, hav
fhould not be planted nearer than four feet from each ing two cells, divided by a thin partition ; in each of
other, for if they are too near any other plants, they thefe is lodged four or five roundifh feeds. It flowers
will rob them of their nouriſhment ; for the roots of in April, and the feeds ripen in June, foon after
thefe extend to a great diſtance, fo that two or three which it decays .
of theſe plants, for variety, are fufficient for any gar This fort is propagated in gardens for medicinal uſes,
den, which may be planted at a diſtance from choicer which is done by fowing the feeds in July, foon after
plants. they are ripe, in a moift fhady spot of ground ; and
It is alfo propagated by feeds, which may be fown in when the plants are come up, they ſhould be thinned,
the fpring on a bed of common ground, in the fame fo as to be left at about four inches diſtance each
manner as the other forts ; and will only require to be way. The plants that are taken out may be tranf
thinned, and kept clean from weeds till autumn, when planted into other fhady borders, if there is occa
they may be tranfplanted where they are defigned to fion for them, otherwiſe they may be hoed out (as is
remain . practifed for Onions, Carrots, &c. ) and at the fame
COA. See HIPPOCRATEA . time all the weeds may be hoed down, fo as to clear
COAST-MARY. See TANACETUM . the plants entirely from them, that they may have
COCCIGRIA . See RHUS. room to grow strong. In the fpring thefe plants will
COCHLEARIA . Lin . Gen. Plant. 720. Tourn. be fit for ufe ; and thoſe that are fuffered to remain
Inft. R. H. 215. tab. 101. [ fo called of Cochleare, will run up to feed in May, and perfect their feeds in
Lat, a fpoon, becauſe the leaves of this plant are hol June. If this plant is fown in the fpring, the feeds
lowed like a ſpoon. ] Spoonwort, or Scurvy Grafs. feldom grow well, therefore the beſt time is foon after
The CHARACTERS are, they are ripe. The plants rarely live after producing
The empalement of the flower is composed of four oval feeds, fo that it fhould be fown every year, to have it
concave leaves. The flower bath four petals, placed in for uſe.
form of a cross, which spread open, and are twice as large The Sea Scurvy Grafs is alſo uſed in medicine ; but
as the leaves of the empalement ; it bath fix ftamina, this grows in the falt marfhes in Kent and Effex,
where
 COC COC

where the falt water overflows it almoſt every tide, der the title of Monoica Hexandria, the fame plants
and can rarely be made to grow in a garden, or at having hermaphrodite and female flowers, the her
leaſt to last longer there than one year ; but it being maphrodite having fix ftamina.
We know but one SPECIES of this genus, viz.
eafily gathered in the places before-mentioned, the
markets are fupplied from thence by the herb-women, Cocos (Nucifera) frondibus pinnatis, foliolis enfiformi
who make it their bufinefs to gather herbs. bus réplicatis. Jacq. Hift. 168. Cocoa Nut with
This fort differs from the firft in the fhape of its winged branches, whofefmall leaves are fword f
-haped and
•
· leaves, thefe being longer, and finuated on their edges. folded. Palma Indica coccifera angulofa. C. B. P. 502 .
It flowers a little later in the feafon ; both theſe forts This tree is cultivated in both Indies, but is gene
are uſed in medicine. rally ſuppoſed to grow naturally in the Maldives, and
The little Welch Scurvy Grafs is a biennial plant, other defart iflands of the Eaft-Indies . The trees

and may be preſerved in a garden, if planted in a grow to a great height in their native places, but their
"
ftrong foil and a fhady fituation. This is preferved Items are compofed of ſtrong fibres like net-work ,
in curious gardens of plants, but is not of any ufe in which lie in feveral lamina over each other, out of
medicine, though it is by far the warmeſt and moſt which come the branches (or rather leaves, ) which
pungent of all the forts. This grows plentifully in grow twelve or fourteen feet long. The midrib is
Mufcovy, as alfo in Davis's Streights. garniſhed with fword-fhaped fmall leaves, whofe bor
The fourth fort is a low trailing plant, whofe ftalks ders fold backward : the firft leaves which push out
grow fix inches long, and lie proftrate on the ground ; from the nut when planted, are very different from
the leaves are angular, and in fhape like thoſe of Ivy. thoſe which are afterward produced ; for they are
This is found growing naturally in fome parts of Eng very broad, and have many folds in each : whereas,
land, and is annual. It flowers and feeds about the the after leaves have a trong midrib, of great
fame time as the firſt fort. length, on which the finaller lobes are placed alter
The fixth fort is a biennial plant, which uſually nately ; theſe lobes are from fix to eight or nine
grows about a foot and a half high, with upright inches long, and are almoft triangular, having very
ftalks, garniſhed with angular heart-shaped leaves, fharp points, and are very ſtiff. The flowers come
embracing the ſtalks with their bafe ; the flowers are out round the top of the trunk of the tree in large
produced in looſe ſpikes at the end of the branches ; cluſters ; they are inclofed in a large fpatha or fheath,
they are very ſmall, white, and are fucceeded by ſhort and the nuts afterward are formed in large cluſters ;
fwelling pods filled with round feeds. It flowers in theſe are included in large net-work covers, which
May, and the feeds ripen in July and Auguft. This adhere cloſely about them ; the nut has a hard fhell,
may be propagated by feeds as the common fort ; with three holes at the upper end. The kernel is
and if fown in autumn, will more certainly fucceed large, fweet, and the lower part of the fhell, when
than in the fpring. firſt taken from the tree, is filled with a pale liquor,
which the inhabitants of the countries where the trees
The Horſe Radifh is propagated by cuttings or buds
from the fides of the old roots . The beſt ſeaſon for grow, call milk, and they are very fond of it. From this
this work is in October or February ; the former for milk I have been informed by perfons of credit, there
dry lands, the latter for moiſt ; the ground fhould be has been exceeding good arrack diftilled in Jamaica.
trenched at leaſt two fpits deep, or more if it will al The plants are propagated by planting the nuts in
low of it. The manner of planting it is as follows : fuch places where they are defigned to remain ; for
provide yourſelf with a good quantity of offsets, the plants will not bear tranfplanting, unless it is per
which fhould have a bud upon their crowns, but it formed while they are very young, for their roots
matters not how fhort they are ; therefore the upper fhoot deep and wide ; fo that if theſe are cut or
part of the roots which are taken up for uſe, may be broken, the plants feldom furvive it, which is gene
cut off about two inches long with the bud to it, which rally the cafe with moſt of the kind of Palms.
is eſteemed the beft for planting. Then make a Where any perfons are defirous of having a plant or
trench ten inches deep, in which you ſhould place two of this fort, they ſhould procure fome freſh nuts
the offsets at about four or five inches diſtance each from the neareſt place of their growth, which, on
way, with the bud upward, covering them up with their arrival in England, ſhould be buried in a warm
the mould that was taken out of the trench : then bed of tanners bark, laying them on one fide, that
proceed to a fecond trench in like manner, and con the young ſhoot which comes out from one ofthe three
tinue the fame till the whole ſpot of ground is planted . holes may not be injured by wet, covering them about
After this, level the ſurface of the ground even, ob fix inches deep with the tan. In this fituation, if the
ferving to keep it clear from weeds, until the plants nuts are good, they will put out fhoots in fix weeks or
are fo far advanced, as to be ftrong enough to over two months, fo fhould be then carefully taken up, and
bear and keep them down. With this management each planted in a feparate pot filled with kitchen-gar
the roots of the Horſe Radiſh will be long and ſtrait, den earth, and plunged into the tan-bed in the ſtove,
and free from ſmall lateral roots, and the fecond year * where the plants fhould always remain, for they are

after planting 1 will be fit for ufe. 'Tis true, they too tender to thrive in any other fituation ; but as the
may be taken up the first year, but then the roots plants advance in their growth, they ſhould be ſhifted
will be but flender ; therefore it is the better way to into larger pots or tubs, being careful not to cut or
let them remain until the ſecond year. The ground tear their roots in the operation.
in which this is planted ought to be very rich, other This is one of the moft ufeful trees to the inhabitants
wife the roots will make but a ſmall progrefs. of America, who make many neceffary utenfils from
COCOS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1223. The Cocoa Nut. the feveral parts of it. The outer cover of the nuts
The CHARACTERS are , is made into cordage ; the fhells are converted into
There are male and female flowers on the fame tree. The drinking bowls ; the kernel of the nuts affords them
univerfal fpatha has one valve. The empalement confifts a wholefome food, and the milk a cooling liquor.
of three fmall-coloured concave leaves ; the flower has The leaves of the tree are uſed for thatching of their
three ovalSpreading petals, and fix ftamina the length of houſes, and are alfo wrought into baſkets, and many
the corolla, terminated by triangular fummits. The ger other things which are made of Ofiers in Europe.
men is fcarce difcernible, fupporting three fhort styles, COCCOLOBA, Sea-fide Grape .
crowned by obfolete ftigma , these are barren. The female The CHARACTERS are,
flowers are included in the like fpatha. The empalement The empalement is of one leaf, cut into five parts,
is three-leaved, which is coloured and permanent , they which spread open and are permanent. The flower has
have three petals to the flowers, which are larger than no corolla, but bath eight awl-shaped spreading ftamina,
the empalement, and an oval germen without a ftyle, with terminated by roundifh twin fummits. It has an oval
a three-lobed ftigma. The nut is large, triangular, and three-cornered germen, fupporting three fhort Spread
is perforated by three holes at the end. ing styles, crowned by fimple ftigmas. The empalement
This genus is placed by Linnæus in his appendix un afterward becomes a thick berry, inclosing an oval
Zzz
pointed
 COC COF

pointed nut, with one cell, having a fingle feed of the fhould be treated in the fame way as other tender
jame form. exotic plants, which require to be kept conftantly in
This genus of plants is ranged in the third ſection of the bark-ftove.

Linnæus's eighth genera, intitled Octandria Trigynia, CODLIN-TREE. See MALUS .

the flowers having eight ftamina and three ftyles. COFFEA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 209. Juff. Act. Reg.
The SPECIES are, Scien. 1713. Jafminum . Com. Cat. The Coffee-tree.
The CHARACTERS are,
1. COCCOLOBA (Uvifera) foliis cordato- fubrotundis niti
dis. Lin. Sp . 523. Sea-
fide Grape with neat, roundish, The flower bath a small empalement divided into four
beart -
shaped leaves. Guajabara racemofa, foliis coria parts, fitting upon the germen. It hath one petal
ceis fubrotundis. Plum. Nov. Gen. which is funnelshaped,
- having a narrow cylindrical
2. COCCOLOBA ( Rubescens) foliis orbiculatis pubefcen tube, which is much longer than the empalement, but is
tibus. Lin. Sp . 523. Sea- fide Grape with orbicular plain at the top, where it is indented in five parts. It
hairy leaves. Scortea arbor Americana, ampliffimis bath five ftamina which are fastened to the tube, and are
foliis averfa parte nervis extantibus. Pluk . Phyt. 222 . terminated by long flender fummits. The roundifh germen
f. 8. Supports a fingle fiyle, crowned by two thick reflexed ftig
3. COCCOLOBA (Puntata) foliis lanceolato-ovatis. Lin. mas. Thegermen afterward becomes an oval berry, con
Sp. 523. Sea-fide Grape with oval spear-shaped leaves: taining two hemifpherical ſeeds, plain on one fide, and con
Uvifera arbor Americana, fructu aromatico punctato. vex on the other.
Pluk. Alm. 394. This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of
4. COCCOLOBA (Excoriato) foliis ovatis, ramis quafi ex Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogy
corticatis. Lin. Sp. 524. Sea-fide Grape with oval nia, the flower having five ftamina and one ſtyle ; it
eaves, and the branches cafting their bark. Guajabara hath been generally included in the genus of Jaf
alia racemofa, foliis oblongis. Plum. Icon . 146. f. 1 . mines ; but as the flowers of Jaſmine have but two
Called Mountain Grape . ftamina, fo by Linnæus's fyftem, this is ſeparated
5. COCCOLOBA ( Tenuifolia) foliis ovatis membranaceis. and ranged in another claſs.
Amoen. Acad. 5. p. 397. Sea -
fide Grape with oval mem We have but one SPECIES of this genus, viz.
branaceous leaves. COFFEA (Arabica. ) Hort. Cliff. 59. The Coffee-tree.
The firſt fort rifes with many ligneous ftems to the Jaſminum Arabicum Caftaneæ folio, flore albo odo
height of ten or twelve feet, having feveral knots or ratiffimo, cujus fructus Coffea in officinis dicuntur no
joints, covered with a gray bark : at eachjoint is fet on bis. Juff. Act. Par. 1713 .
one large, roundifh, fmooth leaf, a little indented at This tree is fuppofed to be a native of Arabia Felix,
the top. The flowers come out from the foot-ftalks where it was firſt cultivated for ufe, and to this day,
of the leaves, in long bunches like thofe of Currants ; is the country from whence the beſt Coffee is brought
they have no petals, but the empalement is cut into to Europe, though the plant is now propagated in
five fegments, including eight awl-fhaped ftamina, many parts of India and America ; but the produce
terminated by twin fummits. The germen afterward of thofe countries being greatly inferior to that of A
becomes a fucculent berry, including an oval- pointed rabia, hath occafioned its prefent difrepute in Eng
nut, having one feed of the fame form. land, fo that it is fcarce worth importing ; but this
The fecond fort feldom rifes fo high as the firft, but might be remedied, if the Coffee planters in the Weft
divides into feveral lateral branches, garnifhed with Indies could be prevailed on to try a few experiments,
large roundish leaves, having feveral deep veins ; the which I fhall hereafter propofe, being founded on
flowers and fruit come out from the fide of the thoſe which have been made in England, upon the
branches in like manner as thofe of the firft, but are berries produced here. But I fhall firſt treat of the
larger. plant, with its culture in England.
The third fort is a lower fhrub than either of the for This is a low tree in the native country of its growth,
mer ; the leaves are oval and fpear-ſhaped ; the fruit where it feldom rifes more than fixteen or eighteen
is fmaller, fomewhat aromatic, and fpotted ; thefe feet high, but in England I have not ſeen any above
proceed from the fide of the branches in like manner ten or twelve. The main ftem grows upright, and
as the former forts. is covered with a light brown bark ; the branches are
The fourth fort grows to a much larger fize than any produced horizontally and oppofite, which croſs each
of the other ; the leaves of this are much larger, of other at every joint, fo that every fide of the tree is
an oblong oval form, very fmooth, and of a lucid fully garniſhed with them : the lower branches being
green : from the wings of the leaves, the flowers and the longeſt, the others gradually decreafing to the
fruit are produced , which are in form like thofe of top, form a fort of pyramid ; the leaves are alſo pro
the other forts, but are larger. duced oppofite ; thefe when fully grown, are about
The fifth fort is of humbler growth than either of the four or five inches long, and one inch and a half
former ; the leaves are membranaceous, of an oval broad in the middle, decreafing toward each end ;
form ; the flowers and fruit are fmaller than thofe of the borders are waved, and the furface is of a lucid
the other forts. Thefe plants all grow naturally in green. The flowers are produced in cluſters at the
the warm islands of America ; fome of them on the bafe of the leaves, fitting cloſe to the branches ; theſe
fea-fhores, where they form very clofe, almoſt impe are tubulous, fpread open at the top, where they are
netrable thickets ; the fruit of the firft fort are fre divided into five parts, and are of a pure white, with
quently eaten by the inhabitants of the inlands, but a very grateful odour, but of fhort duration : they
efpecially by the negroes . Thofe of the other forts are fucceeded by oval berries, which are firft green,
are food for birds . when fully grown, they turn red, and afterward
The plants of all the forts are eafily propagated by change to black when fully ripe ; theſe have a thin
feeds, when they can be obtained frefh from the places pulpy fkin, under which are two feeds joined, which
of their natural growth (for none of the forts have as are flat on the joined fides, with a longitudinal fur
yet produced either fruit or flowers in England. ) row, and convex on their outer fide .
The feeds fhould be fown in fmall pots filled with As the Coffee-tree is an Evergreen, it makes a beau
earth from the kitchen-garden, and plunged into a tiful appearance at every ſeaſon in the ſtove, but par
hot- bed. If the feeds are good , and the bed of a pro ticularly when it is in flower ; and alfo when the ber
per temperature of warmth, the plants will appear in ries are red, which is generally in the winter ; fo that
five or fix weeks after, which will be fit to tranfplant they continue a long time in that ftate, therefore there
in about a month after ; when they fhould be fhaken is fcarce any plant that more deferves a place in the
out of the pots, feparating their roots carefully, and ftove than this.
each planted in a feparate fmall pot filled with the It is propagated by the berries, which muſt be ſown
like earth, plunging them into a hot-bed of tanners foon after they are gathered from the trees, for if
bark, being careful to fhade them in the day- time, they are kept out of the ground a fhort time they will
until they have taken new root ; after which they not grow. I have frequently fent the berries abroad
by

O
 COF COF

by the poft, but when they have been a fortnight in during the heat of fummer, yet when they are re
their journey they have all failed ; and this has con moved into the ftove again, their leaves will fall off,
ftantly happened every where, for the berries which and the plants will make but an indifferent appearance
were fent from Holland to Paris did not grow, nor the following winter, if they ſhould furvive it : there
did thofe which were fent from Paris to England fore it is the better method to keep them conftantly
grow; fo that wherever thefe trees are defired, the in the ftove, and admit a proportionable fhare of air
young plants must be fent, if it be at any diſtance to them every day, according to the heat of the
from the place where they grow. feafon; they will require water two or three times a
The berries fhould be planted in fmall pots, filled week in warm weather, but in the winter they muſt
with light kitchen-garden earth, and plunged into a have it more fparingly ; and the ftove in which they
hot- bed of tanners-bark ; the pots must be watered are placed, fhould be kept to the heat affigned for
gently once or twice a week, but the earth must not the Ananas upon the botanical thermometors.
be too moift, left it rot the berries. If the bed be There has been fome of theſe plants propagated by
of a proper temperature of warmth, the plants will cuttings, and alfo from layers ; but thefe are long
appear in a month or five weeks time, and in about before they make roots, and the plants fo raiſed, are
two months more will be fit to tranfplant. For as never fo ftrong and thriving as thoſe which arife
many of the berries will produce two plants, fo the from berries ; therefore where the berries can be pro
fooner they are parted, the better their roots will be cured, it is much the beft method to propagate the
formed ; for when they grow double till they have plants by feeds .
made large roots, they will be fo intermixed and en When the plants are tranfplanted, their roots ſhould
tangled, as to render it difficult to ſeparate them not be too much cut or trimmed ; the decayed or
without tearing off their fibres, which will greatly rotten fibres fhould be pruned off, and thoſe which
prejudice the plants. When theſe are tranfplanted , are cloſely matted to the fide of the pots fhould be
they muſt be each put into a feparate fmall pot, filled trimmed, but not cut too near to the ftem ; for the
with the fame earth as before, and plunged into the old fibres do not put out new roots very kindly, ef
tan-bed again ; which fhould be ftirred up to the pecially thoſe which are become tough, fo that there
bottom, and if required, fome new tan fhould be fhould always be a fufficient number of young
mixed with it, to renew the heat. Then the plants fibres left to fupport the plants, till new ones are
fhould be gently watered, and the glaffes of the hot produced.
bed muſt be fhaded every day till they have taken new The Coffee plants were firft carried from Arabia to
root ; after which the plants fhould have free air Batavia by the Dutch, and from thence they were
admitted to them every day, in proportion to the afterward brought to Holland, where great numbers
warmth ofthe feafon : during the fummer they will of the plants were raiſed from the berries which thoſe
require frequently to be refreſhed with water, but plants produced, and from theſe moſt of the gardens
they muſt not have it in too great plenty : for if their in Europe have been furniſhed. A great number of
roots are kept too moift, they are very fubject to rot, theſe young plants, which were raiſed at Amfterdam,
then the leaves will foon decay and drop off, and were fent to Surinam by the proprietors of that iſland,
the plants become naked ; when this happens, they where the trees were foon propagated in great plenty,
are feldom recovered again. The first fign of theſe and from thence the plants have been difperfed to
plants being difordered, is, their leaves fweating out moft of the islands in the Weft Indies : for as the
a clammy juice, which attracts the fmall infects, that plants raiſed from the berries, produce fruit in two
too frequently infeft the plants in ſtoves ; when they years from planting, and in the warm countries
are not in health, theſe infects cannot be destroyed, fooner, fo plantations of theſe trees may be foon made
in any of thoſe countries,
till the plants are recovered to vigour : for although where the temperature of
the plants are ever fo carefully waſhed and cleaned the air is proper for their production, but the trees
from them, yet they will be foon attacked by them . will not grow in the open air any where if there is a
again, if they are not recovered to health, for thefe winter : fo that in all countries without the tropics,
infects are never feen upon any of the plants while they cannot be expected to grow abroad.
they are in perfect vigour ; but when they are dif The French have made great plantations of thefe
ordered, they foon fpread over all the leaves and trees in their fettlements in the Weft Indies, and alfo
tender parts of the plants, and multiply exceedingly; in the iſle of Bourbon , from whence they import great
fo that upon the firft attack, the plants fhould be quantities of Coffee annually to France ; which al
fhifted into freſh earth, and all poffible care taken to though greatly inferior in quality to the Arabian, yet
recover them, without which all the waſhing and it is confumed, otherwiſe they would not continue
cleaning of the plants will be to little purpofe. The that branch of commerce. In the Britiſh colonies of
diforders attending the Coffee-trees, generally proceed America, there have been fome large plantations
from either being put into pots too large for them, made of Coffee- trees : and it was propofed to the
nothing being of worfe confequence than over potting parliament, fome years paft, to give a proper en
them ; or from the earth being too ftiff, or over couragement for cultivating this commodity in Ame
hung by other plants, or being over watered. If thefe rica, ſo as to enable the planters to underfell the im
are properly taken care of, and the ftove kept always porters of Coffee from Arabia. Accordingly there
in a proper temperature ofheat, the plants will thrive, was an abatement of the duty payable on all the Coffee
and produce plenty of fruit. which fhould be of the growth of our colonies in
I have made trial of feveral compofitions of earth America, which at that time was fuppofed would be
for thefe plants, but have found none of them equal a fufficient encouragement for the planters to improve
to that of a kitchen-garden, where the foil is na this branch of commerce : but the productions of
turally loofe, and not fubject to bind ; and if it has thoſe countries, being greatly inferior in quality to
conftantly been well wrought and properly dunged, that of Arabia, hath almoft ruined the project ; and
this without any mixture is preferable to any other. unleſs the planters can be prevailed on to try fome
The plants fhould not be too often tranfplanted, for experiments to improve its quality, there can be
that will greatly retard their growth. If they are new little hope ofits becoming a valuable branch of trade ;
potted twice a year at moft, it will be fufficient ; therefore I fhall beg leave to offer my fentiments on
though unless the plants make great progrefs, they this article, and fincerely with what I have to pro
will not require to be removed oftener than once in a pofe may be found uſeful for the inſtruction of the
18
year, which fhould be in fummer, that they may have Coffee planters ; for as my opinion is founded upon
time to get good roots again before winter. During experiments, fo it is not mere theory or fup
the warm weather in fummer, thefe plants fhould pofition.
"
have a large fhare of air, but they must not be wholly The great fault of the Coffee which grows in Ame 1
expofed abroad at any feafon : for although they may rica, and alfo in the ifle of Bourbon, is the want of
have the appearance of thriving in the open air flavour, or having a difagreeable one. The berries
I are
 COF COI

are much larger than thofe which are imported from choice of a foil rather dry than moift, in which the
Arabia, and confequently have not fo much ſpirit or trees will not make fo great progreſs as thofe which
flavour. This may be owing to feveral cauſes, the grow in a wet foil, nor will the produce be fo great ;
firſt is that of its growing in a foil too moift ; which but as the quality of the produce will be fo much
is always known to increaſe the fize of fruit and ve improved, it will certainly be of greater advantage
getables, but their quality is greatly diminiſhed to them .
thereby. The fecond is from the gathering of the The next thing is, to permit the berries to remain
berries too foon ; for I have been credibly informed, fo long upon the trees, till their ſkins are fhrivelled
that it is the conftant practice of the planters, to and turned very black ; which it is true will greatly
gather the fruit when it is red : at which time the diminiſh their weight, but then the commodity will
berries are much larger, and of greater weight, than be more than double the value of that which is
thoſe which are permitted to ripen perfectly on the gathered fooner.
trees, which is not till they are turned black, and When the berries are fully ripe, they fhould be ga
their outer pulp becomes dry, and the ſkins fhrink : thered , or rather fhaken from the trees, when they are
then the berries are much fmaller than before, and perfectly dry, and fpread abroad upon cloths in the
the outer cover will eafily feparate from the berry ; fun to dry, carrying them every evening under co
which I have always been informed, has been the ver, to prevent the dews from falling on them, or
complaint of the planters, that this was with great the rain if any fhould happen : and when they are
difficulty and trouble effected . A third cauſe I im perfectly dry, they fhould be carefully packed up in
gine may be in the drying of the berries when cloths or bags , three or four times double, and confe
gathered ; which must be conftantly attended to, for quently kept in a dry fituation : and when they are
they cannot be too much expofed to the fun and air fhipped for England, it ſhould be on board thofe vef
in the day time, but they must be every evening re fels which have no rum , left the Coffee ſhould imbibe
moved under cover, and carefully fcreened from the flavour, which cannot be prevented when ſtowed
. dews and rain ; nor fhould they be placed near any in the fame place. For fome years paft, a Coffee
fort of liquid or moiſture, for theſe berries are very ſhip from India had a few bags of pepper put on
fubject to imbibe moiſture, and thereby acquire the board, the flavour of which was imbibed by the Cof
favour of the liquid ; or if it be pure water, the fee, and the whole cargo fpoiled thereby.
berries will be enlarged, and the flavour diminiſhed As the quantity of Coffee now confumed in Britain
by it, as from many experiments I can affirm : for a is very much increaſed of late years, fo it will cer
bottle of rum being placed in a cloſet, in which a tainly be worthy of public confideration, how far it
caniſter of Coffee berries cloſely ftopped , was ſtanding may be neceffary to encourage the growth of it in
on a ſhelf at a confiderable diſtance, in a few days the Britiſh colonies : and certainly it deferves the at
had fo impregnated the berries, as to render them tention of the inhabitants of thofe colonies, to im
very difagreeable ; the fame alfo has happened by a prove this commodity to the utmoſt of their power ;
bottle of fpirits of wine ftanding in the fame cloſet and not to have fo much regard to the quantity, as
with Coffee and Tea, both which were in a few days to the quality of it ; for although the former may
fpoiled by it. Therefore from many experiments of appear to have the advantage of the latter in point of
this nature, which I have made with Coffee, it ap profit, yet the goodness of every commodity muft
pears to me that it ſhould never be brought over in always claim the prefence, and thereby will be
<. hips freighted with rum, nor fhould the berries be found of more lafting avantage to the cultivator.
laid to dry in the houſes where the fugars are boiled, COIX. Lin. Gen. Plant. 927. Lachryma Jobi. Tourn.
or the rum diftilled . I have alfo been informed by Inft. R. H. 531. tab. 306. Job's Tears.
a gentleman who has a very good eftate in Jamaica, The CHARACTERS are,
and who has lived many years in that ifland, that the It bath male and female flowers on the fame plant ; the
• planters frequently boil the Coffee berries before they male flowers are difpofed in a loofe fpike ; the chaff of
are dried. As this information comes from a gen thefe have two valves, inclofing two flowers, the valves
tleman of great ſkill and veracity, fo I cannot doubt are oblong and bearded ; the petal has two oval valves,
of the fact ; and if fo, this alone is fufficient to fpoil the length of the chaff, with narrow beards : thefe have
the beſt Coffee in the world ; fo that I am at a lofs to each three hairy ftamina, terminated by oblong four-cor
guefs the reafon for this practice, which, as it ap nered fummits. There are a few female flowersfituated
pears to me, can only be intended to increaſe the
at the bafe of the male spike in the fame plant, thefe have
weight, therefore mult be imputed to avarice, the bivalvular chaff; the valves are roundish, thick, and
bane of every public good. Smooth the petal hath two oval valves, the outer being
There was fome time paft an imperfect account larger and bearded at both ends. They have aſmall oval
printed in the papers, of the caufe why the American germen, fupporting a fhort style divided into two parts,
Coffee was not fo good as that which comes from crowned by two hornedftigmas which are longer than the
Arabia , in which it is fuppofed, that the goodneſs of flower, and covered withfine hairs ; the germen afterward
the latter proceeded from the length of time which becomes a hard, roundish, smooth feed.
the berries had been kept : therefore the author pro This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection
pofes that the American Coffee berries fhould be of Linnæus's twenty-firft clafs, intitled Monccia
many years kept, which he fays will render them Triandria. The plants of this clafs have male and
equally good. This is contrary to all the experience female flowers on the fame plant, and the flowers of
I have had, or can learn, from thoſe who have feen this fection have three ftamina.
the whole progrefs of Coffee in Arabia, with their The SPECIES are,
manner of drying and packing it to fend abroad ; for 1. Coix (Lachryma Fobi) feminibus ovatis. Hort. Cliff.
two gentlemen who had lived there fome years af 434. Coix with oval feeds. Lachryma Jobi. Cluſ. Hiſt.
fured me, that the berries, when firſt gathered , were P. 2. Job's Tears.
much better than thoſe which are kept any time. 2. Coix ( Angulatis ) feminibus angulatis. Hort. Cliff.
And a curious gentleman who refided in Barbadoes 438. Coix with angular feeds. Lachryma Jobi Ameri
two years, alfo told me, that he never drank better cana altiffima, Arundinis folio & facie. Plum . Cat.
Coffee in any part of the world , than what he made The firſt fort grows naturally in the iſlands of the
from the fresh berries which he gathered himſelf, Archipelago, and is frequently cultivated in Spain
and roafted as he had occafion for them ; which is and Portugal, where the poor inhabitants grind the
alfo confirmed by the trials which have been made grain to flour in a ſcarcity of corn, and make a coarſe
with the berries which grow in the ftoves in England, fort of bread of it.
which make a better flavoured liquor, than the beſt This is an annual plant, which feldom ripen its feeds
Arabian Coffee berries which can be procured in in England, unleſs the feafon proves very warm ;
England ; therefore I wifh thofe who are inclinable from a thick fibrous root is fent out two or three
to cultivate thefe trees in America, would make jointed ftalks, which rife near three feet high, gar
nifhed

い
 COL COL

nifhed with fingle, long, narrow leaves at each joint, are frequently propagated by florifts . Thefe are
refembling thofe of the Reed , at the baſe ofthe leaves moft of them feminal variations from the first fort.

come out the fpikes of flowers, ftanding on fhort The moſt common Meadow Saffron hath a purplish
flower.
foot-ftalks ; thefe fpikes are compofed of male flow
ers only, and below them is fituated one or two fe The Meadow Saffron with white flowers.
male flowers ; the male flowers decay foon after they Meadow Saffron with ſtriped flowers.
have ſhed their farina ; but the germen of the female Broad-leaved Meadow Saffron.
flowers fwell to a large oval feed, which is hard , 1 Striped-leaved Meadow Saffron .
fmooth, and of a gray colour, greatly refembling the Many flowered Meadow Saffron.
feeds of Gromwel, from whence this plant has been Meadow Saffron with double purplish flowers.
by feveral writers titled Lithofpermum . Meadow Saffron with double white flowers.
Thofe who are defirous to cultivate this plant in Meadow Saffron with many white flowers.
England, may procure the feeds from Portugal, thefe The firſt fort grows naturally both in the weft and
fhould be fown on a moderate hot-bed in the ſpring, north of England. I have obferved it in great plenty
to bring the plants forward, and afterward tranfplant in the meadows near Caftle Bromwich, in Warwick
them on a warm border, allowing each two feet room fhire, in the beginning of September. The country
at leaſt, and when the plants have taken root, they people call the flowers Naked Ladies, becauſe they
will require no farther care, but to keep them clean come up naked, without any leaves or cover. This
from weeds. Thefe will flower about Midfummer, hath a bulbous root, about the fize and fhape of
and in warm feafons, the feeds will ripen at Mi thofe of the Tulip, but not fo fharp-pointed at the
chaelmas. There is a variety of this with much top, the ſkins or cover is alfo of a darker colour.
broader leaves, which I received from Smyrna fome Theſe bulbs are renewed every year, for thoſe which
years paft, which did not perfect feeds here, fo I produce the flowers decay, and new roots are formed
cannot fay whether it is only a variety, or a different above. The flowers come out in autumn ; thefe
fort from this. arife with long flender tubes from the root, about
The fecond fort will grow to the height of feven or four inches high, fhaped like thofe of the Saffron,
eight feet, and the ſtems become hard, like the Reed, but larger ; they are of a pale purple colour, and
or Indian Corn : thefe branch out, and produce fe divided into fix parts at the top, which ſtand erect ;
veral fpikes of flowers ; but this fort will not live in the number of flowers is generally in proportion to
the open air in England, therefore ſhould be plunged the fize of the roots, from two to feven or eight : in
into the bark-ftove, where it will live through the March the green leaves appear, thefe are commonly
winter, and produce ripe feeds the fecond year ; and four to a full grown root ; they are folded over each
may be continued longer, if defired . other below, but ſpread open above ground, ftanding
COLCHICUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 415. Tourn. croſs-ways : they are of a deep green, and when
Inft. R. H. 348. tab. 181, 182. [So called from Col fully grown, are five or fix inches long, and one and
chos, a province of the Levant (now called Mingre a half broad. The feed-veffel comes out from be
lia, becauſe this plant was formerly very common in tween the leaves in April, and the feeds ripen in May,
that place. ] Meadow Saffron. foon after which the leaves decay.
The CHARACTERS are, The other varieties of this, are fuppofed to have ac
The flower bath neither empalement or fpatha ; it hath cidentally rifen from the feeds of this ; fo that thofe
one petal, rifing with an angular tube from the root, who are defirous to obtain a variety of theſe flowers,
which is divided at the top into fix oval, concave, erect fhould propagate them from feeds, by which method
*Segments ; it bath fix ftamina which are shorter than the there may be a greater variety raiſed.
petal, terminated by oblong fummits having four valves. The fecond fort grows naturally on the mountains in
Thegermenisfituated in the root, fupporting three flender Spain and Portugal . This hath a ſmaller root than
Styles the length of the ftamina, crowned by reflexed chan the firſt, and a darker coat ; the flowers appear in
nelled ftigmas ; the germen afterward becomes a capfule Auguft or September ; thefe are cut into fix long
with three lobes, having a feam on the infide, dividing narrow fegments, of a reddiſh purple colour, having
it into three cells, which contain feveral roundifh rough fix yellow ftamina. The leaves of this fort come up
feeds. foon after the flowers decay, and continue green all
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection the winter, like the Saffron ; thefe are long, narrow,
of Linnæus's fixth clafs, intitled Hexandria Trigynia, and ſpread on the ground ; in June thefe decay like
the flower having fix ftamina and three ſtyles. the first fort.
The SPECIES are , The third and fourth forts grow naturally in the Le
1. COLCHICUM (Autumnale) foliis planis lanceolatis , vant, but are commonly cultivated in the Engliſh
erectis . Hort. Cliff. 140. Colchicum with plain, erect, gardens. Thefe flower at the fame time as the firſt
fpear-shaped leaves. Colchicum commune. C. B. P. fort, and the green leaves come up in the fpring. The
67. Common Meadow Saffron. root of one of thefe fpecies, is fuppofed to be the Her
2. COLCHICUM (Montanum ) foliis linearibus, patentiffi modactyl of the ſhops.
mis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 342. Meadow Saffron with very Theſe are all very pretty varieties for a flower-garden,
narrow spreading leaves. Colchicum Montanum an producing their flowers in autumn, when few other
guftifolium. C. B. P. 68. Narrow - leaved Mountain plants are in beauty ; and are therefore, by fome,
Meadow Saffron. called Naked Ladies. The green leaves come up
3 . COLCHICUM (Variegatum ) foliis undulatis patentibus. in the fpring, which are extended to a great length
Hort. Cliff. 140. Meadow Saffron with wavedspreading in May, then the green leaves begin to decay ; foon
leaves. Colchicum Chionenfe, floribus fritillaria after which time, is the proper feafon to tranfplant
inftar teffulatis, foliis undulatis . Mor. Hift. 2. p. 341 . their roots ; for if they are fuffered to remain in the
Meadow Saffron of Chios, with chequered flowers like ground till Auguft, they will fend forth freſh fibres ;
Fritillary, and waved leaves. after which time it will be too late to remove them.
COLCHICUM (Teffulatum) foliis planis patentibus . Col The roots may be kept above ground until the be
chicum with plainfpreading leaves. Colchicum floribus ginning of Auguft ; at which time, if they are not
fritillariæ inftar teffulatis, foliis planis. Mor. Hift. 2 . planted, they will produce their flowers as they lie
P. 341. Meadow Saffron, with chequered flowers like out of the ground, but this will greatly weaken
Fritillary, and plain leaves. their roots. The manner of planting their roots being
There is a greater variety of thefe flowers than any the fame as TULIPS, &c. I fhall forbear mentioning
here enumerated, which differ in the colour of their it here, referring the reader to that article : and alfo
flowers, and other little accidents, which are not for fowing the feeds, by which means new varieties
lafting, fo muft not be ranged as diftinct fpecies. may be obtained, I fhall refer to the article XI
But as many of them are cultivated in flower-gardens, PHION ; where will be proper directions for this
I fhall beg leave to mention thofe varieties, which work.
4 A COLD
 COL COL

COLD fignifies fomething devoid of heat, or which rous body have its interftices filled with water, and
does not contain in it any particles of fire ; according this be too much dilated by freezing, the including
to which definition, cold is a mere negative term. body will be burft. And thus it is that cold. proves
And this is agreeable to the fentiments of moſt of deftructive to the parts of fome plants : as it happened
our modern philofophers, who fuppofe cold to confiſt in the winters, anno 1728 , and 1739-40 , in feveral
in a mere privation or diminution of heat. trees, whofe trunks were much expoſed to the fouth
Others much on the fame principle, define cold, to weft, the fap being thereby rarefied by the warmth
be that ftate of the minute parts of a body, wherein of the fun, which, for feveral days, at the beginning
they are agitated more flowly and faintly than thofe of the fevere froft, fhone with an uncommon heat,
of the organs of feeling. And in this fenfe, cold is and the nights coming on to extreme cold, whereby
a mere term of relation : and hence the fame body the rarefied fap was fo fuddenly condenſed, that the
becomes liable to be perceived hot or cold, as the fap-veffels could not contain it, and thereby burſt off
particles of it are in greater or leffer degree of motion the bark of many trees almoft from top to bottom ;
than thofe of the fenfible organ. and this chiefly on the fouth-weft fide of the trees ;
Heat is fuppofed to confift in a particular motion of as it did of feveral large trees in the phyfic-garden
the parts of the body ; and hence the nature of cold, at Chelſea ; and feveral Pear, and other fruit-trees,
which is its oppofite, is eaſily deducible ; for we find in the nurſeries of Mr. Francis Hunt at Putney, &c.
that cold extinguiſhes, or rather abates heat. Whence And thus it is that great quantities of trees are ren
it feems to follow, that thoſe bodies are cold, which dered fhaken, and the timber, when cut, of little
check and reftrain the motion of the particles, wherein value ; which is generally the cafe in very fevere
heat confifts . winters. In the hard froft of the year 1739-40, there
There are three kinds of bodies that can do this ; was great damage done to the Oak-timber in moſt
viz. either thoſe whofe particles are perfectly at reft ; parts of England, by the froft penetrating to the ſap
or thoſe whofe particles are indeed agitated, but with veffels of the trees ; and by freezing the fap, the
lefs violence than thoſe of the hot body to which veffels could not contain it, but burſt with great
they are applied ; or, laftly, fuch whofe particles noife ; fo that the woods refounded with a noiſe fome
have a motion proper for exciting the fenfation of what like the breaking down of the branches of trees,
heat, but move with a different determination, fo as when they are lopping.
to retard and change the motion of the particles of Dr. Boerhaave fays, That there is no fuch thingin
the organ. all nature as abfolute cold ; that the moſt ſevere he
Hence three different kinds of cold , or cold bodies, had ever known, was in the year 1728, that then the
do proceed . water would freeze while it ran down his hand ; and
Theft, That cold is common to all hard bodies ; yet even then the cold was not fo complete, but that
which confifts in the reft of their parts. he could make an artificial cold greater by twelve
The 2d is, That which rifes from plunging any part degrees.
of the body in water ; which confifts in this, that the Though much might be faid as to the effects of cold
parts of our præcordia, being more briſkly agitated on plants, I fhall only conclude with an obſervation
than thofe of the fluid, communicate part of their of the Reverend Dr. Hales, who, in the conclufion
motion to it. of his excellent treatife of Vegetable Statics, fays ;
The 3d, The cold felt on the collection of warm air The confiderable quantity of moiſture, which is per
with a pan, or in blowing hot breath out of our mouth fpired from the branches of trees during the cold
with the lips clofe fhut ; which confifts in this, that winter feafon, plainly fhews the reaſon why, in a long
the direct motion of the particles of air does, in fome feafon of cold north- easterly winds, the bloffoms, and
meafure, change and rebate the motion and determi tender young-fet fruit and leaves, are, in the early
nation of the parts of the body and hence it is, fpring, fo frequently blafted, viz. by having the
that a cold body cannot cool another without heating moiſture exhaled fafter than can be fupplied from
itſelf. the trees ; for, doubtlefs, moiſture rifes flower from
Hence alfo it proceeds, that the more the parts of a the root, the colder the feafon is, though it rifes, in
frigid body are at reft, the more the particles of a ſome degree , all the winter ; as is evident, as he ſays,
warm body that is applied to heat them, muſt loſe of from his fixteenth experiment in the ſaid book.
their motion, and confequently of their heat. And from the fame cauſe it is, that the leafy fpires
Thus, there being more quiefcent parts in marble of Corn are by theſe cold drying winds often faded,
than in wood, which is full of pores and interſtices , and turned yellow ; which makes the huſbandman,
the marble is felt colder than the wood : and hence on theſe occafions, wiſh for fnow : which, though it
alfo we may underſtand why air near marble, and be very cold, yet it not only defends the root from
other denfe bodies, feels fomewhat colder than in being frozen, but alfo fcreens the Corn from theſe
other places . drying winds, and keeps it in a moift, florid, fupple
On this principle the two latter kinds of cold appear ftate.
fomewhat more than privations : the particles in It ſeems therefore to be a reaſonable direction , which
ducing the cold may be eſteemed real frigorific cor ſome authors, who write on agriculture and gardening
pufcles ; and coldness may be deemed a real quality, give, viz. During theſe cold drying winds, when
as well as hotnefs. Thefe particles do not only check little dew falls, to water the trees in dry foils, in the
the agitation of thofe continually diffufed from the bloffoming feaſon, and while the young-fet fruit is
inner parts of an animal to the outer ; but having an tender ; and provided there is no immediate danger
claftic power, they bend, and hang about the fila of a froſt, or in cafe of continued froft, to take care
ments of the body, pinch and ſqueeze them ; and to cover the trees well, and at the fame time to
hence is that acute pungent fenfation called cold . ſprinkle them with water ; which is imitating na
That cold is more than a mere relation or compariſon , ture's method of watering every part .
is evident from its having real and pofitive effects ; As to floping ſhelters over wall-trees he fays ; I have
fuch as freezing, congelation, condenfation, rarefac often found, that when they are fo broad, as to pre
tion, burfting, &c. vent any rain or dew coming at the trees, they do
Dr. Clarke takes cold to be owing to certain nitrous more harm than good in thefe long eaſterly drying
and other faline particles, endued with particular fi winds, becauſe they prevent the rain and dews falling
gures proper to produce fuch effects. Hence fal - ar on them ; which would not only refreſh and ſupple
moniac, falt petre, falt of urine, and many other them, but alſo nourish them : but in cafe of fharp
volatile and alkalizate falts, mixed with water, in froft after a fhower of rain, theſe ſhelters and other
creafe its degree of cold very fenfibly. fences muft needs be of excellent ufe to prevent the
Hence allo comes that popular obſervation , that cold almoſt total deſtruction occafioned by the freezing of
prevents corruption ; which, however, muft not be the tender parts of vegetables, when they are fa
admitted without an exception ; fince if an hard po turated with moisture.
1 COLDENIA .
 COL COL

COLDENIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 159. This plant We have but one SPECIES of this plant, viz.
was fo titled by Dr. Linnæus, in honour of Dr. Col COLLINSONIA (Canadenfis) foliis cordatis oppofitis . Col
den, of North America, who is a very curious bo -haped leaves growing oppofite.
linfonia with heart s
tanift, and has difcovered feveral new plants which This plant was brought from Maryland, where it
were not known before. grows wild, as it alfo does in many other parts of
The CHARACTERS are, North America, by the fides of ditches, and in low
The empalement of the flower is compofed of four erect moift ground, where it ufually rifes to the height of
leaves, which are as long as the petal. It bath a funnel four or five feet ; but in England it feldom grows
fhaped flower of one petal, spreading at the top, and ob above three feet high, and unleſs it be planted in a
tufe ; it hath four ftamina, which are inferted in the tube moiſt warm fituation, or in dry weather is duly wa
of the petal, terminated by roundish fummits. In the cen tered, it rarely flowers well ; therefore many people
ter is fituatedfour oval germen, each ſupporting a hairy keep the plants in large pots, for the more convenient
fiyle the length of theftamina, crowned by permanent ftig watering them, but thefe plants feldom produce
mas. The germen afterward become an oval, compreffed, good feeds ; whereas thoſe which are planted in the
rough fruit, with four cells, terminated by four beaks, full ground, and are conftantly watered, will ripen
inclofed by the empalement, each of the cells containing a. feeds very well in good feaſons .
fingle feed, convex on onefide, and angular on the other. This hath a perennial root. The ftalks decay in the
This genus of plants is ranged in the third ſection . autumn, and freſh fhoots come out in the fpring.
of Linnæus's fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Te The ſtalks are fquare, garniſhed with heart-shaped
tragynia, the flower having four ſtamina and four leaves, placed oppofite, which are fawed on their
ſtyles. edges. The flowers are produced at the extremity of
There is but one SPECIES of this genus, viz. the ſtalks in looſe ſpikes ; theſe have long tubes, and
COLDENIA (Procumbens ) . Flor. Zeyl. 79. This is by are divided into five parts at the top ; they are of a
Dr. Pluknet titled, Teucrii facie bifnagarica tetra purplish yellow, and the lower fegment is terminated
coccos roftrata. Alm . 363. by long hairs. The flowers appear in July , and the
This is a native of India, from whence the feeds feeds ripen in autumn.
have been brought to fome of the curious botanic This plant may be eaſily propagated by parting the
gardens. It was fent me by Dr. Linnæus, profeffor roots in October. Thefe roots fhould be planted at
of botany at Upfal in Sweden. It is an annual plant, three feet diſtance, for they require much nouriſh
' whofe branches trail on the ground ; they extend near ment, otherwiſe they will not thrive. This plant
a foot from the root, and divide into many fmaller will live in the open ground, if it is planted in a ſhel
branches, garniſhed with fhort leaves, fitting cloſe tered fituation.
to them ; theſe are deeply crenated on their edges, COLOCASIA. See ARUM .
and have ſeveral longitudinal veins ; they are of a COLOCYNTHIS. See CUCURBITA.
glaucous colour, and come out without order. The COLUMBINE . See AQUILEGIA.
flowers are produced at the wings of the leaves, COLUMNEA.
COLUMNEA. Plum. Nov. Gen. 28. tab . 33 .
growing in fmall clufters ; theſe have one funnel Lin. Gen. Plant. 710. The title of this genus was
fhaped petal cut into four ſegments at the top ; they given to it by Plumier, in honour of Fabius Columna,
are of a pale blue colour, and very fmall ; they have a nobleman of Rome, who has publiſhed two curious
four ſtamina and four ſtyles, having hairy ftigmas. books of botany .
When the flower decays, the germen becomes a fruit, The CHARACTERS are,
compoſed of four cells, wrapped up in the empale The flower bath a permanent empalement of one leaf, cut
ment, each containing a ſingle feed. intofive parts at the top ; it hath one petal, of the (rin
This plant is propagated by feeds, which muſt be gent) or grinning kind, having a long felling tube, di
fown upon a hot-bed in the fpring ; and when the vided above into two lips, the upper being erect, concave,
plants are fit to remove, they fhould be each put into and entire ; the lower is divided into three parts which
a feparate ſmall pot, plunged into a hot-bed of tan Spread open : it bath four ftamina, two being longer than
ners bark, obferving to fhade them till they have the other; thefe are inclofed in the upper lip, and are ter
taken freſh root ; after which they ſhould have air minated byfingle fummits. In the center is fituated the
admitted to them every day in proportion to the roundish germen, Supporting aflender ſtyle, crowned by a
warmth of the ſeaſon, and gently watered two or three bifid acute ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a
times a week in warm weather, but they muſt not globular berry with two cells, fitting on the empale
have too much moiſture. Theſe plants muſt remain ment, and is of the fame magnitude, containingfeveralob
in the hot-bed, where they will flower in June, and long feeds.
the feeds will ripen in September. This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
COLEWORTS. See BRASSICA. of Linnæus's fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia
COLLINSONIA . Lin. Gen. Plant. 38. The title Angiofpermia. The flowers of this clafs have two
of this plant was given to it by Dr. Linnæus, in ho long and two ſhort ſtamina, and thoſe of this ſection
nour of Mr. Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. a moft diftin have their feeds incloſed in a capfule.
guiſhed promoter of botanical ſtudies, and the firſt We have but one SPECIES of this plant in the Eng
who introduced this plant, among many others, to liſh gardens, viz.
the Engliſh gardens. COLUMNEA (Scandens). Lin. Sp . Plant. 638. Columnea
The CHARACTERS are, fcandens, Phoeniceo flore, fructu albo . " Plum. Nov.
The flower bath a permanent empalement of one leaf, Gen. 28. Climbing Columnea with a Scarletflower and a
cut into five equal fegments at the top, the three upper white fruit. Plumier mentions a variety of this, with
being reflected, and the two under erect. The flower is a yellowiſh flower and a white fruit. But this is only
funnel fhaped, of one petal which is unequal, and much a feminal variation fuppofed to have accidentally rifen
longer than the empalement, cut into five parts at the from the feeds of the firſt.
top, the upper being short and obtufe, two of them being I received feeds of the ſcarlet fort from Carthagena in
reflexed ; the lower lip or beard is longer, ending in many New Spain, where the plants grew naturally. This
points. It bath two long briftly flamina which are erect, hath a climbing ſtalk, which faftens itſelf to the neigh
terminated by incumbent fummits. It hath a quadrifid ob bouring plants, whereby it is fupported . The leaves
tufe germen, with a large gland, fupporting a briſtly ſtyle are oval, fawed on their edges, and ftand upon fhort
the length of the ftamina, crowned by a pointed bifid ftig foot-ftalks ; theſe, and alſo the ſtalks, are very hairy ;
ma. Thegermen afterward becomes afingle roundish feed, but the plants decayed the following year, before they
fituated in the bottom of the empalement. produced any flowers, fo that I can give no defcrip
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fec tion of them .
tion of Linnæus's fecond clafs, intitled Diandria Theſe plants are natives of the warmest parts of A
Monogynia, the flower having two ftamina and one merica, fo are too tender to live in England, unleſs
style. they are preſerved in the ftove; they are propagated
by
‫ته‬

COL COL

by feeds, which must be fown in a good hot-bed ; flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen in au
and when the plants come up, they must be treated tumn. There is a variety of this with reddish pods,
in the fame way as other tender exotic plants which which is equally common in the gardens, and is fup
are kept in the bark -ftove . pofed to be only an accidental variety, for the plants
COLUTEA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 649. tab. 417. do not differ in any other part.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 776. Bladder Sena. The feeds of the fecond fort were brought from the
The CHARACTERS are , Levant by the Reverend Dr. Pocock , which fucceed
It hath a bell-
shaped permanent empalement of one leaf, ed in the garden at Chelfea ; and fince Dr. Ruffel,
indented in five parts. The flower is of the butterfly who 'refided many years at Aleppo, brought over
kind. Theftandard, wings, and keel, vary in their fi dried famples of this fort, which he affures me grow
gure in different fpecies. It bath ten flamina, nine of common near that city. This fort feldom grows
which are joined, the other fands feparate, which are more than fix or feven feet high ; the branches are
terminated byfingle fummits. In the center is fituated an very ſlender, and ſpread out on every fide, garniſhed
oblong germen, which is compreffed, fupporting a rifing with winged leaves, compofed of nine pair of fmall,
Style, crowned by a bearded line, extended from the mid oval, entire lobes, terminated by an odd one ; the
dle ofthe upper part of the style. The germen afterward flowers ftand upon flender foot-ftalks, about the fame
becomes a broadfwollen pod with one cell, including feve length of the former. The flowers are alfo like
ral kidney-shaped feeds. thofe , but are of a brighter yellow. This fort begins
This genus of plants is ranged in Linnæus's third to flower early in May, and continues flowering till
fection of his feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia the middle of October.
Decandria. The flowers of this clafs have ten fta The third fort was diſcovered by Dr. Tournefort in
mina, nine of which are joined, and the tenth ſtands the Levant, from whence he fent the feeds to the
feparate. royal garden at Paris, where they fucceeded, and
The SPECIES are, fince have been communicated to moft of the curious
1. COLUTEA (Arborescens ) arborea, foliolis obcordatis . gardens in Europe. This hath a woody ftem , which
Hort. Cliff. 365. Tree Bladder Sena with heart-shaped fends out many branches on every fide, which do not
1 lobes. Colutea veficaria . C. B. P. 396. Common Blad rife above feven or eight feet high ; thefe are not fo
der Sena. ftrong as thofe of the firft fort, and are garnifhed
2. COLUTEA ( Iftria) foliolis ovatis, integerrimis, caule with winged leaves, compofed of five or fix pair of
fruticofo. Shrubby Bladder Sena with eval leaves which fmall heart-shaped lobes, terminated by an odd one.
are entire. The flowers proceed from the fide of the branches,
3. COLUTLA (Orientalis) foliolis cordatis minoribus, ftanding upon foot- ftalks, each fuftaining two or
caule fruticofo. Bladder Sena with smaller heart -
shaped three flowers, fhaped like thofe of the first fort, but
leaves, and a fhrubby stalk. Colutea Orientalis flore fmaller ; they are of a dark red colour, marked with
fanguineâ coloris, luteâ maculâ notato. Tourn. Cor. yellow thefe appear in June, and the feeds ripen.
44. in autumn.
4. COLUTEA (Frutefcens) fruticofa foliolis ovato-oblon The fourth fort grows naturally in Æthiopia, from
gis. Hort. Cliff. 366. Shrubby Bladder Sena with oblong whence the feeds were brought to Europe. This
oval leaves. Colutea Æthiopica flore Phoeniceo, folio hath a weak fhrubby ftalk, which fends out fide
Barba Jovis. Breyn. Cent. 1. 73. Ethiopian Bladder branches, growing erect, garnished with equal winged
Sena with a fearlet flower. leaves, compofed of ten or twelve pair of fmall, oval,
5. COLUTEA (Americana) foliolis ovatis, emarginatis , oblong, hoary lobes. The flowers are produced at
leguminibus oblongis compreffis acuminatis , caule the upper part of the branches from the wings of the
arboreo. Bladder Sena with oval leaves indented at leaves, each foot-ftalk fuftaining three or four fcarlet
the top, oblong, compreſſed, pointed pods, and a tree flowers, which are longer than thofe of the other
like falk. Colutea Americana, veficulis oblongis forts, and are not reflexed ; theſe are fucceeded by
compreffis. Houft . MSS . American Bladder Sena inflated pods, containing one row of kidney-ſhaped
with oblong compreffed pods. Dr. Pluknet titles it Co feeds. The ufual time of this plant producing its
lutea Vera Crucis veficaria. Alm. 111. pl . 165. f. 3 . flowers is in June ; but when the feeds are fown early
Bladder Sena of Vera Cruz. in the fpring, the plants frequently flower the follow
6. COLUTEA (Herbacea) herbacea foliolis linearibus. ing autumn.
Hort. Upfal. 266. Herbaceous Bladder Sena with narrow The fifth fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz, in
leaves. Colutea Africana annua, foliolis parvis, mu New Spain, in the year 1730 , by the late Dr. Houf
cronatis , veficulis compreffis. Hort. Amft. 2. p. 87. toun. This hath a fhrubby ſtalk , which riſes to the
tab . 44 .
height of twelve or fourteen feet, fending out many
7. COLUTEA ( Procumbens) caulibus procumbentibus, fo branches, garniſhed with winged leaves, compofed of
liolis ovato-linearibus, tomentofis, floribus alaribus three pair of oval lobes , terminated by an odd one ;
pedunculis longiffimis . Bladder Sena with trailing theſe are indented at the top , and are of a light green.
talks, oval narrow leaves which are woolly, andflowers The flowers are of a bright yellow, and ſtand two or
growingfrom the fides of the ftalks, with very long foot three upon each foot-ftalk, and are fucceeded by
Stalks. compreffed winged pods near four inches long, which
The first fort is commonly cultivated in the nurſery end in long points .
gardens, as a flowering fhrub, to adorn plantations. The fixth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
This grows naturally in Auftria, in the fouth of Hope. This is an annual plant of little beauty, fo
France and Italy, from whence the feeds were origi is rarely cultivated but in botanic gardens for the
nally brought to England ; this hath feveral woody fake of variety. It rifes with a flender herbaceous
ftems, which grow to the height of twelve or fourteen ftalk about a foot and a half high, dividing upward
feet, fending out many woody branches, garniſhed into three or four branches, garnished with winged
with winged leaves, compofed of four or five pair leaves, compofed of five or fix pair of very narrow
of oval lobes, placed oppofite, terminated by an odd lobes an inch long, which are a little hoary . The
one ; thefe are indented at the top in form of a heart, flowers are ſmall, of a purplish colour, ſtanding
and are of a grayish colour. The flowers come out three together on flender foot- ftalks, which are fuc
from the wings of the leaves upon flender foot-ftalks , ceeded by flat oval pods, each containing two or
about two inches long, each fuftaining two or three three kidney- fhaped feeds. It flowers in July, and
flowers of the butterfly kind, whofe ftandard is re the feeds ripen in autumn, and the plant decays foon
after.
flexed and large. The flowers are yellow, with a
dark-coloured mark on the petal ; thefe are fucceed The feeds ofthe feventh fort were fent me from the
ed by inflated pods an inch and a half long, having Cape of Good Hope, in 1753, which have fucceeded
a feam on the upper fide, containing a fingle row of in the garden at Chelfea. This plant hath many flen
kidney-shaped feeds, faftened to a placenta. This der ligneous ftalks, which trail on the ground, and
6 are
 COL сом

are divided into many fmaller branches, garniſhed hot-bed in the fpring, whereby they bring their plants
with winged leaves, compofed of twelve or fourteen fo forward as to flower in July, whereby the feeds are
pair of fmall, narrow, oval lobes, terminated by, an generally perfected from thefe plants . When the
odd one ; theſe, and alfo the ftalks, are covered with plants are tranfplanted, it fhould always be done
a whitiſh down. The flowers are very fmall, of a while they are young, for they do not bear removing
purple colour, and ſtand upon very long flender foot when they are large. This fort will fometimes live
ftalks, each ſuſtaining three or four flowers ; theſe in the open air for three or four years, when they
are fucceeded by compreffed pods little more than ſtand in a well ſheltered fituation ; and thefe will grow
half an inch long, which are a little bent like a fickle, to have large heads, and make a very fine appearance
each containing a fingle row of fmall kidney-ſhaped when they are in flower ; they will alto continue much
feeds . It flowers in June and July, and the feeds longer in beauty than thofe plants which are treated
ripen in autumn. This is a perennial plant, which, more tenderly.
if ſheltered in the winter, will continue feveral years ; The fifth fort grows naturally in warm countries , fo
but the branches do not extend more than a foot in is too tender to thrive in the open air in England.
length, and unless they are fupported, always trail It is propagated by feeds, which must be fown on a
upon the ground. hot-bed in the fpring ; and when the plants are two
The three first mentioned forts are very hardy fhrubs, inches high, they fhould be each tranfplanted into a
which thrive in the open air extremely well, fo are ſeparate ſmall pot filled with light earth, and plunged
generally propagated for fale in the nurſery-gardens ; into a hot-bed of tanners bark, obferving to fhade'
but the first fort hath been longer in England , ſo them till they have taken fresh root ; after which
is more generally known and propagated than either they muſt be treated in the fame way as other plants
of the other, which have been but few years in the from the fame climate, always keeping them in a
English gardens, nor has the third fort been long ftove, which ſhould be of a moderate temperature
known in this country. This is not mentioned in any of heat.
of the botanic books ; but as the feeds ripen here The fixth fort is a low annual plant, which feldom
very well, in a few years it may be in as great plenty grows more than a foot and a half in height ; the
as the firſt fort. flowers being fmall, and having little beauty, it is
The three firſt forts are propagated byfowing theirfeeds feldom preſerved but in botanic gardens. The feeds
any timein the ſpring, in a bed of common earth ; and of this fort must be fown upon a moderate hot-bed in
when the plants are come up, they muſt be kept the ſpring, and the plants muſt be planted into ſmall
clear from weeds ; and the Michaelmas following pots, and brought forward in another hot-bed . In
they ſhould be tranſplanted either into nurſery rows, July they will flower, when they may be expofed in
or in the places where they are defigned to remain ; the open air, in a warm fituation, where the feeds
for if they are let grow in the feed-bed too long, will ripen in September, and the plants will foon af
they are very fubject to have downright tap-roots, ter decay.
which renders them unfit for tranfplantation ; nor The ſeventh fort may be raiſed on a moderate hot
fhould theſe trees be fuffered to remain too long in bed in the fpring, and afterward expofed to the open
the nurſery before they are tranfplanted, wheretheyare air in fummer ; but in winter they muſt be fheltered
to remain for the fame reaſon. under a frame, otherwife the froft will deftroy them.
The firſt fort will grow to the height of twelve or COLLIFLOWER. See BRASSICA .
fifteen feet, fo is very proper to intermix with trees COLUTEA SCORPIOIDES. See EMERUS .
of a middling growth in wildernefs quarters ; or in COMA AUREA. See CHRYSOCOMA.
clumps of flowering trees, where the oddneſs of their COMARUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 563. Pentaphylloi
flowers and pods will make a pretty variety, eſpe des. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 298. Marth Cinquefoil.
cially as thefe trees continue a long time in flower ; The CHARACTERS are,
for they ufually begin flowering by the end of May, The flower bath a large fpreading empalement of one leaf,
and from that time to September they are ſeldom divided into ten parts at the top, which is coloured. It
deftitute of flowers, but efpecially the fecond fort. bath five oblong petals, which are inferted in the empale
Theſe ſhrubs make great ſhoots annually, which are ment, but are much smaller. It bath twenty or more per
frequently broken down by ſtrong winds in the fum manent stamina, which are inferted into the empalement,
mer ; fo that if they are not ſheltered by other trees, terminated by moon-fhaped fummits. It bath a great
their branches fhould be fupported, otherwiſe they number offmall roundish germen collected into a head, bav
will be broken and ſplit off, whereby the trees will ing fhort fingle styles arifing from their fides, which are
be rendered unfightly. crowned byfingle ftigmas. The common receptacle after
The third fort does not grow fo tall as the common, " ward becomes a large fleshy fruit, having many pointed
but makes a more regular fhrub and is lefs liable to feeds adhering to it.
fplit. The flowers of this fort are of a duſky red colour, This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth fection of
fpotted with yellow, fo it makes a very pretty variety, Linnæus's twelfth clafs, intitled Icofandria Polygy
and is as hardy as the common fort, therefore may nia, the flower having many ftamina and a great num
be propagated by feeds inthe fame manner. ber of ftyles .
The fourth fort is tender, fo will not live through We know but one SPECIES of this genus, viz.
the winters (when they are fevere) in the open air in COMARUM (Paluftre). Fl. Lapp . 214. Pentaphylloides
England ; but in mild winters, if they are planted in paluftre rubrum. Inft. R. H. 298. Red Marfh Baftard
a dry foil and a warm fituation, they will thrive very Cinquefoil ; and the Quinquefolium paluftre rubrum.
well ; and thofe plants which live abroad will flower C. B. P. 326. Red Marfh Cinquefoil.
much ſtronger, and make a finer appearance, than There is another variety of this, which grows plen
thofe which are preferved in the green-houſe ; for tifully in Ireland, and alfo in feveral places in the
thefe plants require a large fhare of air, otherwiſe they north of England, from whence I have procured
are apt to draw up weak, fo feldom produce their many of the plants, which after one year's growth in
flowers in plenty ; therefore when any of the plants the garden, have been fo like the common fort, as
are ſheltered in winter, they muſt be placed as near not to be diftinguiſhed from it ; fo that the different
the window as poffible, that they may have all the appearance which it has in the places where it grows
advantages of air ; and in the fpring they muſt be noturally, may be fuppofed to arife from the foil and
hardened, to bear the open air as foon as poffible. fituation . This is by Dr. Plukenet titled Pentaphyl
This fort is propagated by feeds as the former. If lum paluftre rubrum, craffis & villofis foliis Sueci
the feeds are fown early in the fpring upon a warm cum & Hibernicum . Alm . 284. Red Marsh Cinquefoil
border of light earth, the plants will flower in Au of Sweden and Ireland, with thick and hairy leaves.
guft ; and, if the autumn proves favourable, they This plant hath creeping woody roots, which fend
will fometimes ripen their feeds very well ; but there out many black fibres, penetrating deep into the
are fome perfons who fow the feeds upon a moderate ground, from which arife many herbaceousftalks about
4 B twe
 COM COM

two feet high, which generally incline to the ground; Plant. 41. Commelina with unequal petals, finooth, fpear
theſe are garniſhed at each joint with one winged leaf, fhaped, obtufe leaves, and a creeping ftalk. Commelina
compofed of five , fix, or feven lobes, which rife procumbens, flore luteo . Prod. Leyd. 538 .
above each other, the middle being the largeft ; the 4. COMMELINA ( Tuberofa) corollis æqualibus foliis ovato
lower diminishing, and with their baſe embrace the lanceolatis, fubcilliatis. Hort. Upfal. 18. Commelina
ftalks ; thefe are deeply fawed on their edges, ſmooth with equal petals, and oval fpear -
shaped leaves, which are
above, of a light green, and hoary on their under bairy on their under fide. Commelina radice anacamp
fide. The flowers are produced at the top of the ferotidis. Hort. Elth. 94. tab . 79.

ftalks, three or four together on fhort foot-ftalks ; 5. COMMELINA ( Zanonia ) corollis æqualibus, pedun
thefe have a large fpreading empalement, which is culis incraffatis, foliis lanceolatis , vaginis laxis mar
red on the upper fide, and divided at the top into gine hirfutis bracteis geminis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 61 .
ten parts ; in the center fits the five petals, which are Commelina with equal petals, thick foot f-talks to the
red, and not more than a third part the fize of the flower, Spear-shaped leaves, a loofe hood, and double
empalement ; within thefe are fituated many germen, bractea. Zanonia graminea perfoliata. Plum. Nov.
attended by twenty or more ftamina, terminated by Gen. 38.
dark fummits. After the flower is paft, the recep There are fome other fpecies of this genus, but thofe
tacle which fits in the bottom of the empalement, which are here enumerated, are all that I have ſeen
becomes a fleshy fruit, fomewhat like a Strawberry, growing in the Engliſh gardens.
but flatter, including a great number of pointed The first fort grows naturally in the iſlands in the
feeds. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in Weft-Indies, and alfo in Africa ; this is an annual
autumn. plant, which hath feveral trailing ftalks, that put
As thefe plants are natives of bogs, they are with out roots at the joints, which ftrike into the ground;
difficulty preferved in gardens, for they muſt be at each joint is placed one oval fpear-fhaped leaf,
planted in a foil as near to that of their natural growth ending in a point, embracing the ſtalk with its baſe,
as poffible ; they are very apt to fpread much at the and hath feveral longitudinal veins : they are of a deep
root, when in a proper fituation : fo whoever is in green, and ſmooth. The flowers come out from the
clinable to preferve thefe plants, may remove them bofom of the leaves, included in a fpatha, which is
from the places of their growth in October ; and if compreffed and fhut up, each having two or three
they are planted on a bog, there will be no danger flowers, ftanding upon fhort foot-ftalks, compofed of
of the plants fucceeding. There are a few of theſe two large blue petals, and four fmall green ones,
plants now growing upon a bog at Hampſtead , which which have generally been termed the empalement
were planted there fome years ago ; but the neareſt of the flower ; within thefe are fituated three nefta
place to London, where they grow wild in plenty, is riums, each having a flender ftamina fixed on the
in the meadows near Guilford in Surry. fide ; theſe furround the germen, which afterward be
COMMELIN A. Lin . Gen. Plant. 58. Plum . Nov. comes a roundish capfule having three cells, in each
Gen. 48. tab. 38. Zanonia. Plum . Nov. Gen. 38. tab. of thefe is lodged two angular feeds. It flowers in
38. This plant was fo called by father Plumier, from June and July, and the feeds ripen in autumn. This
Dr. Commeline, a famous profeffor of botany at Am plant was titled Ephemeron flore dipetalo, by fome
fterdam. of the older writers on botany.
The CHARACTERS are, The ſecond fort grows naturally in Penfylvania, from
It bath a permanent Spatha, which is large, heart-shaped, whence I received the feed ; this hath a perennial
compreffed, and fout together. The flower bath fix con root, compofed of many white fibres ; the ftalks rife a
cave petals, three or four of which are ſmall and oval, foot and a half high, are upright, rough, herbaceous,
(thefe are frequently taken for the empalement) the other and about the ſize of quills ; thefe have a fingle leaf
are large, roundish, and coloured. It hath three neƐta at each joint, fhaped like thofe of the first fort, and
riums, ( which have been ſuppoſed to be ſtamina ; ) theſe embrace the ftalks with their bafe ; the flowers come
have properstamina, which fit horizontal, and are ſhaped out from the bofom of the leaves at the upper part
like a crofs. There are three awl-shaped stamina , which of the ftalk, fitting upon fhort foot-ftalks ; they are
recline, and fit about thofe of the nectarium, which are of a pale bluish colour, and are fucceeded by feeds
as the firft fort. This flowers about the fame time
terminated by oval fummits. In the center is fituated a
roundish germen, fupporting a twining style, crowned by with the first, but the feeds do not often ripen in
fingle ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a naked England.
globular capfule, with three furrows, having three cells, The third fort grows naturally in Africa ; this hath
each containing two angular feeds. a fibrous root, which fends out many trailing ſtalks
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of three feet long, which fend out roots at every joint,
Linnæus's third clafs, intitled Triandria Monogynia, and from them many more fhoots are produced ; fo
the flower having three ftamina and one ftyle ; to that where the plants are in a proper degree of warmth,
this genus he has joined the Zanonia of Plumier, and have room to fpread, they will cover a large fur
which was feparated by that author from Commelina, face of ground. The leaves of this fort are very
becauſe the flower has three petals, and his Commelina like thofe of the firft, but the flowers are larger and
but two ; whereas the feveral fpecies of this genus of a deep yellow colour ; the petals of this are heart
moft of them differ in the number of their petals, fhaped, and the feed-veffels are larger. This flowers in
fome having two green, and four coloured petals, July, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
others are equal, and fome have four green, and but The fourth fort grows naturally near Old Vera Cruz
two coloured petals. in New Spain, from whence the feeds were fent me
1
The SPECIES are, by the late Dr. Houſtoun. This hath a thick fleſhy
1. COMMELINA (Communis) corollis inæqualibus, foliis root compofed of feveral tubers, fomewhat like thofe
ovato-lanceolatis , acutis, caule procumbente, glabro. of Ranunculus, feveral joining together at the top,
Hort. Upfal. 18. Commelina with unequal petals, oval, where they form a head, and diminiſh gradually
shaped, pointed leaves, and a fmooth trailingftalk.
Spear- downward ; from this arife one or two inclining ſtalks,
Commelina procumbens annua, faponariæ folio. Hort. which ſend out fide branches from their lower parts ;
Elth. 93. tab. 78. theſe are garniſhed with oval fpear-fhaped leaves, part
2. COMMELINA (Erecta) corollis inæqualibus, foliis of which have long foot-ftalks, the others embrace
• ovato-lanceolatis, caule erecto, fcabro, fimpliciffimo. the ſtalks with their bafe ; they have ſhort hairs on
Hort. Upfal. 18. Commelina with unequal petals, oval their under fide, and toward the ſtalk, but are fmooth
Spear-shaped leaves, and a fingle, upright, rough stalk. above, of a deep green colour, and cloſe every
Commelina erecta, ampliore fubcæruleo flore . Hort. evening, or in cold weather. The flowers are pro
Elth. 94. tab. 78. duced toward the upper part of the ftalks, from the
3. COMMELINA (Africana ) corollis inæqualibus, foliis bofom of the leaves, ftanding upon flender foot-ftalks ;
lanceolatis, glabris, obtufis, caule repente . Lin. Sp. thefe are compoſed of three blue petals which are
pretty
 COM COM

pretty large and roundish, and three fmaller which thick, keeping them hoed and weeded as often as
are green ; the feeds are like thofe of the other forts . there fhould be occafion.
It flowers in June, July, and Auguft, and the feeds Theſe compartments were much efteemed by the
ripen in autumn, foon after which the ftalks decay, French, whofe gardens were all laid out into feveral
but the roots may be preferved two or three years, if compartments, falons, boſquets , &c. after the manner
they are planted in a ftove in winter. of architects in buildings ; but thefe ftiff, unnatural
The fifth fort grows naturally in the Weft-Indies ; the gardens are now juftly exploded, and a much better
feeds of this were fent me from the island of Barbuda. tafte has of late prevailed in the Engliſh gardens.
This hath trailing ſtalks like the firft, which are gar COMPOSTS are fo called of compofta, or com
niſhed with narrow graffy leaves, embracing the pofita, Lat. compounds, or componere, Lat. to com
ftalks with their bafe ; the flowers are produced at the pound or mix and in hufbandry and gardening they
end of the ſtalks, upon thick foot-ſtalks, three flow fignify feveral forts of foils or earthy matter mixed
ers generally fitting on each. The flowers have three together, in order to make a manure for affifting the
equal large petals of a fky blue, and three fmaller natural earth in the work of vegetation, by way of
which are green. Theſe flower in July and Auguft, amendment or improvement.
but have not perfected feeds in England . Compoſts are various, and ought to be different, ac
All the forts are propagated by feeds ; the firft will cording to the different nature or quality of the foils
grow iffown in the full ground ; but if the feeds are which they are defigned to meliorate : and according
fown upon a warm border of light earth in autumn, as the land is either light, fandy, loofe, heavy, clayey,
the plants will rife early in the fpring ; fo from thefe or cloddy. A light loofe land requires a compoft of
goods feeds may be expected, if the feafon proves a heavy nature, as the fcouring of deep ditches,
favourable ; whereas thofe which are fown in the fpring, ponds, &c.
often lie long in the ground, fo rarely ripen their So on the other hand, a land that is heavy, clayey,
feed. Theſe plants have but little beauty, fo that or cloddy, requires a compoft of a more fprightly and
two or three of each fort, is as many as moft people fiery nature, that will infinuate itſelf into the lumpish
chooſe to have ; therefore if the feeds are fown in clods ; which if they were not thus managed, would
autumn where the plants are defigned to remain, or very much obftruct the work of vegetation.
the feeds permitted to fcatter, the plants will require The great ufe of compofts is for fuch plants as are
no farther care, but to keep them clear from weeds. preferved in pots or tubs ; or in fmall beds or borders
The ſecond fort hath a perennial root ; this feldom of flower gardens ; which is what I fhall here men
ripens feeds in England, but the roots ſend out off tion, and fhall treat of thofe compofts or dreffings,
fets, by which the plant is eafily propagated . But it which are uſed in gardens and fields, under the ar
is too tender to live in the full ground in winter, un ticles of DUNG and MANURE.
lefs it has a warm fheltered fituation ; therefore As fome plants delight in a rich light foil, others in
fhould be planted in pots, and fheltered under a a poor fandy foil, and fome in a loamy foil ; fo there
common frame in winter, and expofed abroad in ſum fhould be different compofts prepared, in all thoſe
mer; the beſt time to tranfplant and part theſe roots gardens, where a great variety of plants are culti
is about the end of March. vated and this is much more neceflary in countries
The other forts are tender, fo their feeds must be at a great distance from London, than in the neigh
fown on a moderate hot-bed in the fpring, and when bourhood of it, becauſe there is fo great variety of
the plants are two inches high, they ſhould be tranf lands, within ten miles round London, which have
planted to a freſh hot-bed to bring the plants forward ; been fo long dreffed and cultivated, that a fupply of
when they have taken freſh root, they fhould have earth fit for all forts of plants, may be eafily pro
a large fhare of frefh air admitted to them every day cured ; but in fome places which are at a diſtance
in warm weather, to prevent their growing weak ; and from large towns, it is very difficult to procure a
in June thefe may be carefully taken up, and tranf quantity of earth proper for the choicer forts of flow
planted on a warm border of light earth, obferving ers and plants ; therefore the compofts will require
to fhade them till they have taken freſh root ; after more care, and fhould be mixed a confiderable time
which they will require no other care, but to keep longer before they are ufed ; that they may have the
them clean from weeds. With this management the advantage of heat and cold, to meliorate and improve
plants will flower and produce good feeds. them ; and fhould be frequently turned over, that
The third and fourth forts may be continued, if they the parts may be well mixed and incorporated, and
are planted in pots, and in autumn placed in the the clods well broken and divided .
bark- ftove ; or if the roots of the fourth fort are taken Almoſt every one who hath written on this fubject,
out of the ground in autumn, and kept in a warm hath directed the procuring of the upper furface of
place in winter, they may be planted again in the earth from a pafture ground, as one of the princi
fpring, placing them on a hot-bed to forward their pal ingredients, in moft compofts for plants, which
fhooting, and theſe will produce ftronger plants than is certainly a very good one, provided it has time to
thoſe which riſe from feeds. meliorate before it is ufed ; for if this is mixed up
COMMONS and COMMON-FIELDS. See haftily, and put into pots or tubs, before it has had
LAND. a winter's froft, and fummer's heat, to loofen the
COMPARTMENTS are beds, plats, borders, parts effectually ; it will unite and cake together, fo
and walks, laid out according to the form of the " hard, as to ftarve the plants that are put into it. For
ground, and ingenuity ofthe artiſt, and depend more all earth when put into pots or tubs, is much more
on a good fancy than any rules. Thefe are diverfified apt to bind, than when it is in beds ; therefore fhould
in knots, flower-gardens, or parterres, of which there be in proportion made loofer, according to the nature
are great variety, and may be diverfified infinitely, of the plants for which it is defigned, than when it is
according to the fancy of the defigners. intended for beds or borders. So that if this earth
Plain compartments are pieces of ground divided into from a pafture, cannot be prepared and mixed at leaſt
equal fquares and flower-beds, marked out by, the one year before it is ufed, it will be much better to
line, of equal length and breadth. take the earth of a kitchen-garden which has been
Some perfons allow to thefe fquares, borders of two well wrought and dunged ; but this fhould be clear
feet in breadth, and not more, if the plat of ground from all roots of trees and bad weeds. If this earth
be fmall ; but if they be reaſonably large, three feet ; is well mixed with the other compoſts fix months, and
and they edge the borders with Box, or upright hardy often turned over, it will be fitter for pots and tubs,
Thyme, or fome other aromatic herbs or flowers, for than the other will in twice that time, as I have fre
the fake of the greater neatneſs . quently experienced, fo can write from knowledge,
And in order to preferve the paths and alleys of com not from theory. This earth being the principal in
partments firm, even, and durable, they lay them gredient in thofe compofts defigned for fuch plants as
with a coat of fand or gravel, two or three inches require arich foil , the next is tohave a quantity of very
3 rotten
 COM CON

rotten dung, from old hot-beds ; or for thoſe plants that the feveral parts are properly mixed together,
which delight in a cool foil, a quantity of rotten and not to have too much of any one fort thrown
neats dung is preferable. The proportion of this together ; therefore, when three or four feveral forts
must be according to the quality of the earth ; for if are to be mixed together, there fhould be a man or
that is poor, there fhould be one third part of dung, two placed to each fort, in proportion to the quantity
but if it be rich, a fourth part or lefs will be fufficient. of each ; for if two parts of any one fort are requifite
Thefe, when well incorporated and the parts divided, to be added, there fhould be two men put to that,
will require no other mixture, unleſs the earth is in and but one to each of the other : and theſe men
clinable to bind, in which cafe it will be proper to muſt be careful to ſpread each fort in fuch a manner
add fome fand or fea-coal afhes to it ; if fea-fand can over each other, as that they may be exactly mixed
be eafily procured, that is the beſt, the next to that together. Another thing which fhould be obferved
is drift-fand ; but that from pits is by no means proper. is, never to lay thefe compofts in too large heaps,
The proportion of this muſt be according to the na but rather continue them in length, laying them up
ture of the earth, for if that is ftiff, there muſt be a in a ridge, fo that the fun and air may more eafily
greater proportion ufed, but this fhould not exceed a penetrate through it : and, as thefe compofts fhould
fifth part, unless it is very ftrong, in which cafe it (if poffible) be made a year before they are ufed,
will require more, and a longer time to lie, and muſt that they may enjoy a fummer's fun, and winter's
be often turned over before it is uſed. froft, they fhould be frequently turned over, which
will prevent the growth of weeds, and expofe every
The next compoft, which is defigned for plants
which do not require fo good earth, and naturally part of the heaps equally to the fun and air, which is
grow on loofe foils, fhould be half of the before-men of great advantage to all forts of compofts ; for the
tioned earth from a pafture, or that from a kitchen more they are expofed to the influences of theſe,
garden ; and if thefe are inclinable to bind, there the better will the earth be prepared for vegetation,
fhould be a third part fand, and the other part rotten which is evinced by the fallowing of land, which,
tan, which will be of great ufe to keep the parts di when rightly managed, is equivalent to a dreffing.
2 COMPOUND FLOWERS are fuch as confift
vided, and let the moiſture pafs off.
The compofition for moſt of the fucculent plants, is of many florets, or femiflorets, or both together,
prepared with the following materials ; the earth from which are included in one common empalement, fo
a common, where it is light, taken on the furface , make up what is commonly called one whole flower.
one half, the other half fea or drift-fand, and old CONE. A cone is a hard, dry, feed-veffel of a co
lime-rubbiſh fcreened of equal parts ; thefe, well nical figure, confifting of feveral woody parts ; and
mixed and often turned over, I have found to anſwer is, for the moſt part fcaly, adhering clofely together,
better than any other compoft, for moſt of the very and feparating when ripe.
fucculent plants . CONIFEROUS-TREES are fuch as bear cones;
The other fort of compoft, which is defigned for as, the Cedar of Lebanon, Fir, Pine, &c.
plants that delight in a very loofe, light, rich earth ; CONIUM . Lin. Gen. Plant. 299. Cicuta. Tourn.
fhould be made of light earth taken from a kitchen Inft. R. H. 306. tab. 160. Hemlock.
garden, which has been well dunged, and thoroughly The CHARACTERS are,
wrought, like thoſe near London, one half ; of rotten It is an umbelliferous plant ; the general umbel is com
tanners bark one third, and the other part mud from pofed offeveralfmall ones termed rays, which spread open,
the fcouring of ditches, or from the bottoms of the rays or fmall umbels are alſo fpread in the like manner.
ponds, where the foil is fat : but this mud fhould lie Both thefe have involucrums, compofed ofmany short leaves.
expofed in fmall heaps a whole year, and often turned The petals of the greater umbel are uniform ; eachflower
over before it is mixed with the other, and afterward is compofed offive unequal heart s
-haped petals, which turn
frequently turned and mixed, for eight months or inward ; they have five ftamina, which are terminated by
a year before it is uſed. roundish fummits. The germen, which is fituated under
In all mixtures, where rotten wood may be required , the flower, fupports two reflexed ftyles, crowned by obtufe
if the rotten tanners bark, which is taken from old Stigmas. The germen afterward becomes a roundifo chan
hot-beds is uſed, that will anfwer every purpofe of nelled fruit, divided into two parts, containing two feeds,
the other ; and wherever fand is neceffary in any which are convex and furrowed on one fide, and plain on
the other.
compoft, the fea-fand fhould always be preferred to
all other, as it abounds with more falts ; but this This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection
fhould not be uſed freſh, becauſe the falts ſhould be of Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia,
expoſed to the air, which will loofen the particles, and the flowers having five ftamina and two ſtyles.
thereby render them better adapted for the nutriment The SPECIES are,
of vegetables . 1. CONIUM (Maculatum) feminibus ftriatis. Hort. Cliff.
There are ſome who have directed the uſe of rotten 92. Conium with ftriated feeds. Cicuta major. C. B. P.
leaves of vegetables, as an excellent ingredient in 160. Greater Hemlock.
moft compofts ; but from many years experience, I 2. CONIUM (Tenuifolium) feminibus ftriatis, foliolis te
can affirm , they are of little ufe, and contain the leaft nuioribus. Conium withftriatedfeeds and narrower leaves.
quantity of vegetable pafture, of any dreffing which Cicuta major, foliis tenuioribus. C. B. P. 160. Greater
is ufed. Others , who never have had any experience Hemlock with narrower leaves.
藁
in the culture of plants, have directed different com 3 . CONIUM ( Africanum ) feminibus aculeatis. Hort. Cliff.
pofts for almoft every plant ; and thefe compofts con 92. Hemlock with prickly feeds. Caucalis Africana,
lift of fuch a variety of ingredients, as greatly to re folio minore, Rute. Boerh. Ind. alt. Sp . 63.
femble the preſcriptions of a quack doctor ; for no The first fort grows naturally on the fide of banks
perfon who has been converfant in the buſineſs of and roads in many parts of England ; this is a bien
gardening, could be guilty of fuch grofs abfurdities : nial plant, which periſhes after it hath ripened feeds.
for it is well known, that a few different compoſts It hath a long taper root like a Parínep, but much
will be fufficient for all the known plants in the fmaller. The ſtalk is fmooth, fpotted with purple,
world. But thoſe who pretend to give direction for and rifes from four, to upwards of fix feet high,
the culture of plants from theory only, begin at the branching out toward the top into ſeveral ſmaller
wrong end, for the true knowledge of gardening or ſtalks, garniſhed with decompounded leaves, whofe
agriculture, muſt be from experience, and is not to lobes are cut at the top into three parts ; theſe are of
be obtained in a garret . a lucid green, and have a difagreeable fmell. The
The feveral forts of dreffing for land, will be par ftalks are terminated by umbels of white flowers,
ticularly treated under their refpective titles, and in each being compofed of about ten rays ( or fmall
general they will be mentioned under the article of umbels) and have a great number of flowers, which
DUNG and MANURE . fpread open, each fitting upon a diftinct foot- ftalk ;
In making of any compoft, great care fhould be had, the feeds are ſmall and channelled , and like thofe of
Anifeed .

1
 CON CON

Anifeed. It flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in it was formerly called Fools Parfley. This may be
autumn. diſtinguiſhed from Parfley, by the narrowness of the
The fecond fort differs from the firſt, in having taller fmall leaves, which are alfo more pointed, and of a
ftalks, which are not ſo much ſpotted. The leaves darker green. But thofe who are afraid of being de
are much narrower, and of a paler green ; and this ceived in this, fhould always ufe the curled Parſley,
difference is conftant, for I have cultivated it near which is fo different from this, that it cannot be
twenty years in the Chelſea garden, where it has not miftaken for it.
varied. The feeds were fent me from Germany, CONNARUS. Zeylon Sumach.
where it grows naturally. This is biennial as the The CHARACTERS are,
former. It bath a woolly erect empalement of one leaf, cut into five
The third fort grows naturally near the Cape of Good fegments, which is permanent, andfive fpear-shaped erect
Hope, in Africa, from whence the feeds were brought petals which are equal ; it has ten awl- shaped ftamina,
to Holland, where the plants have been preſerved in which are joined at their bafe, and are alternately long
fome of their curious gardens of plants. The feeds and fhort, terminated by roundish fummits, and a round
of this plant were fent me by the late Dr. Boerhaave, germen fupporting a cylindrical style, crowned by an ob
profeffor of Botany at Leyden. This plant rarely tufe ftigma ; the empalement afterward becomes an oblong
grows more than nine inches high ; the lower leaves gibbous capfule opening with two valves, having one cell,
are divided fomewhat like thofe of the fmall wild Rue, inclofing one large ovalfeed.
and are of a grayish colour ; thofe upon the ſtalk are This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond order of
much narrower, but of the fame colour ; theſe are Linnæus's fixteenth clafs, intitled Monodelphia De
terminated by umbels of white flowers, each of the candria, the flower having ten ftamina, which are
larger umbels being compofed of three fmall ones ; joined in one houſe.
the involucrum hath three narrow leaves, fituated We know but one SPECIES of this genus, viz.
under the umbel. This flowers in July, and ripens CONNARUS ( Monocarpos) . Flor. Zeyl. 248. One feeded
feed in autumn, foon after which the plants decay. Connarus. Rhus Zeylanicus trifoliatus, phafeoli facie,
The first fort grows wild in moſt parts of England, floribus copiofis fpicatis. Burn. Zeyl. 199. tab. 89.
fo is feldom allowed room in gardens, becauſe it is This plant grows naturally in India ; it rifes with a
fuppofed to have a poisonous quality ; fome phyficians ligneous ftalk eight or ten feet high, which is hard,
have affirmed that it is fo to all animals, while others rigid, and covered with a black bark, and divides
have affured us, that it is eaten by the inhabitants of upward into two or three branches, garniſhed with
fome parts of Italy when it is young, and is by them trifoliate leaves, having long foot-ftalks placed al
efteemed a great dainty. Mr. Ray mentions that he ternate ; the lobes are oval, fmooth, and entire, each
has found the gizzard of a thruſh, full of Hemlock having a fhort petiolus faftened to the foot-ftalk ;
feeds, with four or five grains of Corn, intermixed thefe remain green the whole year : the flowers are
with it, which, in the time of harveſt, that bird had produced in large panicles at the extremity of the
neglected for Hemlock, fo very fond was it of that branches, they are fmall, hairy, and of a greenish
feed which we reckon pernicious . However, it is very yellow colour, but are rarely fucceeded by feeds in
certain, that ſcarce any animal will eat the green herb ; Europe .
for it is very common to fee the grafs , and moſt other This plant is ufually propagated in the gardens by
weeds eat cloſe where cattle are allowed to feed, and laying down the young branches, which, if tongued,
all the plants of Hemlock, which were growing left (in the manner practifed for Carnations) and duly
untouched. watered, will put out roots in twelve months, when
This plant is eſteemed by many phyſicians, as an ex they may be cut off from the old plants, and each
cellent remedy to diffolve fchirrous tumors ; and planted in a ſeparate ſmall pot, filled with freſh light
fome have greatly recommended it for cancers, and earth, plunging them into a moderate hot-bed, to
moſt of them agree, that it may be preſcribed as a forward their taking new root, obferving to fhade
good narcotic. them from the fun every day, and to water them as
The ſecond fort is preſerved in fome botanic gardens they may require it : after this the plants ſhould be
for the fake of variety. If the feeds of this are per treated in the fame way as other exotic plants which
mitted to ſcatter, the plants will come up in plenty, are not too tender, placing them in a dry ſtove in
fo if they are not rooted out, will become as trouble winter, and for about three months in the fummer
fome weeds as the firft fort. they may be removed into the open air, in a warm
The third fort is an humble plant, and being tender, fheltered fituation.
will never become troubleſome ; for unleſs the winters The cuttings of this plant will fometimes take root,
are very favourable, this plant will not live in the if they are planted in pots, plunged into a moderate
open air in England. The feeds of this fort ſhould hot-bed of tanners bark, and clofely covered with
be fown in pots in autumn foon after they are ripe, hand-glaffes, or ſmall bell-glaffes ; but unless they are
and placed under a common frame in winter, where carefully managed they feldom fucceed .
they may be expoſed to the open air at all times when If freſh feeds can be procured from abroad, they
the weather is mild, and only covered in bad weather. ſhould be fown.in fmall pots, plunged into a mo
The plants will come up very early in the ſpring, and derate hot-bed, and when the plants are fit to remove
must then be expofed to the open air conftantly when they ſhould be feparated, planting each into a ſeparate
the weather will permit, otherwife they will draw up pot, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed, treating
very weak. As theſe plants do not bear tranſplant them in the manner as the layers.
ing well, they ſhould be thinned , and not more than CONOCARPODENDRON. See PROTEA..
four or five left in each pot ; and as the plants have CONOCARPUS. Lin . Gen. Plant . 236. Rudbeckia.
no great beauty, a few of them will be fufficient to Houft. Nov. Gen. 21. Button- tree, vulgò.
continue the fort, where a variety of plants are pre The CHARACTERS are ,
ferved. The other culture is only to keep them clean The flowers are collected in a globular head, each ſtanding
from weeds, and in very dry weather to water them. in a fcaly empalement. At the bottom is fituated a large
There is another fpecies of this genus according to compreffed germen, crowned by the empalement of the
moſt of the botanifts , which is now feparated from it, flower, which is fmall, fharp-pointed, and divided into
and placed fingly, under the title of Ethufa. This five parts at the top. The flower bath five petals ; it
was titled, Cicuta minor petrofelino fimilis, by Caf bath five, or fometimes ten flender stamina, which extend
par Bauhin, i. e. Smaller Hemlock with the appearance beyond the petals, terminated by globular fummits. The
of Parfley. This is a weed which frequently is found germen is large, comprefjed, and obtufe, fupporting asingle
in gardens, efpecially in rich ground, and is gene Style which is longer than the ftamina, and is crowned by
rally fuppofed to be very poiſonous : fome perfons an obtufeftigma. The germen afterward becomes afingle
who have ignorantly gathered this herb, and uſed it feed, inclofed in the fcale of thefruit, which is shaped like
for Parfley, having been poifoned by it. Therefore the cone of Alder.
4 C This
 CON CON

This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of center is fituated a globular germen, fupporting a ſlender.
Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogy
ftyle, which is longer than the ftamina, crowned by a three
nia, from the flower having five ftamina and one cornered obtufe ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a
ftyle. globular berry, with three cells, containing one roundish
The SPECIES are,
feed.
1. CONOCARPUS ( Erecta) foliis lanceolatis erecta. Lin . Sp . This genus of plants is ranged in the first fection of
250. Upright Conocarpus withspear-shaped leaves. Rud Linnæus's fixth clafs, intitled Hexandria Monogynia,
beckia erecta longifolia. Houft. MSS. Commonly called the flower having fix ftamina and one ſtylę.
Button-tree in the West - Indies. The SPECIES are ,

2. CONOCARPUS ( Procumbens ) frutefcens, procumbens, 1 . CONVALLARIA (Majalis ) fcapo nudo. Flor. Lapp.
foliis ovatis, craffis, floribus alaribus & terminalibus . 113. Convallaria with a naked fialk. Lilium conval
t
Shrubby trailing Conocarpus with oval thick leaves, and lium album. C. B. P. 304. White Lily of the Valley.
flowers growing on the fides, at the ends of the branches. There is a variety of this with reddiſh flowers, which
Rudbeckia maritima procumbens rotundifolia. Houft. is preſerved in gardens, titled by Cafpar Bauhin Li
MSS. Maritime trailing Rudbeckia, with a round lium Convallium flore rubente. Pin. 304.
leaf. 2. CONVALLARIA (Latifolia) fcapo nudo, foliis latiori
The first fort grows plentifully in moſt of the fandy bus. Convallaria with a naked talk and broader leaves.
bays, in all the islands of the Weit- Indies . It rifes Lilium Convallium latifolium. C. B. P. 136. Broad
with a woody upright item about fixteen feet high, leaved Lily of the Valley. There is alfo a variety of
fending out many fide branches, which alfo grow this with double variegated flowers which is preferved
erect ; thefe are garnished with fpear-fhaped leaves, in gardens. This Tournefort titles Lilium Conval
having broad fhort foot-ftalks, and are placed al lium latifolium, flore pleno variegato. Inft. R. H. 77
ternate on every fide the branches. The flowers grow Broad-leaved Lily of the Valley, with a large variegated
upon fhort branches, which arife from the wings of flower.
the leaves ; thefe have three or four finall leaves on 3. CONVALLARIA (Multiflora) foliis alternis, amplexi
their lower part, under the flowers ; each of theſe caulibus caule tereti axillaribus pedunculis multifloris.
branches are terminated by fix or eight conical heads Convallaria with leaves placed alternate, embracing the
of flowers, which have ſome reſemblance to thoſe of ftalks have many flowers. Poly
taper stalk, whofe foot -
Acacia, but each of thefe come out of a fcaly covering ; gonatum latifolium vulgare. C. B. P. 305. Common
the flowers are fmall, of a reddifh colour, having five broad-leaved Solomon's Seal.
flender ftamina, and one ſtyle, which ſtand out far 4 . CONVALLARIA ( Odorato) foliis alternis, femiamplexi
ther than the petal. The flowers are fucceeded by caulibus, floribus majoribus axillaribus. Convallaria
fingle feeds, which are included in the fcales of the with alternate leaves which half embrace the ftalks, and
conical fruit. Polygonatum latifolium ,
larger fweet-fcented flowers.
The fecond fort hath fhort crooked branches, which flore majore odoro. C. B. P. 303.
divide and fpread out on every fide upon the ground ; 5. CONVALLARIA (Polygonatum) foliis alternis amplexi
theſe are covered with a grayish bark, and their upper caulibus, caule ancipti, pedunculis axillaribus fubuni
parts are garniſhed with oval thick leaves, a little floris. Lin. Mat. Med. 168. Convallaria with alternate
larger than thofe of the Dwarf Box ; they have very leaves embracing the stalks, and foot -talks baving one
fhort foot-ftalks, and are placed on every fide the flower. Polygonatum floribus ex fingula tribus pe
branches without order. The flowers are collected in dunculis. C. B. 3. p . 530. Common Solomon's Seal.
fmall round heads, which come out fingle from the 6. CONVALLARIA (Stellata) foliis amplexicaulibus plu
fide of the branches, and in loofe fpikes at the end ; rimis. Lin. Sp . 452. Convallaria with many leaves em
theſe are ſmall, and of an herbaceous colour ; the bracing the ftalks. Polygonatum Canadenfe fpicatum
fcales are rough, and the cones are of a looſer texture fertile. Cornut. Canad. 33.
than thoſe of the former fort. 7. CONVALLARIA (Verticillata) foliis verticillatis. Flor.
This was difcovered by the late Dr. William Houf Lapp. 114. Convallaria with leaves growing in whorls.
toun, growing plentifully in the marſhy grounds near Polygonatum anguftifolium, non ramofum. C. B. P.
the fea, at the Havannah, from whence he fent the 393.
feeds to England, in 1730. 8. CONVALLARIA ( Racemofa) foliis feffilibus, racemo
Both thefe forts are preferved in fome curious gardens terminali compofito. Lin. Sp. Plant. 452. Convallaria
for the fake of variety, but they are plants of no with leavesfitting clofe to thestalks, which are terminated
great beauty : they are propagated from feeds, which by compound fpikes of flowers. Polygonatum Virginia
muſt be obtained from the places of their natural num erectum, fpicatum, flore ftellato fterili. Mor.
Hift. 3. 537.
growth, for they never produce any good feeds in
Europe : theſe feeds, if they are fresh, will come up 9. CONVALLARIA ( Bifolia) foliis cordatis. Flor. Lapp.
very foon, if they are fown upon a good hot-bed ; 113. Convallaria with heart-shaped leaves. This is the
and if the plants are potted, and preferved in the Smilax unifolio humillima. Tourn. Inft. App. 564.
bark-ftove, they will make great progrefs ; but they Lowest Smilax with a fingle leaf; and the Lilium Con
are too tender to live in this country, unless they are vallium minus. C. B. P. 304. The leaft Lily of the
conftantly kept in the ftove, and treated in the fame Valley.
manner with other exotic plants ; obferving, as they The first fort grows naturally in great plenty in the
are natives of fwamps, to fupply them often with woods near Woburn, in Bedfordshire, from whence
water ; but in winter they must have it very fparingly. the markets in London are generally fupplied with
The plants are Evergreen, cafting off their old leaves the flowers . It is alfo cultivated in gardens for the
when the new come out. ſweetneſs of the flowers, and formerly it grew in great
CONSOLIDA MAJOR. See SYMPHYTUM . plenty on Hampstead-heath, but of late years it has
CONSOLIDA MEDIA. See BUGULA. been feldom found there ; for fince all the trees have
CONSOLIDA MINIMA. See BELLIS . been deftroyed, the plants have not flowered there as
CONSOLIDA REGALIS. See DELPHINIUM . formerly, nor have the roots increaſed .
CONVALLARIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 383. Lilium This hath a ſlender fibrous root, which creeps under
Convallium . Tourn . Inft. R. H. 77. tab . 14. Lily of the furface of the ground, and thereby propagates
the valley. To this genus Dr. Linnæus has joined the in great plenty. The leaves come up by pairs ; their
Polygonatum of Tournefort, or Solomon's Seal. foot-ftalks, which are about three inches long, are
The CHARACTERS are , wrapped together in one cover, and at the top divide

The flower bath one petal, which is bell-shaped, and di into two parts, each ſuſtaining a ſingle leaf, one of
vided at the brim inio fix obtufe fegments which fpread open which rifes a little above the other ; thefe leaves are
and are reflexed. It hath no empalement. It hath fix from four to five inches long, and near an inch and
Stamina, which are inferted into the petal, but areſhorter, a half broad in the middle, leffening gradually to
terminated by cblong fummits, which are ere . In the
both ends ; they have many longitudinal veins, running
parallel
 CON CON

parallel to the midrib, which is not fituated exactly which is faid to grow naturally in England, but
in the middle, but diverges to one fide ; the foot I doubt ours is different from that mentioned by Caf
ftalks of the flowers arife immediately from the root, par Bauhin under that title ; for in two places where
on one fide the leaves ; thefe are naked, about five I have found it growing, the ftalks were much
inches long, adorned toward their upper parts with fhorter, the leaves were broader, and their borders
pendulous white flowers, ranged on one fide the ftalk, turned inward, and this difference continues in the
which decline to one fide ; each flower ftands upon a garden where it grows in the fame foil and fituation
fhort ſeparate foot - ftalk, which are bending and with the common fort.
crooked. The flowers are of the fhort bell -ſhaped The fifth fort is the common Solomon's Seal ; this
kind, their brims being reflexed, which are flightly hath a fleshy white root, as large as a man's finger,
cut into fix parts ; they have fix ftamina, which are which multiplies in the ground, and is full of knots,
inferted in the petal of the flower, and are shorter from whence it had the name of Polygonatum, or
than the tube, and a ſingle ſtyle arifing from the many knees. In the fpring arife feveral taper ftalks,
germen, which is triangular, crowned by a three which grow near two feet high, adorned with oblong
cornered ftigma ; the germen afterward becomes a oval leaves, placed alternate, having many longitu
globular berry, of a red colour when ripe, inclofing dinal veins running parallel to the middle, and em
three roundiſh feeds. It flowers in May, from whence brace the ftalk with their bafe ; thefe are ranged on
it has been titled May Lily. The feeds ripen in au one fide of the ftalk, and on the oppofite fide come
tumn. The flowers of this fort are uſed in medicine ; out the foot-ftalks of the flowers, which are about
they are eſteemed cephalic and cordial, fo are re an inch long, dividing at the top into three or four
commended for palfies, epilepfies, and fpafms ; there fmaller, each fuftaining a fingle tubulous flower, cut
is prepared a conferve, and a compound diftilled into fix parts at the brim, where it is green, the lower '
water of the flowers. This compound water is by part of the tube being white ; they have each fix
the Germans titled aqua aurea, or golden water, be-, flender ftamina, furrounding a fingle ftyle, which
cauſe of its excellent virtues.
arifes from the germen, and is crowned by a blunt
There is another variety of this mentioned with nar ftigma ; the germen afterward becomes a round berry,
row leaves, which I fuppofe may arife from the foil, about the fize of Ivy berries, each inclofing three
or fituation, for the roots which I have taken up in feeds. This flowers in May, and the feeds ripen in
places where they have naturally narrow leaves, when autumn, and then the ftalks decay.
planted in the garden, have produced leaves as broad The fixth fort rifes with an upright ftalk about two
as the common fort ; but the fort with red flowers feet high, garniſhed with long narrow leaves, which
has conftantly continued the fame above forty years, ftand in whorls round the ftalk ; there are generally
without any variation. The flowers of this are ſmaller, five of theſe placed at each joint, which are four
the ſtalks are redder, and the leaves of a darker green inches long, and half an inch broad, fmooth, and of
than thoſe of the common fort ; but as I have not a light green. The flowers come out from the fame
propagated this fort by feeds, I cannot be fure if it is joints, ftanding upon fhort foot-ſtalks, each ſupport
" a diftinct fpecies, or only a feminal variety. ing five or fix flowers, which are fmaller, and have
The ſecond fort I received from the Alps, where it much fhorter tubes than either of the former forts ;
naturally grows ; this has retained its difference in the they are of a dirty white, tipped with green, and
garden, where it grew in the fame foil and fituation flightly cut into fix parts at the top. It grows na
with the common fort, fo I make no doubt of its turally in the northern parts of Europe.
being a diftinct species. The other with a double va The feventh fort grows naturally in moft parts of
riegated flower is fuppofed to be only a variety of North America ; I have received plants of this from
this, therefore I have not enumerated it as a different New England, Philadelphia, and feveral other places.
fort, but the flowers are much larger, and beautifully This rifes with an upright ftalk near two feet high,
variegated with purple and white. I received a plant garniſhed with oblong leaves, ending in fharp points ;
of this fort from the royal garden at Paris, which has they are near five inches long, and two and a half
flowered feveral years in the Chelſea garden, but the broad, having three large longitudinal veins, with
roots do not increaſe fo much as the common fort. feveral fmaller between, which join at both ends.
Theſe plants require a looſe fandy foil, and a fhady The leaves are alternate, ftanding clofe to the ſtalks,
fituation ; they are propagated by parting of their and are of a light green on their upper fide, but are
roots, which multiply in great plenty. The best time paler on their under. The flowers are produced in
to tranſplant and part the roots, is in autumn. They branching fpikes at the extremity of the ſtalks, each
fhould be planted near a foot afunder, that their roots being compofed of feveral fmall loofe fpikes of ftar
may have room to fpread, for if they agree with the like flowers, of a pale yellow, which fall away
foil and fituation, they will meet and fill the ground without producing any feed. This flowers the latter
in one year. If theſe roots are planted in a rich foil, end of May, or the beginning of June, and the ftalks
they will ſpread and multiply greatly, but will not decay in autumn ; but the root is perennial, and pro
be fo productive of flowers. pagates by offsets.
The only culture which thefe plants require, is to The eighth fort is a native of the fame countries as
keep them clean from weeds, and to tranfplant and the laft mentioned ; this fends up ftalks two feet high,
feparate the roots every third or fourth year, other garnished with many oblong leaves embracing the
wife they will be fo greatly matted together, as not ftalks with their bate. The flowers are produced in
to have proper nouriſhment, fo the flowers will be fingle ſpikes at the top of the ſtalks, which are in
fmall, and few in number. fhape and colour like thofe of the feventh ; but theſe
The third fort is a native ofthe Alps and Appennines ; are fucceeded by fmall red berries, about the fize of
the ftalks of this (when growing in good ground ) thofe of the Lily of the Valley. This fort flowers
generally rife three feet high ; they are taper, and the beginning of June, and the berries ripen in au
garnifhed with oblong oval leaves placed alternate, tumn.
embracing the ftalks with their bafe ; they have ſe All the forts of Solomon's Seal are very hardy plants ;
veral longitudinal veins, refembling the leaves of they delight in a light foil and a fhady fituation, fo
white Hellebore : the foot-ftalks of the flowers are are very proper to plant in wilderneſs quarters under
produced from the wings of the leaves, which fupport tall trees, where if they are not crowded by lower
four or five flowers on each ; theſe flowers are larger fhrubs, they will thrive and multiply exceedingly, and
than thofe of the common fort, but their tubes are during the fummer feafon will make an agreeable va
more contracted , and are fucceeded by pretty large riety, the whole appearance of the plants being very
berries, which when ripe turn of a bluish colour ; it fingular.
flowers in May and June, and the feeds ripen in au They all multiply very faft by their creeping roots ,
tumn. efpecially when they are planted in a proper foil and
The fourth fort is the broad-leaved Solomon's Seal, fituation . The beit time to transplant and part the
roots
 CON CON

roots is in autumn, foon after their ſtalks decay ; thofe five nerves, and a creeping finging ftalk bearing tubers.
which are removed at that feaſon, will grow much
Convolvulus radice tuberofà efculensâ minore purpu
ftronger than thoſe which are planted in the fpring, rea. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 54. Bindweed with aſmall, pur
which is the reafon of my preferring that feafon ; but ple, tuberous, efculent root, commonly called Spanish
Potatoes.
they may be fafely tranfplanted any time after the
ftalks decay, till the roots begin to fhoot in the 8. CONVOLVULUS (Palmatis ) foliis palmatis, lobis fep
fpring. As thefe roots greatly increaſe, they ſhould tem-finuatis acutis, pedunculis unifloris, calycibus
be planted at a wide diftance from each other, that maximis patentibus. Bindweed with paimated leaves,
they may have room to fpread ; for they ſhould not withfeven finuated pointed lobes, a fingle flower on each
be removed oftener than every third or fourth year, foot-ftalk, and a large spreading empalement. Convol
where they are expected to grow ftrong, and produce vulus pentaphyllos, folio glabro dentato, viticulis hir
a good number of ſtalks, in which their beauty con futis. Plum. Cat.

fifts . The only culture thefe plants require, is to dig 9. CONVOLVULUS (Aristolochiofolius) folio haftato lanceo
the ground between them every fpring, and keep tis, auriculis rotundatis, pedunculis multifloris. Bind
them clean from weeds. weed withspear-pointed leaves, having rounded ears, and
The roots of the fifth fort are uſed in medicine, and many flowers on each foot-ftalk. Convolvulus Ameri
are greatly recommended for their efficacy in all man canus, Aristolochiæ folio longiore, floribus plurimis
ner of contufions. The diftilled water of the plant ex uno pediculo infidentibus. Houft. MSS.
clears the face and beautifies the complexion : a de 10. CONVOLVULUS (Hirtus) foliis cordatis fubhaftatifque
coction of it cures the itch, and fuch like cutaneous villofis, caule petiolifque pilofis, pedunculis multi
distempers. floris. Lin. Sp . Plant. 159. Bindweed with heart-
shaped
CONVOLVULUS . Lin . Gen. Plant. 198. Tourn . leaves, fomewhat fpear-pointed and downy, with hairy
Inft. R. H. 82. tab . 77. Bindweed . It is fo titled ftalks and foot -ftalks, having many flowers. Convolvu
from convolvendo, Lat. rolling round, or twining lus Americanus Polyanthos, Althææ folio villofo.
about. Houft . MSS.
The CHARACTERS are, II . CONVOLVULUS (Clebrus) foliis ovato oblongis, gla
It bath a permanent empalement of one leaf, which is di bris pedunculis unifloris, calycibus decempartitis.
vided into five parts at the top ; the flower bath one Bindweed with ovel, oblong, fmooth leaves, and foot
shaped petal, which spreads open. It hath five
large bell- Stalks having a fingle flower, whofe empalement is cut into
fbortftamina, terminated by oval compreffed fummits, and ten parts. Convolvulus foliis oblongis , glabris flori
a roundish germen, Supporting a flender style, crowned by bus amplis purpureis. Houft. MSS.
two broad oblong stigmas. The empalement afterward 12. CONVOLVULUS ( Pentaphyllos ) hirfutiffimus , foliis
becomes a roundish capfule, with one, two, or three quinquelobatis, pedunculis longiffimis bifloris. Very
valves, containing feveral feeds which are convex on their hairy Bindweed, with leaves having five lobes, and very
outfide, but on the infide angular. longfoot-ftalks, with twoflowers. Convolvulus penta
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of phyllos hirfutis. Plum. Cat.
Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia, 13. CONVOLVULUS ( Frutefcens ) caule fruticofo, glabro,
the flower having five ftamina and one ſtyle. foliis quinque lobis, pedunculis geniculatis unifloris,
The SPECIES are, capfulis maximis. Bindweed with a ſhrubby smoothftalk,
1. CONVOLVULUS ( Arvenfis) foliis fagittatis utrinque acu 1 leaves having five lobes, many jointed foot -ftalks with one
tis, pedunculis unifloris. Flor. Suec. 173. Bindweed flower, and very large feed- veffels. Convolvulus pen
with arrow-fhaped leaves pointed on both fides, and a taphyllos, flore & fructu purpureis maximis. Plum.
fingle flower on each foot-ftalk. Convolvulus minor ar Cat.
venfis. C. B. P. 294. Smaller Field Bindweed, commonly 14. CONVOLVULUS ( Brafilienfis) foliis emarginatis, bafi
called Gravel Bindweed. biglandulofis, pedunculis trifloris. Lin. Sp. Plant.
2. CONVOLVULUS (Sepium) foliis fagittatis pofticè trun 159. Bindweed with indented leaves, having two glands
catis, pedunculis tetragonis unifloris. Prod . Leyd. and foot-ftalks, with three flowers. Convolvulus ma
427. Bindweed with arrow f -haped leaves, which are torn rinus Catharticus, folio rotundo, flore purpureo.
behind, and a fingle flower on each foot-ftalk. Convol Plum . Pl. Amer. 89. tab. 104.
vulus major albus. C. B. P. Larger white Bindweed, 15. CONVOLVULUS ( Multiflorus) foliis cordatis , glabris,
called Bearbind. pedunculis multifloris, femine villofo ferrugineo.
3. CONVOLVULUS (Scammonia ) foliis fagittatis pofticè Bindweed with Smooth heart - shaped leaves, foot-talks
truncatis, pedunculis teretibus fubtrifloris . Prod . Leyd . having many flowers, and feeds covered with an iron-co
427. Bindweed with arrow -fhaped leaves torn behind, loured down. Convolvulus Americanus vulgaris folio,
and two flowers on each foot -
ftalk. Convolvulus Syria capfulis triquetris numerofis , ex uno puncto, longis
cus & Scammonia Syriaca. Mor. Hift. 2. p. 12. Syrian petiolis propendentibus, femine lanugine ferrugineâ
Bindweed and Syrian Scammony. villofa. Pluk. Phyt. tab . 167. f. 1 .
4. CONVOLVULUS (Purpureus) foliis cordatis indivifis 16. CONVOLVULUS ( Canarienfis) foliis cordatis pubef
fructibus cernuis pedicellis incraffatis. Lin. Sp . 219. centibus, caule perenni, villofo, pedunculis multi
Bindweed with heart-shaped undivided leaves, nodding floris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 155. Bindweed with foft, woolly,
fruit, andfwelling foot -ftalks. Convolvulus purpureus , heart -shaped leaves, a hairy perennial ftalk, and foot
folio fubrotundo. C. B. P. 295. Purple Bindweed with Stalks having many flowers. Convolvulus Canarienfis
a roundifh leaf, commonly called Convolvulus major, or fempervirens, foliis mollibus & incanis. Hort. Amit.
Greater Bindweed. 2. p . 101 .
5. CONVOLVULUS ( Indicus ) foliis cordatis , acuminatis , 17. CONVOLVULUS ( Hederaceus ) foliis triangularibus acu
pedunculis trifloris . Bindweed with heart -shaped pointed tis, floribus plurimis feffilibus patulis , calycibus acu
leaves, and three flowers on each foot -ftalk. Convolvu tis multifidis. Bindweed with sharp-pointed triangular
lus major, folio fubrotundo, flore amplo purpureo. leaves, many spreading flowers fet clofe to the stalk, and
Sloan. Cat. Jam. 55. Greater Bindweed with a roundifh acute empalements ending in many points. Convolvulus
leaf, and a large purple flower. folio hederaceo, angulofo, lanuginofo, flore magno,
6. CONVOLVULUS (Nil) foliis cordatis trilobis villofis, cæruleo, patulo. Sloan . Cat. Jam. 56.
calycibus lævibus, capfulis hirfutis, pedunculis bi 18. CONVOLVULUS ( Rofeus) foliis cordatis, acuminatis
floris. Bindweed with heart-shaped leaves, having three pedunculis bifloris . Bindweed with beart -shaped pointed
lobes, which are hairy, fmooth flower-cups, hairy feed leaves, and foot-ftalks having two flowers. Convolvu
veffels, and two flowers on each foot -ftalk. Convolvulus lus Americanus hirfutus, folio acuminato, flore am
cæruleus hederaceo angulofo folio. C. B. P. 295. plo rofeo. Houſt. MSS.
Blue Bindweed with an angular Ivy leaf. 19. CONVOLVULUS ( Repens) foliis fagittatis pofticè obtu
7. CONVOLVULUS (Batatas) foliis cordatis haftatis quin fis, caule repente, pedunculis unifloris. Lin. Sp.
quenerviis, caule repente hifpido tubifero . Lin. Sp. Plant. 158. Bindweed with narrow -pointed leaves, which
Plant. 154. -haped leaves,
Bindweed with spear heart s are obtufe at the foot- talk, a creeping stalk, and one
3 flower

!
 CON CON

flower on each foot-ftalk. Convolvulus marinus cathar on the ground, and faſten themſelves about the neigh
ticus, foliis Acetofæ , flore niveo. Plum . Pl. Am. 89 . bouring plants ; thefe are garnifhed with triangular
tab. 105.
arrow-pointed leaves. The flowers are produced
20. CONVOLVULUS ( Betonicifolius) foliis cordato fagitatis, from the fide of the branches, having long foot
pedunculis unifloris. Bindweed with heart - shaped ar ftalks, each ſuſtaining a fingle flower, which is fome
row-pointed leaves, and foot-ftalks having a fingle flower. times white, at other times red, and frequently is va
Convolvulus exoticus , Betonicæ folio, flore magno riegated. This is a troubleſome weed in gardens, fo
albo fundo purpureo. Cat. Hort. R. Par. fhould be conftantly rooted out.
21. CONVOLVULUS ( Siculus) foliis cordato ovatis, pedun The fecond fort is alfo a troubleſome weed in gar
culis unifloris, bracteis lanceolatis, flore feffile. Hort. dens, when the roots are intermixed with thofe of
Cliff. 68. Bindweed with oval heart-shaped leaves, foot trees and ſhrubs, or under hedges, where the plants
Stalks having one flower, fpear-shaped bractea, and the cannot be eaſily deftroyed ; but in an open clear spot
flower fitting clofe to the ftalk. Convolvulus ficulus of ground, where the plants are carefully hoed down
minor, flore parvo auriculato. Bocc . Pl. Sic . 89 . for three or four months, they may be effectually de
22. CONVOLVULUS ( Elegantiffimus) foliis palmatis feri ftroyed ; for when the ftalks are broken or cut, a
ceis, pedunculis bifloris, calycibus acutis . Bindweed milky juice flows out, and thereby the roots are foon
with filky palmated leaves, foot f-talks baving two flow exhauſted and decay. The roots of this fort are pretty
ers, and fharp-pointed empalements. Convolvulus ar thick, extend far on every fide, and are white. The
gentibus, elegantiffimus, foliis tenuiter incifis. Tourn . ſtalks rife ten or twelve feet high, twining themſelves
Inft. R. H. 85. about trees or hedges, and are garniſhed with large
23. CONVOLVULUS (Altheoides) foliis cordatis incifis & arrow-pointed leaves, which are torn at their bale.
incanis, pedunculis bifloris, calycibus obtufis. Bind The flowers come out from the fide of the branches
weed with boary heart-shaped leaves, which are jagged, upon long foot-ftalks, each fuftaining one large white
foot-ftalks having two flowers, and obtufe empalements. flower, which are fucceeded by roundiſh feed-veffels,
Convolvulus argenteus folio althææ. C. B. P. 295. having three cells filled with feeds, which are convex
24. CONVOLVULUS ( Tricolor) foliis lanceolato-ovatis gla on one fide and plain on the other. It flowers in
bris, caule declinato, floribus folitariis. Vir. Cliff. 68 . June, 1 and the feeds ripen in autumn, foon after
Bindweed with oval spear - shaped leaves, a decliningſtalk, which the ftalks decay to the root ; but as every ſmall
with one flower on each foot-ftalk. Convolvulus Lufi piece of the root will grow, it renders this a trouble
tanicus flore Cyaneo Brofs ; commonly called Convolvulus fome weed to deſtroy.
minor. The third fort grows naturally in Syria, where the
25. CONVOLVULUS ( Cantabrica) foliis linearibus acutis roots of the plants are wounded, and fhells placed
caule ramofo fubdichotomo , calycibus pilofis. Lin. under the wounds to receive the milky juice which
Sp. 225. Bindweed with narrow fpear- shaped leaves, a flows out, which is infpiffated, and afterward put up
branching ftalk, and hairy empalements. Convolvulus and exported : this is what is called Scammony in the
linariæ folio affurgens. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 83 . fhops ; it is a very hardy plant, and will thrive very
26. CONVOLVULUS (Lineatus) foliis lanceolatis , fericeis , well in the open air in England, provided it is on a
lineatis petiolatis pedunculis bifloris, calycibus fere dry foil. The roots of this are thick, run deep into
ceis fubfoliaceis. Lin. Sp . 224. Bindweed with filky the ground, and are covered with a dark bark. The
Spear-shaped leaves, having foot -ſtalks, with two flowers branches extend themſelves on every fide to the dif
on eachfoot-ftalk, havingfilky empalements. Convolvulus tance of four or five feet ; theſe are flender, and trail
minor, argenteus, repens, acaulis ferme. H. R. Par. on the ground, if they are not fupported, and are
27. CONVOLVULUS (Cneorum) foliis lanceolatis tomento garniſhed with narrow arrow-pointed leaves. The
fis, floribus capitatis, calycibus hirfutis caule erecti flowers are of a pale yellow, and come out from the
ufculo. Lin. Sp. 224. Bindweed with Spear-shaped fide of the branches, two fitting upon each long foot
woolly leaves, foot -
ftalks and flowers growing in beads, ftalk ; theſe are fucceeded by roundifh feed-veffels,
terminating the stalks, which are erect. Convolvu having three cells, filled with feeds fhaped like thoſe
lus argenteus umbellatus, erectis . Tourn . Inft. R. of the former fort, but fmaller. It flowers in June
. H. 84. and July, and the feeds ripen in autumn. If the
28. CONVOLVULUS ( Linarifolius) foliis lineari lanceolatis, feeds of this fort are fown in the fpring, on a border
acutis caule ramofo, recto, pedunculis unifloris. Hort. of light earth, the plants will come up, and require
Cliff. 68. Bindweed with narrow fpear - shaped leaves, no other culture but to keep them clean from weeds,
which are pointed, upright branching stalks, and foot and thin the plants where they grow too clofe ; for
ftalks with one flower. Convolvulus ramofus incanus, as the branches extend pretty far, the plants fhould
foliis pilofellæ. C. B. P. 295. not be nearer than three feet afunder. The ſtalks
29. CONVOLVULUS ( Soldanella ) foliis reniformibus, pe decay in autumn, but the roots will abide many
dunculis unifloris. Hort. Cliff. 67. Bindweed with kid years.
ney-shaped leaves, and one flower on each foot -
ftalk. Sol The fourth fort is an annual plant, which grows
danella maritima minor. C. B. P. 295. Leffer Sea naturally in Afia and America, but has been long
Bindweed. cultivated for ornament in the English gardens, and
30. CONVOLVULUS (Turpethum) foliis cordatis, angula is generally known by the title of Convolvulus major.
tis, caule membranaceo, quadrangulari, pedunculis Of this there are three or four lafting varieties ; the
multifloris. Flor. Zeyl. 72. Bindweed with angular moſt common hath a purple flower ; but there is one
heart-shaped leaves, a quadrangular membranaceous ſtalk, with a white, another with a red, and one with a
andfoot- ftalks having manyflowers. Convolvulus Zey whitish blue flower, which hath white feeds. All
lanicus , alatus, maximis, foliis Ibifci nonnihil fimili thefe varieties I have cultivated many years, without
bus angulofis. Herm. Lud. 177. tab. 178. Turbith of obferving either of them change. If the feeds of
the shops. theſe forts are fown in the ſpring, upon a warm bor
31. CONVOLVULUS (Jalapa) foliis variis, pedunculis der where the plants are defigned to remain, they will
unifloris, radice tuberofâ. Bindweed with variable require no other culture but to keep them clean from
leaves, foot-ftalks with fingle flowers, and a tuberous root. weeds ; and place fome tall ſtakes down by them, for
Convolvulus radice tuberofa Catharticâ. Houft. MSS . their ſtalks to twine about, otherwife they will ſpread
The true Falap. on the ground, and make a bad appearance. Theſe
The first fort is very common upon dry banks, and plants, if they are properly fupported, will rife ten
in gravelly grounds, in moſt parts of England, and or twelve feet high ; they flower in June, July, and
is generally a fign of gravel lying under the fur Auguft, and will continue till the froft kills them.
face. The roots of this fhoot very deep into the Their feeds ripen in autumn.
ground, from whence fome country people call it The fifth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
Devils Guts. whence the late Dr. Houftoun fent me the feeds ;
From the root arifes many weak ſtalks, which trail this fends out long branches, which twift about the
4 D trees,
 CON CON

trees, and rife to a great height ; the leaves are ſmooth, The ninth fort is an annual plant. The feeds of this
heart-shaped, ending in long points, and the ears at were fent me from Carthagena in New Spain, where
the bafe are large and rounded, ftanding upon the plant grows naturally. This rifes with a twining
long flender foot- talks. The flowers come out on flender ftalk ten feet high, which is garnished with
1 the oppofite fide of the ftalks, upon long foot-ſtalks, arrow-pointed leaves, whofe ears at the bafe are
each fuftaining three flowers, with longer tubes than rounded. The flowers are produced in fmall cluſters,
thofe of the former, and are of a deeper purple co ftanding on long foot-ftalks ; thefe are yellow, and
lour ; this flowers from the latter end of June till are fucceeded by three- cornered feed-veffels, having
the froft deftroys it . As this is not fo hardy as the three cells, in each of these are lodged two feeds .
former, the feeds fhould be fown upon a hot-bed in the This plant is annual, and too tender to thrive in the
fpring, to bring the plants forward ; and toward the end open air in England ; fo the feeds fhould be fown on
of May, they should be planted out in warm borders, a hot-bed in the fpring, and the plants may be after
and treated in the fame manner as the former fort. ward treated in the fame way as the eighth fort, with
The fixth fort grows naturally in Africa and America ; which management they will flower and produce ripe
this is an annual plant, which rifes with a twining feeds .
ftalk eight or ten feet high, garnished with heart The feeds of the tenth fort were fent me from Ja-
fhaped leaves, divided into three lobes, which end maica by the late Dr. Houftoun, who found the plants
in fharp points ; theſe are woolly, and ftand upon growing naturally there in great plenty. This is an
long foot- ftalks ; the flowers come out on long foot annual plant, rifing with flender, ftiff, twining ſtalks,
ftalks, each fuftaining two flowers of a very deep eight or nine feet high, garnished with heart-shaped
blue colour, from whence it has been titled Anil or leaves, which are downy. The flowers ftand many
Indigo. This is one of the moſt beautiful flowers of together at the end of ftrong foot-ftalks ; theſe are
this genus, and is undoubtedly a diftinct fpecies ; purple, and are fucceeded by roundifh feed-vaffels,
though fome have fuppofed it to be only a variety of with three cells, containing feveral ſmall feeds.
the fourth fort, for I have cultivated it many years, This fort requires the fame treatment as the eighth,
and have never found it alter ; the leaves of this hav being too tender to thrive in this country in the open
ing three deeply divided lobes, and thoſe of the fourth air.
fort being entire, is fufficient to determine the fpeci The eleventh fort was fent me from the inland of
fic difference ; this fort is annual, and must be pro Barbuda. This is an annual plant, which rifes with
pagated in the fame manner as the fifth. It flowers twining ftalks feven or eight feet high, garnished
all ne latter part of fummer, and, in good feaſons, with oblong, oval, fimooth leaves. The flowers
the feeds ripen well in the open air. come out at every joint on flender long foot-ftalks,
The feventh fort is that whofe roots are eaten, and each fupporting a large purple flower, whofe empale
is generally titled Spanish Potatoe ; theſe roots are an ment is cut almoft to the bottom, in ten parts. The
nually imported from Spain and Portugal, where feeds and capfule are like thofe of the other fpecies.
they are greatly cultivated for the table, but they This is a tender plant, fo muſt be treated in the fame
are too tender to thrive well in the open air in Eng manner as the eighth fort.
land ; they are cultivated by the roots in the fame The twelfth fort grows naturally at Carthagena in
way as the common Potatoe, but require much more New Spain, from whence I received the feeds. This
room ; for theſe ſend out many trailing ftalks, which is a perennial plant, which rifes with ſtrong winding
extend four or five feet every way, and at theirjoints ftalks to the height of twelve or fourteen feet, and
fend out roots, which, in warm countries, grow to are garnished with leaves, divided into five lobes,
be large tubers, fo that from a fingle root planted, ftanding upon fhort foot-ftalks ; the flowers ftand
forty or fifty large roots are produced . This plant upon long foot- falks, each fuftaining two purple
is fometimes propagated by way of curiofity in Eng flowers. The ftalks, leaves, and every part of the
land, but the roots fhould be planted on a hot-bed plant, is clofely covered with pungent ftinging hairs,
in the fpring ; and if the plants are kept covered in of a light brown colour. This fort is tender, fo muſt
bad weather with glaffes, they will produce flowers , be treated in the fame way as the eighth.
and many fmall roots will be produced from the The thirteenth fort grows naturally about Tolu in
joints ; but if they are expoſed to the open air, they New Spain, from whence the feeds were fent me by
feldom make much progrefs. the late Mr. Robert Millar. This hath a ligneous
The eighth fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz in ſtalk covered with a purple bark, which twines about
New Spain, from whence the feeds were fent me by the trees, and rifes to the height of thirty feet or
the late Dr. Houftoun. This rifes with a ſtrong wind more, and is garnifhed with leaves, which are deeply
ing ſtalk to the height of twenty feet, dividing into divided into five fharp-pointed lobes. The flowers
feveral ſmaller, which faften themfelves about any of ſtand upon long thick foot-ftalks, which have a knee
the neighbouring trees and fhrubs ; thefe are gar in the middle ; they are very large, and of a purple
niſhed with leaves in ſhape of a hand, having ſeven colour ; thefe are fucceeded by round feed-veffels, as
lobes, which are fpear-shaped, and deeply cut on large as a middling Apple, divided into three cells,
their borders, ending in fharp points. The flowers each containing two very large fmooth feeds.
are fingle on each foot-ftalk, which are very long. This plant is too tender to thrive in the open air in
The empalement of the flower is large, fpreading England, fo muft be treated in the fame manner as
open, and is divided deeply into five parts. The the eighth fort, but it grows too tall for the ftoves
flowers are large, of a purple colour, and are fuc here. I have had thefe plants upward of twenty feet
ceeded by large roundifh feed-veffels, having three high, which have fent out many fide branches, ex
cells, in each of thefe is lodged a ſingle feed . tending fo wide on every fide, as to cover moit of
This plant is tender, fo the feeds fhould be fown on the neighbouring plants, fo that I was obliged to re
a hot-bed in the fpring ; and when the plants are fit move them into a cooler fituation , where they would
to remove, they must be tranfplanted each into a fe not thrive.
parate pot filled with light earth, and plunged into a The fourteenth fort grows naturally on the fea fhores
moderate hot-bed, obferving to fhade them from the in moſt of the islands in the Weft-Indies, where the
fun till they have taken new root ; then they should ftalks trail on the ground, which are garniſhed with
have a large fhare of air admitted to them every day, oval leaves, indented at the top . The flowers are
to prevent their drawing weak, and alfo fhould have
large, of a purple colour, and are produced by threes,
moderate waterings three or four times a week . on very long foot-ftalks ; thefe are fucceeded by large
When the plants are grown too tall to remain in the oval feed-veffels, with three cells, each containing a
hot-bed, they muſt be fhifted into larger pots, and fingle feed. This hath a perennial ftalk, which trails
placed in the bark-ftove, where, if they are allowed on the ground, and fpreads to a great diſtance, but
room , they will rife to a great height, and produce is too tender to thrive in the open air in England, fo
flowers, but it rarely produces feeds in England. must be treated in the fame manner as the eighth fort,
and
 CON CON

and may be continued two or three years in a warm hath strong, fmooth, winding ftalks, which ſend out
ftove ; but it is apt to ſpread too far for a ſmall ſtove, roots at their joints, and are garniſhed with arrow
fo that where there is not great room, it is not worthy pointed leaves, whofe ears or lobes are obtufe ; the
of culture. flowers are large, of a fulphur colour, and fit upon
The fifteenth fort grows naturally in Jamaica ; this very long foot-ftalks, which proceed from the fide of
rifes with ſlender twining ftalks eight or ten feet high ; the ftalks, each fupporting one flower, with a large
the leaves of theſe are ſhaped a little like thofe of the fwelling empalement ; theſe are fucceeded by large,
common great white Convolvulus, but the foot-ftalks, fmooth, oval capfules, having three cells, each in
which are pretty long, do each fuftain many purple cluding one large fmooth feed. This is a perennial
flowers, growing in bunches. The feed-veffels of plant, whofe talks extend to a great diftance, and
this fort are three-cornered, and have three cells, each put out roots at the joints, whereby it propagates
containing a fingle feed. This is an annual plant, in plenty ; but it is too tender to thrive in England,
which requires a hot-bed to raiſe it, and muſt be kept unless it is preferved in a warm ſtove, where it requires
in a glafs-cafe or a ftove, otherwife the feeds will not more room than can well be allowed to one plant. It
ripen here. muſt be treated in the fame manner as the eighth fort.
The fixteenth fort has been long preferved in feveral The twentieth fort grows naturally in Africa, from
curious gardens in England. It grows naturally in whence the feeds were fent to the royal garden at Pa
the Canary Iſlands ; this hath a ftrong fibrous root, ris, and from thence I received it in 1730. This rifes
from which ariſe feveral twining woody ftalks, divid with a flender winding ftalk five or fix feet high, gar
ing into many ſmaller ; thefe, where they have fup niſhed with heart-shaped arrow-pointed leaves ; the
port, will grow more than twenty feet high, and are flowers ftand on long flender foot-ftalks ; theſe are
garniſhed with oblong heart-shaped leaves, which are white, with purple bottoms. This fort may be treat
foft and hairy. The flowers are produced from the ed in the fame manner as the common great Convol
wings of the leaves, feveral ſtanding upon one foot vulus.
ftalk ; theſe are for the moſt part of a pale blue, but The twenty-first fort grows naturally in Spain and
there is a variety of it with white flowers. This plant Italy. This is an annual plant, which rifes about two
flowers in June, July, and Auguft, and fometimes feet high, with flender twining ſtalks, garniſhed with
ripens feeds here ; but as the plants are eafily propa oval leaves. The flowers are ſmall, and of a bluiſh
gated by layers, and alfo from cuttings, the feeds are colour, each foot-ftalk fupporting one flower of little
not fo much regarded ; nor indeed will thofe plants beauty, fo is not often cultivated in gardens. If the
which are raiſed by layers or cuttings produce feeds, feeds of this fort are permitted to fcatter, the plants
though thoſe which come from feeds feldom fail. As will rife in the fpring, and require no other culture
the leaves of this plant continue green all the year, but to keep them clean from weeds ; or if the feeds
the plants make a pretty variety in winter in the are fown in the fpring, where the plants are to re
green-houfe ; for it will not live abroad in winter in main, they will flower in June, and the feeds will
this country, though it only requires the fame pro ripen in Auguft.
tection as Myrtles, and other hardy green-houſe The twenty-fecond fort grows naturally in Sicily, and
plants. It may be propagated by laying down the alfo in the islands of the Archipelago. This hath a
young fhoots in the fpring, which generally put out perennial root, which fends out many flender ftiff
roots in three or four months ; then they may be ftalks, twifting themfelves round the neighbouring
taken from the old plants, and each planted in a fe plants, and rife five or fix feet high ; thefe are gar
parate pot filled with light earth, and placed in the nifhed with leaves, which are divided into five or
fhade till they have taken new root ; after which feven narrow lobes, and are of a foft texture, like
they may be placed with other hardy green -houſe fattin, ftanding on fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers are
plants till autumn, when they fhould be removed into produced from the fide of the ftalks upon long foot
the green-houſe, and afterward treated in the fame ftalks, which fuftain two flowers of a pale Rofe co
way as Myrtles, and other green-houfe plants. If lour, with five ftripes of a deeper red . This fort
the tender cuttings of this are planted during any of creeps at the root, fo feldom produces feeds in Eng
the ſummer months, in pots filled with light earth, land, but is propagated by ſhoots taken from the old
and plunged into a moderate hot- bed, fhading them plants. The best time for parting and tranfplanting
from the fun, they will take root, and afterward thefe plants, is about the beginning of May, when
fhould be treated as the layers. they may be taken out of the green-houſe, and ex
The ſeventeenth fort is an annual plant ; the feeds of pofed in the open air ; but the young plants which
it were fent me from Jamaica, where it grows natu are feparated from the old ones, fhould be placed un
rally. This rifes with a very flender twining ftalk der a frame, and fhaded from the fun till they have
four or five feet high, garniſhed with triangular leaves, taken new root ; after which they must be gradually
which are pointed. The flowers grow in cluſters, fit hardened to bear the open air, to which they muſt
ting cloſe to the ſtalks, which are blue, and are fuc be expofed all the fummer ; but in autumn they muſt
ceeded by feeds like thofe of the fourth fort. This be placed in the green-houſe, and may be treated in
fort will not ripen feeds in England, unleſs the plants the fame way as the Canary Convolvulus before
are brought forward on a hot-bed in the fpring, and mentioned.
afterward placed in a glaſs-cafe, where they may be The twenty-third fort hath fome appearance of the
defended from cold. twenty-fecond, and hath been fuppoſed to be the fame
The eighteenth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from fpecies by fome writers ; but I have cultivated both
whence the feeds were fent me by the late Dr. Houf many years, and never have found either of them al
toun. This is one of the moft beautiful kinds, the ter, fo that I make no doubt of their being diftin&t
flowers being very large, and of a fine Rofe colour. plants. This fort hath a perennial root like the for
It rifes with a winding ſtalk feven or eight feet high, mer, which fends out many weak twining ftalks, rif
which is garniſhed with heart-ſhaped leaves, ending ing about three feet high, twifting about the plants
in long ſharp points, fitting upon very long foot which ſtand near it, or about each other, and if they
ftalks. The flowers alfo have long foot- ftalks, each have no other fupport, fall to the ground ; theſe are
fupporting two flowers, whofe empalement is divided garnished with leaves of different forms, fome are
deeply into five parts ; the feeds of this are large, and fhaped almoſt like thofe of Betony, being flightly cut
covered with a fine down. This is an annual plant, on their edges, others are almoft heart-shaped, and
which is too tender to thrive in the open air in this are deeply cut on the fides, and fome are cut to the
country, fo the feeds fhould be fown on a hot- bed in midrib ; they have a fhining appearance like fattin,
the ſpring, and the plants afterward treated in the and are ſoft to the touch, ſtanding on ſhort foot-ſtalks .
fame manner as is directed for the eighth fort. The flowers are produced on the oppofite fide from
The nineteenth fort grows naturally near the ſea at the leaves, having very long foot-ftalks, each fuftain
Campeachy, from whence I received the feeds. This ing two flowers of a pale Rofe colour, very like thofe
of
 CON CON

of the former fpecies. It flowers in June, July, and are produced on the fide, and at the top of the ftalks,
Auguft, but rarely ripens feeds in England. It hath in mail cluſters , fitting clofe together ; theſe are
a perennial root, which fends out offsets , by which much ſmaller than thofe of the former fort, but are
it is propagated in England , in the fame manner as of a deeper Role colour : this feldom produces feeds
the laſt mentioned, and the plants must be treated in in England, but the roots propagate in plenty. It
the fame way . delights in a light dry foil, and requires no other care
The twenty-fourth fort grows naturally in Portugal, but to keep the plants clean from weeds ; it may be
but hath been long cultivated in the flower- gardens tranfplanted either in the fpring or autumn. This is

in England for ornament ; this is ufually titled Con by fome fuppofed to be the fame as the laſt mentioned
volvulus Minor, by the feedfmen and gardeners . It fort, but whoever has cultivated them, can have no
is an annual plant, which hath feveral thick herbace doubt of their being different fpecies.
ous ftalks, growing about two feet long, which do The twenty-feventh fort grows naturally in Italy, Si
not twine like the other forts , but decline toward the cily, and the islands in the Archipelago . It rifes with
ground, upon which many of the lower branches lie upright fhrubby ftalks about three feet high, clofely
proftrate; theſe aregarnifhed with fpear-fhaped leaves, garniſhed with blunt, fpear-fhaped, filky leaves, which
which fit cloſe to the branches ; the foot-ftalks of the are placed on every fide the ftalks ; they are near two
flowers come out just above the leaves at the fame inches long, and a quarter broad, rounding at their
ends. The flowers are produced in cluſters at the
joint, and on the fame fide of the ftalks ; theſe are
about two inches long, each fuftaining one large open top of the ftalks , fitting very clofe ; they are of a
bell-ſhaped flower, which in fome is of a fine blue pale Rofe colour, and come out in June and July, but
colour, with a white bottom ; in others they are pure do not perfect feeds in England. This plant will live
white, and fome are beautifully variegated with both in the open air in mild winters, if it is planted in a
colours. The white flowers are fucceeded by white light foil and a warm fituation, but in hard winters it is
feeds, and the blue by dark- coloured feeds, and this deftroyed ; therefore fome of the plants fhould be kept
difference is pretty conftant in both ; but thofe plants in pots, and ſheltered under a common frame in win
with variegated flowers, have frequently plain flowers ter, where it may enjoy the free air in mild weather, and
of both colours intermixed with the striped , there be protected from the froft, and in fummer placed
fore the only method to continue the variegated fort, abroad with other hardy exotic plants, where its fine
is to pull off all the plain flowers when they appear, filky leaves will make a pretty appearance . It may
never fuffering any of them to remain for feed. be propagated by laying down the branches, and alto
This fort is propagated by feeds, which ſhould be by cuttings, but both very ſeldom put out roots the
fown on the borders of the flower-garden where they fame year, and many of them will fail ; fo that the
are defigned to remain. The ufual method is to put beft way is to procure the feeds from Italy, for thoſe
two or three feeds in each place where they are in plants which come from feeds , grow much larger than
tended to flower, covering them half an inch with thofe which are propagated the other way.
earth ; and when the plants come up, ifthe feeds all The twenty-eighth fort grows naturally in Candia,
grow, there fhould be but two left in each place, and feveral of the islands in the Archipelago. This
which will be fufficient ; the others fhould be drawn hath a perennial root, which fends up feveral erect
out carefully, fo as not to diſturb the roots of thoſe branching ftalks about two feet high, which are gar
which are left ; after which they will require no niſhed with very narrow-pointed leaves, fitting clofe
other culture but to keep them clean from weeds . If to the ftalks, which are hoary. The flowers come
the feeds are fown in autumn, the plants will flower out fingly on the fide of the ftalks, fitting very clofe
in May ; but thoſe which are fown in the fpring, will to them , having ſcarce any foot-ftalks ; thefe are of a
not flower till about the middle of June, and will very pale bluish colour, and fpread open almoft to
continue flowering till the froft ftops them. The the bottom. It flowers in June and July, but rarely
feeds ripen in Auguft and September. produces any feeds in England.
The twenty-fifth fort grows naturally in Italy and This fort is propagated in the fame manner as the
Sicily. This hath a perennial root, which runs deep twenty-fifth, and the plants require the fame treat
in the ground, from which ariſe two or three upright ment. This plant muſt have a dry foil and a warm
branching ſtalks near two or three feet high, garnish fituation, otherwife it will not live through the win
ed with narrow leaves about two inches long, which ter in the open air in England. As the ftalks of
fit clofe to the ftalks ; the foot-ftalks of the flower this fort decay in autumn, fo if the furface of the
proceed from the fame place ; theſe are four or five ground about their roots is covered with fome old
inches long, each fuftaining four or five flowers, of a tanners bark, it will preferve them in the hardeſft
pale Rofe colour, which ſpread open almoft flat. This frofts.

flowers in June and July, but feldom produces good The twenty-ninth fort is ufed in medicine. This is

feeds in England. It is propagated by feeds, which ftiled Soldanella, and Braffica marina ; it grows na
must be obtained from the countries where it natu turally on the fea beaches in many parts of England,
rally grows ; theſe ſhould be fown upon a warm dry but cannot be long preferved in a garden. This hath
border, where they are defigned to remain ; for as many fmall, white, ftringy roots, which fpread wide,
the plants run down with long tap-roots, they will and ſend out feveral weak trailing branches, which
not bear tranfplanting, for I have often made trial of twine about the neighbouring plants like the com
this without any fuccefs . When the plants come up, mon Bindweed, and are garnished with kidney-ſhaped
they ſhould be thinned where they grow too cloſe, and leaves about the fize of thofe of the leffer Celandine,
afterward conftantly kept clean from weeds, which is ftanding upon long foot-ftalks, and are placed alter
all the culture it will require. It flowers in July and nate. The flowers are produced on the fide of the
Auguft, and the ftalks decay in autumn ; but the branches at each joint. Theſe are fhaped like thoſe
roots will laſt ſeveral years, and if they are in a dry of the first fort, and are of a reddifh purple colour ;
foil and warm fituation , will abide through the win they appear in July, and are fucceeded by round cap
ters very well without covering. I have received a fules, having three cells, each containing one black
variety of this from Nice, where it grows naturally, feed ; every part of the plant abounds with a milky
with broader leaves, which are hairy. The flowers off
juice. This is efteemed a good medicine to purge
are placed all toward the top of the ftalk upon long watery humours, and is prefcribed in dropfies.
foot - ſtalks, growing many together very cloſely join The thirtieth fort grows naturally in the iſland of
ed : but I cannot be fure if it is not a feminal varia Ceylon. This is a perennial plant, having thick fleshy
tion, for it was fent me by the fame title. roots, which fpread far in the ground, and abound
P
The twenty-fixth fort grows naturally in France ; with a milky juice, which flows out when the roots
this hath a perennial creeping root, from which arife are broken or wounded, and foon hardens into a refi
feveral fhort branching ſtalks about four inches high, nous fubftance, when expofed to the fun and air.
garniſhed with fpear-shaped filky leaves ; the flowers From the root fhoots forth many twining branches,
6 which
 1.
CON CON

which twiſt about each other, or the neighbouring troduction of this plant into the British colonies, a
plants, like the common Bindweed. Thefe are gar matter of great concern. But fince the diftillers and
niſhed with heart-ſhaped leaves, which are ſoft to the brewers have found out its ufe for exciting a fermen
touch, like thoſe of the Marſh Mallow. The flow tation, the confumption of it is now fo great, as that
it would become a national benefit, if it were pro
ers are produced at the joints on the fide of the ſtalks,
feveral ſtanding together on the fame foot-ftalk ; they duced in the Britiſh iflands ; which might be foon ef
are white, and fhaped like thofe of the common great fected, were the inhabitants of thofe iflands a little
Bindweed. Theſe are fucceeded by round capfules, more attentive to their own, and the public benefit.
having three cells, which contain two feeds in each . CONYZA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 854. Tourn Inft. R.
The roots of this plant, which is the only part uſed H. 454. tab. 259. [ of Kúvw) , Gr. becauſe the leaves ,
in medicine, are brought to us from India. It is titled being hung up, drive away gnats and fleas, as Diof
Turpethum, or Turbith in the ſhops. corides fays : ] Flea-bane.
This plant is tender, fo will not live in the open air The CHARACTERS are,
in England ; it is propagated by feeds, which muft It bath a compoundflower , made up of many hermaphrodite
be fown on a hot-bed ; and when the plants are fit to florets, which compofe the difk ; and female half floret ,
remove, they ſhould be each planted in a feparate pot, which are ranged round the border, and form the rays ;
and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark, and the hermaphrodite florets arefunnel f-haped, and cut into
fcreened from the fun till they have taken freſh root, five parts at the brim, which spread open ; thefe have each
and afterward must be treated in the fame manner as five fhort hairy ftamina, terminated by cylindrical fum
hath been directed for the eighth fort. mits; in the bottom of each floret is fituated a germen
The thirty-first fort is the Jalap which is ufed in me Supporting a fenderstyle, crowned by a bifid ftigma. The
dicine. This grows naturally at Haleppo, in the female halfflorets or rays, are funnel -
shaped, and cut into
Spaniſh Weft-Indies, fituated between La Vera Cruz three parts at the top ; thefe have a germen, with a
and Mexico. The root of this plant hath been long flender ftyle, terminated by two flender ftigmas, but have
uſed in medicine, but it was not certainly known, no ftamina. All these are included in a common fcaly em
what plant it was produced from. The old title palement, which is oblong and fquare ; the fcales are
of this was Mechoacana nigra, but father Plumier pointed, and the outer ones spread open. The hermaphro
afferted that it was the root of one fpecies of Marvel dite and female florets, are each fucceeded by one oblong
of Peru ; from whence Tournefort was induced to feed, crowned with down, fitting upon a plain receptacle,
and are included in the empalement.
conftitute a genus from that plant, under the title of
Jalapa. But Mr. Ray, from better information, put This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection
it among the Convolvuli, and titled it Convolvulus of Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngeneſia
Americanus, Jalapium dictus. This was by the late Polygamia fuperflua. The plants of this fection have
Dr. Houſtoun certainly afcertained, who brought hermaphrodite and female florets, which are both
ſome of the roots of this plant from the Spaniſh fruitful.
Weft-Indies to Jamaica, where he planted them, The SPECIES are,

with a defign of cultivating the plants in that iſland, I. CONYZA ( Squarrofa ) foliis lanceolatis acutis, caule
where he obſerved them to thrive, during his abode annuo corymbofo. Hort. Cliff. 405. Flea-bane with
there but foon after he left the country, the perſon pointed fpear-shaped leaves, an annual ftalk, and flowers
to whoſe care he committed them , was fo careleſs as growing in roundish bunches. Conyza major vulgaris.
to fuffer hogs to root them out of the ground, and C. B. P. 265. Common greater Flea-bane.
deſtroy them ; fo that there was no remains of them 2. CONYZA ( Bifrons) foliis ovato oblongis , amplexicau
left, when he returned there ; nor have I heard of this libus . Hort. Cliff. 405. Flea-bane with oblong oval leaves
plant being introduced into any of the Britiſh iſlands embracing the stalks. Eupatoria Conyzoides maxima
fince. Canadenfis, foliis caulem amplexantibus. Pluk. Alm.
A few years paft I received a few of the feeds of this 141 .
plant, which fucceeded in the Chelſea garden, where 3 . CONYZA (Candidis) foliis ovatis tomentofis, floribus
the plants throve very well, but did not produce any confertis, pedunculis lateralibus terminalibufque .
flowers. This hath a large root of an oval form, Hort. Cliff. 405. Flea-bane with oval woolly leaves,
which is full of a milky juice ; from which come out flowers growing in clufiers, and foot -
ftalks proceedingfrom
many herbaceous triangular twining ftalks, rifing the fides and terminating the ftalks. Conyza Cretica
eight or ten feet, garniſhed with variable leaves, fome fruticofa, folio molli candidiffimo & tomentofo. Tourn.
Cor. 33.
of them being heart-ſhaped, others angular, and fome
oblong and pointed . They are fmooth, and ftand 4 . CONYZA ( Lobata) foliis inferioribus trifidis , fuperiori
upon long foot-ftalks ; and from a drawing of the bus ovato lanceolatis obfolete ferratis floribus corym
plant, made by a Spaniard in the country, where it bofis . Hort. Cliff. 405. Flea bane whofe under leaves
grows naturally, who gave it to Dr. Houfton, and is are trifid, thofe above oval and fpear s
-haped, and flowers
now in my poffeffion, the flowers are fhaped like growing in round bunches. Conyza arborefcens lutea,
thofe of the common Great Bindweed , each foot-ſtalk folio trifido. Plum. Cat. 9.
fupporting one flower. But as it is only a pencil 5 . CONYZA ( Tomentofis ) arborefcens, foliis oblongo ova
drawing, fo the colour is not expreffed, therefore I tis, tomentofis, fubtus cinereis, floribus terminalibus
can give no farther account of it. The feeds of this pedunculis racemofis. Tree Flea-bane with eblong woolly
are covered with very white down like cotton . leaves, of an Afb colour on their under fide, andflowers
As this plant is a native of a warm country, fo it will terminating the branches, ftanding upon branching foot
not thrive in England, unlefs it is preferved in a Stalks. Conyza arborefcens, tomentofa, foliis oblon
warın ftove ; therefore the feeds muft be fown on a gis, floribus in fummitatibus racemorum, ramofis
hot-bed, and the plants put into pots, and plunged fparfis albicantibus. Houft. MSS.
into a hot-bed of tanners bark , and treated in the 6. CONYZA (Salicifolius) foliis linearibus decurrentibus
fame manner as the eighth fort ; with this difference ferratis, floribus corymbofis terminalibus. Flea-bane
only, that as this hath large, flefhy, fucculent roots, with narrow running leaves, and flowers in round bunches
fo they fhould have but little water given them, ef terminating the ftalks. Conyza herbacea, caule alato,
pecially in winter, left it caufe them to rot. They Salicis folio, floribus umbellatis purpureis minoribus.
hould be planted in light fandy earth not too rich, Houft. MSS .
for the fame reaſon, and the plants fhould always re 7. CONYZA (Corymbofa) arborefcens, foliis lanceolatis,
main in the bark-ftove. floribus corymbolis, terminalibus pedunculis race
The root of Jalap is efteemed an excellent cathartic mofis. Tree Flea-bane with pear f-haped leaves, and
medicine, purging ferous watery humours efpecially, flowers growing in round bunches at the end of the foots,
and is of fingular fervice in dropfies, and for rheu baving branchingfoot-fialks. Conyza arborefcens, fo
matic diforders. But the quantity of the root which liis oblongis floribus fingulis tribus flofculis conftan
is uſed in medicine, is not fufficient to render the in tibus . Houft. MSS .
4 E S. CONYZA

1
a

1
 CON CON

8. CONYZA (Vifcofa) caule herbaceo, foliis ovatis fer ſtanding alternate ; at the ends of the ftalks the flow
ratis, villofis, floribus alaribus & terminalibus. Flea ers are produced in round bunches, which are of a
bane with an herbaceous ftalk, oval, fawed, hairy leaves, dirty yellow colour ; theſe are fucceeded by oblong
and flowers proceeding from the fides, and at the ends of feeds, crowned with down. It flowers in July, and
the feeds ripen in autumn. If the feeds are per
the branches. Conyza odorata, Bellidis folio villofa
& vifcofa. Houft. MSS. mitted to ſcatter, the plants will come up the following
9. CONYZA (Arborefcens) foliis ovatis integerrimis acutis fpring, and require no other care but to keep them
clean from weeds.
fubtus tomentofis , fpicis recurvatis fecundis , bracteis
reflexis. Lin. Sp . 1209. Flea-bane with entire oval The ſecond fort grows naturally on the mountains in
pointed leaves, woolly on their underfide, recurved abound Italy, and is preſerved in botanic gardens for the fake
ingSpikes of flowers, and reflexed bractea. Conyza fru of variety. This hath a biennial root but an annual
ticola , flore pallide purpureo, capitulis & lateribus ftalk . From a thick fibrous root ariſe many upright
ramulorum fpicatum exeuntibus . Sloan . Cat. Jam. ftalks, garniſhed with oblong oval leaves, which are
124. rough, and embrace the ftalks with their bafe ; thefe
10. CONYZA (Symphytifolia) foliis oblongo ovatis fcabris, have appendages running along the ſtalk, from one
floribus racemofis terminalibus, caule herbaceo. Flea to the other, whereby the ftalk is winged. The
bane with oblong, oval, rough leaves, flowers growing in upper part of the ftalks divide into many fmaller
bunches at the ends of the branches, and an herbaceous branches, garnished with leaves of the fame form as
ftalk. Conyza Symphyti facie, flore luteo. Houft . the other, but ſmaller, ftanding alternate ; the
MSS . branches and main ftalks, are terminated by yellow
11. CONYZA (Scandens) foliis lanceolatis fcabris, nervofis flowers growing in round bunches ; thefe are fuc
feffilibus, racemis recurvatis , floribus adfcendentibus, ceeded by oblong feeds, crowned with down. It flow
pedunculis lateralibus caule fruticofo fcandente. Flea ers in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn. This is
bane with rough, nervous, spear - shaped leaves fitting propagated by feeds, which may be fown on a bed of
clofe to the branches, recurved spikes, with flowers ftand light earth in the fpring, and when the plants come
ing upward, foot f-talks proceeding from the fide of the up, they fhould be thinned where they are too near,
branches, and climbing ſhrubby ſtalks. Conyza Ameri and kept clean from weeds ; the following autumn
cana fcandens, Lauri folio afpero, floribus fpicatis they may be tranſplanted where they are defigned to
albis. Houft . MSS.
remain, and require no other care but to keep them
12. CONYZA (Trinerviis ) foliis ovatis glabris, trinerviis clean from weeds. The fecond year they will flower
integerrimis, floribus fpicatis terminalibus, caule fru and produce ripe feeds, and will continue two years if
ticolo. Flea-bane with oval fmooth leaves, which have the foil is not too good, for theſe plants often rot,
three veins and are entire, flowers growing in fpikes at when they are planted in a rich foil.
the ends of the branches, and a ſhrubby stalk. Conyza The third fort grows naturally in Crete. This hath a
Americana frutefcens, foliis ovatis trinerviis & inte ſhort ſhrubby ſtalk , which in this country feldom rifes
gris, floribus fpicatis albis. Houft. MSS . more than fix inches high, dividing into feveral fhort
13. CONYZA (Uniflora) foliis lanceolatis acutis feffilibus , branches, which are clofely garniſhed with oval,
floribus fingulis lateralibus, calycibus coloratis , caule woolly, very white leaves ; from thefe branches arife
fruticoforamofo . Flea-bane withpointedfpear-shapedleaves the flower-ftalks , which are woolly, about nine inches
fitting close to the branches, fingle flowers on the fide ofthe high, garniſhed with ſmall, oval, white leaves, placed
branches, which have coloured empalements, and a fhrubby alternate. The flowers are produced at the fides,
branching talk. Conyza Americana frutefcens foliis and end of the ftalk, fometimes but one, at other
oblongis acutis, capitulis & ramulorum exeuntibus, times two, and fometimes three flowers ftanding on
calycibus purpurafcentibus. Houft. MSS . the fame foot-ftalk . They are of a dirty yellow co
14. CONYZA ( Spicata) fruticofa foliis ovatis trinerviis , lour, and appear in July, but rarely are fucceeded
floribus fpicatis alaribus . Shrubby Flea- bane with oval by feeds in this country ; fo the plant is propagated
leaves having three nerves, andflowers growing in fpikes here by flips, which, if taken from the old plants in
from the fide of the branches. June, and planted on an eaft-afpected border, and
15. CONYZA (Pedunculata) foliis ovato lanceolatis tri covered with hand -glaffes, will take root in fix or
nerviis, pedunculis longiffimis terminalibus floribus eight weeks. But theſe flips must be frequently, but
corymbofis. Flea-bane with oval fpear - shaped leaves gently refreſhed with water, and the glaffes fhould
having three veins, foot-ftalks which are very long ter be fhaded in hot weather ; and after they have been
minating the branches, and flowers growing in round planted a fortnight, the glaffes fhould be raifed on
bunches. one fide to admit air to the cuttings ; and when they
16. CONYZA ( Baccharis) foliis ovato oblongis, obtufis have taken root, they fhould be gradually expofed to
ferratis, femiamplexicaulibus, floribus corymbofis ter the open air. In autumn thefe fhould be carefully
minalibus. Flea- bane with oblong oval leaves which are taken up, preferving the earth to their roots ; fome
obtufe and fared, half embracing the ftalks with their of them may be planted in pots, that they may be
# fheltered under a frame in the winter ; and the others
bafe, and flowers in round bunches terminating the ftalks.
Eupatorium Conyzoides Sinica Baccharidis folio rarius fhould be planted in a warm border of dry poor earth,
crenato, fummo caule ramofo, floribus parvis coro where they will endure the cold of our ordinary
nato . Pluk. Amath . 80 . winters very well, and continue many years. This

17. CONYZA ( Odorato) foliis lanceolatis ferratis, petio is preferved in gardens, more for the beauty of its
latis, caule fruticofo ramofo, floribus corymbofis ter filvery leaves than its flowers, which have not much
minalibus. Flea-bane with Spear-shaped fawed leaves to recommend them .
having foot-ftalks, and flowers growing in round bunches The fourth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
at the end of the branches. Conyza major odorato five whence it was fent me by the late Dr. Houftoun.
Baccharis floribus purpureis nudis. Sloan . Cat. Jam. This is titled by Sir Hans Sloane Virga aurea major,
121 . fc. Herba Doria folio finuato hirfuto. Cat . Jam. 125.
18. CONYZA ( Hirfuta) foliis ovalibus integerrimis fca It rifes with a fhrubby ftalk feven or eight feet high,
bris fubtus hirfutis. Lin . Sp. 1209. Flea-bane with dividing into feveral branches, garniſhed with rough
oval, entire, rough leaves, hairy on their under fide. leaves four inches long, fhaped like the point of a
halbert. The flowers are produced in roundiſh
The first fort grows naturally upon dry places in fe
veral parts of England, fo is feldom allowed a place bunches, at the extremity of the branches ; they are
in gardens. This is a biennial plant, which decays yellow, and ftand clofe together. Thefe are fucceeded
foon after the feeds are ripe ; it hath feveral large, ob by oblong feeds crowned with down.
long, pointed leaves, growing near the ground, which This plant is too tender to thrive in the air in
open
are hairy ; between thefe the ftalks come out, which this country, therefore the feeds must be fown upon
rife two feet and a half high, dividing upward into a hot-bed ; and when the plants are fit to remove,
feveral branches, garniſhed with fmaller oblong leaves , they must be each tranfplanted into a feparate fmall
3 pot

1
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pot filled with light fandy earth, and plunged into a by chaffy feeds, crowned with down ; the whole plant
hot-bed, obferving to fcreen them from the fun till is viscous, and will flick to the fingers of thofe who
they have taken new root ; then they muſt have free handle it.
air admitted to them every day, in proportion to the The feeds of this plant must be fown on a hot-bed in
warmth of the ſeafon ; they muſt alſo be frequently the fpring, and when the plants are fit to remove ,
watered in warm weather, but they ſhould not have they should be each tranfplanted into a ſeparate pot,
it in too great plenty. As the plants advance in and plunged into a frefh hot- bed, and treated in the
ftrength, fo they must have a greater fhare of air ; fame manner as the other tender forts, but must have
and if the ſeaſon is warm, they may be expoſed to a large fhare of air in warm weather, and frequently
the open air for a few weeks in the heat of fummer, refreſhed with water. In July thefe plants will flower,
provided they are placed in a warm fituation ; but if and if the autumn proves favourable, they will ripen
the nights prove cold, or much wet fhould fall, they their feeds ; a plant or two of this fort may be pre
muſt be removed into fhelter : if theſe plants are ferved for the fake of variety, but there is little beauty
placed in a moderate ſtove in winter, they will thrive in it.
better than in greater heat, and in fummer they ſhould The ninth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
have a large fhare of air. With this management I whence the feeds were fent me by the late Dr. Houf
have had the plants flower well in July, though they toun ; this rifes with a ſhrubby ſtalk fix or feven feet
have not perfected feeds here. high, dividing into many ligneous branches, which
The fifth fort rifes with a woody ftalk ten or twelve have a meally bark, and garnished with fpear-shaped
feet high, dividing into many branches, whoſe bark leaves, fitting cloſe to the branches ; they are hairy,
is covered with a brown down ; thefe are garniſhed and of a filver colour on their under fide , and are
with oblong oval leaves, which are green on their placed alternate. The flowers come out from the
upper fide, but of an Afh colour on their under, placed fide of the branches, generally in looſe ſpikes, which
alternate, on fhort foot-ftalks . The flowers are pro grow horizontal, and ftand on the upper fide
duced at the end of the branches , upon long branching erect ; but fometimes they come out fingle, fitting
foot-ftalks, in loofe fpikes ranged on one fide ; they clofe between the leaf and branch ; thefe are of a
are white, and are fucceeded by long flat feeds pale purple colour, and are fucceeded by chaffy feeds,
crowned with down . This plant grows naturally at crowned with a down.
La Vera Cruz in New Spain, from whence Dr Houf This fort is propagated by feeds, which must be ob
toun ſent me the feeds. It is a tender plant, fo muſt tained from the country where it grows naturally, for
be treated in the fame manner as hath been directed it doth not produce feeds in England, though it has
for the former fort. flowered feveral years in the Chellea garden ; the feeds
The fixth fort grows naturally at La Vera muſt be ſown, and the plants afterward treated in the
Cruz in New Spain. This hath a perennial root, fame manner as hath been before directed for the
from which arife feveral upright ftalks three feet fourth fort.
high, garniſhed with long narrow leaves, fawed on The tenth fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz, from
their edges, placed alternate, and have appendages whence it was fent me by the late Dr. William Houf
which run along the ftalk from one to the other, toun ; this hath a perennial root, and an annual ſtalk.
forming a border or wing to the ftalks. The flowers It grows about three feet high ; the leaves are from
are produced at the end of the ftalks in round four to five inches long, and one and a half broad
bunches, they are finall, and of a purple colour, and in the middle, and are rough like thofe of Comfrey.
are fucceeded by oblong flat feeds, crowned with The ſtalks are terminated by branching flower-ftalks,
down. This is propagated by feeds, which muſt be each foot-ftalk futaining feveral yellow flowers , not
fown upon a hot-bed in the fpring, and the plants much unlike thofe of the common fort. This is pro
muft afterward be tranfplanted into pots, and plunged pagated by feeds in the fame manner as the fixth fort,
into a freſh hot- bed, obferving to fcreen them from and the plants muſt be treated in the fame way. It
the fun till they have taken freſh root ; after which will flower the ſecond year, but it doth not ripen feeds
they muſt have a large fhare of air, and about Mid in England .
fummer they may be placed in the open air in a The eleventh fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz
fheltered fituation, where they may remain till the by the late Dr. Houftoun ; this hath a climbing
end of September, when they ſhould be removed into fhrubby ftalk, which rifes fourteen or fixteen feet
the ftove, and during the winter kept in a temperate high, and divides into many branches, garnifhed with
degree of warmth. The fecond year thefe plants leaves about the fize of thoſe of the Bay-tree, and
will flower, but they do not perfect feeds in England . full as thick in their texture , having many deep
The ſeventh fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz by tranſverſe nerves, running from the midrib to the
the late Dr. Houſtoun, who found it growing there fides ; they are of a pale green colour. The flowers
naturally. This hath a ftrong woody ftem, which are produced in long fpikes, ranged on the upper
rifes to the height of fourteen or fixteen feet, covered fide of the fpike only, which come out from the lide
with an Afh-coloured bark, and is divided upward of the branches, pointed upward ; theſe are large and
into many ligneous branches, garnifhed with fpear white, and are fucceeded by flat dark - coloured feeds,
fhaped leaves ftanding alternaté, on ſhort foot-ſtalks. crowned with down.
Thefe branches are terminated by roundish bunches This plant makes a fine appearance in the ftove when
of white flowers, fitting upon long foot-ftalks, feve it flowers, and as it retains its leaves all the year, fo
ral of them being joined on the fame foot-ftalk . in the winter feafon it affords an agreeable variety
Theſe are not fucceeded by feeds in England, fo among other tender plants. The culture of this plant
that the feeds must be procured from abroad, and is the fame as hath been directed for the fourth fort,
theſe muſt be fown on a hot-bed, and the plants af fo need not be repeated .
terward treated in the fame manner as the fourth The twelfth fort was fent me from Carthagena in
fort. New Spain, where it grows naturally, by the late Mr.
The eighth fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz , Robert Millar, furgeon ; this rifes with a fhrubby
from whence it was fent me by the late Dr. Houf ftalk fix or feven feet high, dividing into feveral
toun ; this is an annual plant, which grows in low ligneous branches, garnifhed with oval, ſmooth, en
moiſt places, where the water ftands in winter ; it hath tire leaves, having three longitudinal veins, placed
an herbaceous branching ſtalk, which rifes about one alternate, clofe to the branches. The flowers are
foot high, garniſhed at each joint with one oval leaf, produced in fort clofe fpikes at the end of the
fitting cloſe to the branches ; thefe are fawed on their branches ; thefe are white, and are fucceeded by ob
edges, and covered with a white hairy down . The long flat feeds, crowned with down ; this fort is
flowers are produced from the fide of the branches tender, fo muſt be treated in the fame manner as the
on flender foot-ftalks, each for the moſt part fuftain fourth, and will abide feveral years with this manage
ing three flowers, which are white, and are fucceeded ment.
The
 CON COP

The thirteenth fort grows naturally in the fame coun cies . This is tender, and requires the fame culture
try as the last mentioned, and was fent me by the as the fourth fort.
fame gentleman ; this rifes with a fhrubby ſtalk eight The ſeventeenth fort grows naturally in China : this
or ten feet high, dividing into many long flender is a biennial plant, which periſhes foon after the feeds
branches, garnished with fpear- fhaped leaves, three are ripe. The ſtalks are hairy, rifing about two feet
inches long, and three quarters of an inch broad in high, garnished with oblong oval leaves, which are
the middle, ending in acute points ; the fmaller entire, rough on their upper fide, but have many
branches are fet with very narrow, oblong, pointed ftrong pale hairs on their under, placed alternately
leaves, which grow clofe to the ftalks , and at each on the branches. The flowers are purple, coming
joint is produced one pretty large white flower, out from the fide of the branches in oblong ſpikes.
with a purple empalement ; thefe flowers come out This fort is propagated by feeds , which fhould be
the whole length of the fmall branches, fitting clofe fown in pots in the autumn, if they can be procured
to the bafe of the leaves, fo that the plants make a at that feafon ; but the pots fhould be placed in a gar
pretty appearance in flower. This may be propa den-frame in winter, to prevent the feeds fuffering by
gated in the fame way as the fourth, and with that cold and wet. If the feeds are fown in the fpring,
management it hath flowered very well, but it doth the plants rarely come up the fame year, therefore
not produce feeds in England . it will be proper to fcreen this in winter , when this
The fourteenth fort was fent me from Carthagena by is obferved, the plants will rife the following fpring.
the before-mentioned gentleman , who found it grow When the plants are fit to remove, they fhould be
ing there in great plenty. This hath a ſtrong woody each planted in a feparate pot, and placed into a very
ftem, rifing ten or twelve feet high, divided upward moderate hot-bed, where they muſt be fcreened from
into many fhort ligneous branches, whofe joints are the fun until they have taken root ; after which they
very clofe to each other. The leaves come out al fhould be gradually hardened to bear the open air,
ternate on every fide the branches, to which they fit into which they fhould be removed the beginning of
very clofe ; they are fmooth, one inch long, and half June, placing them in a fheltered fituation, where
an inch broad, ending in acute points, having three the fecond feafon they will flower, and if the fummer
longitudinal veins. The flowers are white, and pro is good, they will ripen their feeds.
duced in fhort clofe fpikes, which come out from the CONSERVATORY. See GREEN - HOUSE .
fide of the branches, and are fucceeded by oblong flat CONVAL LILY. See CONVALLARIA ,
feeds, crowned with down. COPAIFER A, the balfam of Capevi.
This is a tender plant, fo requires the fame treatment The CHARACTERS are,
as the fourth fort, with which it hath flowered very It hath no empalement ; the flower confifts of five leaves,
well, but hath not produced feeds in England . which expands in form of a Rofe ; it hath ten fhort fta
The fifteenth fort rifes with a fhrubby ftem to the mina, crowned by longfummits. The pointal is fixed in
height of fix or ſeven feet, dividing into feveral the center of the flower, which afterward becomes a pod,
branches, which have a dark brown bark, and are in which are contained one or two feeds, which are fur
clofely garnished with oval, fpear- shaped, fmooth rounded with a pulp of a yellow colour.
leaves, having three longitudinal veins, ftanding on We know but one fort of this tree, which is,
fhort foot- ftalks, placed alternate on every fide the COPAIFERA ( Officinalis) foliis pinnatis . Thebalfam ofCapevi.
branches. The flowers are produced on long naked This tree grows near a village called Ayapel, in the
foot-ftalks, which extend five or fix inches beyond province of Antiochi, in the Spaniſh Weft-Indies ;
the end of the branches ; thefe are purple, and form this is about ten days journey from Carthagena. There
a kind of round bunch : the empalement of the are great numbers of thefe trees in the woods about
flower is compofed of fhort chaffy fcales. this village, which grow to the height of fifty or fixty
This grows naturally at Campeachy, from whence the feet. Some of thefe trees do not yield any of the
feeds were fent me by Mr. Robert Millar. It is a ten balfam, thofe which do are diftinguiſhed by a ridge
der plant, fo muſt be treated in the fame way as is di which runs along their trunks ; the trees are wounded
rected for the fourth fort, with which it hath flowered, in their center, and they place calabafh fhells, or fome
but hath not produced feeds in this country. other veffels to the wounded part to receive the bal
The fixteenth fort grows naturally at Campeachy, fam, which will all flow out in a fhort time. One of
from whence I received the feeds ; this rifes with a thefe trees will yield five or fix gallons of the balfam ;
fhrubby ftalk to the height of ten or twelve feet, but though thefe trees will thrive well after being
fending out many ftrong ligneous branches, covered tapped, yet they never afford any more balfam .
with a dark-coloured bark, garniſhed with oblong, As this balfam is uſed in medicine, it deferves our
oval, blunt leaves, fawed on their edges, and half application to procure the trees, and cultivate them in
embrace the ftalks with their bafe : the flowers are fome of the English colonies of America ; for as the
purple, growing in round bunches at the end of the English are poffeffed of lands in fo many different la
branches, and are fucceeded by flat feeds, crowned titudes, they might cultivate moft kinds of trees and
with down. plants from the different parts of the world, which
This is alfo a tender plant, and requires the fame are ufeful in medicine, dyeing, or for any other purpofe
treatment as the fourth fort, with which it hath flow of life.
ered, but doth not produce feeds in England. The feeds of this tree were brought from the coun
If the feeds of thefe plants are fown in autumn foon try of their growth by Mr. Robert Millar, furgeon,
after they are ripe, there is no danger of their mif who fowed a part of them in Jamaica, which he in
carrying ; but as thefe are moft of them brought from formed me had fuccceded very well ; fo that we may
abroad, they do not arrive here in good time, fo the hope to have theſe trees propagated in great plenty
plants rarely come up the first year ; therefore the in a few years, in fome of the English colonies, if the
feeds fhould be fown in pots, that they may be pre flothfulneſs of the inhabitants doth not fuffer them to
ferved through the winter, and the following ſpring perish, as they have the Cinnamon-tree, and fome
the plants will come up. other ufeful plants, which have been carried thither
The feventeenth fort grows naturally in Jamaica ; by curious perfons .
this rifes with a fhrubby branching ftalk about four There are not at prefent any of theſe trees in Eu
or five feet high. The lower branches and ſtalk are rope, that I can learn ; for thofe feeds which Mr.
garniſhed with fpear-shaped leaves about four inches Millar fent over to England, were all deftroyed by
long, and one broad in the middle ; they are fawed infects in their paffage, fo that not one fucceeded in
on their edges, and have fhort foot- ftalks ; the leaves the feveral places where they were fown ; but could
on the upper branches are much narrower, and end
. freſh feeds be procured, the plants might be raiſed in
in acute points. The flowers are purple, and are England, and preſerved in the bark-ſtoves very well ;
produded in round bunches at the end ofthe branches, for the country of their growth is much more tempe
and are fucceeded by downy feeds like the other fpe rate than many others, from whence we have been
fur

1
 COR COR

furniſhed with a great variety of plants, which fuc are of a deep green, and flightly indented on their
ceed very well in the ftoves, and fome ofthem arrive edges, having near their bafe two briftly fegments,
to a great degree of perfection. which are reflexed . They have very long flender
CORALLODENDRON. See ERYTHRINA. foot-ftalks, eſpecially thoſe which grow on the lower
CORCHORUS. Lin . Gen. Plant. 675. Tourn . Inft. part of the branches. The flowers fit clofe on the
259. tab. 135. Jews Mallow. oppofite fide ofthe branches to the leaves, coming out
The CHARACTERS are, fingly ; they are compofed of five fmall yellow pe
The empalement of the flower is composed offive narrow tals, and a great number of ftamina furrounding the
fpear-shaped leaves, which are erect. The flower bath oblong germen, which is fituated in the center of the
five oblong blunt petals, which are no longer than the em flower, and afterward turns to a rough fwelling cap ;
palement. It hath many hairy ftamina, which arefharter fule, two inches long, ending in a point, opening in
than the petals, terminated by fmall fummits. Inthe four cells, which are filled with angular greenifh feeds.
center isfituated an oblong furrowed germen, fupporting a This plant flowers in July and Auguft, and the feeds
fhort thick ftyle, crowned by a bifid ftigma. The germen ripen in autumn.
afterward becomes a cylindrical pod having five cells, The ſecond fort grows naturally in ſeveral iſlands of
which are filled with angular-pointed feeds. the Weft-Indies, from whence the feeds have been
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt fection of fent me , this is alſo an annual plant, which rifes with
Linnæus's thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Mo a ftrong herbaceous ftalk two feet high, divided
nogynia, the flowers having many ftamina and but upward into two or three branches, garniſhed with
one ſtyle. heart-shaped leaves, fawed on their edges, ftanding
The SPECIES are, upon long foot-ftalks ; and between theſe are ſeveral
1. CORCHORUS ( Olitorius) capfulis oblongis, ventricofis , fmaller leaves nearly ofthe fame form, fitting cloſe to
foliorum infimis ferraturis fetaceis. Lin. Flor. Zeyl. the branches. The flowers come out fingly on the fide
213. Jews Mallow with oblong fwelling pods, and the of the branches, as the other, which are ſhaped like
Jaws on the underfide of the leaves terminatingwith briftles. them, and are fucceeded by longer fwelling pods,
Corchorus five Melochia . J. B. 2. 982. Common Jews which are rough, and have four longitudinal furrows ;
Mallow. thefe open into four parts at the top, and contain four
2. CORCHORUS (Eftuans) capfulis oblongis, fexfulcatis rows of angular feeds. It flowers and feeds at the
fexcufpidatis, foliis cordatis infimis ferraturis fetaceis. fame time with the former fort.
Lin. Sp. 746. Jews Mallow with oblong furrowed pods, The third fort grows naturally in both Indies ; I have
heart-
shaped leaves, whofe faws terminate with bristles. received the feeds of this from feveral parts of India
Corchorus Americana, carpini foliis, fextuplici cap and America ; this is alfo an annual plant, which rifes
fula prælonga. Pluk. with a flender herbaceous ftalk about three feet
3. CORCHORUS ( Capfularis) capfulis fubrotundis, depreffis, high, fending out feveral weak branches, which are
rugofis. Flor. Zeyl. 214. Jews Mallow with roundish garniſhed at each joint by one leaf of an oblong heart
depreffed capfules which are rough. Corchorus Ameri fhape, ending in a long acute point, and are fawed
cana, prælongis foliis, capfula ftriata fubrotunda brevi. on their edges, ſtanding upon fhort foot-ftalks. The
Pluk. flowers come out fingly on the fide of the branches,
4. CORCHORUS (Tetragonis ) foliis ovato- cordatis crenatis, to which they fit very clofe ; they are finaller than
capfulis tetragonis, apicibus reflexis. Jews Mallow thofe ofthe former forts, and are fucceeded by ſhort
with oval heart- shaped leaves which are crenated, and roundish feed-veffels, which are rough, and flatted
four-cornered capfules, whofe points are reflexed. Cor at the top, having fix cells filled with ſmall angular
chorus flore flavo, fructu carophylloide. Pluk. feeds. This flowers and feeds at the fame time as the
5. CORCHORUS (Linearibus) foliis lanceolatis, ferrato former.
dentatis, capfulis linearibus, compreffis, bivalvibus. The fourth fort is alfo a native of both Indies, from
Few Mallow with Spear-shaped leaves, which are in whence I have received the feeds ; this is an annual
dented like the teeth of a faw, and narrow, compreſſed, plant, which rifes about two feet high, dividing into
bivalvular pods. fmall branches, garniſhed with oval heart-ſhaped
6. CORCHORUS ( Bifurcatis) foliis cordatis, ferratis, cap leaves, fawed on their edges. The flowers of this
fulis linearibus, compreffis, apicibus bifurcatis. Jews are very ſmall, of a pale yellow, and are fucceeded
Mallow with heart-shapedfawed leaves, and narrow com by fwelling, rough, four- cornered feed-veffels, about
preffed pods, whofe points have two horns. an inch long, flatted at the top, where there are four
7. CORCHORUS ( Siliquofus ) capfulis linearibus compreffis , horns, which are reflexed, fo that thefe have fome
foliis lanceolatis æqualiter ferratis. Lin. Sp. 746. reſemblance in ſhape to the Clove. This flowers and
Jews Mallow with compreffed capfules, and spear-shaped feeds about the ſame time as the former forts.
leaves equally fawed on their edges. Corchorus Ameri The feeds of the fifth fort were fent me from Cartha
cana, foliis & fructu auguftioribus. Tourn. Inft. R. gena in New Spain, where the plants grow natu
H. 259. rally ; this is an annual plant, which riſes about three
8. CORCHORUS (Hirfuta) capfulis fubrotundis lanatis, fo feet high, fending out feveral weak fide branches,
liis ovatis obtufis tomentofis æqualiter ferratis. Lin. garniſhed with leaves about three inches long, and
Sp. 747. Jews Mallow with roundish downy pods, and one broad in the middle, leffening gradually to both
obtufe, oval, woolly leaves, which are equally fawed on ends, and are indented on the edges like the teeth of
their edges. Corchoro affimis Chamædryos folio, flore a faw, fitting cloſe to the branches. The flowers
ftamineo, feminioribus atris quadrangulis duplici ferie come out fingly, oppofite to the leaves ; they are very
difpofitis. Sloan. Cat. 50 . fmall, of a pale yellow, and are fucceeded by feed
The firft fpecies, Rauwolf fays, is fown in great plenty veffels near two inches long, which are flat, and have
about Aleppo, as a pot-herb, the Jews boiling the two cells filled with ſmall angular feeds. This flowers A
leaves of this plant to eat with their meat ; this he and ripens its feeds about the fame time as the for
fuppofes to be the Olus Judaicum of Avicenna, and mer.
the Corchorum of Pliny. The feeds of the fixth fort were fent me from Ja
This plant grows in the Eaſt and Weft-Indies, from maica by the late Dr. Houſtoun ; this is an annual
both which places I have feveral times received the plant, which rifes with a ſtrong herbaceous ſtalk be
feeds. In the Eaft-Indies the herb is uſed in the fame tween three and four feet high, fending out feveral
manner as in the Levant, as I have been informed ; fide branches, which grow erect, garnished with
but I do not hear that it is uſed by the inhabitants of heart-shaped leaves fawed on their edges, ftanding
America. upon long flender foot-ſtalks ; between thefe grow
It is an annual plant, which riſes about two feet high, many finaller leaves nearly of the fame form, fitting
dividing into feveral branches, garniſhed with leaves clofe to the branches. The flowers come out from
of different fizes and forms ; fome are fpear-fhaped , the fide of the branches, on fhort foot-ftalks ; they'
others are oval, and fome almoft heart-fhaped ; they are very finall, of a pale yellow, and are fucceeded
4 F by

f
 COR COR

by flat feed-veffels near three inches long, ending in This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
two horns ; thefe open in two cells, which are filled Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
with fmall angular feeds. the flower having five ftamina and one ſtyle.
The feeds of the feventh fort were fent me from Bar The SPECIES are,
badoes, where the plant grows naturally, for I have 1. CORDIA ( Sebeftina) foliis oblongo- ovatis, repandis,
alfo had it rife in the earth which came over from fcabris. Lin . Sp . Plant. 190. Cordia with oblong, oval,
thence in tubs with growing plants : this rifes about rough leaves, turning backward. Caryophyllus fpurius
the fame height as the fixth, fending out feveral weak inodorus, folio fubrotundo, fcabro, flore racemofo,
fide branches, garnished with long narrow leaves, hexapetaloide, coccineo. Sloan . Cat. 136. Commonly
which are rough, and fawed on their edges, fitting called Lignum Aloes.
clofe to the branches ; between the larger leaves come 2. CORDIA (Myxa ) foliis tomentofis, corymbis laterali
out feveral fmall ones, which are placed irregularly bus, calycibus decemftriatis. Lin. Sp . 273. Cordia
on the branches . The flowers are finall, of a pale with oval woolly leaves, flowers growing in a corymbus
yellow, and come out on the fide of the branches from the fide of the branches, and empalements with ten
oppofite to the leaves ; thefe are fucceeded by very fripes. Sebeftina domeftica five Myxa. Com. Hort .
narrow compreffed pods two inches long, open Amft. 1. 139. The cultivated Sebeften.
ing with two valves, and filled with finall angular 3 . CORDIA ( Macrophylla) foliis ovatis, villofis fefquipe
feeds . It flowers and feeds at the fame time with the dalibus. Lin . Sp . Plant. 274. Cordia with oval woolly
former. leaves half a foot long. Prunus racemofa, foliis ob
The eighth fort grows naturally in Jamaica ; this rifes longis hirfutis maximis, fructu rubro. Sloan. Cat.
with a fhrubby ftalk four feet high, dividing into a Jam. 184 .
great number of finall branches, which are clofely The firſt fort grows naturally in feveral iſlands in the
garnifhed with fmall, oval, fawed leaves, fitting clofe Weft-Indies this rifes with feveral fhrubby ftalks
to the branches ; between thefe are many very fmall
eight or nine feet high, which are garnished toward
leaves, placed without order : the flowers are pro the top with oblong, oval, rough leaves, ftanding al
duced on the fide of the branches on very fhort foot ternate on fhort foot-ftalks ; they are of a deep green
ftalks ; thefe are finall, and the petals foon fall off, on their upper fide. The flowers terminate the
fo that it has been fuppofed to have no petals. The branches, growing in large clufters upon branching.
flowers are fucceeded by compreffed feed-veffels three foot-ftalks, fome fuftaining one, others two, and
inches long, which are rounded at their points, and fome have three flowers, which are large, funnel
open with two valves at the top, containing a great fhaped, having long tubes, which ſpread open at
number of fmall angular feeds. This plant hath a the top, where it is divided into five obtufe fegments ;
perennial ftalk, fo may be preferved through the win they are of a beautiful fcarlet, fo make a fine ap
ter in a moderate ftove, and the fecond year will pearance.
flower in June, and produce ripe feeds in autumn ; The fecond fort is by moft botanists believed to be
but when the plants are brought forward fo as to the Myxa of Cæfalpinus, which is the beft Sebeſten
flower the first year, they feldom perfect their feeds , of the fhops ; the fruit of which was formerly uſed in
and thefe plants cannot be fo well preferved as thofe medicine, but of late years has been feldom brought
which are treated hardily in the fummer. to England , therefore is rarely ordered . This is called
All theſe forts are too tender to thrive in England in Affyrian Plum, from the country where it naturally
the open air, therefore their feeds muſt be fown on a grows. It rifes to the height of our common Plum
hot-bed in the fpring ; and when the plants are come trees, but was very rare in this country till the
up fit to remove, they fhould be tranfplanted on a year 1762 , when there was fome of the fruit fent
fresh hot-bed to bring the plants forward, otherwiſe from Egypt, by thofe perfons who were fent to tra
they will not ripen feeds. After the plants are rooted vel at the king of Denmark's expence, from which
in the new hot-bed, they must have free air admitted fruit fome plants have been raiſed in the Chelfea
to them every day, in proportion to the warmth of garden .
the feafon, for they must not be drawn up weak ; The third fort was difcovered by father Plumier, in
when the plants have obtained ftrength, they fhould fome of the French islands of America ; and fince

be tranfplanted each into a feparate pot, and plunged was found in the bay of Campeachy, by Mr. Robert
into a hot-bed, obferving to fhade them from the Millar, who fent the feeds to England : this fort
fun till they have taken root ; then they muſt have a grows to the height of eighteen or twenty feet in the
large fhare of air every day, and fhould be frequently natural places where it is found wild , it hath winged
refreſhed with water ; and in June they fhould be leaves, which are large, entire, and fmooth ; but it
gradually inured to the open air, and part of them hath not as yet flowered in England, fo I can give no
farther account of it.
may be fhaken out of the pots, and planted in a warm
border, where, if the feafon proves warm, they will Thefe plants, being natives of warm countries, are
flower and perfect their feeds ; but as thefe will fome too tender to live through the winter in this country,
times fail, it will be proper to put one or two plants unless they are preferved in a ſtove : they are all pro
of each fort into pots, which fhould be placed in a pagated by feeds, which must be procured from the
glafs- cafe, where they may be fcreened from bad countries of their natural growth ; theſe feeds must be
weather, and from thefe good feeds may always be fown in fmall pots, which must be plunged into a
obtained. The laft fort may alfo be treated in the good hot-bed of tanners bark in the fpring ; and if
fame manner during the fummer feafon, but in au the feeds are freſh and good, the plants will begin to
tumn they muſt be removed into the ftove, and plung appear in fix or eight weeks after. Theſe muſt be
ed into the bark-bed, and thefe will flower early the brought forward in the hot-bed, by being treated as
fecond year, and ripen feeds . other tender exotic plants, obferving frequently to
CORDIA. Plum . Ñov. Gen. 13. tab. 14. Sebeftena. water them in fummer ; and in July, if the plants
Dillen. Hort. Elth. 225. Sebeiten . have made much advance, they fhould be gradually
The CHARACTERS are, hardened, otherwife they will grow fo weak as not to
The flower bath a permanent empalement of one leaf, in be eafily preferved through the winter. As thefe plants
dented in three parts. It bath one funnel f -haped petal, obtain ftrength, they will become more hardy , but
whofe tube is the length of the empalement, and the top is during the two firft winters, it will be proper to plunge
divided into four, five, or fix parts, which are obtufe and them into the tan-bed in the ftove , but when they
erect. It hath five awl - shaped stamina, terminated by begin to have woody ftems, they may be placed on
long fummits, and in the center a roundish pointed germen, fhelves, in a dry ftove ; where, if they are kept in a
fupporting a bifid ftyle, crowned by two obtufe ftigmas. moderate degree of heat, they may be preferved very
The germen afterward becomes a dry berry, which is glo well ( efpecially the firſt fort) which is fomewhat har
bular and pointed, fastened to the empalement, and in dier than the others. This may alfo be placed abroad
clofes a furrowed nut with four cells. in a warm fituation, in the beginning of July, where
3 the
 COR COR

the plants may remain till the middle of September, oppofite, which are entire ; from the wings of the
provided the feafon continues warm, otherwife they leaves come out the foot-ftalks of the flowers, by
muſt be removed into the ftove fooner. pairs oppofite, and ftand erect ; the lower part of
The first fort produces very fine flowers, of a fcarlet thefe have one or two pair of very narrow leaves, but
colour, in large bunches, at the extremity of the the upper is naked, and terminated by one large yel
branches, after the fame manner as the Oleander or low flower, whofe border or rays are deeply cut into
Rofe-bay ; but theſe flowers are much larger, and of feveral fegments ; thefe are fucceeded by flat winged
a much finer colour. feeds, which, when ripe, roll up ; the naked foot
A fmall piece of the wood of this tree being put on ftalks of thefe flowers are more than a foot long. This
a pan of lighted coals, will fend forth a molt agreea must be fown upon a gentle hot-bed in the fpring,
ble odour, and will perfume a whole houfe. and when the plants are fit to tranfplant, they fhould
COREOPSIS. Lin. Gen. Pl. 879. Tickfeed . be each planted into a feparate finall pot, and plung
The CHARACTERS are, ed into a fresh hot-bed to bring them forward ; and
The common empalement of theflower is double, the outer in June they ſhould be inured by degrees to the open
being composed of eight leaves, placed circularly ; the inner air, and afterward fome of them may be fhaken out
is in every part larger, membranaceous, and coloured. of the pots, and planted in a warm border ; where,
The difk of the flower is compofed of many hermaphrodite if the feafon is good, they will flower in the middle
florets, which are tubular, and divided into five parts at of July, and ripen their feeds the beginning of Sep
the top ; thefe have each five hairyftamina, terminated tember.
by cylindrical fummits. In their center is fituated a com The third fort hath a perennial root, fending up many
preffed germen with two horns, fupporting a flender ſtyle, ſtiff angular ſtalks, which rife upward of three feet
crowned by an acute bifid ftigma. The germen afterward high, garnifhed at each joint with decompound wing
becomes a fingle orbicular feed, convex on one fide, and ed leaves, ftanding oppofite ; thefe are very narrow
hollow on the other, having a membranaceous border, and entire. The branches alfo come out by pairs
and two horns on the top. The border or rays of the oppofite, as do alfo the foot- ftalks of the flowers ;
flower is compofed of eight female florets which are large, thefe are long, flender, and each terminated by a fin
and tongue-fhaped, indented in five parts ; thefe have no gle flower, of a bright yellow colour, the rays or bor
Stamina, but a germen like the other, without any ftyle or der being oval and entire. The difk or middle is of
Stigma, and are abortive. a dark purple colour. Thefe appear in July, and
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection of continue till September, during which time they
Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Poly make a fine appearance. This grows naturally in
gamia Fruftranea ; the flowers of this clafs and fection Maryland and Philadelphia . It is propagated by
are compofed of hermaphrodite florets which are fruit parting the roots, in the fame manner as the first fort,
ful, and female half florets which are barren . and delights in a light loamy earth, and funny ex
The SPECIES are, pofure.
1. COREOPSIS ( Alternifolia) foliis lanceolatis, ferratis , The fourth fort hath a perennial root. It grows na
alternis, petiolatis decurrentibus. Hort. Upfal. 270 . turally in many parts of North America, but has
Tickfeed with spear -
shaped fawed leaves, placed alternate, been long cultivated in the English gardens ; the
and winged foot-ftalks. Chryfanthemum Virginianum, ftalks of this are ftrong, round, and ſmooth, rifing
caule alato , ramofius, flore minore. Pluk. Alm . 100. fix or feven feet high, garnished at each joint with
2. COREOPSIS (Lanceolata) foliis lanceolatis, integerri fome trifoliate leaves, which ftand oppofite. The
mis ciliatis. Lin . Sp. Plant. 1283. Tickfeed with Spear flowers are produced in bunches at the top of the
fhaped leaves which are entire. Bidens fuccifæ folio, ftalks, ftanding upon long foot-ftalks ; they are of a
radio amplo laciniato. Hort. Elth . 55 . pale yellow, with a dark purple difk. It flowers in
3. COREOPSIS (Verticillata) foliis decompofito pinnatis, July, but feldom produces good feeds in England .
linearibus. Lin. Sp . Plant. 907. Tickfeed with decom This fort is propagated by parting the roots in the
pound, winged, narrow leaves. Ceratocephalus del fame manner as the firft, but requires a better foil and
phinii foliis. Vaill . Act. 1720. pofition.
4. COREOPSIS (Tripteris) foliis fubternatis, integerrimis. The fifth fort grows naturally in South Carolina,
Hort. Upfal. 269. Tickfeed with leaves growing by from whence the feeds were fent me by the late Dr.
threes, which are entire. Chryfanthemum Virginia Dale. This is an annual plant, which rifes with upright
num, folio acutiore, lævi, trifoliato, fc. anagyridis talks to the height of four feet, garnished with nar
folio . Mor. Hift. 3. p. 21 . row fpear-shaped leaves, ending in long points, and
5. COREOPSIS ( Radiato) foliis lineari-lanceolatis , acutè are deeply fawed on their edges, ftanding oppoſite
ferratis, oppofitis radio amplo integro. Tickfeed with at each joint, upon fhort foot-ftalks ; thefe leaves are
narrow spear s-haped leaves, which are oppofite andsharp from three to four inches long, and three quarters of
lyfawed, and the rays of the flower large and entire. an inch broad in the middle, of a deep green on their
The first fort grows naturally in North America every upper fide, and pale on their under. At all the up
where. This hath a perennial root ; the ftalks decay per joints of the ftalks come out two long flender
to the root every winter, which are ftrong, herbace foot- ftalks, one on each fide, which are garniſhed
ous, and rife to the height of eight or ten feet, gar with two or three pair of fmall leaves, and terminated
nifhed with ſpear-fhaped leaves fawed on their edges, by one flower, compofed of feven female half florets,
from three to four inches long, and one broad in the which compofe the ray ; thefe are oval and entire.
middle, placed alternate on every fide the ftalks , The difk is compofed of a great number of herma
having fhort foot-ftalks, with a border or wing run phrodite florets, which are of a dark colour, and the
ning from one to the other, the whole length of the fummits of the ftamina are of a bright yellow ; theſe
ftalk . The flowers grow at the top of the ftalks, hermaphrodite florets are each fucceeded by one flat
forming a fort of corymbus, each foot-ftalk fuftain bordered feed, having two horns or teeth. This fort
ing one, two, or three yellow flowers, fhaped like flowers in Auguft, and if the autumn proves favour
Sun-flowers, but much fmaller. This flowers in able, will ripen its feeds in October ; but in cold fea
September and October, but doth not produce feeds fons it will not perfect feeds in England.
in England. It is a very hardy plant, and may be This is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown on
propagated in plenty by parting the roots. The beſt a warm border in autumn, and the plants will come
time for this is in autumn, when the ftalks begin up the following fpring ; for ifthe feeds are fown in
to decay. It will thrive in almost every foil and the fpring, the plants feldom rife till the year after.
fituation. When the plants are fit to remove, they fhould be
The fecond fort is an annual plant. The feeds of this carefully taken up , and either planted where they are
were brought me from Carolina by Mr. Catesby, in defigned to remain, or into a nurſery-bed, at four
the year 1726. This hath an upright ſtalk, garnifhed inches diftance, to get ftrength, obferving to fhade
with fmooth, narrow, fpear-shaped leaves, placed them from the fun till they have taken fresh root ;
after

1
 COR COR

after which, thoſe which are planted out for good, will the fame number of petals, and in the center are placed
require no other treatment but to keep them clean five pointals, which turn to a berry, incloſing five kidney
from weeds ; and as they advance in height, they Shaped feeds.
fhould be fupported by fticks, otherwiſe the ſtrong This is ranged in the ninth fection of Linnæus's
winds in autumn often break them ; and thofe which twenty-fecond ' clafs, intitled Dicecia Decandria, the
were placed in a nurſery-bed, when they have obtained plants having male and hermaphrodite flowers on dif
ferent roots .
proper ftrength, fhould be taken up and tranfplanted
with balls of earth to their roots, where they are de The SPECIES are,
figned to ftand for flowering. 1. CORIARIA (Myrtifolia) foliis ovato oblongis. Hort.
As theſe plants continue to produce flowers till the Upfal. 299. Myrtle-leaved Sumach, with oblong oval
froft puts a stop to them, they merit a place in every leaves. Coriaria vulgaris mas. Niffol. Act. 1711 .
curious garden, eſpecially thofe which do not ramble 2. CORIARIA (Fæmina ) vulgaris fœmina. Lin. Hort.
and ſpread too much. The firft is the leaft deferving Cliff. Female Myrtle-leaved Sumach.
of either, fo is feldom preferved, but in botanic gar The fort with male flowers has been the moſt com
dens for the fake of variety. mon in England , the other having been very rarely
CORIANDRUM. Lin . Gen. Plant. 318. Tourn . raifed in our gardens : a few years paft, when fome
Inft. R. H. 316. tab. 168. [ of Kopíavdpor, of Kópis, Gr. plants were raifed from feeds, which came from Italy,
a tick ; fo called , either becauſe it has the fcent of this in the Chelfea garden, where the plants fo raiſed
infect, or, as others fay, becauſe it drives away or have moſt of them proved of the hermaphrodite fort,
kills them ; and "Avdp , Gr. the ifle where it grew and have produced great quantities of feeds, which
plentifully. ] Coriander. have grown, though there is not one plant of the
The CHARACTERS are , male fort at prefent in the garden ; the not finding
It is a plant with an umbellated flower ; the univerſal any plants in the English gardens, but thofe with
umbel bath but few rays, the partial umbels have male flowers, occafioned my writing abroad for the
many. The fift hath no involucrum, but the latter bath feeds. Thefe grow wild in great plenty about Mont
a three-leaved one ; the proper empalement is divided into pelier in France, where it is ufed for tanning of lea
five parts ; the rays of the principal umbel are difform. ther ; and, from this ufe, has been titled by the bota
The bermaphrodite flowers which form the dijk, have five niſts , Rhus coriariorum , i. e. Tanners Sumach.
equal beart -
jhaped petals, which are inflexed, but thofe of Thefe fhrubs feldom grow more than three or four
the rays have five unequal petals of the fame form ; they feet high ; and as they creep at the root, they fend
have each five stamina, terminated by roundifh fummits. forth many items, whereby they form a thicket, fo
The germen which is fituated under the flower, fupports may be planted to fill up vacancies in wilderness quar
two styles, crowned byfmall radiated ftigmas ; the germen ters ; but they are improper for finall gardens, where
afterward becomes a spherical fruit, divided into two they will take up too much room ; and as there is no
parts, each having a hemifpherical concave feed. great beauty in the flowers, they are only admitted
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection for variety.
of Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia, It is ftrange that Monfieur Niffol, who lived upon
the flower having five ſtamina and two ſtyles. the place where thefe grew in plenty, who conftituted
The SPECIES are, this genus, inthe Memoirs of the Acadamy at Paris,
1. CORIANDRUM ( Sativum) fructibus globofis . Hort. has taken no notice of their being male and herma
Cliff. 100. Coriander with globular fruit. Coriandrum phrodite in different plants.
majus. C. B. P. 158. Greater Coriander. It may be propagated plentifully from the fuckers,
1 2. CORIANDRUM ( Tefticulatum) fructibus didymis . Hort. which are produced from the creeping roots in great
Cliff. 100. Coriander with twin fruit. Coriandrum abundance ; theſe fhould be taken off in March, and
minus tefticulatum. C. B. P. 158 . planted into a nurſery to form good roots, where
The firit of theſe ſpecies is the moſt common kind , they may continue one or two years, and then muft be
which is cultivated in the European gardens and fields removed to the places where they are to remain.
for the feeds, which are ufed in medicine. The fe This plant delights in a loamy foil which is not too
cond fort is lefs common than the firft, and is feldom ftiff, and fhould be placed where it may have ſhelter
found but in botanic gardens in theſe parts of Eu from the north and eaft winds ; where it will endure
rope. Theſe plants grow naturally in the fouth of the cold of cur ordinary winters very well, and will
France, Spain, and Italy ; but the firft fort has been flower better than if it is preferved in pots and fhelter
long cultivated in the gardens and fields, though at ed in the winter, as hath been by fome practifed.
prefent there is not near fo much of it fown in Eng CORINDUM . See CARDIOSPERMUM .
land as was fome years paft. CORIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 216. Tourn . Inft. 652.
Thefe plants are propagated by fowing their feeds tab. 423. We have no Engliſh name for this plant.
in the autumn, in an open fituation, on a bed of The CHARACTERS are,
good fresh earth ; and when the plants are come up, The empalement of the flower is of one leaf, with a
they ſhould be hoed out to about four inches diſtance Swelling belly, but clofed at the top, where it is divided
every way, clearing them from weeds ; by which into five parts, which are crowned by five fpines ; the
management thefe plants will grow ftrong, and pro flower bath one irregular petal, whofe tube is the length
duce a greater quantity of good feeds. The firft fort of the empalement, and spread open at the top, where it is
was formerly cultivated in the gardens as a fallad divided into five oblong fegments, which are obtufe and
herb, and in the Eaft-Indies is ftill much cultivated ; indented , it hath five bristly stamina , terminated by fingle
for the plant is of great ufe in moſt of their compound fummits. In the center is fituated a round germen, fup
diſhes, as a culinary herb, and the feeds are alfo much porting a flender decliningstyle, crowned by a thick ftigma ;
eſteemed for the like purpoſes ; but in Europe neither the empalement afterward becomes a globular capfule, hav
of them are now much ufed.
ing five valves, inclofingfeveral fmall oval feeds.
The fecond fort will rife eafily from feeds, if they are This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt fection of
fown in the autumn ; but thoſe which are fown in the Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
fpring rarely fucceed, or at leaſt do not come up till the flower having five ftamina and one ſtyle.
the following fpring. We have but one SPECIES of this plant, viz.
CORIARIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 458. Niffol. Act. CORIS ( Monfpelienfis) . Hort. Cliff. 68. Coris cærulea
Reg. 1711. Myrtle- leaved Sumach, vulgò. maritima. C. B. P. 280. Blue maritime Coris.
The CHARACTERS are ,
There are two other varieties of this plant, one with a
It is male and hermaphrodite in different plants ; the male red, and the other a white flower, but thefe are only
flowers have a five-leaved empalement ; the flower has accidental varieties arifing from the fame feeds.
five leaves, which are joined to the empalement ; thefe Theſe plants grow wild about Montpelier, and in
have ten flender ftamina, terminated by oblong fummits ; many other parts of the fouth of France, and alfo in
the hermaphrodite flowers have the like empalement, and Italy ; they feldom grow above fix inches high, and
6 fpread
 COR COR

fpread near the furface of the ground like heath ; and This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of
in June, when they are full of flowers, they make a Linnæus's fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Mono
very pretty appearance. gynia, the flowers having four ftamina and but one
They may be propagated by fowing their feeds in the ítyle.
fpring, on a bed of freſh earth ; and when the plants The SPECIES are,
are about an inch high, they fhould be tranfplanted , 1. CORNUS (Sanguinea) arborea, cymis nudis. It. Weſt
fome of them into pots filled with fresh light earth, goth. Lin. Sp. Plant. 117. Dogwood-tree with naked
that they may be ſheltered in winter ; and the others Jhoots. Cornus foemina. C. B. P. 447. Female Dog
into a warm border, where they will endure the cold wood, andthe Virga Sanguinea. Matth .
of our ordinary winters very well, but in fevere froſt 2. CORNUS (Mas) arborea, umbellis involucrum æquan
they are generally deftroyed ; for which reafon, it will tibus . Hort. Cliff. 38. Tree Dogwood with umbels equal
be proper to have fome plants of each fort in pots, to the involucrum. Cornus hortenfis mas. C. B. P. 447.
which may be put under a common hot-bed frame in Male Cornel, or Cornelian Cherry- tree.
winter, where they may be covered in frofty weather ; 3. CORNUS (Florida) arborea, involucro maximo, folio
but when it is mild, they fhould have a great fhare lis obversè cordatis . Hort. Cliff. 38. Tree Dogwood
of free air : theſe plants fometimes produce ripe feeds with a very large involucrum, and obverfe heart-shaped
in England ; but as they do not conftantly perfect leaves. Cornus mas, Virginiana, flofculis in corymbo
their feeds, it will be proper to increaſe them from digeftis, à perianthio tetrapetalo albo radiatim cinctis.
flips and cuttings, which will take root, if planted Pluk. Alm. 120.
about the end of Auguft on a very gentle hot-bed, 4 . CORNUS (Femina) arborea, foliis lanceolatis, acutis,
and fhaded from the fun and duly watered. nervofis, floribus corymbofis terminalibus. Tree Dog
CORISPERMUM . Lin. Gen. Plant. 12. Juff. wood withSpear-shaped acute leaves which are veined,
t . R. S. 1712. Tickfeed .
A& and flowers difpofed in a corymbus, terminating the
The CHARACTERS are, branches. Cornus foemina Virginiana anguftiore fo
The flower bath no empalement, it hath two compreffed lio. Edit. prior. Female Virginia Dogwood with a nar
incurved petals, whichstand oppofite and are equal ; it rower leaf.
bath one, two, or three ftamina, which are shorter than 5. CORNUS ( Amomum) arborea foliis ovatis petiolatis,
the petals, terminated byfingle fummits, with a compreſſed floribus corymbofis terminalibus . Tree Dogwood with
pointed germen, fupporting two hairy styles, crowned by oval leaves having foot-ftalks, and flowers collected into a
acute ftigmas. The germen afterward becomes one oval corymbus at the end of the branches. Cornus Ameri
compreffedfeed, with an acute border. cana fylveftris, domefticæ fimilis, baccâ cærulei colo
This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection ris elegantiffimâ, Amomum Novæ Angliæ quorun
of Linnæus's first clafs, intitled Monandria Digynia, dam. Pluk. Phyt. tab. 169. f. 3. By fome fuppofed to
the flower having one ftamina and two ſtyles . be the true Amomum of New England.
The SPECIES are, 6. CORNUS (Candidiffima) arborea foliis lanceolatis, acu
1. CORISPERMUM (Hyfopifolium) floribus lateralibus Hort. tis, glabris, umbellis involucro minoribus, baccis
Upfal. 2. Tickfeed with flowers on the fide of the ftalks. ovatis. Tree Dogwood with smooth, Spear-shaped, pointed
Corifpermum Hyffopifolium. Juff. Act. R. S. 1712 . leaves, umbels fmaller than the involucrum, and oval ber
Hyffop-leaved Tickfeed. ries. Cornus foemina candidiffimis foliis Americana.
2. CORISPERMUM (Squarrofum) fpicis fquarrofis . Hort. Pluk. Alm . 120.

Upfal. 3. Tickfeed with rough spikes. Rhagroftis foliis 7. CORNUS (Tartarica) arborea foliis oblongo ovatis, ner
arundinaceis. Buxb. Cent. 3. p. 30. Rhagroftis with vofis, infernè albis, floribus corymbofis terminalibus.
Reed-like leaves. Tree Dogwood with oblong, oval, veined leaves, white on
Thefe plants are preſerved in botanic gardens for the their under fide, andflowers growing in a corymbus at the
fake of variety ; but as they have no beauty, are fel end of the branches. Cornus fylveftris fructu albo.
dom cultivated in other gardens. Amman. Ruth. Wild Dogwood with a white fruit.
The firſt fort is an annual plant, which, if ſuffered to 8. CORNUS ( Suecica) herbacea ramis binis. Fl. Lapp . 55
1
fcatter its feeds, the ground will be plentifully stocked Herbaceous Dogwood with double branches. Cornus pu
with the plants, which will require no other care but mila herbacea, chamæpericlymenum dicta. Hort.
to prevent the weeds from over- growing them. Elth. 108. Low herbaceous Dogwood, called Dwarf Ho
The fecond will not grow but in marshy places, neyfuckle.
where there is ſtanding water ; over the furface of The firſt of theſe trees is very common in the hedges
which this plant will foon extend, when once it is in divers parts of England, and is feldom preferved
eſtabliſhed. in gardens. The fruit of this plant is often brought
As we had no Engliſh name to this genus, I have into the markets, and fold for Buckthorn berries,
given it this of Tickfeed, which correfponds with the from which it may be eaſily diſtinguiſhed, if the ber
Greek name. ries are opened to obferve how many ſtones there are
CORK-TREE . See QUERcus . in each ; which in this fruit is but one, but in the
CORN-FLAG. See GLADIOLUS . Buckthorn four, and they may be eaſily diſtinguiſhed
CORNICULATE PLANTS [Plantæ Corni by rubbing the juice of the berries on paper ; that of
culatæ, ] are fuch, as after each flower, produce many the Buckthorn will ſtain the paper green, whereas the
horned feed-pods , called Siliquæ. juice of this ftains it purple. This tree is called Virga
CORN-MARIGOLD . See CHRYSANTHEMUM . Sanguinea, from the young fhoots being of a fine red
CORN-SALLAD. See VALERIANA. colour. There is a variety of this tree with variegated
CORNUS. Lin . Gen. Plant. 139. Tourn . Inſt. 641 . leaves, which is preferved in the nurferies, but is not
tab. 410. [fo called, of Cornu, Lat. a horn ; becauſe much efteemed.
its wood, or the fhell of its fruit, is hard as a horn. ] The fecond fort is very common in the Engliſh gar
The Cornelian Cherry. dens, where it was formerly propagated for its fruit,
The CHARACTERS are, which was by fome people preferved to make tarts. It
It hath many flowers included in one common four-leaved is alſo uſed in medicine as an aftringent and cooler :
involucrum, which is coloured. The flowers have each there is alſo an officinal preparation of this fruit, call
a ſmall empalement, fitting on the germen, which is in ed Rob de Cornis. Of this there are two or three
dented in four parts. They have four plain petals, which varieties, which differ only in the colour of their
are fmaller than the leaves of the involucrum, and four fruit, but that with the red fruit is the moſt common
erett ftamina, which are longer than the petals, termi in England.
nated by roundish fummits. The roundgermen fituated be As the fruit of this tree is not at preſent much eſteem
low the empalement, fupports a flender ſtyle, crowned by ed, the nurſery-men about London propagate it as
an obtufeftigma. The germen afterward becomes an oval, one of the forts which is commonly fold as a flowering
or roundish berry, inclosing a nut, with two cells, having fhrub, and is by fome people valued for coming fo
an oblong kernel. early to flower ; for if the feafon is mild, the
4 G flowers
 COR COR

flowers will appear by the beginning of February ; being much more inclinable to fhoot out fuckers,
and though there is no great beauty in the flowers, whereby they will fill the ground round them with
yet, as they are generally produced in plenty, at a their ſpawn, they are not near fo valuable as thoſe
feafon when few other flowers appear upon trees, a plants which are raiſed from layers.
few plants of them may be admitted for variety. CORNUTIA. Plum. Nov. Gen. 17. Lin. Gen.
The fruit of this tree is feldom ripe before Septem Plant. 684. Agnanthus . Vaill. Act. R. 1722. We
ber. The tree will grow eighteen or twenty feet have no English name for this plant . It is fo called
high, and make a large head. from Cornutus, a phyfician of Paris, who publiſhed
The third fort is an American, from whence the feeds a hiſtory of Canada plants
have been brought to England : this is found in all The CHARACTERS are,
northern parts of America, as are alfo the fourth, The flower bath a small permanent empalement of one
fifth, and fixth forts, being natives of the woods in leaf, which is tubular, and indented in free parts at the
Virginia, New England, Maryland, and Carolina . top. The flower is of one petal, having a cylindrical
There are all of them very hardy, and thrive well in tube, which is much longer than the empalement, and di
the open air in England, fo are cultivated by the nur vided into four parts at the top ; the upper fegment is
fery- men near London, to add to the variety of their round and erect, the two fide ones fpread apart, and the
hardy trees : thefe grow to the fame height with our lower is round and entire. It bath four ftamina, two of
common female Dogberry, and make a much better thefe are longer than the tube, the other are shorter ; they
appearance. The fhoots of the fifth fort are of a beau are terminated by inclining fummits. In the center isfitu
tiful red colour in winter ; and in fummer the leaves ated the roundish germen, fupporting a long ftyle, divided
being large, of a whitish colour on their under into two parts, crowned by two thick ftigmas. The ger
fide, and the bunches of white flowers growing at the men afterward becomes a globular berry, fitting upon the
extremity of every branch, renders this fhrub valua empalememt, inclofingfeveral kidney -ſhaped feeds.
ble ; and in autumn, when the large bunches of blue This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
berries are ripe, they make a fine appearance. of Linnæus's fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia
The third fort is now very common in the nurferies, Angiofpermia, the flowers having two long and
where it is known by the name of Virginia Dogwood . two fhort ftamina, and the feeds are included in a
This fort is of much humbler growth than either of capfule.
the former, feldom rifing above feven or eight feet There is but one SPECIES of this genus , viz.
high, but is generally well garnished with leaves, CORNUTIA (Pyramidata) . Hort. Cliff. 319. Cornutia
which are larger than either of the other forts. This flore pyramidato cæruleo, foliis incanis. Nov. Gen.
does not flower fo plentifully as the other forts, nor 32. Cornutia with a blue pyramidal flower and boary
have I yet feen any of thefe fhrubs, which have pro leaves.
duced berries in England, though they are as hardy This plant was firft difcovered by father Plumier in
as the other.
America, who gave it the name. It is found in plen
There is a variety of this with a red involucrum or ty in feveral of the iſlands in the Weft-Indies, as alfo
cover to the flowers, which adds to the beauty of the at Campeachy and La Vera Cruz, from both which
plant ; this was found wild in Virginia by Mr. Ba places I received the feeds, which were collected by
nifter, and afterward by Mr. Catesby. This and the my late ingenious friend Dr. William Houftoun, and
former fort are great ornaments to the woods in A afterward by Mr. Robert Millar, from the fame coun
merica, firſt by their early flowering in the fpring be try. It grows to the height of ten or twelve feet ;
fore the green leaves appear ; and in the winter they the branches are four-cornered, grow ftraggling, and
are alſo beautiful when the berries are ripe, which hang the leaves are placed oppofite. The flowers are pro
upon the fhrubs till the ſpring. duced in fpikes at the end of the branches, which are
The eighth fort grows upon Cheviot-hills in Nor of a fine blue colour ; theſe uſually appear in autumn,
thumberland, and alfo upon the Alps, and other and fometimes will remain in beauty for two months
mountainous places in the northern countries, but is or more.
very difficult to preferve in gardens ; the only me It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown early
thod is, to remove the plants from the places of their in the fpring on a hot-bed ; and when the plants are
natural growth, with good balls of earth to their come up, they fhould be tranfplanted each into a fe
roots, and plant them in a moift fhady fituation , parate halfpenny pot, filled with light fresh earth, and
where they are not annoyed by the roots of other plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark, obferving to
plants. In fuch a fituation they may be preferved fhade them until they have taken root ; after which
two or three years, but it rarely happens that they they ſhould have freſh air let into the bed, in propor
will continue much longer. This is a low herbaceous tion to the warmth of the feafon, and fhould be fre
plant, whofe ftalks decay in the autumn . quently watered ( for it naturally grows on fwampy
All the forts of Dogwood may be propagated by their foils . ) When the plants have filled thefe pots with
feeds, which, if fown in autumn foon after they are their roots, they fhould be fhifted into others of a
ripe, will most of them come up the followingfpring ; larger fize, and plunged into a hot-bed again, where
but if the feeds are not fown in autumn, they will lie they ſhould be continued till October, when they muſt
a year in the ground before the plants will appear, be removed into the bark-ftove, and plunged into the
and when the year proves dry, they will fometimes tan, for otherwife it will be very difficult to preferve
remain two years in the ground ; therefore the place them through the winter. The ftove in which theſe
fhould not be difturbed, where theſe feeds are fown , plants are placed ſhould be kept to the temperate heat
under two years, if the plants fhould not come up marked on Mr. Fowler's thermometers, which will
fooner. When the plants are come up, they ſhould agree better with themthan a hotter ſtove. The third
be duly watered in dry weather, and kept clean from year from feeds thefe plants will flower, when they
weeds ; and the autumn following they may be re make a fine appearance in the ftove, but they never
moved, and planted in beds in the nurfery, where perfect their feeds in England.
they may remain two years, by which time they will They may also be propagated by cuttings, which, if
be fit to tranfplant where they are to remain for good. planted into pots filled with earth, and plunged into
They are allo propagated by fuckers, and laying a bark -bed, obferving to fhade and water them, will
down the branches. Moft of the forts produce plen take root, and muſt be afterwards treated as the feed
ty of fuckers, eſpecially when they are planted on a ling plants.
moift light foil, which may be taken off from the old CORONA IMPERIALIS. See FRITILLARIA.
plants in autumn, and planted into a nurſery for a CORONA SOLIS . See HELIANTHUS .

year or two, and then may be tranfplanted into the CORONILLA, Jointed-podded Colutea.
places where they are to remain ; but thofe plants The CHARACTERS are,
which are propagated by fuckers , rarely have fo good The flower bath a short permanent empalement of one
roots as thofe which are propagated by layers ; and leaf, which is compreſſed, bifid, and erect. It bath a
butterfly
 COR COR

butterfly flower, whofe ftandard is heart -shaped, and re green colour, and continue all the year. The flowers
flexed on each fide. The wings are oval, andjoin at the are produced on flender foot-ſtalks from the wings of
top. The keel is shorter than the wings, is pointed and the leaves, on the upper part of the branches, fevera!
compreffed. It hath nine ftamina which are united, and ſtanding together in a roundifk bunch ; they are of
one ftandingfingle, which are broad at the top, terminated the butterfly, or Pea-bloom kind, and of a bright
by fmallfummits. In the center isfituated an oblong taper yellow colour, having a very ſtrong odour, which to
germen, fupporting a briftly rifing style, crowned by an fome perfons is agreeable, but to others the contrary.
obtufe tigma. The germen afterward becomes a taper This flowers in April and May, and the feeds ripen
jointed pod, inclofing oblong feeds. in Auguſt.
This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection This plant is propagated by fowing the feeds in the
of Linnæus's feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia fpring, either upon a gentle hot- bed, or on a warm
Decandria, the flower having ten ftamina, nine of border of light freſh earth ; and when the plants are
which are united, and one ftands fingle. To this ge come up about two inches high, they ſhould be tranf
nus Dr. Linnæus has joined the Emerus of Cæfalpi planted either into pots, or a bed of good rich earth,
nus, and the Securidaca of Tournefort, whereby he at about four or five inches diftance every way,
multiplies the fpecies ; but as theſe differ effentially where they may remain until they have bbtained
in their fructification, I fhall treat of them fe ftrength enough to plant out for good ; which ſhould
parately, following the example of all the former be either into pots filled with good fresh earth, or
botanists. a warm fituated border ; in which, if the winter is not
The SPECIES are , too fevere, they will abide very well, provided they
1. CORONILLA (Glauca) fruticofa, foliis feptenis, ftipu are in a dry foil.
lis lanceolatis. Lin. Sp . 1047. Shrubby Coronilla with The fecond fort is a fhrub of the fame fize with the
feven pair offmall leaves, and fpear-
shapedftipula. Co firft, from which it differs in the number of ſmall
ronilla maritima glauco folio. Tourn . Inft. 650 . leaves (or lobes ) on each midrib ; theſe having nine
2. CORONILLA ( Argentea) fruticofa foliolis undenis, ex or eleven, and are of a filver colour, but the
timo majore. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1049. Shrubby Coro flowers and pods are the fame. It flowers at the
willa with eleven pair of fmall leaves, the outer being the fame time, and requires the fame treatment as the
largest. Coronilla argentea Cretica. Tourn. Inft . former.
650. The third fort is a fhrubby plant, rifing four or five
3. CORONILLA (Valentina) fruticofa foliis fubnovenis fub feet high ; the ſtalks are fhrubby garniſhed with
orbiculatis . Lin. Sp. Plant. 1047. Shrubby Coronilla winged leaves, compofed of many fmall oval lobes
with nine lobes which are orbicular. Polygala Valen along the midrib by pairs, and ending in an odd one.
tina. The flowers ftand upon long foot- ſtalks, which ariſe
4. CORONILLA (Hifpanica) fruticofa enneaphylla, foliolis from the fide of the branches ; they are yellow, and
emarginatis, ftipulis majoribus fubrotundis. Shrubby grow together in clofe bunches. This flowers in winter
nine-leaved Coronilla, whofe fmall leaves are indented, and and fpring, and the feeds are ripe in Auguft.
larger roundish ftipula. Coronilla filiquis & feminibus This is a perennial fhrubby plant, which is propagated
craffioribus. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 650. by feeds ; they may be fown on a bed of light earth in
5. CORONILLA ( Minima) foliolis plurimis, ovatis, caule April, and when the plants are fit to tranfplant, fome
fuffruticofo declinato, pedunculis longioribus. Coro of them fhould be planted in a warm border, clofe to a
nilla with many oval lobes, a declining stalk fomewhat warm wall or pale, to which the branches ſhould be
forubby, and longer foot-ftalks to the flowers. Coro trained; obferving to fhade them from the fun till they
nilla minima. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 650. Smallest Co have taken freſh root, and alfo to refreſh them with
ronilla. water when they require it. After they are well rooted ,
6. CORONILLA (Varia) herbacea, leguminibus erectis, they will require no other culture but to keep them
teretibus, torofis , numerofis, foliis glabris . Hort. clean from weeds, and faften their branches to the
Cliff. 363. Herbaceous Coronilla with many taper ereð wall ; the next year they will flower, and if they are
pods, and fmooth leaves. Coronilla herbacea flore vario. on a dry foil and in a warm fituation, they will con
Tourn. Inft. 650. tinue many years . Some of thefe plants fhould be
7. CORONILLA (Cretica) herbacea, leguminibus quinis, put into pots, that they may be removed into ſhelter
erectis, teretibus, articulatis. Prod . Leyd . 387. Her in winter ; where, if they are not too tenderly treated,
baceous Coronilla withfive taper, erect, jointed pods. Co they will flower great part of that feafon ; but thefe
ronilla Cretica herbacea, flore parvo purpurafcente . will rarely produce feeds, whereas thoſe in the full
Tourn . Cor. 44. ground generally do , provided they are covered with
3. CORONILLA (Orientalis) herbacea leguminibus nu mats in frofty weather.
merofis, radiatis, craffioribus, articulatis, foliolis fub The fourth fort is nearly like the firft, but hath fewer
tus glaucis. Herbaceous Coronilla with many thickjointed pinnæ on each midrib. The flowers are larger, and
pods difpofed like rays, and fmaller leaves of a fea-green have little ſcent. The pods and feeds are much
on their under fide. Coronilla orientalis herbaceo , flore larger, and the plants are not quite fo hardy. This
magno luteo. Tourn . Cor. 44. flowers in May and June, but rarely perfects feeds
9. CORONILLA ( Juncea) fruticofa, foliis quinatis terna in England ; it requires the fame treatment as the firſt,
tifque lineari- lanceolatis fubcarnofis obtufis. Lin. Sp . but in winter the plants fhould be fheltered, otherwiſe
1047. Shrubby Coronilla with five and trefoil linear, hard frofts will deſtroy them.
Spear-shaped leaves, which are obtufe and fleshy. Do The fifth fort is a low trailing plant with fhrubby
ricum luteum Hifpanicum carnofius . Barrel. Icon. ftalks, which ſpread near the ground, garniſhed with
133. winged leaves, compoſed of many pair of fmall lobes
10. CORONILLA (Scandens) caule hirfuto, volubili, fo placed along the midrib, terminated by an odd one ;
* liolis quinis ovatis, floribus binis, erectis, axillaribus, theſe are oval, and of a bright green ; the flowers
leguminibus erectis, villofis. Coronilla with a twining ftand upon long foot- ftalks in clofe bunches, they
bairy ftalk, five oval leaves, two flowers growing erect are yellow, and without fcent. It flowers in May,
on the fides of the branches, and upright hairy pods. Co and the feeds ripen in autumn. This is propagated
ronilla fcandens pentaphylla. Plum. Cat . 19. Climbing by feeds in the fame manner as the third, and requires
five-leaved Coronilla. the fame treatment.
The firft fort is an humble fhrub, which feldom riſes The fixth fort dies down every winter, but rifes again
more than two or three feet high, with a ligneous the fucceeding fpring ; the ftalks of this rife to the
branching ſtalk, garniſhed cloſely with winged leaves, height of five or fix feet, where they have fupport ;
each being generally compofed of five pair of ſmall otherwife they trail on the ground, and are garniſhed
leaves ( or lobes ) terminated by an odd one , theſe with winged leaves, compofed of feveral oblong fmall
are narrow at their baſe, and broad at the top, where pinnæ, which are fometimes placed by pairs, and at
they are roundifh and indented ; they are of a fea other times are alternate, ending in a ſingle one, they
6 are ,
 COR COR

are of a deep green. The flowers come out on long. frame in winter, becaufe in hard frofts the plants are
foot-ftalks from the wings of the leaves, many often deftroyed ; but in mild weather they should be
growing together in round bunches ; they are variable expoſed to the air, otherwife they will draw up
weak .
from a deep to a light purple, mixed with white,
and are fucceeded by flender pods from two to three The tenth fort was difcovered by father Plumier in
inches long, ſtanding erect. This plant flowers in America. I received the feeds of this plant from
June, July, and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in au Carthagena, which were fent me by my late ingenious
tumn. The roots of this plant creep very far under friend Dr. William Houftoun ; this hath a flender,
ground, by which the plant increafes greatly ; which, hairy, twining ſtalk, of a brown colour, twifting round
when permitted to remain unremoved for two or any of the fhrubs which ſtand near it, whereby it
three years, will ſpread and overbear what plants grow
rifes eight or ten feet high, and is garnished with
near it ; for which reafon the roots fhould be confined , winged leaves, for the moſt part compofed of five
and it fhould be planted at a distance from any other oval lobes, one inch long, and half an inch broad,
plants ; it will grow in almoſt any foil and fituation , of a deep green. The flowers come out by pairs at
but thrives beft in a warm funny expofure, in which each joint, ftanding on very fhort ſeparate foot -ftalks
the flowers will alſo be much fairer, and in greater erect ; they are large, and of a pale yellow ; theſe
quantities. This plant was formerly cultivated to feed are fucceeded by taper jointed pods, more than three
cattle. inches long, which are covered with fhort, foft, white,
The feventh fort hath an herbaceous ftalk, which rifes hairy down, and ftand erect. This plant is propa
two feet high, garniſhed with winged leaves, com gated by feeds, which fhould be fown early in the
pofed of fix pair of fmall leaves, placed along the fpring on a moderate hot-bed ; and when the plants
midrib, which is terminated by an odd one ; thefe are come up, they ſhould be each tranfplanted into
are larger than thofe of the fixth fort, and broader at a halfpenny pot filled with freſh rich earth, and
the top. The foot- ftalks of the flowers come out plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark , obferving to
from the fide of the ſtalks, but they are ſhorter than hade them until they have taken root ; after which
thofe of the fixth fort, and fuftain fmaller heads of time they ſhould have air and water in proportion to
flowers, which are fucceeded by five taper jointed the warmth of the feafon, and when they have filled
pods, near two inches long. thefe pots with their roots, they fhould be fhifted into
This is an annual plant, which grows naturally in pots of a larger fize, and plunged into the hot-bed
the Archipelago, from whence Tournefort fent the again, where they muft remain until autumn, when
feeds to the royal garden at Paris. The feeds of this they ſhould be removed into the ſtove, and plunged
fort fhould be fown on a bed of light earth in the into the tan. Theſe plants muſt be conſtantly kept
fpring, where the plants are defigned to remain, and in the bark-ftove, and placed among plants which
when the plants come up, they fhould be thinned require a moderate heat ; where they will thrive and
where they are too clofe, and afterward kept clean flower, and fhould be fupported by tall ſticks, round
from weeds, which is all the culture they will require . which they will twine as Hops do ; for if they have
In June they will flower, and the feeds ripen in au not this fupport, they will twift round other plants
tumn. and fpoil them. Theſe are very proper plants to
The eighth fort was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort place againſt an eſpalier on the back part of the ſtove,
in the Levant, from whence he fent the feeds to the amongst other climbing plants, where they will make
royal garden at Paris ; this hath a perennial root, and an agreeable variety.
an annual ftalk, which rifes upward of two feet high, If the plants are carefully managed in the winter,
ftanding erect. The leaves are compofed of five or they may be preferved two or three years, and will
fix pair of fmall oblong leaves, ranged along the annually flower in July, and fometimes they will pro
midrib, which is terminated by an odd one. The duce ripe feeds in England.
foot-ftalks of the flowers are ſtrong, and upward of CORONOPUS. See PLANTAGO .
fix inches in length, fupporting large bunches of CORTUSA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 181. [ This plant is
yellow flowers, which are fucceeded by fhort thick fo called from Cortufus, a famous botaniſt, who firſt
pods about an inch long. This flowers in June and brought it into ufe. ] Bears- ear Sanicle.
July, and in warm feafons the feeds will ripen in The CHARACTERS are ,
autumn : there is a variety of this with large white The flower bath a small, spreading, permanent empale
flowers . ment, which is indented at the brim in five parts ; this
This fort is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fhaped petal, spreading open to the bottom,
bath one wheel-
fown on a warm border of light earth in the fpring ; and cut into five parts at the brim, having five prominent
and when the plants come up, they muſt be carefully tubercles at the bafe. It bath five short obtufe ftamina,
cleaned from weeds ; when they are fit to remove, which are terminated by oblong erect fummits. In the
they ſhould be tranfplanted into a warm border, center isfituated an oval germen, fupporting a flenderſtyle,
where they are to remain, fhading them from the fun crowned by a fingle ftigma. Thegermen afterward becomes
till they have taken freſh root, after which they will an oval, oblong, pointed capsule, having two longitudinal
require no farther care in fummer, but to keep them furrows, and one cell, opening with two valves, filled
clean from weeds ; and in autumn, when the ſtalks withfmall oblong feeds.
are decayed, if the furface of the ground is covered This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of
with fome old tan to keep out the froft, it will be a Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
fecure method to preferve the roots . The fecond the flower having five ftamina and one ſtyle.
year the plants will flower, and, if the fame care is The SPECIES are,

taken in winter, the roots may be continued fome 1. CORTUSA ( Matthioli) calycibus corollâ brevioribus .
years. Lin. Sp. Plant. 144. Bears Ear Sanicle, with an em
The ninth fort grows naturally in Spain ; this rifes palement shorter than the petal. Cortufa Matthioli. Cluſ.
from two to four feet high, having many flender lig Hift. 1. p. 307. Bears Ear Sanicle ofMatthiolus.
neous branches, garniſhed with narrow fpear-fhaped 2. CORTUSA (Gmelini) calycibus corollum excedentibus .
leaves, which are fometimes trifoliate, and at other Amoen. Acad. 2. p . 340. Bears Ear Sanicle with an
times have five lobes on each foot-ftalk ; the flowers empalement longer than the petal.
ftand upon pretty long foot-ftalks, which come out The firſt fort grows naturally on the Alps, and alfo
from the wings of the ftalk, and are collected in finall on the mountains in Auftria, and in Siberia. This
bunches ; they are of a bright yellow colour, and plant fends out many oblong ſmooth leaves, which
appear for fix or feven months together, but have are a little indented on the edges, and form a fort of
not been fucceeded by feeds here as yet. head, like the Auricula. The foot-ftalks of the

This is propagated by feeds in the fame manner as flowers come out in the center of the leaves ; theſe
the first fort, and fome of the plants fhould be planted rife about four inches high, and fupport an umbel of
in pots that they may be ſheltered under a common flowers, each fitting on a flender, feparate, fhort foot
ftalki

2
 COR COR

ftalk ; they are of a flesh colour, and fpread open but never have found them vary from one to the
like thofe ofthe Auricula. It flowers in April, but doth other, though they have altered in the fize and co
not produce feeds in the gardens, for this plant is lour of their fruit, from the forts which were fown
with great difficulty kept in a garden. The only but as the fhrubs of this grow more erect than thoſe
method by which I could ever preferve it, has been of the other, and , the ftipulæ are different in their
by planting the plants in pots, and placing them in fhape, fo I have enumerated it as a diſtinct fort ; of
a fhady fituation, where they were duly watered in this there are the red and white Filberts, both which
dry weather ; in this place they conſtantly remained are fo well known, as to need no defcription.
both fummer and winter, for the cold will not destroy The third fort grows naturally near Conftantinople ;
them ; the earth for this plant fhould be light, and the nuts of this are large, roundifh, and in fhape like
not too rich, for dung is very injurious to it. As thofe of the common Hazel, but are more than twice
this very rarely produces any feeds in England, the their fize. The cups in which the nuts grow are
only method to propagate it is, by parting the roots very large, fo as almoſt to cover the nut, and is deeply
in the fame manner as is practifed for Auriculas ; the cut at the brim. This fort is not common in England,
beſt time for this is about Michaelmas, foon after but I take thoſe large nuts which are annually im
which the leaves decay. ported from Barcelona in Spain, to be of the fame
The fecond fort is very like the firſt, but the flowers kind, the nuts being fo alike, as not to be diftin
are much leſs, and their empalements are larger ; this guifhed when out of their cups ; and thoſe of the
grows naturally in Siberia, but is with great difficulty Spaniſh fort come over naked, fo I cannot with cer
kept in a garden. tainty fay how they effentially differ.
CORYLUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 953. Tourn . Inft. R. All theſe forts may be propagated by fowing their
H. 581. [fo called from Kógua , Gr. a Hazel, or nuts in February , which, in order to preſerve them
Filbert-tree. It is alfo called Avellana, from Avella, good, fhould be kept in fand in a moift cellar, where
a town in Campania, where it grew in great plenty. ] the vermin cannot come at them to deſtroy them
The Hazel, or Nut-tree, nor fhould the external air be excluded from them,
The CHARACTERS are, which would occafion their growing mouldy.
It bath male and female flowers growing at remote dif The manner of fowing the feeds being well known
tances on the fame tree. The male flowers are produced to every one, I need not here mention it, eſpecially
in long fcaly katkins, each ſcale including a fingle flower, fince it is not the fureft way to obtain the forts de
having no petals, but eight short ftamina fastened to the fired ; for they feldom prove fo good as the nuts
fide of the fcale, and terminated by oblong erect fummits. which were fown, or at leaſt not one in four of them
The female flowers are included in the future bud, fitting will ; and the method of propagating them by layers
clofe to the branches ; thefe have a thick two-leaved peri being not only the fureſt, but alſo moſt expeditious,
anthium, torn on the border, fitting under the flower is what I would recommend to every one who
when it is fmall, but afterward is enlarged to the fize of would cultivate theſe trees for the fake of their fruits.
the fruit ; it hath no petal, but a small round germen CORYMBIFEROUS PLANTS are fuch as
occupies the center, fupporting two briftly coloured ſtyles, have a compound diſcous flower, but their feeds
which are longer than the empalement, crowned by two have no down adhering to them. The name is taken
fingle ftigmas. The germen afterward becomes an oval from the manner of bearing its flowers in cluſters,
nut, fhaved at the baſe, and compreſſed at the top, ending and fpreading round in the form of an umbrella. Of
in a point. this kind is the Corn Marigold, common Ox Eye,
This genus of plants is ranged in the eighth ſection the Daify, Camomile, Mugwort, Feverfew, &c.
of Linnæus's twenty-firft clafs, intitled Monoecia Po Mr. Ray diftinguiſhes them into fuch as have a ra
lyandria, from there being male and female flowers diated flower, as the Sun Flower, Marigold, &c. and
on the fame plant, and the male flowers having many fuch as have a naked flower, as the Lavender Cotton
ftamina. and Tanfey, and alſo thoſe that are akin to them, as
The SPECIES are, Scabious, Teafel, Carduus, &c.
1. CORYLUS (Avellana) ftipulis ovatis obtufis. Hort. CORYMBIUM.
The CHARACTERS are,
Cliff. 448. Hazel Nut with oval blunt ftipule. Cory
lus Sylveftris. C. B. P. 418. Wild Hazel Nut. It bath an empalement of two leaves, havingfix angles
7
2. CORYLUS (Maxima) ftipulis oblongis, obtufis , ramis the fmall leaves are erect and clofe together their whole
erectioribus. Hazel with oblong blunt ftipula, and the length, and are triangular on their outfide, cut into three
branches growing more erect. Corylus fativa fructu ob Jegments, and are permanent. The flower has one petal,
longo. C. B. P. 418. The Filbert. which is equal, having a very short tube, cut into five
3. CORYLUS (Colurna) ftipulis linearibus acutis. Hort. fegments at the brim, which fpread open ; it hath five
Cliff. 448. Hazel with narrow acute ftipula. Corylus erect ftamina fitting within the tube, crowned with oblong
Byzantina. H. L. 191. Byzantine Nut. erect fummits, fhorter than the petal, joining in a cylin
The firſt of theſe trees is common in many woods in der: the germen is fituated within the empalement, at
England, from whence the fruit is gathered in plenty, the bottom of the petal, fupporting a single erect style the
and brought to the London markets by the country length of the petal, terminated by a bifid oblong ftigma
people. This tree is feldom planted in gardens ( ex the germen afterward becomes an oblong feed, having a
cept by perfons curious in collections of trees and fort of down adhering to it.
fhrubs ; ) it delights to grow on a moift ſtrong foil, This genus of plants is ranged in the fixth fection of
and may be plentifully increafed by fuckers from the Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngeneſia Mo
old plants, or by laying down their branches, which, nogamia, the flower having five ftamina which join
in one year's time, will take fufficient root for tranf by their fummits, and is fucceeded by one feed.
planting; and thefe will be much handfomer and better We know but one SPECIES of this genus, viz.
rooted plants than fuckers, and will greatly outgrow CORYMBIUM ( Africanum) . Hort. Cliff. 494. African Co
them , eſpecially while young. rymbium. Bupleurifolia femine pappofo, valerianoides
There is a variety of this with fruit growing in great umbellata, cauliculi fcabro. Pluk. Alm. 73.
cluſters at the end of the branches, which is diſtin This plant grows naturally at the Cape of Good
guiſhed by the title of Clufter Nut ; but as this is Hope ; it rifes with an erect rough ftalk about à
fuppofed to be only a variety, which accidentally foot high, with a fingle leaf at each joint, which half
came from the other, I have not diſtinguiſhed it ; embrace the ftalk with their bafe. The leaves are
however, this may be continued by layers, fo the kind long, narrow, and triangular, and have a downy fub
may always be preſerved . ſtance intermixed with them at their bafe ; the upper
The fecond fort is by many fuppofed to be only a fe part of the ſtalk divides into feveral foot-ſtalks,
minal variety from the first, which hath been im which are terminated by purple flowers of one petal,
proved by culture ; but this is very doubtful, for I cut into five parts at the brim, each being fucceeded
have ſeveral times propagated both from the nuts, by an oblong feed .
4 H It
 COT
COS

It is propagated by feeds , which ſhould be fown in a COTINUS . See RHUS .

fmall pot filled with light earth as foon as it is re COTONEA MALUS . See CYDONIA .
ceived from abroad ; the pots fhould be plunged into COTONEASTER . See MESPIlus .

a bed of tanners bark, where the heat is near spent, COTULA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 868. Ananthocyclus .
andcovered with a common frame in winter, to protect Vaill. Act. Reg. Scien. 1719. Mayweed .
The CHARACTERS are,
the feeds from froft, fnow, and hard rains. In the
fpring, if the pots are removed into a moderate hot It hath a flower composed of bermaphrodite florets in the

bed, the plants will foon appear : when they are difk, and female half florets which form the rays ; thefe
about an inch high, they fhould be each tranfplanted are included in one common convex empalement, divided
into a feparate fmall pot, obferving to fhade themuntil into feveral oval parts. The hermaphrodite florets are
they have got new roots ; foon after which they ſhould tubular, and cut into four unequal jegments at the top ;
be gradually inured to the open air, and in June thefe have four ſmall stamina, terminated by tubular fum
they should be placed abroad in a fheltered fituation ; mits, and have two obtufe ftigmas, having one fmall,
where they may remain till October , when they should oval, angular feed to cach. The female halfflorets have
be placed in a common frame, where they may be an oval compreffed germen, fupporting a flender ftyle,
protected from froft, being too tender to live abroad crowned by two ftigmas, but have no ftamina ; these are
fucceeded byfingle heart -shaped feeds, plain on one fide, and
in England. convex on the other, with an obtufe border.
CORYMBUS [ Kiguu , Gr. ] fignifies among bo
This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection
tanifts, round cluſters of berries , as thofe of Ivy .
Jungius ufes it to fignify the extremity of a ſtalk, fo of Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia
fubdivided and laden with flowers , or fruits, as to Polygamia fuperflua ; the plants of this fection have
! compofe a ſpherical figure. hermaphrodite and female flowers, which are fruit
ful.
It is alfo by modern botanifts uſed to fignify a com
The SPECIES are,
pound diſcous flower, which does not fly away in
down, as the Chryfanthemum, Daify, Chryfocome, 1 . COTULA ( Anthemoides) foliis pinnato-multifidis, co
&c. For theſe kind of flowers, being fpread into rollis radio deftitutis. Hort. Cliff. 417. Mayweed with
breadth, do , after a fort, refemble an umbrella, or many pointed winged leaves, and no rays to the flower.
bunch of Ivy-berries . Chamamelum luteum capite aphyllo . C. B. P. 135.
COSTUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 3. 2. COTULA (Turbinata ) receptaculis fubtus inflatis, tur
The CHARACTERS are, binatis. Hort. Cliff. 417. Mayweed whofe receptacles
It bath a fimple Spadix and fpathe, with a fmall em arefwollen and turbinated beneath. Cotula Africana cas
lice eleganter cæfio. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 495.
palement, divided into three parts, fitting on the germen.
The flower bath three concave petals, which are erect and 3 . COTULA ( Coronopi folia ) foliis lanceolato-linearibus ,
" equal, with a large oblong nectarium amplexicaulibus pinnatifidis. Hort. Cliff. 417. May
of one leaf, having
two lips, the lower being broad, and as long as the petal. weed with narrow spear-shaped leaves embracing the ftalk,
The upper is shorter and spear-shaped, changing to aſta having many points. Chryfanthemum exoticum minus,
mina; this is faftened to the upper lip of the nectarium, capite aphyllo, Chamameli nudi facie. Breyn. Cent.
to which adheres a bipartite fummit. The germen is fi 156.
tuated within the receptacle of the flower, which is The firſt fort grows naturally in Spain, Italy, and
roundish, fupporting a flender ftyle, crowned by a com the Archipelago ; this is an annual plant, which rifes
• preffed indentedftigma. The germen afterward becomes a with a branching ftalk half a foot high, garniſhed
roundifb capfule with three cells, containingfeveral trian with leaves which are finely divided like thofe of
Chamomile . The flowers are produced fingly at the
gularfeeds.
This of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of end of the branches, which are very like thofe of the
genus
Linnæ us's first clafs, intitled Monandria Monogynia , naked Chamomile, but the heads rife higher in the
" the flower having but one ftamen and one ſtyle. middle like a pyramid. This flowers in May and
We have but one SPECIES of this plant, viz . June, and the feeds ripen in Auguft. If the feeds of
COSTUS (Arabicus ) . Hort. Cliff. 2. Coftus Arabicus . C. this fort are permitted to fcatter, the plants will come
up in the fpring, and require no other care but to
B. P. 36. Arabian Coftus.
This hath a fleshy jointed root like that of Ginger, keep them clean from weeds, and thin the plants
which propagates under the furface as that doth ; where they are too cloſe.
from which arife many round, taper, herbaceous The fecond fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
ftalks, garnished with oblong fmooth leaves, em Hope, from whence I have received the feeds ; this
· bracing the ftalks like thofe of a Reed ; thefe ftalks rife is an annual plant, fending out many branching ſtalks
near two feet high ; out of the center, the club, or from the root, which fpread on the ground, and are
head of flowers is produced, which is near two inches garniſhed with very fine divided leaves, covered with
long, the thicknefs of a man's finger, and blunt at a lanugo, or 蒈 cotton . The flowers are produced
the top, compoſed of ſeveral leafy fcales, out of fingly upon long foot-ftalks , arifing from the fide of
which the flowers come ; thefe have but one thin the branches ; thefe have a narrow border of white
white petal, which is of fhort duration, feldom con rays, with a pale yellow difk. It flowers in June and
tinuing longer than one day before it fades, and is July, and the feeds ripen in autumn. This fort muft
never fucceeded by feeds in this country . The time be raiſed on a moderate hot-bed in the fpring, and
of its flowering is very uncertain, for fometimes it when the plants have obtained ftrength, they may be
flowers late in the winter, and at other times it has tranſplanted into a warm border, where they will ripen
1. flowered in fummer, fo is not conftant to any ſeaſon their feeds very well.
in England . It grows naturally in moſt parts of India. The third fort is an annual plant, which fends out
This is propagated by parting of the roots ; the beſt trailing ftalks about fix inches long, garnished with
time for doing this is in the fpring, before the roots fucculent leaves, in fhape like thofe of Buckfhorn
put out new ftalks. The roots must not be divided Plantain. The flowers grow from the divifions of
too fmall, becauſe that will prevent their flowering . the ſtalks upon ſhort weak foot-ftalks, being deftitute
They fhould be planted in pots , filled with light of rays ; they are of a fulphur colour, and appear
kitchen -garden earth, and plunged into the tan- bed about the fame time with the former. If the feeds
of this fort are fown on a warm border where the
in the ftove, where they fhould conftantly remain ,
and may be treated in the fame manner as the plants are to remain, they will require no other cul
Ginger, which is fully treated of under the article ture but to keep them clean from weeds. The
AMOMUM. flowers of the two laft forts ftand erect, when they firſt
The roots of this plant were formerly imported from appear, but fo foon as the florets are impregnated,
India, and were much ufed in medicine ; but of late and their colour changes, the foot-ſtalks become very
years they have not been regarded , the roots ofGinger flaccidtoward thetop, and the flowers hang downward ;
being generally fubftituted for thefe. but when the feeds are ripe, the foot- talks become
ftiff,
 COT COT

ftiff, and the heads ftand erect for the winds to dif furface of the leaves are hollow in the middle, where
perfe the feeds . the foot-ftalks are joined on the lower fide, fo as to
COTYLEDON. Lin. Gen. Plant. 512. Tourn. reſemble a navel, from whence the plant was titled
Inft. R. H. 90. tab. 19. [ Koluλndau, Gr. of Koluan, Gr. Navelwort. From between the leaves arife the foot
a cavity ; becauſe the leaves of this are hollowed like ftalks of the flowers , which in fome places grow near
the navel, or becauſe it refembles a veffel wherewith three feet high, and in others not more than fix inches,
the ancients uſed to draw water. ] Navelwort. their lower part being garnished with leaves, and
The CHARACTERS are , their upper part with flowers, which ftand clofe to
The flower bath a ſmall empalement of one leaf, divided the fide of the branches, and grow erect ; they are
into five parts at the top. It bath one funnel-ſhaped pe of a whitish yellow colour, and appear in June . It
tal, cut intofive parts at the brim, which turn backward. requires a dry rubbifhy foil, and to have a fhady po
It bathfive germina, which have each a fquamous concave fition. This is a biennial plant, fo that after it has
nectarium at their baſe, and each ſuſtains a ftyle, crowned perfected feed, the plant decays ; but if the feeds
by a fingle ftigma ; these are attended by ten erect ftami are fcattered on walls and old buildings as foon as
na, which are terminated by erect fummits, havingfour it is ripe, or if the feeds are permitted to fall upon
furrows. The germen afterward become so many oblong fuch places, the plants will come up, and thrive much
fwelling capfules, opening longitudinally, with one valve, better than when they are fown in the ground ; and
filled with fmall feeds. when once the plants are eſtabliſhed upon an old wall
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fection of or building, they will fow their feeds, and maintain
Linnæus's tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Pentagynia , their place better than when cultivated with more care.
the flower having ten ftamina and five ftyles. The fecond fort grows naturally in Siberia, from
The SPECIES are, whence it was brought to the imperial garden at Pe
1. COTYLEDON ( Umbilicus )foliis cuculato-peltatis , ferrato terſburgh. This was fent me by Dr. Amman, the
dentatis, alternis, caule ramofo, floribus erectis. Lin. late profeffor of botany in that garden. It is a low
Sp. Plant. 429. Navelwort with hooded leaves fharply in plant, in fhape like the Houfleek, but the leaves are
dented, growing alternate, and a branching ftalk with longer, and terminate in foft fpines. The flower
erect flowers. Cotyledon major. Greater Navelwort. ftalks rife about four inches high, and fupport four
Umbilicus Veneris. Cluf. H. or five whitish flowers, which are cut at the brim into
2. COTYLEDON (Spinofo) foliis oblongis fpinofo- mucro five parts. Thefe appear in April, and are fome
natis, caule fpicato. Lin. Sp. Plant. 429. Navelwort times fucceeded by feeds in England . This fort re
with oblong pointed leaves, ending with a fpine, and a quires a very fhady fituation, for if it is expofed to
Spiked Stalk. the fun in fummer, the plants will foon decay. It is
3. COTYLEDON (Serrata) foliis ovalibus, crenatis , caule propagated by offsets like the Houfleek, and requires
fpicato. Lin. Sp . Plant. 429. Navelwort with oval cre a pretty ftrong foil.
nated leaves and a spiked ftalk. Cotyledon Cretica, fo The third fort grows naturally in the Levant. This
lio oblongo, fimbriato. Hort. Elth. 113. tab. 95. Na hath a fibrous root, from which is produced a fingle
velwort of Crete, with an oblong fringed leaf. upright fucculent ftalk, garnished with oblong, thick,
COTYLEDON (Hemifpherica) foliis femiglobofis. Hort. fucculent leaves, placed alternate, which are fawed on
Cliff. 176. Navelwort with femiglobular leaves. Coty their edges. The upper part of the ftalk is garniſh
ledon Capenfis, folio femiglobato. Hort. Elth. 112 . ed with purplish flowers, growing in a loofe fpike,
tab. 94.
two or three being joined on the fame foot-ftalk ,
5. COTYLEDON (Orbiculata) foliis fubrotundis, planis in which is very fhort. The flowers appear in June,
tegerrimis. Hort. Cliff. 276. Navelwort with roundish, and the feeds ripen in autumn. It is a biennial plant,
plain, entire leaves. Sedum Africanum frutefcens, in which decays foon after the feeds are ripe. If this
canum, orbiculatis foliis. H. L. 349. fort is fown upon a wall, it will thrive better than
6. COTYLEDON (Ramofiffimo) caule ramofiffimo, foliis in the ground, and be lefs liable to fuffer by froft ;
rotundis, planis, marginibus purpureis. Navelwort fo that where the feeds fcatter themfelves in fuch
with a very branching stalk, and round, plain, hairy fituations, the plants thrive better than when they
leaves, with purple edges. are cultivated.
7. COTYLEDON ( Arborescens) caule ramofo, fucculento, The fourth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
foliis obversè ovatis, emarginatis, marginibus purpu Hope. This hath a thick fucculent ftalk, which
reis. Navelwort with a branching fucculent ftalk, and ob rarely rifes above a fpan high, dividing into many
verfe oval leaves, which are indented at the top, and have branches, garniſhed with fhort, thick, fucculent leaves,
purple borders. Cotyledon major, arboreſcens Afra, which are very convex on their under fide, but plain
foliis orbiculatis , glaucus, limbo purpureo, & ma on their upper, not more than half an inch long, and
culis viridibus ornatis. Boerh . Ind. alt. 1. p . 287. a quarter broad, of a grayiſh colour fpotted over with
8. COTYLEDON (Ovata) caule ramofo, fucculento, fo fmall green fpots, and fit clofe to the branches : the
liis ovatis, planis, acuminatis oppofitis femiamplexi foot-ftalks of the flower rife from the top of the
caulibus. Navelwort with a fucculent branching ſtalk, branches, and are fix inches long, naked , and ſupport
and oval, plain, pointed leaves growing oppofite, which half five or fix flowers, which come out alternate from
embrace the stalk. the fide, fitting very clofe to the ftalks ; they are tu
9. COTYLEDON ( Spuria) foliis alternis fpatulatis carnofis bular, and cut into five parts at the top ; thefe are
integerrimis. Lin . Sp . 614. Navelwort with spatule greenish, with purple tips . It flowers in June and
Shaped leaves. Cotyledon Africana frutefcens, folio July, but never produces feeds in England.
longo & angufto, flore flavefcente. Com. Rar. Plant. The fifth fort grows naturally upon dry gravelly fpots
23. tab. 23. at the Cape of Good Hope. It hath a thick fucculent
40. COTYLEDON ( Laciniata) foliis laciniatis, floribus qua ftalk, which by age becomes ligneous, and rifes three
drifidis. Hort. Cliff. 175. Navelwort with cut leaves, or four feet high, fending out crooked branches, which
and four-pointed flowers. Cotyledon Afra, folio craſſo grow irregular, garnifhed with thick, flefhy, fucculent
lato laciniato, flofculo aureo. Boerh. Ind. alt. 288 : leaves about two inches long, and near as wide toward
The first fort, which is that uſed in medicine, grows the top ; they are narrow at their bafe, and rounded
upon old walls and buildings in divers parts of Eng at the top, of a fea- green colour, with a purple edge,
land, particularly in Shropshire and Somerſetſhire ; in which is frequently irregularly indented . The flow
both which counties it greatly abounds upon old ers grow upon thick fucculent foot- ftalks, which
buildings, and on rocky places, but is not often arife from the end of the branches, and are near a
found wild near London, nor often cultivated in gar foot long, naked, and fupporting eight or ten flowers,
dens . This hath many round fucculent leaves , whofe growing in an irregular umbel at the top ; thefe are
foot-ftalks are placed almoſt in the center, fo as to of a pale yellow colour, having long tubes, which
refemble a target. They are alternately fawed on hang downward, cut into five parts at the brim, which
their edges, which frequently turn inward ; the upper turn backward , the ftamina and ityle being longer
than

1
 сот COT

than the tube of the flower, hanging downward. very ſubject to rot ; fo that it ſhould conftantly remain
This fort flowers in July, Auguft, and September, either in the ftoves, or in fummer fhould be placed in
but doth not ripen feeds in England. an airy glaſs-cafe with other tender fucculent plants,
The fixth fort is alfo a native of the Cape of Good where they may have free air in warm weather, and
Hope. This hath a fhort, thick, fucculent ftalk , be fcreened from cold and wet ; but in autumn they
which rarely rifes more than a foot high, branching muſt be removed into the ftove, where they ſhould
out on every fide, fo as to fpread over the pots in be kept in a moderate temperature of warmth :
which they are planted : they become woody by age, this is propagated by cuttings, which fhould be
and are cloſely garniſhed with thick round leaves, of taken off in fummer, and planted into ſmall pots,
a grayish colour, with purple borders , plain on their and plunged into a moderate hot- bed , and when they
upper fide, but convex on their under, and very have taken root, they fhould be removed into the
fleſhy, of an herbaceous colour within, and full of ftove. This plant muſt have but little water, eſpe
moisture. This fort hath not flowered in England , cially in winter.

fo far as I can learn, for I have kept plants of it which The African kinds are all of them propagated by
were twenty years old, but never attempted to flower. planting cuttings in any of the fummer months, which
It is undoubtedly a different fort from the former, fhould be laid in a dry place for a fortnight or three
although they have been fuppofed to be the fame by weeks after they are taken from the plant, before
fome writers. they are planted ; for theſe abound with juice through
The ſeventh fort is fomewhat like the fixth, but the every part of the plant, which will certainly rot the
ftalks rife higher, the leaves are much larger, and cuttings, if they are not fuffered to lie out of the
fhaped more like thoſe of the fifth, but are ſpotted ground, that the wounded part may heal over, and
the great redundancy of fap evaporate. The foil in
on their upper fide with great numbers of dark green
fpots ; they have a deep border of purple on their which theſe plants thrive beft, is one third freſh light
edges, and fit cloſe to the branches. This hath not earth from a pafture, one third fand, and the other
as yet flowered in England . This is alſo a native of third part lime-rubbiſh and rotten tan, in equal quan
Æthiopia. tities ; thefe fhould be well mixed, and laid in a heap
The eighth fort hath been of late years introduced fix or eight months before it is uſed, turning it over
into the gardens in Holland, from the Cape of Good five or fix times , that the parts may the better incor
Hope, where it grows naturally, and was fent me by porate ; and before it is uſed, it will be proper to paſs
Dr. Adrian Van Royen, late profeffor of botany at it through a ſcreen, to feparate the large ftones, clods,
Leyden. This rifes with a fucculent ſtalk near three & c. therefrom .
feet high, which divides into many branches, grow Having prepared the earth, and your cuttings being
ing erect, garniſhed with oval fucculent leaves, placed in a fit order for planting, you must fill as many half
oppofite ; they are of a lively green, and end in penny pots with earth as you have cuttings to plant ;
points, and half embrace the ftalks with their baſe. then put one cutting in the middle of each pot about
This fort hath not as yet produced any flowers in two or three inches deep or more, according to their
England. ſtrength ; then give them a little water to fettle the
The ninth fort grows on rocky places at the Cape of earth cloſe about them, and fet the pots in a warm
Good Hope, from whence it was firſt brought to the fhady place for about a week, to prepare the cuttings
gardens in Holland, and hath fince been ſpread into for putting forth roots ; after which they fhould be
moft parts of Europe, where there are curious per plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark,
fons who preferve exotic plants in their gardens : this which will greatly facilitate their rooting ; but obferve
hath a fhort, greenifh, fucculent ftalk , which feldom to give them air, by raifing the glaffes at all times
rifes more than a ſpan high, dividing into feveral ir when the weather will permit, as alfo to fhade the
regular branches, garnifhed with thick fucculent glaffes in the heat of the day.
leaves four inches long, and half an inch broad, and In about fix weeks or two months time after plant
as much in thickneſs, having a broad concave furrow ing, theſe cuttings will be rooted, when you muſt
on their upper fide, running almoſt their whole begin to expose them to the open air by degrees, firft
length, and are convex on their under fide, of a drawing the pots out of the tan, and fetting them on
bright green, with a purple tip. The foot-ftalks of the top, then raife the glaffes very high in the day
the flowers are produced at the end of the branches, time ; and in about a week after remove the pots
and riſe near a foot high, having here and there an into a green-houſe, and there harden them for another
oblong pointed leaf, growing on their fide. The week ; after which they may be expofed to the open
flowers ftand upon fhort foot-ftalks, which branch air in a well defended place, obferving not to fet
out from the principal ftem ; theſe are yellow, hav them into a place too much expofed to the fun, until
ing pretty long tubes, which are cut at the top into they have been inured to the open air for fome time.
five parts, and are reflexed backward. The flowers In this place the plants may remain until the begin
of this fort hang downward, and the ftamina are ning of October, at which time you should remove
longer than the tube of the flower ; the reflexed parts them into the confervatory, placing them as near the
of the petal are tipped with purple. Dr. Linnæus windows as poffible at firft, letting them have as much
has fuppofed this to be the fame with the fifth fort, free open air as the feafon will permit, by keeping the
but whoever has feen both plants, cannot doubt of windows open whenever the weather is good ; and
their being diſtinct species. now you must begin to abate your waterings, giving
The tenth fort grows naturally in the warm parts of it to them fparingly ; but you ſhould not fuffer their
Africa, fo is much more tender than either of the leaves to fhrink for want of moisture, which is ano
other forts : this rifes with an upright ſtem about a ther extreme fome people run into for want of a lit
foot high, which is jointed and fucculent, garniſhed tle obſervation ; for when they are fuffered to fhrink
with broad leaves, which are deeply cut on their for want of fufficient moiſture to keep their veffels
edges ; they are of a grayish colour, placed oppofite, diftended, they are rendered incapable of difcharging
and almoſt embrace the ftalks with their baſe. The this moiſture whenever they receive it again. The
foot-ftalks of the flowers arife from the end of the tenth fort fhould be placed in a moderate ftove in
branches, which are about fix inches long, fuftaining winter, nor muft it be fet abroad till Midfummer,
feven or eight ſmall flowers of a deep yellow co for it is much tenderer than any of the others.
lour, which are divided into four parts almoft to the The beſt method to treat moſt of theſe plants is, to
bottom. The ftamina of theſe flowers are not longer place them in an open, airy, dry glaſs - cafe, among
than the ſhort tube. This flowers at different feafons Ficoideffes and African Houfleeks, where they may
of the year, but never produces any feeds in England . enjoy as much ofthe fun-fhine as poffible, and have a
This fort requires a warm ftove to preſerve it through free, dry, open air ; for if thefe are placed in a com
the winter in England, nor fhould it be expoſed abroad mon green-houſe among fhrubby plants , which fer
in fummer ; for if it receives much wet, the ſtalks are ſpire freely, it will fill the houfe with a damp air,
which

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which thefe fucculent plants are apt to imbibe ; and their edges into many points, fo that they have the
thereby becoming too replete with moiſture, often appearance of winged leaves, and are of a grayish
caft their leaves, and many times their branches alſo colour. The ftalks rife about two feet high, and di
decay, and the whole plant periſhes. vide into many branches, which are terminated by
COURBARIL. See HYMENÆA. loofe panicles of fmall white flowers, placed in form
COWSLIP. See PRIMULA . of a crofs, which are fucceeded by fmall round cap
CRAB-TREE . See MALUS . fules, each containing a fingle feed. This flowers in
CRAMBE. Lin. Gen. Plant. 739. Tourn. Inft. R. June, and the feeds ripen in autumn, foon after which
H. 211. tab. 100. [ Keaμbn, Gr. ] Sea Cabbage. the roots decay.
The CHARACTERS are, The fourth fort is an annual plant, which grows na
The empalement of the flower is composed of four oval turally in Spain and Italy. This rifes with a very
concave leaves which spread open. The flower bathfour branching ftalk near three feet high, garnished with
petals, placed in form of a cross, which are large, ob roundish heart-shaped leaves, indented on their edges,
long, and spread open ; it hath fixftamina, two of which ſtanding upon long foot-ftalks ; the branches fubdi
are the length of the empalement, the otherfour are longer, vide into many flender ones, which end in long
and bifid at their points ; these are terminated byfingle loofe fpikes of ſmall white flowers, which are fuc
fummits, which branch into threads on their outfide. The ceeded by fmall, round, dry feed-veffels, which con
petals have honey glands on their infide, which are longer tain a ſingle feed. The leaves and ftalks of this fort
than theftamina. It bath an oblong germen, but noftyle, are rough. It flowers in June, and the feeds ripen
crowned by a thick ftigma. The germen afterward becomes in autumn .
a round dry capfule, with one cell, inclofing one roundishfeed. The firſt ſpecies is found wild upon fea-fhores in di
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection vers parts of England, but particularly in Suffex and
of Linnæus's fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia Dorfetfhire in great plenty, where the inhabitants ga
filiquofa, the flower having four long and two ſhort ther it in the ſpring to eat, preferring it to any ofthe
ſtamina, and the feeds growing in pods. Cabbage kind; as it generally grows upon the gra
The SPECIES are, velly fhore, where the tide overflows it, the inhabi
1. CRAMBE (Maritima) foliis cauleque glabris . Fl . Suec. tants obferve where the gravel is thruft up by the
570. Sea Cabbage withsmooth stalks and leaves. Crambe fhoots of this plant, and open the gravel, and cut the
maritima brafficæ folio. Tourn. Inft. 211. fhoots before they come out, and are expofed to the
2. CRAMBE (Suecica) foliis profundè laciniatis, caule open air, whereby the ſhoots appear as if they were 1
erecto, ramofo. Sea Cabbage with leaves deeply cut, and blanched ; and when they are cut fo young, they are
an upright branchingſtalk. very tender and fweet ; but if they are fuffered to
3. CRAMBE ( Orientalis) foliis fcabris, caule glabro. Lin. grow till they are green, they become tough and bitter.
Sp. Plant. 671. Sea Cabbage with rough leaves and a This plant may be propagated in a garden, by ſow
fmoothftalk. Crambe foliis & foliolis alternatim pin ing the feed foon after it is ripe, in a fandy or gra
natifidis. Prod. Leyd . 330. velly foil, where it will thrive exceedingly, and in
4. CRAMBE ( Hifpanica) foliis cauleque fcabris. Hort. creafe greatly by its creeping roots, which will foon
Upfal. 193. Sea Cabbage with rough ftalks and leaves. overfpread a large fpot of ground, if encouraged ;
Rapiftrum maximum rotundifolium monofpermum. but the heads will not be fit to cut until the plants
Corn . Canad. 147 . have had one year's growth and in order to have it
The first fort fends out many broad ſmooth leaves, good, the bed in which the plants grow, fhould, at
which are deeply jagged on their fides in obtufe feg Michaelmas, be covered over with fand or gravel
ments, and are of a grayish colour, fpreading near the about four or five inches thick, which will allow a
ground ; between theſe ariſe a thick ſmooth foot-ſtalk proper depth for the fhoots to be cut before they ap
about one foot high, which ſpreads out into many pear above ground ; and if this is repeated every
branches, which have at each joint one leaf of the autumn, in the fame manner as is practifed in earth
fame form as thofe below, but much lefs ; theſe foot ing of Afparagus-beds, the plants will require no
ftalks fubdivide again into many ſmaller, which are other culture. This may be cut for ufe in April
garniſhed with white flowers, growing in a looſe ob and May, while it is young ; but if the fhoots are
tufe fpike, compofed of four concave petals, placed fuffered to remain, they will produce fine regular
in form of a crofs ; theſe are fucceeded by round dry heads of white flowers, which appear very handfome,
feed-veffels about the fize of large Peafe, having a and will perfect their feeds, by which they may be pro
fingle feed in each. It flowers in June, and the feeds pagated.
ripen in autumn. The roots of this fort creep under The other forts are only preferved in curious gardens
ground, whereby it propagates very faſt. of plants for variety, but are not of any uſe or beau
The feeds of the ſecond fort were fent me from Pe ty. The perennial forts may be propagated in the
terſburgh for the firſt fort, from which it differs fame manner as the firft.
greatly. This hath a perennial root, which fends CRANE's-BILL. See GERANIUM .
out feveral oblong, fmooth, pointed leaves, irregu CRANIOLARIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 670. Mar
larly cut on their fides into acute fegments almoſt to tynia. Houft. Gen.
the midrib ; theſe are very ſmooth, and of a fea-green The CHARACTERS are,
colour : between theſe ariſe the ſtalk, which grows The flower bath a permanent empalement, composed of
three feet high, garniſhed below by oblong pointed four short narrow leaves which spread open, with a large
leaves, which are acutely indented on their edges. fwollen bead, which is cut longitudinally on the fide. The
The ftalks branch out into many fmaller, and theſe flower bath onepetal, which is unequal, having a very long
fubdivide again into lefs, which are garnished with narrow tube, whofe brim is divided into two lips ; the up
loofe fpikes of white flowers like thoſe of the firſt per being roundish and entire, but the under is divided into
fort, which are fucceeded by feeds of the fame form. three parts, the middle fegment being the largest. It bath
This differs greatly from the firft in the ſhape of its four stamina, two of which are the length of the tube,
leaves, which are longer, ending in points, and the and two are shorter ; these are terminated by fingle fum
fegments do the fame ; whereas thofe of the other are mits ; at the bottom of the tube isfituated an ovalgermen,
blunt, and not half fo deeply cut. The ftalks rife fupporting a fender ftyle, crowned by an obtufe thick ftig
more than twice the height of the first, branch out ma. The germen afterward becomes an oval leathery
more, and the branches grow more erect ; and theſe fruit, pointed at both ends, opening with two valves, in
differences are conftant, where the plants of both forts clofing a depreffed woody nut, pointed at both ends, and
grow in the fame foil. recurved, having two or threefurrows, fo as to refemble a
The third fort grows naturally in the Eaft. This fkull, opening in two parts.
hath a biennial root, from which arife many leaves This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fec
in the fpring, that are alternately divided to the mid tion of Linnæus's fourteenth clafs, intitled Didyna
rib ; and thefe divifions are again alternately cut on mia Angiofpermia , the flowers having two long and
4 I two

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two fhort ftamina, and the feeds being included in a ter, and may be treated in the fame manner as other
capfule. tender plants from thofe countries. The plants
The SPECIES are, feldom flower in England till the third year ; and as
1. CRANIOLARIA (Annua) foliis cordatis, angulatis lo they do not produce feeds here, it is with difficulty
batis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 862. Craniolaria with angular the fort is preferved in the European gardens , as
heart-shaped leaves. Martynia annua, villofa, & vif there is no other method of propagating the plants
cofa, aceris folio , flore albo, tubo longiffimo. Houſt. but by feeds.
MSS . CRASSULA. Dillen. Hort. Elth. 114. Lin. Gen.
2. CRANIOLARIA (Fruticofa) foliis lanceolatis dentatis . Plant. 352. Leffer Orpine, or Live-ever. This
Lin. Sp. Plant. 618. Craniolaria with spear-shaped in name was formerly applied to the Anacampferos, or
dented leaves. Gefnera arborefcens amplo flore fimbri Orpine.
ato & maculofo . Plum. Nov. Gen. 27. The CHARACTERS are,
The firft fort was difcovered in the neighbourhood The flower bath a five-leaved empalement. The corolla
of Carthagena in New Spain, by the late Dr. William confifts of five narrow petals, which are joined at their
Houſtoun, who fent the feeds to England. This is bafe, are reflexed, and ſpread open at the brim. In
an annual plant, which rifes with a branching ſtalk the bottom of the tube are fituated five nectarii , and there
about two feet high ; the branches come out oppofite, are five ftamina fituated round thefe, which arife from the
which are hairy and viscous ; the leaves alfo are placed bottom of the tube, and extend to the brim. At the bot
oppofite, upon very long foot-ftalks ; thefe are of dif tom of the tube are placed five oblong pointed germina ;
ferent fhapes, fome of them are divided into five after the flower is past , thefe become five capfules, opening
lobes, others into three, and fome are almoft heart lengthways, and filled with ſmall feeds.
fhaped, ending in acute points ; they are hairy and This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnæus ranged in
clammy. The flowers are produced from the fide, his fifth clafs of plants, and in the fifth divifion, in
and alfo at the end of the branches, ftanding on fhort titled Pentandria Pentagynia, which includes thofe
foot- ftalks, having an inflated fheath or cover, out plants whofe flowers have five ftamina and five ftyles.
of which the tube of the flower arifes, which is ſeven The SPECIES are,
or eight inches long, and very flender ; but at the 1 . CRASSULA (Coccinea) foliis planis cartilagineo-ciliatis ,
top is divided into two lips, the under being large, bafi connato vaginantibus. Vir. Cliff. 26. Leer Or
divided into three broad fegments, the middle being pine with plain leaves, having stiff edges fet with
larger than the other two ; the upper lip is roundish filver hairs, and their bafe furrounding the stalk like
and entire : the flowers are fucceeded by oblong fruit, fheaths. Cotyledon Africana frutefcens, flore umbel- .
having a thick dry fkin, which opens lengthways, in lato Coccineo . Com. Rar. 24.
clofing a hard furrowed nut, with two recurved horns. 2. CRASSULA ( Perfoliata) foliis lanceolato-fubulatis fef
This is an annual plant, whofe feeds muſt be ſown on filibus connatis, canaliculatis , fubtus convexis. Hort.
a hot-bed in the fpring ; and when the plants are fit to Cliff. 116. Leffer Orpine with fpear s-haped awl-fashion
remove, they ſhould be each planted in a feparate finall ed leaves, furrounding the ftalks with their bafe, chan
pot, filled with light freſh earth, and plunged into a nelled on their upper fide, and convex on their under.
moderate hot-bed, carefully fhading them from the Craffula altiffima perfoliata. Dill. Hort. Elth. 114.
fun till they have taken new root ; after which they 3. CRASSULA (Cultrata) foliis oppofitis, obtuse ovatis,
ſhould have free air admitted to them in proportion integerrimis, hinc anguftioribus. Hort. Cliff. 496.
to the warmth of the feafon, to prevent their drawing Leffer Orpine with oval blunt leaves placed oppofite, which
up weak, and afterwards treated in the fame manner as are entire, and narrow at their bafe. Craffula Ana
other tender exotic plants, being too tender to thrive in campferotis folio . Hort. Elth. 115. tab. 65.
the open air in England ; fo that when they are grown 4 . CRASSULA ( Ciliata) foliis oppofitis , ovalibus, plani
too large to remain under the frames, they fhould be ufculis, diftin &tis, ciliatis, corymbis terminalibus.
removed into the bark-ftove, and plunged into the Hort. Cliff. 496. Leffer Orpine with oblong plain leaves
tan-bed, where they will flower in July, and with placed oppofite, which are bordered withfilver hairs, and
good management they often perfect their feeds in talks terminated by a corymbus offlowers. Craffula cau
autumn. But the feeds of this plant fhould remain lefcens, foliis fempervivi cruciatis. Hort. Elth. 116.
on till they drop, otherwife they will not grow, for tab . 98 .
the outer covers of theſe feeds fplit open and drop 5. CRASSULA ( Scabra ) foliis oppofitis , patentibus , con
off like thofe of the Almond, before the feeds are natis fcabris ciliatis, corymbis terminalibus. Lin. Sp.
fully ripened. Plant. 283. Leffer Orpine with rough fpreading leaves
The fecond fort grows naturally at the Havannah, growing oppofite. Cotyledon Africana frutefcens, fo
and in fome of the other iſlands in America. This liis afperis, anguftis, acuminatis, flore virefcente..
rifes with a fhrubby ftalk to the height of ten or Mart. Cent. 24.
twelve feet, dividing upward into a few branches, 6. CRASSULA ( Nudicaulis) foliis fubulatis, radicatis,
which are garniſhed with fpear-shaped leaves, cut on caule nudo. Hort . Cliff. 116. Leffer Orpine with al
their edges ; theſe are foft and hairy. The flowers fhaped leaves which put out roots, and a naked ſtalk.
are produced from the fide of the branches, growing Craffula Cæfpitofa longifolia. Hort . Elth . 116. tab. 98.
feveral together on the fame foot- ftalk ; they are 7. CRASSULA (Puntata) caule flaccido, foliis connatis,
fhaped like thofe of the Foxglove, of a greenish yel cordatis, fucculentis, floribus confertis terminali
low colour, with brown, fpots on the infide ; the bus. Leffer Orpine with a weakstalkgrowing through the
flowers have a fwelling tube, which is recurved, and leaves, which are heart -shaped and fucculent, and flowers
the brim is flightly divided into five unequal feg growing in clusters at the end of the branches.
ments. Theſe appear in July, but are not fucceeded 8. CRASSULA ( Fruticofa) foliis longis, teretibus , alternis,
by feeds in England. caule fruticofo, ramofo. Leffer Orpine with long taper
This fort is propagated by feeds, which must be pro leaves placed alternate, and a branching ſhrubby ſtalk.
cured from the countries where it grows naturally, 9. CRASSULA ( Sediodes) caule flaccido, prolifero, de
and ſhould be fown on a hot- bed in the fpring ; when terminate-foliofo , foliis patentiffimis, imbricatis.
the plants are fit to remove, they fhould be each Hort. Cliff. 496. Leffer Orpine with a proliferous weak
planted into a feparate fmall pot, filled with light ftalk, which is leafy, and leaves placed in the manner of
kitchen-garden earth, and plunged into a freſh hot tiles, and fpreading open. Sedum Afrum, faxatile, fo
bed, where they muſt be fhaded from the fun till liis fedi vulgaris, in rofam verè compofitis . Boerh.
they have taken freſh root ; then they must have air Ind . alt . 1. 287 .
admitted to them, according to the warmth of the 10. CRASSULA (Pelucida) caule flaccido repente, foliis
ſeaſon, and frequently watered during the heat of fum oppofitis. Lin . Sp . Plant. 283. Leffer Orpine with a
mer. In autumn they must be removed into the bark weak creepingfalk, leaves placed oppofite, and afhrubby
ftove, and plunged into the tan-bed. During the fucculent talk. Craffula portulaca facie repens. Hort.
winter feafon, the plants fhould not have much wa Elth. 119.
II. CRASSULA

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11. CRASSULA (Portulacaria) foliis obovatis, oppofitis, thefe are rough, placed oppofite, and embrace the
caule arboreo. Lin. Sp . 406. Leffer Orpine with ob ftalks with their bafe. The flowers come out in fmall
verfe oval leaves placed oppofite, and a tree-like ftalk. cluſters at the end of the branches ; they are fmall,
Craffula portulaca facie arborefcens. Hort. Elth. 120. and of an herbaceous colour, fo make no figure ;
tab . 90 . they appear in June and July. This may be propa
The firft fort hath a round reddiſh ſtalk, which is gated by cuttings, which may be treated in the fame
jointed, rifing about three feet high, which divides manner as the fourth fort.

upward into many irregular branches, garnifhed with The fixth fort never rifes with a ftalk, but the leaves'
oblong plain leaves placed oppofite, having a griftly come out cloſe to the ground, forming a fort of head ;
border, fet with ſmall filver hairs, and cloſely em they are taper, fucculent, ending in points, and fre
brace the ftalks with their bafe. The flowers are quently put out roots ; out of the center of theſe
produced at the end of the branches in cloſe umbels, arife the flower-ftalk, which grow about fix inches
fitting very clofe to the end of the branches ; theſe high, branching into two or three ſhoots upward,
are funnel-fhaped, having pretty long tubes cut at each being terminated by cluſters of greenifh flowers,
the top into five parts, which ſpread open ; they are which make no great appearance. It flowers in May,
of a fine fcarlet colour, and ftand erect ; the ufual and fometimes again in the latter part of fummer.
time of their flowering is July or Auguft. This is This is propagated by taking off the heads, or fide
propagated by cuttings during any of the fummer offsets, which fhould be laid to dry three or four days
months ; thefe fhould be cut off about a fortnight before they are planted ; then they may be treated
before they are planted, and laid in a dry place that in the fame manner as the other hardier forts before
mentioned .
the wounded part may heal over ; then they fhould
be each planted in a ſmall pot filled with light fandy The ſeventh fort hath been lately introduced to the
earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed, giving gardens in Holland, from the Cape of Good Hope ;
them but little water. In about fix weeks theſe will it was fent me by Dr. Adrian Van Royen, late pro
have put out roots and begin to grow, when they feffor of botany at Leyden. This hath very flender
fhould have a large ſhare of air admitted to them, and ftalks, which are full of joints, fo trail upon the
muſt be gradually inured to bear the open air, into ground, unless they are fupported, clofely garnished
which they ſhould be removed, placing them in a with thick, fucculent, heart-fhaped leaves, placed
fheltered fituation, where they may remain till au oppofite, which are clofely joined at their baſe, fo
tumn ; when they muſt be removed into a dry airy that the ftalks run through them ; they are of a grayish
glafs- cafe, where they may enjoy the fun as much as colour ; the ſtalks are divided, and grow about eight
poffible, and be fcreened from the wet and cold. In or nine inches long, and are terminated by cluſters of
warm dry weather, during the fummer months while ſmall white flowers, fitting very clofe to the top ofthe
they are abroad, theſe plants ſhould be gently watered ftalks ; thefe appear in the fpring, and alfo again in
two or three times a week ; but in winter they ſhould the latter part of fummer. It is propagated by cut
have very little water, left it rot their ſtems. Theſe tings in the fame manner as the other hardier forts,
plants require no artificial heat in winter, but they and may be treated in the fame way.
must be fecured from froſt and wet. The eighth fort was fent me from Leyden, by the
The ſecond fort will rife with an upright ftalk ten or gentleman before- mentioned ; this rifes with a fhrubby
twelve feet high, if it is not broken or injured, but it ftalk four or five feet high, dividing into many
requires fupport ; for the ftalks being ſlender, and the branches, which at firft are taper and fucculent, but
leaves very weighty, they are very fubject to break, by age becomes ligneous ; they are garniſhed with
efpecially if they are expofed to the wind. The leaves very ſlender, taper, fucculent leaves, which are near
of this plant are about three inches long ; they are three inches long, and are flaccid, generally turning
hollowed on the upper fide, and have a convex ridge downward, eſpecially in winter, when they are in the
on their lower, and are placed oppofite, furrounding houfe ; but as it hath not as yet flowered here, I can
the ſtalks with their baſe ; theſe alternately croſs each give no further defcription of it. This is equally hardy
other ; they are very thick, fucculent, and of a pale with the former forts, and takes eafily from cuttings,
green colour, ending in acute points ; at the top of fo may be treated in the fame way as the former.
the ftalk the flowers are produced in large cluſters ; The ninth fort is a low plant, with the appearance of
they are of a whitiſh herbaceous colour, having ſhort Houfleek, having open fpreading heads very like
tubes, which are cut into five parts at the brim, thoſe of fome forts of Houfleek, which grow on the
fpreading open. The ftalk which fuftains the flowers ends of very flender trailing ftalks, which are pro
is pretty thick and fucculent, generally turning firſt duced in plenty on every fide the parent plant, in like
downward, and then upward again, almoft in the manner as the childing Marigold. The flower-ftalks
form of a fyphon. It flowers in July, but doth not arife from the center of thefe heads, which are naked,
produce feeds here. This fort is propagated by cut about four inches long, and are terminated by cloſe
tings in the fame manner as the firft, and the plants cluſters of herbaceous flowers, which appear in dif
require the fame treatment. ferent ſeaſons of the year. This plant propagates
The third fort rifes with a weak fucculent ſtalk very faft by the fide heads, which come out from the
about two feet high, fending out many irregular parent plant, which frequently put out roots as they
branches, garniſhed with oblong, oval, thick leaves, trail on the ground, fo may be taken off and potted,
plain on their upper fide, but convex below, of a during any of the fummer months ; this is equally
deep green ; their borders are fet with a few filvery hardy with the former forts, fo the plants may be
hairs. The ftalk which fupports the flowers rifes treated in the fame way.
from the top of the branches, and is from four to The tenth fort hath very flender, trailing, fucculent
fix inches long, putting out feveral fide branches, which ftalks, of a reddish colour, which put out roots at the
grow erect ; theſe are terminated by large cluſters of joints as they lie upon the ground. The ftalks and
Imali greenish flowers, which appear in June and July. leaves of this fort have the appearance of Purflane,
This is propagated by cuttings in the fame manner but trail upon the ground like Chickweed . The flow
as the two former, but being pretty hardy, fhould ers are produced in fmall clufters at the end of the
not be fo tenderly treated ; for if the cuttings of branches ; theſe are white, with a bluſh of purple at
this are planted in a border of light earth, they will their brim ; they appear in fummer at different times,
put out roots, and may afterward be taken up and and are often fucceded by feeds, which grow eafily.
potted, to be ſheltered in winter. This fort is eafily propagated by its trailing branches,
The fifth fort hath a very weak fucculent ftalk, which and the plants require the fame treatment as the other
rifes about a foot and a half high, dividing upward hardy forts, but unless they are often renewed will
into ſmall branches, garniſhed with thin rough leaves decay.
which are flat, near two inches long, and a quarter The eleventh fort rifes with a very thick, ſtrong, fuccu
broad at their bafe, gradually narrowing to a point ; lent ftalk to the height of three or four feet, fending out
6 branches
 CRA CRA

branches on every fide, fo as to form a kind of pyra fubtus tomentofis. Hort. Cliff. 187. Wild Service with
mid, the lower branches being extended to a great oval leaves unequally fawed, and woolly on their under
length, and the other diminishing gradually to the fide. Crataegus folio fubrotundo, ferrato, fubtus in
top ; thefe are of a red or a purplish colour, and very cano. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 633. Aria Theophrafti, and
fucculent ; they are garnished with roundifh fuccu in fome countries , The White Beam, or white Leaf-tree.
lent leaves very like thofe of Purflane, from whence 2. CRATEGUS ( Torminalis) foliis cordatis feptangulis,
the gardeners have titled it the Purflane-tree. lobis infimis divaricatis . Lin. Sp. Plant. 476. Wild
This fort hath not flowered in England , though it has Service with heart-shaped leaves, having feven angles,
been many years in the gardens, fo that we are not whofe lower lobes fpread afunder. Crataegus folio laci
fure if it is properly ranged in this genus ; but from niato. Tourn . Init. 633. Wild, or Maple-leaved Service.
the outward appearance it feems to be nearly allied to 3. CRATEGUS ( Alpina) foliis oblongo-ovatis ferratis,
fome of the other fpecies, on which account Dr. Dil utrinque virentibus. Wild Service with oblong, oval,
lenius has placed it here. fawed leaves, which are green on both fides. Crata
It is propagated with great facility by cuttings, which gus folio oblongo, ferrato, utrinque virenti. Tourn.
may be planted during any of the fummer months ; Inft. 633 .

but thefe fhould be laid to dry for fome days before 4 . CRATEGUS ( Coccinea) foliis ovatis repando-angulatis
they are planted , that the wounded part may be heal ferratis glabris. Hort. Cliff. 187. Crataegus with oval,
ed over, otherwife they will rot. This fort is fome fmooth,fawed leaves, having angles. Mefpilus fpinofa, fc.
what tenderer than the four forts laft mentioned , fo oxyacantha Virginiana maxima. Tourn. Înſt. 633 .
muſt be placed in a warm glaſs - cafe in winter, where Commonly called Cockjpur Hawthorn.
it may enjoy the full fun, and fhould have very little 5. CRATEGUS (Crus Galli ) foliis lanceolato ovatis ferra
water during that ſeaſon. In fummer the plants tis glabris, ramis fpinofis. Lin. Sp . 682. Cratagus
fhould be placed abroad in a fheltered fituation, and with oval, fpear-shaped, fawed leaves, and prickly branches.
in warm weather will require to be refreſhed with wa Mefpilus aculeata pyrifolia denticulato iplendens,
ter twice a week ; but as the ftalks are very fucculent, fructu infigni rutilo, Virginienfis . Pluk. Alm. 249.
too much wet at any feafon is very hurtful to theſe Commonly called Virginian L'Azarole.
plants. 6. CRATEGUS (Lucida ) foliis lanceolatis ferratis luci
All the hardy forts of Craffula may be treated in the dus, fpinis longiffimis, floribus corymbofis . Cratagus
fame way as the Ficoides, and other hardier kinds of with lucid, fpear-shaped, faced leaves, very long spines,
fucculent plants, with this difference only, not to give and flowers in a corymbus. Mefpilus prunifolius, fpi
them fo much water ; but the firft, fecond, and ele nis longiffimis fortibus, fructu rubro magno. Flor.
venth forts require to be placed in a warm dry glafs Virg. 55.
cafe in winter, and must not be fo long expofed abroad 7. CRATEGUs ( Azarolus) foliis obtufis fubtrifidis denta
in the fummer as the other fpecies , nor ſhould have tis. Lin. Sp. 683. Crategus with obtufe, trifid, indented
much water, eſpecially in the winter. leaves. Mefpilus Apii folio laciniato. C. B. P. 453
Thefe plants are preferved in moft curious gardens. Commonly called L'Azarole.
for the fake of variety, which confifts more in the out 8. CRATEGUS ( Oxyacantha) foliis obtufis fubtrifidis fer
ward appearance of their plants , than in the beauty ratis. Hort. Cliff. 188. Cratagus with obtufe, trifid,
of their flowers, except the firſt fort, whoſe flowers fawed leaves. Mefpilus Apii folio, fylveftris fpinofa, fc.
are of a beautiful fcarlet, and grow in cloſe bunches at oxycantha. C. B. P. 454. The common White Thorn.
the end of the branches ; fo that when feveral of the 9. CRATAEGUS ( Tomentofa) foliis cuneiformi-ovatis ferra
branches are garnifhed with flowers at the fame time, tis fubangulatis fubtus villofis ramis fpinofis . Lin. Sp.
they make a fine appearance, and thefe flowers con 682. Crataegus with oval, wedge s -haped, fawed, angu
tinue in beauty a long time ; but the flowers of the lar leaves, hoary on their under fide, and prickly branches.
other forts are ſmall, and moft of them are of an her 1
Mefpilus Virginiana groffulariæ foliis. Pluk. Phyt.
baceous colour, fo make no figure. 100. f. 1 .
Dr. Dillenius, who firft eftablished this genus , and fe The first fort grows naturally on the chalky hills in
parated the fpecies from Cotyledon, to which many Kent, Surry, and Suffex, and in fome other parts of
of them had been joined by former botanifts, made England, and rifes to the height of thirty or forty
their difference to confift in the fhape of the flower ; feet, with a large trunk, dividing upward into many
fo that all the forts with long tubulous flowers of one branches ; the young fhoots have a brown bark, co
leaf, he placed under the genus of Cotyledon , and vered over with a meally down, garniſhed with oval
thoſe whofe flowers have five petals, he placed under leaves between two and three inches long, and one
this genus of Craffula : but Dr. Linnæus makes their and a half broad in the middle, of a light green on
difference to confiſt in the number of their ftamina, their upper fide, but very white on their under, hav
fo that all thofe whofe flowers have but five ftamina , ing many prominent tranfverfe veins, running from
he ranges under the title of Craffula, and thofe which the midrib to the border, where they are unequally
have ten ftamina, he puts under that of Cotyledon ; fawed, fome of the indentures being much deeper,
fo that by his ſyſtem they are removed to a great dif and the fegments broader than others. The flowers
tance from each other,,and the first fort here mention are produced at the ends of the branches in bunches,
ed is brought from Cotyledon, with whofe characters their foot-ftalks being meally, as are alfo the empale
in every other refpect it agrees, and is placed here. ments of the flowers, which are cut into five obtufe
CRATEGUS. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 633. Lin . Gen. fegments, and are reflexed . The flowers have five
Plant. 547. The Wild Service. fhort petals, which fpread open like thofe of the
The CHARACTERS are , Pear-tree, having a great number of ſtamina of the
The flower bath a permanent empalement of one leaf, fame length with the petals, terminated by oval fum
cut intofive concave fegments, whichspread open. It hath mits. The germen , which is fituated below the flow
five roundish concave petals, which are inferted into . the ers, afterwards becomes an oval fruit, crowned with
empalement, and many ftamina, terminated by roundish the empalement of the flower, having one, cell, in
fummits, which are alfo inferted in the empalement. The which is inclofed three or four feeds. It flowers in
germen is fituated under the flower, fupporting two flender May, and the fruit ripens in autumn.
ftyles, crowned with roundish ftigmas. The germen after This tree may be propagated by feeds, which ſhould
ward becomes an oval or roundish umbilicated berry, in be fown foon after they are ripe ; for if they are kept
clofing two oblong hardfeeds. out of the ground till fpring, they remain at leaft
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection fo
one year in the ground before the plants appear ;
of Linnæus's twelfth clafs, intitled Icofandria Digy that the fruit fhould be buried in the ground, as is
nia, the flower having twenty or more ftamina, which practifed with the common Haws, Holly- berries, and
are inferted to the empalement, and two ftyles. thofe other hard feeds which do not come up the fame
The SPECIES are, year ; and when the plants come up, they may be
1. CRATEGUS ( Aria) foliis ovatis inæqualiter ferratis, treated in the fame manner as the Haws, but they
fhould
 CRA CRA

fhould by no means be headed or cut down ; when parts of Italy ; this rifes with a woody trunk about
thefe plants are upon a poor chalky foil, they make twenty feet high, dividing into many branches, which
great progrefs, and the wood is very white and hard, are covered with a purpliſh ſpotted bark, and cloſely
fo has been often uſed for making cogs for mills, garniſhed with oblong fawed leaves, ftanding alternate,
and many other purpoſes where hard tough timber is on very fhort foot-ftalks ; they are about three inches
wanted. long, and one and a half broad, in the broadest part,
It may alfo be propagated by layers in the fame leffening toward both ends ; they are flightly fawed
manner as the Lime-tree and Elm, but theſe ſhould on their edges, and of a deep green on both fides.
be laid in the young wood ; but they are two years The flowers are produced at the end of the branches
before they have fufficient roots to tranfplant. I have in fmall bunches, which have rarely more than four
alfo raiſed a few plants from cuttings, which were or five flowers in each ; they are white, and much
planted in autumn, in a fhady border, but there was fmaller than thofe of the former forts ; thefe are fuc
not more than one eighth part of the cuttings which ceeded by fruit about the fize of the common Haw,
fucceeded ; therefore I would recommend the raiſing which is of a dark brown colour when ripe. It flow
them from feeds, for the trees fo raiſed grow much ers in May, and the fruit ripens in autumn.
larger and ſtraiter than thoſe which are raiſed either The fourth fort is a native of North America, but
from layers or cuttings. has been many years cultivated in the Engliſh gar
The tree will take by grafting, or budding it upon dens, where it is known by the title of Cockfpur
Pear-stocks very well, and Pears will take by grafting Haw. Of this there are two fpecies, one of which
upon theſe trees, ſo that there is a nearer affinity be has no fpikes on the branches ; but the other has
tween the Crataegus and Pear, than there is between ftrong thorns which are curved downwards, greatly
either of theſe and the Mefpilus ; for although both refembling the fpur of a cock, from whence it had
thefe will fometimes take upon the Mefpilus, yet this appellation : in other refpects both forts agree in
neither of them thrive fo well, or laft fo long, when the form of their leaves, their flowers and fruit.
grafted, or budded upon thofe ftocks, as they do However, Dr. Linnæus has been ill informed of the
upon each other ; therefore Tournefort, who has two forts by Kalm, who went to America, and is now
joined the Crataegus in his fection , with the Pear and profeffor at Abo in Sweden ; for the doctor has added
Quince, has come nearer to the natural divifion of the appellation of Cockfpur to the fifth fort here
their genera, than thoſe who have joined the Crataegus mentioned, which has long been known in England
to the Mefpilus. by the title of Virginia L'Azarole .
There is another fpecies of this tree which grows The fourth fort rifes to the height of near twenty
naturally about Verona, from whence I have received feet in England, where the trunk becomes large, and
dried famples of it, but they were without flower and divides into many ftrong branches, fo as to form a
fruit, and came over by the fame title as the former ; large head ; the leaves are large, oval, and deeply
for as there is no other growing in that neighbour fawed on their edges, fo as almoſt to divide them into
hood, they have fuppofed it to be the common lobes, which are placed without order ; the flowers
fort ; but if that is the Aria of Theophraftus, thofe come out from the fide of the branches in cluſters ;
trees which grow in England are not, for the leaves they are large, compoſed for the most part of five
of the fort from Verona are ſpear-fhaped, and above petals, which fpread open, and are fucceeded by
an inch long, and not fo broad by an inch as thofe pretty large Pear-ſhaped fruit of a fcarlet colour. It
of the Engliſh, and the nerves on the under fide of flowers in May, and the fruit ripens in September.
the leaves are purplish, the leaves terminating in The fifth fort is generally known by the title of Vir
acute points, ſo that I make no doubt of its being a ginia L'Azarole ; this rifes with a ſtrong ftem to the
different fpecies ; but as I have not feen the growing height of fifteen feet or more, fending out many ir
tree, I would not enumerate it till I had been regular branches covered with a light brown bark, and
better informed. have a few thorns on their fides ; the leaves have short
The fecond fort grows naturally in many parts of foot-ftalks, they are narrow at their bafe, but widen
England, and is chiefly found upon ftrong foils ; it upward fo as to become almoft of an oval figure, of
formerly grew in great plenty in Cane-Wood, near a lucid green on their upper fide, and pretty deeply
Hampſtead ; and lately there was fome young trees fawed on their edges ; the flowers are white, pretty
growing in Bishop's- Wood, near the fame place ; but large, and compofed of five petals which expand :
in many parts of Hertfordshire there are large trees theſe are fucceeded by large fruit of a fcarlet colour ;
now growing this rifes to the height of forty or fifty it flowers the end of May, and the fruit ripens in
feet, with a large trunk, fpreading at the top into September.
many branches, fo as to form a large head . The The fixth fort grows naturally in North America ;
young branches are covered with a purplish bark , this rifes with a strong ftem to the height of ten or
marked with white ſpots, and are garniſhed with twelve feet, fending out many ſtrong irregular
leaves placed alternately, ftanding on pretty long branches, which, while young, is covered with a
foot-ſtalks ; theſe are cut into many acute angles, like bright brown bark, but that on the older branches is
thoſe of the Maple-tree ; they are near four inches of a lighter colour ; the leaves are oval, fpear-ſhaped ,
long, and three broad in the middle, having ſeveral flightly fawed on their edges, of a bright green on
fmaller indentures toward the top, of a bright green their upper fide, but paler on their under ; fometimes
on their upper fide, but a little woolly on their un they are placed by pairs, at others three or four come
der. The flowers are produced in large bunches to out from the fame joint ; the flowers are produced in
ward the end of the branches, they are white, and large cluſters toward the end of the branches, forming
fhaped like thofe of the Pear-tree, but fmaller, and a fort of corymbus, and are fucceeded by roundifh
ftand upon longer foot-ftalks ; thefe appear in May, fruit of a middling fize, and a deep red colour. As
and are fucceeded by roundiſh compreffed fruit, which the branches of this fort fhoot very ftrong, and are
are fhaped like large Haws, and ripen late in au generally interwoven with each other, being armed
tumn, when they are brown ; and if kept till they are with very long ftrong thorns, it is very proper for
foft, in the fame way as Medlars, they have an outward fences round gardens or fields.
agreeable acid flavour. The fruit of this tree is an The ſeventh fort grows naturally in Italy and the
nually fold in the London markets in autumn. Levant, where the fruit is ferved up to table with
The wood of this tree is hard, and very white, and their defert ; this hath a ftrong ftem rifing twenty
is very uſeful for many purpoſes ; but particularly feet high, having many ftrong irregular branches,
fo to the millwrights. It may be propagated in the covered with a light- coloured bark ; the leaves are in
fame way as the former fort, but requires a ftrong ſhape ſomewhat like thofe of the common Hawthorn,
foil. but they are much larger, have broader lobes, and
The third fort grows naturally upon mount Baldus, are of a paler colour ; the flowers come out in fmall
from whence I received it, and on other mountainous cluſters from the fide of the branches, which are in
4 K fhape
 CRA CRA

fhape like thoſe of the common Hawthorn, but are lateralibus bafiantica brevioribus . Lin . Sp . 673. Smooth
•
much larger ; as is alfo the fruit, which when fully Crateva, or Garlic Pear. Tapia arborea triphylla.
ripe has an agreeable , acid tafte, for which it is Plum . Nov. Gen. 22.
efteemed by the inhabitants of the countries where it 2. CRATEVA (Marmales) fpinofa foliis ferratis. Flor.
grows naturally. Zeyl. 212. Prickly Crateva. Cucurbitifera trifolia fpi
The eighth fort is the common Hawthorn, which is nofa medica, fructu pulpa Cydonii æmula . Pluk.
Alm . 125 .
generally planted for fences in moft parts of England,
therefore being univerfally known to the inhabitants , The first fort grows naturally in both Indies. I
it requires no defcription : there are two or three va received the fruit of this from Jamaica, where it
rieties of this fort, which differ in the fize of their grows in great plenty, which were fent me by Wil
leaves and the ftrength . of their fhoots ; however, liam Williams, Efq; of St. Anne's, in that ifland,
thoſe with the ſmalleft leaves are generally preferred who has been fo kind as to furnifh me with many
for hedges, as their branches always grow clofer to other curious feeds which have fucceeded in the Chel
gether; the method of raifing the plants, and planting fea garden .
them for hedges, being fully treated of under the This tree hath a very large trunk, which rifes to the
article of HEDGES, I need not repeat here. height of thirty feet or upward, covered with a dark
The ninth fort grows naturally in North America , green bark, fending out many branches, fo as to form
this has a flender fhrubby ftalk, rifing about fix or a large head. The branches are garnished with tri
feven feet high, fending out many irregular branches, foliate leaves, ftanding on pretty long foot-ftalks ;
armed with long flender thorns, and garnished with the middle leaf, which is much larger than either of
fhort, oval, wedge-fhaped leaves, which are fawed the other, is oval, about five inches long, and two
on their edges, and are woolly on their under fide ; and a half broad in the middle. The two fide leaves
the flowers are ſmall, proceeding from the fide of the are oblique, thofe fides which join the middle leaf
branches, ftanding fometimes fingle, and at other being much narrower than the other, and turn at both
times two or three upon the fame foot-ſtalk, having ends toward the middle, fo that their midrib is not
large leafy empalements, and are fucceeded by fmall parallel to the fides ; thefe two end in acute points.
roundifh fruit, with a large leafy umbilicus, which The leaves are fmooth, of a light green on the upper
was before the empalement of the flower : the flowers fide, but pale on their under ; their edges are entire.
appear the beginning of June, and the fruit ripens The flowers are produced at the ends of the branches,
very late in the autumn. ftanding upon long foot-ftalks , thefe have empale
This fort may be propagated in the fame manner as ments of one leaf, which are cut into four fegments,
the first, but requires a ſtrong deep foil, otherwiſe it almoſt to the bottom. The flower hath four oblong
will not thrive. It is very hardy in refpect to cold, petals, which fpread open, and are reflexed, having
but at prefent is very rare in England. many long flender ftamina, which are connected at
All the forts of Haws may be propagated by feeds , their bafe, but fpread open above, and are terminated
which ſhould be fown in autumn, in the fame manner by oblong purple fummits ; thefe furround a flender
as hath been directed for the firſt fort ; but as theſe long ftyle, upon which is fituated the oval germen,
feeds are frequently brought from America, and do which is crowned by an obtufe ftigma. The germen
not arrive here till fpring, the fruit may be buried afterward becomes a round fruit, about the fize of
in the ground till the autumn following, when they an Orange, having a hard brown fhell, or cover, in
may be taken up and fown in drills, being careful clofing a meally pulp, filled with kidney-fhaped
to cover them fo as to prevent birds from deſtroying feeds . This fruit hath a strong fmell of Garlic,
them. In the fpring following the plants will come which is communicated to the animals that feed on it.
up, which fhould be moderately watered two or three This is propagated by feeds, which must be procured
times a week, if the fpring fhould prove dry ; during from the countries where the trees grow naturally,
the fummer, they must be kept clean from weeds , and muſt be ſown on a hot-bed in the fpring ; when
which if fuffered to grow, will foon overbear the the plants come up, they muft be treated in the fame
plants and deftroy them. The following spring the manner as hath been directed for the ANNONA, to
plants fhould be planted out before they begin to which article the reader is defired to turn for the
hoot, into a nurſery-bed, where they may grow two culture.
years to get ftrength, when they may be tranfplanted The fecond fort grows naturally in India, where it
where they are to remain. If thefe plants are planted grows to a great height, with a large trunk, fending
in a moift light foil, their roots will extend to a con out many long branches, garniſhed with trifoliate
fiderable diftance, and put up many fhoots, which leaves, which are oblong, entire, and end in acute
may be taken off in the ſpring, and thereby may be points ; between theſe the branches are armed with
increaſed ; this will alſo take if grafted on the Pear, long fharp thorns, which come out by pairs, and
and if the young branches are laid down, they will fpread afunder. The flowers are produced in fmall
take root, fo the plants may be propagated either cluſters from the fide of the branches, five or feven
way. ſtanding upon a common branching foot- ftalk ; thefe
The other forts of Hawthorn are generally planted have each five acute petals, which are reflexed, and
among flowering fhrubs of the fame growth, where many ftamina which ftand round a fingle ſtyle of the
they add to the variety. fame length ; the petals are green on the outfide,
CRATEVA. Lin. Gen. Plant . 528. Tapia. Plum. whitiſh within, and have a grateful odour. After
Nov. Gen. 22. tab. 21. Garlic Pear. the flower is paft, the germen fwells to a large fruit
The CHARACTERS are, the fize of an Orange, having a hard fhell, which
The empalement of the flower is of one leaf, cut at the top inclofes a fleshy viſcous pulp, of a yellowish colour,
into four oval fegments, which spread open. The flower having many oblong plain feeds fituated within it ;
bath four oval petals, which are narrow at their bafe, the pulp of this fruit hath an agreeable flavour when
and broad at the top. It hath many briftly ftamina, which ripe, fo is frequently eaten in India, where they ferve
are longer than the petals, terminated by oblong erect fum up the fruit, mixed with Sugar and Orange, in their
mits. It bath a long incurved style, upon which fits the deferts, and is efteemed a great delicacy.
qual germen, crowned by the ftigma, fitting clofe on the This fort is propagated by feeds , which muſt be pro
top. The germen afterward becomes a large flefby globu cured from the places where it grows naturally ; thefe
lar fruit with one cell, including many kidney-shapedfeeds. muſt be fown upon a good hot-bed in the fpring,
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of and when the plants are fit to remove, they ſhould
Linnæus's eleventh clafs, intitled Dodecandria Mono be each tranfplanted into a fmall pot filled with light
gynia, the plants of this clafs and fection have twelve kitchen-garden earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of
ftamina in their flowers, and one ſtyle. tanners bark, fhading them every day from the fun,
The SPECIES are,
until they have taken freſh root, after which they
1. CRATEVA (Tapia) inermis foliis integerrimis, foliolis may be treated in the fame manner as the Annona ;
but
 CRE CRE

but fhould be fparingly watered in the winter The fecond fort grows naturally in the fouth of
feafon. France, and in Italy. This is a biennial plant, and
CREPIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 819. Hieraicioides. Vaill. fometimes, when it is in poor ground, it will continue
A&t . R. Sc. 1721. Hieraicium . Tourn . Baſtard Hawk longer ; it hath a thick tap-root, which ſtrikes deep
weed. into the ground, fending out many fmall fibres ; the
The CHARACTERS are, lower leaves are from four to five inches long, and
It bath a flower compofed of many hermaphrodite florets, about a quarter of an inch broad, having feveral deep
which are included in a double empalement ; the outer is jags on their edges, the fegments ending in acute
fhort, fpreading, and falls off; the inner one is perma points ; from the fame root arifes four or five ftalks,
nent, oval, and furrowed, having many narrow scales, which grow about nine or ten inches high, the lower
which are contracted together at the top. The berma part of thefe are garnifhed with leaves of the fame
phrodite florets are of one leaf; they are uniform, tongue form with thofe near the root, but are fmaller, and
Shaped, and are indented at the top in five parts ; theſe more jagged ; the upper part of the ftalks are naked ,
Spread over each other like the fcales of fish ; they have and branch out into two, and fometimes three
each five fhort hairy ftamina, terminated by cylindrical branches, each being terminated by one flower of a
fummits. The germen is fituated in the center of the flo gold colour, inclining to copper, compofed of many
rets, fupporting a flender ftyle, crowned by two reflexed florets which are included in a fingle empalement ;
ftigmas. The germen afterward becomes an oblong feed, the flowers are fucceeded by oblong narrow feeds,
crowned with a longjeathery down, which fits upon little crowned with a feathery down : the whole plant,
foot-ftalks. when bruifed, emits a ftrong odour of Cafter. It
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn. This
Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Po is frequently preferved in gardens for the fake of va
lygamia Equalis. The flowers of this fection are riety.
compofed of hermaphrodite florets, which are fruitful. It is propagated by feeds in the fame manner as the
The SPECIES are, firſt fort, but as this continues longer, the feeds
1. CREPIS ( Rubra) foliis amplexicaulibus, lyrato-runci need not be annually fown. The plants will require
natis. Vir. Cliff. 79. Crepis with lyre-fhaped leaves em no other culture but to keep them clean from weeds,
bracing the ftalks. Hieracium dentis leonis folio, flore and if the feeds are permitted to ſcatter, the plants
fuave rubente. C. B. P. 127. Hawkweed with a Dan will come up without any trouble, fo need only be
delion leaf. thinned where they are too cloſe.
2. CREPIS ( Barbata) foliis pinnatis angulatis, petiolatis , The third fort is an annual plant, which grows na
dentatis. Prod. Leyd. 126. Crepis with angular, indent turally in Spain, but is now frequently propagated
ed, winged leaves, having foot-ftalks. Hieracium fo in the flower-gardens for ornament . This puts out
liis Cichorei fylveftris villofis, odore Caftorei. Bot. leaves near the root, which are nine inches long, and
Monfp. almoſt two broad in the middle, of a light green co
3. CREPIS ( Batica) involucris calyce longioribus incur lour, and a little jagged on their edges ; the ftalks
vatis, foliis lanceolatis dentatis. Crepis with an in rife a foot and a half high, dividing into many
curved volucrum longer than the empalement, and spear branches, garnished with leaves of the fame form as
Shaped indented leaves. Hieracium medio-nigrum, Bœ thoſe at bottom , but ſmaller, and fit cloſe to the
ticum majus. Par. Bat. 185. Greater Spaniſh Hawkweed branches ; the flowers are produced at the end of the
with flowers black in the middle. branches ; theſe have a double empalement, compoſed
4. CREPIS ( Alpina) foliis amplexicaulibus, oblongis, acu of many long very narrow leaves ; the outer feries
minatis inferioribus, fupernè, fummis infernè, den are reflected downward, and turn upward again, and
ticulatis. Hort. Upfal. 238. Crepis with oblongpointed are inflexed at their extremities . The flowers are
leaves embracing the stalk, the lower being indented up compofed of many florets, which are ſtretched out on
ward; and the upper downward. Hieracium Alpinum one fide at the top like a tongue, theſe are cut at their
Scorzoneræ folio. Tourn. Inft. 472 . extremities into four or five parts ; they ſpread regu
There are feveral other fpecies of this genus, fome larly in form of rays, and are fituated over each other
of which grow naturally in England, and others are like fcales of fish ; there are two varieties of this, one
weeds in divers parts of Europe, ſo are rarely ad with a deep yellow, and the other of a fulphur co
mitted into gardens, therefore I fhall not enumerate lour inclining to white ; but both have a dark black
them here. bottom or middle, fo make a pretty appearance in a
The firſt fort grows naturally in Apulia, but is now garden. It flowers in June and July, and the feeds
commonly cultivated in Engliſh gardens for orna ripen in autumn. This plant requires the fame cul
ment ; it is an annual plant, which periſhes after it ture as the first, and is equally hardy, fo that where
hath ripened feeds. This hath many fpear-shaped the feeds are permitted to fcatter, the plants will come
leaves which ſpread on the ground, deeply jagged up without care.
on their fides ; between them arife the branching The fourth fort grows naturally on the Alps ; this is
ftalks, which grow a foot and a half high, dividing in alfo an annual plant, which fends out many oblong
to many flender branches, garniſhed with oblong leaves pointed leaves near the root ; they are five inches long,
deeply indented on their edges, embracing the ſtalks and almoft two broad at their bafe, leffening gra
with their bafe ; the ftalks are each terminated by one dually to a point ; the upper part of thefe are flightly
large radiated flower, of a foft red colour, compofed indented, but their lower parts are entire ; the ſtalks
of many half florets, which are fucceeded by oblong are ſtrong and upright, rifing two feet high, dividing
feeds crowned with a feathery down . It flowers in into three or four branches, which grow erect, and
June and July, and the feeds ripen in autumn. This are terminated by pale white flowers, incloſed in a
plant, when bruiſed, emits an odour like bitter Al ftrong hairy empalement, which contracts clofe to
monds. ward the top ;. the ftalks are garnished with leaves of
The feeds of this plant fhould be fown in the ſpring, the fame form as the lower, which embrace them
on the borders of the flower-garden where they are with their baſe, where they are flightly indented , but
defigned to remain, fo that if fix or eight feeds are their upper parts are entire ; thefe leaves are hairy and
fown in each patch, when the plants come up, they rough. It flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in
may be reduced to three or four ; and if thefe are autumn. This requires the fame culture as the firft,
kept clean from weeds, they will require no other and the feeds will fcatter about the garden, fo that if
culture, excepting the putting ſmall ſticks down, to the plants are not deſtroyed, they will maintain them
faften the ftalks, to prevent their being broken by felves without any care.
winds or rain. If the feeds are fown in autumn, or CRESCENTIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 680. Cujete.
permitted to fcatter, the plants will come up and Plum. Nov. Gen. 23. tab. 16. Calabaſh-tree.
live through the winter without ſhelter, and theſe will The CHARACTERS are,
flower early in the fpring. The flower bath one petal, which is irregular, having a
6 curved
 CRİ
CRE
ing- cups , fome of which are tipped with filver, and
curved gibbous tube, whofe brim is cut into five unequal
to the necks they faften handles, and fome of the
Segments, which are reflexed ; this bath an empalement,
which is fhort, of one leaf, cut into two obtufe fegments, long fmall fruit are formed into the fhape of fpoons
or ladles, and are uſed as fuch ; the round ones are
which are concave. It bath four ftamina, two of which
are of the length of the petal ; the other are shorter, ter cut through the middle, and are ufed as cups for
Chocolate. The Indians put a number of fmall itones
minated by twinfummits which are proftrate. It bath an
into theſe fhells, when cleared of the pulp, to make
ovalgermen fitting on a foot -ftalk, fupporting a longflender
a fort of rattle : in fhort, they convert thefe fhells
Style, crowned by a roundish ftigma. The germen afterward
becomes an oval or bottle-fhaped fruit, with a hard shell, into many forts of furniture, which is the principal
ufe made of the fruit ; for the pulp is feldom eaten,
inclofing manyflat heart-shapedfeeds.
This of plants is ranged in the fecond ſection except by the cattle in the time of great droughts.
genus
of Linnæus's fourteenth clafs , intitled Didynamia The leaves and branches of this tree are alfo eaten by
the cattle in times of fcarcity. The wood of this tree
Angiofpermia . The flower having two long and two
fhort ftamina, and the feeds being included in a is hard and ſmooth, fo is frequently uſed for making
faddles, ſtools , and other furniture .
capfule. The fecond fort feldom rifes more than fifteen or
The SPECIES are,
1. CRESCENTIA (Cujete) foliis lanceolatis, utrinque at twenty feet high ; this hath an upright trunk, covered
with a white fmooth bark, fending out many lateral
tenuatis. Hort. Cliff. 327. Crefcentia with fpear-shaped
leaves, narrowed at both ends. branches at the top, garniſhed with leaves three inches
Cujete foliis oblongis
anguftis magno fructu ovato. Plum. Nov. Gen. 23. in length, and one and a quarter broad ; thefe are
Calabafb -tree with oblong narrow leaves, and a large oval ranged alternately on the branches, fitting upon fhort
foot-ftalks ; they are of a deeper green than thoſe of
fruit.
2. CRESCENTIA ( Latifolia) foliis oblongo- ovatis, fructu the first fort, and their edges are entire. The flow
ers come out from the fide of the large branches and
rotundo, cortice fragili. Crefcentia with oblong oval
Cujete la the trunk ; thefe are fmaller, and of a deeper yellow
leaves, and round fruit with a tender fhell.
colour than thofe of the firft ; the fruit of this is
tifolia, fructu putamine fragili . Plum . Nov. Gen.
23. Broad-leaved Calabash -tree whofe fruit bath a tender fometimes round, at others oval, fome being much
larger than the other ; the fhells of this fruit are thin
Shell.
There are ſome varieties of theſe trees, which only and very brittle, fo are unfit for any purpoſes to
differ in the fize and fhape of their fruit ; but thofe which thofe of the former are employed ; the feeds
are variations which arife from feeds of the fame tree, are alſo much thinner, and the pulp is of a deeper
fo are not to be enumerated as diftinct fpecies ; but yellow. The wood of this tree is hard, and very
the two here mentioned are undoubtedly different white, fo might be uſeful, were it not for the plenty
fpecies, for I have frequently raiſed them from feeds , of other forts, which abound in many of the illands.
and have never found either of them vary . This was found growing naturally in plenty at Cam
peachy by the late Dr. Houftoun, who fent the fruit
The first fort grows naturally in Jamaica , and in all
the Leeward Iſlands . This hath a thick trunk, to England.
covered with a whitish bark, which rifes from twenty Thefe trees are too tender to live abroad in England,
to thiry feet high, having feveral knots all the length, fo require a warm ftove to be preferved here. They
and at the top divides into many branches , which are eaſily propagated by feeds , which muſt be pro
fpread every way, and form a large regular head , cured from the countries where they grow naturally;
the way is to have the entire fruit fent over when
garnished with leaves which come out irregularly ;
fometimes fingle, at others many arife from the fame fully ripe ; for when the feeds are taken out of the
knot ; they are near fix inches long, and one and a pulp abroad, and fent over hither, if they are long in
half broad in the middle, diminishing gradually to their paffage they will lofe their growing quality
both ends ; they are of a lucid green, and have very before they arrive, as I have often experienced . Theſe
fhort foot-ftalks , with one midrib , and feveral tranf muſt be fown on a good hot-bed in the fpring, and
verſe veins running from that to the fides . The when the plants are fit to remove, they fhould be
flowers are produced from the fide of the large each planted into a fmall halfpenny pot filled with
light fandy earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of
branches , and fometimes from the trunk, ftanding
tanners bark , obferving to fhade them from the fun
upon long foot-ftalks ; their empalement is deeply
divided into two obtufe fegments . The flower hath till they have taken fresh root ; when they muft be
treated in the fame manner as other tender plants,
but one petal, which is irregu lar , having an incurved
which are natives of the fame countries. In winter
tube, which is divided at the brim into two irregular
1 they muſt be placed in the tan -bed of the bark -ftove,
fegments , which turn backward ; thefe are of a
greenish yellow colour, ftriped and ſpotted with and during that feafon fhould have but little water ;
brown ; the flowers are an inch and a half long, from in fummer they will require to be gently watered two
or three times a week, according to the warmth of
the bottom of the tube to the extent of the upper
fegment . They have four flender ftamina, of the the feafon ; and in hot weather they ſhould have a
large fhare of air admitted to them. With this ma
ſame colour with the petal, which are of unequal
lengths , two being full as long as the petal, and the nagement the plants will make great progrefs, and
other are much fhorter , terminated by oblong fum their leaves being of a fine green, they make a
1
pretty variety in the ftove, but have not as yet
mits, divided in the middle , which lie proftrate on
the ftamina. From the lower part of the tube arifes flowered in England.

a long flender foot-ftalk, fupporting the oval germen , CRESS the Garden. See LEPIDIUM .
which hath a headed ftigma fitting clofe on the top ; CRESS the Indian. See TROPÆOLUM .
the germen afterward turns to a large fruit, of dif CRESS the Water.
See SISYMBRIUM .
ferent forms and fize ; they are often ſpherical , fome CRESS the Winter. }
CRINUM . Lin . Gen. Plant . 366. Lilio- Aphodelus.
times they are oval, and at other times they have a
Com . Rar. 14. Dillen. Hort. Elth . 194. Afphodel
contracted neck like a bottle ; and are ſo large , as
when the pulp and feeds are cleaned out, the fhells Lily.
will contain three pints or two quarts of liquid . Thefe The CHARACTERS are,
fruit or fhells , are covered with a thin ſkin of a The involucrum is compofed of two oblong leaves, inform
greenish yellow when ripe, which is peeled off ; and of a fheath or cover, which dries and is reflexed. The

under this is a hard ligneous fhell, inclofing a pale, flower bath one petal, which is funnel-ſhaped, having a
yellowish , foft pulp, of a tart unfavory flavour , fur long tube, deeply cut at the top into fix fegments which
rounding a great number of flat heart-shaped feeds. are reflexed. It bathfix long ftamina, which are inferted
The fhells of this fruit are cleaned of their pulp, and in the tube of the petal, and are stretched out beyond the
the outer fkin taken off, by the inhabitants of the flower, Spreading open ; these are terminated by oblong
iflands , and dried ; then they ufe them for drink proftrate fummits, rifing at one end ; thegermen isfituated
in
 CRI CRI

in the bottom ofthe flower, fupporting a longfienderStyle, their flowering, but it must not be given them too li
crowned by a fmall trifidftigma. Thegermen afterward berally for the reafons before given. In September
becomes an oval capfule with three cells, each containing they will put out their flower-ftalks, and toward the
one or two ovalfeeds. end of that month the flowers will begin to open,
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of when, if the weather fhould not be good, they fhould
Linnæus's fixth clafs, intitled Hexandria Monogynia, be removed under fhelter, to prevent the flowers from
the flower having fix ftamina and one ſtyle. being injured by froft or too much wet ; but they
The SPECIES are , fhould have as much free air as poffible, otherwife
1. CRINUM (Africanum) foliis fublanceolatis planis , co the flowers will be pale- coloured and weak. Toward
rollis obtufis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 292. Crinum with plain the end of October they fhould be removed into the
Spear-shaped leaves, and obtufe petals. Hyacinthus Af green-houſe, and placed where they may enjoy as
ricanus tuberofus, flore cæruleo umbellato. Hort. much free air as poffible, and not be over-hung by
Amft. 1. p. 133. African tuberous Hyacinth, with a blue other plants ; and during the winter, they may have
umbellated flower. a little water once a week or oftener in mild weather,
2. CRINUM ( Afiaticum) foliis carinatis. Flor. Zeyl . 127 . but in froft they ſhould be kept dry. This plant only
Crinum with keel-
fhaped leaves. Lilium Zeylanicum , requires protection from froft and moiſture, fo fhould
bulbiferum & umbelliferum. H. L. 682 . not have any artificial warmth in winter, and muſt be
3. CRINUM (Americanum) corollarum apicibus introrfum placed in the open air in fummer.
unguiculatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 292. Crinum with the The fecond fort hath large bulbous roots, which
tops of the petals formed on the infide like the nails of a fend out many large flefhy fibres, having bulbs formed
finger. Lilio-afphodelus Americanus fempervirens, at their ends ; the leaves are near three feet long,
maximus Polyanthus albus. Com , Rar. Pl. 15. tab. hollow on their upper fide, and cloſely fold over each
15. other at their bafe, fpreading out on every fide ; the
4. CRINUM (Latifolium) foliis ovato-lanceolatis acumi outer leaves generally turn downward at the top ;
natis feffilibus planis. Lin. Sp . 419. Crinum with oval, they are of a deep green, obtufe at their points, with
Spear-
shaped, plain leaves, ending in acute points. Jo a ridge on their under fide. The flower-ftalk ariſes
vanna-pola-tali. Hort Mal. vol. 11. p. 77. on one fide the leaves, which is thick, fucculent,
The firſt fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good hollow in the middle, and a little compreffed on two
Hope, from whence it was brought to the gardens in fides ; this grows two feet high or more, and is of
Holland, and hath fince been ſpread into moſt of the the fame colour with the leaves, and are terminated
curious gardens in Europe. The root of this plant by large umbels of flowers, with a fheath or cover,
is compoſed of many thick flefhy fibres, diverging which fplits lengthways, and reflexed back to the
from the fame head, which ſtrike deep into the ftalk, where it dries and remains ; the tubes of the
ground, and put out many ſmaller fibres, which are flowers are narrow, near four inches long, and the
white and fleshy ; from the fame head ariſes a cluſter upper part is deeply cut into fix long fegments,
of leaves furrounding each other with their baſe, ſo which are reflexed back almoft to the tube ; in the
as to form a kind of herbaceous ftalk, about three center ariſes the ſtyle, attended by fix long ſtamina,
inches high, from which the leaves fpread only two which ſtand out beyond the petal, and is terminated
ways, appearing flat the other two. The flower-ftalk by oblong proftrate fummits of a yellow colour.
arifes by the fide of theſe leaves, which is round, After the flowers are paft, the germen, which is fi
hollow, and near three feet high, terminated by tuated at the bottom of the tube, becomes a large,
a large head of flowers, included in a kind of ſheath, roundifh, three-cornered capfule, having three cells,
which ſplits into two parts, and is reflexed. The two of which are generally abortive, and the third
flowers ſtand each upon a foot-ftalk about one inch hath one or two irregular bulbs, which if planted
long ; they are tubulous, have but one petal, which produce young plants.
is cut almoft to the bottom, into fix oblong blunt The third fort hath broader leaves than the fecond,
fegments, which are waved on their edges ; in the which are plain, and not hollowed on their upper
center is fituated an oval three-cornered germen, fup fide, but they are ſhorter and of a lighter green ; thefe
porting a long ſtyle, which is attended by fix fta embrace each other at their baſe ; by the ſide of theſe
mina, two of the fame length, two ſomewhat ſhorter, ariſe the flower-ſtalk, which is compreffed and hollow,
and the two which reft upon the lower fegments are rifing about two feet high, and terminated by large
the ſhorteſt. The flowers are of a bright blue colour, umbels of white flowers, like thoſe of the former fort,
and grow in large umbels, fo make a fine appearance . but the ſegments of the petal are broader and not fo
much reflexed .
They begin to flower in September, and frequently
continue in beauty till fpring, which renders them The fourth fort hath roots like thofe of the fecond
more valuable. fort ; the leaves of this are narrower at their bafe,
This plant is propagated by offsets, which come out and are ſtained with purple on their under fide ; the
from the fide of the old plants, and may be taken off flower-ftalks are purple, and grow to the fame height
the latter end of June, at which time theſe plants are as thoſe of the fecond ; the flowers are in fhape like
in their greateſt ſtate of reft ; when the plants fhould them, but the tube is purple, and the fegments have
be turned out of the pots, and the earth carefully a purple ſtripe running through them ; the ftamina
cleared away from the roots, that the fibres of the alfo are purple, which renders this more beautiful
offsets may be better diftinguiſhed, which ſhould be than either of the other forts ; and thefe differences
feparated from thoſe of the old roots, being careful are conſtant in all the plants which rife from feeds,
not to break their heads. But where they adhere fo fo there can be no doubt of its being a diftinct fort.
clofely to the old plant, as not to be fo feparated, they Theſe three forts grow naturally in both Indies, ſo
muſt be cut off with a knife, taking great care not are very tender, therefore muſt be kept in a warm
to wound or break the roots of either the offsets or ftove, otherwiſe they will not thrive in England ;
the parent plant. When theſe are parted, they ſhould they are eaſily propagated by offsets, which the roots
be planted each into a ſeparate pot, filled with light put out in plenty ; or by the bulbs which fucceed
kitchen-garden earth, and placed in a fhady fituation, the flowers, and ripen perfectly here. Theſe muſt be
where they may enjoy the morning fun, giving them planted in pots filled with rich earth, and if plunged
a little water twice a week, if the weather proves into the tan-bed in the ſtove, the plants will make
dry ; but they muſt not have too much wet, efpeci greater progreſs and flower oftener, than when they
ally at this ſeaſon, when they are almoſt inactive ; for are placed on fhelves , though in the latter way they
as the roots are fiefhy and fucculent, they are apt to will fucceed very well, provided they are kept in a
rot with great moiſture. In about five weeks time good temperature of heat. The roots fhould be.
the offsets will have put out new roots , when the pots tranfplanted in the fpring, and all the offsets taken
may be removed to a more funny fituation, and then off, otherwife they will fill the pots and ftarve the
theymay have a little more water, which will ſtrengthen old plants : they muſt be frequently refreſhed with
4 L water,
 CRI CRO

water, but it muſt not be given them too plentifully, thefe plants are preferved in a few gardens for the fake
efpecially in winter. Thefe forts flower at every fea of variety ; they are propagated by feeds, which
fon of the year, which renders them more valuable ; fhould be fown in the autumn where they are defign
for where there are many plants, there will be almoſt ed to remain, and will require no other culture but
a perpetual fucceffion of flowers, which emit a very to keep them clean from weeds, and thin them where
agreeable odour. they are too cloſe.
CRITHMUM . Lin. Gen. Plant. 303. Tourn. Inft. CRISTA GALLI. See PEDICULARIS :
R. H. 317. tab. 169. Samphire. CRISTA PAVONIS . See POINCIANA.
The CHARACTERS are, CROCUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 53. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
It is aplant with an umbelliferous flower ; the great um 350. tab. 183 , 184. [ is fo called of the youth Crocus,
bel is hemifpherical, and compofed of many fmaller of the who ( as the poets feign) loved Smilax with fo violent
fame figure ; the involucrum of the general umbel is com a paffion, that, by reafon of impatience, he was turned
pofed of feveral fpear-shaped leaves ; thofe of the perti into a flower of his name. ] Saffron .
cular umbels have very narrow leaves the length of the The CHARACTERS are,
umbel , the general umbel is uniform ; the flowers have It bath a fpatha or fheath of one leaf. The flower bath
five oval inflexed petals, which are almoſt equal ; they one petal, which is deeply cut into fix oblong fegments,
have five ftamina the length of the petals, which are ter which are equal. It hath three ftamina which areforter
minated by roundish fummits. The germen is fituated un than the petal, terminated by arrow -pointedfummits. The
der the flower, fupporting two reflexed ftyles, crowned by roundish germen is fituated at the bottom of the tube, fup
obtufe ftigmas. The germen afterward becomes an oval porting a flenderftyle, crowned by three twisted ftigmas,
compreffed fruit, dividing into two parts, each having one which are fawed. The germen afterward becomes a round
compreffed, elliptical, furrowed feed. ifh fruit, with three cells, filled with roundish feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of
of Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia, Linnæus's third clafs, intitled Triandria Monogynia,
the flowers having five ftamina and two ftyles. the flower having three ftamina and one ſtyle.
The SPECIES are, The SPECIES are,
1. CRITHMUM ( Maritimum) foliolis lanceolatis carnofis . 1. CROCUS (Sativus) fpathâ univalvi radicali, corollæ
Hort. Cliff. 98. Samphire with fpear-shaped fleshy leaves. tubo longiffimo. Lin . Sp. Plant. 36. Saffron with a
Crithmum five Foeniculum maritimum minus . C. B. P.
Spatha near the root, having one valve, and a long tube
288. Samphire. to the flower. Crocus fativus. C. B. P. 65. Cultivated
2. CRITHMUM (Pyrenaicum) foliolis lateralibus bis trifi Saffron.
dis. Hort. Cliff. 98. Samphire whofe ſmaller leaves on 2. CROCUS ( Autumnalis) fpathâ univalvi pedunculato,
their fides are doubly trifid. Apium Pyrenaicum thap corolke tubo breviffimo . Safron with a spatha on the
ficæ facie. Tourn . Inft..305. foot-ftalk, having one valve, and a very short tube to the
The firft fort grows upon the rocks by the fea-fide, flower. Crocus juncifolius autumnalis , flore magno
in many parts of England. This hath a root com purpurafcente. Boerh. Ind. alt. 2. 120.
pofed of many ftrong fibres, which penetrate deep 3. CROCUS (Vernus) fpathâ bivalvi radicali, floribus fef
into the crevices of the rocks, fending up feveral filibus. Crocus with a bivalve fpatha near the root, end
fleshy fucculent ftalks, which rife about two feet high, flowers fitting clofe to theground. Crocus vernus latifo
garniſhed with winged leaves, which are compofed of lius, flavo flore varius. C. B. P. 66. Commonly called
three or five divifions, each of which hath three or Bishop's Crocus.
five ſmall, thick, fucculent leaves near half an inch 4. CROCUS (Biflora ) ſpathâ biflorâ corollæ tubo tenu
long ; the foot-ftalks of the leaves embrace the ſtalks iffimo. Crocus with two flowers in each ſpatha, having
at their bafe. The flowers are produced in circular very narrow tubes. Crocus vernus, ftriatus, vulgaris.
umbels at the top of the ftalks ; thefe are of a yellow Par. Bat. Ordinary, Spring, ftriped Crocus.
colour, compofed of five petals , which are near There are a much greater variety of theſe flowers
equal in fize, and are afterward fucceeded by feeds than are here enumerated ; but as moft, if not all of
fomewhat like thoſe of Fennel, but are larger. This them are only feminal variations, I thought it would be
herb is pickled, and efteemed very comfortable to needlefs to particularize them here, efpecially as there
the ftomach, and is very agreeable to the palate ; it are frequently new varieties obtained from feeds.
provokes urine gently, removes the obftructions of Thoſe which are here enumerated , I think muſt be al
the vifcera, and creates an appetite ; it is commonly lowed to be fpecifically different, fince they have
ufed for fauce ; it is gathered on the rocks where it many diftinguishing characters, which are fufficient
grows naturally, but the people who fupply the mar to determine the ſpecific difference in plants.
kets with it, feldom bring the right herb, but inſtead The firſt fort is the plant which produces the Saffron,
of it they bring a fpecies of After, which is called which is a well known drug : this hath a roundish
golden Samphire, but hath a very different flavour bulbous root as large as a fmall Nutmeg, which is a
from the true, nor has it any of its virtues . This little compreffed at the bottom, and is covered with
grows in greater plenty, and upon the plain ground a coarfe, brown , netted fkin ; from the bottom of this
which is overflowed by the falt water ; whereas, the bulb is fent out many long fibres, which ſtrike pretty
true Samphire grows only out of the crevices of per deep into the ground ; from the upper part of the
pendicular rocks, where it is very difficult to come at.. root come out the flowers, which, together with the
It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn . young leaves, whofe tops juft appear, are clofely
This plant is with difficulty propagated in gardens, wrapped about by a thin fpatha or fheath, which parts
nor will it grow fo vigorous with any culture, as it within the ground, and opens on one fide. The tube
does upon rocks ; but if the plants are planted on a of the flower is very long, arifing immediately from
moift gravelly foil, they will thrive tolerably well , and the bulb, without any foot-ftalk, and at the top is
may be preferved fome years. It may be propagated divided into fix oval obtufe fegments, which are
either by feeds or parting the roots . equal, of a purple blue colour. In the bottom of
The fecond fort is by Tournefort ranged in his ge the tube is fituated a roundish germen, fupporting a
nus of Apium. This grows naturally on the Pyrenean flender ftyle, which is not more than half the length
mountains. It is a biennial plant, which doth not of the petal, crowned with three oblong golden ftig
flower till the fecond year, and periſhes foon after the mas (which is the Saffron ; ) theſe ſpread atunder each
feeds are ripe. There are two or three forts of this way. The ftyle is attended by three ftamina, whofe
plant, which differ in their outer appearance, but I bafes are inferted in the tube of the petal, and rife to
am not certain of their being diftinct fpecies. One of the height of the ſtyle, where they are terminated by
thefe is titled by Mr. Ray, Apium montanum five arrow-pointed fummits. This plant flowers in Octo
petræum album. This is of humbler growth than ber, and the leaves keep growing all the winter, but
the other ; the fmall leaves are broader, and not fo it never produces any feeds here.
much cut on their edges, and are of a paler green :
The
 CRO CRO

The fecond fort grows naturally on the Alps and 8. Broad-leaved Spring Crocus with a large yellow
Helvetian mountains : this hath a ſmaller bulbous flower. C. B.

root than the firſt, which is more compreffed ; the 9. Broad-leaved Spring Crocus with a ſmaller and paler
flowers appear about the fame feafon with the former, yellow flower. C. B.
but they rife with a fhort foot-ftalk, having a fhort 10. Broad-leavedSpring Crocus, with fmaller yellow
fpatha or fheath juft below the flower, which covers flowers ftriped with black.
it before it expands. The tube of the flower is very 11. Narrow-leaved Spring Crocus with a fmaller brim
fhort, the petal being divided almoſt to the bottom, ftone-coloured flower.
and the fegments terminate in acute points ; the ſta 12. Narrow-leaved Spring Crocus with a fmall white
mina and ſtyle are ſhort, and the leaves of the plant flower.
are very narrow. The flower is of a deep blue ; but Thefe are the principal varieties which I have ob
there is a variety of this with a fky blue flower, which ferved in the English gardens, but there are many
is fuppofed to have been produced by feeds. Dr. more mentioned in the foreign catalogues of flowers ,
Linnæus has fuppofed theſe, and alſo all the varieties many of which are fo nearly alike, as fcarce to be dif
of the Spring Crocus, to be but one fpecies, but tinguifhed ; and if the feeds of theſe flowers were
there can be no doubt of thefe being diftinct from fown, there might be a greater variety of them ob
thofe of the Spring. tained than is at prefent ; but as they propagate very
The third fort hath a pretty large, compreffed, bul faft by offsets, the feeds are very rarely regarded.
bous root, covered with a light, brown, netted fkin, All thefe feveral varieties of Crocufes are very hardy,
from which arife four or five leaves, like thoſe of the and will increaſe exceedingly by their roots, especially
the other Vernal Crocufes, of a purplish colour on if they are fuffered to remain two or three years unre
their lower parts ; from between thefe come out one moved ; they will grow in almoft any foil or fituation,
or two flowers of a deep yellow colour, fitting cloſe and are very great ornaments to a garden early in the
between the young leaves, never rifing above two fpring ofthe year, before many other flowers appear.
inches high ; thefe have an agreeable odour ; the They are commonly planted near the edges of borders
outer fegments of the petal are marked with three on the fides of walks ; in doing of which, you should
black ſtreaks or ſtripes running lengthways from the be careful to plant fuch forts in the fame line as flower
bottom to the top of the fegment ; theſe are narrower at the fame time, and are of an equal growth, other
than the inner fegments. From the double arrange wife the lines will feem imperfect . Thefe roots, lofe
ment of theſe ſegments fome have called it a double ing their fibres with their leaves, may then be taken
flower. Theſe fegments have dark purple bottoms, up, and kept dry until the beginning of September,
and the tube of the flower hath as many purple ſtripes obferving to keep them from vermin, for the mice
as there are fegments in the petal. Out of the center are very fond of them. When you plant theſe roots
of the tube arifes a flender ftyle, crowned by a golden (after having drawn a line upon the border, ) make
ftigma, which is broad and flat, and is attended by holes with a dibble about two inches deep or more,
three flender ſtamina of the fame length, terminated according to the lightneſs of the foil, and two inches
by yellow fummits. After the flower is paſt, the ger distance from each other, in which you must place
men puſhes out of the ground, and fwells to a round the roots with the bud uppermoft ; then with a rake
ifh three-cornered feed-veffel, which opens in three fill up the holes in fuch a manner as that the upper
parts, and is filled with roundifh brown feeds. This part of the root may be covered an inch or more, be
is one of the earlieſt Crocufes in the fpring. ing careful not to leave any of the holes open ; for
The fourth fort rifes with a few very narrow leaves, this will entice the mice to them, which, when once
which are, together with the flower-buds, cloſely they have found out, will deftroy all your roots, if
wrapped round by a fpatha or fheath, out of which they are not prevented .
arife two flowers, one of which hath a longer tube This is the way in which thefe flowers are commonly
than the other, but theſe are very flender, and do difpofed in gardens, but the better way is to plant
not rife much above the fpatha ; there the petal en them fix or eight near each other in bunches between
larges, and is divided into fix obtufe fegments, which fmall fhrubs, or on the borders of the flower-garden ;
are of equal fize ; they are of a dirty white on their where, if the varieties of theſe flowers are planted in
outfide, with three or four purple ſtripes in each ; the different patches, and properly intermixed, they will
infide of the petal is of a purer white ; the ftamina make a much better appearance than when they are
and ftyle are nearly the fame as thofe of the former difpofed in the old method of ſtrait edgings.
fort. This is one of the earlieſt forts which flowers In January, ifthe weather is mild, the Crocus will often
in the fpring. appear above ground ; and in February their flowers
The VARIETIES of the autumnal Crocus are, will appear, before the green leaves are grown to any
1. The fweet-fmelling autumnal Crocus, whofe flowers length, fo that the flower feems at firft to be naked ;
come before the leaves. C. B. This is our fecond but foon after the flowers decay, the green leaves
fort. grow to be fix or eight inches long, which fhould not
2. The autumnal mountain Crocus. C. B. This hath be cut off until they decay, notwithſtanding they ap
a paler blue flower. pear a little unfightly ; for by cutting off the leaves,
3. The many flowering bluish autumnal Crocus. C. B. the roots will be fo weakened as not to arrive at half
This hath many fky blue flowers. their ufual bignefs, nor will their flowers the fucceed
4. The fmall flowering autumnal Crocus. C. B. This ing year be half fo large. Their feeds are commonly
hath a ſmall deep blue flower. ripe about the latter end of April, or the beginning
The VARIETIES of the Spring Crocus are, of May, when the green leaves begin to decay.
1. Broad-leaved, purple, variegated, Spring Crocus. The autumnal Crocufes are not fo great increaſers as
C. B. This hath broad leaves and a deep blue flower are thofe of the fpring, nor do they produce feeds in
ftriped. our climate ; fo that they are lefs common in the gar
2. Broad-leaved Crocus of the fpring with a purple dens, except the true Saffron, which is propagated
flower. C. B. This hath a plain purple flower. for ufe in great plenty in many parts of England ;
3. Broad-leaved Spring Crocus with a Violet- coloured thefe muſt be taken up every third year, as was di
flower. C. B. This hath a large deep blue flower. rected for the Spring Crocufes, otherwife the roots
4. Spring Crocus, with a white flower and a purple will run long, and produce no flowers ; but they
bottom. C. B. fhould not be kept out of the ground longer than the
5. Broad-leaved, white, variegated, Spring Crocus. beginning of Auguft, for they commonly produce
C. B. their flowers the beginning of October ; fo that if
6. Broad-leaved Spring Crocus, with many purple Vi they remain too long out of the ground, they will not
olet flowers ftriped with white. C. B. produce their flowers fo ftrong, nor in fuch plenty,
7. Broad-leaved Spring Crocus with an Afh-coloured as when they are planted early.
flower.
The
 CRO CRO

The method of cultivating Saffron being fomewhat other fide, and digging as before, covers the roots
curious, I thought it not improper to infert in this laft fet, and makes the fame room for the fetters to
place an abſtract of it, as it was prefented to the Royal place a new row, at the fame diſtance from the firſt,
Society by Dr. James Douglafs. that they are from one another. Thus they go on,
As Saffron grows at prefent moft plentifully in Cam till a whole ridge, containing commonly one rod, is
bridgeshire, and has grown formerly in feveral other planted ; and the only nicety in digging is, to leave
counties of England, the method of culture does not, fome part of the firſt ftratum of earth untouched, to
I believe, vary much in any of them, and therefore I lie under the roots, and, in fetting, to place the roots
judge it fufficient to fet down here the obſervations directly upon their bottom.
which I employed proper perſons , in different ſeaſons , What fort of roots are to be preferred ſhall be ſhewn
to make, in the years 1723 , 1724, 1725, and 1728 , under the fourth head, but it muſt be obſerved in this
up and down all that large tract of ground that lies place, that formerly, when roots were very dear, they
between Saffron-Walden and Cambridge, in a circle did not plant them ſo thick as they do now ; and that
about ten miles diameter. they have always fome regard to the fize ofthe roots,
In that county Saffron has been cultivated, and there placing the largeſt at a greater diſtance than the ſmall
fore it may be reaſonably expected, that the inhabi ones.
tants thereof are more thoroughly acquainted with it The quantity of roots planted in an acre, is generally
than they are any where elſe. about 16 quarters, or 128 bufhels, which, accord
I fhall begin with the choice and preparation of the ing to the diſtances left between them, as before af
ground . The greateſt part of the tract already men figned, and fuppofing all to be an inch in diameter
tioned is an open level country, with few incloſures ; one with another, ought to amount to 392,040 in
and the cuſtom there is, as in moft other places, to number.
crop two years, and let the land be fallow the third . From the time that the roots are planted, till about
Saffron is generally planted upon fallow ground, and, the beginning of September, or fometimes later,
all other things being alike, they prefer that which there is no more labour about them ; but as they then
has borne Barley the year before. begin to fpire, and are ready to fhew themfelves
The Saffron grounds are feldom above three acres , above ground (which is known by digging a few out
or leſs than one ; and in choofing, the principal thing of the earth, ) the ground muſt be carefully pared
they have regard to is, that they be well expofed, the with a ſharp hoe, and the weeds, &c. raked into the
foil not poor, nor a very ſtiff clay, but a temperate furrows, otherwiſe they would hinder the growth of
dry mould, fuch as commonly lies upon chalk , and the plants ,
is of an Hazel colour ; though if every thing elfe In fome time after appear the Saffron flowers, and
anfwers, the colour of the mould is pretty much this leads us to the third branch of our prefent me
neglected . thod. The flowers are gathered as well before as after
The ground being made choice of, about Lady-Day , they are full blown, and the moſt proper time for
or the beginning of April, it muſt be carefully plough this is early in the morning. The owners of the Saf
ed, the furrows being drawn much clofer together, fron get together a fufficient number of hands, who
and deeper, if the foil will allow it, than is done for place themſelves in different parts of the field, who
any kind of corn ; and accordingly, the charge is pull off the whole flowers, and throw them handful
greater. by handful into a baſket, and fo continue till all the
About five weeks after, during any time in the flowers are gathered, which happens commonly about
month of May, they lay between twenty and thirty ten or eleven o'clock.
loads of dung upon each acre, and having ſpread it Having then carried home all they have got, they
with great care, they plough it in as before. The immediately fpread them upon a large table, and fall
ſhorteſt rotten dung is the beft ; and the farmers, who to picking out the filamenta ftyli, or chives, and to
have the conveniency of making it, fpare no pains to gether with them a pretty long proportion of the fty
make it good, being fure of a proportionable price lus itſelf, or ſtring to which they are joined ; the reſt
for it. About Midfummer they plough a third time, of the flower they throw away as ufelefs. The next
and between every fixteen feet and an half, or pole morning they return into the field again, whether it be
in breadth, they leave a broad furrow or trench, which wet or dry weather, and fo on daily, even on Sun
ferves both as a boundary to the ſeveral parcels, when days, till the whole crop be gathered .
there are feveral proprietors to one incloſure, and to The chives being all picked out of the flowers, the
throw the weeds in at the proper ſeaſon. next labour about them is to dry them on the kiln.
To this head likewife belongs the fencing of the The kiln is built upon a thick plank ( that it may be
grounds, becauſe moſt commonly, though not always, moved from place to place) fupported by four ſhort
that is done before they plant. The fences confift of legs ; the outfide confifts of eight pieces of wood
what they call dead hedges, or hurdles, to keep out about three inches thick, in form of a quadrangular
not only cattle of all forts, but eſpecially hares, which frame, about twelve inches fquare at the bottom on
would otherwiſe feed on the Saffron leaves during the the infide, and twenty-two inches at top, which is
winter.
likewife equal to the perpendicular height of it. On
About the weather we need not only obſerve, that the forefide is left a hole about eight inches fquare,
the hotteſt ſummers are certainly the beft, and there and four inches above the plank, through which the
with, if there be gentle fhowers from time to time , fire is put in ; over all the reft laths are laid pretty
they can hardly mifs of a plentiful crop, if the ex thick, cloſe to one another, and nailed to the frame
treme cold, fnow, or rain of the foregoing winter already mentioned, and then are plaiſtered over on both
have not prejudiced the heads. fides, as are alfo the planks at bottom very thick, to
The next general part of the culture of Saffron is, ſerve for a hearth. Över the mouth, or wideft part,
planting, or fetting the roots ; the only inftrument goes a hair cloth, fixed to the fides of the kiln, and
ufed for which is a narrow fpade, commonly termed a likewife to two rollers, or moveable pieces of wood,
fpit ſhovel. which are turned by wedges or fcrews, in order to
The time of planting is commonly in the month of ftretch the cloth. Inftead of the hair cloth , many
July, a little fooner or later, according as the weather people now uſe a net-work, or iron wire, with which
anfwer. The method is this : one man with his fpit it is obferved that the Saffron dries fooner, and with
thovel raiſes between three and four inches of earth, lefs quantity of fuel , but the difficulty in preferving
and throws it before him about fix or more inches ; the Saffron from burning, makes the hair cloth be
two perfons, generally women, following with heads, preferred by the niceft judges in drying.
place them in the fartheft edge of the trench he The kiln is placed in a light part of the houſe, and
makes, at three inches diftance from each other, or they begin by laying five or fix fleets of white paper
thereabouts ; as foon as the digger or ſpitter has gone on the hair cloth, upon which they spread the wet
once the breadth of the ridge, he begins again at the Saffron between two and three inches thick ; this they
cover

!
 .
!

CRO CRO

cover with other ſheets of paper, and over thefe lay a breaking up from each acre, may be had twenty-four
coarſe blanket five or fix times doubled, or, inſtead quarters of clean roots, all fit to be planted.
thereof, a canvas pillow filled with ſtraw ; and after The owners are fure to chooft for their own ufe the
the fire has been lighted for fome time, the whole is co largeſt, plumpeft, and fatteft roots, but do leaft of
vered with a board, having a large weight upon it. all approve the longest pointed ones, which they call
At first they give it a pretty ftrong heat, to make fpickets, or fpickards , for very fmall, round , or flat
the chives fweat ( as their expreffion is ; ) and in this, roots, are fometimes obferved to flower well.
if they do not uſe a great deal of care, they are in This is the whole culture of Saffron in the county
danger of fcorching, and fo of ſpoiling all that is on above-mentioned, and we have only now to confider
the kiln. the charges and profits which may be fuppofed, one
When it has been thus dried about an hour, they year with another, to attend that branch of agricul
take off the board, blanket , and upper papers, and ture ; and of thefe I have drawn up the following
take the Saffron off from that which lies next it, computation for one acre of ground , according to the
raifing at the fame time the edges of the cake with a price of labour in this country.
knife ; then laying on the paper again, they flide in 1. S. d.
another board between the hair cloth and upper pa Rent for three years 3
pers, and turn both papers and Saffron upfide - down, Ploughing for three years ΟΙ
afterwards covering them as above. Dunging 3 12
The fame heat is continued for an hour longer ; then Hedging I
they look on the cake again, free it from the papers, Spitting and fetting the heads I 12
and turn it ; then they cover it, and lay on the weight Weeding or paring the ground I 4
.
as before. If nothing happens amifs during theſe Gathering and picking the flowers 6 10
first two hours, they reckon the danger to be over ; Drying the flowers --- I 6
for they have nothing more to do but to keep a gen Inftruments of labour for three years,
Ο 10 O
tle fire, and to turn their cakes every half hour till with the kiln, about -
thoroughly dry, for the doing of which as it ought, Ploughing the ground once, and har
O 12 O
rowing twice ――― --
there are required full twenty-four hours.
In drying the larger plump chives they uſe nothing Gathering the Saffron heads IOO
more, but towards the latter end of the crop, when Raifing the heads - I 12 0
*
theſe come to be ſmaller, they ſprinkle the cake with
a little ſmall beer, to make it fweet as it ought ; and Total charge 23 12 O
they begin now to think, that ufing two linen cloths
next the cake, inftead of the two innermoft papers, This calculation is made upon fuppofition, that an
may be of fome advantage in drying, but this prac acre of ground yields twenty-fix pounds of nett Saf
tice is followed as yet but by few. fron in three years, which I ftated only as a mean
Their fire may be made of any kind of fuel, but that quantity between the greateft and the leaft, and there
which ſmokes the leaft is beft, and charcoal, for that fore the price of Saffron must be judged accordingly,
reaſon, is preferred to any other. which I think cannot be done better than by fixing it
What quantity of Saffron a firſt crop will produce, is at 30 fhillings per pound ; fince in very plentiful
•
very uncertain ; fometimes five or fix pounds of wet years it is fold at twenty, and is fometimes worth be
chives are got from one rood, fometimes not above tween three and four pounds ; at this rate, twenty
one or two, and ſometimes not enough to make it fix pounds of Saffron are worth thirty-nine pounds,
worth while to gather and dry it ; but this is always and the nett profits of an acre of ground producing
to be obſerved, that about five pounds of wet Saffron Saffron, will, in three years, amount to fifteen pounds,
go to make one pound of dry, for the first three weeks thirteen fhillings, or about five pounds four fhillings
of the crop, and fix pounds during the laſt week ; and yearly.
when the heads are planted very thick, two pounds This, I fay, may be reckoned the nett profit of an
of dried Saffron may, at a medium, be allowed to an acre of Saffron, fuppofing that all the labour were to
acre for the firſt crop, and twenty-four pounds for be hired for ready money ; but as the planter and fa
the two remaining, the third being confiderably larger mily do a confiderable part of the work themſelves,
than the ſecond. fome of this expence is faved ; that is, by planting
In order to obtain thefe, there is only a repetition to Saffron, he may not only reaſonably expect to clear
be made every year of the labour of hoeing, gather about five pounds yearly per acre, but alſo to main
ing, picking, and drying, in the fame manner as be tain himſelf and family for fome part of each year ;
fore fet down, without the addition of any thing new, and it is upon this fuppofition only, that the refult of
except that they let cattle into the fields, after the other computations can be faid to have any tolerable
leaves are decayed, to feed upon the weeds, or, per degree of exactnefs, but the calculations themfelves
haps, mow them for the fame uſe. are undoubtedly very inaccurate.
About the Midfummer after the third crop is gather I have faid nothing here concerning the charge in
A
ed, the roots muſt be all taken up and tranfplanted ; buying, or profits in felling, the Saffron heads, be
the management requifite for which, is the fourth caufe, in many large tracts of ground, theſe muſt at
thing to be treated of. To take up the Saffron heads, length balance one another, while the quantity of
or break up the ground (as the term is, ) they fome ground planted yearly continues the fame, which has
times plough it, fometimes ufe a forked kind of hoe, been pretty much the cafe for feveral years paſt.
called a pattock, and then the ground is harrowed Dr. Patrick Blair, defigning to treat concerning the
once or twice over ; during all which time of plough Crocus, in his fixth Decad of his Pharmaco-Botanolo
ing, or digging, and harrowing, fifteen or more peo gia, did, in the year 1725, ſend to me the following
ple will find work enough to follow and gather the queries :
heads as they are turned up. i . After what manner the fpecies are propagated ?
They are next to be carried to the houſe in facks, and 2. Whether the tap-root fprings firſt, or the bulb ?
there cleaned and rafed ; this labour confifts in clean 3. At what feafon the leaves ſpring forth ?
ing the roots thoroughly from earth, and from the To thefe queries I fent him the following anfwer :
remains of old roots, old involucra, and excrefcences, 1. As to the propagation of the ſpecies.
and thus they become fit to be planted in new ground This is only by the roots or offsets, which the old
immediately, or to be kept for fome time without roots produce in great plenty, for I never faw any
danger of fpoiling. thing like a feed, or a feed-veffel produced, though I
The quantity of roots taken up, in proportion to have let ftand great quantities of flowers purpofcly
thoſe which were planted, is uncertain ; but at a me to try.
dium , it may be ſaid, that allowing for all the acci 2. As to the query, Whether the tap-root fprings
dents which happened to them in the ground, and in firſt, and the buib be afterwards formed ?
4 M Aa
 CRO CRO

As foon as the roots begin to fhoot upwards, there nefs of a large turkey or goofe-quill, cylindrical and
are commonly two or three large tap- roots fent forth blunt, without the leaft radical fibre, by which it
from the fide of the old root, which will run down might receive the nouriſhment, ſmooth or polished,
right two inches and a half or more, into the ground ; and bluiſh in the furface, confifting of feveral circular
at the place where thefe bulbs first come out from the lines, when cut tranfverfly ; white, with a hard
old one, will be formed a bulb fometimes ( though greeniſh center like a Carrot, when it hath pushed
not always, as you will hear prefently ; ) and this tap forth the flowering-ftem, not unlike the itolones of
root decays. The bulb will increaſe in its bignefs, of fome running root, fuch as the Mints below ground,
tiil at laft it quite falls off, and is then left entire , only the extremity defcended obliquely, inftead of af
which commonly happens in April, when the green cending, to fend forth leaves to produce a new plant ;
begins to decay , but many times thefe tap or car and what is moſt remarkable, this did not happen to
rotty roots never produce any bulbs, but always re one or two plants, but to the whole bundle, which
tain the fame figure, and for ever after, I believe are were above twenty diſtinct roots, differing in nothing
barren ; for I planted a parcel of thefe carrotty roots but majus and minus ; the bulb feemed at the fame
four years ago in a little bed, where they have ever time to be pined and emaciated, though it emitted
fince remained, but have not produced one fingle large radical fibres like thofe of a Leak.
flower, notwithſtanding they have produced a nu I having received this account from him by letter,
merous offspring of the fame carrotty roots. fent him the following anſwer :
And the people about Saffron Walden are well ap I received yours in anfwer to my laft, with the figure
prifed of this barrennefs, and therefore throw away of the roots of fome fets of Crocus Autumnalis you
all fuch roots when they make a new plantation ; but have taken out of the ground ; I have found a figure
as this change of the root is not peculiar to the Saf in Dodonæus which correfponds with it, and thoſe
fron only, permit me to digrefs a little, to give you roots are no new thing with the Saffron gardeners,
fome account of this matter. who always throw them away when they make freſh
In the parish of Fulham, near London, the garden plantations.
ers uſed to drive a great trade in the Jonquil, or Nar Your figure does not agree with my tap-roots, as
ciffus juncifolius, flore multiplici, at which place the you will fee by the figure taken as juft from the life
greateſt quantity of thofe roots was raiſed for fale, as I could. In mine you will find the bulb turned
as perhaps was in any part of England , and turned fideways, which I ſtill find to be conftant in all the
to as great account for the mafter, as any crop they roots I have examined , which have been a great many,
could employ their ground in, till of late years, that and makes me fufpect theſe tap-roots are occafioned
moft of their roots have turned carrotty, and fo by the accidental pofition of the roots in planting,
proved barren, or have produced only fingle flowers ; which may retard the afcending fap, the flowering
fo that the gardeners being hereby disheartened , have ftem being thereby turned into a crooked figure,
thrown them out entirely, neglecting to cultivate and the tap-roots are full of longitudinal veffels, of
them, fatisfying themſelves with this reaſon, that a confiderable dimenſion ; ſo that the greater attract
their ground was tired with them. ing power of the fap being hereby diverted down
But to return to the Crocus. Befides thofe roots al wards, the flower-ftem may be quite deftitute of pro
ready mentioned, there will be three or four ſmall per nouriſhment .
bulbs formed upon the upper part of the root, and The method you propoſe to remedy this inconveni
fome underneath, which from the first appearance ency, will not do, for I have removed fome of theſe
affume the round fhape of its parent root, and have roots at the ſeaſon when the tap-roots were forming,
no tap-root belonging to them ; thoſe on the upper and this alone deſtroyed them all , fo that I am per
part of the root rarely emit fo much as a fibre, but fuaded, the cutting them off entirely will kill them.
receive their nourishment immediately from the old The method I ufed with the Jonquils was, to lay
root ; but thofe on the under fide fend out many fi fome tiles juft under the roots, to prevent their run
bres all around, by which they draw their nouriſhment ning downwards, but this has not answered, nor do I
from the ground ; theſe being parted from the old think it poffible wholly to recover them ; for the al
root much fooner than the other, ftand in need of fit teration is not only in the root and flower, but alſo
organs for receiving their nourishment. in the leaf and blade, which before was fiftulous, but
I have fometimes taken up fome, through the middle after this alteration in the root, becomes a plain ful
of which hath been a root of the Gramen caninum, cated leaf, and if it ever bloffoms after, the flowers
or Couch Grafs, which fome people have imagined are large and fingle, which before were fmall and
had ftrength enough to force its way through the Cro double ; but the Saffron , after the change of its roots,
cus root ; but the truth is, the root of the Grafs produces a ſmall narrow blade, feldom half the length
clofely adhering to the old root of the Crocus, juft of thoſe in a natural ſtate.
at the place where the young roots were emitted, theſe Upon this Dr. Blair formed this concluſion :
young roots being quick of growth, inclofed the Theſe additional obſervations plainly fhew, that nei
root of the Grafs, and thus I have feen ſeveral roots ther the carrotty root, nor the blafted tap-root, as I
run through each other in the fame manner. may call it, are merely accidental, or what may be
But befides thefe offsets mentioned, directly upon the called lufus naturæ, but certain diſeaſes incident to
upper part of the root is one large root formed , of fuch roots ; for were they accidental, they would not
equal bignefs with the old one, and this is the time have the fame appearances to different perfons in dif
that the root is Radix gemina, as Tournefort calls it ; ferent foils and climates, nor would ſo many taken
for they are not fo at any other feaſon, and therefore up together have fuch a refemblance to each other, as
I think it a very improper appellation ; for when the I have twice obferved.
new roots are perfectly formed, the old ones, with CROTOLARI A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 771. Dill. Elth.
their coats, fall off and die, and leave the new roots 122. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 644. [ of Kpéranov, Gr. rat
all fingle. This has occafioned feveral people to tle ; becauſe its feeds in the pods, when ripe, make
doubt of what Tournefort had faid of the roots, till a rattling noife when fhaken, or becauſe the infants
I took up fome plants at that feafon, and with them of the Indians make uſe of the branches of this plant
the two roots of equal bignefs , i . e. the old at the bot furniſhed with pods inſtead of rattles. ]
tom, and the new one at the top. The CHARACTERS are,

Dr. Blair alfo happening, in viewing a root, to be The empalement of the flower is divided into three large
furprifed with a different appearance from what he had Jegments ; the two upper refting on the standard, the
feen before or heard of, fent me another letter. lower is concave, trifid, and is fituated below the keel.
The manner of the root was thus ; from the upper The flower is of the Butterfly kind ; the ftandard is large,
part ofthe bulb, where it fends forth all the leaves
beart -
shaped and pointed , the wings are oval and half
within a common tunicle, at the exit there was an ap the length of the standard ; the keel is pointed and as long
pendix about an inch and a half long, about the groff as the wings ; it hath ten stamina which are united, ter
minated
 CRO CRO

minated by fingle fummits, and an oblong reflexed germen , feeds. It flowers in July and Auguft, and the feeds
fupporting afingle ftyle, crowned by an obtufe ftigma. The ripen in autumn.
germen afterward becomes a fhort turgid pod with one This plant is propagated by feeds , which muſt be
cell, opening with two valves, and filled with kidney fown upon a hot-bed in the fpring, and when the
Shapedfeeds. plants are come up an inch high, they fhould be
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection of tranfplanted to another hot-bed to bring them for
Linnæus's feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia De ward, obferving to fhade them from the fun till they
candria the flowers of this clafs and fection having ten have taken new root ; after which they fhould have
ftamina joined in two bodies. free air admitted to them in proportion to the warmth
The SPECIES are ,
of the ſeaſon, to prevent their being drawn up weak.
1. CROTOLARIA ( Verrucofa) foliis fimplicibus ovatis, fti When the plants have acquired ftrength in this bed,
pulis lunatis declinatis ramis tetragonis. Flor . Zeyl . they ſhould be carefully taken up, with balls of earth
277. Crotolaria with fingle oval leaves, lunated declining to their roots, and each planted in a feparate pot,
ftipule, and four-cornered branches. Crotolaria Afiatica filled with light kitchen-garden earth, and plunged
folio fingulari verrucofo, floribus cæruleis. H. L. into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, carefully
199. fhading them till they are rooted again ; then they
2. CROTOLARIA (Pilofa) foliis fimplicibus lanceolatis pi muſt be treated in the fame manner as other tender
lofis, petiolis decurrentibus. Crotolaria with fingle, exotic plants, giving them proper air and water in
hairy, fpear-shaped leaves, and runningfoot-ftalks. Cro warm weather ; when the plants are grown fo tall as
tolaria Americana, caule alato foliis pilofis, floribus to nearly reach the glaffes of the hot-bed, the pots
in thyrfo luteis. Martyn . Cent. 43. may be removed into an airy glafs-cafe, or ftove,
3. CROTOLARIA ( Sagittalis) foliis fimplicibus lanceolatis where they may be ſcreened from inclement weather,
ftipulis folitariis decurrentibus bidentatis. Hort. Cliff. and have proper air in hot weather ; with this treat
357 Crotolaria with fingle fpear-shaped leaves, and ment the plants will flower in July, and continue to
fingleftipula indented. Crotolaria hirfuta minor Ameri produce freſh fpikes of flowers till the end of Auguft ;
cana herbacea , caule ad fummum fagittato. H. L. and thofe fpikes of flowers which appear early in the
202.
feaſon, will be fucceeded by ripe feeds in September,
4. CROTOLARIA (Fruticofa) foliis fimplicibus, lineari foon after which the plants will decay.
lanceolatis hirfutis , petiolis decurrentibus, caule fru The fecond fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz in
ticofo . Crotolaria with fingle, narrow, Spear-shaped New Spain, from whence the feeds were fent me by
leaves, which are bairy, running foot -
ftalks, and afhrubby the late Dr. Houftoun ; this rifes with a comprèffed
ftalk. Crotolaria frutefcens hirfuta, flore luteo, ra winged ftalk near three feet high, putting out feveral
mulis alatis, foliis mucronatis. Houft. MSS. fide branches, garnished with fpear-fhaped leaves
5. CROTOLARIA (Juncea) foliis fimplicibus lanceolatis, near three inches long, and one broad, covered
petiolatis caule ftriato. Hort. Cliff. 357. Crotolaria with foft hairs, and fit clofe to the branches , alter
shaped leaves having foot-ftalks.
with fingle fpear- Cro nately ; from the foot- ftalks of each there runs a
tolaria Benghalenfis foliis geniftæ hirfutis. Pluk. Alm. border or leafy wing, along both fides ofthe branches ;
121.
the flowers are produced in loofe fpikes at the end
6. CROTOLARIA (Perfoliata) foliis perfoliatis cordato of the branches , which are of a pale yellow colour,
ovatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1005. Crotolaria with oval the ſtandard being ſtretched out a confiderable length
beart -shaped leaves perforated by the ftalks. Crotolaria beyond the wings . Thefe are fucceeded by fhort
perfoliatæ folio. Hort. Elth. 122. tab. 102. turgid pods, which, when ripe, are of a deep blue
7. CROTOLARIA (Retufa) foliis fimplicibus, oblongis colour, having one row of fmall kidney-fhaped feeds,
cuneiformibus retufis. Flor. Zeyl. 276. Crotolaria with which are of a greenish brown colour. This flowers
fingle, oblong, wedge-shaped leaves, reflexed at the top. and feeds about the fame time with the former, and
Crotolaria Afiatica, floribus luteis, folio fingularo requires the fame treatment.
cordiformi . H. L. 200.
The third fort was fent me from South Carolina by
8. CROTOLARIA (Villofa) foliis fimplicibus ovatis villo the late Dr. Dale, and alſo from Jamaica by Dr.
fis, petiolis fimpliciffimis, ramis teretibus. Hort. Cliff Houftoun, fo that it grows naturally in feveral parts
357. Crotolaria with fingle, oval, hairy leaves, fingle of America ; this is an annual plant, which rifes with
pedicles and taper branches. Crotolaria arboreſcens a flender ſtalk a foot and a half high, dividing into
Africana, Styracis folio. H. L. 170. three or four ſpreading branches, garniſhed with ob
9. CROTOLARIA ( Angulata) foliis ovatis feffilibus, ra long oval leaves fitting clofe. The upper part of the
mulis angulatis hirfutis, floribus lateralibus fimpliciffi branches have two leafy borders or wings, running
mis. Crotolaria with oval leaves fitting close to the from one leaf to the other, but the lower part of the
branches, which are angular, hairy, and fingle flowers branches have none ; the foot-ftalks of the flowers
proceedingfrom the fides of the branches. arife from the fide of the ftalk, thofe from the lower
10. CROTOLARIA (Laburnifolia) foliis ternatis ovatis part of the branches are above a foot long, the upper
acuminatis, ftipulis nullis, leguminibus pedicillatis . are about fix inches, they are very flender, and ſuſtain
Flor. Zeyl. 278. Crotolaria with oval, trifoliate, pointed one or two pale yellow flowers at their tops, which
D
leaves, no ftipula, and foot-
ftalks to the pods. Crotola are not more than half fo large as the former fort, and
ria Afiatica frutefcens, floribus luteis amplis trifo are fucceeded by very fhort turgid pods, in which
liata . H. L. 196. are inclofed three or four ſmooth kidney- fhaped feeds.
11. CROTOLARIA ( Alba) foliis ternis lanceolato-ovatis, This fort requires the fame culture as the two former,
caule lævi herbaceo, racemo terminali. Hort. Cliff. and flowers at the fame ſeaſon.
499. Crotolaria with oval, fpear-shaped, ternate leaves, The fourth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
Smooth herbaceous ftalks, which are terminated by loofe whence the feeds were fent me by the late Dr. Houf
Spikes of flowers. Anonis Caroliniana perennis non toun ; this rifes with a fhrubby taper ftalk near four
fpinofa, foliorum marginibus integris, floribus in feet high, fending out many fide branches which are
thyrfo candidis. Martyn. Cent. 44. very flender, ligneous, and covered with a light
The first fort grows naturally in India. This is an brown bark, garniſhed with very narrow fpear-fhaped
annual plant, which hath an herbaceous four- cor leaves, which are hairy, fitting cloſe to the branches ;
nered ftalk, rifing about two feet high, dividing the younger fhoots have a leafy border or wing on
into three or four branches ; thefe have alfo four acute two fides, but the old branches have none ; the flow
angles, and are garniſhed with oval warted leaves, ers are produced near the end of the branches, three
of a pale green colour, ſtanding on very fhort foot or four growing alternate on a loofe fpike ; they are
ftalks ; the flowers are produced in ſpikes at the end of a dirty yellow, and fmall ; the pods which fucceed
of the branches, which are of the butterfly ſhape, and them are about an inch long, very turgid, and of a
of a light blue colour, fucceeded by fhort turgid dark blue when ripe. This fort is propagated by feed ,
pods, which inclofe one row of kidney-ſhaped which fhould be fown on a hot-bed, and the plants
treated
 CRO CRO

treated in the fame manner as thofe before ; but in This plant flowers in June and July, and in warm
autumn they fhould be placed in the ftove, where feafons will ripen its feeds in autumn. It is propagated
they will live through the winter, and flower early by feeds, which must be fown upon a good hot-bed in
the following fummer, fo will perfect their feeds very the fpring, and when the plants are fit to remove,
well. fhould be each tranfplanted into a fmall halfpenny
1 The feeds of the fifth fort were brought me from the
pot, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark, and
coaft of Malabar, which fucceeded in the Chelſea after muſt be treated in the fame manner as hath

garden. This rifes with an angular ftalk near four been directed for the fourth fort, placing the plants
feet high, dividing upward into three or four branches, in a moderate ftove in winter, otherwife they cannot
garnifhed with narrow fpear-fhaped leaves, placed al be preferved in England ; the fecond year the plants
ternately on very fhort foot-ftalks ; they are pretty will flower, and with proper care their feeds will
clofely covered with foft filvery hairs. The flowers ripen .
are produced at the end of the branches, in looſe The ninth fort was fent me from Campeachy, where
fpikes ; they are large, and of a deep yellow colour, the plant grows naturally ; this rifes with a taper up
and the ftyle ftands out beyond the ftandard. The right ftalk near three feet high, dividing upward
flowers are fucceeded by large turgid pods, containing into feveral hairy branches, which grow erect,
one row of large kidney-fhaped feeds . garniſhed with oval fpear-fhaped leaves , of a pale
This plant is annual in England, but by the lower green colour ; the flowers are produced fingly from
part of the ftalk growing woody, it appears to be of the fide of the branches, which are of a bright yellow,
longer duration in the country where it naturally and are fucceeded by fhort turgid pods, having one
grows ; though it will not live through the winter row of kidney-ſhaped feeds. It flowers in July and
here, for if the plants are placed in a ſtove, the heat Auguft, and with the fame treatment as hath been
is too great for them, and in a green-houfe they are directed for the firft fort, will perfect feeds in autumn.
very fubject to mouldinefs in damp weather. I have This is an annual plant, which periſhes foon after the
fown the feeds of this in the full ground, where the feeds are ripe.
plants have grown upward of three feet high, and The tenth fort grows naturally in India ; this rifes
have flowered very well, but no pods were formed on with a fhrubby ſtalk four or five feet high , dividing ..
thefe ; and when they have been treated tenderly, into many branches, garnished with ternate oval
the plants have grown much larger, and produced a leaves ending in points ; the flowers are large, yellow,
greater number of flowers, but theſe have produced growing in large bunches from the fide of the
no feeds. The only way which I could ever obtain branches ; they appear in July, Auguft, and Sep
any feeds, was by raifing the plants in pots upon hot tember, but I have not feen any pods fucceed them
beds ; and the beginning of July, turning them out here . However, when the plants are in flower, they
of the pots into the full ground on a very warm make a fine appearance .
border under a wall , in which fituation they flowered It is eafily propagated by cuttings , during the fummer
very well, and fome few pods of feeds were ripened . months, if the cuttings are planted in pots, and
The fixth fort was fent me by the late Dr. Dale from plunged into a moderate hot-bed, being careful to
South Carolina, who had the feeds fent him from the fhade them till they have taken root, and frequently
country, at a great diftance from the English fettle refreſh them with water : during the months of July,
ments. By the defcription fent me with the feeds, Auguft, and September, the plants may be expofed
it grows with a fhrubby ftalk four or five feet high ; to the open air in a fheltered fituation, where they
but the plants which were raiſed here, periſhed at the will produce many flowers ; but in the autumn they
approach of winter, fo that they only flowered , with fhould be placed in a temperate ſtove, to preſerve them
out producing any pods . The ftalks of this are round , in winter.

# and covered with a light brown bark, garniſhed with The eleventh fort grows naturally in Virginia and
fmooth , oval, heart-shaped leaves , which are about Carolina, from both thofe countries I have received
four inches long, and near three broad ; furrounding the feeds ; there are two varieties of this fpecies, one
the ftalk in fuch a manner, as if it were run through with a white, and the other a blue flower ; but
the middle of the leaves . The flowers grow fingly, the feeds of one will produce both varieties, as I have
fitting cloſe to the bofom of each leaf, toward the more than once experienced. The root is perennial,
upper part of the branches ; they are of a pale yellow fending up every fpring a number of leaves, in pro
colour, and appear here in Auguft ; but as the plants portion to the fize of the root ; the foot-ftalks of the

did not produce any pods , fo I can give no account leaves are ſmooth, rifing two feet high, dividing
of them. This is one of the moſt fingular plants of upward into three or five branches, garniſhed with
the genus I have yet feen . ternate fmooth leaves, whofe lobes are oval, fpear
The feventh fort rifes with an herbaceous ſtalk near fhaped, and entire ; the foot-ftalks of the flowers arife
three feet high , dividing upward into ſeveral branches , immediately from the root, and advance rather higher
garniſhed with oblong leaves , which are narrow at than the leaves, being terminated by a thyrfe of large
their bafe, but gradually widen to the top, where they butterfly-ſhaped flowers, near a foot in length ; in
are rounded and indented in the middle in the ſhape one variety they are white , and in the other deep blue :
of a heart ; they are of a pale green , and fmooth . theſe are fucceeded by large fwelling pods, of a black
The flowers are produced in fpikes at the end of the colour when ripe, having one row of kidney-ſhaped
branches , they are pretty large, and of a yellow co feeds. It flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in the
lour. Theſe appear in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
autumn , provided the plants are brought forward in It is propagated by feeds, which ſhould be fown on
the fpring, and afterward treated in the fame manner a moderate hot-bed in the fpring ; when the plants
as hath been directed for the firſt fort . This grows come up they ſhould have free air admitted to them
naturally in the iſland of Ceylon , and is an annual daily, to prevent their drawing up weak, and as foon
plant, perifhing foon after it perfects feeds . I re as they are fit to remove, they fhould be each planted
ceived the feeds of this plant from the late Dr. Boer in a feparate ſmall pot, plunging them into a mo
haave , profeffor at Leyden . derate hot-bed again, obferving to fhade them till
The eighth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good they have taken freſh root ; then they ſhould be gra
Hope, from whence I received the feeds. This rifes dually inured to the open air ; but in the autumn
with a fhrubby ftalk about five feet high, dividing they ſhould be placed in a common frame, or covered
into feveral branches, garniſhed with roundish leaves, with mats in winter to fhelter them ; but the following
fitting clofe to the branches ; they are of a hoary fpring they ſhould be turned out of the pots , and
green, and foft to the touch, the branches are taper planted in the full ground, where, if the foil is dry,
and ſmooth ; the flowers are produced at the end of and the fituation fheltered , they will live many years,
the branches in loofe fpikes ; they are about the producing flowers and feeds annually.
fize of thofe of the first fort, and of a fine blue cour.
3 As
 CRO CRO

As moſt of theſe plants are annual, fo they require foliis trifidis vel quinquefidis & ferratis. Houft.
to be brought forward in the fpring, otherwiſe the MSS.
fummers are too fhort for them to perfect feeds ; fo 5. CROTON (Humile) tetraphyllum, foliis lanceolatis,
that unless they are carefully managed, they will not acuminatis fubtus cæfiis, caule herbaceo ramofo. Four
flower well here ; for in general, the fummers in this leaved Croton with Spear-shapedpointed leaves, gray on their
country are not very favourable for thefe tender underfide, and a branching herbacecus ftalk. Ricinoides
plants. Therefore in order to have theſe tender an humilis foliis oblongis acuminatis, fubtus cæfiis. Houft.
nual plants in perfection, there fhould be a low glaſs MSS.
cafe erected about five or fix feet high, which ſhould 6. CROTON ( Fruticofum) foliis lanceolatis glabris, caule
be made with glaffes to open or flide down on every fruticofo, floribus alaribus & terminalibus. Croton
fide, as fhould alfo the top on both fides, having with Smooth Spear -
shaped leaves, a fhrubby stalk, and
fliding glaffes, that the plants may have fun and air flowers growing from the fides and tops of the branches.
on every fide ; in this there fhould be a pit for tanners Ricinoides frutefcens, lauri folio, calyce ampliffimo
bark to make a hot-bed, the whole extent, (a parti viridi. Houft. MSS.
cular deſcription of which will be exhibited under 7. CROTON (Populi folia) foliis cordatis, acuminatis,
the article STOVE) in this hot-bed may be placed all fubtus tomentofis, floribus alaribus feffilibus, caule
the very curious tender annual plants, where the fun fruticofo. Croton with heart s
-haped pointedleaves, woolly
will conftantly fhine on them, fo long as he makes on their under fide, and flowers growing close to thefides
his appearance above the horizon ; and here they may of theftalks, which are fhrubby. Ricinoides foliis po
have plenty of free air admitted at all times, when puli hirfutis. Plum. Cat. 20 .
the weather is warm, fo may be brought to equal 8 . CROTON (Cafcarilla) foliis lanceolatis acutis integer
perfection, as in the warm countries where they na rimis petiolatis fubtus tomentofis, caule arboreo.
turally grow ; for the warmth of the tan to the Amoen. Acad. 5. p . 411. Croton with spear - shaped, en
roots, and the heat of the fun through the glaffes, tire, acute-pointed leaves, woolly on their under fide, and
will in fummer, be equal to the heat of moft coun a tree- like ftalk. Ricinoides frutefcens odorata, foliis
tries. anguftis fubtus albicantibus. Houft. MSS. Cafcarilla..
Thefe plants naturally grow on fandy light foils, fo9. CROTON ( Altheafolia) foliis oblongo- cordatis tomen
they ſhould always be planted in fuch ; and the pots tofis, caule fruticofo ramofo, floribus fpicatis termi
in which they are planted, muſt not be too large, for nalibus. Croton with oblong, heart - shaped, woolly leaves,
in fuch they will not thrive, ſo that after they have afhrubby branching stalk, and flowers growing in Spikes
filled the ſmall pots with their roots in which they at the ends of the branches. Ricinoides Americana fru
were firſt planted, they ſhould be ſhaken out of thoſe, tefcens, Althææ folio. Plum. Cat. 20 .
and put into penny pots, which will be large enough 10. CROTON ( Salvia folia) foliis cordatis acutis , fubtus
for moſt of the annual kinds ; but thofe which are tomentofis, caule fruticofo, floribus fpicatis termina
of longer duration, will require pots a little larger the libus & alaribus. Croton with pointed heart-shaped leaves,
following ſpring The waterings of theſe plants woolly on their under fide, a fhrubby ftalk, and flowers
fhould be performed with caution, for too great growing in Spikes on the tops and fides of the branches.
moiſture will rot the fibres of their roots ; ſo that in Ricinus falviæ folio utrinque molli. Pet. Hort. Sięc.
fummer, ifthey are gently watered three or four times The first fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
a week in hot weather, it will be ſufficient. from whence I have frequently received the feeds :
CROTON. Lin. Gen. Plant. 960. Ricinoides. Tourn . this is an annual plant, which rifes with an herbaceous
Inſt. 655. tab. 423. Baſtard Ricinus. branching ſtalk about nine inches high, garniſhed
The CHARACTERS are, with irregular, or rhomboidal figured leaves, which
It bath male and female flowers in the fame plant ; the are near two inches long, and one inch and a quarter
flowers have a five-leaved empalement, they have five pe broad in their wideft part ; thefe ftand upon flender
tals, thofe of the male being no larger than the leaves of foot-ftalks, near four inches long. The flowers are
the empalement ; the male have five nectarious glands, produced in ſhort fpikes from the fide of the ftalks,
which are fmall, and fixed to the receptacle ; theſe have at the end of the branches ; the upper part of the
ten or fifteen ftamina, which are joined at their bafe, and fpike is compoſed of male flowers, having many fta
terminated by twin fummits. The female flowers have a mina, which coalefce at the bottom ; the lower part
roundish germen, fupporting three reflexed spreadingftyles, hath female flowers, which have each a roundiſh
crowned by bifid reflexed ftigmas ; the germen afterward three-cornered germen ; thefe afterward become a
becomes a roundish three-cornered capfule, with three cells, roundiſh capfule with three lobes, having three cells,
each containing a fingle feed. each including one roundish feed. This flowers in
This genus of plants is ranged in the ninth ſection of July, but unless the plants are brought forward in a
Linnæus's twenty-firft clafs, intitled Monoecia Mo hot-bed, they do not ripen feeds in this country.
nodelphia. The plants of this claſs and ſection have The feeds of this plant fhould be fown in the au
male and female flowers in the fame plant, and the tumn, foon after they are ripe, in a ſmall pot filled
male parts are joined in one body. with light earth, and plunged into an old tan-bed in
The SPECIES are, a frame, where they may be fcreened from cold in
1. CROTON (Tinctorium) foliis rhombeis repandis, cap the winter ; and in the fpring following the pot ſhould
fulis pendulis caule herbaceo. Hort. Upfal. 290. be removed to a freſh hot-bed, which will bring up
Croton with rhomboid reflexed leaves, pendulous capfules, the plants in a month's time ; when theſe are grown
and an herbaceous ftalk. Ricinoides ex quâ paratur. large enough to remove, they ſhould be each planted
Tournfol. Gallorum. Tourn. Inft. 655. Bastard Ri in a ſmall pot, and plunged into a freſh hot-bed,
cinus, from which the Tournfole ofthe French is made. being careful to fhade the glaffes daily, until the
2. CROTON ( Argenteum) foliis cordato-ovatis fubtus to plants have taken new root ; then they ſhould have
mentofis integris fubferratis. Hort. Cliff. 444. Croton air daily admitted according to the warmth of the
with ovalheart-
shaped leaves, which are entire and woolly. ſeaſon, and but little water given to them : with this
Ricinoides herbacea, folio fubrotundo ferrato fructu management I have had the plants flower and pro
parvo conglomerato . Houft . MSS. duce good feeds here, but never could obtain any
3. CROTON (Paluftre) foliis ovato-lanceolatis plicatis fer with other treatment .

ratis fcabris. Hort . Cliff. 445. Croton with oval spear This is the plant from which the Tournfole is made,
fhaped leaves, which are plaited, fawed, and rough. Ri which is uſed for colouring wines and jellies ; it is
cinoides paluftre, foliis oblongis ferratis fructu hifpido. made of the juice which is lodged between the em
Martyn . Cent. 38 . palement and the feeds, which, if rubbed on cloths,
4. CROTON (Lobatum) foliis inermi-ferratis, inferioribus at firft appears of a lively green, but foon changes to
quinquelobis, fuperioribus trilobis. Hort. Cliff. 445. a bluish purple colour ; if theſe cloths are put into
Croton with leaves fmoothlyfawed, the lower ones having water, and afterward wrung, they will dye the water
five lobes, and the upper three. Ricinoides herbacea, to a claret colour ; the rags thus dyed, are brought
4 N to

*
 CRO CRO

to England, and fold in the druggiſts ſhops by the coloured bark, and divides into many flender branches
name of Tournfole. upward ; fome of thefe branches are terminated by
The fecond fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz in five or fix fmaller, which arife from the fame joint ,
New Spain, from whence the feeds were fent me by thefe are naked below, but toward their upper part
the late Dr. Houftoun ; this is an annual plant, which they are garnished with fmooth fpear-fhaped leaves,
rifes about a foot high ; it hath an angular ſtalk ; the about two inches and a half long, and three quarters
branches are naked from their divifions to the top, of an inch broad, ftanding on pretty long foot-ftalks
where they are garniſhed with a few oval fpear-ſhaped without order ; the flowers are produced in fhort
leaves, which are fawed on their edges ; they are an ſpikes at the end of the branches, in the fame manner
inch and a half long, and three quarters of an inch as the former ; they are of an herbaceous colour, and
broad, ftanding on foot-ftalks one inch long. The inclofed in large green empalements.
flowers are produced in clofe fhort ſpikes at the end The feventh fort was fent me from Jamaica, by Mr.
of the branches, thofe on the upper part being male, Robert Millar ; this rifes with a fhrubby ftalk feven
and the lower female ; they are white, and the male or eight feet high, fending out many irregular
foon falls away, but the female are fucceeded by branches, covered with an Afh-coloured bark, and
roundish capfules, having three lobes ; thefe grow in garnished with heart-fhaped leaves, near four inches
cloſe cluſters, they have three cells, each containing long, and two inches broad in their wideft part,
one roundish feed . It flowers in July, and the feeds ending in acute points ; they are of a light green on
ripen in autumn. their upper fide, but woolly on their under, itanding
The third fort was diſcovered by the late Dr. Houf on flender foot-ftalks without any order, fometimes
toun at La Vera Cruz, from whence he fent me the fingle, and at others, two or three arife from the fame
feeds ; this is alfo an annual plant, which grows na joint. The flowers are produced in fhort fpikes from
turally in low marfhy grounds, where it hath a very the fide of the branches ; they are of a whitish
different appearance from what it puts on when fown green colour, and the female flowers are fucceeded
upon dry land ; thofe of the watery places have broad by capfules, having three cells, each including a fingle
flat ftalks, and leaves three inches long, which are feed.
fcarce a quarter of an inch broad ; thefe are rough, The eighth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
and but little indented on their edges ; but thofe whence the feeds were fent me by the late Dr. Houf
plants upon dry ground have oval leaves three inches toun ; this rifes with a fhrubby ftalk about fix or
long, and upwards of two inches broad, which are feven feet high, fending out many fide branches,
fawed on their edges . The flowers are produced at which are covered with a fmooth bark, of a yellowish
the wings of the leaves, in fhort loofe fpikes , having white colour, garnished very clofely with narrow ftiff
four or five herbaceous male flowers at the top of leaves near three inches long, and about one eighth
each, and three or four female flowers at the bottom , of an inch broad, of a light green on their upper fide,
which are fucceeded by roundish capfules with three but their under fide is the fame colour as the bark ;
lobes, covered with a prickly hufk , thefe have three the midrib is furrowed on their upper fide, and very
cells, each inclofing a fingle feed . It flowers and feeds prominent on the lower ; the upper part of the
about the fame time as the former. branches divide into four or five finaller, which arife
The fourth fort was diſcovered by the fame gentle from the fame joint, and are nearly equal in their
man, at the fame place as the former ; this is an an length, and between theſe arife a long loofe fpike of
nual plant, which rifes with a taper herbaceous ſtalk whitish green flowers. The whole plant hath an aro
a foot and a half high, dividing into feveral branches, matic odour when rubbed . The feeds grow in

garnished with fmooth leaves, ftanding upon very roundifh capfules having three cells, each including
long foot-ftalks, and are for the moſt part placed op a fingle feed.
pofite, as are alfo the branches ; the lower leaves are The ninth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
divided deeply into five oblong fegments or lobes, whence it was fent me by the late Dr. Houftoun ; this
and the upper into three, which
which are
are flightly fawed on rifes with a fhrubby ftalk fix or ſeven feet high, di
their edges, ending in acute points. The flowers viding upward into feveral branches, which are co
are produced in loofe fpikes at the end of the vered with a yellowish down, garniſhed with long
branches, thofe on the upper part being male, and heart-shaped leaves, ending in acute points ; thefe
the lower female, they are of an herbaceous colour ; are two inches and a half long, and one broad in
the female flowers are fucceeded by oblong capfules, their wideft part, ftanding on long foot-ftalks, co
having three lobes , which open in three parts, having vered on both fides with a woolly down of the fame
three cells, each containing one oblong feed . This colour as the branches. The flowers are produced
flowers and feeds at the fame time as the former on long cloſe ſpikes at the end of the branches ; the
forts. male flowers, which are fituated on the upper part
The fifth fort was found growing naturally at the of the ſpikes, have white flowers of one leaf, divided
Havannah, by the late Dr. Houftoun, who fent me into five parts almoft to the bottom, and have five
the feeds ; this is an annual plant, which rarely grows taper ftamina, fituated in the bottom. The female
more than fix inches high, dividing into two or three flowers on the lower part of the fpikes, have large
1
branches ; the lower part of thefe are garniſhed at woolly empalements, and are fucceeded by round
each joint with four leaves placed in form of a croſs , capfules with three cells, each including a fingle
two of which are three inches long, and one inch feed.
broad near their bafe, ending in acute points ; theſe The tenth fort rifes with a fhrubby ſtalk near four
ftand oppofite, and the other two leaves between feet high, dividing into many fmaller branches, which
thefe are about two inches long, and a quarter of an have a filvery bark, and are garniſhed with ſmall
inch broad ; they are of a light green on their upper heart- ſhaped leaves, about three quarters of an inch
fide , and of a gray or Afh-colour on their under. The long, and half as broad at their bafe, ending in acute
flowers are produced in long loofe fpikes at the top points ; theſe are woolly on both fides, but their
of the ſtalks, two or three of thefe fpikes arifing from under fide is filvery, their upper fide of a yellowish
the fame joint ; the upper part of theſe ſpikes have green . The flowers are produced in ſhort ſpikes at
male, and the lower female flowers, of an herbaceous the end of the branches, which are fmall, white, and
colour ; the female flowers are fucceeded by round have woolly empalements . The female flowers on
capfules with three cells, each containing one roundish the lower part of the fpikes are fucceeded by
feed . This flowers and feeds about the fame time roundish capfules with three cells, each containing
with the former forts. one feed.
The fixth fort was diſcovered by the late Dr. Houf All theſe plants except the firft, are natives of warm.
toun in the iſland of Jamaica, where it grows na countries, fo will not thrive in England, unless they
turally. It rifes with a fhrubby ftalk to the height are tenderly treated. They are all propagated by
of feven or eight feet, which is covered with an Ah feeds ; thofe which are annual perfect their feeds in
England ;
 CRU CUC

England ; but the fhrubby forts very rarely arrive to The fecond fort grows in the iſlands of the Archipe
that perfection, fo their feeds must be procured from lago, and alío about Montpelier ; this is alſo an annual
the countries where they naturally grow. The feeds plant, fending out feveral branching ftalks from the
muſt be ſown on a hot-bed early in the fpring, and root, which lie proftrate, and are garnished with four
when the plants are fit to remove, they fhould be fpear-ſhaped leaves at each joint. The flowers are
each tranfplanted into a fmall pot, and plunged into produced in long fpikes at the extremity of the
a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, where they branches ; theſe are very ſmall, fo make no great ap
fhould be fhaded from the fun till they have taken pearance . It flowers about the fame time as the
freſh root ; then they muſt have air admitted to them former.
daily, in proportion to the warmth of the feafon ; The third fort is like the fecond in the appearance of
they muft alfo be frequently refreſhed with water, leaves and ftalks, but the flowers grow on the fide of
particularly the fecond, third, and fourth forts, which the ftalks, almoft in whorls, and make little appear
ance. This grows naturally on the borders of the
will often require water, but the others fhould have
it more fparingly. After the plants are grown too fea, in the fouth of France and Italy.
tall to remain in the frames, they fhould be removed, Theſe three forts are preferved in fome gardens for
either into the ftove, or a glafs -cafe, where there is the fake of variety ; if the feeds are fown on a bed
a hot-bed of tanners bark, into which the pots fhould of light earth early in the fpring, where they are de
be plunged, and there the annual forts will flower figned to remain, they will require no other culture,
and perfect their feeds ; but the fhrubby kinds muft but to thin them where they are too clofe, and keep
be removed into the bark-ftove in the autumn, and them clean from weeds ; or if the feeds are permitted
during the winter feafon they fhould have but little to fcatter, the plants will come up in the fpring, and
water ; and the ftove fhould be kept in a good tem require no other treatment ; but the third fort will
perature of heat, otherwife they will not live through not ripen its feeds here, when the autumn is not fa
the winter in England. vourable.
As theſe plants retain their leaves all the year, fo The fourth fort hath four-cornered, rough, prickly
they make a pretty variety in winter, when they are ftalks, which bend downward, and are garnifhed with
intermixed with other plants, whofe leaves are of dif fpear-shaped leaves, which are hairy and ſtand op
ferent forms and colours from thefe. pofite ; the flowers are produced in fmall cluſters at
CROWN IMPERIAL. See PETILIUM . the end of the branches, which are blue, and cut into
CRUCIANELLA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 118. Ru four parts at the top ; after theſe decay, they are fuc
beola. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 130. tab. 50. Petty ceeded by twin capiules joined, in each of theſe is one
Madder. oblong feed.
The CHARACTERS are, The fifth fort rifes with a fhrubby branching ftalk
The flower bath a two-leaved empalement, which is rigid near three feet high, which is garniſhed with narrow
and compreffed. It hath one petal, with a flender cy fpear- shaped leaves, covered with ftinging hairs. The
lindrical tube which is longer than the empalement, and flowers are produced from the wings of the leaves,
cut into four parts at the brim. It bath four stamina on each fide the ftalk fingly ; thefe are of a pale
fituated in the mouth of the tube, terminated by Single blue colour, and are fucceeded by twin fruit like the
fummits. It bath a compreffed germen, fituated at the former.

bottom of the tube, fupporting afender bifid ftyle, crowned Both theſe forts grow naturally at La Vera Cruz in
by two obtufeftigmas. The germen afterward become two New Spain, from whence the feeds were fent me by
twin capfules, each containing one oblong feed. the late Dr. Houftoun ; and the plants grew in the
This genus of plants is ranged in the first fection of Chelſea garden very well during the fummer feafon,
Linnæus's fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Monogy but periſhed in the autumn before their feeds were
nia, the flower having four ftamina and one ſtyle. ripe.
The SPECIES are, CRUCIATA. See VALANTIA.
1. CRUCIANELLA ( Angustifolia) erecta, foliis fenis li CRUPINA BELGARUM . See SERRATULĂ .
nearibus. Hort. Upfal. 27. Upright Crucianella with fix CUCUBALUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 502. Tourn.
narrow leaves. Rubeola anguftiore folio. Tourn. Inſt. Inft. R. H. 339. tab. 176. Berry- bearing Chickweed.
130. Petty Madder. The CHARACTERS are,
2. CRUCIANELLA (Latifolia) procumbens , foliis quater The flower bath an oblong permanent empalement of one
nis lanceolatis , floribus fpicatis. Hort. Upfal. 27. leaf, cut into five fegments. It bath five petals, with
Trailing Crucianella with four Spear s -haped leaves and tails as long as the empalement, but ſpread open at the
fpiked flowers. Rubeola latiore folio . Tourn. Inft. 130. top. It bath ten ftamina, five of which are alternately
3. CRUCIANELLA (Maritima) procumbens fuffruticofa inferted in the tail of the petals ; these are terminated by
foliis quaternis, floribus oppofitis quinquefidis. Lin. oblong fummits. In the center is fituated the oblong ger
Sp. Plant. 158. Crucianella with trailing fhrubbystalks, men, fupporting three ftyles which are longer than the
four leaves at each joint, and flowers growing in whorls. Stamina, crowned by oblong hairy ftigmas. The empale
Rubeola maritima. C. B. P. ment afterward becomes a pointed clofe capfule with three
4. CRUCIANELLA (Hifpida) caule hifpido, foliis lan cells, opening at the top in five parts, and filled with
ceolatis hirfutis oppofitis , floribus umbellatis termi many roundish feeds.
nalibus. Crucianella with a flinging stalk, Spear-shaped This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection of
hairy leaves placed oppofite, and flowers growing in um Linnæus's tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Trigynia,
bels at the ends of the branches. Rubeola Americana the flowers having ten ftamina and three ftyles.
hirfuta, parietariæ foliis, floribus umbellatis purpureis. The SPECIES are,
Houft. MSS. 1. CUCUBALUS (Bacciferus) calycibus campanulatis, pe
5. CRUCIANELLA (Americana) foliis lineari-lanceolatis talis diftantibus, pericarpiis coloratis, ramis divari
hirfutis oppofitis, caule erecto villofo, floribus foli catis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 414. Cucubalus with a bell-shaped
tariis alaribus . Crucianella with narrow , Spear s
-haped, empalement, petals ſtanding asunder, a coloured cover to
hairy leaves placed oppofite, an erect hairyftalk, and fingle the fruit, and divaricated branches. Cucubalus Plinii.
flowers proceeding from thefides of the branches. Lugd. 1429 .
The first fort grows naturally in the fouth of France 2. CUCUBALUS ( Latifolius) caulibus erectis glabris, ca
and Italy ; this is an annual plant, which rifes with lycibus fubglobofis, ftaminibus corollâ longioribus.
feveral upright ſtalks a foot high, having fix or feven Cucubalus with fmooth erect stalks, globular empalements,
very narrow linear leaves placed in whorls, at each andftamina longer than the petals. Lychnis fylveftris
joint. The flowers grow in clofe fpikes at the top quæ behen album vulgò. C. B. P. 205. Commonly
and from the fide of the branches ; theſe are ſmall, called Spatling Poppy.
white, and not longer than the empalement, fo make 3. CUCUBALUS ( Angufiifolius) calycibus fubglobofis, caule
no great appearance. It flowers in June and July, ramofo patulo, foliis linearibus acutis. Cucubalus
and the feeds ripen in autumn. with globular empalements, a branching Spreading fialk,
and
 CUC CUC

and narrow-pointed leaves. Lychnis fylveftris quæ under the title of Behen album ; the roots of it are
behen album vulgò, foliis anguftioribus & acutiori fometimes uſed, and are accounted cordial, cephalic,
bus. C. B. P. 250. Spatling Poppy, with narrower and alexipharmic. It hath a perennial root, which
pointed leaves. ftrikes deep into the ground, fo that they are not
4. CUCUBALUS (Behen) calycibus fubglobofis glabris re eafily deſtroyed by the plough, therefore it is fre
ticulato-venofis, capfulis trilocularibus corollis fub quently feen growing in bunches among corn. It is
nudis. Flor. Suec. 360. Cucubalus with smooth globular a rambling weed, fo is feldom cultivated.
empalements which have netted veins, capfules having three The third fort grows naturally on the Alps ; this
cells, and naked petals. Lychnis Suecica behen album differs from the former, in having much longer and
folio, habitu, calyce ampliffimo : gumfepungar five narrower leaves , and the ſtalks being more divided
fcrotum arietis dicta. Boerh . Ind . alt. 212. Called Gum and ſpreading, nor do the roots creep under ground
Jepungar in Sweden. like that. Theſe differences are conftant, for I have
5. CUCUBALUS ( Fabarius) foliis obovatis carnofis . Prod . fown it above thirty years, and never found it vary.
Leyd. 448. Cucubalus with oval fleshy leaves. Lychnis The fourth fort grows naturally in Sweden, and fome
maritima faxatilis, folio anacampferotis . Tourn. Cor. 24. other northern countries, where it paffes for the com
6. CUCUBALUS ( Dubrenfis) floribus lateralibus decum mon fort ; but although it is there fo, yet is very dif
bentibus, caule indivifo, foliis bafi reflexis. Lin. Sp . ferent from the ſecond here mentioned, which is the

Plant. 414. Cucubalus with declining flowers on the fides fort that grows common in moft other parts of Eu
of the stalk, which is undivided, and leaves reflexed at rope. The ftalks of this are much larger, the leaves
their bafe. Lychnis major noctiflora Dubrenfis pe longer and more pointed ; the empalement of the
rennis. Raii Hift. 995. Greaterperennial night -flowering flower is curiously veined like net-work, of a purplish
Lychnis of Dover. colour, whereas that of our common fort is plain.
7. CUCUBALUS ( Stellatus) foliis quaternis. Hort. Upfal . Thefe differences are lafting, when the plants are cul
110. Four-leaved Cucubalus. Lychnis carophyllæus tivated in a garden .
Virginianus, gentianæ foliis glabris quatuor ex fingu The fifth fort was difcovered by Tournefort in the
lis geniculis caulem amplexantibus, flore amplo fim Levant, who fent the feeds to the royal garden at
briato. Raii Hift. 1895. Paris. This puts out many oval, thick, fucculent
8. CUCUBALUS ( Noctiflora ) calycibus ftriatis acutis pe leaves near the ground, out of the middle of which,
talis bipartitis, caule paniculato, foliis linearibus . arifes an upright ſtalk about fifteen inches high, the
Cucubalus with ftriated acute empalements, petals divided lower part of which is garniſhed with leaves of the
in two parts, a paniculated stalk, and narrow leaves. fame form and confiftence as thofe at bottom, but are
Lychnis noctiflora anguftifolia odorato. Tourn . Inft . fmaller ; theſe are placed oppofite ; the upper part
R. H. 335. Narrow-leaved,fweet-fcented, night-flowering of the ftalk divides into two ſmaller, on which ſtand
Lychnis. a few ſmall herbaceous flowers at each joint. It flow
9. CUCUBALUS ( Otites) floribus dioicis , petalis linearibus ers in June, and ſometimes ripens feeds in autumn.
indivifis. Hort. Cliff. 272. Cucubalus with male and The plant is biennial, generally periſhing when it
female flowers on different plants, and linear undivided has produced feeds ; but unless it is fown upon a very
petals. Lychnis vifcofa, flore mufcofo . C. B. P. 206. dry rubbiſh, and in a warm fituation, the plants will
10. CUCUBALUS (Acaulis) acaulis . Flor. Lapp. 184. Cu not live through the winter in England ; for when they
cubalus without ftalks. Lychnis Alpina pumila, folio are in good ground, they grow large, and are fo re
gramineo, five mufcus Alpinus Lychnidis flore. C. plete with moiſture, as to be affected by the first froft
B. P. 206. in the autumn ; but where they have grown upon an
11. CUCUBALUS ( Catholicus) petalis bipartitis, floribus old wall, I have known them efcape, when all thoſe
paniculatis, ftaminibus longis, foliis lanceolato ovatis. were killed which grew in the ground.
Hort. Upfal. 111. Cucubalus with bifid petals, flowers The fixth fort grows naturally upon the cliffs near
growing in panicles, longftamina, and fpear-shaped acute Dover. This hath a perennial root, from which
leaves. Lychnis altiffima, ocymaftri facie, flore muf arifes a ſingle ſtalk about a foot and a half high, gar
cofo. Triumfet. niſhed with long narrow leaves placed oppofite ; the
12. CUCUBALUS (Paniculatus ) foliis radicalibus ovatis flowers are produced from the fide of the ſtalks, each
acutis, caulinis lanceolatis oppofitis, floribus panicu foot-ftalk fuftaining three flowers ; the foot-ftalks
latis erectis . Cucubalus with lower leaves oval and come out by pairs oppofite, the empalement of the
pointed, thofe on the stalksfpear-shaped, oppofite, andflow flower is long and ftriped, the flowers are of a pale
ers growing in panicles which are erect. red. Theſe appear in June, and the feeds ripen in
13. CUCUBALUS ( Italicus) petalis bipartitis, caule pani autum n.
culato, foliis radicalibus ovato-lanceolatis caulinis li The ſeventh fort grows naturally in Virginia, and fe
nearibus. Cucubalus with petals divided in two parts, a veral other parts of North America. This hath a
paniculated ftalk, whofe lower leaves are oval and fpear perennial root, from which arife two or three flender

Shaped, and thofe on the ſtalks very narrow. upright ftalks about a foot high, their lower part
The firſt fort grows naturally in France, Germany, being garniſhed with four leaves at each joint, placed
and Italy, in fhady places, and is feldom kept in in form of a croſs ; theſe are ſmooth, of a deep green,
gardens, unleſs for the fake of variety ; it fends out about an inch and a half long, and half an inch broad
many climbing ftalks, which grow four or five feet near their baſe, terminating in acute points ; the
high where they meet with fupport, otherwiſe they joints of the upper part of the ftalk are garniſhed
trail on the ground ; thefe ftalks fend out fide with white fringed flowers, ftanding fingle upon pretty
branches oppofite, at each joint ; the leaves are like long foot-ſtalks, which come out by pairs oppofite.
thofe of Chickweed, and are placed oppofite. The The flowers appear in June, and in warm ſeaſons the
flowers come out fingle at the end of the branches , feeds will ripen in England.
which have large inflated empalements ; they confift The eighth fort grows naturally in Spain and Italy.
of five petals, which are white, cut at the brim into This is a perennial plant, which rifes with an upright
feveral narrow fegments, and are placed at a diſtance branching ftalk a foot and a half high, garniſhed
1
from each other ; they are fucceeded by oval berries , with very narrow leaves placed oppofite ; the upper
which, when ripe, are black and full of juice, in part of the ſtalk is very branching ; fome of thefe
clofing ſeveral flat fhining feeds. It flowers in June, branches are long, and others fhort ; the flowers ftand
and the feeds ripen in autumn. This hath a perennial upon long naked foot-ſtalks, each ſupporting three
creeping root, whereby it is apt to multiply too faſt or four flowers, which have long tubes, with ftriped
in gardens. It delights in fhrade, and will thrive in empalements ; the petals are large, and deeply di
almost any foil. vided at the top ; they are of a pale bluish colour.
The fecond fort grows naturally in moſt parts of Thefe flowers are clofed all day, but when the fun
England, where it is generally called Spatling Poppy. leaves them, they expand , and then they have a very
This ftands in the catalogue of medicinal plants, agreeable fcent. This fort may be propagated by
3 feeds,

1
 2

CUC CUC

feeds, which ſhould be fown in the fpring upon a main, and require no other culture but to keep them
bed of light earth ; and when the plants are fit to clear from weeds .
remove, they ſhould be planted in a nurſery-bed, at The thirteenth fort grows naturally in Italy, from
about four inches diftance, where they may remain whence I received the feeds ; this is a perennial plant,
till autumn, when they may be planted in the bor which hath many oval fpear-fhaped leaves near the
ders of the flower-garden, where they are defigned root ; the ftalks rife about two feet high ; they are
to remain. The following fummer thefe will produce vifcous , and from each joint comes out two fide
their flowers, and ripen their feeds in the autumn ; branches, under which are fituated two very narrow
but the roots will continue feveral years, provided leaves ; the ftalks fpread out and form a fort of pani
they are not planted in rich ground, where they are cle, and are terminated by clusters of greenish flow
very fubject to rot in winter. ers, whofe petals are divided into two parts. This
The ninth fort grows naturally in Auftria, Silefia, flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn. It
and Italy, as alfo in fome parts of England. This is is propagated in the fame manner as the ninth fort,
male and female in different plants ; it hath a thick, and requires the fame treatment .
fleſhy, biennial root, which ſtrikes deep in the ground, CUCULLATE PLANTS are fo called, of cu
fending out many oblong leaves, which are broad at culla, Lat, a hood or cowl, fuch as monks wear, be
their extremity, but contract narrower to their baſe ; cauſe their flowers reſemble it.
from between theſe arife the ftalks, which in the male CUCUMIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 969. Tourn. Inft. R.
plants often grow four or five feet high, but thofe of H. 104. tab. 28. Cucumber ; in French, Concombre.
the female are feldom above three feet high ; the The CHARACTERS are,
ftalks are garniſhed with narrow leaves, placed op It bath male and female flowers placed at diftances on the
pofite at each joint, where there exfudes a viſcous fame plant ; thefe have a bellfhaped empalement of one
1
clammy juice, which ſticks to the fingers when han leaf, whofe border is terminated by five briftles. The
dled, and the fmall infects which fettle upon thoſe shaped, have one petal which adheres to
flowers are bell-
parts of the ftalks, are thereby faftened fo as not to the empalement, and is cut into five oval rough fegments.
get loofe again. The flowers of the male plants are The male flowers have three fort ftamina, which are in
produced in loofe fpikes from the lower joints of the ferted to the empalement, two of which have bifid tops.
ftalk, but on the upper part, they ftand on fingle Thefe are terminated by very narrow fummits or lines,
foot-ftalks in clufters quite round the ftalks ; theſe which run upward and downward, and adhere to the out
are fmall, of a greenish colour, and have each ten fide. The female flowers have no ftamina, but have three
ftamina. The female plants have three or four flow fmall pointed filaments without fummits. The germen,
ers growing upon each foot-ſtalk, which arife from which is oblong, is fituated under the flower, fupporting a
the fide of the ftalk . Theſe are fucceeded by oval fhort cylindrical style, crowned by three thick convex fig
feed-veffels, containing many ſmall feeds ; they flower mas, which are bipartite. The germen afterward becomes
in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn. This is pro an oblong flefly fruit with three cells, including many oval,
pagated by feeds, which fhould be fown where the flat, pointed feeds.
plants are defigned to remain ; for as they ſend out This genus of plants is ranged in the tenth fection of
long tap-roots, they do not bear tranſplanting, unleſs Linnæus's twenty-firft clafs, intitled Monœcia Syn-
it is performed while the plants are young. The genefia. The plants of this clafs have male and fe
plants are very hardy, fo will thrive in almost any foil male flowers on different parts of the fame plant, and
or fituation, but agree beſt with a dry foil. It is ne thofe of this fection have their ftamina joined . To
ceffary to have fome male plants among the female, to this genus he has joined the Melon, Water Melon, and
have perfect feeds. Bitter Apple ; but however theſe may agree in their
The tenth fort grows naturally on the Alps, and alfo characters, fo as to be joined together in a fyftem of
upon the hills in the north of England and Wales. botany, it will not be proper in a book of gardening
This is a very low plant, with fmall leaves, which to be followed.
The SPECIES are,
fpread on the ground, and have the appearance of
mofs. The flowers are ſmall, erect, and rarely rife 1 . CUCUMIS (Sativus) foliorum angulis rectis, pomis ob
more than half an inch high ; they are of a dirty longis fcabris. Hort. Cliff. 451. Cucumber with leaves
white colour, and appear in May. This is a peren having right angles, and an oblong rough fruit. Cucu
nial plant, which will not thrive but in a moiſt foil mis fativus vulgaris. C. B. P. 310. The common Gar
and a fhady fituation. den Cucumber.
The eleventh fort grows naturally in Italy and Sicily. 2 . CUCUMIS (Flexuofus) foliorum angulis rectis, pomis
This is a perennial plant, with large thick roots, fend longiffimis glabris . Cucumber with leaves having right
ing out many long fpear-fhaped leaves near the angles, and a very longfmooth fruit. Cucumis flexuo
ground ; between thefe arife round viſcous ftalks , fus. C. B. P. 310. The long Turkey Cucumber.
which grow three feet high, garniſhed at each joint 3 . CUCUMIS (Chata) hirfutis foliorum angulis integris
by two long narrow leaves, ending in acute points. dentatis, pomis fufciformibus hirtis utrinque attenu
The ftalks branch out into many divifions, on the up atis. Haffelq . It. 491. Hairy Cucumber with angular
per parts of which the foot-ftalks of the flowers arife indented leaves, and narrow hairy fruit. Cucumis -
from each joint by pairs oppofite ; each of theſe ſuſ gyptius rotundifolius. C. B. P. 310.
tain three or four flowers of an herbaceous colour, The firft fort is the Cucumber which is generally cul
whoſe petals are divided into two parts ; the flowers tivated for the table, and is fo well known as to need
appear in June, and the feeds ripen in the autumn. no defcription . The fecond fort is the long Turkey
This is propagated by feeds in the fame manner as Cucumber, which is alfo pretty well known in Eng
the ninth. land. The ftalks and leaves of this fort are much
The twelfth fort grows naturally in Spain and Italy, larger than thofe of the common fort. The fruit is
from whence I received the feeds. This is a biennial generally twice the length , and hath a ſmooth rind :
plant, which decays foon after it hath perfected feeds : this is undoubtedly different from the common fort,
this hath many oval pointed leaves near the root, for I have cultivated it above forty years, and have
ftanding upon long foot-ftalks ; between theſe ariſe not found it alter. There are green and white fruit
an upright ftalk, fending out two fide branches at of this fort, which differ but little except in their co
each joint, placed oppofite ; under each of theſe is lour, fo I have not diftinguiſhed them as diftinct fpe
fituated one fpear-fhaped leaf, ending in an acute cies, though I have alfo found them keep their dif
point ; theſe fide branches, and alfo the upright ference from feeds. The white is lefs watery than the
talks, are terminated by whitiſh flowers, formed into green, fo is generally better efteemed . I have alfo
a panicle, and ftanding erect ; theſe appear in June, received feeds from China of another fort, with a much
and are fucceeded by feeds which ripen in autumn. longer fruit than the Turkey, but I have found this
This is propagated by feeds, which may be fown on will degenerate in time, and become more like the
an open border where the plants are defigned to re common fort.
4 0. In
 CUC CUC

In Holland they cultivate a long white prickly Cu when they have taken toot, and are fafe, the worſt
cumber only, which is very different from the Turkey fhould be drawn out, being careful not to diſturb the
Cucumber, being near as rough as the common fort ; roots of thoſe which are left. In the management of
but this is not fo hardy as our common fort, fo is fel theſe plants, there muſt be great care taken not to
dom cultivated in England ; butthe fruit is not fo wa give them too much water ; and it will be very pro
tery or full of feeds as the common, therefore is pre per to put the water into the ftove fome hours before
ferable to it for the table. it is ufed, that the cold may be taken off; but there
The third fort here enumerated is rarely cultivated , must be caution ufed not to make it too warm , for
but in botanic gardens for the fake of variety, the that will deſtroy the plants ; they muſt alſo be guard
fruit being very indifferent, and the plants being ed from the moisture which frequently drops from
tender, require a good heat to bring them to perfec the glaffes of the ftove, which is very deftructive to
tion in England , thefe plants ramble very far, fo muft thefe plants while young. As thefe plants must not
have much room, and they are not very fruitful. be kept too long in the ftove left they become trou
The common fort is cultivated in three different fea bleſome to the other plants, there fhould be a proper
fons, the first of which is on hot-beds under garden quantity of new dung prepared for making a hot-bed
frames, for early fruit ; the fecond is under bell or to receive them ; this must be in proportion to the
hand-glaffes, for the middle crop ; and the third is quantity of holes or plants intended : for a middling
in the common ground, for a late crop, or to pickle. family fix or nine lights of Cucumbers will be fuffici
I fhall begin with giving directions for raifing Cu ent, and for a large one double the quantity ; but the
cumbers early, which is what moft gentlemens gar beds where they are defigned to remain need not be
deners have an emulation to excel each other in ; and made fo foon, but rather a ſmall bed of one light,
ſome have been at the pains and expence to have ripe in which the plants may be trained up, till they have
fruit in every month of the year, which is rather a cu acquired a greater ſhare of ſtrength ; and for this bed
riofity than any real advantage ; for Cucumbers one good cart load of dung will be fufficient. This
that are produced before April, cannot be fo whole fhould be new, and not too full of ſtraw, nor ſhould
fome as thoſe that are later ; for before the fun hath it want a proper portion ; it ſhould be well mixed to
ftrength enough to warm the beds through the glaffes gether and thrown in a heap, mixing fome fea- coal
in the day-time, all the heat muſt proceed from the afhes with it ; after it hath lain in a heap a few days,
fermentation of the dung, which must confequently and has fermented , it fhould be carefully turned over
occafion a very confiderable ſteam, as alfo a great and mixed, laying it up again in a heap ; and if there
quantity of air will be thereby generated, which, be is a great ſhare of ftraw in it, there may be a neceffity
ing pent up in the hot-bed, foon becomes rancid ; for turning it over a third time, after having laid a few
and the fteam of the bed being by the cold of the days : this will rot the ftraw and mix it thoroughly
night condensed into large drops of water, thefe, be with the dung, fo there will be lefs danger of its burn
ing abforbed or infpired by the plants, muft certainly ing afterward when the bed is made, which fhould
make the fruit crude and unwholefome, eſpecially be done when the dung is in proper order. The
when the nights are very long. This, together with place where the hot-bed is made fhould be well fhel
the great expence and trouble of procuring them ear tered by Reed hedges, and the ground fhould be
lier, having in fome meaſure got the better of peoples dry ; then there fhould be a trench made in the
ambition, fo this is lefs practifed than it hath been ground, of a proper length and breadth, and a foot
fome years fince ; but as there are many perfons who deep at leaſt , into which the dung ſhould be wheeled
yet value themſelves on their fkill in raifing early and carefully ſtirred up and mixed, fo that no part of
Cucumbers, we may probably be cenfured, as being it fhould be left unfeparated, for where there is not
deficient in what they call an effential part of garden this care taken, the bed will fettle unequally ; there
ing, fhould we omit the method practifed for raifing fhould alſo be great care taken to beat the dung down
theſe fruit early in the year. Therefore fhall proceed clofe in every part of the bed alike. When the bed
to give fuch directions, as if carefully attended to, is made, the frame and glaffes fhould be put upon
will not fail of fuccefs. it to keep out the rain, but there ſhould be no earth
Thoſe perſons who are very defirous to be early with laid upon the dung till two or three days after, that
their Cucumbers, generally fow their feeds before the ſteam of the dung may have time to evaporate.
Chriſtmas, but the generality of gardeners commonly If there ſhould be any danger of the bed burning, it
put their feeds into the hot-bed about Chriſtmas. will be proper to lay fome fhort old dung, or fome
Where perfons have the conveniency of a ftove for neats dung, over the top of the hot dung about two
raifing theſe plants, it is attended with lefs trouble inches thick, which will keep down the heat, and
than a common hot-bed, and is a much furer me prevent the earth from being burnt ; after this there
thod, becauſe the plants will have a much greater fhould be a fufficient number of three farthing pots
fhare of air, which will alſo be lefs mixed with damp placed upon the bed, filled with light dry earth, and
or rancid vapours ; for by the heat of the fires thefe all the interſtices between them filled up with any com

will be diffipated, and the temperature of the air is mon earth. In two or three days the earth in theſe
kept more equal than can be done with all poffible pots will be of a proper temperature of warmth to re
care in a hot-bed, at a feaſon when we enjoy but lit ceive the plants, which fhould be then turned out of
tle fun ; therefore where there is this convenience, the the halfpenny pots, preferving the ball of earth to
feeds fhould be fown in fmall pots, filled with light their roots, and planted into the three farthing pots,
dry earth, and plunged into the tan-bed, in the filling up the pots with good earth ; then a little wa
warmest part of the ftove. The pots with earth ter ſhould be given them to fettle the earth about their
fhould be plunged three or four days before the feeds roots, being careful not to give them too much wet ;
are fown, that the earth may be properly warmed to and as thefe will have fuch large balls of earth to their
receive them; the feeds fhould be at leaft three or roots, they will not feel their movement, therefore
four years old, but if it is more, provided it will grow, will not require fhading from the fun ; but the glaffes
it will be the better. If the feeds are good, the plants fhould be raiſed up a little on the contrary fide from
will be begin to appear in about a week or nine days, the wind, to let the fteam of the bed pafs off; and
1
at which time there muſt be as many halfpenny pots they ſhould alſo be frequently turned in the day
filled with dry light earth, as there are plants defign time, that the wet occafioned by the fteam of the
ed for planting (always allowing for lofs ; fo that where dung may be dried, otherwife the moiſture will fall
twenty-four plants are wanting, there fhould be thirty on the plants, which will be very injurious to them.
raifed) ; theſe pots fhould be plunged into the bark If the bed fhould heat too violently, fo as to endan
梦
bed, that the earth may be warmed to receive the ger fcalding the roots of the plants, the pots may be
plants, which fhould be pricked into theſe pots as foon raiſed fo as to allow of a little hollow at their bottoms,
as the two firſt leaves are raiſed above ground ; into which will effectually prevent injury thereby ; and
each of theſe pots may be two plants pricked, but when the heat declines, the pots may be fettled down
3 again.
 CUC CUC

again. The glaffes of the hot-bed fhould be well co and the plants will require more water to keep them
vered with mats every night, to keep the bed in a alive, than is proper to give them ; therefore it will
proper temperature of heat, and great care muſt be be found much the better way to allow a proper depth
taken to admit freſh air every day to the plants ; but of earth to the beds : but the reafon of not laying the
this fhould be done with caution, fo as to guard quantity of earth on the bed when it is firft made, is,
againſt the cold winds which uſually blow at that that the dung fhould not be too much chilled by it,
feafon ; ſo that a mat or canvafs fhould be hung over or that the earth may not be burned, which might be
the opening made by raiſing of the glaffes, to pre endangered thereby, were the whole thicknefs to be laid
vent the cold air from rufhing in too violently, and on at once ; befides, by thus gradually applying the
the glaffes fhould always be raiſed on that fide which earth, it will be freſh, and much better for the roots
is contrary to the wind. The plants will alfo require of the plants , than that which has been long upon
to be frequently watered, but it muſt be cautiouſly the bed, and has been too much moiftened by the
given them at this feafon, and the water fhould not fteam arifing from the dung.
be cold, but either placed in a ſtove, or put into a If the heat of the bed fhould decline, there fhould
warm heap of dung, to take off the chill from it be be fome hot dung laid round the fide of the bed to
fore it is uſed. renew the heat ; for if that fhould fail at the time
If the weather fhould prove bad, and the heat of when the fruit appears, they will fall off and periſh,
the bed decline, there fhould be fome hot dung laid therefore this muſt be carefully regarded ; and when
round the fides of the bed to renew the heat, which the plants have put out fide branches (which the gar
muſt not be ſuffered to fail ; for as the plants have deners call runners) they fhould be properly placed,
been tenderly brought up, they must not fuffer from and pegged down with fmall forked ſticks to prevent
cold, for that will foon deſtroy them. their rifing up to the glaffes, and alfo from croffing
In this bed the plants may remain about three weeks and entangling with each other ; fo that when they are
or a month, in which time, if they have been pro properly directed at first, there will be no neceffity of
perly managed, they will have obtained fufficient twifting and tumbling the plants afterward, which is
ftrength to put out for good ; therefore a proper always hurtful to them.
quantity of dung fhould have been mixed and turned When the earth of the bed is laid the full thickneſs,
ready for making of the beds. The ufual quantity it will be neceffary to raiſe the frames, otherwiſe the
allowed for making of the beds at this feafon,, is one glaffes will be too cloſe to the plants ; but when this
good cart load to each light : this fhould be well is done, there muſt be care taken to ſtop the earth
mixed and turned over in the manner before directed ; very cloſe round the fide of the frame, to prevent
then a trench ſhould be dug in the ground the length the cold air from entering under them. The water
and width of the intended bed, into which the dung ing the plants, and admitting freſh air to them , muſt
fhould be wheeled, and properly worked according be diligently attended to, otherwife the plants will
to the above directions, and fome old dung or neats be foon deſtroyed ; for a little neglect either of ad
dung ſpread over the top. The frames and glaffes mitting air, or letting in too much, or by over water
fhould then be put on the bed, which fhould be ing, or ftarving the plants, will very foon deftroy
raiſed every day to let the ſteam of the dung paſs off, them paft recovery .
and in about three days the bed will be in a proper When the fruit appears upon the plants, there will 1
temperature of heat to receive the plants ; at which alfo appear many male flowers on different parts of
time the dung ſhould be covered over with dry earth the plant ; theſe may at firſt fight be diftinguifhed,
about four inches thick, and in the middle of the bed for the female flowers have the young fruit fituated
itſhould be three or four inches thicker ; this fhould be under the flowers, but the male have none ; but theſe
laid upon the dung at leaſt twenty-four hours before have three ftamina in their center with their fummits,
the plants are removed into the bed, that the earth may which are loaded with a golden powder. This is de
be properly warmed ; then the plants fhould be care figned to impregnate the female flowers, and when
fully fhaken out of the pots, preferving all the earth to the plants are fully expofed to the open air, the ſoft
3 their roots, and placed on the top of the earth in the breezes of wind convey this farina or male powder
middle of the bed. Two, or at moft, three of theſe from the male to the female flowers ; but in the
plants will be fufficient for each light, and theſe frames where the air is frequently too much excluded
Thould be placed at about feven or eight inches afun at this ſeaſon , the fruit often drops off for want of
! der, not all the roots together, as is too often prac it ; and I have often obferved, that bees that have
tifed. When the plants are thus fituated in the bed, crept into the frames when the glaffes have been
the earth which was laid fo much thicker in the mid raiſed to admit the air, have fupplied the want of thoſe
dle of the bed, fhould be drawn up round the ball gentle breezes of wind, by carrying the farina of the
which remained to the roots of the plants, into which male flowers on their hind legs into the female flow
their roots will foon ftrike ; there fhould always be a ers, where a fufficient quantity of it has been left to
magazine of good earth laid under cover to keep it impregnate them. For as the bees make their wax
dry, for the earthing of theſe beds ; for if it is taken of the farina or male powder of flowers, they fearch
up wet, it will chill the beds, and alfo occafion great all the flowers indifferently to find it ; and I have ob
damps therein, therefore it is quite neceffary to have ferved them come out of fome flowers with their hind
a fufficient quantity of earth prepared long before it legs loaded with it, and going immediately into other
is uſed. When the plants are thus fettled, they muſt flowers which have none, they have ſcattered a ſuffi
have proper air and water, according as they may re cient quantity of this farina about the ftyle of the fe
quire, being careful not to admit too much cold air, male flowers, to impregnate and render them prolific.
or give too much water ; the glaffes fhould alfo be Theſe infects have taught the gardeners a method to
well covered with mats every night, to keep up the fupply the want of free air, which is fo neceffary for
warmth of the bed, and fome freſh earth fhould be the performance of this in the natural way. This is
put into the bed at different times, which fhould be done by carefully gathering the male flowers, at the
laid at fome diftance from the roots of the plants till time when this farina is fully formed, and carrying
it is warmed, and then ſhould be drawn up round the them to the female flowers, turning them down over
heap of the earth in which the plants grow, to increaſe them , and with the nail of one finger, gently strik
the depth ; this fhould be raifed to the full height of ing the outfide of the male, fo as to caufe the powder
the former ball, that the roots of the plants may more on the fummits to fcatter into the female flowers, and
eafily ftrike into it : by this method of fupplying the this is found to be fufficient to impregnate them ; fo
earth, the whole furface of the beds will be covered that by practifing this method, the gardeners have
nine or ten inches with earth, which will be of great now arrived at a much greater certainty than former
fervice to the roots of the plants ; for where the earth ly, to procure an early crop of Cucumbers and Me
is very fhallow, the leaves of the plants will always lons ; and by this method the florists have arrived to
hang in the heat of the day, unless they are ſhaded , greater certainty of procuring new varieties offlowers
froi
 CUC CUC

from feeds, which is done by the mixing of the fa fhould be fparingly, and the water fhould be placed
rina of different flowers into each other. either into a heap of dung, or in fome other warm
Whenthe fruit of the Cucumbers are thus fairly fet,
place, for fome time before it is ufed, fo as to be
if the bed is of a proper temperature of warmth, nearly of a temperature for warmth with the incloſed
they will foon fwell, and become fit for ufe ; fo all that air of the hot-bed ; and as the plants advance in
is neceffary to be obferved, is to water the plants pro height, you ſhould have a little dry fifted earth always
perly, which fhould be done by fprinkling the water ready to earth up their fhanks, which will greatly
all over the bed, for the roots of the plants will ex ftrengthen them. You muſt alfo be very careful to
tend themſelves to the fide of the bed ; therefore keep up the heat of the bed, which, if you ſhould
thoſe who are inclined to continue theſe plants as long find decline, you muft lay a little freſh litter round
as poffible in vigour, fhould add a fufficient thick about the fides of the bed, and alfo keep the glaffes
nefs of dung and earth all round the fides of the . well covered in the nights, or in bad weather : but if,
beds, fo as to enlarge them to near double their first on the other hand, your bed fhould prove too hot,
width ; this will fupply nourishment to the roots of you should thruft a large ftake into the fide of the
the plants, whereby they may be continued fruitful dung in two or three places, almoft to the middle of
great part of the fummer ; whereas, when this is not the bed, which will make large holes, through which
practifed, the roots of the plants, when they have the greateſt part of the fteam will pafs off without af
reached the fide of the beds, are dried by the wind cending to the top of the bed ; and when you find it
and fun, fo that the plants languish and decay long has answered your purpoſe by flacking the heat of your
before their time. bed, you muſt ſtop them up again with dung.
Thofe gardeners who are fond of producing early Thefe directions, if carefully attended to, will be fuf
Cucumbers, generally leave two or three of their ficient for raifing the plants in the firft bed : you muſt
early fruit, which are fituated upon the main ſtem of therefore, when you perceive the third, or rough
the plant near the root, for feed ; which, when fully leaf begin to appear, prepare another heap of freſh
ripe, they carefully fave to a proper age for fowing, dung, which fhould be mixed with afhes, as was be
and by this method they find a great improvement is fore directed ; this fhould be in quantity according to
made of the feed ; and this they always ufe for their the number of holes you intend to make. The com
early crops only, for the fucceeding crops do not de mon allowance for ridging out the earlieſt plants is,
ferve fo much care and attention . one load to each light or hole, fo that the bed will be
I have here only mentioned the method of raifing the near three feet thick in dung ; but for fuch as are not
young Cucumber plants in ftoves ; for as thefe con ridged out till March, two loads of dung will be
veniencies are now pretty generally made in the curi fufficient for three holes, for I could never obferve
ous kitchen-gardens in moft parts of England, this any advantage in making thefe beds fo thick with
method may be more univerfally practifed ; but in dung as fome people do ; their crops are ſeldom bet
fuch gardens where there are no itoves, the feeds ter, if fo good, as thofe which are of a moderate
fhould be fown upon a well prepared hot-bed : and fubftance ; nor are they forwarder, and the fruit is
here it will be the best way to fow the feeds in fmall rarely fo fair, nor do the Vines continue fo long in
halfpenny pots, becauſe theſe may be eaſily removed health.
from one bed to another, if the heat fhould decline ; In making theſe beds, you muſt carefully mix the
or, on the contrary, if the heat fhould be too great, dung, fhaking it well with the fork, fo as not to leave
the pots may be raiſed up, which will prevent the any clods of dung unfeparated, as alfo to beat it down
feed or the young plants from being injured thereby. pretty cloſe, to prevent the fteam from rifing too haf
When the plants are come up as was before directed , tily ; you muſt alſo be careful to lay it very even, and
there should be a fresh hot-bed prepared, with a fuf to beat or prefs down the dung equally in every part
ficient number of halfpenny pots plunged therein of the bed, otherwiſe it will fettle in holes, which will
ready to receive the plants, which must be planted be very hurtful. When you finiſh laying the dung,
into them in the fame manner as was before directed , you muſt make a hole exactly in the middle of each
and the after-management of the plants muſt be near light, about a foot deep, and eight or nine inches
ly the fame ; but as the fteam of the hot-bed fre over ; theſe holes muſt be filled with light freſh earth,
quently occafions great damps, there must be great which ſhould be ſcreened to take out all large ſtones,
care to turn and wipe the glaffes frequently, to pre clods, &c. laying it up in a hill ; and in the middle
vent the condenfed moiſture falling on the plants, of each thruſt in a ſtick about eighteen inches long,
which is very deftructive to them. There muſt alſo which fhould ftand as a mark to find the exact place
be great attention to the admitting freſh air at all pro where the hole is ; then earth the bed all over about
per times, as alfo to be careful in keeping the bed to three inches thick, levelling it fmooth, and afterwards
a proper temperature of heat ; for as there is a want fet the frame upon it, covering it with glaffes ; but if
of fire to warm the air, that must be fupplied by the there is any apprehenfion of the dung heating too
heat of dung, afterward theſe plants muſt be ridged violently, the earth fhould not be laid upon the bed
out in the fame manner as before directed . until the heat is fomewhat abated, which will be in a
If the bed is of a good temper for heat, your few days, and then the earth may be laid upon the
plants will take root in lefs than twenty-four hours ; bed by degrees, covering it at first two inches thick ,
after which time you muſt be careful to let in a little and a week or ten days after another inch in thick
air at fuch times when the weather will permit, as nefs may be laid on, but there fhould be the whole

alfo to turn the glaffes upfide down every day to dry ; thickneſs of earth laid upon the bed before the Vines
begin to run ; and if this thickneſs of earth is at laft
for the fteam of the bed condenfing on the glaffes,
• fix or feven inches, the Vines will grow the ſtronger for
will fall down upon the plants, and be very injurious
to them ; therefore whenever the weather is fo bad its being fo thick ; for if the roots are obferved, they
as not to permit the glaffes to lie turned long, you will be found to ſpread and cover the whole bed as
fhould at leaft turn them once or twice a day, and much as the Vines extend above ; and when the earth
wipe off the moiſture with a woollen cloth ; but you is very fhallow, or too light, the Vines will hang their
muſt alſo be very careful how you let in too much leaves every day for want of a fufficient depth of earth
cold air, which is equally deftructive to the tender to fupport their roots ; fo that if they are not con
plants ; therefore, to avoid this, it is a very good me ſtantly and well watered , they will not have ftrength
thod to faften before the upper fide of the frame , to laft long, nor to produce fair fruit ; and the giving
where the air is fuffered to enter the bed, a piece of them too much water is not fo proper, nor will it an
coarfe cloth or mat, fo that the air which enters may ſwer near fo well, as the giving a depth of earth up
pafs through that, which will render it lefs injurious on the dung.
to your plants . In four or five days time your bed will be in fit order
You must alfo be very cautious in giving water to to receive your plants, of which you may easilyjudge
the plants while young ; and whenever this is done, it by pulling out one of the fticks which was put in the
middle
 CUC CUC

middle of the holes, and feeling the lower part of are very injurious, by either fcorching thofe leaves
it, which will fatisfy you what condition your bed is which are near the glaffes, or by caufing too great a
in ; then you muft ftir up the earth in the middle of perfpiration, whereby the extreme part of the fhoots
the hole with your hand, breaking all clods, and re and the large leaves are left deftitute of nourishment,
moving all large ftones, making the earth hollow in and the fruit will be at a ſtand, and often turn yellow
form of a bafon ; into each of theſe holes you muft before it arrives at half its growth ; this is too often
plant two plants, in doing of which, obferve to make the cafe, when the beds have not a fufficient depth of
the holes for the plants a little flanting towards the earth over the dung.
middle of the baſon, eſpecially if your plants are long At this time, when your Vines are ſpread fo as to
fhanked ; this is intended to place the roots of the cover the hot-bed, it will be of great ſervice when
plants as far as poffible from the dung, to which if you water them, to fprinkle them all over gently fo
they approach too near, the lower part of their roots as not to hurt the leaves ; but obſerve to do this not
is fubject to be burned off; then fettle the earth at a time when the fun is very hot, for hereby I have.
gently to each plant, and, if the earth is dry, it will known a whole bed of Cucumbers fpoiled ; for the
be proper to give them a little water (which fhould water remaining upon the furface of the leaves in
be warmed to the temper of the bed, as was before drops, doth collect the rays of the fun as it were to
directed ; ) and if the fun ſhould appear in the middle a focus, and fo fcorches the leaves, that in one day's
of the day, they ſhould be fhaded therefrom with time they have, from a bright green, become of the
mats until the plants have taken root, which will be colour of brown paper. The watering of the beds
in two or three days ; after which, you muſt let them all over will be of great fervice, by giving nouriſh
enjoy as much of the fun as poffible, obferving to ment to thoſe roots, which by this time will have
turn the lights in the day time to dry, as alfo to give extended themſelves all over the bed ; and if the
a little air whenever the weather will permit. warmth of the bed fhould now decline, it will be of
You muſt alſo obferve to keep the glaffes covered great fervice to add a lining of freſh dung round the
every night, and in bad weather, but be very careful fides of the beds, to give a new heat to them ; for as
not to keep them covered too cloſe, eſpecially while the nights are often cold at this feaſon , where the
the bed has a great ſteam in it, which will caufe a beds have not a kindly warmth left in them, the fruit
damp to fettle upon the plants, which, for want of will frequently drop off the Vines, when grown to
air to keep the fluid in motion, will ſtagnate and rot the fize of a little finger ; and if upon this lining of
them . dung there is a thickneſs of ſtrong earth laid for the
When your plants are grown to be four or five inches roots of the plants to run into, it will greatly
high, you muſt, with fome flender-forked ſticks, in ſtrengthen them, and continue the plants in vigour a
cline them toward the earth, each one a feparate much longer time than they otherwife will do ; for
way ; but this muſt be done gently at firſt, left by the roots of theſe plants extend to a great diftance
forcing them too much, you ſhould ſtrain or break when they have room, which they cannot have in a
the tender veffels of the plants, which would be very bed not more than five feet wide ; fo that when they
hurtful to them . In this manner you ſhould, from have no greater extent for their roots, the plants will
time to time, obferve to peg down the runners as not continue in vigour above five or fix weeks, which,
they are produced, laying each in exact order, fo if they have a depth and extent of earth, will con
as not to interfere or croſs each other ; nor fhould you tinue three months in bearing ; fo that where there are
ever after remove them from their places, or handle ſeveral beds made near each other, it will be the beſt
them too roughly, whereby the leaves may be broken way to fill up the bottom of the alleys between them
of difplaced, which is alſo equally injurious tothem ; with warm dung, and cover that with a proper thick
but whenever you have occafion to weed the bed be nefs of earth, fo as to raiſe them to the level of the beds.
tween the plants, do it with great care, holding the Theſe directions, with diligent obfervation , will be
leaves afide with one hand, while with the other you fufficient for the management of this crop of Cucum
pull out the weeds. bers ; and Vines thus treated will continue to fupply
In about a month after they are ridged out, you may you with fruit till the beginning of July, by which
expect to ſee the beginnings of fruit, which very time the ſecond crop will come to bear ; the fowing
often are preceded by male flowers, which many and managing of which is what I fhall next proceed to.
people are fo ignorant as to pull off, calling them About the middle of March, or a little later, ac
falfe bloffoms ; but this I am fully convinced, by cording to the earlinefs of the ſeaſon, you muſt put
many experiments, is wrong ; for theſe flowers are of in your feeds, either under a bell-glaſs, or in the
abfolute ſervice to promote the welfare of the fruit, upper fide of your early hot-bed ; and when the plants
which, when theſe male flowers are entirely taken off, are come up, they fhould be pricked upon another
does very often fall away, and come to nothing : nor moderate hot-bed , which ſhould be covered with bell
fhould the Vines be pruned, as is too often the prac or hand-glaffes, placed as clofe as poffible to each
tice of unfkilful people, efpecially when they are too other ; the plants ſhould alſo be pricked at about two
luxuriant, which often happens when the feeds were inches diſtance from each other, obferving to water
freſh, or of the laſt year's faving, and the plants in and fhade them until they have taken new root,
good heart. If this ſhould happen to be the caſe, it which will be in a very fhort time. This is to be
would be very proper to pull up one of the plants, understood of fuch places where a great quantity of
before they have run fo far as to entangle with the plants are required, which is conſtantly the cafe in
other ; for it often happens, that one or two plants the kitchen-gardens near London ; but where it is
are better than four or five, when they are vigorous ; only for the fupply of a family, there may be plants
for when the frame is too much crouded with Vine, enough raiſed on the upper fide of the beds where
the fruit is feldom good, nor in fuch plenty, as when the firſt crop is growing ; or if the Vines fhould have
there is a more moderate quantity of fhoots ; for the extended themſelves fo far as to cover the whole bed,
air being hereby excluded from the fruit, they often whereby there will not be room to prick the plants,
decay, and fall off very young. a fingle light will contain a fufficient number of
You muſt alſo be very careful to cover the glaffes plants, while young, to plant out in ridges, as will
every night when your fruit begins to appear, as alfo fupply the largeſt family with Cucumbers during the
to lay a little freſh litter, or mowing of grafs round latter feafon. You muſt alſo cover the glaffes with
the fides ofthe bed, to add a freſh heat thereto ; for mats every night, or in very bad weather ; but in the
if the heat ofthe bed be ſpent, and the nights prove day time, when the weather is hot, you muſt raiſe
cold , the fruit will fall away and come to nothing ; the glaffes with a ſtone on the oppoſite ſide from the
and when the fun is extreme hot in the middle of wind, to give air to the plants, which will greatly
the day, you muſt cover the glaffes with mats to ftrengthen them ; you muſt alfo water them as you
fhade the Vines ; for although they delight in heat, fhall find they require it, but this muſt be done
yet the direct rays of the fun, when it has great force, fparingly while the plants are young.
4 P The
 CUC CUC

The middle of April the plants will be ſtrong enough guft, after which time the coldness of the feafon ren
to ridge out, you must therefore be provided with a ders them unwholeſome , eſpecially if the autumn
heap of new dung, in proportion to the quantity of prove wet.
holes you intend to plant, allowing one load to fix From thefe ridges people commonly preferve their
holes. When your dung is fit for ufe, you muſt dig Cucumbers for feed, by making choice of two or
a trench about two feet four inches wide , and in three of the fairest fruit upon each hole, never leaving
length just as you pleaſe, or the place will allow ; above one upon a plant, and that fituated near the
and if the foil be dry, it fhould be ten inches deep , root of it ; for if you leave more, they will weaken
but if wet, very little in the ground, levelling the the plant fo much, that your other fruit will be ſmall,
earth in the bottom ; then put in your dung, ob and fewer in number : but thofe perfons who value
ferving to ftir and mix every part of it as was directed themſelves upon producing Cucumbers very early,
for the first hot-beds, laying it clofe and even. commonly leave three or four Cucumbers of the firft
When this is done, you must make holes about eight produce of their earlieſt crop, when the fruit is fair ;
inches over, and fix inches deep, juft in the middle and the feeds of theſe early fruit, are generally pre
of the ridge, and three feet and a half diſtance from ferred to any other for the first crop. Thefe fhould re
each other ; and if there be more than one ridge, the main upon the Vines until the middle or end of Auguft,
diftance of thofe ought to be eight feet and a half that the feeds may be perfectly ripe ; and when you
from each other ; then fill the holes with good light gather them from the Vines, it will be proper to fet the
earth, putting a ftick into the middle of each for a fruit in a row upright againſt a hedge or wall, where
mark, and afterwards cover the ridge over with earth they may remain until the outer cover begins to de
about four inches thick, laying the earth the fame cay ; at which time you ſhould cut them open, and
thickneſs round the fides. When the earth is levelled fcrape out the feeds, together with the pulp, into a
fimooth, you muſt fet the glaffes on upon the holes , tub, which fhould be afterwards covered with a board,
leaving them clofe down about twenty -four hours, in to prevent filth from getting amongft the pulp. In
which time the earth in the holes will be warmed this tub it fhould be fuffered to remain eight or ten
fufficiently to receive the plants ; then with your hand days, obferving to ftir it well with a long ftick to the
ftir up the earth in the holes, making it hollowin form bottom every day, in order to rot the pulp, that it
of a bafon ; into each of which you ſhould plant three may be eaſily ſeparated from the feeds ; then pour
or four plants , obferving to water and ſhade them until fome water into the tub, ſtirring it well about, which
they have taken root ; after which time you muſt be will raiſe the fcum to the top, but the feeds will fettle
careful to give them a little air by raifing the glaffes to the bottom ; fo that by two or three times pouring
on the oppofite fide to the wind, in proportion to in water, and afterwards ftraining it off from the
the heat of the weather, as alfo to water them as you feeds, they will be perfectly cleared from the pulp ;
fhall fee they require it ; but you muſt only raiſe the then you should fpread the feeds upon a mat, which
glaffes in the middle of the day, until the plants fill fhould be expofed to the open air three or four days
the glaffes, at which time you ſhould raiſe the glaffes until they are perfectly dry, when they may be put
with a forked ftick on the fouth fide, in height pro up in bags, and hung up in a dry place where ver
portionable to the growth of the plants, that they min cannot come to them, where they will keep good
may not be ſcorched by the fun ; this alfo will harden for feveral years, but are generally preferred when
and prepare the plants to endure the open air, but three or four years old, as being apt to produce leſs
you ſhould not expoſe them too foon thereto ; for it vigorous, but more fruitful plants.
often happens, that there are morning frofts in May, I fhall, in the next place, proceed to give directions
which are many times deftructive to thefe plants when for managing Cucumbers for the laſt crop, or what
expofed thereto ; it is therefore the fureft method to are generally called picklers.
preferve them under the glaffes, as long as they can The feafon for fowing theſe is towards the latter end
be kept in without prejudice to the plants ; and if of May, when the weather is fettled . The ground
the glaffes are raiſed with two bricks on the backſide , where theſe are commonly fown, is between Cauli
and the forked ſtick on the other fide, they may be flowers, in the wide rows, between which are allowed
kept in a great while without danger. four feet and a half ſpace when the Cauliflowers were
Towards the latter end of May, when the weather planted. In theſe rows you fhould dig up fquare
appears fettled and warm , you ſhould turn your plants holes at about three feet and a half diſtance from
down gently out of the glaffes ; but do not perform each other, breaking the earth well with a ſpade, and
this in a very dry, hot, funny day, but rather when afterwards fmoothing and hollowing it in the form
there is a cloudy sky, and an appearance of rain ; of a baſon with your hand ; then put eight or nine
you muſt in doing of this raiſe the glaffes either upon feeds into the middle of each hole, covering them
bricks, or forked fticks, whereby they may ſtand ſe over with earth about half an inch thick ; and if it
cure at about four or five inches high from the ſhould be very dry weather, it will be proper to water
ground, that the plants may lie under them without the holes gently in a day or two after the feeds are
bruifing ; nor fhould you take the glaffes quite away fown, in order to facilitate their vegetation.
till the latter end of June, or the beginning of July, In five or fix days, if the weather be good, your
for theſe will preferve the moisture much longer to plants will begin to thrust their heads above ground ;
their roots than if they were quite expofed to the at which time you ſhould be very careful to keep off
open air ; about three weeks after you have turned the fparrows, which are very fond of the youngten
the plants out of the glaffes, they will have made a der feed-leaves of theſe plants ; and, if they are not
confiderable progrefs, eſpecially if the weather has prevented, will deftroy your whole crop : but as it is
been favourable, at which time you ſhould dig up the
not above a week that the plants are in danger, it
fpaces of ground between the ridges, laying it very will be no great trouble to look after them during
even ; then lay out the runners of the Vines in exact that time ; for when the plants are come up, and
order, and be careful in this work not to diſturb the have expanded their feed leaves, the ſparrows will not
Vines too much, nor to bruife or break the leaves ; meddle with them.
this digging of the ground will loofen it, and thereby You muſt alſo be careful to water them gently, as
render it eafy for the roots of the plants to ftrike into you find the drought of the ſeafon may require ; and
it, as alfo render the furface of the earth more when you perceive the third or rough leaf of the
agreeable to the Vines that run upon it. After this plants begin to appear, you muſt pull out all the
there will be no farther care needful, but only to keep weakeft plants, leaving only three or four of the moft
them clear from weeds, and to water them as often promifing and beft fituated in each hole, ſtirring the
as they fhall require, which they will foon fhew, by earth round about them with a ſmall hoe to deftroy
the hanging of their greater leaves. The ridges, the weeds, and raiſe the earth about the fhanks of
thus managed, will continue to produce large quan the plants, putting a little earth between them, pref
tities of fruit from June until the latter end of Au fing it gently down with your hand, that the plants
3 may
 CUC CUC

may be thereby ſeparated from each other to a greater | 5. CUCURBITA (Lignofus) foliis lobatis afperis, flore
diſtance ; then give them a little water (if the weather luteo, pomis lignofis. Gourd with rough- lobed leaves,
be dry) to fettle the earth about them, which you a yellow flower, aud fruit having a hard fhell ; commonly
muft afterwards repeat as often as you fhall find it called Calabash.
neceffary, ſtill being careful to keep the ground clear The first fort is fcmetimes propagated in the Engliſh
from weeds. gardens by way of curiofity, but the fruit is very
When your Cauliflowers are quite drawn off the rarely caten here ; though, if they are gathered when
ground from between the Cucumbers, you muſt hoe they are young, while their fkins are tender, and
and clean the ground, drawing the earth up round boiled, they have an agreeable flavour. In the
each hole in form of a baſon, the better to contain eaftern countries theſe fruit are very commonly cul
the water when it is given them ; you muſt alſo lay tivated and fold in the markets for the table, and are
out the plants in exact order as they are to run and a great part of the food of the common people, from
extend, fo that they may not interfere with each June to October. Theſe fruit are alfo eaten in both
other ; then lay a little earth between the plants left, the Indies, where the plants are cultivated as cu
preffing it down gently with your hand, the better to linary ; and in thofe countries, where the heat of
fpread them each way, giving them a little water to their fummers is too great for many of our common
fettle the earth about them, repeating it as often as vegetables, theſe may be a very good fubftitute.
the ſeaſon fhall require, and obferving to keep the This fort doth not vary like moſt of the others, but
ground clean from weeds . The plants thus ma always produces the fame fhaped fruit ; the plants of
naged, will begin to produce fruit toward the latter this extend to a great length, if the feafon proves
end of July, when you may either gather them young warm and favourable, and will then produce ripe
for pickling, or fuffer them to grow for large fruit. fruit ; but in cold fummers, the fruit feldom grows
The quantity of holes neceffary for a family, is about to half its ufual fize. I have meaſured fome of theſe
fifty or fixty ; for if you have fewer, they will not fruit when growing, which were fix feet long, and a
produce enough at one gathering to make it worth foot and a half round ; the plants were near twenty
the trouble and expence of pickling, without keeping feet in length : the ſtalks of this, and alſo the leaves,
them too long in the houſe, for you cannot expect are covered with a fine foft hairy down ; the flowers
to gather more than two hundred at each time from are large, white, and ftand upon long foot-ftalks,
fifty holes ; but this may be done twice a week during being reflexed at their brim ; the fruit is generally
the whole ſeaſon, which commonly lafts five weeks ; incurved and crooked , and when ripe, is of a pale
fo that from fifty holes you may reaſonably expect to yellow colour. The rind of this fruit becomes hard,
gather about two thouſand in the ſeaſon, which, if fo that if the feeds and pulp are taken out, and the
they are taken fmall, will not be too many for a pri fhell dried, it will contain water ; and in thoſe coun
vate family. And if ſo many are not wanted, they tries where they are much cultivated, are uſed for
may be left to grow to a proper fize for eating. many purpoſes.
CUCUMIS AGRESTIS. See MOMORDICA. The fecond fort, which is commonly known by the
CUCURBIT A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 968. Tourn Inft. title of Pumpkin, is frequently cultivated by the
R. H. 107. [ fo called from Curvata, Lat. bended, country people in England, who plant them upon
becau fethe fruit of this plant generally bends, ] the their dunghills, where the plants run over them, and
Gourd. fpread to a great diſtance ; when the ſeaſons are fa
The CHARACTERS are,
vourable, they will produce plenty of large fruit :
It bath male and female flowers in the fame plant. The theſe they uſually fuffer to grow to maturity, then
shaped empalement of one leaf, whofe
flowers have a bell- they cut open a hole on one fide, and take the feeds
borders are terminated by five briftles ; the flowers are out of the pulp as clean as poffible, after which
bell-shaped, adhering to the empalement, and are of one they fill the ſhell with Apples fliced, which they mix
petal, which is veined and rough, divided at the top into with the pulp of the fruit, and fome add a little fu
five parts. The male flowers have three ftamina, which gar and fpice to it ; then bake it in an oven, and eat
are connected at their extremity, but are diftinct at their it in the fame manner as baked Apples ; but this is a
bafe, where they adhere to the empalement ; theſe are ter ſtrong food, and only fit for thoſe who labour hard,
minated by linear fummits running up and down. The and can eaſily digest it.
female flowers have a large germen, fituated under the Thefe may be propagated by fowing their feeds in
flower, fupporting a conical trifid ftyle, crowned by alarge April, on a hot- bed ; and when the plants come up,
trifid ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a large they fhould be tranfplanted on another moderate bed,
fleshyfruit, having three foft membranaceous cells which are where they ſhould be brought up hardily, and have
diftinct, inclofing two rows offeeds which are bordered. a great deal of air to ftrengthen them ; and when
This genus of plants is ranged in the tenth fection they have got four or five leaves, they ſhould be
of Linnæus's twenty-firft clafs, intitled Monoecia tranfplanted into holes made upon an old dunghill,
Syngenefia, the plants having male and female flow or fome fuch place, allowing them a great deal of
ers on the fame plant, and the ftamina of the male room to run, for fome of the forts will ſpread to a
flowers being connected. great diftance. I have meaſured a ſingle plant, which
The SPECIES are, had run upwards of forty feet from the hole, and
1. CUCURBITA (Lagenaria) foliis cordatis denticulatis had produced a great number of fide branches ; fo
tomentofis bafi fubtus biglandulofis ; pomis lignofis. that if the plant had been encouraged, and all the
Lin. Sp. 1434. Gourd with heart - shaped, indented, woolly fide branches permitted to remain, I dare fay it would
leaves, having two glands at their bafe, and a ligneous have fairly overfpread twenty rods of ground ; which,
fell to the fruit. Cucurbita longa, folio molli, flore to fome people, may feem like a romance, yet I
albo. J. B. 2. 221. Commonly called the Long Gourd. can affirm it to be fact. But what is this to the ac
2. CUCURBITA (Pepo) foliis lobatis, pomis lævibus . Lin. count printed in the Tranfactions of the Royal So
Sp. Plant. 1010. Gourd with lobed leaves and a fmooth ciety, which was communicated to them by Paul
fruit. Cucurbita major rotunda, flore luteo, folio af Dudley, Efq; from New England, wherein mention
pero. C. B. P. 213. Commonly called Pompion, or Pumpkin. is made of a ſingle plant of this kind, which, without
3. CUCURBITA (Verrucofa) foliis lobatis, pomis nodofo any culture, ſpread over a large ſpot of ground,
verrucofis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 1010. Gourd with lobed and from which plant were gathered two hundred
leaves, and a warted knobby fruit. Cucurbita verrucola. and fixty fruits each, one with another, as big as a
J. B. 2. 222. Warted Gourd. half peck .
4. CUCURBITA (Melopepo) foliis lobatis, caule erecto, There are feveral varieties of this fruit, which differ
pomis depreffo-nodofis. Lin . Sp. Plant. 1010. Gourd in their form and fize ; but as thefe are annually va
with lobed leaves, an erect ftalk, and a depreſſed knotty rying from feeds , fo I have omitted the mentioning
fruit. Melopepo clypeiformis. C. B. P. 312. Com them, for they feldom continue to produce the fame
monly called Squash. kinds of fruit three years together.
The
 CUC CUN

The third fort is very common in most parts of greatly preferable to thoſe for kitchen uſes : but in
America, where it is cultivated as a culinary fruit ; fome parts of America, where proviſions are not in
of this fort there are alfo feveral varieties, which differ fo great plenty, or fo great variety, theſe fruits may
in their form and fize ; fome of thefe are flat, others be very acceptable.
round ; fome are ſhaped like a bottle, and others are See CRESCENTIA .
CUIETE
oblong, their outer cover or rind being white when CULMIFEROUS PLANTS [ fo called of
ripe, and covered with large protuberances or warts. Culmus, Lat. ftraw or haulm, ] are fuch as have a
The fruit are commonly gathered when they are half fmooth jointed ſtalk, ufually hollow, and at eachjoint
grown, and boiled by the inhabitants of America to wrapped about with fingle, narrow, fharp - pointed
eat as a fauce with their meat ; but in England they leaves ; and their feeds are contained in chaffy huſks,
are only cultivated by way of curioſity, few perfons as Wheat, Barley, & c .
having a reliſh for them here, where they have a great CUMINOIDES. See LAGOECIA .
variety of better efculent plants at that feafon, when CUMINUM . Lin. Gen. Plant. 313. Mor. Umb.
thefe are fit for ufe. Thefe may be propagated in Kúpov, Gr. Cumin.
the fame manner as the fecond fort. The CHARACTERS are,
The fourth fort is alſo very common in North Ame It hath an umbelliferous flower ; the general umbel is com
rica, where it is cultivated for the fame purpoſes as pofed offmaller, which are divided into four parts ; their
the third. This very often grows with a ſtrong, involucrum is longer than the umbel. The great umbel is
bufhy, erect ſtalk, without putting out runners from uniform; the flowers have five unequal petals, whofe bor
the fide, as the other forts, but frequently varies ; ders are inflexed, and five fingle ftamina, terminated by
for after it has been cultivated a few years in the flender fummits. It bath a large germen fituåted under
fame garden, the plants will become trailing like the flower, fupporting two fmallftyles, crowned by fingle
the others, and extend their branches to as great ftigmas. The germen afterward becomes an oval ftriated
diſtance ; and yet I have known when part of the fruit, compofed of two oval feeds, which are convex and
feeds, taken out from the fame fruit have been ſown furrowed on one fide, and plain on the other.
in another garden, at a confiderable diftance , the This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
fruit have been the fame, and the plants have grown of Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia,
erect, when thoſe which were fown in the fame garden, the flower having five ftamina and two ftyles.
have produced trailing plants with larger fruit of a We have but one SPECIES of this genus, viz.
different ſhape . CUMINUM (Cyminum. ) Lin. Mat. Med. 139. Cumin.
The fruit of the fifth fort hath a hard fhell when Cuminum femine longiore. C. B. P. 146. Cumin with
ripe like the first, which may be dried and preferved a longer feed.
many years : thefe are of very different forms and This plant is annual, perishing foon after the feeds.
fize ; fome are fhaped like a Pear, and are no bigger are ripe ; it feldom rifes more than nine or ten inches
than a large Catherine Pear ; fome are as large as high, in the warm countries where it is cultivated ;
quart bottles, and almoſt of the fame form ; others but I have never feen it grow more than three or
are round and ſhaped like an Orange, and are of the four inches high in England, where I have fometimes
fame fize and cofour, but thefe are very variable ; had the plants come fo far as to flower very well, but
for I have cultivated moft of the forts near forty never to produce feeds. The leaves of this plant are
years, and have not been able, with all poffible care, divided into long narrow fegments like thofe of
to preferve the varieties longer than two or three Fennel, but much fmaller ; they are of a deep green,
years in the fame garden, without procuring freſh and generally turn backward at their extremity ; the
feeds from fome diftant place. Whether theſe changes flowers grow in fmall umbels at the top of the ſtalks;
are brought about by the admixture of the farina theſe are compofed of five unequal petals, which are
with each other, or from what cauſe I cannot fay, of a pale blush colour, and are fucceeded by long,
becauſe I have frequently planted them at as great channelled, aromatic feeds.
diſtance from each other as I poffibly could in the The feeds of this plant is the only part uſed in me
fame garden, and yet the effect has been the fame dicine ; theſe are ranged among the greater hot feeds ;
as when near. they confift of very warm diffolving parts, and are
The first fort requires to be treated more tenderly eſteemed good to expel wind out of the ftomach and
than the others, in order to procure ripe fruit ; fo bowels , fo they are frequently put into clyfters for
the feeds ſhould be fown upon a moderate hot-bed in that purpoſe, and are fometimes given in powder ;
and outwardly applied, they are of great ſervice to
April, and the plants afterward planted each into a
penny pot, and plunged into a very moderate hot eafe the pains of the breaft or fide.
bed to bring them forward ; but they muſt not be This plant is propagated for fale in the iſland of
tenderly treated, for if they have not a large fhare of Malta, where it is called Cumino aigro, i. e. hot
free air admitted to them every day, they will draw Cumin. But Anife, which they alſo propagate in
up weak. When the plants are grown too large to no lefs quantity, they call Cumino dulce, i. e. fweet
be continued in the pots , there ſhould be holes dug Cumin. So that many of the old botaniſts were
where they are defigned to grow, and three or four miſtaken, when they made two fpecies of Cumin,
barrows full of hot dung put into each ; theſe ſhould viz. acre and dulce.
be covered with earth, into which the plants muſt If the feeds of this plant are fown in ſmall pots filled
be planted, and covered with hand-glaſſes till they with light kitchen-garden earth , and plunged into a
run out. very moderate hot-bed to bring up the plants , and
There are fome people who plant thefe plants by the theſe after having been gradually inured to the open
fides of arbours, over which they train the vines ; fo air, turned out of the pots, and planted in a warm
that in a fhort time they will cover the whole arbour, border of good earth , preferving the balls of earth
and afford a ſtrong fhade, and upon fome of theſe to their roots , and afterward kept clean from weeds,
arbours I have feen the longeft fruit. There are the plants will flower pretty well, and by thus
others who plant them near walls, pales, or hedges, bringing of the plants forward in the fpring, they may
to which they faften the Vines, and train them to a perfect their feeds in very warm feaſons .
great height : the Orange- fhaped Gourd is the fort CUNILA. See SIDERITIS .
which is moft commonly fo planted for the ornament CUNONIA . Buttn . Cun. tab . 1. Antholyza . Lin.
of its fruit, which has a pretty effect, eſpecially when Gen. Plant . 56.
feen at fome diſtance. All the forts require a large The CHARACTERS are,
fupply of water in dry weather. The flowers grow alternate in an imbricated ſpike, each
Thefe plants requiring fo much room to fpread, and having a spatha or sheath, compofed of twofpear-shaped
their fruit being very little valued in England , hath concave leaves ; the flower bath one ringent petal, having
occafioned their not being cultivated amongſt us ; we a fhort fender tube, which is dilated at the chaps, and
having fo many plants, roots, or fruits, which are compreffed on the fides ; the upper lip is arched, and
Stretched
 CUN CUP

Stretched out a confiderable length beyond the ale or wings, which are extended to that length ; the two wings are
and is rounded at the top : it hath three long fienderſta alfo narrow at their bafe, but are enlarged upward in
mina, which are fituated in the upper lip, terminated by the fame manner, ending in concave obtufe points,
oblong flat fummits, which are faſtened in their middle which are compreffed together, and cover the ſta
and lie proftrate. It bath a flender ftyle, which isfhorter mina and ftyle. This flower is of a beautiful foft
than the ftamina, crowned by three cylindrical ftigmas fcarlet colour, fo makes a fine appearance, about the
which join the fummits, and are included in the upper lip. latter end of April or beginning of May, which is
The germen, which is fituated below the flower, becomes the feafon of its flowering. After the flowers decay,
an oblong capfule with three cells, filled with compreſſed the germen becomes an oval fmooth capfule, opening'
feeds. in three cells, which are filled with flat bordered
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of feeds.
Linnæus's third claſs, intitled Triandria Monogynia, This plant is too tender to thrive in the open air in
the flowers having three ftamina and one ſtyle, but England, fo the roots muſt be planted in pots filled
he has joined it to the Antholyza, making it only a with light earth, and may remain in the open air till
fpecies of that genus ; whereas by the form and October, when they must be removed into ſhelter,
characters of the flower, it fhould be feparated from either into an airy glaſs-cafe, or placed under a
that, there being full as great difference between the hot- bed frame, where the leaves will keep growing
flowers of this and thofe of the Antholyza, as is be all winter, and in the ſpring the ſtalks ariſe and
tween thoſe and the Gladiolus ; for the flowers of flower. During the winter featon, the plants will re
Cunonia have no carina or under lip, but thoſe of quire a little water when the weather is mild, once a
the Antholyza have, in which one of the ſtamina is week, but it must not be given in great quantities,
included, which is feparated from the other two, eſpecially in cold weather ; in the ſpring they ſhould
which are fituated in the upper lip ; but in this all be watered oftener ; and when the flowers are paſt,
three are of equal length, and fituated in the hollow the pots fhould be removed into the open air to per
of the upper lip. The two wings of this are ſhort, fect their feeds, which will ripen the latter end of
whereas thofe of Antholyza are long, fo that I think June, foon after which the ftalks will decay to the
they ſhould be feparated . root, which will remain inactive till September.
We have but one SPECIES of this genus at prefent When the ſtalks are decayed, the roots may be taken
in the Engliſh gardens, which is out of the ground, and kept in a dry room till the
CUNONIA (Antholyza) floribus feffilibus, fpathis maximis. end of Auguft, when they ſhould be planted again.
Buttn. Cun. 211. tab. 1. Cunonia with flowers fitting This plant is eafily propagated by offsets, which it
clofe to the ftalk, and very large fpathe or sheaths. Dr. fends out in great plenty, or by fowing of the feeds,
Linnæus titles it Antholyza ftaminibus omnibus ad which fhould be fown in pots about the middle of
fcendentibus. Sp. Plant. 37. Antholyza with all the Auguft, and placed in a fituation where they may
ftamina afcending. enjoy the morning fun, and in dry weather fhould be
There is a plant of this kind figured in Cornutus's gently watered ; in September the pots may be re
book of Canada plants, under the title of Gladiolus moved to a warmer fituation, and in October they
Ethiopicus, flore Coccineo, p. 78. but by his figure muſt be placed under a frame, where they may be.
and deſcription, it appears to be a different fpecies protected from froft and hard rains, but in mild
from this, his flowers having much fmaller fpathæ or weather enjoy the free air. The plants will appear
ſheaths, nor does the ftalks of his rife near fo high in October, and continue growing all the winter, and
as this ; there are alſo fome other differences between in June their leaves will decay ; then they may be
them . taken up, and four or five roots may be planted
The feeds of this plant I received from the Cape of in each pot, till they have grown another year,
Good Hope, where it grows naturally, which fuc when they may be each put into a feparate pot.
ceeded fo well in the Chelſea garden, as to produce Theſe feedling plants muſt be fheltered in the fame
a great number of plants, which flowered well the manner as the old roots in winter, and the third year
third ſeaſon after they appeared, and have continued they will flower.
to produce flowers, and perfect their feeds every year CUPRESSUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 958. Tourn. Inſt.
fince. R. H. 587. tab. 358. Cyprefs [ takes its name either
This hath a compreffed bulbous root, fomewhat like of xów, to bring forth, and wapo , becauſe it pro
that of Corn Flag, covered with a brown fkin ; from duces equal branches on both fides ; or of Cypariffus,
this ariſe ſeveral narrow fword-fhaped leaves, about a certain infant whom the poets feign to have been
nine inches long, and a quarter of an inch broad in transformed into a Cyprefs-tree. ] The Cyprefs-tree.
The CHARACTERS are,
the middle, terminating in acute points ; theſe have
one longitudinal midrib which is prominent, and It bath male and female flowers growing at distances on
two longitudinal veins running parallel on each fide ; the fame plant ; the male flowers are formed into oval
they are of a fea-green colour, and appear in autumn, katkins, in which the flowers are placed thinly, among
growing in length all the winter ; in ſpring the ſtalk feveral roundish fcales, each having afingle flower. Theſe
arifes from between the leaves, which is round, have no petals nor ftamina, but have four fummits which
ftrong, and jointed ; at each joint is fituated a ſingle adhere to the bottom of the fcales. The female flowers
leaf, which almoſt embraces the ftalk for near three are formed in a roundish cone, each containing eight or
inches from the bafe, then by the curvature of the ten flowers ; the ſcales of the cones are oppofite, each
ftalk it is feparated, ftanding erect : the ſtalks rife having a fingle flower, these have no petals ; the germen
near a foot and a half high, which is generally curved is fcarce vifible, but under each ſcale there are many punc
two oppofite ways ; the upper part of the ſtalk is tures or spots, and a concave truncated apex instead of a
terminated by a loofe fpike of flowers, coming out of Style ; this afterward becomes a globular cone, opening in
large fpathe or ſheaths, compofed of two oblong con angular target-shaped fcales, under which are fituated
cave leaves, terminating in acute points : thefe are angular feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the ninth ſection
at their first appearance placed imbricatim over each
other, but as the ftalk increaſes in length, fo theſe of Linnæus's twenty-firft clafs, intitled Monoecia
are feparated ; from between theſe two leaves comes Monadelphia ; the plants of this fection have male and
out the flower, each having a flender Saffron-co female flowers on the fame plant, and the male flow
loured tube near half an inch long, which is then ers are joined in one bdoy.
enlarged where the petal is divided, and the upper The SPECIES are,
fegment is extended two inches in length, being 1 . CUPRESSUS (Sempervirens) foliis imbricatis, ramis erec
arched over the ftamina and ftyle. This is narrow tioribus. Cypress with imbricated leaves, and upright
as far as to the extent of the wings, but above them branches. Cupreffus metâ in faftigium convolutâ qua
is enlarged and ſpread open half an inch in length, fæmina. Plinii. Dod. Pempt. 856. Female or common
and is concave, covering the fummits and ftigmas upright Cypress.
4 Q 辱 2. Cu
 CUP CUP

2. CUPRESSUS (Horizontalibus) foliis imbricatis acutis , The timber of this tree is faid to refift the worm,
ramis horizontalibus. Cypress with imbricated acute moth, and all putrefaction , and is faid to laft many
leaves, and branches growing horizontally. Cupreffus hundred years. The doors of St. Peter's church at
ramos extra fe fpargens quæ Mas . Plinii. Tourn . Inft. Rome were framed of this material, which lafted
R. H. 587. Male Spreading Cyprefs. from the great Conftantine to Pope Eugenius IVth's
3. CUPRESSUS ( Lufitanica) foliis imbricatis, apicibus time, which was eleven hundred years, and were then
aculeatis, ramis dependentibus. Cypress with imbricated found and entire, when the Pope would needs change
leaves terminating in fpines, and branches banging down them for gates of brafs . The coffins were made of
ward. Cupreffus Lufitanica, patula, fructu minore. this material, in which Thucydides tells us the Athe
Inft. R. H. 587. Portugal Spreading Cyprefs with a nians uſed to bury their heroes ; and the mummy
fmaller fruit. chefts, brought with thofe condited bodies out of E
4. CUPRESSUS (Difticha) foliis diftichis patentibus. Hort. gypt, are many of them of this material.
Cliff. 409. Cypress with leaves on two fides the branches. This tree is by many learned authors recommended
Cupreffus Virginiana foliis Acacia deciduis. Hort . for the improvement of the air, and a ſpecific for the
Amft. 1. p. 113. Virginia Cyprefs whichfheds its leaves, lungs, as fending forth great quantities of aromatic
• and balfamic fcents ; wherefore many of the antient
commonly called Deciduous Cyprefs.
5. CUPRESSUS (Thyoides) foliis imbricatis, frondibus an phyficians of the Eaſtern countries ufed to fend their
cipitibus. Lin. Sp . Plant. 1003. Cyprefs with imbri patients, who were troubled with weak lungs, to the
cated-leaves, and branches ftanding two ways. Cupref island of Candia, which at that time abounded with
fus nana Mariana, fructu cæruleo parvo. Pluk . theſe trees , where, from the effects of the air alone,
Mant. 61. Dwarf Maryland Cypress with a small blue very few failed of a perfect cure.
fruit. The fourth fort is a native of America, where it grows
6. CUPRESSUS ( Africana) foliis linearibus fimplicibus in watery places, and rifes to a prodigious height,
cruciatim pofitis. Cypress with narrow fingle leaves placed and is of a wonderful bulk. I have been informed,
croffways. Cupreffus Africana of Herman and Olden that there are trees of this kind in America which are
burgh. African Cypress-tree, called by the Dutch Cypress upwards of feventy feet high, and ſeveral fathoms in
" Boom. circumference, which trees grow conftantly in the wa
The firſt of thefe trees is very common in moſt of the ter ; therefore they may probably be of fingular ad
old gardens in England , but at prefent is not fo much vantage to plant in fuch fwampy or wet foils, where
in requeſt as formerly, though it is not without its few other trees will grow, efpecially of the refinous
advantages ; nor fhould it be entirely rejected, al kind. That they are very hardy in refpect to cold,
though many perfons are of that opinion ; for it ferves is evident, from fome few trees of this kind which
to add to the beauty of wilderneffes, or clumps of were formerly planted in England ; particularly one
Evergreens, and where they are properly difpofed, in the gardens of John Tradefcant, at South Lam
they have their beauties . It was formerly planted in beth, near Vaux- Hall, which is upwards of thirty
borders of pleaſure-gardens, and kept fhorn into a feet high, and of a confiderable bulk, which, though
pyramidal or conic form ; and fome people, believ in a common yard at prefent, where no care is taken
ing them fubject to be killed if they cut them , tied of it, but, on the contrary, many hooks are driven
them up with cords into a pyramidal figure , which into the trunk, to faften cords thereto for drying of
form they are naturally diſpoſed to grow in ; but this cloaths, yet the tree is in great health and vigour, but
winding them about, prevented the air from entering hath not produced any fruit as yet, which may be oc
the inward parts of the branches, fo that the leaves cafioned for want of moisture : for we often fee many
decayed, and became unfightly, and greatly retarded aquatic plants will grow upon a drier foil, but yet
their growth. And thoſe which are ſheared, if the are feldom fo productive of either flowers or fruit, as
operation is not performed in the fpring, or early in thofe which remain growing in the water.
the fummer, are very fubject to be injured by fharp There is alſo a pretty large tree of this kind now grow
winds and cuttings frofts in winter. Wherefore, upon ing in the gardens of the late Sir Abraham Janffen, Bart.
the whole, I think it much better to fuffer them to at Wimbleton in Surry, which has produced great
grow wild as they are naturally difpofed, planting quantities of cones for fome years paft, which, in fa
them only amongſt other Evergreen Trees, where, by vourable feafons come to maturity, and the feeds
the darkneſs of their green leaves, together with their have been as good as thofe which have been brought
waving heads, they will greatly add to the variety. from America. This tree was tranfplanted when it
The fecond fort is by far the largeft growing tree, was very large, which has ftinted its growth ; which,
and is the most common timber in fome parts of the together with its being planted upon a dry foil, may
Levant. This, if planted upon a warm, fandy, gra have occafioned its fruitfulneſs, for it has made very
velly foil, will profper wonderfully ; and though the little progreis in its growth fince it was removed.
plants ofthis fort are not fo finely fhaped as thofe of the Thele trees are all propagated from feeds, which
firit, yet they greatly recompenfe for that defect, by fhould be fown early in the fpring on a bed of warm,
its vigorous growth and ftrength, in refifting all wea dry, fandy earth, which must be levelled very ſmooth ;
thers . This tree is very proper to intermix with then fow the feeds thereon pretty thick, fifting the
Evergreens of a fecond fize next to Pines and Firs, to fame light earth over them half an inch thick. If the
form clumps ; in which clafs it will keep pace with weather ſhould prove very warm and dry, it will be
the trees of the fame line, and be very handſome. proper to fhade the bed from the fun in the day
Befides, the wood of this tree is very valuable, when time, and water the bed, which must be done very
grown to a fize fit for planks, which I am convinced carefully, obferving not to wash the feeds out of the
it will do in as fhort a space as Oaks ; therefore, why ground. In about two months time ( if your feeds are
fhould not this be cultivated for that purpoſe , fince good) the young plants will appear above ground,
there are many places in England where the foil is of which must be conftantly kept clean from weeds,
a fandy or gravelly nature, and feldom produces any and in very dry weather fhould be often refreſhed with
thing worth cultivating ? Now, in fuch places thefe water ; but this ſhould be done with great caution, left
trees will thrive wonderfully, and greatly add to the you beat theſe tender rooted plants out of the ground.
pleaſure of the owner, while growing, and afterwards If the feeds are fown upon a moderate hot- bed, and
render as much profit to his fucceffors, as perhaps the the bed covered with mats, they will come up much
beft plantation of Oaks ; efpecially ſhould the timber fooner, and with greater certainty, than when they
prove as good here, as in the islands of the Archipe are fown in the cold ground.
lago, which I fee no reafon to doubt of ; for we find In this bed the young plants may remain two years,
it was fo gainful a commodity to the inland of Can by which time they will have ftrength enough to be
dia, that the plantations were called Dos Filiæ, the tranfplanted into a nurſery ; but while the plants are
felling of one of them being reckoned a daughter's young, they are tender, fo fhould be covered in fe
portion. vere froft with mats to prevent their being injured
6 thereby.
 CUP
4 CUP
thereby. The beſt feafon for removing them is in
the beginning of April, when the drying easterly at prefent this is pretty rare in England ; for what
winds of March are over, and, if poffible, choofe a has paffed under this title here, is only a variety of
cloudy day, when it is inclinable to rain ; and in tak the common fort, whofe branches grow much loofer,
and not fo upright as the firft ; but the cones taken
ing them out of the feed - bed , preferve the roots as
from theſe trees, and the feeds fown, have frequently
entire as poffible , and, if you can, a ball of earth to
each plant. The foil in which theſe trees fhould be produced plants of both varieties ; but the true fpread
planted ( as I before ſaid ) ſhould be, for the two firſt ing Cyprefs extends its branches horizontally from
the first year, and continues to extend them to a great
forts, a warm fand or gravel, which, when you have
length as the plants advance, and the plants raiſed
prepared, by carefully digging and cleanſing from all
from the feeds do not vary, fo that it is certainly a
noxious weeds, you muſt lay level. Then draw the
lines where the trees are to be planted at three feet diftinct species. This grows to be a large timber tree
in the Levant, and in Italy there are fome of a con
afunder, and plant the trees at eighteen inches dif
fiderable fize.
tance in the rows, obferving to cloſe the earth well to
The Virginian kind may alſo be propagated in as
their roots, as alfo to lay a little mulch upon the fur
great plenty, for the cones of this may be eafily pro
face of the ground about their ſtems ; and water them
well to fettle the earth to their roots, which ſhould be cured from Carolina or Virginia, in both which places

repeated twice a week, until the plants have taken they grow in great abundance ; and the feeds will
freſh root. rife as eaſily as any of the other forts, and the plants
Theſe plants may remain in the nurſery three or four are equally as hardy : theſe have been formerly kept
in pots, and houſed in winter, with which manage
years, according to the progrefs they make, or till
ment they have not fucceeded fo well as they have
your ground is ready where they are to be planted :
but if you intend to let them remain longer, you done in England, fince people have planted them into
ſhould take up every other tree in the rows , and tranf the full ground ; and where they have had a moiſt ſoil,
I have obferved them to thrive beit, which is fince
plant out ; for otherwiſe their roots will be matted to
confirmed by Mr. Catefby, in his Natural History of
gether, fo that it will render it difficult to tranſplant
Carolina ; where he ſays, that this tree grows in places
them, as alfo endanger the future growth of the trees.
where the water commonly covers the furface of the
The plants fhould by no means be let ſtand too long
ground three or four feet, fo that it may be a very
in the nurſery before they are tranfplanted out for
good, becauſe the roots do not mat together ſo cloſely great improvement to our boggy foils. This tree,
cafting its leaves in winter, does not fo well fuit with
as thoſe ofmany other forts ofEvergreen Trees, where
plantations of Evergreens at that feafon ; though, in
by they may be taken up with good balls of earth to
fummer, when there is the greateſt pleaſure in walk
their roots ; but the roots of the Cypreſs are apt to
ing among plantations of trees, it hath fo much the
extend out in length, ſo it is one of the moſt difficult
appearance of an Evergreen, as to paſs for ſuch. It
trees to remove when grown large ; therefore moſt
may alſo be propagated by cuttings, which fhould be
curious perfons chooſe to plant the young plants into
fmall pots, when they firft take them out of the feed planted in a bed of moiſt earth in the ſpring before
bed, and ſo train them up in pots two or three years, they begin to ſhoot .
The third fort is at prefent pretty rare in the Engliſh
until they are fit to plant out where they are to ſtand
gardens, though of late years there have been many
for good, and, by this management, they are fecure
plants raiſed here ; but this fort is not quite fo hardy,
of all the plants ; for theſe may be fhaken out of the
I fear, as the common Cypreſs, for the plants are fre
pots at any time of the year without danger, and
quently killed, or greatly injured in fevere winters ;
planted with their whole ball of earth, which is like
and in the hard froft in 1740, there was a large tree
wife a great advantage. When they are planted out
of this kind entirely killed in the gardens of his Grace
for good (if they are defigned for timber) they fhould
the Duke of Richmond, at Goodwood in Suffex , which
be planted about twelve or fourteen feet diftance
had been growing there feveral years ; and in the year
every way, and be very careful in removing thofe in
the full ground, not to shake the earth from their 1762, many large trees were killed. There are great
plenty of theſe trees growing at a place called Bufaco,
roots ; to prevent which, you ſhould open the ground.
near Combra in Portugal, where this tree is called
about each tree, cutting off all long roots, then work
the Cedar of Bufaco ; and there it grows to be a tim
ing under the ball of earth, cut the downright roots
ber tree, fo that from thence the feeds may be eaſily
off ; and after having pared off all the earth from
procured .
the upper part of the ball, as alfo reduced the bulk
This tree grows naturally at Goa, from whence it
of it, fo that its weight may not be too great for the
was firſt brought to Portugal, where it has fucceeded,
fibres to fupport, they may be carried upon a hand
and been propagated ; formerly there were fome
barrow by two perſons to the place where they are to
trees of this fort growing in the Biſhop of London's
be planted ; but if they are to be carried to a
garden at Fulham, where it paffed under the title of
diftant place, they ſhould either be put into baſkets,
Cedar of Goa, by which it was fent from thence to
or their roots cloſely matted up. When they are
the Leyden garden with that name.
planted, you muſt ſettle the earth cloſe to their roots
The fifth fort is a native of North America, where
as before, laying a little mulch upon the furface of it grows to a confiderable height, and affords an uſeful
the ground about their ftems, to prevent the fun and
timber to the inhabitants for many purpoſes. This
wind from entering the earth to dry their fibres ; and
fort is extremely worth cultivating in England ; for
water them well, to fettle the ground to their roots ,
as it grows in a much colder country, there is no
which muſt alſo be repeated, if the weather proves
danger of its thriving well in the open air in Eng
dry, until they have taken root, after which time they
land ; and being an Evergreen of regular growth,
will require little more care than to keep them clear
from weeds. will add to the variety of wilderness quarters, or other
plantations of Evergreen Trees.
The firſt, which is the moſt common fort in England,
feldom produces good feeds in this country ; it is This fort is propagated by feeds, which fhould be
therefore the beſt way to have the cones brought over fown in the fpring in boxes or tubs filled with light
fresh earth, and placed where they may enjoy the
entire from the fouth parts of France and Italy, where
morning fun till eleven or twelve o'clock. In dry
they ripen perfectly well, and take the feeds out juſt weather they fhould be duly watered, and conſtantly
before you fow them, for they will keep much better
kept clear from weeds. In this fituation they may
in the cones than if they are taken out. The method
remain till Michaelmas , when they fhould be remov
to get the feeds out is to expoſe the cones to a gentle ed to a warmer place ; for the plants feldom appear
heat, which will cauſe them to open , and eaſily emit
till the following ſpring, ſo that it will be proper to
their feeds .
place the boxes or tubs near a fouth wall, pale, or
The ſecond fort grows naturally in the Levant, and
hedge, during the winter feafon ; left, by being too
from thence it has been formerly brought to Italy , but
much ſhaded, the wet of the winter ſeaſon ſhould rot
th :
 CUP CUR

I have feveral times tried ; fo that when feeds cannot

the feeds. In the fpring following, if thefe tubs or
1 boxes are placed on a moderate hot bed, it will bring be had, this method may be practifed fuccessfully. I
up the plants very foon, and greatly forward their fuppofe the common fort will alfo take from cuttings ;
growth ; but as the fpring advances, they ſhould be but this I have not experienced, fo cannot recom
inured to bear the open air by degrees ; and in May mend it to practice.
they must be taken out of the hot-bed , and placed in Thefe trees are fo very ornamental to gardens, that
a fheltered fituation, where they may enjoy the morn no large garden can be compleat without many of
ing fun, being careful to keep them clear from weeds , them ; and it is to thefe trees that the Italian villas
as alfo to water them duly in dry weather. The fol owe a great ſhare of their beauty, for there is no tree
lowing winter it will be proper to remove the tubs fo proper to place near buildings ; the pyramidal up
near a fouth wall or pale, for the plants being very right growth of their branches affords a pictureſque
young, are fometimes tenderer than they will be after appearance, and obftructs not the view of the build
ward. Toward the latter end of March, or the be ing, and the dark green of their leaves make a fine
ginning of April, juft before the plants begin to ſhoot, contraft with the white of the building ; fo that,
they fhould be carefully taken up out of the boxes ; wherever there are temples or other buildings erected
and having prepared a bed or two (according to the in gardens, there is no fort of tree fo proper to place
quantity of plants raifed ) of freſh earth in a fheltered near them as theſe. In all the landfchapes of Italian
fituation , the plants fhould be planted therein in rows villas, we fee many Cyprefs-trees reprefented, which
about eighteen inches afunder, and about a foot dif have a very agreeable effect in the picture ; and the
tance plant from plant in the rows. This work fhould trees, when rightly difpofed in a garden, afford a no
·
be done in cloudy weather, when there is rain ; for lefs agreeable profpect.
in dry weather, when eafterly winds commonly blow The feeds of the fixth fort were fent me from the
at this feaſon, it will be very dangerous to tranſplant Cape of Good Hope, where the trees grow naturally,
thefe plants ; fo that it had better be deferred a fort and by the account which I received with the feeds,
night longer, till there is an alteration of the weather, the cones of the tree are black when ripe. The young
than hazard the plants. When the plants are planted, plants which I have raiſed from theſe feeds have loofe
they fhould be watered to fettle the earth to their fpreading branches, which are cloſely garniſhed with
roots ; and then the furface of the ground fhould be narrow trait leaves, which come out oppofite, and
covered with mulch, to prevent the fun and wind are alternately croffing each other ; theſe are near one
from penetrating to the roots of the plants; for nothing inch long, and of a light green colour ; they continue
is more injurious to thefe plants, than to have their in verdure all the year. Thefe plants being young,
fibres dried when they are tranfplanted ; therefore are too tender to thrive in the open air in England as
the plants fhould not be taken out of the tubs till yet ; but when they have obtained more ftrength, it
you are ready to place them in the ground, for they is very probable they may do well in warm fituations.
will not bear to lie out of the ground any time with I had two of theſe plants growing in the full ground,
out great danger. which were killed in the winter 1756. But thoſe
The branches of this tree are garniſhed with flat ever which were placed under a frame, where there were
green leaves, refembling thofe of the Arbor Vitæ ; no covering of glaſs, and only wooden fhutters, were
and the cones a no larger than the berries of the not injured by the cold, though the earth of the pots
Juniper, from which they are not eaſily diſtinguiſhed was frequently hard frozen.
at a little diſtance ; but upon clofely viewing, they CURCUMA. Lin . Gen. Plant. 6. Cannacorus.
are perfect cones, having many cells like thofe of the Tourn. Inft. R. H. 367. Turmerick .
common Cyprefs . If theſe trees are planted in a The CHARACTERS are,
moift ftrong foil, they make very great progrefs, and The flowers have each feveral fpatha, which are fingle
may, in fuch fituations, become profitable for tim and drop off; the flower bath one petal with a narrow
ber ; but however this tree may fucceed for timber, tube, which is cut at the brim into three fegments ; it hath
yet it will be a great ornament to large plantations of an oval-pointed nectarium of one leaf, which is inferted in
evergreen trees, eſpecially in fuch places where there the finus of the largest fegment of the petal ; it hath five
is naturally a proper foil for them ; becauſe, in fuch Stamina, four of which are barren, and one fruitful,
fituations, there are not many forts of Evergreen which isfituated within the nectarium, and bath the ap
Trees which thrive well, efpecially in cold places, and pearance of a petal, having a bifid point, to which the
by increafing the number of forts of thefe Ever Jummit adheres. It bath a roundish germenfituated un
greens, we add to the beauty of our gardens and der the flower, fupporting a style the length of thefta
plantations . mina, crowned by a singleftigma. The germen afterward
The third fort fends forth its branches almoſt hori becomes a roundish capfule, having three cells, which are
zontally, fo that they extend to a great diſtance every filled with roundifh feeds.
way, and the trees are generally furniſhed with This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of
branches from the ground upward ; but as theſe grow Linnæus's first clafs , intitled Monandria Monogynia,
without much order, the trees have a very different the flower having one ſtamina and one ſtyle.
appearance from all the other forts. This grows to be The SPECIES are,
a large timber tree in Portugal, but the largeſt tree 1. CURCUMA (Rotunda) foliis lanceolato-ovatis, nervis
which I have ſeen in England, has not been above fif lateralibus rariffimis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 2. Curcuma with
teen feet high, and the fide branches of this were Spear -shaped oval leaves, having very few nerves onthe
extended more than eight feet on every fide from the fides. Curcuma radice rotundâ. C. B. Turmerick with
ftem . This fort may be propagated from feeds in a round root.

the fame manner as the common Cyprefs, and the 2 . CURCUMA ( Longa) foliis lanceolatis nervis lateralibus
plants fhould be treated in the fame manner as hath numerofiffimis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 2. Curcuma withSpear
been directed for them, with this difference only, that fhaped leaves, having many lateral veins. Curcuma ra
it will be proper to cover theſe plants during the two dice longâ. H. L. 288. Turmerick with a long root.
firft winters after they are come up, eſpecially if the The first fort hath a fleshy jointed root fomewhat like
froft ſhould be fevere, which might deftroy them, if that of Ginger, but rounder, which fends up feveral
they are expoſed to it while they are young. This fpear-shaped oval leaves, that rife upwards of a
fort may alſo be propagated by cuttings, which, if foot high ; thefe have one longitudinal midrib, and a
-
planted in autumn, and fcreened in winter, they will - few tranfverfe nerves running from the midrib to the
take root ; but it is generally two years before they fides ; they are of a fea- green colour , from between
will be rooted enough to tranſplant, nor will the plants theſe arife the flower-ftalk, fupporting a loofe fpike of
fo raiſed thrive fo faft as the feedlings ; therefore, flowers of a pale yellowish colour, incloſed in feveral
when the feeds can be obtained , that is the beſt me different fpathæ or fheaths, which drop off. Theſe
thod to propagate this tree. The American decidu flowers are never fucceeded by feeds in the gardens
ous Cypreſs may alſo be propagated by cuttings, as here .
The
 CYC CYC

The ſecond fort hath long fleſhy roots, of a deep yel We know but one SPECIES of it at prefent, viz.
low colour, which ſpread under the furface of the CYCAS ( Circinalis) frondibus pinnatis circinalibus, folio
ground like thofe of Ginger ; they are about the thick lis linearibus planis. Lin. Sp. 1658. Sago- tree with
nefs of a man's finger, having many round knotty full branches, whofe wings are placed circularly, and the
circles, from which arife four or five large fpear Small leaves are plein. Arbor Zagoe Amboinenfis .
fhaped leaves, ftanding upon long foot-ftalks ; they Seb. Thef. 1. p . 39.
have a thick longitudinal midrib, from which a nu This tree has been ranged in the tribe of Palms, to
merous quantity of veins are extended to the fides ; which it has great affinity, especially by its outer
thefe leaves are of a glaucous or fea-green colour. appearance the branches and trunk having the fame
The flowers grow in loofe fcaly fpikes on the top of ftructure.
the foot-ftalks, which arife from the larger knobs of This tree requires to be plunged into tanners bark in
the roots, and grow about a foot high ; they are of a ftove, which fhould be kept up full to temperate
a yellowish red colour, and fhaped fomewhat like heat in winter ; but in fummer fhould be much
thofe of the Indian Reed.
warmer, when it fhould be frequently refreſhed with
Theſe plants grow naturally in India, from whence water during hot weather, but in autumn and winter
the roots are brought to Europe for ufe. They are it fhould be given fparingly.
very tender, fo will not live in this country, unleſs Moft of the plants of this kind now in the Engliſh
they are placed in a warm ſtove. As they do not pro gardens, have been communicated to the poffeffors
duce feeds in England, they are only propagated by by Richard Warner, Efq; of Woodford, in Effex,
parting their roots : the beft time for removing and who received a tree of this fort, which was brought
parting theſe roots is in the fpring, before they put from India by the late Captain Hutchenfon ; but his
out new leaves ; for the leaves of thefe plants decay ſhip being attacked by the French near home, the
in autumn, and the roots remain inactive till the head of the tree was fhot off, but the ftem being pre
fpring, when they put out freſh leaves . The roots ferved, put out feveral heads, which being taken off,
fhould be planted in rich kitchen-garden earth, and produced fo many plants .
the pots fhould be conftantly kept plunged in a bark CYCLAME N. Lin. Gen. Plant. 184. Tourn . Inft.
bed in the ftove. In the fummer ſeaſon , when the R. H. 154. tab . 68. Cyclamen ; in French , Pain de
plants are in a growing ftate, they will require to be Pourceau. [Kunλáµ &, of Kúxa& , Gr. a circle, be
frequently refreshed with water, but it ſhould not be cauſe the root of this plant is orbicular ; it is called
given to them in large quantities ; they fhould alſo Sowbread, becauſe the root is round like a loaf, and
have a large fhare of air admitted to them in warm the fows eat it ] . Sowbread .
weather. When the leaves are decayed, they should The CHARACTERS are ,
have very little wet, and must be kept in a warm The flower bath a roundish permanent empalement of one
temperature of air, otherwife they will perish. leaf, divided into five parts at the top. It bath one pe
Thefe plants ufually flower in Auguft, but it is tal with a globular tube, which is much larger than the
only the ftrong roots which flower, fo they muſt empalement ; the upper part is divided into five large feg
not be parted into fmall roots, where the flowers are ments, which are reflexed ; it hath five ſmall ſtamina fitu
defired. ated within the tube of the petal, terminated by acute
CURRAN-TREE. See RIBES . fummits, which are connected in the neck of the tube. It
3
CURURU. See PAULLINIA. bath a roundish germen, ſupporting a ſlender ſtyle, which
CUSPIDATED PLANTS [fo called, of cufpis, is longer than the ftamina, and crowned by an acuteftigma.
Lat. the point of a ſpear] are fuch plants, the leaves The germen afterward becomes a globular fruit with one
of which are pointed like a fpear. cell, opening in five parts at the top, inclofing many oval
CUSTARD -APPLE . See ANNONA. angular feeds.
}
CYANELLA . Royen . This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
The CHARACTERS are, Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
The flower has no empalement ; it hath fix oblong, con the flower having five ftamina and one ſtyle.
I The SPECIES are,
cave, Spreading petals, which join at their base, the three
!
lower banging downward, with fix fhort Spreading fta 1 . CYCLAMEN ( Europæum ) foliis haftato- cordatis angu
mina, terminated by oblong erect fummits, and a three latis. Cyclamen with Spear-pointed heart-shaped leaves,
cornered obtufe germen, fupporting a flender ftyle the length which are angular. Cyclamen hederæ folio. C. B. P.
of the ftamina, having an acute ftigma. The germen 306. Sowbread with an Ivy leaf.
afterward becomes a roundish capfule, having three fur 2 . CYCLAMEN ( Purpurafcens) foliis orbiculato - cordatis,
rows, with three cells, inclofing many oblong feeds. infernè purpurafcentibus. Cyclamen with round heart
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of Shaped leaves, purple on their underfide. Cyclamen or
Linnæus's fixth clafs, intitled Hexandria Monogynia, biculato folio infernè purpurafcente . C. B. P. 308 .
! the flower having fix ftamina and one ſtyle. Round-leaved Sowbread with a purple under fide.
We know but one SPECIES of this genus , viz. 3. CYCLAMEN ( Perficum) foliis cordatis ferratis. Cycla
CYANELLA (Capenfis) . Lin. Sp. 443. Cape Cyanella . men withfawed heart-shaped leaves ; or Perfian Cyclamen.
This plant grows naturally at the Cape of Good Hope. 4. CYCLAMEN (Vernale) foliis cordatis angulofis inte
The root is fhaped like thofe of the Spring Crocus ; shaped angular leaves which
gris. Cyclamen with heart-
the leaves are long, narrow, and have a fulcus on their are entire. Cyclamen hyeme & vere florens folio an
upper fide ; the foot-ftalk of the flower arifes imme gulofo amplo, flore albo, bafi purpurea, Perficum
diately from the root, fupporting one flower with fix dictum. H. R. Par.
petals, of a fine blue colour, which appears in May, 5. CYCLAMEN ( Orbiculatum) radice inæquali, foliis or
but the flowers have not been fucceeded by feeds as biculatis. Cyclamen with an unequal root and round
yet in England . leaves. Cyclamen radice caftaneæ magnitudinis.
It is too tender to thrive in the full ground in this C. B. P. 308 .
country, therefore the roots fhould be planted in pots 6. CYCLAMEN (Coum) foliis orbiculatis planis, pediculis.
brevibus floribus minoribus. Sowbread with orbicular
filled with light earth ; and in winter muſt be placed
in a frame, and treated in the fame manner as is di ftalks and fmaller flowers. Cy
plain leaves, fhorter foot -
clamen Hyemale, orbiculatis foliis infernè rubenti
rected for Ixia, with which the plant will thrive and
bus, purpurafcente flore Coum Herbariorum. H. R.
produce flowers annually.
CYANUS. See CENTAURIA . Par.
CYCAS, the Sago-tree . The first fort is the moſt common in the Engliſh gar
There are ſeveral ſmall plants of this fort in the Eng dens. This grows naturally in Auftria, Italy, and
lifh gardens, but from thefe no characters of the tree other parts of Europe, fo will thrive in the open air
can be drawn ; nor are there any juft accounts of theſe in England, and is never killed by the froft. It hath
to be met with in the feveral authors who have fi a large, orbicular, compreffed root, from which arife a
gured and defcribed the tree. great number of angular heart-shaped leaves, upon
4 R fingle
 сус CYC

fingle foot-ftalks , which are fix or feven inches long ; be fown foon after they are ripe, in boxes or pots filled
thefe leaves are marked with black in their middle ; with light kitchen-garden earth , mixed with a little
the flowers appear before the leaves, rifing immedi fand, and covered about half an inch deep, placing
ately from the root, with long fleshy foot-ftalks ; them where they may have only the morning fun till
they appear in Auguft and September, and foon after the beginning of September, when they may be re
the leaves come out, continue growing all the winter moved to a warmer expofure. Thofe of the firſt fort
and fpring till May, when they begin to decay, and may be plunged into the ground clofe to a fouth wall,
in June they are entirely dried up . After the flow a pale, or Reed hedge, in October, where, if it
ers are fallen, the foot-ftalks twift up like a fcrew, fhould be very fevere froft, it will be proper to cover
inclofing the germen in the center, and lay down them either with mats or Peafe -haulm, but in com
clofe to the furface of the ground between the leaves, mon winters they will not require any covering. The
which ferve as a protection to the feed. This ger pots or tubs in which the Perfian kinds are fown,
men becomes a round flefhy feed-veffel with one cell, fhould then be placed under a common hot-bed frame,
incloſing ſeveral angular feeds . The feeds ripen in where they may be protected from froft and hard
June, and fhould be fown in Auguft. There are two rains, but in mild weather the glaffes may be taken
varieties of this , one with a white and the other with off every day to admit fresh air to them. The firſt
a purplish flower, which appear at the ſame time. fort will come up about Christmas, if the feeds were
The fecond fort flowers in autumn : this is at prefent fown in Auguft, and their leaves will continue green
very rare in England ; the leaves of this fort are large, 1 till May ; and thofe of the Perfian kinds will come up
orbicular, and heart-shaped at their bafe, and of a early in the fpring, and continue green till June,
purple colour on their under fide ; the leaves and when they will begin to decay ; then they ſhould be
flowers of this come up from the root at the fame removed to an eaft afpect, where they will have only
time ; the flowers are of a purplish colour, and their the morning fun, in which fituation they may remain
bottoms are of a deep red. It flowers late in the au till the middle of Auguft ; during which time they
tumn, and requires protection from the froft in ſhould have very little water, for then the roots are in
winter. an inactive ftate, when much wet will rot them. The
The third fort hath ftiff heart-shaped leaves which pots and tubs in which they are fown , muſt be con
are fawed on their edges ; thefe have ftrong fleſhy ſtantly kept clean from weeds ; for if the weeds are
foot-ſtalks near fix inches long, of a purple colour, permitted to grow, their roots will cloſely entangle
as are alſo the veins of the leaves on their under fide, with thoſe of the Cyclamen ; fo that in pulling out
but the upper fide is veined and marbled with white. the weeds, the other roots will be drawn out with
The flowers rife with fingle foot-ftalks from the root ; them. In the beginning of October, there ſhould be
theſe are pure white with a bright purple bottom ; the fome fresh earth fpread over the tubs or pots, which
petal is divided into nine fegments to the bottom, fhould be removed again into fhelter, in the fame man
which are twifted and reflexed backward like the other ner as before ; and the following fummer they muft
forts. This flowers in March and April, and the feeds be managed alfo in the fame way till their leaves de
ripen in Auguft. cay, when they fhould be carefully taken up, and
The fourth fort is commonly called the Perfian Cy thofe of the first fort placed in a warm border at three
clamen. This hath large, angular, heart-shaped or four inches diftance, but the other forts muſt be
leaves, whofe edges are entire ; they are veined and planted in pots to be fheltered in winter.
marbled with white on the upper fide, and ftand up The third, fourth, and fifth forts, are more impatient
on pretty long foot-ftalks ; the flowers are large, of of cold and wet than the other three ; thefe muſt con
a pale purple colour, with a bright red or purple bot ſtantly be preſerved in pots filled with fandy light
tom . Thefe appear in March and April, and the earth, and houſed in winter, but fhould be placed
feeds ripen in Auguſt. near the glaffes, where they may enjoy as much free
The fifth fort hath a fmall irregular root not larger open air as poffible, when the weather will permit ;
than a Nutmeg ; the leaves are orbicular and fmall ; for if they are crowded under other plants, and are
the flowers are of a flesh colour, fmall, and have pur kept too cloſe, they are very fubject to mould and rot ;
ple bortoms . They appear in the autumn, but rarely nor ſhould they have much water in winter, which is
produce feeds in England. alfo very injurious to them, but whenever they want
The fixth fort is not fo tender as the four laſt men water, it ſhould be given them fparingly. In fum
tioned, fo may be planted in warm borders, where, mer theſe plants may be expofed to the open air, when
if they are covered in hard froft, they will thrive and their green leaves will decay ; at which time you
fhould remove them to a place, where they may have
flower very well. This hath plain orbicular leaves ,
which have ſhorter and weaker foot-ftalks than either the morning fun until eleven o'clock ; but during the
of the other ; their under fides are very red in the be time that the roots are deftitute of leaves , they
ginning of winter, but that colour goes off in the ſhould have very little water given them , becauſe at
fpring ; their upper fides are ſmooth, of a lucid green, that ſeaſon they are not capable of difcharging the
and fpread open flat ; whereas the other forts are moiſture. This is alfo the proper ſeaſon to tranſplant
hollowed, and reflexed at their bafe. The flowers the roots, or to frefh earth them ; and as the autumn
are of a very bright purple colour, and appear in the comes on, that the heat decreaſes, they may be re
middle of winter, at a time when there are few other moved into places more expofed to the fun, where
flowers, which renders the plants more valuable. The they may remain until October before they need be
feeds of this fort ripen in the end of June. houſed.
There are feveral other varieties of this plant, which Toward Chriſtmas, ifthe roots are in good health,
chiefly differ in the colour of their flowers, particu the fixth fort will begin to flower, and continue pro
larly among the Perfian kind, of which there is one ducing freſh flowers till the middle of February, and
with an entire white flower, which fmells very fweet ; theſe will be fucceeded by the Perfian forts, which
but as theſe are accidental variations, I have not enu continue till May ; but if you intend to have any
merated them here, thofe which are here mentioned feeds, you muſt let the pots be placed ſo as to receive
being undoubtedly diftinct fpecies ; for I have many a great fhare of fresh air, for if their flowers are
years propagated them from feeds, and have not drawn up in the houſe, they feldom produce any feeds.
found them vary, nor have I heard that any other Theſe feeds are ripe about July, when they fhould be
perfon has obferved either of them alter farther than immediately fown in pots or cafes of good light un
varying of their colours. Though Dr. Linnæus fup dunged earth, which fhould be fheltered in winter
poſes them but one fpecies, it is well known that the under a frame, and expofed in fummer in the fame
firft fort will endure the greateft froft in the open air, manner as is directed for the older roots, obferving
whereas all the Perfian forts are tender, and require to remove them into pots at a wider diſtance when
fhelter in winter. they are two years old , and fo from time to time, as
All the forts are propagated by feeds, which ſhould their roots increaſe in bulk, you muſt give them more
room ;
 CYD CYN

room ; and in about four or five years time they will rooted as thofe which are obtained from cuttings or
begin to flower, when you ſhould let each root have layers, and are fubject to produce fuckers again in
a feparate pot, which at firft may be fmall, but when greater plenty, which is not fo proper for fruit-bear
the roots are grown large, they must be put into ing trees. The cuttings fhould be planted early in
larger pots. the autumn, and in very dry weather muft be often
Theſe forts have been planted under warm walls in watered to encourage their rooting.The fecond year
the full ground, where, in mild winters they have after they fhould be removed into a nursery at three
done very well, but in fevere froſt all thoſe roots have feet diſtance row from row, and one foot afunder in
been deftroyed ; therefore, whenever thefe roots are the rows, where they muſt be managed as was di
planted in an open border, there ſhould be common rected for Apples. In two or three years time theſe
hot-bed frames placed over them in winter, that in trees will be fit to tranſplant, where they are to re
bad weather they may be covered to protect them main for good, which ſhould be either by the fide
from froft : and where they are thus managed, the of a ditch, river, or in fome other moift place, where
plants will produce more flowers, which will be much they will produce a greater plenty, and much larger
fairer than what are produced from the roots in the fruit than in a dry foil ; though thoſe in a dry foil
pots, and from theſe there may always be good feeds will be better tafted, and earlier ripe. Theſe trees
expected therefore fuch perfons who are curious in require very little pruning ; the chief thing to be ob
flowers, fhould have a border framed over on pur ferved is, to keep their ftems clear from fuckers, and
poſe for thefe, the Guernſey and Belladonna Li cut off fuch branches as crofs each other ; likewife
lies, with fome other of the curious bulbous-rooted all upright luxuriant ſhoots from the middle of the
flowers ; in which border there may be many of theſe tree ſhould be taken entirely out, that the head may
curious flowers cultivated , to more advantage than not be too much crowded with wood, which is of ill
in any other method now practifed. confequence to all forts of fruit-trees. Thefe forts
CYDONIA. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 632. tab. 405. may alſo be propagated by budding or grafting upon
Pyrus. Lin. Gen. Plant. 550. [fo called from Cydon, a ftocks raiſed by cuttings, fo that the belt forts may
town of Crete, famous for thisfruit. ] The Quince- tree. be cultivated in greater plenty this way, than by any
The CHARACTERS are, other method ; and thefe trees will bear fruit much
The flower is compofed of five large, roundish, concave fooner, and be more fruitful than thofe which come
petals, which are inferted in the permanent empalement of from fuckers or layers .
one leaf. The germen is fituated under the flower, and Thefe are alfo in great efteem for ftocks to graft and
Supportsfiveflenderftyles, crowned byfingle ftigmas ; theſe bud Pears on, which for fummer and autumn fruits
are attended by near twenty ftamina, which are in are a great improvement to them, eſpecially thofe de
ferted in the empalement, but are not so long as the figned for walls and efpaliers ; for the trees upon
petals ; the germen afterward becomes a pyramidal thefe ftocks do not fhoot fo vigorously as thofe upon
or roundish fruit, which is fleshy, and divided into five free ftocks, and therefore may be kept in lefs com
cells, in which are lodged feveral hard kernels or feeds. pafs, and are fooner difpofed to bear fruit : but hard
This genus of plants is ranged in the eighth fection winter fruits do not fucceed fo well upon thefe ftocks,
of Tournefort's twenty-firft clafs, which includes the their fruit being very fubject to crack, and are com
¿ trees and ſhrubs with a Rofe flower, whofe empale monly ftony, eſpecially all the breaking Pears ; there
ment becomes a fruit pregnant with hard feeds. Dr. fore theſe ſtocks are only proper for the melting Pears,
Linnæus has joined this genus, and alfo the Apple and for a moiſt foil. The beſt ſtocks are thofe which
to the Pear, making them only fpecies of the fame are raiſed from cuttings or layers.
genus, to which the Quince is nearly allied by its As the Pear will take upon the Quince by grafting
characters, which the Apple is not. However, or budding, and fo vice verfâ, we may conclude there
t though the joining of the Quince to the Pear may be is a near alliance between them; but as neither of
i allowed in a ſyſtem of botany, yet in a book of gar thefe will take upon the Apple, nor that upon either
C dening, it may not be quite fo proper, therefore I of thefe, fo we ſhould feparate them under different
; have chofen to continue them under their former well genera, as will be further mentioned under the article
known titles. MALUS .
The SPECIES are, CYNANCHUM . Lin. Gen. Plant. 268. Apocynum.
1. CYDONIA ( Oblonga ) foliis oblongo-ovatis fubtus to Tourn . Inft. R. H. 91. Periploca. Tourn. Inft. 93 .
1 mentofis, pomis oblongis bafi productis. Quince- tree tab. 22.
with oblong oval leaves, woolly on their under fide, and The CHARACTERS are,
an oblong fruit lengthened at the bafe. Cydonia fructu The flower bath one petal ; it hath scarce any tube, but is
oblongo læviori. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 632 . Spread open, plain, and divided into five parts ; this bath
2. CYDONIA (Maliforma) foliis ovatis, fubtus tomento a fmall, erect, permanent empalement of one leaf, divided
fis, pomis rotundioribus. Quince- tree with oval leaves, into five parts ; the nectarium, which is fituated in the
woolly on their under fide, and a rounder fruit. Cydo center of the flower, is erect, cylindrical, and the length
nia fructu breviore & rotundiore. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
of the petal. It bath five ftamina which are parallel to
633. Commonly called the Apple Quince. the nectarium, and of thefame length, terminated byfum
3. CYDONIA (Lufitanica) foliis obversè-ovatis fubtus to mits which reach to the mouth of the petal. It hath an
mentofis. Quince- tree with obverfe oval leaves, woolly oblong bifid germen, with fearce anystyle, crowned by two
on their underfide. Cydonia latifolia Lufitanica. Tourn . obtufe ftigmas ; the empalement becomes a capfule with
Inft. 633. Broad-leaved Portugal Quince. two oblong pointed leaves, having a cell which opens lon
There are fome other varieties of this fruit which are gitudinally, and is filled with feeds lying over each other
propagated in fruit-gardens, and in the nurſeries for imbricatim, and are crowned with long down.
fale, one of which is a foft eatable fruit ; there is This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
another with a very aftringent fruit, and a third with of Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia,
a very finall fruit, cottony all over, and is ſcarce worth the flower having five ftamina and two ſtyles.
keeping theſe I fuppofe to be feminal variations , but The SPECIES are,
1
the three forts before enumerated, I take to be diſtinct 1. CYNANCHUM ( Acutum) caule volubili herbaceo , foliis
}
fpecies, having propagated them by feeds, and have cordato-oblongis glabris. Hort. Cliff. 79. Cynanchum
not found them to vary. with a twining herbaceous ftalk, and oblong, Smooth,
The Portugal Quince is the moſt valuable, the pulp heart-shaped leaves. Periploca Monfpeliaca foliis acu
of it turning to a fine purple when ſtewed or baked , tioribus. Tourn . Inft. 93. Commonly called Montpelier
and becomes much fofter and lefs auftere than the Scammony.
others, fo is much better for making of marmalade . 2. CYNANCHUM (Monfpeliacum ) caule volubili herbaceo,
They are all eaſily propagated either by layers, fuck foliis reniformi - cordatis acutis. Hort. Cliff. 79. Cy
ers, or cuttings, which must be planted in a moiſt nanchum with a twining berbaceous ftalk, and kidney,
foil. Thofe raiſed from fuckers are feldom fo well heart-shaped, pointed leaves. Periploca Monfpeliaca
foliis
 CYN CYN

foliis rotundioribus. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 93. Round be covered in winter with fome rotten tan to keep out
leaved Montpelier Scammony. the froft, otherwife in fevere winters they are liable
3. CYNANCHUM (Suberofum ) caule volubili infernè ſu to be deftroyed .
berofo fiffo, foliis cordatis acuminatis. Hort. Cliff. The fourth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
79. Cynanckum with a twining fungous stalk, having whence the feeds were fent me by the late Dr. Houf
filures on the under fide, and heart-shaped pointed leaves. toun ; this rifes with a twining ftalk to the height of
Periploca Carolinienfis, flore minore ftellato . Hort. twenty feet or upward, provided it hath fupport ;
Elth . 300 . the lower part of the ftalks are covered with a thick
4. CYNANCHUM (Ilirtum) caule volubili fruticofo, in fungous bark, full of fiffures, which gape open ; the
fernè fuberofo fiffo, foliis ovato-cordatis . Hort. Cliff. leaves are oblong and fmooth, and placed by pairs
79. Cynanchum with a fhrubby twining stalk, whoſe oppofite, ftanding on long foot- ftalks : the flowers
lower part is fungous, having filures, and oval heart are produced from the wings of the leaves in fmall
fhaped leaves. Periploca fcandens, folio citri, fructu bunches, they are ftar-shaped, and are of a yel
maximo. Plum . Cat. 2 .
lowish green colour, but are not fucceeded by pods
5. CYNANCHUM (Erectum) caule erecto divaricato , foliis in England.
cordatis glabris . Hort. Cliff. 79. Cynanchum with an This fort is tender, fo will not thrive in this country
upright divaricated ftalk, and heart-shaped fmooth leaves. unless it is placed in a warm ftove, and requires the
Apocynum folio fubrotundo. C. B. P. 302 . fame treatment as other tender plants from the fame
6. CYNANCHUM ( Afperum ) caule volubili fruticofo, fo country ; and as it abounds with a milky juice, fo
liis cordatis acutis afperis, floribus lateralibus . Cy the plants must have little water in winter, This
nanchun with a twining fhrubby falk, heart-shaped, may be propagated by laying down of the young
pointed, rough leaves, and flowers growing from the fides fhoots , which in three or four months will put out
of the folks. Apocynum fcandens foliis cordatis af roots, and may then be tranfplanted into pots filled
peris, floribus amplis patulis luteis . Houft . MSS . with light fandy earth, and plunged into the tan- bed
The firft and fecond forts grow naturally about Mont in the bark- ftove, where the plants fhould continue
pelier ; thefe have perennial creeping roots, but an all the year.
nual ftalks, which decay to the root every autumn , and The fifth fort grows naturally in Syria ; this is a pe
rife afresh in the fpring ; thefe ftalks twift themfelves rennial plant, which rifes with flender upright ftalks
like Hops, round whatever plants are near them, and about three feet high, garniſhed with broad, fmooth,
rife to the height of fix or eight feet ; the firſt of heart-shaped leaves ending in points, placed op
thefe is garnished with oblong, heart-shaped, fmooth pofite ; the flowers come out from the wings of
leaves, ending in acute points, and are placed by pairs the leaves in fmall bunches, ftanding on branching
oppofite on long foot-ftalks ; the flowers come out in foot-ftalks ; theſe are ſmall and white, greatly re
fmall bunches from the wings ofthe leaves ; they are of fembling thofe of the common white Afclepias, or
a dirty white colour, and divided into five acute feg Swallow-wort, and are fucceeded by oblong taper
ments, which ſpread open in form of a ſtar. Theſe ap pods, filled with flat feeds crowned with down, but
pear in June and July, but are not fucceeded by any thefe rarely ripen in this country.
feed-veffels in England, which may be occafioned by It is propagated by parting of the root ; the beſt
their roots creeping fo far under ground ; for moft of time for doing of this or tranfplanting of the roots,
thofe plants which propagate themfelves fo much by is in the fpring, before they fhoot : this requires a
their roots, become barren of feeds, eſpecially if their warm fituation, otherwife it will not live abroad in
roots have full liberty to extend . England.
The fecond fort differs from the firft in the fhape of The fixth fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz in
its leaves, which are broader and rounder at their New Spain, from whence the feeds were fent me by
bafe. The roots of this fort are very thick, running the late Dr. Houftoun ; this hath a fhrubby twining
deep into the ground, and extend themfelves far on ftalk, which twifts about whatever prop is near it,
every fide ; fo that where this plant hath got pof and rifes to the height of twenty feet or upward ; the
feffion of the ground it is not eafily extirpated, for ftalks are very flender, and are armed with fmall
every piece of the root will fhoot, which may happen ftinging hairs, and garniſhed with broad heart-ſhaped
to be left in the ground. Both theſe plants abound leaves, which end in acute points ; thefe are placed
with a milky juice like the Spurge, which iffues out by pairs at each joint, which are far diftant, and have
wherever they are broken ; and this milky juice flender foot-ftalks ; they are covered with rough hairs
when concreted, has been frequently fold for fcam on their under fide ; the flowers are produced in ſmall
mony. clufters, fitting clofe to the fide of the ftalks ; they
Thefe plants propagate too faft by their creeping are pretty large, yellow, and ftar-fhaped, fpreading
roots when they are admitted into gardens, fo few open to the bottom ; they are fucceeded by long
people care to have them : the roots may be tranf fwelling pods, filled with fat feeds lying imbricatim,
planted any time after their ftalks decay, till they which are crowned with long down.
begin to fhoot in the fpring. This fort is tender, fo requires the fame treatment as
The third fort grows naturally in Carolina, from the fourth, and is propagated the fame way.
whence the feeds were brought to England ; this is CYNARA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 835. Cinara. Tourn.
a perennial plant with twining hairy ſtalks, which , Inft. R. H. 442. tab . 254. Artichoke, in French Ar
if fupported, will rife fix or feven feet high ; the tichaut.
lower part of the ftalks are covered with a thick fun The CHARACTERS are ,
"
gous bark, fomewhat like cork, which is full of It bath a compound flower, made up of many herma
hiffures ; thefe ftalks are flender, and garniſhed at phrodite florets, which are included in one common fealy
each joint with two oblong, heart - shaped, pointed empalement, which is fwollen in the bottom . The florets
leaves, ftanding on long hairy foot- ftalks . The flow are tubulous, equal, and uniform, divided at the top inte
ers are produced in fmall bunches at the wings of five narrow fegments . Thefe have five fhort hairy fta
the leaves, thefe are ftar-fhaped and green when they mina, terminated by cylindrical fummits, which have five
first appear, but afterward fade to a worn- out purple indentures ; at the bottom of each is fituated an oval ger
colour. They appear in July and Auguſt, but are men, fupporting an oblong ftyle, crowned by an oblong in
not fucceeded by feeds in England . dented ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a fingle, ob
This plant will live in the open air in England, if it long, compreffed, four- cornered feed, crowned with long
is planted in a dry foil and warm fituation . It may bairy down.
be propagated by laying down fome of the young This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of
fhoots about Midfummer, which, if they are now Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Po
and then refreſhed with water, will put out roots, fo lygamia æqualis ; the plants of this clafs and fection
may be tranfplanted in the autumn, where they are have only hermaphrodite florets which are fruitful.
defigned to remain. The roots of this plant fhould
3 The
 CYN

The SPECIES are, CYN

1. CY NARA ( Scolymus ) foliis fubfpinofis , pinnatis in to the tender leaves, which frequently pinches them
divififque, calycinis fquamis ovatis. Lin. Sp . Plant. where there is not this covering, but this fhould be
827. Artichoke with spiny leaves which are winged and taken off again in mild weather ; if this care is
undivided, and an oval fealy empalement . Cynara hor
taken, the plants may be preferved for uſe moſt part
tenfis aculeata. C. B. P. 383. The green or French Ar of the winter.
tichoke.
If a few of the plants are planted out in a warm fi
2. CYNARA (Hortenfis) foliis pinnatis inermibus , caly tuation to ſtand for feed, they fhould not be blanched ,
cinis fquamis obtufis emarginatis . Artichoke with winged but only in very hard froft fome light litter, or Peafe
leaves having no fpines, and obtufe indented fcales to the haulm, may be laid round them to keep out froſt,
empalement. Cynara hortenfis foliis non aculeatis. C. which fhould be removed in the fpring, and the
B. P. 383. The Globe Artichoke. ground gently dug between the plants, which will
3. CYNARA ( Cardunculus ) foliis fpinofis, omnibus pin not only deftroy the weeds, but alſo encourage the
natifidis, calycinis fquamis ovatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. roots of the plants to fhoot out on every fide, where
827. Cynara with prickly leaves which all end in winged by their ſtems will be ftronger ; thefe will flower
KH33

points, and oval fcales to the empalement . Cynara fpi about the beginning of July, and if the feafon proves
nofa, cujus pediculi efitantur. C. B. P. 383. The Car dry, their feeds will ripen in September ; but in cold
doon, in French Chardon.
6-8

wet ſeaſons, theſe feeds will not come to maturity in

4. CYNARA ( Humilis) foliis fpinofis, pinnatifidis, fubtus
33
u
4

England.
tomentofis, calycibus fquamis fubulatis. Lin. Sp .
The fourth fort grows naturally in Spain, and alfo on
Plant. 828. Cynara with winged prickly leaves, woolly
the African ſhore, and is preferved in gardens for the
on their under fide, and awl- shaped fcales to the empale
fake of variety ; this is very like the third fort, but
ment. Cynara fylveftris Boetica . Cluf. Cur. Poft . 15. the ftems of the leaves are much fmaller, and do
Wild Artichoke of Spain .
not grow more than half fo high. The heads of this
The first fort is commonly known here by the title have fome reſemblance to thofe of the French Arti
of French Artichoke, being the fort which is moſt choke, but have no meat, or fleſhy ſubſtance in their
commonly cultivated in France, and is the only kind bottoms : this may be planted in the fame manner as
in Guernſey and Jerfey ; the leaves of this fort are the third fort, at about three or four feet apart, and
3 terminated by ſhort fpines, the head is oval, and the
will require no other treatment, than the keeping
1 ſcales do not turn inward at the top like thofe of the them clean from weeds ; the fecond year they will
Globe Artichoke, the heads are alfo of a
flower, and, if the ſeaſon proves dry, they will ripen
the bottoms of theſe are not near fo thic n co
grkeeof flelo
ſhuras;
their feeds in September, and the plants generally
thofe of the Gl obe, and th ey ha ve a pe rf um ed taſ te,
decay the following winter, efpecially if the winter
which to many perfons is very difagreeable ; fo that it proves fevere, unleſs they are covered.
is feldom cultivated in the gardens near London , CYNOGLOSSU
M . Lin. Gen. Plant. 168. Tourn .
where the Globe or red Artichoke is the only fort in
Inft. R. H. 139. tab. 57. Omphalodes . Tourn . 140 .
eſteem . The leaves of this are not prickly, the head
tab. 59. [ Kuvoyλwoσov, of Kuvós, a dog, and racox,
is globular, a little compreffed at the top, the ſcales Gr . the tongue, fo called becauſe the leaves of this
7 lie cloſe over each other, and their ends turn inward,
plant reſemble a dog's tongue . ] Hounds Tongue , in
1 fo as to cloſely cover the middle.
French, Langue de Chien.
The culture of theſe having been fully treated under The CHARACTERS are ,
the article ARTICHOKE, the reader is defired to turn
It bath a funnel-fhaped flower of one leaf, with a long
to that, to avoid repetition.
tube, and a fhort brim, which is flightly cut into five
The Chardon, or Cardoon, is propagated in the
parts, and is fhut up at the chaps ; this hath an oblong
kitchen gardens to fupply the markets ; this is an
permanent empalement, cut into five acute fegments. The
nually raiſed from feeds, which fhould be fown upon
flower bath five fort ftamina in the chaps of the petal,
a bed of light earth in March ; and when the plants terminated by roundish fummits, and at the bottom ofthe
come up, they ſhould be thinned where they are too
tube are fituated four germen, between which arifes a per
clofe ; and if the plants are wanted, thofe which are
manent ftyle the length of the ftamina, crowned by an
drawn out may be tranſplanted into a bed at about indented ftigma ; the empalement afterward becomes four
three or four inches diftance, where they ſhould remain
capfules, inclofing four oval feeds.
till they are transplanted out for good . Theſe young
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of
plants muſt be kept clean from weeds, and in the be Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia ,
ginning of June they muſt be tranfplanted out, on a the flower having five ftamina and one ſtyle .
moiſt rich ſpot of ground at about four feet afunder The SPECIES are,
every way ; the ground fhould be well dug before they I. CY NOGLOSSUM ( Officinale ) ftaminibus corollâ brevi
are planted , and the plants fhould be well watered until oribus, foliis lato - lanceolatis tomentofis feffilibus. Lin.
they have taken new root, after which the ground
Sp. Plant . 134. Hounds Tongue with stamina fhorter
muſt be kept very clean from weeds, to encourage the shaped leaves, which are
than the petal, and broad fpear -
growth of the plants ; and as they advance in height, woolly, fitting clofe to the stalk. Cynogloffum majus
there fhould be fome earth drawn up about each plant ;
vulgare. C. B. P. 257. Common greater Hounds
and when they are fully grown, their leaves fhould Tongue.
be cloſely tied up with a hay- band, and the earth 2 . CYNOGLOSSU
M ( Appeninum ) ftaminibus corollam æ
drawn up in hills about each plant, almoft to their quantibus. Hort . Upfal. 33. Hounds Tongue with ſta
tops, being careful to keep the earth from falling be mina equallingthe petal. Cynogloffum montanum max
tween the leaves, which may occafion the rotting of imum. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 139 .
the plants. The earth fhould be fmoothed over the
3. CYNOGLOSSUM ( Creticum ) foliis oblongis tomentofis,
furface that the wet may run off, and not fall into the amplexicaulibu
s, caule ramofo, fpicis florum longif
center of the plants, which will alſo cauſe them to
fimis fparfis. Hounds Tongue with oblong woolly leaves
rot ; in about eight or ten weeks after the plants have embracing the talks, a branching stalk, and very long
been thus earthed, they will be blanched enough for
loofe fpikes to the flowers. Cynogloffum Creticum la
ufe ; fo that if a fucceffion of them are wanted for the tifolium foetidum . C. B. P. 257.
table, there fhould be but few plants earthed up at
4. CYNOGLOSSUM (Cheirifolium) corollis calyce duplo
the fame time ; but once in a fortnight there may longioribus , foliis lanceolatis . Prod . Leyd . 406. Hounds
be a part of them earthed, in proportion to the
Tongue having a petal twice the length of the empalement,
quantity defired . and fpear-shaped leaves . Cynogloffum Creticum , ar
Toward the middle, or latter end of November, if
the froft fhould be fevere , it will be proper to cover genteo angufto folio. C. B. P. 257
amplexicaulibu
5. CYNOGLOSSUM ( Virginianum) foliis s
the tops of thofe plants which remain with Peaſe
ovatis . Lin. Sp . 193. Hounds Tongue with oval leaves
haulm or ftraw, to prevent the froft from penetrating
which embrace the stalk . Cynogloffum Virginianum
flore minimo albo. Banifter. Cat.

4 S
6. CY
 CYP
CYN ceeded by four umbilicated feeds , from whence it had
6. CYNOGLOSSUM (Lufitanicum ) foliis lineari lanceolatis Navelwort.
the title of h
The fevent fort feldom rifes more than five or fix
fcabris . Lin. Sp. 193. Hounds Tongue with linear,
Spear-shaped, rough leaves . Omphalodes Lufitanica inches high ; the ftalks do not branch near fo much
as thole of the fixth . The leaves are very narrow and
elatior Cynogloffi folio . Tourn . Inft. R. H. 140 .
7. CYNOGLOSSUM ( Linifolium ) foliis lineari -lanceolatis long, of a grayish colour, and fmooth . The flowers

glabris . Hort . Cliff. 47. Hounds Tongue with fmooth, grow in fhort loofe panicles at the end ofthe branches ;
narrow , Spear-shaped leaves . Omphalodes Lufitanica thefe are white , but fmaller than thofe of the other
lin i fo li o . To ur n . In ft . 14 0. Commonly called Venus fort , and are fucceeded by feeds of the fame form.
This plant was formerly titled Linum Umbillicatim ,
Navelwort. i. e. umbilicated Flax, from the leaves having fome ap
8. CYNOGLOSSUM (Omphalodes ) repens , foliis radicalibus
pearance of Flax, and the feeds having a hollow like
cordatis . Hort . Cliff. 47. Creeping Hounds Tongue ,
whofe lower leaves are heart-shaped. Omphalodes pu
a
Thna
eſ elare
ve . both annual plants , and have been com
mila verna fymphyti folio . Tourn . Inft . 140 .
The first fort grows naturally by the fide of hedges monly fown in gardens, with other low annual flow
and foot-ways in many parts of England , fo is feldom ers, to adorn the borders of the flower-garden ; but
admitted into gardens ; the roots of this fort are ufed thefe fhould be fown in autumn , for thoſe which are
in medicine, which are gathered by the herb-folks in fown in the ſpring often fail , efpecially in dry feafons ;
the fields . The leaves of this plant have a ſtrong and the autumnal plants always grow much larger
odour , like that of mice in a trap. It flowers in than thoſe which arife from the fpring fowing , and
come to flower earlier in the year. The feeds fhould
June, and the feeds ripen in autumn .
The fecond fort grows naturally on the Apennine be fown where the plants are defigned to remain , for
mountains ; the leaves of this fort are much larger, they do not bear tranfplanting, unless it is performed
the petal of the flower is fhorter, and the plants while they are young . The plants require no other
: grow taller than thofe of the firft, and come earlier e
cultur but to be thinned where they are too clofe ,
to flower in the fpring ; this is equally hardy as the and kept clean from weeds . They flower in June and
common fort, and where the feeds are permitted to July, and the autumnal plants come a month earlier ;
fcatter, there will be plenty of the plants arife with
their feeds ripen in autumn .
The eighth fort is a low perennial plant , which grows
Thteca
ou thre
ir. d fort grows naturally in Andalufia , I re naturally in the woods of Spain and Portugal , where
ceived the feeds of this from Gibraltar ; this hath a it ufually flowers about Chriftmas ; this hath trailing
tall branching ftalk , garniſhed with oblong woolly branches , which put out roots from their joints,
leaves , which embrace the ftalk with their bafe . The whereby it propagates very faft . The leaves are

flowers are produced in loofe fpikes , which come out heart-shaped, of a bright green colour , and ftand
from the fide of the ſtalk , and are from fix to eight upon long flender foot -ftalks . The flowers grow in
loofe panicles, which ariſe from the divifions of the
inches long, the flowers are thinly placed on one fide ;
thefe are blue, ftriped with red , and appear in June . ftalk ; they are fhaped like thofe of Borage, but are
The feeds ripen in autumn , foon after which the root fmaller, and of a lively blue colour ; they appear in
March and April , and in a cool fhady fituation con
Th
de cae s . urth fort grows naturally in Spain, and " alfo
y'fo tinue great part of May , but are rarely fucceeded by
in the iſland of Crete ; I received this from Gibraltar , feeds ; but the plants propagate themfelves fo faft by
with thofe of the former ; this rifes with an upright, their trailing branches , as to render the cultivation
ſtalk little more than a foot high , garnifhed with, of them by feeds unneceffary . It delights in a moiſt
long, narrow, filvery leaves, having no foot -ftalks .
cool fituation .
The flowers are produced from the fide , and at the
CYPERUS , Cypress Grafs .
top of the ftalks , which are but thinly difperfed on There are about twenty fpecies of this genus known ,
the fide, but at the top of the ftalk are in fmall fome of which grow naturally in England , but the
far greateſt number are natives of America, where
clufters ; they are of a deep purple colour, and much
longer than the empalement ; thefe are fucceeded by they grow in moift fqualid places ; and as there are

four broad buckler-fhaped feeds , which are rough . not above two or three fpecies which are preferved in
It flowers in June , and the feeds ripen in autumn , gardens, fo it will be to little purpoſe to enumerate

foon after which the roots generally perifh . the others .

The fifth fort grows naturally in Virginia, and in
1. CYThe
PERU S ( LoES
SPECI are) , culmo triquetro foliofo, umbella
ngus
other northern parts of America ; this rifes with an
upright branching ftalk near four feet high . The foliofo fupra decompofita , pedunculis nudis , fpicis
ftalks and leaves are covered with rough hairs , the alternis . Prod . Leyd . 50. Cypress with a three-cornered
branches are fpread out on every frde , and are but ftalk, an umbel with many leaves, alternate spikes on
thinly garnished with leaves , from three to near four ftalks. Long- rooted Cypress of thefhops.
naked foot -
inches in length , and little more than one inch broad CYPERUS (Rotundus ) culmo triquetro fubnudo, um
ofita , fpicis alternis linearibus . Flor .
in the middle , gradually leffening to both ends ; they 2 . bella decomp
embrace the ftalks with their bafe , and are placed Zeyl. 36. Cypress with a three-cornered naked ſtalk, a
alternate ; the flowers grow fcatteringly toward the decompounded umbel, and linear spikes placed alternate.
end of the branches ; thefe are fmall and white ; they
und-rototed Cypres s e ra
thtu opys.
fhll
appear in June, and are fucceeded by four fimall
Ro
The fi rs fort growsofna in France and Italy,
feeds, which ripen in autumn , and then the plants from whence the plant was brought for medicinal
ufe, but at prefent it is very feldom uſed in England .
y The roots of this fort are compoſed of many ſtrong
Thca
de . xth fort grows naturall in Portugal , where it
eyfi
was first diftin gu if he d from the feventh by Dr. Tour fleſhy fibres which root deep in the ground , fending
nefort . The feventh fort had been long before that up every fpring a great number of graffy three -cor
cultivated in the gardens for ornament , by the title of nered leaves near two feet long ; the flower-ftalks are
Venus Navelwort , but of late years that has been almoſt triangular, nearly of the fame length, fupporting an
loft ; and the fixth fort is now generally preferved in umbel at the top, having many narrow triangular .
the English gardens, and the feeds are fold by the leaves under it ; the fpikes of the umbel are like thote
feedfmen under that title, and is a much larger plant of ſome forts of grafs , but the feeds rarely ripen in
than the other, fo makes a better appearance . The England ; fo the plant is here propagated bydividing
leaves of the fixth fort are broad at their baſe , and the root in the fpring, and if planted in a warm -
are gradually narrowed to the end ; they are flightly air.
tuat ion, will thrive here in the open
The fecond fort is tenderer than the first , fo the round
covered with hairs . The ftalks grow nine or ten
inches high, and divide into many branches , each compreffed roots fhould be planted in pots , and fhel
being terminated by a long loofe fpike of white flow CYPR
I
tered in winter.
ers, ftanding on feparate foot -ftalks , which are fuc
 CYP CY. T

CYPRIPEDIU M. Lin . Gen. Plant. 906. Calceo CYTISUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 785. Tourn. Inft.
lus. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 436. tab. 249. Ladies Slipper, R. H. 647. tab . 416. [fo called from Cythos , an
in French, Sabot. inland in the Archipelago, where it grew in great
The CHARACTERS are, plenty. ] Bafe-tree Trefoil, in French, Citife.
The CHARACTERS are ,
It hath afimple Spadix. The germen fits under theflower,
which is covered with a fpatha or fheath. The flowers It bath a butterfly flower, with a short bell-
shaped em
have four or five narrow spear-shaped petals, which ex palement of one leaf, divided in two lips, the upper being
pand. The nectarium, which is fituated between the pe bifid and acute, the under indented in three parts. The
tals, is fwollen and hollow , in shape of a shoe, or flipper. Standard of the flower is rifing, oval, and reflexed on the
It bath two fhort ftamina whichfit upon the pointal, and fides. The wings are obtufe, erect, and the length of the
are terminated by erect fummits, which join to the upper ftandard. The keel is bellied and acute. It bath ten
lip of the nectarium ; below the flower is fixed a flender ftamina, nine joined, and one ſtanding feparate, termi
contorted germen, fupporting ashort style, adhering to the nated byrisingfummits. It bath an oblong germen, fup
upper lip of the nectarium, crowned by an obſoleteſtigma. porting a fingle Style, crowned by an obtufeftigma. The
The germen afterward becomes an oval blunt capfule with germen afterward becomes an oblong blunt pod, narrow at
three corners, having three furrows, three valves, and one -haped flatted feeds.
their bafe, filled with kidney s
cell, which is filled with fmall feeds. This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection of
1 This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of Linnæus's feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia De
Linnæus's twentieth clafs, intitled Gynandria Dian candria, from the flowers having ten ftamina di
dria, the plants of this clafs and fection have two ſta vided into two bodies.
mina fixed to the ſtyle . The SPECIES are,
The SPECIES are, 1. CYTISUS (Laburnum) foliis oblongo-ovatis, racemis
1. CYPRIPEDIUM (Calceolus) radicibus fibroſis, foliis ova brevioribus pendulis, caule arboreo. Cytifus with ob
to-lanceolatis caulinis . Act . Upfal. 1740. Ladies Slipper long oval leaves, foort Spikes of flowers hanging down
with fibrous roots, the leaves on thestalks oval and fpear ward, and a tree-like ftalk. Cytifus Alpinus latifolius,
fhaped. Calceolus Mariæ. Ger.3 59. Our Lady's Slipper. flore racemofo pendulo. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 648.
2. CYPRIPEDIUM ( Bulbofum) fcapo unifloro, foliis ob Commonly called Laburnum.
longis glabris petalis anguftis acuminatis. Ladies Slipper 2 . CYTISUS ( Alpinus) foliis ovato-lanceolatis, racemis
with one flowerin a fheath, oblong fmooth leaves, and very longioribus pendulis, caule fruticofo. Cytifus with oval
narrow pointed petals. Calceolus Mariæ luteus. Mor. Spear-shaped leaves, long pendulous bunches of flowers, and
H. R. Blofs. Fellow Ladies Slipper. afhrubby stalk, Cytifus Alpinus anguftifolius, flore
3. CYPRIPEDIUM (Hirfutum) foliis oblongo-ovatis ve racemofo pendulo longiore. Tourn . Înft. R. H. 648.
nofis hirfutis, flore maximo. Ladies Slipper with oblong, Commonly called long-fpiked Laburnum.
oval, veined leaves, which are hairy, and a very large 3. CYTISUS ( Nigricans ) racemis fimplicibus erectis, fo
flower. Calceolus flore majore. Tourn. Inft. R. H. liolis ovato-oblongis. Hort. Cliff. 354. Cytifas with
437. Ladies Slipper with a larger flower. Single erect bunches of flowers, and oval oblong leaves.
The firſt fort grows naturally in fome fhady woods in Cytifus glaber nigricans, C. B. P. 390. Black fmooth
the north of England . I found it in the park of Bo Cytifus.
rough-Hall, in Lancaſhire, the feat of the late Robert 4. CYTISUS (Seffilibus ) racemis erectis , calycibus brace
Fenwick, Efq; It hath a root compofed of many teâ triplici auctis, foliis floralibus feffilibus. Lin. Sp.
fleſhy fibres, from which arife, in the fpring, two, Plant. 739. Cytifus with erect bunches offlowers, three
three, or more ſtalks, in proportion to the ftrength lamine under the empalement, and the leaves on the flower
of the root ; theſe grow nine or ten inches high, and branchesfitting cloje. Cytifus glabris, foliis fubrotun
7
are garnished with oval fpear-shaped leaves, having dis, pediculis breviffimis. C. B. P. 390. Commonly
a few longitudinal veins ; in the bofom of one of the called by the gardeners, Cytifus fecundus Clufii.
upper leaves is inclofed the flower-bud, which is 5. CYTISUS ( Hirfutis ) pedunculis fimplicibus laterali
fupported by a flender foot-ftalk, which generally bus, calycibus hirfutis trifidis ventricofo-oblongis.
turns a little bud on one fide. The flower hath four Hort. Upfal. 211. Cytifus with fingle foot-ftalks on the
dark purple petals, placed in form of a crofs, which fide of the branches, trifid hairy empalements, oblong end
ſpread wide open. In the center is fituated the large bellied. Cytifus incanus filiqua longiore. C. B. P. 390.
hollow nectarium, almoft as large as a bird's egg, Commonly called bairy, or Evergreen Cytifus of Naples.
thaped like a wooden fhoe, of a pale yellowish co 6. CYTISUS ( Argenteus ) floribus feffilibus, foliis tomen
lour, with a few broken ftreaks ; the opening is co tofis, caulibus herbaceis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 740. Cytifus
vered with two ears ; the upper one is tender, white, with flowers fitting close to the branches, woolly leaves,
and ſpotted with purple ; the lower is thick, and of and an herbaceousftalk. Cytifus humilis argenteus an
an herbaceous colour. The flowers appear about the guftifolius. Tourn. Inft. 648.
end of May, and the ftalks decay early in autumn . 7. CYTISUS (Supinus) floribus umbellatis terminalibus,
The fecond fort grows naturally in Virginia, and ramis decumbentibus , foliolis ovatis . Lin. Sp . 1042 .
other parts of North America ; this hath longer and Low Cytifus with umbellated flowers terminating the
fmoother leaves than the former. The two fide pe branches, which are trailing, and oval leaves. Cytifus
tals of the flower are long, narrow, and terminate in fupinus foliis infra & filiquis molli lanugine pubefcen
acute points, and are wreathed, or undulated on their tibus . C. B. P. 390.
fides. The nectarium is oblong, and narrower than 8. CYTISUS ( Auftriacus) floribus umbellatis terminalibus,
in the first fort, and is yellow, fpotted with browniſh caulibus erectis foliolis lanceolatis. Lin. Sp. 1042 .
red. The ftalks rife near a foot and a half high. Cytifus with umbellated flowers terminating the branches,
The third fort grows naturally in America, where erect talks and Spear-shaped leaves. Cytifus floribus
the inhabitants call it Moccafin Flower ; this rifes a capitatis, foliolis ovato-oblongis, caule fruticofo.
foot and a half high. The leaves are of an oblong Dict. Hort. Commonly called Siberian Cytifus.
oval form , and are deeply veined . The flower is large, 9. CYTISUS ( Ethiopicus) racemis lateralibus ftrictis , ra
of a reddish brown colour, marked with a few purple mis angulatis, foliolis cuneiformibus. Lin . Sp . 1042 .
veins. This fort flowers in the end of May. Cytifus with narrow bunches offlowers proceeding from
All theſe forts are with difficulty preferved in gar the fide of the branches, which are angular, and wedge
dens ; they muſt be planted in a loamy foil, and in a fhaped leaves. Cytifus Æthiopicus, fubrotundis inca
fituation where they may have the morning fun only. nis minoribus foliis, floribus parvis luteis. Pluk. 1
They muſt be procured from the places where they Alm . 128.
naturally grow, for they cannot be propagated in gar 10. CYTISUS (Grecus ) foliis fimplicibus lanceolato-line
dens. The roots fhould be feldom removed, for aribus, ramis angulatis . Lin. Sp . 1043. Cytifus with
tranfplanting them prevents their flowering. fingle, linear, fpear -
shaped leaves, and angular branches.
CYSTICAPNOS . See FUMARIA. Barba Jovis linariæ folio, flore luteo parvo. Tourn.
CYTISO-GENISTA. See SPARTIUM . Cor. 44 ,
11. CYTISUS

8
 CYT CYT

11. CYTISUS (Cayan) racemis axillaribus erectis, folio both thefe trees with variegated leaves, which fome
lis fublanceolatis tomentofis, intermedio longiùs pe perfons are fond of cultivating ; but this is only to be
tiolato. Flor. Zeyl. 357. Cytifus with erect spikes of done by cuttings or layers, for the feeds of thefe will
flowers proceeding from the fides of the branches, and produce plants with green leaves : the cuttings fhould
Spear-shaped leaves which are woolly, the foot-ftalk of the be planted in autumn, when the leaves begin to fall,
middle one being the longest . Cytilus arborefcens, fruc and the plants muſt have a poor foil, for in good
tu eduli albo. Plum. Cat. 19. Commonly called Pidgeon ground they are apt to become plain.
Pea in America. If the firft fort comes to be confidered as a ufeful
The firft fort is the common broad-leaved Laburnum, wood , which there is no reaſon to doubt it may be, it
which was formerly in greater plenty in the English may be planted in large clumps in parks, where they
gardens than at prefent ; for fince the fecond fort hath will be very ornamental ; and I am certain, from long
been introduced, it has almoft turned this out ; the experience, that this tree will thrive upon many foils,
fpikes of flowers being much longer, they make a and in fuch fituations as few other trees will make any
finer appearance when they are in flower, which has progrefs ; the objection to fencing is the fame here,
occafioned their being more generally cultivated ; but as for any other trees, for wherever plantations are
the firft grows to be the largeft tree, and the wood of made, if they are not well fecured from animals, they
it is very hard, of a fine colour, and will poliſh very will not anfwer the defign of the planters.
well ; it approaches near to green Ebony, fo is by the The fecond fort differs from the firft, in having nar
French titled Ebony of the Alps, and is there uſed rower leaves, longer bunches of flowers, and the trees
for many kinds of furniture ; but in England there do not grow fo large and ſtrong ; this difference I
are few of theſe trees which have been fuffered to find is conftant from feed . There is another fort
ftand long enough to arrive to any confiderable fize, mentioned by Tournefort, with fhorter bunches of
for as they have been only confidered as an ornamen flowers than either of thefe, one tree of which kind I
tal tree, the frequent alterations which moft of the thought I had found in a garden ; the bunches of the
gardens in England have undergone, have occafioned flowers upon this tree were clofe and almoft round,
their being rooted out wherever they were growing ; but I fowed the feeds of it, and the plants proved to
but in fome of the old gardens in Scotland, where be only the common fort.
they have been permitted to ftand, there are large The third fort grows naturally in Auftria, in Italy
trees of this kind, which are fit to cut down for the and Spain, and at prefent is pretty rare in the English
ufe of the timber. I have ſeen two old trees of it in
gardens ; it was formerly in fome of the curious gar
gardens, which were more than a yard in girt, at fix dens here, but had been long loft, till a few years
feet from the ground, and theſe had been broken and ago, when I procured the feeds from abroad, which
abuſed, otherwife might have been much larger : they fucceeded in the Chelſea gardens, where the plants
grow very faſt, and are extremely hardy, fo may be have flowered and produced ripe feeds, which have
well worth propagating upon poor fhallow foils, and been communicated to feveral curious perfons.
in expofed fituations. His Grace the Duke of Queenf This fhrub feldom rifes more than three or four feet
berry fowed a great quantity of the feeds of this tree, high in England ; it naturally puts out many lateral
upon the fide of the downs, at his feat near Amef branches near the ground , which ſpread out on every
bury, in Wiltſhire, where the fituation was very much fide, fo as to form a low fhrubby bush, fo is with dif
expoſed, and the foil fo fhallow, as that few trees ficulty raiſed to a ftem : the branches are very flender,
would grow there ; yet in this place the young trees and their ends are frequently killed if the winter is
were twelve feet high in four years growth, fo be fevere ; theſe are garniſhed with oblong oval leaves,
came a fhelter to the other plantations, for which growing by threes on each foot- ſtalk ; they are equal
purpoſe they were defigned ; but the hares and rab in fize, and of a dark green colour ; the branches
bits are great enemies to theſe trees, by barking them grow erect, and are terminated by ſpikes of yellow
in winter, ſo that where theſe trees are cultivated , flowers, about four or five inches in length, ftanding
they ſhould be fenced from theſe animals. upright ; and as all the branches are thus terminated,
Both theſe forts are eaſily propagated by feeds, which fo when the fhrubs are in flower, they make a fine
the trees produce in great plenty. If thefe are fown appearance ; it flowers in July, after moſt of the other
upon a common bed in March, the plants will appear forts are paft, and the feeds ripen in autumn. This
by the middle or end of April, and will require no is propagated by feeds, which' fhould be fown upon
other care but to be kept clean from weeds during a bed of light earth in March, covering them about
the following fummer ; and if the plants are too clofe one third of an inch with fine fcreened mould ; in
together, they may be tranfplanted the autumn fol the beginning of May the plants will appear, when
lowing, either into a nurſery, where they may grow they muſt be carefully weeded, and during the fol
a year or two to get ſtrength, or into the places where lowing fummer they must conftantly be kept clean,
they are defigned to remain : where people would which is all the culture they require till autumn,
cultivate them for their wood, it will be the beſt way when it will be very proper to arch the bed over with
to fow the feeds upon the ſpot where they are intend hoops, that in frofty weather the plants may be
ed to grow, becauſe theſe trees ſend out long, thick, covered with mats, to prevent their tender fhoots
flefhy roots to a great diftance, which will penetrate from being killed ; for as thefe young plants are apt
gravel or rocks ; and if theſe roots are cut or broken, to continue growing later in the autumn than thoſe
4 it greatly retards their growth ; therefore when they which are become woody, fo they are much more
are not fown upon the intended fpot, they ſhould be fufceptible of cold ; therefore where there is not fome
tranfplanted thither young, otherwife they will not care taken to cover them, if the winter fhould prove
grow to near the fize ; though where they are only ſevere, many of them may be entirely deſtroyed, and
defigned for ornament, the removing the plants twice the others killed to the ground . The fpring fol
will ftop their growth, and cauſe them to be more pro lowing, after the danger of hard froft is over, the
ductive of flowers ; but all trees intended for timber, plants ſhould be carefully taken up , and planted out
are much better fown on the ground where they are at the diſtance of one foot, row from row, and fix
defigned to ftand, than if they are tranfplanted. inches afunder in the rows ; this fhould be in a fhel
If the feeds of thefe trees are permitted to fcatter in tered fituation, and as thefe plants do not ſhoot till
winter, the plants will rife in great plenty the follow late in the ſpring, fo they need not be tranfplanted
ing fpring, to that a few trees will foon ſupply any before the end of March, or the beginning of April ,
perfon with a fufficient number of the plants. and if the ſeaſon ſhould then prove warm and dry, it
Thefe trees flower in May, at which time they make will be proper to give the plants fome water to fettle
a fine appearance, their branches being generally the earth to their roots ; and if the drought continue,
loaded with long ftrings of yellow flowers, which and the waterings are three times repeated at a week's
hang down from every part. The feeds grow in long interval from each, it will be of fervice to the plants.
pods, which ripen in autumn. There is a variety of After they have taken new root, they will require
ne

·
STR

CYT CYT

no farther care, but to keep them conftantly clean niſhed with the feeds. This hath a fhrubby ſtalk ,
from weeds ; in this nursery the plants may remain two which rifes near four feet high, dividing into many
years, in which time they will have acquired ftrength branches, which when young are covered with a green
enough to be tranfplanted where they are to remain. bark, cloſely garniſhed by oblong, oval, fmooth leaves,
There is a figure of this fhrub exhibited in the 117th which are of a hoary green colour ; the flowers are
plate of my figures of plants . produced in cloſe heads at the end of the branches,
The fourth fort grows naturally in the fouth of having a cluſter of leaves under them ; they are of a
France, in Spain and Italy, but has been long cul bright yellow colour, and appear in the beginning of
tivated in the nurſery gardens, as an ornamental May ; theſe are ſometimes fucceeded by ſhort woolly
flowering fhrub, by the title of Cytifus fecundus Clu pods, containing three or four ſmall kidney-ſhaped
fii. This rifes with a woody ftalk, putting out many feeds in each. This is propagated by feeds, which
branches which are covered with a brownish bark, fhould be fown early in April, on a border of ftrong
and garniſhed by obverfe, oval, ſmall leaves, growing ground expoſed to the eaft ; for if they are fown where
by threes on very fhort foot-ftalks . The flowers are they have full fun, the plants will not thrive. This
produced in clofe fhort spikes at the end of the requires a cold fituation and a pretty ftrong foil,
branches, ftanding erect ; they are of a bright yellow otherwife it will not thrive.
colour, and appear in June ; theſe are ſucceeded by The ninth fort grows naturally about Algiers, from
fhort broad pods, which contain one row of kidney whence the Rev. Dr. Shaw brought the feeds, which
I
fhaped feeds, which ripen in Auguft. Theſe ſhrubs fucceeded in the Chelfea garden. This rifes with
will rife to the height of feven or eight feet, and be a ſoft ſhrubby ſtalk to the height of eight or ten feet,
come very bushy ; they are very hardy, fo will thrive putting out many flender branches on every fide,
in any fituation, and upon almoft any foil, which is garniſhed with fmall wedge-ſhaped leaves, which are
not too wet. They are propagated by feeds, which indented at the top, of a dark green colour and
4 may be fown upon a common bed of light earth in fmooth; the flowers come out frequently fingle from
the fpring, and kept clean from weeds the following the fide of the branches, thefe are large and of a
fummer ; and in autumn the plants may be tranf bright yellow ; they appear in June, and are fome
planted into a nurſery in rows, one foot apart, and times fucceeded by pods containing three or four
at fix inches diftance in the rows, where they may re kidney-fhaped feeds, which ripen in autumn. This
main two years to acquire ftrength, and fhould then be fort is too tender to live in the open air through the
removed to the places where they are defigned to grow. winter, in England, therefore the plants must be
R The fifth fort hath a foft fhrubby ftalk , dividing into treated in the fame way as thofe which are natives of
many branches, which grow erect, and frequently the fame country .
rife to the height of eight or ten feet ; the ftalks and The tenth fort grows naturally in the iſlands of the
leaves of this are very hairy ; the leaves are oval, Archipelago ; it rifes with a ligneous ftalk fix or
growing three upon each foot-ftalk, and are placed feven feet high, fending out many angular lateral
clofely on the branches ; the flowers come out from branches, garniſhed with fingle, narrow, fpear-fhaped .
the fide of the ſtalk , in fhort bunches ; they are of a leaves ; the flowers are produced in fhort bunches
pale yellow, and appear in June , thefe are fucceeded from the fide of the branches ; they are fmall, yellow,
by long, narrow, hairy pods, with one row of kidney and appear in July and Auguft, but are not fuc
fhaped feeds, which ripen in September. ceeded by feeds in England.
This fort, of late years, has been much cultivated in This is propagated by cuttings, which if planted on a
the nurſery gardens near London, by the title of bed of light earth the beginning of July, and are clofely
Evergreen Cytifus of Naples ; but as in fevere froſt covered with a bell or hand- glafs, which ſhould be
thefe fhrubs are fometimes killed, fo they are not fhaded from the fun in the middle of the day, they
proper for every fituation, therefore fhould only be will put out roots by the middle or end of September ;
planted on a dry foil, and in warm fituations ; they when they ſhould be carefully taken up, planting each
are alſo very difficult to remove, when grown to any in a feparate finall pot, carefully watering and fhading
fize, for they fhoot long roots deep into the ground, them until they have taken new root ; after which they
and when theſe are broken or cut, the plants feldom may be expoſed in a ſheltered fituation till the end of
furvive it. This may be propagated in the fame October, when they muſt be removed into ſhelter, for
manner as hath been directed forthe third fort. It grows this plant is too tender to live inthe open airin England.
naturally in the ſouth of France, in Spain and Italy. The eleventh fort grows naturally in the iſlands
The fixth fort hath herbaceous ſtalks, garniſhed with ofAmerica, and alfo at the Cape of Good Hope. This
woolly leaves ; the flowers are produced, fometimes rifes with a weak fhrubby ftalk eight or ten feet high,
fingle, at other times two, three, or more grow to fending out many erect fide branches, which grow
gether at the end of the branches ; theſe appear in erect, and are garniſhed with fpear-fhaped woolly
June, and are fucceeded by hairy pods. leaves, placed by threes, the middle lobe having a
This plant is propagated by feeds, which may be longer diſtinct foot-ftalk, than the two on each fide
fown at the fame time, and the plants fhould be af which grow cloſe to the principal foot-ſtalk . The flow
terward treated in the fame way, as is directed for ers come out from the fide ofthe branches, fometimes
the third fort. fingle, at other times in cluſters ; they are of a deep
The ſeventh fort grows naturally in Sicily, Italy, and yellow colour, and about the ſize of thofe ofthe com
Spain ; this is a perennial plant, from whofe down mon Laburnum ; theſe are fucceeded by hairy pods
right root proceed feveral weak branches which trail about three inches long, which are fickle-ſhaped, end
upon the ground, and extend to the length of eight ing with a long acute point, fwelling at the place
or ten inches ; theſe are garniſhed with oblong leaves, where each feed is lodged ; the feeds are roundish, a
placed by threes upon pretty long foot- ftalks ; they little inclined to a kidney-fhape. Theſe feeds are #
are hoary on their under fide, but Imooth above ; the efteemed an excellent food for pigeons in America,
flowers are collected in heads at the end of the ſtalks, from whence it had the title of Pigeon Pea.
having a cluſter of leaves under them ; they are of a This plant grows only in very warm countries, fo
deep yellow colour, and appear the latter end of cannot be preſerved in England, unless it is placed
June, and in warm feafons theſe are ſucceeded by flat in a warm ſtove. It rifes eaſily from feeds in a hot
woolly pods, containing one row of ſmall kidney bed, and will grow three or four feet high the firſt
fhaped feeds, which ripen in September. This plant year, provided they have a proper heat, and the fe
is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown where cond year they will produce flowers and feeds. The
the plants are to remain, and fhould be treated in the plants must be placed in the bark-bed in the ſtove,
fame manner as the fixth fort. and treated in the fame manner as other tender plants
The eighth fort grows naturally in Tartary, from from the fame countries : they fhould have but little
whence the eeds were fent to the Imperial garden at water in winter, and in the fummer ſhould have a large
Petersburgh, and hath fince been fent to many ofthe fhare of free air admitted to them in warm weather.
curious gardens in Europe, which have been fur
4 T DAFFODIL
 D.

DAL DAM

AFFODIL . See NARCISSUS. plants are come up three inches high, they ſhould
DAISIES. See BELLIS . be carefully tranfplanted, each into a ſeparate ſmall
DALECHAMPIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. pot, filled with light rich earth, and then plunged
D
1022. Plum. Nov. Gen. 17. tab . 38. into a hot-bed of tanners bark, being careful to fcreen
This plant was fo named by father Plumier, in honour them from the fun until they have taken new root ;
of the memory of Jacobus Dalechamp, who was a after which time the glaffes of the hot-bed fhould be
curious botaniſt . raiſed every day, in proportion to the heat of the
The CHARACTERS are,
weather, to admit fresh air to the plants ; they muſt
It hath male and female flowers on the fame plant ; the alfo be frequently watered, for they naturally grow
male flowers are fituated between two bractea ; they have in moift places. When the plants have grown fo
a common involucrum cut into four erect fegments ; the large as to fill theſe pots with their roots, they ſhould
empalement is composed offix obtufe oval leaves, réflexed at be removed into larger pots, and placed in the bark
their points. They have no petals, but have a broad nec bed in the ftove, where they muſt be ſupported
tarium, having many plain folds lying over each other, either with ſtakes or a trellis, round which they
and many ftamina joined in a long column, terminated by will twine, and rife to the height of eight or ten feet.
roundifhfummits having four furrows ; the female flowers Theſe plants must be kept conftantly in the ſtove,
are alfo fituated in the fame manner as the male ; theſe for they are too tender to bear the open air in this
have a permanent three-leaved involucrum, and each have country, even in the fummer feafon ; therefore they
a permanent ten-leaved empalement ; they have no petals, fhould be placed with Convolvulufes, and other
but a roundish germen fhorter than the empalement, having twining plants, near the back of the ſtove, where
three furrows fupporting a long flender ftyle, bending to fhould be made an efpalier to fupport them ; in which
ward the male flowers, crowned by a headed ftigma ; the fituation they will thrive, and produce their flowers,
germen afterward becomes a roundish capfule with three and fometimes will perfect their feeds in this country ;
cells, inclofing one roundish feed in each. but, in order to this, they ſhould have a large ſhare
This genus of plants is ranged in the ninth fection of of fresh air in warm weather, by drawing down the
Linnæus's twenty-firſt claſs, intitled Monocia Mo upper glaffes of the ftove ; but in winter the ftove
nadelphia, the plants having male and female flow fhould be kept to a temperate heat, or rather higher.
ers on the fame root, and the ftamina of the male In fummer they will require a large fhare of water,
flowers are joined in one body to the ſtyle. but in winter it ſhould be given to them in lefs quan
We have but one SPECIES of this in England , viz. tities, but must be frequently repeated. Theſe
DALECHAMPIA ( Scandens ) foliis trilobis glabris, floribus plants do not continue above two years, fo that
axillaribus caule volubili . Dalechampia with fmooth young plants fhould be raiſed in order to preferve the
leaves having three lobes, flowers growing from the fides kind.
of the branches, and a twining stalk. Dalechampia DAMASONIUM, Star-headed Water Plantain.
fcandens, lupuli foliis, fructu tricocco glabro, calyce The CHARACTERS are,
hifpido. Houft. MSS . It bath a flower compofed of three leaves, which are
This plant grows naturally in Jamaica, from whence placed orbicularly, and expand in form of a Rofe : out of
the late Dr. Houftoun fent me the feeds, which fuc the flower-cup rifes the pointal, which afterward becomes
ceeded in the Chelſea garden, where the plants have a star-shaped fruit, with many cells, which are full of
flowered and perfected their feeds. This muſt be a oblong feeds.
different plant from that which Plumier found The SPECIES are,
growing in Martinico, or he has taken the involucrum I. DAMASONIUM ( Aliſma) ſtellatum. Lugd. Star-beaded
for the feed-veffel by his title of it ; for he calls it Water Plantain.
fructu tricocco hifpido, whereas this hath a ſmooth 2. DAMASONIUM (Flava) Americanum maximum,
fruit with a hifpid empalement. plantaginis folio, flore flavefcente, fructu globofo.
It hath a root compofed of many fibres, which ex Plum . Greatest American Water Plantain, with a Plan
tend to a great diſtance, from which ariſe feveral tain leaf, a yellowish flower, and a globular fruit.
weak twining ftalks, that faſten themſelves to the The firſt of theſe plants is a native of England ; it
neighbouring plants, and mount up to a confiderable grows commonly in ſtanding waters, which are not
height ; theſe are garniſhed at each joint by one leaf, very deep. It is fometimes ufed in medicine, but ne
having three lobes ; they are ſmooth, the two fide ver cultivated in gardens, fo muſt be gathered for
lobes are oblique to the midrib, but the middle one ufe in the places of its growth.
is equal. The flowers are produced from the fide of The fecond fort grows in Jamaica, Barbadoes, and
the ftalks, three or four growing upon each foot feveral other places in the warm parts of America,
ftalk ; fome of thefe are male, and others female ; where it is generally found in ſtagnating waters, and
they are of an herbaceous colour, and ſmall, ſo make other ſwampy places ; ſo that it would be difficult
no appearance ; they have each a double involucrum, to preferve this plant in England, for it will not live
made up of two orders of leaves, which are narrow, in the open air, and requires a bog to make it
and armed with ſmall briftly hairs, which fting the thrive , but as it is a plant of no great beauty or
hands of thoſe who unwarily touch them ; the flowers ufe, it is not worth the trouble of cultivating in this
are fucceeded by roundifh capfules, having three pro country.
minent lobes which are fmooth, each inclofing a DANDELION. See LEONTOdon .
fingle feed. DAPHNE. Lin. Gen. Plant. 436. Thymelaea.
This plant is propagated by feeds, which muft be Tourn . Inft. R. H. 594. tab. 366. Spurge Laurel, or
fown early in the fpring on a hot- bed ; and when the Mezereon.
The

I
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The CHARACTERS are, after Chriſtmas , if the feafon is not very fevere ; thefe
The flower bath no empalement ; it is cylindrical, of one are fucceeded by oval berries, which are green till
petal, which is cut into four parts at the top, where it June, when they ripen and turn black, foon after
Spreads open ; it hath eight ſhort ftamina inferted in the which they fall off. The whole plant is of a hot
tube, which are alternately lower, terminated by erect cauftic tafte, burning and inflaming the mouth and
bilocularfummits. The ovalgermen isfituated at the bot throat. The leaves continue green all the year, fo
tom of the tube, and is crowned by a headed depreffed ftig theſe plants are ornamental in winter ; and as they
ma ; the germen afterward becomes a roundish berry with will thrive under tall trees, they are very proper to
one cell, inclofing one roundish fleshy feed. fill up the ſpaces in plantations.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt fection of The fecond fort grows naturally in Germany, and
Linnæus's eighth clafs, intitled Octandria Monogy there hath been a difcovery made of its growing in
nia, from the flower having eight ftamina and one fome woods near Andover in Hampshire, from
germen.. whence a great number of plants have been taken of
The SPECIES are, late years. This has been long cultivated in the
1. DAPHNE (Laureola) racemis axillaribus, foliis lan nurſery-gardens as a flowering fhrub, and is a very
ceolatis glabris. Lin. Sp . Plant. 357. Daphne with ornamental plant in gardens, very early in the fpring,
bunches offlowersproceedingfrom thefides of the branches, before others make their appearance . There are
and fmooth fpear-shaped leaves. Thymelaa lauri folio two diftinct forts of this, one with a white flower
fempervirens, feu laureola mas . Tourn. Inft. 595. which is fucceeded by yellow berries, the other with
Commonly called Spurge Laurel. Peach-coloured flowers and red fruit. Thefe are by
2. DAPHNE ( Mezereon) floribus feffilibus ternis caulinis, fome fuppofed to be accidental varieties arifing from
foliis lanceolatis deciduis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 357. the fame feeds, but I have feveral times raiſed theſe
Daphne with three flowers together fitting close to thestalk, plants from feeds, and always found the plants come
and fpear-shaped leaves, whichfall off in autumn. Thy up the fame, as thofe from which the feeds were
melæa lauri folio deciduo, five laureola fœmina. taken, fo they do not vary, therefore may be called
Tourn. Inft. 595. Commonly called Mezercon. different fpecies. There is a variety of the Peach
3. DAPHNE ( Thymelaea ) floribus feffilibus axillaribus, fo coloured Mezereon, with flowers of a much deeper
1
liis lanceolatis, caulibus fimpliciffimis . Lin. Sp. Plant. colour than the common, but thefe I have always
356. Daphne with flowers fitting close to thefides ofthe found to vary in their colours when raiſed from feeds.
1
branches, fpear - shaped leaves, and fingle stalks. Thy This fhrub grows to the height of five or fix feet,
melea foliis polygalæ glabris. C. B. P. 463 . with a ſtrong woody ftalk, putting out many woody
4. DAPHNE (Tarton-raire) floribus feffilibus aggregatis branches on every fide, fo as to form a regular head ;
axillaribus, foliis ovatis utrinque pubefcentibus ner the flowers come out very early in the fpring, before
vofis . Lin. Sp . Plant. 356. Daphne with flowers in the leaves appear, growing in clusters all round the
clusters fitting clofe to the fides of the branches, and oval fhoots of the former year ; there are commonly three
nervous leaves covered with filky hairs on both fides. flowers produced from each knot or joint, standing
Thymelæa foliis candicantibus ferici inftar mollibus. on the fame ſhort foot-ftalk ; thefe have fhort fwelling
C. B. P. 463. Commonly called Tarton-raire. tubes, which are divided into four parts at the top,
5. DAPHNE ( Alpina) floribus feffilibus aggregatis late which ſpread open ; they have a very fragrant odour,
ralibus, foliis lanceolatis obtufiufculis fubtus tomen fo that where there are plenty of the fhrubs growing
tofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 356. Daphne with clusters of together, they perfume the air to a confiderable dif
flowers growing clofe to the fides of the branches, and tance round them : after the flowers are paft, the
Spear-shaped blunt leaves woolly on their under fide. Cha leaves come out, which are fmooth, fpear-fhaped,
1
melæa Alpina, folio infernè incano. C. B. P. 462. and placed without order ; they are about two inches
6. DAPHNE ( Cneorum) floribus congeftis terminalibus long, and three quarters broad in the middle, gra
feffilibus, foliis lanceolatis nudis. Lin . Sp. Plant. 357. dually leffening to both ends ; the flowers are fuc
Daphne with clusters offlowers fitting clofe on the tops ceeded by oval berries, which ripen in June ; thoſe
ofthe branches, and naked ſpear-shaped leaves. Cneorum. of the Peach-coloured flowers are red, and thofe of
Matth. Hift. 46. the white yellow. The flowers appear in February
7. DAPHNE (Gnidium) paniculâ terminali, foliis lineari and March, and fometimes in mild winters they ap
lanceolatis acuminatis . Lin. Sp. Plant. 357. Daphne pear in January. This plant was formerly uſed in
with a panicle of flowers terminating the branches, and medicine, but as every part of it has a hot cauſtic
narrow, Spear-shaped, pointed leaves. Thymelæa fo tafte, fo few preſcribe the uſe of it at prefent.
liis lini. C. B. P. 463 . This is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown
8. DAPHNE ( Squarrofa) floribus terminalibus peduncu on a border expofed to the eaft, foon after the berries
latis, foliis fparfis linearibus patentibus mucronatis. are ripe ; for if they are not fown till the fpring fol
Lin. Sp . Plant. 358. Daphne with flowers terminating lowing they often mifcarry, and always remain a year
the branches, having foot-ftalks, and narrow, spreading, in the ground before the plants appear ; whereas
acute-pointed leaves, placed fcatteringly on the branches. thoſe which are fown in Auguft, will grow the fol
Thymelæa capitata lanuginofa, foliis creberrimis mi lowing fpring, fo that a year is faved, and theſe never
nimis aculeatis . Burm. Afr. 134. tab. 49. fol 1 . fail. When the plants come up, they will require
9. DAPHNE ( Americana) foliis linearibus acutis, floribus no other care but to keep them clean from weeds,
racemofis axillaribus. Daphne with very narrow acute and if the plants are not too cloſe together, they may
leaves, and flowers growing in bunches from the fides of continue in the feed-bed, to have the growth of two
the branches. Thymelæa frutefcens rorifmarini folio, fummers, eſpecially if they do not make great pro
flore albo. Plum. Cat. grefs the first year ; then at Michaelmas, when the
The first fort grows common in the woods in many leaves are fhedding, they fhould be carefully taken
parts of England, and is commonly known by the up fo as not to break or tear their roots, and planted
title of Spurge Laurel ; of late years there are poor into a nurſery at about fixteen inches row from row,
people, who get the young plants out of the woods, and eight or nine inches afunder in the rows ; in this
and carry them about the town to fell in the winter nurfery they may remain two years, by which time
and fpring. This is a low evergreen fhrub, which they will be fit to remove to the places where they
rifes with feveral ftalks from the root to the height are defigned to remain for good : the beft feafon to
of two or three feet, dividing upward into feveral tranfplant theſe trees is in autumn, for as theſe plants
branches, garnished with thick fpear- fhaped leaves, begin to vegetate very early in the fpring, fo it is
which come out irregularly on every fide, fitting not proper to tranfplant them at that feafon. Thefe
pretty cloſe to the branches, they are fimooth and of plants grow beft in a light fandy earth which is dry,
a lucid green ; between thefe, toward the upper for in cold wet land they become moffy, and make
· part of the ftalks, come out the flowers in fmall cluf little progrefs ; fo that upon fuch foils they never grow
ters ; they are of a yellowish green, and appear foon to any fize, and produce few flowers.
Although

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Although the berries of this tree are ſo very acrid, with leaves about the fize, and the fame form as
as to burn the mouth and throat of thofe who may thofe of Roſemary ; between the leaves the flowers
incautioufly taſte them, yet the birds greedily devour come out in ſmall bunches, upon foot-ftalks an inch
them, as foon as they begin to ripen ; fo that unleſs long ; they have fhort tubes cut into four parts at the
the ſhrubs are covered with nets to preferve the ber top, and are white ; thefe are fucceeded by fmall round
ries, they will all be deftroyed before they are fit to berries, of a brown colour when they are ripe.
gather. There is of this and the former fort, fome The third, fourth, and feventh forts are hardy, fo
plants with variegated leaves, which fome perfons are will live through the winters in England in the open
fond to have in their gardens, but the plain are much air, provided they are in a dry foil and a warm fi
more beautiful. tuation. The fifth and fixth forts are as hardy as the
The third fort grows naturally in Spain, Italy, and common Mezereon, fo are not in danger of being
the fouth of France, where it rifes to the height of hurt by froft in England ; but they are all very dif
three or four feet, with a ſingle ſtalk covered with a ficult to keep in gardens, becauſe neither of them
light- coloured bark ; the flowers come out in cluiters will bear to be tranfplanted. I have feveral times
on the fides of the ftalks, which are of an herbaceous railed the plants from feeds, which have fucceeded
colour, fo make but little appearance ; they appear well in the places where they were fown, but whenever
early in the fpring, and are fucceeded by fmall ber they were removed, they certainly died, though per
ries which are yellowish when ripe. formed at different feafons, and with the greateſt
The fourth fort grows naturally in the fouth of France, care, and the fame has happened to every other per
from whence I received the feeds. This is a low ſon who has raiſed any of theſe plants ; and fome of
fhrubby plant, which fends out feveral weak ſtalks my correfpondents have affured me, they have fre
from the root, which grow about a foot long, and quently attempted to remove thefe plants from their
fpread about irregularly ; theſe feldom become woody natural places of growth, into their gardens, and have
in England, but are tough and ſtringy, covered with chofen plants of all fizes, from the youngeſt feedlings
a light bark ; the leaves are ſmall , of an oval form, to the oldeft plants, yet have never fucceeded in it ;
and are very foft, white, and fhining like fattin ; though they have ufed their utmoſt care, and have
thefe fit pretty cloſe to the ſtalks ; between theſe the performed it at different feafons. Therefore thoſe
flowers come out in thick cluſters from the fide of who are defirous to have theſe plants in their gardens,
the ſtalks ; they are white, and are fucceeded by muft procure their feeds from the countries where
roundish berries having one hard feed . This flowers they naturally grow; and when they arrive, they
here in June, but doth not produce ripe feeds. fhould be immediately fown where they are defigned
The fifth fort grows on the mountains near Geneva, to remain, which for the third, fourth, and feventh,
and in other parts of Italy, where it rifes about three forts, fhould be on a very warm dry border, where,
feet high ; the flowers of this come out in cluſters if there is a foundation of lime, rubbish, or chalk,
from the fide of the branches, early in the fpring. under the upper furface of the ground, the plants will
The leaves are ſpear-shaped, ending in blunt points, thrive better and continue much longer, than in better
and are hoary on their under fide. The flowers are ground ; and all the culture they require, is to keep
fucceeded by ſmall roundish berries, which turn red the place clean from weeds, for the leſs the ground is
when ripe.
ftirred near their roots, the better the plants will
The fixth fort grows naturally on the Alps, as alfo thrive ; for they naturally grow on poor fhallow land,
upon the mountains near Verona, from whence it and out of crevices in rocks ; fo the nearer the foil
was fent me ; this is a very humble ſhrub, feldom approaches to this, the more likely the plants will be
growing more than one foot high, with ligneous ſtalks, to fucceed.
which put out feveral fide branches ; thefe are gar The fifth and fixth forts may have a cooler fituation ;
nifhed with narrow fpear-fhaped leaves, which are if theſe are ſown where they may have only the
placed round the ftalks without order ; the branches morning fun, they will thrive better than in a warmer
are terminated by ſmall cluſters of purple flowers fituation, and the ground near the roots of theſe
which ſtand erect, having no foot-ftalks ; the tubes fhould not be difturbed ; therefore in the choice ofthe
of theſe flowers are longer and narrower than thoſe of fituation, there ſhould be regard had to this, not to
the Mezereon, and the mouth is cut into four acute fow them near other plants, which may require tranf
parts which are erect. Theſe flowers emit a pleaſant planting, or to have the ground dug and loofened.
odour ; they appear early in the fpring, but do not The feeds of theſe plants coming from diftant coun
produce feeds here. tries, rarely arrive here time enough to fow in au
The ſeventh fort grows naturally about Montpelier ; tumn, fo that when they are fown in the fpring, the
this rifes with a fhrubby ſtalk about two feet high, plants do not appear till the fucceeding fpring ; and
dividing into many fmall branches, which are cloſely I have ſometimes had the feeds remain till the fecond
garnished with narrow fpear-shaped leaves growing ſpring in the ground, before the plants have appeared ;
erect, ending in acute points ; the ends of the branches but as this may be too long for many people to leave
are terminated by panicles of flowers, which are the ground undisturbed, fo they had better put the
much ſmaller than thofe of the Mezereon, having feeds into ſmall pots of earth, and bury them in the
嵌 fwelling tubes, which are contracted at the mouth. ground the first fummer, and in autumn take them
Theſe appear in June, but are not fucceeded by feeds up, and fow them where they are to ſtand ; by this
here. method, the feeds will be forwarded to vegetate the
The eighth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good following ſpring.
Hope; this fhrub rifes to the height of five or fix feet, The fifth fort is a beautiful fweet fhrub, fo deferves
dividing upward into feveral branches which grow a place in gardens, as much as any of thoſe we culti
erect, and are covered with a white bark, and vate for ornament. The firſt and ſecond forts are
clofely garniſhed with fmall narrow leaves, which fometimes uſed in medicine as was before obferved,
come out on every fide of the branches without order, but being of a very cauftic nature, are feldom pre
fpreading open ; the tops of the branches are termi fcribed ; but if proper trials were with caution made,
nated by woolly heads, out of which the flowers it is not doubted but they may be found very ef
come in ſmall cluſters ; they are white, having oblong ficacious in many ftubborn diforders, for fome very
tubes, which are divided into four obtufe fegments ignorant quacks have performed great cures with
at the mouth, which ſpread open. Theſe plants do thefe plants . The feventh fort, produces the Grana
not produce feeds in Europe. gnitida of the fhops.
The ninth fort grows naturally in many iſlands in the The eighth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Weft- Indies, it was fent me from Antigua. This Hope, fo will not live abroad in winter in England,
fhrub riſes to the height of four or five feet, with a but requires a good green-houfe to preferve it. This
woody ftalk, covered with a rugged bark of an Afh plant is very difficult to keep or propagate in gardens.
colour ; the upper part of the branches are garniſhed
The
 Ꭰ Ꭺ Ꭲ DAT

The ninth fort will not thrive in England, unless it five ftamina, which are as long as the empalement, termi
is preſerved in the bark-ftove ; this plant will not bear nated by oblong compreffed fummits ; it hath an oval ger
ta
tranfplanting, for I raiſed ſeveral from feeds which men, Supporting an upright ſtyle, crowned by a thickob
throve pretty well while they continued in the pot tufe ftigma. The germen afterward becomes an oval сар
where they were fown, but when they were tranf fule, divided into four cells by a cross intermediate parti
planted, they all decayed. tion, which are filled with kidney f-haped feeds adhering to
DATISCA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1003. Cannabina. the partition.
Tourn. Cor. 52. Baftard Hemp. This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of
The CHARACTERS are, Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
Ma

It is male and female in different plants ; the male flow the flower having five ftamina and one ſtyle:
12

The SPECIES are,

ers have an empalement compofed of five narrow acute
leaves , these have no petals, and fcarce any vifible fta 1 . DATURA ( Stramonium ) pericarpiis fpinofis erectis ova
mina, but have ten fummits which are much longer than tis, foliis ovatis glabris. Hort . Cliff. 55. Datura with
the empalement. The female flowers have no petals, but an oval erect fruit having a prickly cover. Stramonium
the empalements are the fame as the male, having an ob fructu fpinofo rotundo, flore albo fimplici. Tourn.
long pervious germen, fupporting three ftyles, crowned by Inft. R. H. 118. Thorn Apple with a round prickly
Jingle ftigmas ; the empalement afterward becomes an ob fruit, and afingle white flower.
long triangular capfule, opening with three valves, having 2 . DATURA ( Tatula) pericarpiis fpinofis erectis ovatis,
one cell filled with fmall feeds, adhering to the three fides foliis cordatis glabris dentatis. Lin. Sp. 256. Dátura
of the capfule. with an erect ovalfruit with a prickly cover, andfimooth,
This genus of plants is ranged in the tenth fection heart-shaped, indented leaves. Stramonium fructu fpi
of Linnæus's twenty -fecond clafs, intitled Diccia, nofo oblongo, flore violaceo. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 119.
Dodecandria, from the male and female flowers grow
Thorn Apple with an oblong prickly fruit, and a Violet
ing in ſeparate plants, and the male flowers having coloured flower.
ten ftamina . 3. DATURA (Metel) pericarpiis fpinofis nutantibus glo
The SPECIES are, bofis, foliis cordatis fubintegris pubefcentibus. Hort.
$ I. DATISCA (Cannabina) caule lævi. Lin. Sp. Plant. Cliff. 55. Datura with a globular nodding fruit having
1037. Datifea with a smoothftalk. Cannabina Cretica a prickly cover, and heart-shaped, entire, hairy leaves.
florifera & fructifera. Tourn . Cor. 52.1 Datura alba. Rump . 5. p. 242 .
2. DATISCA (Hirta) caule hirfuto. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1037. 4. DATURA ( Ferox ) pericarpiis fpinofis erectis ovatis,
Datifca with a rough ftalk. fpinis fupremis maximis convergentibus. Amoen. A
1 The first fort grows naturally in Crete, and ſome cad. 3. p. 403. Datura with an oval erect fruit, whoſe
other eaſtern countries. This hath a perennial root, upper fpines are largest, and converge together. Stramo
from which ariſe ſeveral herbaceous ftalks , about monium ferox. Bocc. 50. Rough Thorn Apple.
four feet high, garniſhed with winged leaves placed 5. DATURA ( Inoxia) pericarpiis fpinofis inoxiis ovatis pro
alternately, each being compofed of three pair of pendentibus, foliis cordatis pubefcentibus . Datura with
lobes, terminated by an odd one ; theſe are two an oval hanging fruit, whofe cover is befet with harm
inches long and half an inch broad, ending in acute lefs fpines, and heart -
shaped hairy leaves. Stramonium
points, and are deeply fawed on their edges, of a folio hyofcyami, flore toto candido, fructu propen
light green. The flowers come out in long loofe dente rotundo, fpinis inoxiis ornato . Boerh. Ind. alt. 1 .
fpikes from the upper part of the ſtalks at the wings 6. DATURA ( Faftuofa) pericarpiis tuberculofis nutantibus
of the leaves, but having no petals, make but a poor globofis, foliis lævibus. Lin. Sp. 256. Datura with
appearance. The fummits of the male flowers being a globular noddingfruit, whofe cove is fet with tuber
pretty long, and of a bright yellow colour, are the cles and foft leaves. Stramonium Ægyptiacum flore
only viſible parts of the flowers to be diſcerned at any pleno, intus albo, foris violaceo. Tourn . Inft. 119.
diſtance . Egyptian Thorn Apple with a double flower, white on
The flowers on the female plants are fucceeded by the infide, and Violet-coloured on the outfide.
oblong three-cornered capfules, filled with fmall 7. DATURA ( Arborea) pericarpiis inermibus nutantibus,
feeds, which adhere to the three valves. The plants caule arboreo. Lin . Sp. Plant. 179. Datura with a
flower in June, and the feeds ripen in September. noddingfruit having an unarmed cover, and a tree-like
The ſtalks decay in autumn and new arife in fpring. ftalk. Stramonioides arboreum, oblongo & integro
This fort may be propagated by parting the roots, folio, fructu lævi, vulgò . Flori pondio. Feuil. tab. 46.
The first fort here enumerated is the moſt common
which fhould be performed in autumn when the
ftalks decay, (which is the beſt time to tranfplant the Thorn Apple in Europe, and was probably first intro
roots ), but they muſt not be parted too fmall ; they duced from Italy or Spain, where it naturally grows ;
may be planted in any open beds, where they are not but it is now become fo common about London, and
under the drip of trees, and will require no other near other great towns in England, as to appear like
culture but to keep them clean from weeds. a native plant ; for there are few gardens or dunghills
It may alſo be propagated by feeds, but theſe ſhould without this plant in fummer, though it is only near
be taken from fuch plants as grew in the neighbour fuch places, where the plants may have been culti
hood of male plants, otherwiſe they will not fucceed ; vated firſt in the gardens ; and wherever any of theſe
and if the feeds are not fown in autumn, they feldom plants are permitted to feed, they will furniſh a fup
grow the firſt year. The feedling plants when they ply of the plants for fome years to come, as they pro
rife, will require no other care but to keep them clean duce a vast quantity of feeds, fome of which will lie
from weeds till autumn, when they may be tranſ years in the ground, and when they are turned up to
planted where they are to grow. the air will vegetate .
The fecond fort grows naturally in Canada, and other This fort feldom grows much more than two feet
parts of North America. This differs from the for high, dividing into many ftrong irregular branches
mer, in having hairy ftalks, which grow taller ; the which are hollow, garniſhed with large fmooth leaves.
leaves are larger, and do not ftand fo near each other divided into irregular angles, and emit a fœtid odour.
upon the ſtalks. It is equally hardy with the firſt The flowers come out firft from the forks or divifions of
fort, and may be propagated in the fame manner, but the branches, and afterward near the extremities ofthe
fhould have a more fhady fituation and a moiſter foil. branches ; they have long fwelling tubes, which are
DATURA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 218. Stramonium . dilated at the top into large pentagonal brims, each
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 118. Thorn Apple. angle ending in a long point or ligula ; theſe ſtand
The CHARACTERS are, in long, green, five-cornered empalements , and are
The flower is of one petal which is funnel-shaped, having fucceeded by large roundifh feed-veffels, covered
a long cylindrical tube, spreading open at the top, which with ftrong thorns, divided by four furrows, to
in fome fpecies is pentangular, each angle being pointed ; which adhere the partitions, which feparate the four
the empalement of the flower is permanent, fwelling in cells, filled with black kidney- fhaped feeds . It flowers
the middle, five- cornered, and tubulous ; the flower bath in July, Auguft, and September, and the feeds ripen
4 U in
 DAT DAU

in autumn, which, if permitted to ſcatter, will fill feet high, dividing into ſeveral branches, which are
the ground about them with plants the following garniſhed with large, fmooth, finuated leaves, ftand
years. There was formerly a cooling ointment made ing upon pretty long foot-ftalks. The flowers are
with the leaves of this plant and hogs lard, which was produced at the divifions of the branches ; theſe have
greatly esteemed for burns and fcalds . large fwelling tubes, which expand very broad at
There is a variety ( if not a diftinct fpecies of this) the top, their brims being divided into ten angles,
which grows naturally in North America , the plants each ending with a long flender point. The flowers
of this grow more than twice the fize of the former ; are of a beautiful purple on their outfide, and a fat
the leaves are fimoother, and of a lucid green, but tiny white within ; fome of theſe are ſingle, others have
the flowers and fruit are of the fame form as thofe of two or three flowers ftanding one within another, and
the other, fo may be deemed a diftinct fpecies, fome are double, having four or five petals within
eſpecially as the difference continues in the plants each other of equal length, fo as to appear a full
propagated in England. flower at the brim ; they have an agreeable odour at
The fecond fort grows naturally in moft parts of A firſt, but if long ſmelt to, become less agreeable, and
merica, for I have frequently received the feeds of it are narcotic. If theſe plants are brought forward up
from the iſlands in the Weft- Indies, and alfo from all on a hot-bed in the fpring, and in June planted out
the northern parts of America. This rifes with a pur on a warm border of rich earth, they willflower very
ple ſtrong ftalk to the height of four or five feet, di finely in July and Auguft ; but unless they are co
viding into many ftrong branches, garniſhed with vered with glaffes, the feeds feldom ripen well in Eng
leaves fhaped fomewhat like thofe of the former fort, land . The fruit of this fort is round, and grows nod
but larger, and have a greater number of angles and la ding downward ; the feed-veffel is thick and fleſhy,
cinæ on their edges ; the flowers have longer and nar as are alſo the intermediate partitions which divide
rower tubes, and are of a purple colour ; the fruit is al the cells . The outfide of the fruit is covered with
fo longer, and thefe differences are permanent. This is blunt protuberances, and the feeds are of a bright
equally hardy with the former, and ifthe feeds are per brown colour when ripe.
mitted to ſcatter, the plants will become troubleſome The ſeventh fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz
weeds. The third fort hath a ſtrong ftem , which rifes by the late Dr. Houftoun, who found it growing
threefeet high, and divides into many woolly branches ; there naturally. This rifes with a woody ſtalk to the
the leaves of this fort are almoft entire, having only height of twelve or fourteen feet, dividing into fe
two or three flight indentures on their edges ; the flow veral branches, which are garnished with oblique
ers have long tubes, which extend beyond the bifid leaves fix inches long, and two inches and a half
empalement, then they ſpread out very broad, where broad in their broadeft part, growing narrower at each
the brim is divided into ten obtufe angles ; they are end ; they are oblique to the foot-ftalk , which ſtands
of a pure white above, but the tubes have a tincture nearer to one fide than the other ; they are downy,
of green within. Theſe are fucceeded by roundish and ſtand upon long foot-ftalks. The flowers come
fruit, cloſely covered with thorns, and are divided out at the divifion of the branches ; thefe have a looſe
- into four cells as the other, but the feeds of this are tubular empalement near four inches long, which
of a light brown colour when ripe. opens at the top on one fide like a fpatha or fheath,
This plant is not fo hardy as the others, fo the feeds within the empalement ; the tube of the flower is
muſt be ſown upon a gentle hot- bed in the fpring, and narrow, but immediately above it fwells very large
the plants muſt be afterward treated in the fame man for near fix inches in length, then ſpreads open at the
ner as the Marvel of Peru , and other of the hardier brim, where it is divided into five angles, which ter
kinds of annual plants, and may be tranfplanted into minate in very long points ; they are white, with
the full ground the latter end of May. They will fome longitudinal ſtripes, of a pale yellow on their
flower in July, and the feeds will ripen in autumn. outfide , thefe are fucceeded by round fmooth cap
There is a variety of this with double flowers, but fules, filled with kidney-ſhaped feeds.
unless the plants of this are placed in a glaſs-cafe, they This tree is one of the greateſt ornaments to the gar
will not produce feeds in this country. dens in Chili, where the inhabitants propagate it with
The fourth fort is of humbler growth, feldom rifing great care . When the flowers are fully blown, they
more than a foot and a half high, fpreading out into make a fine appearance, and a fingle tree will per
many branches, which are garniſhed with leaves fume the air of a large garden.
fomewhat like thofe of the first fort, but are ſmaller, This plant is tender, fo requires to be kept in a ſtove
and stand upon longer foot-ftalks ; the flowers are in England. The feeds of this must be procured
like thofe of the firſt fort, but ſmaller ; the fruit is from the places where the trees naturally grow ; they
round, and armed with very ftrong fharp thorns, fhould be perfectly ripe when gathered, and carefully
the upper being large, and converge toward each put up, fo as that the vermin cannot get to them, for
other. The feeds of this are black when ripe. they will deſtroy them. Moſt of the feeds which
This fort is too tender to be fown in the full ground were fent over by Dr. Houftoun, were devoured in
in England, fo the plants fhould be raiſed on a hot their paffage by infects, ſo that but few plants were
bed, and afterward tranfplanted into borders as the raifed. There were two or three of them raiſed in
former fort. the gardens of the late Lord Petre, and two in the
The fifth fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz, from Chelſea garden ; one of which came fo far as to
whence I received the feeds. This rifes with a pur flower, but periſhed without producing feds, to that
plish ftem three or four feet high, dividing into fe at prefent I believe there is not any of the plants in
veral ſtrong branches, garniſhed with oblong heart England .
ſhaped leaves. The ſtalks, branches, and leaves of DAUCUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 296. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
this fort are covered with foft hairs ; the flowers come 307. tab. 161. [ daux , which fome derive of daw,
out at the divifion of the ftalks and branches, ftand Gr. to burn, of its fharp and fiery power, or fervent
ing erect ; they are large, white, and are fucceeded tafte. ] The Carrot.
The CHARACTERS are,
by oval fruit, covered with long, foft, innocent fpines,
opening in four cells, which are full of brown feeds. It bath an umbelliferous flower ; the principal umbel is
This plant is annual, and fhould be firſt raiſed on a compofed of a great number of fmall ones called rays,
moderate hot-bed, then may be tranfplanted into which are fhort, and in clusters. The involucrum of the
open borders, where it will flower and perfect its principal umbel is composed of many narrow leaves, having
feeds in the autumn. If theſe feeds are permitted to winged points ; these are scarce fo long as the umbel ; thofe
fcatter, the plants will rife the following fpring, and of the rays arefhorter andfimple. The flowers have five
if the fummer proves warm, they will flower and of heart-shapedpetals which turn inward ; thofe which com
ten perfect their feeds. pofe the rays are unequal in fize, but thofe of the disk are
The fixth fort grows naturally in Egypt, and alfo in nearly fo ; these have each five hairy stamina, terminated
India. This rifes with a fine poliſhed purple ſtalk four by roundish fummits. The germen fits under the flower,
fupport
 414285
STEHE
SKF

DAU DAU
4.5
27
50

12
N
A
N

frofts in autumn . The feeds of this fort were fent

fupporting two reflexed styles, crowned by obtufe ftigmas.
The germen afterward becomes a small, roundiſh, ftri me from Aleppo, which fucceeded very well ; the
atedfruit, dividing in two parts, each having afingle feed, roots were not fo large as thofe of the other forts of
convex andfurrowed on one fide, and plain on the other. Carrots, and were of a purple colour, very like that
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond ſection . of a deep- coloured Radifh ; they were very tender
of Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia, and fweet ; the leaves were finer cut than thofe of
i the flower having five ftamina and two ftyles. the common Carrot, and were lefs hairy .
The SPECIES are, The fecond fort is commonly cultivated in gardens
1. DAUCUS ( Sylveftris) feminibus hifpidis, radice tenui for the kitchen, and the different varieties of it are,
ore fervido. Carrot with a prickly feed, and a flender in fome places, efteemed, though in London, the O
bot root. Daucus vulgaris. Cluf. Hift. 2. p. 198 . range Carrot is preferred to all the other.
Common wild Carrot. They are propagated at two or three different feafons ,
2. DAUCUS (Carota) feminibus hifpidis, radice carnofo or fometimes oftener, where people are fond of young
efculento. Carrot with a prickly feed, and a fleshy eatable Carrots , whenever they can be procured . The firft
root. Daucus fativus, radice aurantii coloris , Tourn. ſeaſon for ſowing the feeds is foon after Chriftmas , if
Inft. R. H. 307 . the weather is open, which fhould be in warm bor
3. DAUCUS (Gingidium) radiis involucri planis, laciniis ders, near walls , pales , or hedges , but they fhould
recurvis. Prod. Leyd. 97. Carrot with plain rays to the not be fown immediately cloſe thereto ; but a border
involucrum, and recurved jags. Daucus montanus of Lettuce, or other young fallad herbs , of about a
lucidus. Tourn . Inft. 307. Shining maritime Carrot. foot wide, fhould be next the wall, &c. for if the
4. DAUCUS (Hifpidus) caule hifpido, fegmentis foliorum Carrots were fown clofe to the wall, they would draw
latioribus. Carrot with a prickly ftalk, and broader feg up weak, without making any tolerable roots.
ments to the leaves. Paftinaca Oenanthes folio . Bocc. Theſe delight in a warm fandy foil which is light,
BM

Rar. Pl. 75. Parfnep with a Water Dropwort leaf. and fhould be dug pretty deep, that the roots may the
5. DAUCUS (Creticus) radiis involucri pinnatifidis, um better run down ; for if they meet with any obítruc
2
-

bellis duplo longioribus, foliolis acutis. Carrot with tion, they are very apt to grow forked , and ſhoot out
wing-pointed rays to the involucrum, which are twice the lateral roots , efpecially where the ground is too much
length of the umbel, and acute leaves. Daucus tenuifo dunged the fame year that the feeds are fown, which
lius Creticus, radiis umbellæ longioribus. Tourn . Inft. will alfo occafion their being worm- eaten ; it is there
R. H. 308. Narrow-leaved Carrot of Crete, with rays fore the better method to dung the ground intended
longer than the umbel. for Carrots the year before they are fown, that it
6. DAUCUS (Mauritanicus) feminibus hifpidis, flofculo may be confumed, and mixed with the earth ; but
centrali fterili carnofo, receptaculo communi hemif in fuch places where there has not been ground fo
phærico. Lin. Sp. 348. Carrot with hifpid feeds, the prepared the year before , and there may be a necef
central flower barren, and the common receptacle hemif fity for dunging it the fame year as the Carrots are
pherical. Daucus Hiſpanicus, umbella magna. Tourn. fown, the dung fhould be well rotted which is laid
Inft. 308 . upon it, and fhould be thinly ſpread over the ground ;
7. DAUCUS (Vifnaga) feminibus nudis. Hort. Cliff. 89 . and in the digging of it into the ground, great care
Carrot having naked feeds. Gingidium umbella oblon fhould be taken to difperfe it all through the ground ,
gâ. C. B. P. 151. Gingidium with an oblong umbel. and not to bury it in heaps , for that will ſtop the
8. Daucus (Muricatus ) feminibus aculeatus. Lin . Sp. roots of the Carrots in their downright growth, and
1 349. Carrot with prickly feeds. Caucalis major Dau cauſe them to be fhort and forky. Where the ground
coides Tingitana. Mor. Hift. 3. p. 308 . is inclinable to bind, there cannot be too much care
The first fort is the common wild Carrot, which taken to break and divide the parts ; therefore in
grows by the fide of fields , and in pafture grounds in digging the land for Carrots , there ſhould never be
many parts of England. The plants of this fort do large fpits taken , but they must be very thin, and the
not differ greatly in appearance from the Garden Car clods well broken ; which, if not attended to by the
rot, which has led fome perfons into an opinion of mafter, is feldom properly performed by workmen ,
their being the fame plant ; but thofe who have at who are too apt to hurry over their work , if they are
tempted to cultivate the wild fort, are fully convinced not well obferved .
of their being diftinct plants. I have tried to culti The ground when dug fhould be laid level and even,
vate the wild fort for many years, but could never otherwiſe when the feeds are fown and the ground is
get the feeds which were fown in the fpring to grow, raked over, part of the feeds will be buried too deep,
upon which I fowed the feeds in autumn, part of and others will be in danger of being drawn up into
which have come up well ; thefe plants I cultivated heaps ; fo the plants will come up in bunches, and
in the fame manner as the Garden Carrot, but could other parts of the ground be naked, which fhould al
not improve the roots in the leaft, for they continued ways be carefully avoided .
to be ſmall, ſticky, and of a hot biting tafte ; and The feeds have a great quantity of ſmall forked
this has been always the cafe, wherever the plants hairs upon their borders, by which they cloſely ad
have been fown, therefore there can be no doubt of here, fo that they are difficult to fow even, fo as not
their being different plants. The feeds of this fort to come up in patches ; you fhould therefore rub it
are uſed in medicine, and are efteemed good to bring well through both hands, whereby the feed will be
away gravel: it is an excellent diuretic, but instead feparated before it is fown ; then you fhould chooſe
of thefe feeds, the fhops are ufually fupplied with old a calm day to fow it in, for if the wind blows, it will
feeds of the Garden Carrot, when they have loft their be impoffible to fow it equal, for the feeds being very
vegetative quality, then the feedfmen fell them to light, will be blown into heaps. When the feed is
the druggifts for medicinal ufe ; but certainly all feeds fown, you ſhould tread the ground pretty cloſe with
which are too old to grow, can have little virtue re your feet, that it may be buried, and then rake the
maining in them . ground level.
There are feveral varieties of the Garden Carrots , When the plants are come up and have got four
which differ in the colour of their roots, and theſe leaves, you ſhould hoe the ground with a ſmall hoe
variations may be continued, where there is proper about three inches wide, cutting down all young
care taken not to mix the different forts together in weeds, and feparating the plants to four inches diftance
the fame garden ; but the Orange Carrot is generally each way, that they may get ftrength ; and in about 1
efteemed in London, where the yellow and the white a month or five weeks after, when the weeds begin to
Carrots are feldom cultivated. grow again, you ſhould hoe the ground over a fecond
The dark red, or purple Carrot, I take to be a dif time, in which you ſhould be careful not to leave
tinct fort from either of thefe ; but as it is much ten two Carrots clote to each other, as alfo to feparate 1
derer, I have not had an opportunity of feeing it in the them to a greater diftance, cutting down all weeds,
flower, for the roots were all deftroyed by the firſt and flightly ſtirring the furface of the ground in every
3 place,
 DAU DAU

place, the better to prevent young weeds from ſpring This root has been long cultivated in gardens for the
ing, as alfo to facilitate the growth of the young table, but has not till of late years been cultivated in
Carrots . the fields for cattle, nor has it been practiſed as yet
In about a month or five weeks after, you muſt but in few parts of England ; it is therefore greatly
hoe them a third time , when you muſt clear the to be wiſhed, that the culture of it was extended to
weeds as before ; and now you ſhould cut out the every part of England , where the foil is proper for
Carrots to the diftance they are to remain, which must the purpoſe , for there is ſcarce any root yet known,
be proportioned to the fize you intend to have them which more deferves it, being a very hearty good
grow. If they are to be drawn while young, five or food for moſt forts of animals . One acre of Carrots,
fix inches afunder will be fufficient, but if they are if well planted, will fatten a greater number of ſheep
to grow large before they are pulled up, they ſhould or bullocks, than three acres of Turneps, and the
be left eight or ten inches diftant every way ; you fleſh of theſe animals will be firmer and better tafted.
muft alfo keep them clear from weeds, which, if fuf Horſes are extremely fond of thefe roots , and for hogs
fered to grow amongst the Carrots, will greatly pre there is not any better food . I have alfo known thefe
judice them. roots cultivated for feeding of deer in parks, which
The ſecond ſeaſon for fowing theſe feeds is in Febru has proved of excellent ufe in hard winters, when
ary, on warm banks, fituated near the fhelter of a there has been a fcarcity of other food ; at which
wall, pale, or hedge ; but thofe which are intended times great numbers of deer have periſhed for want,
for the open large quarters, fhould not be fown before and thofe which have efcaped, have been fo much re
the beginning of March, nor ſhould you fow any later duced, as not to recover their flesh the following
than the end of the fame month ; for thoſe which are fummer ; whereas, thofe fed with Carrots have been
fown in April or May, will run up to feed before their kept in good condition all the winter, and upon the
roots have any bulk, eſpecially if the weather ſhould growth of the grafs in the ſpring, have been fat early
prove hot and dry. in the feaſon, which is an advantage, where the grafs
In July you may fow again for an autumnal crop , is generally backward in its growth.
and at the end of Auguft you may fow fome to ſtand There is alſo an advantage in the cultivation of this
the winter ; by which method you will have early root beyond that of the Turnep, becauſe the crop is
Carrots in March, before the fpring fowing will be fit not fo liable to fail ; for as the Carrots are fown in
to draw ; but theſe are ſeldom fo well tafted, and are the fpring, the plants generally come up well, and
often very tough and fticky. However, as young unless the months of June and July prove very bad,
Carrots are generally expected early in the fpring, there is no danger of the crop fucceeding ; whereas
moſt people fow fome at this feafon ; but theſe fhould Turneps are frequently deftroyed by the flies attheir
be fown upon warm borders and dry land , otherwiſe firft coming up, and in dry autumns they are attacked
they are feldom good. If the winter fhould prove very by caterpillars, which in a fhort time devour whole
fevere , it will be proper to cover the young Carrots fields, but Carrots are not attacked by thefe vermin :
with Peafe-haulm, the haulm of Afparagus, or fome therefore every farmer who has a ſtock of cattle or
fuch light covering, to prevent the froft from pene fheep, fhould always have a fupply of theſe roots, if
trating into the ground, which often deſtroys the Car he has land proper for the purpoſe, which must be
rots, where this care is wanting : but if in very hard light, and of a proper depth to admit of the roots
winters the Carrots fhould be all deftroyed which were running down.
fown in autumn, there ſhould be a hot-bed made early In preparing the land for Carrots, if it has not been
.
in the ſpring to fow fome, which will be fit for uſe in tillage before, it fhould be ploughed early in au
long before any that are fown in the full ground ; tumn, and then ploughed acrofs again before winter,
but thefe beds fhould be earthed fifteen or fixteen laying it up in high ridges to mellow by the froft ;
inches deep, that the roots may have a proper depth and if the ground is poor, there fhould be fome rotten
of foil to run down. If thefe beds are lined with hot dung fpread over it in winter, which fhould be
dung twice, at fuch times when the heat of the beds ploughed in about the beginning of February ; then
decline, it will greatly forward the growth of the Car in March, the ground fhould be ploughed again to
rots, but there ſhould be great care taken not to draw receive the feeds ; in the doing of which, fome far
the plants up too weak ; theſe may be allowed to mers have two ploughs, one following the other in
grow closer together than thofe fown in the full the fame furrow, fo that the ground is loofened a
ground, becauſe they will be drawn for uſe very foot and a half deep. Others have men with ſpades
young. Many people mix feveral other forts of feeds, following the plough in the furrows, turning up a
as Leek, Onion, Parfnep, Radiſh, & c . amongſt their fpit of earth from the bottom, which they lay upon
Carrots ; and others plant Beans, &c. but, in my the top, levelling it ſmooth and breaking the clods ;
opinion, neither of theſe methods are good ; for, if the latter method is attended with a little more ex
there is a full crop of any one of thefe plants, there pence, but is much to be preferred to the firſt, becauſe
can be no room for any thing elſe amongſt them, ſo in this way the clods are more broken, and the fur
that what is got by one is loft by another ; and be face of the ground is laid much evener.
fides, it is not only more fightly, but better, for the If the land has been in tillage before, it will require
plants of each kind to be fown feparate ; and alfo by but three ploughings ; the firſt juſt before winter,
this means your ground will be clear, when the crop when it ſhould be laid in high ridges for the reaſons
is gone, to fow or plant any thing elfe ; but when before given ; the fecond cross ploughing ſhould be
three or four kinds are mixed together, the ground in February, after which, if it is well harrowed to
is feldom at liberty before the fucceeding ſpring : be break the clods, it will be of great fervice ; the laft
fides, where Beans, or any other tall-growing plants time muſt be in March to receive the feeds, this
are planted amongſt the Carrots, they are apt to make ſhould be performed in the manner before mention
them grow more in top than root ; fo that they will ed. After this third ploughing, if there remain great
not be half fo large as if fown fingly, without any clods of earth unbroken, it will be proper to harrow
other plants amongst them . it well before the feeds are fown. One pound and a
The covetoufnefs of fome gardeners will not permit half of feeds will be fufficient for an acre of land,
them to cut out theirCarrots to a proper diftance when but as they are apt to adhere together, it renders
they hoe them, fo that by leaving them cloſe, they them more difficult to fow even than moſt other forts ;
draw each other up weak : and if they are drawn therefore fome mix a quantity of dry fand with their
while young, they never recover their ſtrength after feeds, rubbing them well together, fo as to feparate
ward fo perfectly, as to grow near the fize of thoſe the Carrot feeds from each other, which is a good
which are properly thinned at the first hoeing ; there method. After the feeds are fown , they muſt be
fore where the Carrots are defigned to have large • gently harrowed in to bury them ; and when the
roots, they muft never ftand too clofe, nor fhould plants come up, they ſhould be hoed in the manner
they have any other crop mixed with them. before directed.
But
 DAU DAY
ofthe
dia But in order to preſerve your Carrots for ufe all the D'AYENIA, Monier.
winter and ſpring, you fhould, about the beginning This genus of plants receives its title from Monfeig
s ye.t
Texty of November, when the green leaves are decayed, neur Le Duc D'Ayen, who is a great lover and pro
dig them up, and lay them in fand in a dry place, moter of the ſcience of botany ; and has a noble
where the froft cannot come to them, taking them garden at St. Germains, which is well ſtored with rare
erfr
TOW out from time to time as you have occafion for them, plants from many different parts of the world, and
referving fome of the longeſt and ſtraiteft roots for has appointed Dr. Monier, member of the Royal A
good
feed, if you intend to fave any ; which roots fhould cademy of Sciences, the fuperintendent of it.
TOS, The CHARACTERS are,
be planted in the middle of February, in a light foil,
Theep
about a foot aſunder each way, obferving to keep the It bath an empalement compofed offive mall oval leaves
the
ground clear from weeds ; and about the middle of which are dry. The flower bath five petals, whofe points
ited
Auguft, when you find the feeds are ripe, you muſt cut are united to a plainftarry nectarium ; the nectarium fits
has
it off, and carry it to a dry place, where it ſhould be upon a cylindrical column which is erect, and the length of
thee
expoſed to the fun and air for feveral days to dry ; the empalement ; it is bell-shaped, having five depreffed
then you may beat out the feeds, and put it up in lobes at the margin : it hath fivefhort ftamina inferted in
when
bags, keeping it in a dry place until you ufe it. to the border of the nectarium, terminated by roundifh
SALO
This feed is feldom efteemed very good after the firſt fummits, which arejoined to the border of thepetals. It
21 or fecond year at moft, but new feed is always pre bath a roundish germen in the bottom of the nectarium ,
ferred, nor will it grow when it is more than two Supporting a cylindricalftyle, crowned by a five-cornered
Fing years old. obtufe ftigma. The capfule bath five cells, inclofing fivé
Deen The third fort grows naturally about Montpelier ; oblongfeedsfaftened to the capfule.
this hath ſmoother ftalks than the common Carrot, the This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fection
fegments of the leaves are broader, and of a lucid of Linnæus's twentieth clafs, intitled Gynandria Pen
ཀུལ་
ལཡབ

green ; the umbels of the flowers are larger, and not tandria, the flowers having five ftamina, which are
fo regular. This is an annual plant, but it fucceeds faftened with the ſtyle to the nectarium .
beſt when ſown in autumn .
མའ་

We at prefent know but one SPECIES of this genus,

་

The fourth fort is of lower growth than either of the viz.

་

former ; the ſtalks are clofely covered with fhort D'AYENIA ( Pufilla) foliis cordatis glabris. Lin. Sp. 1354
prickles, the fegments of the leaves are broad and D'Ayenia with heart-shaped fmooth leaves.
obtufe, the umbels are finall, and the involucrum is The feeds of this plant were fent by the younger
longer than the umbel, and the leaves are trifid which De Juffieu from Peru to Paris, where they fucceeded,
compoſe it. and have fince been communicated to many other gar
The fifth fort rifes with a flender, rough, hairy ftalk dens in Europe. I received the feeds from Dr. Mo
upward of two feet high ; the leaves are fhort, and nier, intendent of the garden of the Duke D'Ayen
have a few ſmall ones intermixed , which are thinly at St. Germains, which have for fome years grown
placed, and cut into acute fegments ; the umbels are in the Chelſea garden, where the plants annually
not fo large as thofe of the common fort, and the in flower and perfect their feeds.
volucrum is twice the length of the umbel ; the leaves This plant hath a weak ligneous ſtalk , which divides
which compofe it are divided into five or ſeven parts, into ſeveral flender branches, rifing from nine inches
ending in acute points ; the flowers are yellow. to a foot high, garnished by heart-shaped fmooth
The fixth fort hath a channelled ftalk rifing near leaves, which are flightly indented on their edges,
en
three feet, which is terminated by large umbels of ſtanding upon pretty long foot-ftalks ; they are of a
flowers, with a wing-pointed involucrum ; the ſeg lucid green, and end in acute points, placed alter
ments ofthe lower leaves are cut into obtuſe ſegments, nately on the branches. At the baſe of each foot
and are of a deep green colour. ftalk, from the fide of the branches, come out the
The ſeventh fort is an annual plant, which grows na flowers, two, three, or four, arifing from the fame
turally in Spain and Italy ; this rifes with an upright, point, each ſtanding upon a feparate flender foot
fmooth, channelled ftalk three feet high, garniſhed ftalk ; they have five flender ftamina, collected into a
D with ſmooth leaves, which are divided into many fine fort of column, like the malvaceous flowers, having
narrow fegments like thofe of Fennel ; the talks a five-cornered germen at the bottom, which after
branch out upward, and each branch is terminated by ward becomes a roundifh five- cornered capfule, hav
1 a large umbel, compofed of a great number of fmall ing five cells, in each of theſe is lodged one kidney
3 ones ; the involucrum is fhorter than the umbel, and ſhaped feed. The flowers are tubulous, fpreading
each of the leaves which compoſe it is trifid : the open at the top, where they are cut into five acute
1 foot-ftalks which fuftain the fmall umbels (or rays) fegments, each being terminated by a flender tail ;
are long and ſtiff; thefe are by the Spaniards uſed they are purple, and continue in fucceffion on the
for picking their teeth, from whence the plant had fame plants from July to the winter.
the title of Vifnaga, or Pick-tooth. The feeds of this This plant is propagated by feeds, which ſhould be
plant fhould be fown in autumn, for thoſe which are fown upon a moderate hot-bed early in the fpring ;
fown in the fpring frequently fail, or at leaſt remain and when the plants are come up, and have four
in the ground till next year before they grow ; the leaves, they ſhould be tranſplanted on a freſh hot- bed
plants require no other culture but to keep them to bring them forward ; part of them may be planted
clean from weeds, and thin them where they are too in fmall pots, and the others may be planted on the
clofe. bed : thoſe in the pots fhould be plunged into a hot
The eighth fort grows naturally about Tangier. This bed of tanners bark ; they muſt be fhaded till they
rifes with an upright ſtalk above two feet high, gar have taken new root, then they muſt have free air
niſhed with double-winged leaves which are hairy ; admitted to them every day, in proportion to the
the ſtalk branches upward into feveral divifions, each warmth of the feafon ; they require to be frequently
being terminated by an umbel of white flowers, which watered in warm weather, but they ſhould not have
are fucceeded by prickly feeds. it in too great plenty. The plants fhould continue
If the feeds of this fort are not fown in the autumn, all the fummer in the hot-bed, where they muſt have
the plants rarely perfect their feeds in this country ; a good fhare of air ; for thoſe which are fully expofed
for when they are fown in the fpring, and the plants to the open air will not thrive, and if they are too
come up foon after, they generally run up to feed in much drawn, they do not flower well. The plants
autumn, ſo that the frofts come on before they have will live through the winter in a moderate ftove, but
time to ripen. as they perfect their feeds well the first year, few per
Thefe forts are fometimes preferved in botanic gar fons care to continue the old plants. There is a fi
dens for the fake of variety, but being of no uſe, are gure of this plant exhibited in the 118th plate of our
not cultivated in other gardens . figures of plants.
DAUCUS CRETICUS . See ATHAMANTA . DAY-LILY. See HEMEROCALLIS.
4 X DECOR.
 DEL DEL

DECORTICATION, is the pulling off the out entire lobes. Delphinium platani folio, ftaphyfagria
ward bark of trees, alfo the peeling or barking of dictum. Tourn. Înft. R. H. 428. Larkspur with a
roots. Plane-tree leaf, called Stavefacre.
DELPHINIUM . Lin . Gen. Plant. 602. Tourn . The feveral varieties of the Garden Larkspur are not
Inft. R. H. 426. tab. 241. [Aɛλpiv, Gr. a dolphin ; here enumerated, as they would fwell the work be
fo called, becauſe the flower, before it opens , re yond its intended bulk, if all theſe were diſtinguiſhed,
fembles a dolphin. It is called Confolida Regalis , therefore here are only the diftinct species mentioned ;
from its confolidating virtue. Cafpar Bauhin calls and as the gardeners diftinguish the Garden Larkspurs
it the Royal Plant, becauſe it has its cup turned into thoſe which are branched, and fuch as have
up
backwards, like a nobleman's badge. Cæfalpinus , right ſtalks ; which difference is permanent, and
Pliny, and the poets fay, this plant is the true Hya never alters, whatever may be afferted to the con
cinth, becauſe it has the fyllable ai infcribed on its trary by ignorant pretenders ; fo I fhall just mention
flower, which is a particle of bewailing , ] Larkspur, the feveral varieties which there are of each fort,
or Larkfheel. commonly cultivated in the gardens of the curious.
The CHARACTERS are, And first of the branched Larkspur, there are of the
The flower bath no empelement ; it is compofed offive following colours, with fingle and double flowers.
unequal petals placed circularly ; the upper petal is ex Blue, purple, white, flefh, Afh, and Rofe colours ;
tended at the binder part into a tubular obtufe tail ; the and fome have flowers beautifully ſpotted, with two
or three of thefe different colours.
two fide petals are nearly of the fame fize with the upper,
but the two lower are finaller ; these fpread open. There The upright or unbranched Larkspur, produces a
is a bifid nectarium fituated in the center of the petals, greater variety of colours than the branched, and the
and is involved in the tube by the back part. Theflower flowers are larger and fuller than thofe ; but the
bath many small stamina which incline to the petals, and principal colours run nearly the fame with thoſe of
are terminated by small erect fummits ; it hath three the other, though many of the colours are deeper,
oval germen, fupporting three ftyles which are as long as and there are more different fhades of theſe colours
the ftamina, crowned by reflexed ftigmas ; the germen af in the flowers of this fort.
terward become fo many capfules joined together, which The first fort grows naturally on arable lands, in
open croffwoys, each having one cell filled with angular France, Spain, and Italy, and is fuppofed to be the
feeds. fame as the Garden Larkspur, which is a great mif
•
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection take ; for I have cultivated it many years in the gar
"
of Linnæus's thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Tri den, and never found it alter : the leaves of this fort
gynia, the flower having many ftamina and three are broader, and not fo much divided as thofe of the
ſtyles garden kind, and are placed thinner upon the ftalks ;
The SPECIES are , the flowers are ſmaller, and grow in longer fpikes ;
1. DELPHINIUM ( Confolida) nectariis monophyllis, caule the ſtalks are not fo much branched as that fort which
fubdivifo. Hort. Cliff. 217. Larkspur with a one-leaved is called the branched, nor are they fingle like the
nectarium and a divided ftalk. Delphinium fegetum . upright, fo that I think it may be allowed to be a
Tourn. Inft. 426. Corn Larkspur, and the Confolida different fpecies .
regalis arvenfis. C. B. P. 142. Field Royal Confound. The fecond fort hath upright ftalks, which ſcarce put
2. DELPHINIUM ( Ajacia) nectariis monophyllis, caule out any branches ; the fpikes of flowers grow erect,
fimplici. Larkspur with a one-leaved nectarium, and an and the flowers are placed very clofe together, fo that
eret ftalk. Delphinium hortenfe, flore majore & they make a fine appearance. Theſe plants flower in
fimplici cæruleo. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 426. Garden July and Auguft, and are very great ornaments to
Larkspur, with a larger fingle blue flower. the borders of the flower-garden.
3. DELPHINIUM ( Ambiguum) nectariis monophyllis , caule The branching Larkspur, which is the third fort,
ramofo. Larkspur with a one-leaved nectarium and a comes later to flower than the upright ; this rifes with
branching stalk. Delphinium elatius purpuro viola a very branching ftalk three feet high or more ; the
ceum. Suvert. Flor. Branched Larkspur. branches come out horizontally from the fide of the
4. DELPHINIUM ( Peregrinum) nectariis diphyllis corollis ftalks, but afterward turn that part on which the
enncapetalis capfulis teretis, foliis multipartitis ob fpike of flowers grow, which is at the extremity up
tufis. Hort. Cliff. 213. Larkspur with a two-leaved ward, fo as to make an angle ; the leaves are long
nectarium, a flower with eleven petals and three capfules, and finely divided ; the flowers are placed thinner in
and leaves divided into many obtufe fegments. Delphi the fpikes than thofe of the upright fort ; they are
num latifolium, parvo flore. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 426 . large, and fome of them very double and of various
Broad-leaved Larkspur with a ſmall flower. colours.
5. DELPHINIUM ( Elatum ) nectariis diphyllis, labellis bi Theſe plants are annual, fo are every year propagated
fidis, apice barbatis, foliis incifis, caule erecto . Hort. by feeds, which ſhould be fown where the plants are
Upfal. 151. Larkspur with a two-leaved nectarium, a defigned to remain, for they do not bear tranſplanting
bifid lip bearded at the top, cut leaves, and an erectſtalk. well, eſpecially if they are not removed very young ;
Delphinium perenne montanum villofum, aconiti thoſe feeds which are fown in autumn, produce the
folio . Tourn. Inft . 426. Perennial hairy Mountain ſtrongeſt plants and moft double flowers, and ripen
Larkspur with a Monkshood leaf, commonly called the Bee their feeds better than thoſe which are fown in the
Larkspur. fpring, as they come earlier to flower ; but to con
6. DELPHINIUM (Grandiflorum) nectaris diphyllis, labellis tinue a fucceffion of thefe flowers, there fhould be
integris, floribus fubfolitariis, foliis compofitis li fome feeds fown in the fpring. When they are ſown
neari- multipartitis . Hort. Upfal. 159. Larkspur with on the borders of the flower-garden for ornament,
a two-leaved nectarium, an entire lip, flowers growing they ſhould be in patches of about a foot diameter,
fingly, and compound leaves divided into many narrow in the middle of the borders, at proper diſtances ; in
parts. Delphinium humilius anguftifolium perenne , each of theſe patches may be ſcattered ten or a dozen
flore azureo. Amman. Dwarf narrow -leaved perennial feeds, covering them over about a quarter of an inch
Larkspur with an azure flower. with earth ; and in the fpring the plants may be
7. DELPHINIUM (Americanum) nectariis diphyllis, la thinned, leaving about five or fix of the upright fort
bellis integris, floribus fpicatis, foliis palmatis mul in each patch to ftand for flowering , but of the
" tifidis glabris. Plate 119. Larkspur with a two-leaved branching fort, not more than three or four, becauſe
nectarium, an entire lip, flowers growing in fpikes, and pal thefe require room ; after this the plants will require
mated, multifid, smooth leaves, commonly called American no farther care but to keep them clean from weeds,
Larkspur. and when they begin to flower fhould be fupported
8. DELPHINIUM ( Staphiſagria) nectariis diphyllis, foliis by flower-ſticks to prevent their being broken by
palmatis, lobis integris. Hort. Cliff. 213. Larkspur wind, eſpecially if they are not in a ſheltered fituation.
with a two-leaved empalement, andpalmatedleaves having If the feeds were well chofen, there will be very few
C ordinary
 DEL DEN

ordinary flowers among them ; and if there are feeds terſburgh, where they fucceeded ; and the feeds were
of the different coloured flowers fown in each patch, fent me from thence by the late Dr. Amman , who
I they will make a pleafing variety : but the upright was profeffor of botany in that univerfity. This hath
fort fhould never be mixed in the fame patches with a perennial root, which puts out two or three
the branching, becauſe they do not flower at the branching ftalks every fpring; thefe rife about a foot
fame time. and a half high, and are garniſhed at each joint with
But in order to preferve the two forts fine without leaves compofed of many narrow fegments, which
degenerating to fingle or bad colours, there fhould be terminate with feveral acute points ; they are finooth,
a bed of each fort fown in autumn, in fome feparate and of a light green colour ; the flowers come out
part of the garden, where the plants fhould be pro toward the upper part of the ftalks fingly, each
perly thinned, and kept clean from weeds, till they ſtanding upon a long naked foot- ſtalk ; thefe are large,
begin to fhew their flowers ; when they ſhould be and of a fine azure colour ; they appear the latter
carefully looked over every other day, to pull out all part of July, and are fucceeded by feeds which ripen
thofe plants, whofe flowers are not very double nor in the autumn .
of good colours ; for if theſe are permitted to ftand The feventh fort grows naturally in America ; this is
among the others till their farina has impregnated a perennial plant, which rifes with ftrong branching
them, it will certainly cauſe them to degenerate ; fo ftalks fix or feven feet high, garniſhed with hand
9
that thoſe perſons who are contented with only fhaped leaves, which are divided into four or five
marking their good flowers for feed, and fuffer the broad lobes, ending with many acute points ; thefe
¡
others to ftand for feed among them, will always find are ſmooth, and ftand upon long foot-ftalks ; the
themſelves diſappointed in the goodness of their flow flowers terminate the ftalks, growing in long ſpikes ;
ers the following feafon : therefore thoſe who propoſe they are of a fine blue colour, with a bearded nec
to have theſe flowers in perfection, fhould never tarium, having two lips ; and of a dark colour, res
9
gather the feeds of fuch as grew in the borders of fembling at a fmall diſtance the body of a bee.
the flower-garden ; becauſe there it will be almoſt All the perennial Larkspurs are propagated by feeds,
impoffible to preſerve them fo true, as when they are which, if fown in autumn, will more certainly fuc
in beds at a diftance from all other kinds. ceed, than thofe which are fown in the fpring ; when
When the feed-veffels turn brown, they must be the plants come up, they fhould be kept clean from
carefully watched, to gather them before they open weeds, and where they are too cloſe together, part
and diſcharge the feeds ; fo that thofe which are fi of them fhould be drawn out, to allow room for the
tuated on the lower part of the ſtalk, will open long others to grow till the following autumn, when they
before thoſe on the upper part of the ftalk are ripe ; muſt be planted where they are to remain ; the fol
for which reaſon the pods fhould from time to time lowing fummer they will flower, and the roots con
be gathered as they ripen, and not fuffered to ftand tinue many years growing in magnitude, fo will pro
till the ftalks are pulled up, which is often practifed . duce a greater number of flower-ftalks.
Thoſe pods which are fituated on the lower part of The eighth fort is an annual plant, which grows na
the ſtalks, are much preferable to fuch as grow near turally in the Levant, as alfo in Calabria , this riſes
the top ; for which reaſon thoſe who are very curious with a ftrong hairy ftalk about two feet high, gar
= in the choice of their feeds, crop off the upper part niſhed with hand -ſhaped hairy leaves, compofed of
of the fpikes of flowers, and never fuffer them to five or feven oblong lobes, which have frequently one
ftand for feeds. or two acute indentures on their fides ; the flowers
As theſe plants are very hardy, and require fo little form a looſe ſpike at the upper part of the ftalk,
care in their culture, fo they are worthy of a place in each ſtanding on a long foot-ſtalk ; the flowers are of
every good garden ; for during their continuance in a pale blue or purple colour, and have a two-leaved
flower, there are few plants which make a better ap nectarium : this is propagated by feeds, which fhould
pearance ; and for gathering to make flower-pots to be fown in autumn, for thofe fown in the fpring never
adorn rooms, there is fcarce any flower fo proper ; growthe fame year. The feeds fhould be fown where
becauſe by their upright growth and long fpikes, the plants are to remain, and require no other treat
7 they rife to a proper height above the pots ; and ment than the common Larkfpur. The common
* when the feveral colours are fkilfully intermixed people uſe the powder of this feed to kill lice, from
they make a rich appearance, and continue long in whence it has been titled Loufewort.
DENS CANIS. See ERYTHRONIUM .
beauty.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Sicily and Spain, DENS LEONIS. See LEONTODON .
I received the feeds of it from Gibraltar ; this hath a DENTARIA. Lin . Gen. Plant. 726. Tourn . Inft.
very branching ſtalk, which rifes about two feet high ; R. H. 225. tab. 110. Toothwort ; in French Den
the lower leaves are divided into many broad obtufe taire.
fegments, but thofe which are upon the talks are The CHARACTERS are,
generally fingle ; the flowers grow fcatteringly toward The empalement of the flower is composed of four oblong
the upper part of the branches, they are fmall, and oval leaves, which fall off; the flower bath four obtufe
of a deep blue colour ; theſe are fucceeded by very petals placed in form of a cross ; it hath fix ftamina, four
fmall feed-veffels, which are fometimes fingle, and of which are as long as the empalement, the other two
at others double , and very rarely three together, as are fhorter ; thefe are terminated by oblong heart -shaped
in the common forts. This is an annual plant, whoſe fummits, which fand erect. In the center is fituated an
feeds fhould be fown in autumn, and the plants oblong germen, fupporting a short thick ftyle, crowned by
treated as the common fort ; it hath little beauty, an obtufe ftigma , the germen afterward becomes a long
and is only kept in fome gardens for the fake of va taper pod with two cells, divided by an intermediate par
riety. tition, opening with two valves, including many roundish
The fifth fort hath a perennial root, which fends out feeds.
feveral upright ftalks in the fpring, rifing to the This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection .
height of four feet, garnished with leaves which are of Linnæus's fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia
divided into many broad fegments, in form of a Siliquofa , the flowers having four long and two fhort
fpreading hand ; thefe fegments are cut at their ex ftamina, and the feeds being incloſed in long pods.
tremities into two or three acute points ; the leaves The SPECIES are,
are hairy, and ſtand upon long foot-ftalks ; the flow 1 . DENTARIA (Pentaphyllos) foliis fummis digitatis . Lin .
ers terminate the ftalks, growing in long fpikes ; they Sp. 912. Five-leaved Toothwort, whofe upper leaves ar:
are of a light blue, covered toward their hinder part hand-shaped. Dentaria pentaphyllos, foliis mollioribus.
with a meally down. This flowers in July and Au C. B. P. 322. Five-leaved Toothwort with foft leaves.
guft, and in autumn the ſtalks decay to the root. 2. DENTARIA ( Bulbifera) foliis inferioribus pinnatis,
The fixth fort grows naturally in Siberia, from whence fummis fimplicibus. Hort. Cliff. 335. Toothwort with
the feeds were fent to the Imperial garden at Pe lower leaves winged, and the upper ones fingle. Depta
ria
 DEW DEW

ria heptaphyllos baccifera. C. B. P. 322. Seven-leaved pours being once raifed, continue their progrefs, not
bulb-bearing Toothwort. meeting with any thing to increase their gravity,
3. DENTARIA ( Enneaphyllos) foliis ternis ternatis. Lin. till fuch time as they are got far beyond the reach of
Sp . Plant. 653. Toothwort with three-leaved trifoliate the reflected warmth of the earth in the middle re
leaves. Dentaria triphyllos. C. B. P. 322. Three-leaved gion of the atmoſphere, and there condenfe and form
Toothwort. clouds.
The first fort rifes with a ſtrong ſtalk a foot and a half Though fome fay, it is difputable whether dews ever
high, garnished with a leaf at each joint, compofed congregate fo as to form clouds, as they are only
of five lobes, which are four inches long, and near elevated by the fun ; fo that when that power is gone,
two broad in the widest part, ending in acute points, as it is after the fetting of the fun, they immediately
deeply fawed on their edges ; thefe are ſmooth, and defcend ; and this is more obfervable in very warm
ftand on long foot - ftalks ; the flowers grow in looſe weather, and very hot climates .
fpikes at the top of the ftalks , they are ſmall, of a The time for the falling of the dew is either before
blufh colour, and fucceeded by long taper pods filled fun-rifing, or after fun-fet ; that it may regularly fall
with ſmall roundifh feeds. It grows in the fhady at fuch times, it is neceffary for the air to be calm,
woods in the fouth of France and Italy. for windy or ſtormy weather hinders it ; but when it
The fecond fort riſes with flender ſtalks about a foot is calm weather, and gentle breezes are felt from the
high ; the leaves at the bottom have feven lobes, weft about the ſetting, and from the eaſt about the
thofe a little above five, others but three, and at the rifing of the fun, it is probable, that by moderately
upper part of the ftalk they are fingle : the flowers cooling the air, they collect the vapours and precipi
grow in clufters at the top of the ftalk ; thefe have tate them ; and becauſe the morning breezes are more
four obtufe purple petals, and are fucceeded by taper general than the evening ones, for this reafon the
pods filled with roundish feeds. evening dews fall only here and there, but thoſe in
The third fort riſes with an upright ſtalk a foot high ; the morning feldom fail to be univerfal : or, as it
the leaves are compofed of nine lobes, three growing may be otherwife expreffed, when the fun is got be
together, fo that one leaf has three times three ; the low the horizon, the atmoſphere cools the vapours,
flowers grow in ſmall bunches on the top ofthe ſtalks, which have in the preceding day been raiſed by the
and are fucceeded by ſmall taper pods filled with warmth of the earth ; and the rays of the fun being
roundish feeds. lodged there, as foon as they are got out ofthe air,
Theſe plants grow on the mountains in Italy, and in they begin to condenfe apace, and ſpend their ſtock
the woods of Auftria. The fecond fort is found wild of heat and fire on the cold moift air that they pafs
in fome parts of England, but particularly near Hare through .
field, in moist fhady woods, and is feldom preſerved Hence it is, that dews are more copious in the fpring
in gardens : this produces bulbs on the fide of the than other ſeaſons, there being a greater ſtock of va
ftalks, where the leaves are fet on, which, if planted, pour in readineſs, by reafon there has been but a ſmall
will grow and produce plants. Theſe plants are pro expence thereof during the winter's cold and froſt
pagated by feeds, or parting their roots ; the feeds than at other times.
fhould be fown in autumn, foon after they are ripe, It is found by experience, that the dews are more
in a light fandy foil and a fhady fituation in the copious in hotter countries than in cold, as Pliny ob
fpring the plants may be taken up where they grow ferves of the fummer nights in Africa, which he calls
too cloſe, and tranfplanted out in the like foil and fi Rofcidæ æftate noctes ; the reafon of which feems
tuation ; where, after they have taken root, they to be this, that in the day- time the heat of the fun
will require no farther care, but to keep them clear raiſes abundance of vapours out of the water ; which
from weeds: the ſecond year they will produce flowers, vapours are fo extremely rarefied by the fame heat,
and fometimes perfect their feeds. that they are difperfed far and wide ; but the cool of
The beſt time to tranfplant the roots is in October, the night brings them together, and condenfes them
when they ſhould be planted in a moiſt foil and a to that degree, that they fall to the ground, but not
fhady fituation ; for they will not live in a dry foil, or in fuch large drops as rain does ; but in colder coun
when they are expoſed to the fun. tries, where there are frequent rains, and the vapours
DEW is by fome defined to be a meteor bred of a are leſs rarefied, moſt of them come down in rain,
thin cold vapour, or compofed of the fteams and and but a ſmall part turns to dew : befides, in Africa
vapours of the earth ; which, being exhaled by the there is a great difference between the heat of the day
heat of the fun, and kept fufpended during his pre and night, particularly in fummer ; for their nights
fence, do, upon his abfence, convene into drops , and are long, and very cold ; whereas in northern coun
then fall down unto the earth again. tries they are little colder than the day, and much
Others define it, a thin, light, inſenſible miſt or rain, ſhorter than in places nearer the line.
falling while the fun is below the horizon. Pliny likewife relates of Egypt, that it abounds in
The origin and matter of dews are, without doubt, dews throughout all the heat of fummer ; for the air
from vapour and exhalations of the earth and water, being there too hot to conftipate the vapours in the
raiſed by the warmth of the fun and earth, & c. day-time, they never gather into clouds, and for that
There being many vapours in the air, though not reaſon they have no rain. But it is known, in climates
always vifible, hence it comes to pafs, that even in where the days are exceffive hot, the nights are re
clear weather great dews fall, eſpecially in countries markably cold, fo that the vapours that are raiſed
where it feldom rains ; for when it happens that the after fun-ſet are readily condenfed into dews : or,
fcattered vapours are collected and condenfed together, perhaps notable coldneſs may be rather the effect than
and forced downwards, they muft needs fall, and be the cauſe of the quantity of dews ; for much vapour
dew the plants and graſs. being raiſed by the great heat of the earth, and the
The thin veficles, of which vapours confift, being ftock of fire being ipent on it in the day-time, the
once detached from their bodies, keep rifing in the influx of fuch a great quantity of moisture muſt greatly
air till they arrive at fuch a ftage as is of the fame chill the air.
fpecific gravity with themſelves, when their rife is The difference between dew and rain feems to be
ftopped : now, as it is the warmth or fire that dilates only this, that dew falls at fome particular times as
the parts of water, and forms thofe veficles that are aforefaid, and in very fmall drops , fo as to be feen
fpecifically lighter than the air, and are capable of af when down, but ſcarce perceivable while it is falling ;
cending therein ; fo when that heat declines, or is whereas rain falls at any time, and in groffer drops .
loft, as by the approach or contiguity of any colder The reverend Dr. Hales, in his Treatife of Vegetable
body, the veficles condenfe, and become heavier and Statics, tells us, That in order to find out the quan
defcend . tity of dew that fell in the night on the 15th of Au
Therefore the fun warming the atmoſphere in the guft, 7 p. m. he took two glazed earthen pans, which
day-time, by the continual influx of his rays, the va were three inches deep, and twelve inches diameter
3 in
 DEW DIA

in furface : that he filled them with pretty moist Dr. Hales proceeds to inftance, in the cafe of a Hops
earth, taken off the furface of the ground, and they ground which he gives in the ninth experiment of his
increafed in weight by the night's dew 180 grains ; book of Vegetable Statics, that the evaporation there
토크
NARB

and decreaſed in weight by the evaporation of the day found, from the Hops, confidered only for three
1 ounce + 282 grains. months, at part of an inch each day, which will
L

He fays likewife, he fet thefe in other broader pans be of an inch : but before it be allowed 6,2 inches
to prevent any moisture from the earth ſticking to the to form the furface of the ground, which added to
bottom of them. He adds, that the moifter the earth the give 7,1 inches, which is the utmoſt that can
is, the more dew falls on it in a night, and more than be evaporated from a furface of Hop-ground in a
a double quantity of dew falls on a furface of water year ; fo that of 22 inches depth of rain, there re
than there does on an equal furface of moift earth. main 15 inches to fupply fprings, which are more or
The evaporation of a ſurface of water in nine hours lefs exhauſted, according to the drinefs or wetness of
the year.
JH

winter's dry day, is 2I of an inch : the evaporation

:

of a furface of ice fet in the fhade during a nine hours

9

Hence we find, that 22 inches depth of rain in a

day, was · year is fufficient for all the purpoſes of nature in fuch
NS

flat countries as that about Teddington near Hamp

2;

So here are 540 grains more evaporated from the

earth every 24 hours in fummer than fall in dew in ton Court. But in the hill countries, as in Lanca
-N

the night ; that is, in 21 days near 26 ounces from a fhire, there falls 42 inches depth of rain water, from
circular area of a foot diameter ; and circles being as which, deducting 7 inches for evaporation, there re
the fquares of their diameters , 10 pounds + 2 ounces mains 35 inches depth of water for the fprings, be
will in 21 days be evaporated from the hemifphere of fides great fupplies from much more plentiful dews
Ai

30 inches diameter , which the Sunflower's root occu than fall in plain countries ; which vaft ftores ſeem ſo
4

pies ; which, with the 29 pounds drawn off by the abundantly fufficient to anſwer the great quantity of
plant in the fame time, makes 39 pounds, that is, 9 water, which is conveyed away by the fprings and ri
3 pounds and out of every cubic foot of earth, the vers from thoſe hills, that we need not have recourſe
14

plant's roots occupying more than 4 cubic feet : but for fupplies to the great abyfs, whofe furface at high
this is a much greater degree of drinefs than the fur water is furmounted fome hundreds of feet by thofe
face of the earth ever fuffers for 15 inches depth, even vaft hills from whence the longeſt and greateſt rivers
in the drieſt ſeaſons in this country . take their rife.
In a long dry feaſon therefore, eſpecially within the DIANTHERA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 37. Flor. Virg. 6.
tropics, we muſt have recourſe, for fufficient moiſture The CHARACTERS are,
to keep plants and trees alive, to the moift ftrata of Theflower bath a permanent empalement ofone leaf, which
earth, which lie next below that in which the roots is tubulous, and cut at the top into five equal parts ; the
are. flower is of the grinning kind, having one petal with a
Now moift bodies always communicate of their moif Short tube ; the upper lip is reflexed and bifid, the lower
ture to more dry adjoining bodies ; but this flow mo is divided into three parts, the middle being the broadeft ;
tion of the afcent of moiſture is much accelerated by it hath two short fender stamina adhering to the
the fun's heat to confiderable depths in the earth , as back of the petal, one of thefe bath a twin fummit, the
is probable, he ſays, from the twentieth experiment other is a little taller. It bath an oblonggermen, fupport
1
in the faid book.
ing a flender ftyle the length of the ftamina, crowned by
Now 180 grains of dew falling in one night on a cir an obtufe ftigma. The empalement afterward becomes a
cle of a foot diameter 113 fquare inches ; theſe capfule with two cells, opening with two valves, which
180 grains being equally fpread on this furface, its are alternately compressed at the top and bottom, and

180 He adds, open with an elasticity, cafting afingle flat feed out of each
depth will be 159 part of an inch = cell.
113X254
that he found the dew in a winter night to be the This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
part of an inch ; fo that if we allow 151 nights for Linnæus's fecond claſs, intitled Diandria Monogynia,
the extent of the fummer dew, it will in that time the flower having two ſtamina and one ſtyle. This is "
arife to one inch depth : and reckoning the remaining one of the genera which, by Linnæus's method, is fe
214 nights for the extent of the winter's dew, it will parated to a great diſtance from their congeners ; for
produce 2,39 inches depth, which makes the dew of by all their other characters they ſhould be joined to
the whole year amount to 3,39 inches depth. his fourteenth claſs, but having only two ftamina, they
And the quantity which evaporated in a fair fum are put under his fecond.
mer's day from the fame furface, being as 1 ounce We know but one SPECIES of this genus at prefent,
part of an inch depth for eva viz.
282 grains, gives
poration, which is four times as much as fell at DIANTHERA ( Americana) fpicis folitariis alternis . Lin.
night. Sp. 24. Dianthera with folitary alternate ſpikes.
He fays likewife, that he found by the fame means, This plant grows naturally in Virginia, and other
the evaporation of a winter's day to be nearly the parts of North America, from whence the feeds have
fame as in a fummer's day ; for the earth being in been fent to England, where they have fucceeded.
winter more faturate with moisture, that excels of This is a low herbaceous plant with a perennial root,
moiſture anſwers to the exceffive heat in fummer. which fends out feveral weak ftalks about four inches
Nic. Cruquius, N° 381. of the Philofophical Tranf long, garniſhed with roundish leaves of an aromatic
actions, found, that 28 inches depth evaporated in a odour, ftanding cloſe to the ftalks ; they are hairy,
whole year from water, i . e. of an inch each day at and of a dark green colour ; from the fide of the
a mean rate : but the earth in a fummer's day evapo ftalks the flowers are produced in ſmall ſpikes, placed
rates of an inch, fo the evaporation of a furface alternately ; theſe are in ſhape and colour very like
of water is to the evaporation of a furface of earth in thofe of the Clinopodium, but have only two ftamina
fummer as 10 : 3 . in each. It flowers the latter end of July, but rarely
The quantity of rain and dew that falls in a year is produces feeds in England.
at a medium 22 inches. The quantity of the earth's This plant is very difficult to preferve in this coun
evaporation in a year is at leaft 9+ 2 inches ; fince try, for although it is hardy enough to live in the open
that is the rate at which it evaporates in a fummer's air in England, yet it is very fubject to rot in winter ;
day from which 9+ inches are to be deducted and if it is placed under fhelter, it is apt to draw up
3,39 inches for circulating daily dew, there remains weak, and foon after decay, fo that at prefent the
6,2 inches ; which 6,2 inches deducted from the quan plants are rare in this country.
tity of rain that falls in a year, there remains at leaft DIANTHUS. Lin . Gen. Plant. 500. Caryophyllus.
16 inches depth to replenish the earth with moif Tourn . Inft. R. H. 329. Clove Gilly Flower, Carna
ture for vegetation, and to fupply the fprings and tion Pink ; in French, Oeillet. -
rivers.
Add

4 Y The
K M
 DIA DÍA

The CHARACTERS are , lycinis fubulatis patulis, tubum æquantibus , corollis

The flower bath a long cylindrical empalement which is crenatis. Hort. Cliff. 164. Dianthus with a fingle
permanent ; it hath five petals, whofe tails are as long as flower on each falk, awl - shaped spreading Scales to the
the empalement, but their upper part is broad, plain, and empalement equalling the tube, and crenated petals. Ca
crenated on their borders ; these are inferted in the bottom ryophyllus finenfis fupinus, leucoii folio, flore unico.
of the tube, and spread open above. It hath ten ftamina Tourn. Act. Par. 1705. The China Pink.
which are as long as the empalement, terminated by oblong 11. DIANTHUS ( Arenarius) caulibus unifloris fquamis ca
compreffed fummits. In the center is fituated an oval ger lycinis ovatis obtufis, corollis multifidis, foliis line
men, fupporting two ftyles which are longer than the fta aribus. Flor. Suec. 318. Dianthus having a fingle
mina, crowned by recurved ftigmas. The germen after flower upon a stalk, oval fcales to the empalement, the
ward becomes a cylindrical capfule with one cell, opening petals of which are cut into many points, and narrow
infour parts at the top, andfilled with compreſſed angular leaves. Caryophyllus fylveftris humilis, flore unico.
feeds. C. B. P. 209. Dwarf wild Pink with one flower.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection 12. DIANTHUS (Alpinus ) caule unifloro, corollis crena
of Linnæus's tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Digynia, tis, fquamis calycinis exterioribus tubum æquanti
the flowers having ten ftamina and two ftyles. bus, foliis linearibus obtufis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 412 .
The SPECIES are , Dianthus with one flower having crenated petals, the
1. DIANTHUS (Deltoides ) floribus folitariis, fquamis ca outer fcales of the empalement equalling the tube, and nar
lycinis lanceolatis binis, corollis crenatis. Hort . Cliff. row obtufe leaves. Caryophyllus pumilus latifolius.
164. Dianthus with a fingle flower having a double fcaly C. B. P. 209. Dwarf broad-leaved Pink.
empalement, and crenated petals. Caryophyllus fylvef 13. DIANTHUS ( Superbus) floribus paniculatis, fquamis
tris vulgaris latifolius . C. B. P. 209. Maiden Pink. calycinis brevibus acuminatis, corollis multifido-ca
2. DIANTHUS (Virgineus ) caule fubunifloro, corollis cre pillaribus, caule erecto. Amoen. Acad. 4. p. 272 .
natis, fquamis calycinis breviffimis , foliis fubulatis . Dianthus with paniculated flowers, having fhort-pointed
Lin. Sp. Plant. 412. Dianthus with one flower on a fcales to their empalement, multifid petals, and an upright
Stalk, crenated petals, very fhort fcales to the empalement, Stalk.
and awl-shaped leaves. Caryophyllus minor repens. 14. DIANTHUS (Diminutus) floribus folitariis, fquamis
Noftras. Raii . Syn. 335. English Small creeping Pink, calycinis octonis florem fuperantibus. Lin. Sp. 587.
commonly called the matted Pink by feedfmen. Dianthus with a fingle flower on each stalk, baving eight
3. DIANTHUS ( Glaucus) floribus fubfolitariis, fquamis fcales which rife above the petals of the flower. Caryo
calycinis lanceolatus quaternis , corollis crenatis . Hort. phyllus fylveftris minimus. Tabern. Hift. 290.
Cliff. 164. Dianthus with one flower on a stalk, having The firft fort hath creeping ſtalks, from which come
four fpear-shaped fcales to the empalement, and crenated out feveral tufted heads, clofely garniſhed with nar
petals. Tunica ramofior flore candido cum corollâ row leaves, whofe bafe lie over each other embracing
purpureâ. Hort. Elth. 400. Branching Pink with a the ftalks ; between theſe arife the flower-ftalks, which
white flower, having a purple circle, commonly called grow about fix inches high, garnifhed at every joint
Mountain Pink.
by two narrow graffy leaves placed oppofite. The
4. DIANTHUS (Plumarius) floribus folitariis, fquamis ca ftalks are terminated by a fingle flower. It flowers
lycinis fubovatis breviffimis, corollis multifidis fauce in June and July, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
pubefcentibus. Lin. Sp . Plant. 411. Dianthus with a This is rarely admitted into gardens, the flower hav
fingle flower, havingfhort oval fcales to the empalement, ing no beauty.
and petals cut into many points, with a hairy bottom. The fecond fort is a low trailing plant, whofe ftalks
Caryophyllus fimplex flore minore pallido rubente. lie on the ground ; theſe grow very cloſe together,
C. B. P. 208. Single wild Pink, with afmall, pale, reddish and are garniſhed with fhort, narrow, graffy leaves
flower. of a deep green colour ; the ſtalks are terminated by
5. DIANTHUS ( Caryophyllus) floribus folitariis fquamis fmall red flowers, each ſtanding upon a feparate foot
calycinis fubovatis breviffimis , corollis crenatis. Hort . ftalk. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in Sep
Cliff. 164. Dianthus with a fingle flower, having fhort tember. This fort grows naturally in feveral parts of
oval fcales to the empalement, and crenated petals. Ca England, fo is not often cultivated in gardens at pre
ryophyllus hortenfis fimplex, flore majore. C. B. P. fent ; but formerly the feeds were fown to make edg
208. Single Garden Carnation with a large flower. ings for the borders of the flower-garden by the title
6. DIANTHUS (Armeria) floribus aggregatis fafciculatis , of matted Pink, by which the feeds were fold in the
fquamis calycinis lanceolatis villofis tubum æquanti fhops .
bus . Hort. Cliff. 165. Dianthus with many flowers ga The third fort grows naturally upon Chidder rocks
thered into bunches, having hairy Spear -
shaped fcales to in Somerſetſhire, and fome other parts of England.
the empalement, as long as the tube of the flower. Ca This was formerly cultivated in the gardens by the
ryophyllus barbatus fylveftris. C. B. P. 208. Bearded title of Mountain Pink. It hath a refemblance of
wild Pink, called Deptford Pink. the fecond fort, but the leaves are ſhorter, and of a
7. DIANTHUS (Barbatus ) floribus aggregatis fafciculatis, grayish colour ; the ftalks grow taller, and branch
fquamis calycinis linearibus, foliis lanceolatis. Dian more ; the flowers are larger, of a white colour, with
thus with many flowers gathered in bunches, having very a purple circle in the bottom, like that fort of
shaped leaves.
narrow fcales to the empalement, and fpear- Pink called Pheaſants Eye. As the flowers of this
Caryophyllus barbatus hortenfis latifolius. C. B. P. fort have no fcent, the plants are feldom kept in
208. Broad-leaved Garden Sweet William. gardens.
8. DIANTHUS ( Prolifer) floribus aggregatis capitatis, The fourth fort grows naturally in ſeveral parts of
fquamis calycinis ovatis obtufis muticis tubum fuper England, frequently upon old walls ; it is a ſmall
antibus. Lin. Sp . Plant. 587. Dianthus with flowers fingle Pink, of a pale red colour, fo is not cultivated
.
collected into heads, and obtufe, oval, chaffy fcales to the in gardens .
empalements, which are longer than the tube. Caryo The fifth fort is a fmall fingle Carnation, which has
phyllus fylveftris prolifer. C. B. P. 209. Wild child been long caft out of all the gardens ; from one of
ing SweetWilliam. this fort it is fuppofed, many of the fine flowers now
9. DIANTHUS (Ferrugineis) floribus aggregatis capitatis, cultivated in the gardens have been raiſed .
fquamis calycinis lanceolatis ariftatis, corollis crena The fixth fort grows naturally in feveral parts of
tis. Dianthus with flowers collected in beads, having England , and particularly in a meadow near Deptford
Spear-
shaped fcales to the empalement which are bearded, in Kent, from whence it had the title of Deptford
and crenated petals. Caryophyllus montanus umbella Pink . This is of the kind called Sweet William ; the
tus, floribus variis luteis ferrugineis Italicus. Barrel. flowers of thefe grow in . clufters at the end of the
Obf. 648. Italian umbellated Mountain Pink, with flow branches ; they are red, and have long bearded em
ers varying from yellow to an iron colour. palements. I have cultivated this fort above forty
10. DIANTHUS (Chinenfis) floribus folitariis, fquamis ca years, and have never obferved it to vary.
The
 DIA DIA

The feventh fort is the common Sweet William , The plants of this genus may be properly enough
which has been long cultivated in the gardens for or divided into three fections. The firft to include all the
nament, of which there are now great varieties which variety of Pinks, the fecond all the Carnations, and
differ in the form and colour of their flowers, as alfo the third thoſe of the Sweet William ; for although
in the fize and ſhape of their leaves ; thoſe which have thefe agree fo nearly in their principal characters, as
01. narrow leaves were formerly titled Sweet Johns by the to be included under the fame genus by the botaniſts ,
gardeners, and thoſe with broad leaves were called yet they never vary from one to the other, though
Sweet Williams ; there are fome of both theſe forts they frequently change and vary in the colour of their
with double flowers, which are very ornamental plants flowers.
24

in gardens . I fhall now proceed to treat of thefe under their dif

03. The eighth fort grows naturally in the ſouth of France, ferent fections, and firſt I fhall begin with the Pink,
in Spain, Italy, and in England. This is an annual of which there are a great variety now cultivated in
plant, which rifes with an upright ſtalk about a foot the gardens ; the principal of which are, the damafk
high, garniſhed with narrow graffy leaves, and is ter Pink, the white Shock, the Pheaſant Eye, with dou
minated by a ſmall head or clufter of pale red flowers, ble and ſingle flowers, varying greatly in their fize
which are included in one common fcaly empale and colour ; the common red Pink, Cob's Pink,
ment. Theſe have little beauty, fo the plants are Dobfon's Pink, white Cob Pink, and Bat's Pink.
feldom kept in gardens. B
The old Man's Head, and painted Lady Pink, ra
The ninth fort is a biennial plant, which rifes with ther belong to the Carnation.
an upright ſtalk a foot and a half high, having two The damaſk Pink is the firft of the double forts in
long narrow leaves placed oppofite at each joint, flower. This hath but a fhort ftalk ; the flower is not
which embrace the ftalk with their bafe ; they are of very large, and not fo double as many others ; the co
a deep green colour, ſtiff, and end in acute points. lour is of a pale purple, inclining to red, but is very
TH fweet.
The flowers grow in clofe cluſters at the top of the
ftalks, having ftiff bearded empalements ; they are The next which flowers is the white Shock, which
yellow and iron coloured intermixed on the fame was fo called from the whitenefs of its flowers, and
ftalk, and frequently they are of both colours in the the borders of the petals being much jagged and
fame head. This plant flowers in July, and the feeds fringed ; the ſcent of this is not fo agreeable as of
ripen in autumn. fome others.
The tenth fort came originally from China, fo it is Then comes all the different kinds of Pheaſants Eye,
titled the China Pink ; the flowers of this have no of which there are frequently new varieties raiſed,
fcent, but there are a great variety of lively colours which are either titled from the perfons who raiſed
among them ; and of late years there has been great them, or the place where they were raiſed ; fome of
improvements made in the double flowers of this fort, theſe have very large double flowers, but thoſe which
fome of which are as full of petals as the double Pink, burſt their pods are not fo generally eſteemed .
and their colours are very rich. The plants feldom The Cob Pink comes after theſe to flower ; the ſtalks
grow more than eight or nine inches high, branching of this are much taller than thoſe of any of the for
5 out on every fide ; the branches grow erect, and are the flowers are very double, and of a bright red
1 terminated each by a fingle flower. Theſe flower in colour ; theſe have the moſt agreeable odour of all the
July, and continue in fucceffion till the froft ſtops forts, fo merits a place in every good garden. The
them ; they are commonly raiſed every year from time of the Pinks flowering is from the latter end of
feeds, but the roots will continue two years in dry May to the middle of July, and frequently that fort of
ground. Pheaſant Eye, which is called Bat's Pink, wiH flower
The eleventh fort is found growing naturally upon again in autumn .
old walls and buildings in many parts of England ; The old Man's Head Pink, and the painted Lady,
this is a fingle fmall Pink, of a fweet odour, but of a do not flower till July, coming at the fame feaſon
pale colour and ſmall, fo makes no appearance ; and with the Carnation, to which they are more nearly al
fince the great improvement which has been made in lied than the Pink. The firft when it is in its proper
theſe flowers by culture, this has been entirely ne colours, is purple and white ſtriped and ſpotted, but
glected. this frequently is of one plain colour which is pur
The twelfth fort grows naturally on the Alps. This ple ; this fort will continue flowering till the froft in
hath round, ſhort, blunt leaves ; the ftalks feldom autumn puts a ſtop to it, and the flowers having an
rife more than four inches high, each being terminated agreeable fcent, renders them valuable. The painted
by a ſingle flower of a pale red colour. It is fome Lady is chiefly admired for the liveliness of its co
times preſerved in botanic gardens for the fake of va lour, for it is not fo fweet, or of fo long continuance
riety, but is rarely admitted into other gardens. as the other.
The thirteenth fort grows naturally in Germany and The common Pinks are propagated either by feeds,
Denmark ; the leaves of this fort are like thofe of which is the way to obtain new varieties, or by mak
the narrow-leaved Sweet William ; the ſtalk riſes ing layers of them, as is practifed for Carnations ; or
more than a foot high, and is terminated by a fingle by planting flips, which, if carefully managed, will
flower, having five large petals of a pale red colour, take root very well.
which are cut into many long fegments. The roots If they are propagated by feeds, there fhould be
of this fort will live three or four years, but the ſecond care taken in the choice of them, and only the feeds
year from feeds they are in greatest beauty ; there of the beſt forts faved, where the perfons are curious
fore as the feeds ripen well in England, young plants to have the fineſt flowers. Thefe feeds may be fown
fhould be annually raiſed. in the fpring, and the plants afterward treated in the
The fourteenth fort is a very diminutive plant, hav fame manner as is hereafter directed for the Carnation ;
ing fhort narrow leaves growing in cloſe heads ; the with this difference only, that as the Pinks are lefs
ſtalk feldom rifes fix inches high, which is terminated tender, they may be more hardily treated. Thoſe
by a ſingle flower, of a pale red colour, fo has little which are propagated by layers, muſt be alfo ma
beauty, therefore is only kept in botanic gardens for naged as the Carnation, for which there are full in
variety. ftructions hereafter given. The old Man's Head and
The forts here enumerated, are fuch as the botanifts painted Lady Pinks, are commonly propagated this
allow to be diſtinct species ; and all the varieties of fine way, but moſt of the other forts are propagated from
flowers, which are now cultivated in the gardens of flips.
the curious, are only accidental variations which have The best time to plant the flips of Pinks is about
been produced by culture ; and the number of theſe are end of July, when, if there fhould happen rain, it
greatly increaſed annually, in many different parts of will be of great fervice to them ; but if the weather
Europe ; fo that as new varieties are obtained, the old fhould prove dry, they will require to be watered
flowers are rejected. every other day, until they have taken root ; thefe
ſhould
 DIA DIA

fhould be planted in a fhady border, and the ground new root, then you must obferve to keep them clear
fhould be dug well, and all the clods broken, and if from weeds ; in thefe beds they may remain until the
no rain falls , it fhould be well foaked with water a end of Auguft, by which time they will have
few hours before the flips are planted , then the flips grown fo large as almoft to meet each other ; then
fhould be taken from the plants , and all their lower prepare fome more beds of the like good earth (in
leaves ftripped off, and planted as foon as poffible af quantity proportionable to the flowers you have raif
ter, for if they are fuffered to lie long after they are ed) in which you ſhould plant them at fix inches dif
taken from the plants, they will wither and fpoil ; tance each way, and not above four rows in each bed,
thefe need not be planted at a greater distance than for the more conveniently laying fuch of them as may
three inches fquare, and the ground must be cloſed prove worthy preferving, for in thefe beds they fhould
very hard about them ; then they must be well wa remain to flower.
tered, and this muſt be repeated as often as is found The alleys between thefe beds fhould be two feet
neceffary, till the cuttings have taken root ; after wide, that you may pafs between the beds to weed
which they will require no other care but to keep and clean them. If the feafon fhould prove very dry
them clean from weeds till autumn, when they ſhould at this time, they fhould not be tranfplanted till there
be tranſplanted to the borders of the flower-garden is fome rain ; fo that it may happen to be the middle,
where they are to remain. There are fome who plant or latter end of September fome years, before there
the flips of Pinks later in the feafon than is here di may be wet enough to moiften the ground for this
rected ; but thofe plants are never fo ftrong nor flower purpofe ; but if there is time enough for the plants
fo well, as thofe which are early planted . to get good root before the froft comes on, it will be
We fhall next proceed to the culture of the Carna fufficient. If the winter fhould prove fevere , the
tion ; theſe the florifts diftinguifh into four claffes . beds fhould be arched over with hoops, that they may
The first they call Flakes ; thefe are of two colours be covered with mats, otherwife many of the plants
only, and their ſtripes are large, going quite through may be deſtroyed, for the good flowers are not fo
the leaves. hardy as the ordinary ones of this genus . There will
The fecond are called Bizarrs ; theſe have flowers be no other culture wanting to thefe, but to keep
ftriped or variegated with three or four different co them clean from weeds, and when they ſhoot up their
lours, in irregular spots and ftripes. ftalks to flower, they must be fupported by fticks to
The third are called Piquettes ; thefe flowers have prevent their breaking. When your flowers begin
always a white ground , and are fpotted (or pounced , to blow, you muſt look over them to fee which of
as they call it) with fcarlet, red, purple, or other them proffer to make good flowers , which as foon as
colours. you diſcover, you ſhould lay down all the layers upon
The fourth are called painted Ladies ; thefe have them ; thofe which are well marked, and blow whole
their petals of a red or purple colour on the upper without breaking their pods, fhould be referved to
fide, and are white underneath . plant in borders, to furnish you with feed ; and thoſe
Of each of thefe claffes there are numerous varieties, which burst their pods, and feem to have good pro
but chiefly of the Piquettes, which fome years ago perties, fhould be planted in pots, to try what their
were chiefly in efteem with the florifts, but of late flowers will be, when managed according to art ;
years the Flakes have been in greater requeft than any and it is not till the fecond year that you can pro
of the other kinds. To enumerate the varieties of nounce what the value of a flower will be, which
the chief flowers in any one of theſe claffes, would is in proportion to the goodnefs of its properties ;
be needlefs, fince every country produces new flowers but, that you may be well acquainted with what the
almoſt every year ; fo that thofe flowers, which, at florifts call good properties, I fhall here fet them
their firſt raiſing, were greatly valued , are in two or down.
three years become fo common, as to be of little 1. The ftem of the flower fhould be ſtrong, and able
worth, efpecially if they are defective in any one pro to ſupport the weight of the flower without hanging
perty. Therefore ( where flowers are fo liable to mu down.
tability, either from the fancy of the owner, or that 2. The petals (or leaves) of the flower fhould be
better kinds are yearly produced from feeds, which , long, broad, and ftiff, and pretty eafy to expand, or
with good florifts, always take place of older or worfe (as the florifts term them) fhould be free flowers.
flowers, which are turned out of the garden to make 3. The middle pod of the flower ſhould not advance
room for them ) it would be but fuperfluous in this too high above the other petals of the flower.
place to give a lift of their names, which are gene 4. The colours fhould be bright, and equally marked
rally borrowed either from the names and titles of all over the flower.
noblemen, or from the perfon's name, or place of 5. The flower fhould be very full of leaves, fo as to
abode, who raiſed it. render it, when blown , very thick and high in the
Theſe flowers are propagated either from feeds (by middle, and the outfide perfectly round.
which new flowers are obtained ), or from layers, for Having made choice of fuch of your flowers as pro
the increaſe of thoſe forts which are worthy maintain mife well for the large fort, theſe you ſhould mark fe
ing ; but I fhall first lay down the method of propa parately for pots, and the round whole blowing flow
gating them from feeds, which is thus : ers for borders ; you ſhould pull up all fingle flowers,
Having obtained fome good feeds, either of your or fuch as are ill- coloured, and not worth preferving,
own faving, or from a friend that you can confide in, that your good flowers may have the more air and
about the middle of April, prepare fome pots or boxes room to grow strong ; thefe having been laid at a pro
(according to the quantity of feed you have to fow) ; per ſeaſon, as foon as they have taken root (which will
thefe fhould be filled with freſh light earth mixed with be fome time in Auguft) they fhould be taken off, and
rotten neats dung, which fhould be well incorporated planted out, thofe that blow large, in pots, and the
together ; then fow your feeds thereon ( but not too other in borders (as hath been already directed).
thick) covering it about a quarter of an inch with the Of late years the whole-blowing flowers have been
fame light earth, placing the pots or cafes fo as to re much more efteemed than thofe large flowers which
ceive the morning fun only till eleven of the clock , burſt their pods, but efpecially thofe round flowers
obferving alfo to refresh the earth with water as often which have broad ftripes of beautiful colours, and
as it may require. In about a month's time your round Rofe leaves, of which kinds there have been a
plants will come up, and if kept clear from weeds, great variety introduced from France within theſe few
and duly watered, will be fit to tranfplant about the years ; but as thefe French flowers are extremely apt
latter end of July ; at which time you fhould prepare
:. to degenerate to plain colours, and being much ten
fome beds (of the fame fort of earth as was directed derer than thoſe which are brought up in England,
to fow them in) in an open airy fituation , in which there are not fuch great prices given for the plants
you fhould plant them at about three inches fquare, now, as have been a few years paft ; from the pre
oblerving to water and fhade them till they have taken fent tafte for thefe whole- blowing Flake flowers, many
6 of
 DIA DIA

of the old varieties, which had been turned out of choice of fome of the beft plants for the next year's
the gardens of the florifts many years ago, to make blowing, always obferving to have a fucceffion of
room for the large flowers, which were then in faſhion, them yearly, by which means you may have every
WAAIERS

have been received again ; and large prices have been year fine flowers, provided the feafon proves favoura
paid of late for fuch flowers as fome years ago were ble for it is not reaſonable to fuppofe, that the lay
fold for one fhilling a dozen, or lefs, which is a ers taken from fuch roots as have been exhauſted in
ftrong proof of the variableneſs of the fancies of the producing large flowers, and have been forced by art
Aloriſts. to the utmoſt of their natural ftrength, fhould be able
But I fhall now proceed to give fome directions for to produce flowers equally as large as their mother
SC2

propagating theſe flowers by layers, and the necef foot did the year before, or as fuch layers as are freſh
ON
NA

fary care to be taken in order to blow them fair and from a poorer foil, and in greater health can do.
24
V

But this being premiſed, let us proceed to the plant

J
2

large.
The beſt ſeaſon for laying theſe flowers is in June, ing of thefe layers, which ( as I faid before) fhould be
as foon as the ſhoots are ftrong enough for that pur done in Auguft, or the beginning of September.
pofe, which is performed in the following manner : The common method uſed by moſt floriſts is, to
after having ſtripped off the leaves from the lower plant their layers at this feafon, two in each pot (the
part of the ſhoot intended to be laid, make choice of fize of which pots are about nine inches over in the
a ftrongjoint about the middle part of the fhoot (not clear at the top) ; in theſe pots they are to remain for
too near the heart of the fhoot, nor in the hard part bloom ; and therefore, in the fpring of the year,
next the old plant) ; then with your penknife make a they take off as much of the earth from the furface
flit in the middle of the ſhoot from the joint upwards of the pots as they can, without diſturbing their
Ma half way to the other joint, or more, according to roots, filling the pots up again with the fame good
1236 their diſtance ; then with your knife cut the tops of freſh earth as the pots were before filled with. But
the leaves, and alfo cut off the fwelling part of the there is fome difficulty in fheltering a great quantity
joint where the flit is made, fo that the part flit may of theſe flowers in winter, when they are planted in
be ſhaped like a tongue ; for if that outward ſkin fuch large pots, which in moſt winters they will re
is left on, it would prevent their puſhing out quire, more or leſs ; my method therefore is, to put
roots ; then having loofened the earth round the plant, them fingly into halfpenny pots in autumn, and in the
and, if need be, raiſed it with fresh mould, that it middle or latter end of October, to ſet theſe pots into
may be level with the ſhoot intended to be laid down , a bed of old tanners bark, which has loft its heat, and
left by the ground being too low, by forcing down cover them with a common frame (fuch as is uſed
the ſhoot you ſplit it off ; then with your finger make for raifing Cucumbers and Melons ) ; and in two of
a hollow place in the earth, juft where the fhoot is to theſe frames, which contain fix lights, may be fet a
come, and with your thumb and finger bend the ſhoot hundred and fifty of thefe pots : in theſe frames you
gently into the earth, obferving to keep the top as may give them as much free air as you pleaſe, by tak
upright as poffible, that the flit may be open ; and ing off the lights every day when the weather is mild,
3.93

being provided with forked ſticks for that purpoſe, and putting them on only in bad weather and great
thruſt one of them into the ground, ſo that the fork rains ; and if the winter fhould prove fevere, it is
ed part may take hold of the layer, in order to keep only the covering the glaffes with mats, ftraw, or
it down in its proper place ; then gently cover the Peaſe-haulm, fo as to keep out the froft, which will
fhank of the layer with the fame fort of earth, giv effectually preſerve your plants in the utmoſt vigour.
F ing it a gentle watering to fettle the earth about it, In the middle or latter end of February, if the feafon
obferving to repeat the fame as often as is neceffary, is good, you muſt tranfplant theſe layers into pots
in order to promote their rooting. In about five for their bloom (the fize of which fhould be about
or fix weeks after this, the layers will have taken eight inches over at the top in the clear) ; in the do
root fufficient to be tranfplanted ; againſt which ing of which, obferve to put fome potfherds or oyſter
time you ſhould be provided with proper earth for fhells over the holes in the bottoms of the pots, to
them, which may be compofed after the following keep the earth from ſtopping them, which would de
manner : tain the water in the pots to the great prejudice of
LA Make choice of fome good up-land paſture, or a the flowers then fill theſe pots about half way with
<

common that is of a hazel earth, or light fandy the fame good compoft as was before directed, and
loam ; dig from the furface of this your earth about fhake the plants out of the fmall pots with all the
eight inches deep, taking all the turf with it ; let this earth about the roots ; then with your hands take off
be laid in a heap to rot and mellow for one year, turn fome of the earth round the outfide of the ball, and
ing it once a month, that it may fweeten ; then mix from the ſurface taking off the fibres of the roots on
$ about a third part of rotten neats dung, or for want the outfide of the ball of earth ; then put one good
of that, fome rotten dung from a Cucumber or Me plant exactly in the middle of each pot, fo that it may
lon-bed ; let this be well mixed together, and if you ftand well as to the height, i. e. not fo low as to bury
can get it time enough before-hand, let them lie the leaves of the plant with earth, nor fo high, that
mixed fix or eight months before it is uſed, turning it the fhank may be above the rim of the pot ; then fill
feveral times, the better to incorporate their parts. the pot up with the earth before-mentioned, cloſing
Obferve, that although I have mentioned this mix it gently to the plant with your hands, giving it a
*
ture as the beſt for theſe flowers, yet you muſt not ex little water, if the weather is dry, to fettle the earth
pect to blow your flowers every year equally large in about it ; then place thefe pots in a fituation where
the fame compofition ; therefore fome people who are they may be defended from the north wind, obferv
extremely fond of having their flowers fucceed well, ing to give them gentle waterings, as the ſeaſon may
alter their compofitions every year in this manner, require.
viz. one year they mix the fresh earth with neats In this place they may remain till the middle or latter
dung, which is cold ; the next year with rotten horſe end of April, when you fhould prepare a ſtage of
dung, which is of a warmer nature, adding thereto boards to fet the pots upon, which fhould be fo or
fome white fea fand to make the earth lighter. dered as to have little cifterns of water round each
But, for my part, I ſhould rather adviſe the plant poſt, to prevent the infects from getting to your flow
ing two or three layers of each of the beſt kinds in ers in their bloom, which, if they are fuffered to do,
a bed of freſh earth not over dunged , which plants will mar all your labour, by deſtroying all your flow
fhould only be fuffered to fhew their flowers, that you ers in a fhort time ; the chief and moſt miſchievous
may be fure they are right in their kind and colours ; infect in this cafe is, the earwig, which will gnaw off
and when you are fatisfied in that particular, cut off the all the lower parts of the petals of the flowers (which
flower-ſtems, and do not fuffer them to ſpend the roots are very ſweet) and thereby cauſe the whole flower to
in blowing, by which means you will ftrengthen your fall to pieces ; but fince the making one of thefe ftages
layers . And it is from thefe beds I would make is fomewhat expenfive, and not very eafy to be un
4 Z derſtood
 DIA DIA

derſtood by fuch as have never ſeen them , I fhall one end of the wire to contain the pod, into which
defcribe a very fimple one, which I have uſed for fè ring you ſhould fix the ftem ofthe flower ; then cut
veral years, which anfwers the purpoſe full as well as off all the tyings of baſs, and thruſt the ſtem of the
the beſt and moſt expenſive one can do : firft, pre flower fo far from the ftick, as may give convenient
pare fome common flat pans, about fourteen or fixteen room for the flower to expand without preffing againſt
inches over, and three inches deep ; place theſe two the ſtick , to which diſtance you may fix it, by turn
and two oppofite to each other, at about two feet ing your wire fo as not to draw back through the
diſtance, and at every eight feet lengthways, two of hole ; then make another hole through the ſtick, at
theſe pans ; in each of thefe whelm a flower-pot, a convenient,diftance above the flower, through which
which fhould be about fix inches over at the top, you ſhould put a piece of wire, an inch and a half
upfide-down, and lay a flat piece of timber, about long, which is to fupport the glaffes from fliding
two feet and a half long, and three inches thick, down upon the flowers ; and be fure to obferve, that
crofs from pot to pot, till you have finiſhed the whole the glaffes are not placed fo high as to admit the fun
length of your ſtage ; then lay your planks length and rain under them to the flowers, nor fo low as to
ways upon theſe timbers, which will hold two rows ſcorch their leaves with the heat. At this time alfo,
of planks for the fize pots which were ordered for the or a few days after, as you fhall judge neceffary,
Carnations ; and when you have fet your pots upon you ſhould cut fome ftiff paper, cards, or fome fuch
the ftage, fill the flat pans with water, always ob thing, into collars about four inches over, and ex
ferving, as it decreaſes in the pans, to repleniſh it, actly round, cutting a hole in the middle of it about
which will effectually guard your flowers againft in three fourths of an inch diameter, for the bottom of
fects ; for they do not care to fwim over water, ſo the flower to be let through ; then place thefe collars
that if by this, or any other contrivance, the paffage about them, to fupport the petals of the flower from
from the ground to the ftage, on which the pots are hanging down ; this collar fhould be placed with in
placed, is defended by a furface of water three or fide the calyx of the flower, and ſhould be fupported
four inches broad, and as much in depth, it will ef thereby ; then obferve from day to day what progrefs
fectually prevent theſe vermin from getting to the your flowers make ; and if one fide comes out fafter
flowers. than the other, you ſhould turn the pot about, and
This ſtage ſhould be placed in a fituation open to the ſhift the other fide towards the fun ; and alfo if the
fouth- eaft, but defended from the weft winds , to weather proves very hot, you ſhould ſhade the glaffes
which theſe ſtages must not be expofed, left the pots in the heat of the day with Cabbage leaves, &c. to
fhould be blown down by the violence of that wind, prevent their being fcorched, or forced out too foon ;
which is often very troubleſome at the ſeaſon when and when the middle pod begins to rife, you ſhould
theſe flowers blow ; indeed they ſhould be defended take out the calyx thereof with a pair of nippers
by trees at fome diftance, from the winds of every made for that purpoſe ; but this fhould not be done
point ; but theſe trees fhould not be too near the too foon, left the middle part of the flower fhould
ftage, nor by any means place them near walls, or advance too high above the fides, which will greatly
tall buildings, for in fuch fituations the ſtems of the diminiſh the beauty of it : and you ſhould alſo ob
flowers will draw up too weak. About this time, viz . ferve whether there are more leaves in the flower,
the middle of April, your layers will begin to fhoot than can properly be expanded for want of room ; in
up for flower ; you must therefore be provided with which cafe you fhould put out fome of the lowermoſt
fome fquare deal ſticks, about four feet and a half or moſt unlikely leaves to fpread, drawing out and
long, which fhould be thicker toward the bottom, expanding the others at the fame time : and when
and planed off taper at the top ; theſe ſticks fhould your flowers are fully blown, if you cut them off,
be carefully ſtuck into the pots as near as poffible to you fhould put on a freſh collar of ftiff paper, which
the plant, without injuring it , then with a flender ſhould be cut exactly to the fize of the flower, that
piece of bafs mat, faften the fpindle to the ſtick to it may ſupport the petals to their full width, but not
prevent its being broken ; this you must often repeat, to be feen wider than the flower in any part : when
as the fpindle advances in height, and alſo obſerve this is put on, you muſt draw out the wideft leaves
to pull off all fide ſpindles as they are produced, and to form the outſide of the flower, which although
匪
never let more than two fpindles remain upon one they ſhould be in the middle ( as it often happens,)
root, nor above one, if you intend to blow exceeding yet by removing the other leaves they may be drawn
large. Toward the beginning of June your flowers down, and fo the next longeſt leaves upon them
will have attained their greateſt height, and their pods again, that the whole flower may appear equally glo
will begin to fwell, and fome of the earlieſt begin to bular without any hollow parts. In the doing of this,
open on one fide ; you must therefore obferve to let fome florifts are fo curious as to render an indifferent
it open in two other places at equal angles ; this muſt flower very handfome ; and on this depends, in a
be done fo foon as you perceive the pod break, other great meaſure, the ſkill of the artiſt to produce large
wife your flower will run out on one fide, and be in fine flowers.
a fhort time paſt recovering, fo as to make a com During the flowering feafon, particular care ſhould
plete flower, and in a few days after the flowers begin be taken not to let them fuffer for want of water,
to open, you muſt cover them with glaffes which are which fhould by no means be raw fpring water ; nor
made for that purpofe, in the following manner : do I approve of compound waters, fuch as are en
Upon the top of the glafs, exactly in the center, is riched with various forts of dung ; but the beſt and
a tin collar, or focket, about three fourths of an inch moſt natural water is that of a fine foft river ; next
fquare, for the flower-ſtick to come through ; to this to that is pond water, or ftanding water , but ifyou
focket are foldered eight flips of lead at equal dif have no other than ſpring water, it ſhould be expoſed
tances, which are about fix inches and a half long, to the fun and air two days before it is ufed, other
and fpread open at the bottom about four inches wife it will give the flowers the canker and ſpoil
afunder ; into thefe flips of lead are faftened flips of them .
glafs, cut according to the diſtances of the lead, The directions here given are chiefly for the ma
which, when they are fixed in, are bordered round nagement of thofe large Carnations, which require the
the bottom with another flip of lead quite round, fo greateſt ſkill of the florifts, to have them in perfec
that the glafs hath eight angles, with the focket in tion ; but as of late years thefe have not been fo much
the middle, and fpread open at the bottom about in eſteem as formerly, and thofe flowers which do
eleven inches wide. not break their pods, and are termed whole Blowers,
When your flowers are open enough to cover with have now the preference. Theſe are generally planted
thefe glaffes, you muſt make a hole through your in pots, and treated in the fame way as the large
flower-ſtick, exactly to the height of the under part flowers, but do not require fo much trouble to blow
of the pod, through which you ſhould put a piece of them all that is neceffary to be done for thefe, is to
fmall wire about fix inches long, making a ring at faſten their ſtems up to flower- fticks to prevent their
being

>
 DIA DIA
JE

no being broken, and to take off the pods which pro Theſe will flower the next year in June, and perfect
ofthe ceed from the fide of the ftalks, leaving only the top their feeds in Auguft, which you ſhould fave from
3.4224

C42 bud to flower, if they are intended to be large and the beſt coloured flowers for a ſupply.
fair , and when the flowers begin to open, if they They may be alfo propagated by flipping their roots
are fcreened from the fun in the heat of the day, and at Michaelmas ; but this is feldom practifed , fince
BN
pp

tothe alfo from wet, they will continue much longer in their feedling roots will always blow the ftrongeft, and
4
4
7
A
2

beauty. new varieties are obtained yearly.

WEL But although the moſt valuable of theſe flowers are The four forts with double flowers are, i . The broad
ufually planted in pots, and thus carefully treated, yet leaved fort, which hath very double flowers, of a
many of theſe whole blowing flowers may be planted deep purple colour inclining to blue, which burfts its
in beds, or borders of the flower-garden, where they pods, fo that it is not fo much efteemed as the others,
are fome of the principal ornaments during their and therefore has been lefs regarded, and is now al
continuance in flower, which is from the beginning moft totally baniſhed the gardens of the curious.
of July till the middle of Auguft, eſpecially if the 2. The Double Rofe Sweet William, whofe flowers
feveral colours are properly intermixed ; for the Flakes are of a fine deep Rofe colour, and ſmell fweet ; this
and Bizarrs ſhould be intermixed with the Picquettes, is much valued for the beauty and ſweetneſs of its
efa
dex. and not planted feparate, unleſs where they are de flowers ; the empalement (or pods) of theſe flowers
figned for faving the feeds ; in which cafe, thoſe never burſt, ſo the flowers remain with their petals
which are the fineſt of each fort, fhould be planted fully expanded, and do not hang down looſely as
in beds at a distance from each other, eſpecially thofe of the former. 3. The Mule, or Fairchild's
llas
where perfons are defirous to keep them diftinet ; for Sweet William ; it hath narrower leaves than either
from
where the forts are blended together, there will be of the former, and is of that variety called Sweet
Thir
an admixture of their farina, fo that the feeds will John : this was faid to have been produced from feeds
onte of a Carnation, which had been impregnated by the
vary, and not produce the particular kinds ; though
I do not remember ever to have ſeen any Flake flowers farina of the Sweet William ; the flowers of this are
arife from feeds of the Picquettes, nor vice versâ. of a brighter red colour than either of the former,
The flowers which are planted in the full ground, their bunches are not quite fo large, but the flowers
generally produce feeds better than thoſe in pots ; have an agreeable odour. The fourth fort has fine
but whoever propoſes to raiſe a ſupply of new flowers variegated flowers .
from feeds, muft always obferve to fave the beſt of The double kinds are propagated by layers, as the
X their feedling flowers for this purpoſe ; for it is well Carnations ; they love a middling foil, not too light,
known, that after any of theſe flowers have been a nor too heavy or ſtiff, nor too much dunged, which
few years propagated by layers, they become barren, very often occafions their rotting : thefe continue
and do not feed ; which is alfo the cafe with moſt flowering for a long time, and are extremely beautiful,
other plants which are propagated by flips, layers, or efpecially the Mule, which produces two full blooms
cuttings ; fo that the young plants which have been of flowers, one in June, and the other in July. This
newly obtained from feeds, are always the moſt pro is very fubject to canker and rot away, efpecially if
ductive of feeds : the plants which are propagated by planted in a foil over wet or too dry, or if watered
layers or flips, will always continue to produce the with ſharp fpring water. Theſe flowers being planted
fame flowers, fo that when a fine variety is obtained, in pots, are very proper to adorn court-yards at the
it is this way propagated and maintained ; but all the time they are in flower.
new varieties come from feeds, fo that all thoſe who The China Pink is generally fuppofed an annual plant,
are curious in theſe flowers, annually fow their feeds. becauſe the plants which are raiſed from feeds flower
I fhall next proceed to the culture of that fpecies, and produce ripe feeds the fame ſeaſon, ſo their roots
which is commonly known by the title of Sweet Wil are not often preſerved ; but where they are planted
TOC liam ; of this there are a great variety of different on a dry foil, they will continue two years, and the
colours, which are ſingle, and three or four with double fecond year will produce a greater number of flowers
flowers : fome of thefe have narrow leaves, which than the firft. There are a great variety of very rich
were formerly titled Sweet Johns, but of late that colours in theſe flowers, which annually vary when
diftinction has not been made, becauſe they are found raiſed from feeds. The double flowers of this fort
to vary when raiſed from feeds. are moſt eſteemed, though the colours of the fingle
Some of the fingle flowers have very rich colours , are more diſtinct and beautiful ; for the multiplicity
which frequently vary in thoſe of the fame bunch ; of petals in the double flowers, in a great meaſure ,
there are others with fine variegated flowers, and hides the deep fhades, which are toward the lower
others whoſe middles are of a foft red, bordered with part of the petals .
white, which are called Painted Ladies ; but where Theſe plants are propagated by feeds, which ſhould
t perfons are defirous to preſerve any of theſe varieties be fown upon a gentle hot-bed about the beginning
in perfection, the beft flowers of each fhould be par of April ; this moderate heat is only intended to for
ticularly marked, and no other permitted to ſtand ward the vegetation of the feeds, therefore when the
near them, left their farina fhould impregnate them, plants come up, they muſt have a large ſhare of air
which would cauſe them to vary. admitted to them, to prevent their drawing up weak ;
That which is called the Painted Lady Sweet Wil and as foon as the weather will permit, they muſt be
liam, is a very beautiful variety ; the ftalks of this expofed to the open air ; in about three weeks or a
do not riſe ſo high as moſt ofthe other ; the bunches month after, the plants will be fit to remove ; then
of flowers are larger, and produced more in the form they ſhould be carefully taken up with good roots,
of an umbel, the flowers ftanding equal in height, and planted in a bed of rich earth, at about three
make a better appearance : there are others whofe inches aſunder, being careful to fhade them from the
ſtalks rife three feet high, and the flowers of a very fun till they have taken new root, and in dry weather
deep red or fcarlet colour. Theſe all flower at the they muſt have water three or four times a week.
fame time with the Carnations, which renders them The farther care is to keep them clean from weeds
leſs valuable , becauſe they have no fcent. till the end of May, at which time they may be
3 The fingle kinds of theſe flowers are generally pro tranſplanted to the places where they are deſigned to
pagated by feeds, which muſt be fown the latter end remain for flowering, when they may be taken up
a
of March or the beginning of April, in a bed of with large balls of earth to their roots, fo as fcarcely
light earth, and in June they will be fit to tranſplant to feel their removal, eſpecially if it happens to rain
at that time.
out ; at which time you muſt prepare fome beds
ready for them, and fet them at fix inches diſtance As theſe plants do not grow large, fo when they are
every way in theſe beds they may remain till Mi planted fingly in the borders of the flower-garden,
chaelmas, at which time they may be tranfplanted they do not make fo fine an appearance, as where they
into the borders of the pleafure-garden or wilderneſs . are planted by themſelves in beds ; or if they are
planted
 DIC DIE

planted in fmall clumps, of fix or eight roots in each, in the autumn foon after they are ripe, the plants
where the flowers being of different colours, fet off will appear the following April ; but when they are
each other to advantage . kept out of the ground till the fpring, the feeds fel
Thoſe who are curious in thefe flowers, take parti dom fucceed ; or if they do grow, it is the following
cular care in faving their feeds, for they never permit fpring before the plants appear, fo that a whole year
any fingle flowers to ftand among their double, but is loft . When the plants come up, they muſt be
pull them up as foon as they fhew their flowers, and conftantly kept clean from weeds ; and in the autumn
alfo draw out all thoſe which are not of lively good when their leaves decay, the roots fhould be carefully
colours ; where this is obferved, the flowers may be taken up, and planted in beds at fix inches diſtance
kept in great perfection ; but where perfons have every way ; theſe beds may be four feet broad, and
trufty friends, who live at ſome diſtance, with whom the paths between them two, that there may be room
they can exchange feeds once in two or three years , enough to pafs between the beds to weed them. In
it is much better fo to do, than to continue fowing thefe beds the plants may ftand two years, during
feeds in the fame place many years in fucceffion, and which time they muſt be conftantly kept clean from
this holds true in moft forts of feeds : but the great weeds ; and if they thrive well, they will be ftrong
difficulty is to meet with an honeſt perſon of equal enough to flower ; fo in the autumn they ſhould be
fkill, who will be as careful in the choice of his plants carefully taken up, and planted in the middle of the
for feed, as if he was to fow them himſelf. borders of the flower-garden, where they will con
DIAPENSIA . See SANICULA . tinue thirty or forty years, producing more ſtems of
DICTAMNUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 468. Fraxinella. flowers in proportion to the fize of the roots. All
15
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 430. tab. 243. White Dittany, the culture theſe require, is to be kept clean from
or Fraxinella ; in French, Fraxinelle. This plant was weeds, and the ground about them dug every winter.
titled Fraxinella, from Fraxinus the Afh- tree, the The roots of this plant are uſed in medicine, and
leaves of this having fome reſemblance in their form, efteemed cordial and cephalic, refifting putrefaction
to thofe ofthe Afh-tree, fo it was called Little Aſh. and poiſon, and are uſeful in malignant and peftilen
But as this plant has been long mentioned under the tial diftempers, as alfo in epilepfies.
title of Dictamnus albus, i. e. White Dittany in the DICTAMNUS CRETICUS . See ORIGANUM.
diſpenſaries, ſo Dr. Linnæus has adapted that title to DIERVILLA. Tourn. Act. R. Par. 1706. Loni
this genus . cera. Lin. Gen. Plant. 210.
The CHARACTERS are, The title of this genus was given it by Dr. Tournefort,
The empalement of the flower is compofed of five fmall after Mr. Dierville, a furgeon, who brought this plant
oblong leaves, ending in points. The flower bath five from Acadia.
oblong petals which are unequal, two of them turning up The CHARACTERS are,
ward, two are oblique on the fides, and one turns down The empalement of the flower is cut into five parts, almost
ward. It bath ten rifingftamina, which are as long as to the bottom ; the flower is of one leaf, having a tube at
the petals, which are fituated between the two fide petals ; the bottom, but is cut into five parts at the top, and has
they are not equal in length, and are terminated by obtufe the appearance of a lip flower ; it hath five ftamina,
four-cornered fummits ftanding erect. In the center is fi which are terminated by oblong fummits, which are equal
tuated a five-cornered germen, fupporting ashort incurved with the petal. At the bottom of the flower is fituated
Style, crowned by an acute ftigma ; the germen afterward an ovalgermen fixed to the empalement,Supporting aſlender
becomes a capfule with five cells, each having a compreſſed Style equal with theftamina, crowned by an obtufeftigma ;
margin, which spreads open at their exterior parts, but the germen afterward becomes a pyramidal berry, divided
join together at their inner, opening with two valves, and into four cells, which contain fmall round feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fection
inclefing feveral roundish , hard, fhining feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of of Tournefort's third clafs , which includes the plants
Linnæus's tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Monogynia, with a tubulous anomalous flower of one leaf. It is
the flower having ten ftamina and one ſtyle . ranged by Dr. Linnæus under his genus of Lonicera,
We have but one diftinct SPECIES of this genus, in the firſt ſection of his fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria
viz. Monogynia, the flower having five ftamina and one
DICTAMNUS (Albus). Hort. Cliff. 161. Fraxinella. Cluf. ftyle.
Hift. 99. and the Dictamnus albus, vulgò Fraxinella . We know but one SPECIES of this genus at prefent,
C. B. P. 222. White Dittany, commonly called Fraxinella. viz.
There are three varieties of this plant, one with a DIERVILLA ( Lonicera ) Acadienfis fruticofa, flore luteo.
pale red flower ftriped with purple, another with a Act. R. Par. 1706. Shrubby Diervilla of Acadia with a
white flower, and one with fhorter fpikes of flowers ; yellow flower. This is the Lonicera racemis termi
but as I have obferved them to vary when propagated nalibus foliis ferratis. Lin . Sp . Plant. 275. Lonicera
by feeds, fo I eſteem them only feminal varieties. with bunches of flowers terminating the branches, and
This is a very ornamental plant for gardens , and as fawed leaves.
it requires very little culture, fo deferves a place in This plant grows naturally in the northern parts of
all good gardens. It hath a perennial root, which America, from whence it was brought to Europe, and
ftrikes deep into the ground, and the head annually is now propagated in the gardens for fale. It hath
increaſes in fize ; theſe fend up many ftalks, which woody roots which ſpread far in the ground, and put
rife from two to three feet high, garniſhed with winged out ſhoots at a diftance from the principal ftalk,
leaves placed alternate, compofed of three or four whereby it multiplies greatly : the ſtalks are ligneous,
pair of oblong lobes, terminated by an odd one : and ſeldom rife more than a foot and a half high ;
they are ſmooth and ſtiff, fitting cloſe to the midrib, theſe are garniſhed with oblong heart- shaped leaves,
which hath a longitudinal furrow on the upper fide ; ending in acute points ; they are very flightly fawed
the lobes ( or finail leaves ) placed on each fide the on their edges, and are placed oppofite, fitting clofe
midrib, are oblique, but thoſe which terminate the
to the ftalks : the upper part of the ſtalks are gar
leaf have their fides equal. The flowers are produced niſhed with flowers, which ufually come out from the
in a long pyramidal looſe ſpike or thyrfe ; onthe top fide of the ſtalk at the fitting on of the leaves, and
of the ftalk, which is nine or ten inches long ; the alfo at the top of the ftalks ; there are two or three
flowers of one fort is white, and of the other they are flowers fuftained upon each foot-ſtalk : they are of a
of a pale red, marked with red or purple ftripes. pale yellow, and being ſmall, make no great ap
The whole plant when gently rubbed, emits an odour pearance. Theſe come out in May, and if the feafon
like that of Lemon peel, but when bruiſed has fome proves moift and cold, they frequently flower again
thing of a balfamic fcent. It flowers the latter end in Auguft.
of May, and in June, and the feeds ripen in Sep It is eafily propagated by fuckers, which it fends out
tember. in plenty, and loves a moift foil and fhady fituation,
Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which, if fown where the cold will never injure it.
DIGITALIS .
 DIG DIG

DIGITALIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 676. Tourn. Inft . will come up in the ſpring, and become troublefome
R. H. 164. tab. 73. Raii Meth . Plant. 89. Foxglove ; weeds ; but whoever has a mind to cultivate it, fhould
in French, Digitale. . fow the feeds in autumn, for thofe which are fown in
The CHARACTERS are , the ſpring ſeldom fucceed, or at leaft lie one year in
It hath a permanent empalement, which is cut into five the ground before they grow. This plant ftands in
parts; the flower is bell- shaped, of one petal, with a the lift of medicinal fimples of the difpenfaries, and
large open tube, whofe bafe is cylindrical and contracted, there is an ointment made of the flowers, and May
but the brim is divided into four parts flightly ; the upper butter, which has been in good eſteem.
M
lip fpreading and indented at the top, the lower is larger. There is a variety of this with a white flower, which
It bath fourftamina, which are inferted in the base of the is found growing naturally in fome parts of England,
petal, two being longer than the other, which are termi which differs from this only in the colour of the
nated by bipartite acuminated fummits ; the flower being flower and leaves ; but this difference is permanent,
past , the germen fwells to an oval capfule, having two for I have cultivated it more than thirty years in the
cells fitting on the empalement, inclofing manyfmall angular garden, and have never found it vary.
feeds. The fecond fort grows naturally in Spain, from
This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection whence I received the feeds ; this plant feldom rifes
of Linnæus's fourteenth clafs , intitled Didynamia much more than a foot and a half high ; the lower
Angiofpermia, the flower having two long and two leaves are ten inches long, and three broad in the
fhorter ftamina, and the feeds being included in a middle ; they are ſoft, woolly, and roughly veined
capfule. on their under fide ; the ftalks are garniſhed with
I. The SPECIES are, leaves of the ſame ſhape, but ſmaller ; the upper part
1. DIGITALIS (Purpurea) calycinis foliolis ovatis acutis, of the ſtalk hath a ſhort thyrfe of purple flowers like
101 corollis obtufis, labio fuperiore integro . Hort. Upfal . thofe of the common fort, but they are fmaller, and
• 178. Foxglove whofe fmall the fegments of the petal are acute. This plant re
leaves of the empalement are
oval and acute, the petals obtufe, and the upper lip entire. tains its difference when cultivated in gardens .
EI Digitalis purpurea folio afpero . C. B. P. 243. Purple The third fort hath very long obtufe leaves near the
Foxglove with a rough leaf, or common Foxglove. root ; the ftalk is fmall, and rifes from two to three
2. DIGITALIS (Thapfi) foliis decurrentibus. Lin . Sp. 867. feet high, the lower part being pretty cloſely gar
Foxglove with running leaves. Digitalis Hifpanica pur nished with ſmooth leaves, about three inches long
purea minor. Tourn . Inft. 165. Leffer Spaniſh purple and one broad, ending in obtufe points : the upper
Foxglove. part of the ſtalk, for ten inches in length, is adorned
3. DIGITALIS ( Lutea) calycinis foliolis lanceolatis co with fmall yellow flowers, which are cloſely ranged
rollis acutis labio fuperiore bifido. Hort. Upfal . 178 . on one fide of the ſtalk, having a few very fmall acute
Foxglove with Spear -shaped leaves to the empalement, an leaves placed between them, which are fituated on
acute petal, whofe upper lip is bifid. Digitalis minor the oppoſite fide of the ſtalk ; the upper lip of the
lutea, parvo flore. C. B. P. 244. Leffer yellow Foxglove flower is entire, and the petal is obtufe. It flowers
with asmallflower. in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
4. DIGITALIS (Magno flore) foliolis calycinis linearibus, The fourth fort hath long fimooth-veined leaves at
corollis acutis, labio fuperiore integro, foliis lanceo the bottom ; the ftalk is ftrong, and rifes two feet ,
latis. Foxglove with long narrow leaves to the empale and a half high, garniſhed with leaves which are five
ment, an acute petal, whofe upper lip is entire, andfpear inches long, one and a half broad, ending in acute
Shaped leaves. Digitalis lutea, magno flore . C. B. P. points ; theſe have many longitudinal veins, and are
244. Yellow Foxglove with a larger flower. flightly fawed on their edges ; the upper part of the
5. DIGITALIS (Ferruginea ) calycinis foliolis ovatis obtu ſtalk is adorned with large yellow flowers, nearly of
fis, corollæ labio inferiore longitudine floris. Lin . the ſize of thofe of the common fort, the brim having
Sp. Plant. 622. Foxglove with oval blunt leaves to the acute points, and the upper lip entire. This flow
-M
J

empalement, and the lower lip of the petal as long as the ers and ripens its feeds about the fame time as the
flower. Digitalis anguftifolia, flore ferrugineo. Č . B. P. former.
23

244. Narrow-leaved Foxglove with an iron-coloured The fifth fort hath narrow ſmooth leaves, which are
flower. entire ; the ſtalk rifes near fix feet high, and puts
請 out fome flender branches from the fide toward the
6. DIGITALIS (Canarienfis) calycinis foliolis lanceolatis,
corollis bilabiatis acutis, caule fruticofo. Lin. Sp. bottom ; the lower part of the ftalks is garniſhed
:
Plant. 622. Foxglove with spear -
shaped leaves to the em with very narrow ſmall leaves, three inches long, and
palement, an acute petal with two lips, and a fhrubby one third of an inch broad ; the flowers terminate
ftalk. Digitalis acanthoides Canarienfis frutefcens, the ftalk, growing in a very long fpike, with very
flore aureo. Hort. Amft. 2. p 105. Shrubby Canary few leaves between them, and thoſe very finall ; the
Foxglove like Bearfbreech, with a golden flower. empalement is divided into four obtufe parts, the
7. DIGITALIS ( Orientalis) calycinis foliolis acutis, foliis lower lip extending much longer than the upper.
The flowers are of an iron colour, and appear in
4 A

ovato- lanceolatis nervofis. Foxglove with acute leaves

to the empalement, and oval, fpear -
shaped, veined leaves. June.
Digitalis lutea non ramofa, fcorzoneræ folio. Buxb. The fixth fort grows naturally in the Canary Islands ,
Ľ
Cent. 25. Yellow unbranched Foxglove with a leaf like from whence the feeds were firft brought to England ;
Scorzonera. and many of the plants were raiſed in the bifhop of
The first fort grows naturally by the fide of hedges London's gardens at Fulham, part of which were fent
9
in fhady woods in moft parts of England, fo is rarely to the royal gardens at Hampton Court, and fome
cultivated in gardens . This is a biennial plant, which were fent over to the gardens in Holland : thofe
the first year produces a great tuft of long rough which were fent to Hampton Court, were preſerved
leaves which are hairy ; the fecond year it fhoots up there a few years, but by the ignorance of the gar
a ftrong herbaceous ftalk, which rifes from three to deners, to whofe care thofe gardens were committed,
four feet high, garniſhed with leaves of the fame this, with many other valuable plants, were foon
form as the lower, but they gradually leffen upward, deſtroyed.
fo thoſe which are intermixed with the flowers on the This plant hath a fhrubby ftalk which rifes to the
top are very narrow. The flowers grow in a long height of five or fix feet, dividing into ſeveral
looſe thyrfe, ſtanding only on one fide of the ftalk branches, garniſhed with rough fpear-fhaped leaves ,
they are large, tubulous, and ſhaped like a thimble, near five inches long, and two broad in the middle ,
of a purple colour, with feveral white ſpots on the gradually decreafing to both ends, having a few ſhort
under lip ; thefe flowers are fucceeded by oval cap ferratures on their edges ; thefe are placed alternately
fules with two cells, which are filled with dark brown on the branches ; each of theſe branches is terminated
feeds. It flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in au by a looſe ſpike of flowers, about four inches in length ;
tumn ; if they are permitted to fcatter, the plants the empalement of thefe is cut into five acute feg
5 A ments
 DIO DIO

ments almoft to the bottom ; the upper lip is long levi tereti. Hort. Cliff. 459. Diofecrea with heart
and entire, this is arched, and immediately under it fhaped leaves placed alternate, and a smooth taper ſtalk.
the ftamina and ftyle are fituated ; the lower lip is Diofcorea fcandens, foliis tamni fructu racemolo .
obtufe, and indented at the top ; there are two acute Plum. Nov. Gen. 9. Climbing Diofcorea with black Bri
fegments on the fide, which compofe the chaps of ony leaves, and fruit growing in long bunches.
the flower ; there are two of the ftamina longer than 2. DIOSCOREA (Haftata) folis haftato- cordatis, caule
the other ; theſe are crowned with roundifh fummits. lævi, racemis longiffimis. Diofcorea with spear-pointed
In the bottom of the flower is fituated the germen , shaped leaves, a ſmooth ſtalk, and very long bunches
heart -
fupporting a flender ftyle, crowned by an oval ftigma ; offlowers. Diofcorea fcandens, folio haftato fructu
the germen afterward becomes an oval capfule, filled racemofo. Houft. MSS. Climbing Diofcorea with a
with fmall angular feeds. Spear-pointed leaf, and fruit growing in bunches.
This plant begins to flower in May, and there is ge 3. DIOSCOREA ( Villofa ) foliis cordatis alternis, oppofi
nerally a fucceffion of flowers on the fame plant, till tifque caule lævi . Lin. Sp . 1463. Diofcorea withheart
the winter puts a ftop to them, which renders the fhaped leavesplaced alternate and oppofite, and a smooth
plant more valuable. It is propagated by feeds, which Stalk. Diofcorea fcandens, folio fubrotundo acumi
fhould be fown in pots filled with light earth, in the nato fructu [ racemofo. Houft. MSS . Climbing Diof
autumn, foon after the feeds are ripe ; thefe pots corea with a roundish pointed leaf, and fruit growing in
fhould be plunged into an old bed of tanners bark, long bunches.
whofe heat is gone, and in mild weather the glaffes 4. DIOSCOREA ( Bulbifera) foliis cordatis, caule lævi bul
fhould be drawn off to admit the air ; but in hard bifera. Flor. Zeyl . 360. Diofcorea with heart-shaped
rains and froſt they must be kept on, to protect the leaves, and afmooth ftalk bearing bulbs. Volubilis ni
feeds from both, which frequently deſtroys them here gra, radice albâ aut purpureâ maxima tuberofa efcu
when they are expofed ; in the fpring the plants will lenta, caule membranulis extantibus alato, folio cor
come up, when they ſhould enjoy the free air in mild dato nervofo. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 46. The Yam, or
weather, but must be protected from the cold . rammes.
When theſe are large enough to tranfplant, they 5 . DIOSCOREA ( Oppofitifolia) foliis oppofitis ovatis acu
fhould be each planted into a feparate fmall pot filled minatis. Lin. Sp . 1483. Diofcorea with oval-pointed
with light earth, and placed under the frame till they leaves growing oppofite.
have taken new root, then they ſhould be gradually 6. DIOSCOREA ( Digitata) foliis digitatis . Hort. Cliff.
inured to the open air. During the fummer feaſon 459. Diofcorea with hand-shaped leaves. Nureni Ke
the plants fhould remain abroad in a fheltered fitua lengu. Hort. Mal. 7. p . 67 .
tion, but in the winter they muſt be placed in a green The first fort grows naturally in moſt of the iſlands
houfe, for they will not live abroad in England ; they in the Weft Indies. I received the feeds of this fort
muſt not be kept too warm and clofe in the houſe, from Jamaica, where the late Dr. Houſtoun found it
for they only want protection from the froft ; there growing plentifully. This hath flender climbing
fore in mild weather, they fhould have free air con ftalks, which fix themſelves to any fupport near them,
ftantly admitted to them, and they require frequent and rife to the height of eighteen or twenty feet, gar
waterings, but they fhould not have it in too great niſhed with heart-shaped leaves, ending with acute
plenty in winter. points, having five longitudinal veins, which arife
The feventh fort grows naturally in Tartary, from from the foot- ſtalks, which diverge toward the fides,
whence the feeds were fent to the imperial garden at but meet again at the point of the leaves. They
Peterſburgh, and from thence I received them. This ſtand upon pretty long foot-ftalks, from the bafe of
plant hath many oval fpear-fhaped leaves, which are which ariſe the branching ſpikes of flowers, which are
fmooth, arifing from the root ; between theſe ariſe the ſmall, and have no beauty ; the female flowers are
ftalk, which grows about a foot high, and is garniſhed fucceeded by three- cornered oblong capfules, having
below with ſmooth ſpear-ſhaped leaves, from four to three cells, each containing two compreffed feeds.
five inches long, and one and a half broad in the The fecond fort differs from the firft in the shape of
middle, leffening gradually at both ends ; theſe have their leaves, theſe having two round ears at their baſe,
no foot-ftalks, but their bafe embraces the talks half but the middle extends to an acute point, like that of
round ; the upper part of the ftalk is adorned by a an halbert. The bunches of flowers are longer, and
fhort loofe fpike of yellow flowers, which are almoſt are loofer placed than thoſe of the former fort.
as large as thofe of the great yellow fort before-men The third fort hath broad, round , heart-ſhaped leaves,
tioned, but they are fhorter. This flowers in May, which end in acute points ; theſe have many longitu
and the feeds ripen in autumn. dinal veins which arife from the foot-ftalk, and di
All theſe forts fhould be fown in the autumn ; for if verge to the fide, but afterward join at the point of
the feeds are fown in the fpring, they commonly fail, the leaf; the flowers come out on long loofe ftrings,
or at leaſt lie a whole year in the ground before they ſtanding on ſhort foot-ftalks ; the female flowers are
vegetate. The plants are biennial (except the fe fucceeded by three- cornered oblong capfules, with
venth fort) and generally perifh foon after the feeds three cells, having compreffed bordered feeds.
are ripe . The fourth fort hath triangular winged ftalks, which
DIOSCORE A. Plum. Nov. Gen. 9. tab. 26. Lin. trail upon the ground and extend to a great length ;
Gen. Plant . 995. theſe frequently put out roots from the joints as they
The CHARACTERS are, lie upon the ground, whereby the plants are multi
It hath male and female flowers in different plants ; the plied. The roots of this plant are eaten in many
male flowers have a bell-shaped perianthium of one leaf, parts of both Indies, where the plants are much cul
cut into fix parts, but have no petals or empalement ; they tivated.
have fixfhort hairy ftamina, terminated byfingle fummits. The fifth fort grows naturally in Virginia, and in other
Thefemale flowers have the fame perianthium as the male ; parts of North America. This hath a ſmooth ſtalk
they have no petals, but have a fmall three- cornered ger which climbs on the neighbouring plants, and rifes
men, fupporting three ftyles, which are crowned by fingle five or fix feet high, garnished with heart-fhaped
Stigmas ; the perianthium afterward becomes a triangular leaves, which are placed oppofite ; they are covered
capfule with three cells, opening with three valves, con with fmall hairs, and have feveral longitudinal veins .
taining two compreffed bordered feeds in each. The flowers come out from the fide of the ftalk in
This genus of plants is ranged in the fixth fection of the fame manner as the other forts, but have no beau
Linnæus's twenty-fecond clafs, intitled Diccia Hex ty. Theſe plants are preferved in fome curious bo
andria. The plants of this clafs and fection have tanic gardens for the fake of variety ; but as they have
male and female flowers on different plants, and the no beauty, there are few perfons who will allow them
male flowers have fix ftamina. a place, especially as moft of the forts require a good
The SPECIES are,
ſtove to preferve them through the winter in Eng
1. DIOSCOREA ( Sativa) foliis cordatis alternis, caule land .
Thefe
 DIO DIO

Thefe plants may be propagated by laying their The SPECIES are,

branches into the ground , which in about three months 1. DIOSMA (Oppofitifolius) foliis fubulatis acutis oppo
will put out roots, and may then be taken from the fitis. Hort. Cliff. 71. Diofma with acute awl- shaped
old plants, and planted into feparate pots, which ſhould leaves placed oppofite. Spiraa Africana, foliis crucia
Caske be plunged into the tan-bed in the ftove ; during the tim pofitis. Com. Rar. Plant. 1. tab. 1. African Spi
winter theſe plants fhould have but little water given rea with leaves placed in form of a cross.
AL them ; but in fummer, when they are growing vigo 2 . DIOSMA (Hirfuta) foliis linearibus hirfutis. Hort .
St rouſly, they ſhould be watered three or four times a Cliff. 71. Diofma with narrow hairy leaves. Spiraa
week, and in warm weather the glaffes fhould be Africana odorata, foliis pilofis. Com . Rar. Plant. 3 .
opened to admit a large fhare of free air. Theſe tab. 3. Sweet African Spirea with hairy leaves.
Opul plants rarely flower in England, but when the feeds 3 . DIOSMA ( Rubra) foliis linearibus acutis glabris, ca
are fent from America, they fhould be immediately rinatis fubtus bifarium punctatis. Lin . Sp . Plant. 198.
fown in pots, and plunged into a hot- bed, where, if Diofma with Smooth, narrow, acute leaves, which are
the feeds are ſown early in the fpring, the plants will Spotted on their under fide. Spiræa Africana odorato,
come up the fame ſeaſon ; but when they are ſown floribus fuaverubentibus. Com. Rar. Plant. 2. Sweet
late, the feeds often remain in the ground till the African Spirea with foft red flowers.
BRE

following ſpring before they vegetate ; therefore when 4. DIOSMA (Erricoides) foliis lineari-lanceolatis fubtus
the plants do not come up the firſt ſeaſon, the pots convexis, bifariam imbricatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 198 .
fhould be fcreened from the froft the following Diofma with narrow fpear-shaped leaves, which are con
winter, and put into a new hot-bed in the fpring, vex on their under fide, and imbricated two ways. Spi
which will bring up the plants, if the feeds were good. ræa Africana erica bacciferæ foliis. Raii Hift. 91 .
fou
The fourth fort is much cultivated by the inhabitants African Spirea with leaves like the Berry-bearing Heath.
cor.
of the iſlands in America, and is of great ufe to them 5. DIOSMA (Lanceolata) foliis lanceolatis glabris. Lin.
Gr
for feeding of their negroes ; and the white people Sp. 287. Diofma with Smooth Spear - shaped leaves. Spi
make puddings of their roots, when ground to a fort ræa Africana, Saturejæ foliis brevioribus. Raii
Dendr. 91 .
of flour. This plant is fuppofed to have been brought
#!
from the Eaft to the Weft Indies, for it has not been The first fort rifes to the height of three feet ; the
diſcovered to grow wild in any part of America ; but branches are very long and flender, and are produced
I in the iſland of Ceylon, and on the coaft of Malabar, from the ſtem very irregularly ; the leaves are placed
it grows in the woods, and there are in thoſe places a croffways, and are pointed ; theſe are every evening
great variety of forts. cloſed up to the branches . The flowers are produced
This fort, which is chiefly cultivated in the Weft In along the branches from between the leaves ; and in
dies, has a root as big as a man's leg, of an irregular the evening, when theſe flowers are expanded, and
36lu form, and of a dirty brown colour on the outfide, the leaves are cloſely embracing the ftalks, the whole
but when cut, are white and meally within. The plant appears as if covered with ſpikes of white flow
ftalks of this plant are triangular and winged ; the ers ; and as theſe plants continue a long time in flower,
leaves are heart-fhaped, having two ears, fomewhat they make a fine appearance when the plants are in
like thoſe of Arum. Theſe ſtalks climb to the height termixed with other exotics in the open air.
of ten or twelve feet, when they grow near trees or The ſecond fort has been long known under the title
fhrubs, to which they faften themfelves, otherwiſe of Spiræa Africana odorata, foliis pilofis, or Sweet
they trail upon the ground. Scented African Spirea, with hairy leaves. This fort
This plant is propagated by cutting of the root into makes a very handſome fhrub, growing to the height
9 pieces, obferving to preferve an eye or bud to each, of five or fix feet ; the ftalks are woody, fending
Reg as is practifed in planting of Potatoes ; each of theſe out many flender branches ; the leaves come out al
‫מגף‬

being planted will grow, and produce three or four ternately on every ſide, which are narrow-pointed and
large roots. In America they are commonly fix or hairy. The flowers are produced in ſmall cluſters at
eight months in the ground before the roots are taken the end of the fhoots, which are white ; theſe are fuc
up for uſe. The roots are roaſted or boiled, and ceeded by ſtarry feed-veffels, having five corners,
eaten by the inhabitants, and fometimes are made like thoſe of the ſtarry Anife ; each of theſe corners is
into bread. a cell, having one fmooth, fhining, oblong, black
In fome curious gardens this plant is preferved for feed ; theſe feed-veffels abound with a refin, which af
the fake of variety, but it is fo tender as not to live in fords a grateful ſcent, as doth alfo the whole plant.
England, unless it is placed in a warm ſtove. As theſe The third fort is of humbler growth than either of
roots are frequently brought from America, who the former, feldom rifing above three feet high, and
ever hath an inclination to preferve the plant, may ſpreads out into many branches ; the leaves of this
cut them in the manner before deſcribed, and plant fort are ſmooth, and reſemble thoſe of the Heath, and
each piece in a pot filled with freſh earth, and plunged this plant from thence had the name of Erica Æthio
1 into a hot-bed of tanners bark, and give them little pica, &c. given it by Dr. Plukenet : the flowers of
water until they fhoot, left they ſhould rot. With this kind are produced in cluſters at the end of the
this management I have had the fhoots ten feet high, branches, like thofe of the ſecond fort, but are ſmaller,
-h and the bunches are not ſo large.
but the roots have not grown to any great fize with
me. This plant will not thrive in the open air in the All theſe plants are propagated by cuttings, which
T
warmest time of the year, fo muſt conſtantly be kept may be planted during any ofthe fummer months, in
in the bark -ſtove. pots filled with light fresh earth, and plunged into a
DIOSMA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 241. Spiræa . Com. very moderate hot-bed, where they ſhould be fhaded
Rar. Plant. 2. African Spiræa, vulgò. in the day time from the fun, and frequently refreſhed
The CHARACTERS are , with water. In about two months the cuttings will

The flower bath a permanent empalement, which is di have taken root, when they fhould be each tranf
vided into four acute fegments, which are plain at their planted into a ſmall pot, and placed in a fhady fitua
bafe ; it hathfive obtufe petals, which spread open and are tion until the plants have taken freſh root, whenthey
as long as the empalement ; it hathfive stamina terminated may be placed among other exotic plants, in a fhel
by oval erect fummits, and a five-pointed hollow nectarium tered fituation : thefe plants may remain abroad un
fitting on the germen, from which arifes a fingle style, til the beginning of October or later, if the feafon
1 crowned by an obfolete ftigma. continues favourable ; for they only require to be
The germen afterward
becomes a fruit compofed of five compreffed capfules, fheltered from froſt, ſo that in a dry airy green-houſe
which open lengthways, each inclofing one fmooth oblong they may be preſerved very well in winter, and in
feed. fummer they may be expofed to the open air with
This genus of plants is ranged in the first fection of other green-houſe plants.
I Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia , Thefe plants grow naturally at the Cape of Good
the flowers having five ftamina and one ftyle. Hope, from whence the feeds were fent to Europe,
where
2

1
 DIO DIP

where fome of the fpecies have been long preferved plenty of fruit in England, but they never come to
in the gardens of the curious. There have been perfection here. In America the inhabitants preferve
fome other fpecies in the English gardens than are the fruit until it be rotten (as is practifed by Medlars
here enumerated, but thefe are all that are at preſent in England) when they are eſteemed a pleaſant fruit.
to be found here. Theſe are both propagated by feeds, which will come
The fecond fort frequently ripens its feeds in Eng up very well in the open ground ; but if they are
land ; but if the feeds are not fown foon after they are fown upon a moderate hot-bed, the plants will come
ripe, they rarely grow, or they commonly lie a whole up much fooner, and make a greater progrefs ; but
year in the ground . in this cafe the feeds fhould be fown in pots or boxes
DIOSPYROS. Lin . Gen. Plant. 1027. Guaiacana . of earth, and plunged into the hot-bed, becauſe the
Tourn . Inft. R. H. 600. tab. 371. The Indian Date plants will not bear tranfplanting till autumn, when
Plumb. the leaves fall off ; fo that when the plants are up,
The CHARACTERS are , and have made fome progrefs, they may be inured
It bath hermaphrodite and female flowers on the fame by degrees to the open air ; and in June they may be
plant, and male flowers on Separate plants ; the berma wholly expofed , and may remain abroad until No
phroditeflowers have a large obtufe permanent empalement vember, when it will be proper to fet the pots under
of one leaf, which is divided into four parts ; the flower a hot-bed frame to protect them from hard froſt,
hath one petal which is shaped like a pitcher, and cut at which, while they are very young, may kill the tops
the brim into four fegments, which Spread open ; it hath of the plants ; but they must have as much free air
eight fhort briftly ftamina firmly joined to the empalement, as poffible in mild weather. The following fpring,
terminated by oblong fummits which have no farina. In before the plants begin to fhoot, they fhould be tranf
the center is fituated a roundish germen, fupporting a planted into a nurſery, in a warm fituation, where
Single quadrifid style, crowned by an obtufe bifid ftigma ; the they may be trained up for two years, and then re
germen afterward becomes a large globular berry with moved to the places where they are defigned to re
many cells, each including one oblong, compressed, hard main. Theſe are both hardy enough to refift the
feed. The male flowers have a one- leaved empalement, greateſt cold of this country, after the plants have ac
cut into fmall acute fegments ; the petal is thick and four quired ftrength.
cornered, cut into four obtufe fegments which turn back DIPSACUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 107. Tourn. Inft.
ward ; they have eight shortftamina, terminated by long, R. H. 466. tab. 265. [dlands, Gr. i. e. thirsty. It
acute, twin fummits, but have no germen. is faid to have taken its name by way of contrary,
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection becauſe it receives the dew or rain in the hollow finus
of Linnæus's twenty-third clafs, intitled Polygamia of its leaves that cohere together, by which it drives
Diccia. The plants of this clafs and fection have away the injuries of thirft. It is alfo called Labrum
hermaphrodite and female flowers growing on the Veneris, from the poſition of its leaves, which form a
fame plant, and the male on feparate plants. fort of bafon, containing a liquor that beautifies the
The SPECIES are, face. ] The Teazel ; in French, Chardon à Bonnitier.
1. DIOSPYROS (Lotus ) foliorum paginis difcoloribus. The CHARACTERS are,

Lin. Sp . Plant. 1057 . Diospyros with thefurface of the It hath many florets collected in one common perianthium,
"
leaves of two colours. Guaiacana. J. B. 2. 138. The which is permanent ; the florets have but one petal, which
Indian Date Plumb. is tubular, cut into four parts at the top, which are erect.
2. DIOSPYROS (Virginiana) foliorum paginis concolori They have four hairy ftamina which are as long as the pe
bus. Lin. Sp . Plant. 1057. Diospyros with the furface tal, terminated by proftrate fummits ; the germen is fitu
of the leaves of one colour. Guaiacana Virginiana Pif ated below the flower, fupporting a flenderftyle, crowned
hamin dicta. Boerh. Ind . alt. 2. The Pifhamin or by a fingle ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a co
Perfimon, and by fome Pitchumon Plumb. lumn -fhaped feed, inclofed in the common conical fruit,
The first fort is fuppofed to be a native of Africa, which is divided by long prickly partitions.
and was tranfplanted from thence into feveral parts of This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of
Italy, and alfo the fouth of France. The fruit of Linnæus's fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Monogy
this tree is by fome ſuppoſed to be the Lotus, which nia, the flower having four ſtamina and one ſtyle.
Ulyffes and his companions were inchanted with . The SPECIES are ,

This is a tree of a middling growth in the warm 1. DIPSACUS ( Sylvestris) foliis feffilibus ferratis, ariftis
parts of Europe, where there are feveral of them fructibus erectis. Teazel with fawed leaves fet clofe to
which are upward of thirty feet high ; but particu thestalks, and erect beards to thefruit. Dipfacus fyl
larly in the botanic garden at Padua there is one very veftris. Dod. Pemp. 735. Wild Teazel.
old tree, which has been defcribed by fome of the 2. DIPSACUS (Fullonum ) faliis connatis, ariftis fructibus
former botaniſts, under the title of Guaicum Patavi recurvis. Teazel with leaves joined at their bafe, and
num. This tree produces plenty of fruit every year, the beards of thefruit recurved. Dipfacus fativus. Dod.
from the feeds of which many plants have been Pemp. 735. Cultivated Teazel.
raifed . In England there are none of theſe trees, but 3 . DIPSACUS ( Laciniatus) foliis connatis finuatis. Lin.
what have been raiſed within a few years paft, in the Sp. Plant. 97. Teazel withfinuated leavesjoined at their
phyfic garden at Chelfea ; for the feeds of which I bafe. Dipfacus folio laciniato. C. B. P. 385. Teazel
was greatly obliged to my much honoured friend, his with a laciniated leaf.
excellency the Chevalier Rathgeb, his imperial ma 4. DIPSACUS ( Pilofus, foliis petiolatis appendiculatis.
jefty's minifter at Venice, who has alſo ſupplied me Hort. Upfal. 25. Teazel with foot-ftalks having appen
with many other curious plants, trees , and fruits, dices. Dipfacus fylveftris, capitulo minore, feu. Virga.
from different parts of the world, where his extenſive Paftoris minor. C. B. P. 385. Wild Teazel with a
correfpondence has been employed to collect whatever Smaller bead, or fmaller Shepherd's Rod.
rare plants he could procure ; and his generofity in The firft of thefe plants is very common upon dry
communicating what feeds and plants he can procure banks in moſt parts of England, and is feldom culti
to the phyfic garden at Chelfea, requires this public vated in gardens , unleſs for the fake of variety.
acknowledgment. The fourth fort grows naturally in many places near
The fecond fort is a native of America, but particu London, and is rarely admitted into gardens.
larly in Virginia and Carolina there is great plenty of The third fort grows naturally in Alface, and is kept
* thefe trees growing in the woods . The feeds of this
in botanic gardens for the fake of variety ; this dif
"
fort are frequently brought to England, where the fers from the wild Teazel in having the leaves deeply
trees are now become pretty common in the nurſeries cut and jagged .
about London . This rifes to the height of fourteen But it is the fecond fort only which is cultivated for
or fixteen feet, but generally divides into many irre ufe, which is called Carduus Fullorum , or Fullonum ,
gular trunks near the ground, fo that it is very rare being of fo fingular uſe in raiſing the knap upon
to fee a handfome tree of this fort. This produces woollen cloth, for which purpoſe there are great
quantities
 DOD DOD
211
SEP

quantities of this plant cultivated in the weft country. which is bell-shaped, cut into five parts at top ; the
du
20
28
28

This plant is propagated by fowing the feeds in flower bath one petal, is ringent, having a cylindrical
3
2
7
4
£
÷
$
9
5

March, upon a foil that has been well ploughed : diflexed tube much longer than the empalement ; the upper
about one peck of this feed will fow an acre ; for the lip rifes and is indented, the lower lip fpreads open and is
plants fhould have room to grow, otherwife the heads trifid, the middle fegment being narrow. It bath four fta
00: will not be fo large, nor in fo great quantity. When mina which incline to the upper lip, two of which are
the plants are come up, you muſt hoe them in the fhorter thanthe other, and are terminated by fmall roundif
;0:
boa fame manner as is practifed for Turneps, cutting fummits. In the center is fituated a round germen, fup
down all the weeds, and fingling out the plants to porting an awl-shaped ftyle, crowned by a bifid obtufe
fe
about fix or eight inches diftance ; and as the plants ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a globular cap
advance, and the weeds begin to grow again, you fule with two cells, filled with fmallfeeds.
muft hoe them a fecond time, cutting out the This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
plants to a wider diſtance, for they ſhould be, at laſt, of Linnæus's fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia
left at leaſt a foot afunder : and you fhould be parti Angiofpermia, the flower having two long and two
cularly careful to clear them from weeds, efpecially fhort ftamina, and the feeds being included in a capfule.
the firſt ſummer ; for when the plants have ſpread fo The SPECIES are,
as to cover the furface of the ground, the weeds will 1 . DODARTIA ( Orientalis) foliis linearibus integerrimis
tops
not fo readily grow between them. The fecond year glabris. Lin. Sp . Plant. 633. Dodartia with very nar
after fowing, the plants will fhoot up ftalks with heads, row, fmooth, entire leaves. Dodartia Orientalis, flore
which will be fit to cut about the beginning of Au purpurafcente. Tourn . Cor. 47. Eaftern Dodartia with
Cra
guft ; at which time they fhould be cut, and tied up apurplish flower.
here in bunches, fetting them in the fun if the weather be 2 . DODARTIA (Linaria) foliis radicalibus oblongo-ova
fair ; but if not, they muſt be fet in rooms to dry. tis, ferratis, caulinis linearibus integerrimis floribus
The common produce is about an hundred and fixty fpicatis terminalibus. Dodartia with oblong, oval,
bundles or ftaves upon an acre, which they fell for fawed leaves at the bottom, thofe on the stalks narrow and
about one fhilling a ftave. Some people fow Caraway entire, and flowers growing in Spikes at the end of the
and other feeds among their Teazels, but this is not ftalks. Linaria bellidis folio. C. B. P. 212. Toad
L a good method, for the one fpoils the other ; nor Flax with a Daify leaf.
can you fo eaſily clear them from weeds, as when The firſt fort was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort near
6.JE

alone. Dr. Linnæus fuppoſes this to be only a fe mount Ararat in Armenia, from whence he fent the
minal variety of the common wild Teazel ; but I feeds to the royal garden at Paris, where they fuc
H
J
S
I

have cultivated both the forts more than forty years, ceeded, and from thence moſt of the curious gardens
and have never found either of them alter, fo that in Europe have been fupplied with this plant. This
there can be no doubt of their being diftinct fpecies. plant having characters which are different from all
DIRCA, Leather Wood. thoſe of Tournefort's Inftitutions, he conſtituted this
The CHARACTERS are, genus, and gave it the title from Monfieur Dodart,
There is no empalement to the flower, which is club member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris,
Shaped, of one petal, having a fhort-bellied tube, and an and phyfician to her Royal Highneſs the Princefs of
M :2

Conti.
0 unequal border , it hath eight flender ſtamina fituated in
D the middle of the tube, terminated by erect roundish fum It hath a perennial root which creeps far under the
mits, with an oval germen, ſupporting a flender Style furface, and fends out new ſtalks at a great diſtance
which is longer than the ftamina, crowned by a fimple from the parent plant ; theſe ſtalks are firm, a little
Stigma. The germen afterward becomes a berry with one compreffed, and grow a foot and a half high, fend
cell, inclofing one feed. ing out feveral fide branches, garniſhed with long,
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of fleſhy, narrow leaves placed oppofite, of a deep green
Linnæus's eighth clafs, intitled Octandria Monogy colour ; thofe on the lower part of the ftalk are ſhorter
nia, the flower having eight ftamina and one ſtyle. and broader than thoſe above , but thoſe on the up
We know but one SPECIES of this genus, viz. per part of the ſtalk are entire ; and at theſe joints
DIRCA (Paluftris) . Amoen. Acad. 3. p. 12. Marfb Lea the flowers come out fingly on each fide the ſtalk,
therwood. Thymelæa floribus albis primo vere erum fitting cloſe to it ; thefe are near an inch long ; the
pentibus, foliis oblongis acuminatis, viminibus & bottom is tubulous, but divides into two lips above ;
L cortice valde tenacibus. Flor. Virg. 155. the upper lip is hollow like a ſpoon, the convex fide
This fhrub grows naturally in fwamps in Virginia, ſtanding upward, and is divided into two parts ; the
Canada, and other parts of North America, where lower lip is divided into three parts, the middle be
it ſeldom riſes more than five or fix feet high, but in ing the narroweft. The flower is of a deep purple
Europe it rarely is more than half fo high ; it fends colour, and appears in July, and is rarely fucceeded
out many articulated branches near the root, gar by feeds in England . It propagates very faft by its
niſhed with oval leaves, of a pale yellowish colour, creeping roots, fo that when it is once eſtabliſhed in a
and ſmooth ; the flowers come out from the fide of garden, it will multiply faft enough ; it loves a light
the branches, two or three upon each foot-ſtalk ; they dry foil, and may be tranfplanted either in autumn
are of a greenish white colour, and appear early in the when the ſtalks decay, or in the fpring before the new 1
ftalks arife.
ſpring, juſt at the time when the leaves begin to fhoot ;
the flowers are ſeldom fucceeded by feeds in England. The ſecond fort is a biennial, or at moft a triennial
This fhrub is very difficult to propagate in Europe ; for plant, which frequently periſhes foon after the feeds
+ as it does not produce feeds here, it can only be increaf are ripe. This fends out from the root feveral ob
1 ed by layers or cuttings, and theſe are generally two long leaves, which are near four inches long, narrow
} years before they put out roots ; for as the fhrubs grow at their bafe, but increaſe in width upward, where
naturally in very moift places, they are with difficulty they are about an inch broad, rounded at the end, and
preferved in gardens, unleſs they are planted in wet deeply fawed on the edges ; between thefe arife the
ground, but they are feldom injured by cold. ftalks, which grow a foot high, their lower parts be
DITTANY, the white. See DICTAMNUS. ing garniſhed with leaves of the fame form as the
DITTANY of Crete. See ORIGANUM . lower leaves, but much fmaller ; the upper leaves
DOCK. See LAPATHUM . are very narrow and entire. The flowers grow in
DODARTIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 698. Tourn. Cor. fpikes on the top of the ftalks ; they are very fmall
47. tab. 478. [ This plant was fo named by Dr. Tour and white, but are ſhaped like thofe of the former fort.
nefort, from Monfieur Dodart, a member of the A This is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown
cademy of Sciences at Paris. ] We have no Engliſh in autumn foon after they are ripe, upon a border of
name for this plant. light earth, where they are defigned to remain. When
The CHARACTERS are, the plants appear the following fpring, they must be
The flower bath a permanent empalement of one leaf, thinned, and kept clear from weeds, which is all the
5 B cul.
 ས་

|
DOL DOR

culture they require the fecond year they will flower | DORONICUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 862. Tourn.
and feed, after which the plants ufually decay ; when Inft. R. H. 487. tab. 477. Leopard's Bane.
the feeds are fown in the fpring, the plants never The CHARACTERS are,
come up the fame year. It bath a flower compofed offeveral hermaphrodite florets,
DODECATHEON. See MEADIA. which are fituated in the center, and form the disk, and
DOG'S TOOTH. See ERYTHRONIUM . offemale florets which compofe the rays ; these are in
DOG-WOOD. See CORNUS . cluded in one common empalement, which hath a double
DOLICHOS, Kidney Bean. feries of leaves as long as the rays. The hermaphrodite
The CHARACTERS are ,
fhaped, and cut into five parts at the
florets are funnel -
The empalement is of one leaf, fort, and cut into four top ; thefe have five short hairyftamina, terminated by
equal fegments. The flower is of the butterfly kind, hav cylindricalfummits. In the bottom is fituated the germen,
ing a large round vexillum which is reflexed. The wings Jupporting afender ftyle, crowned by an indentedftigma ,
are oval, obtufe, and the length of the keel. The keel is the germen afterward becomes a fingle, oval, compreffed
moon- shaped, compressed, and the top afcends ; it hath feed, crowned with hairy down. The female florets are
nine ftamina joined below , and a fingle one ftanding fepa formed like a tongue, which are spread out and compofe
rate, terminated by fingle fummits, with a linear com the border ; thefe have a germen, ſupporting a ſtyle,
preffed germen, fupporting an afcending style, crowned by crowned by two reflexed ftigmas, but have no ftamina ;
a bearded ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a large the germen becomes afingle furrowed feed, covered with a
oblong pod with two valves, containing compreffed ellipti hairy down.
cal feeds. This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
of Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngeneſia
This genus is diftinguished from Phafeolus, by the keel of
the flower not being spiral. Polygamia fuperflua. The plants of this fection have
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection of female and hermaphrodite flowers, which are both
Linnæus's feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia De fruitful.
candria, the flower having ten ftamina in two bodies. The SPECIES are,
The SPECIES are , 1. DORONICUM (Pardalianches) foliis cordatis obtufis,
. DOLICHOS (Lablab) volubilis , leguminibus ovato denticulatis radicalibus petiolatis, caulinis amplexi
acinaciformibus, feminibus ovatis hilo arcuato ver caulibus. Lin. Mat. Med. 394. Leopard's Bane with
fus alteram extremitatem. Prod . Leyd . 368. Doli obtufe, heart-shaped, indented leaves, thofe from the root
chos with a winding stalk, oval bill-shaped pods, and baving foot-ftalks, and thofe above embracing the stalks.
oval feeds . Phafeolus Ægyptiacus nigro femine. Doronicum maximum, foliis caulem amplexianti
C. B. P. 341 . bus . C. B. P. 184. Greatest Leopard's Bane with leaves
2. DOLICHOS ( Uncinatus) volubilis, pedunculis multi embracing the stalks.
floris leguminibus cylindricis hirfutis apice unguiculo 2. DORONICUM ( Plantagineum ) foliis ovatis acutis, fub
fubulato hamato, caule hirto. Lin . Sp . 1019. Doli dentatis, ramis alternis. Hort. Cliff. 411. Leopard's
chos with a windingftalk, manyflowers on each foot -talk, Bane with oval-pointed leaves indented at bottom, and al
cylindrical hairy pods, whofe points are crooked and awl ternate branches. Doronicum plantaginis folio. C. B. P.
Shaped. 184. Leopard's Bane with a Plantain leaf.
3. DOLICHOS (Pruriens) volubilis, leguminibus racemo 3. DORONICUM (Helveticum) foliis lanceolatis, denticu
fis hirtis, valvulis fubcarinatis, pedunculis ternis. Jacq. latis, fubtus tomentofis, caule unifloro . Prod . Leyd.
Amer. 27. Dolichos with a winding ftalk, hairy pods 160. Leopard's Bane withSpear-shaped indented leaves,
growing in a racemus, almost boat -shaped valves, and woolly on their underfide, and one flower on a stalk. Do
eachfoot-ftalk having three pods. ronicum Helveticum incanum. C. B. P. 185. Hoary
4. DOLICHOS (Urens) volubilis, leguminibus racemofis Helvetian Leopard's Bane.
hirtis tranfverfim lamellatis, feminibus hilo cinctis. 4. DORONICUM (Bellidiaftrum) caule nudo fimpliciffimo
Jacq . Amer. 27. Dolichos with a winding ſtalk, hairy unifloro. Hort. Cliff. 500. Leopard's Bane with a naked
pods in a racemus, whofe hairs are fituated in tranfverfe Single Stalk baving one flower. Bellis fylveftris media
lamelle, commonly called Cow -itch. caule carens. C. B. P. 261. Middle wild Daify having
There are many other fpecies of this genus, as there a tall ftalk.
are alfo of Phafeolus ; but as there are few of them The firſt fort grows naturally in Hungary, and upon
cultivated in the Engliſh gardens, it would fwell this the Helvetian mountains, but is frequently preferved
work to a great bulk, if they were all inferted which in the English gardens. It hath thick fleſhy roots,
have come to our knowledge, as the author has cul which are divided into many knots or knees, fending
tivated more than fixty fpecies, befide many varieties. out ſtrong fleſhy fibres, which penetrate deep into the
The two first forts here mentioned, are cultivated in ground ; and from thefe arife in the ſpring a cluſter
warm countries for the table, but in England theſe of heart-shaped leaves, which are hairy, and ftand
feldom perfect their feeds ; and were they to thrive upon foot-ftalks ; between thefe arife the flower-ſtalks,
here as well as in the warm countries, they would be which are channelled and hairy, growing near three
little eſteemed, becauſe we have much better forts feet high, putting out one or two ſmaller ſtalks from
in our gardens already ; for the fcarlet flowering Kid the fide, which grow erect, and are garniſhed with one
ney Bean is preferable to all the other forts for eating, or two heart-shaped leaves, clofely embracing the
" fo deferves our care to cultivate it more than any ftalks with their baſe ; each ſtalk is terminated by one
other. large yellow flower, compofed of about twenty-four
The third and fourth forts are fometimes preferved rays or female florets, which are about an inch long,
in botanic gardens, but efpecially the fourth, whoſe plain, and indented in three parts at the top . In the
pods are clofely covered with ftinging hairs, com center is fituated a great number of hermaphrodite
monly known by the title of Cow- itch ; but theſe are florets, which compoſe the diſk , theſe are tubulous,
too tender to thrive in the open air in this country, and flightly cut at the top into five parts. The flowers
fo that whoever is defirous to have the plants, fhould appear in May, and are fucceeded by feeds which
fow their feeds in a hot-bed in March ; and when the ripen in July ; theſe are crowned by a hairy down,
plants are come up, they fhould be each planted in a which ferves to convey them to a diſtance.
feparate pot, and plunged into the hot- bed again, This plant multiplies very faft by its fpreading roots,
being careful to fhade them till they have taken and if the feeds are permitted to fcatter, they will pro-.
root ; after which they must have freih air every day duce plants wherever they happen to fall, fo that it
admitted to them, in proportion to the warmth of becomes a weed where it is once eftablished ; it loves
the feafon ; and when the plants are too tall to re a moiſt foil and a fhady fituation.
main in the hot-bed, they should be removed into The fecond fort hath oval leaves, ending in acute
the bark-ftove, where, if they are allowed room to points ; thefe are indented on their edges toward their
run, they will flower and perfect their feeds. bafe, but their upper parts are entire ; the ſtalks rife
DORIA. See SOLIDAGO and OTHONNA.
about two feet high ; each is terminated by a large
yellow
 DOR DOR

yellow flower, like thofe of the former fort ; the quadrangulari & undulatâ. Houft. MSS. Centrayerda
ftalks of this fort have two or three leaves, which are with a Toothwort root, a leaflefs cut, and a quadrangular
placed alternately, and their bafe fits clofe to the ftalks ; waved placenta.
thefe are not fo hairy as thofe of the former fort ; it 3. DORSTENIA (Drakena) acaulis, foliis pinnatifido -pal
flowers about the fame time with that, and the feeds matis integerrimis, floribus ovalibus . Lin . Sp. 176.
ripen well in England . This grows naturally in Por Dwarf Dorftenia with many pointed, hand-shaped, entirė
tugal, Spain, and Italy, but is equally hardy with the leaves, and an oval receptacle to the flowers ; banded
at to firit, and multiplies in as great plenty ; the root is leaves, whofe angles are very acute, and an oblong four
perennial. cornered placenta.
The third fort hath longer leaves than either of the The firſt of theſe plants was diſcovered by my lare
former, which are covered with a hoary down on their ingenious friend Dr. William Houftoun, near Old
under fide, and are indented on their edges ; the Vera Cruz in New Spain. The fecond was found by
ftalks are fingle, and have feldom more than one leaf the fame gentleman, on the rocky grounds about
upon each ; thefe grow a foot and a half high, and Campeachy. The third fort was found in great
are terminated by a fingle flower on the top, like plenty in the iſland of Tobago, by Mr. Robert Millar,
thofe ofthe former forts. This grows naturally on furgeon. But the roots of all thefe fpecies are in
the Pyrenees and Helvetian mountains. It delights differently brought over, and ufed in medicine, and
in a moift foil and a fhady fituation, and propagates for dyeing.
Sting in plenty, either from feeds or by parting the roots : The first fort fends out feveral leaves from the root,
it flowers and feeds about the fame time with the which are about four inches long, and as much in
me
former. breadth ; theſe are deeply laciniated into five or feven
bott The fourth fort grows naturally on the Alps and Py obtufe parts, ftanding upon foot- ftalks near four
renean mountains ; this hath a perennial root ; the inches long; they are fmooth, and of a deep green.
leaves are like of the leffer Daify, but longer, The ftalk which fupports the placenta arifes from the
and not fo broad. The flower grows upon a naked root, and grows near four inches high, upon which
foot-ftalk, which is near a foot long ; the roots feldom the fleshy placenta is vertically placed ; this is of an
ſend out more than one ftalk ; the rays of the flower oval form about one inch long, and three quarters
are white, and very like thoſe of the common Daiſy ; broad. Upon the upper furface of this, the fmall
the diſk of the flower is yellow, which is compofed flowers are cloſely fituated, the fleshy part becoming
of hermaphrodite flowers. an involucrum to them ; thefe are very fmall, and
This plant is preferved in botanic gardens for the fcarce confpicuous at a diſtance, being of an herba
fake of variety, but the flowers make little better ceous colour.
appearance than thofe of the common Field Daily, The fecond fort fends out feveral angular heart-shaped
only they ftand upon much taller foot-ſtalks. It leaves from the root, which have foot-ftalks eight or
muſt have a fhady fituation and a moiſt ſoil, other nine inches in length and very flender ; the leaves
wife it will not thrive in this country ; it is propagated are about three inches and a half, long, and almoſt
LE by parting of the roots, for the feeds do not ripen four broad at their baſe, the two ears having two or
well in England. I received this from Verona, near three angles which are acute, and the middle of the
‫ܪ ܒܘ‬

which place it grows naturally. leaves are extended and end in acute points like a
The roots of the firſt fort have been fometimes uſed halbert ; theſe are fmooth and of a lucid green ; the
Vivy in medicine, ſome having commended it as an expeller foot- talk which fuftains the placenta is nine inches
of the poiſon of fcorpions ; but others reckon it to be long, and about half an inch fquare, and the upper
a poiſon, and affirm that it will deftroy wolves and furface cloſely fet with fmall flowers like the firſt.
dogs . The third fort fends out leaves of different forms ;
The other forts which have been formerly ranged fome of the lower leaves are heart-shaped, having a
"
under this genus, are now feparated, and may be found few indentures on their edges, and ending in acute
under the title ARNICA. points, but the larger leaves are deeply cut like the
8 DORSIFEROUS plants [ of dorfum, the back, fingers on a hand, into fix or feven acute fegments.
and ferò, Lat. to bear, ] fuch plants as are of the ca Thefe leaves are five inches long, and fix broad in
pillary kind, without ftalk, and that bear their feeds the middle ; they are of a deep green, and ftand upon
on the backfide of their leaves. long foot-ſtalks. The placenta is very thick and
DORSTENIA. Plum . Nov. Gen. 29. tab. 8. Lin. fleshy, an inch and a half long, and three quarters
Gen. Plant. 147. [This plant was fo named by fa broad, having four acute corners ; thefe have a num
ther Plumier, from Dr. Dorften , a German phyſician, ber of ſmall flowers, placed on their upper furface like
who publiſhed a hiſtory of plants in folio.] Con the other fpecies .
trayerva. Theſe plants are at preſent very rare in Europe, nor
The CHARACTERS are, was it known what the plant was, whofe roots were
Wy It bath one common plain involucrum fituated vertically, imported, and had been long uſed in medicine in
I upon whichfit many fmallflorets as in a difk ; thefe have England, until the late Dr. Houftoun informed us :
12 no petals, but have four shortflender ftamina, terminated for although father Plumier had diſcovered one fpe
by roundish fummits. In the center is fituated a roundiſh cies of this plant, and given the name of Dorftenia
germen, fupporting a fingle style crowned by an obtufe ftig to the genus, yet he feems not to have known, that
ma; the germen afterward becomes afingle feed, inclofed the Contrayerva was the root of that plant.
in the common fleshy receptacle. It will be difficult to obtain thefe plants, becauſe the
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of feeds are ſeldom to be found good ; nor will they
Linnæus's fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Monogy grow, if they are kept long out of the ground ; fo
nia, the flower having four ftamina and one ſtyle. that the only fure method to obtain them is, to have
The SPECIES are, the roots taken up at the time when their leaves begin
1. DORSTENIA ( Contrayerva) acaulis, foliis pinnatifido to decay, and planted pretty cloſe in boxes of earth,
palmatis, ferratis, floribus quadrangulis. Lin. Sp. which may be brought very fafe to England, pro
176. Dwarf Dorftenia with many pointed, hand-shaped, vided they are preferved from falt water, and are not
fawed leaves, and flowers placed on a quadrangular re over-watered with freſh water in their paffage. When
ceptacle. Dorftenia fphondylii folio, dentariæ radice . the plants arrive, they fhould be tranfplanted each
Plum. Nov. Gen. 29. Dorftenia with a Cow Parfnep into a feparate pot filled with freſh earth, and plunged
leaf, and a Toothwort root. into the bark-ftove, which ſhould be kept of a mo
2. DORSTENIA (Houftoni) acaulis, foliis cordatis angula derate heat ; and the plants must be frequently re
tis acuminatis, floribus quadrangulis. Lin. Sp. 176. freſhed with water during the fummer feafon ; but in
Dwarf Dorftenia with angular, heart -shaped, pointed winter, when the leaves are decayed, it fhould be
leaves, and quadrangular receptacles to the flowers. Dor given to them more fparingly. With this manage
ítenia dentariæ radice, folio minùs laciniato, placentâ ment thefe plants may not only be maintained, but
may
 1
DRA DRA

may also be increafed by parting their roots in the The third fort grows naturally on the Alps, and other
foring, before the plants put out their leaves. mountainous parts of Europe. This is a low peren
DORYCNIUM. See LOTUS . nial plant, which feldom rifes more than two inches
DOUGLASSIA . See VOLKAMERIA .
high ; it has a fhrubby ftalk, which divides into many
DRABA . Dillen. Gen. Lin. Gen. Plant. 714. Alyffon. fmall heads like the firft fort. The leaves are fmall,
Tourn . Inft. R. H. 216. tab. 104. fome of them are winged, having five fhort narrow
The CHARACTERS are, lobes, placed on a midrib, others have but three.
The flower bath a four-leaved empalement, which falls The flowers come out in cluſters, fitting cloſe to the
off. It bath four petals placed in form of a cross. It leaves. They are of a bright purple colour, and ap
bath fix ftamina, four of which are as long as the em pear early in the ſpring. This is a perennial plant,
palement, the other two are much shorter and incurved ; which may be propagated by parting of the heads in
thefe are terminated by roundish fummits. In the center the fame manner as the firft, and requires the fame
is fituated a bifid germen, fupporting a permanent style, treatment.
crowned by an oblong ftigma. The germen afterward be The fourth fort grows naturally in fhady woods in
comes a very short capfule with two cells, feparated by the many parts of Europe, and is but feldom kept in
fwelling ftyle, which is oblique, and longer than the cap gardens, unless for the fake of variety. It is an annual
fule. The valves are parallel to the middle, and divide plant, rifing with an upright branching ſtalk about
the lower part of the cell from the upper, which is open, ten inches high, garnished with heart- ſhaped indented
round, concave, and opens oblique, each cell containing a leaves, which embrace the ſtalks with their bafe. The
Single feed. ftalks are terminated by loofe fpikes of white flowers,
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of which appear the beginning of May ; in June the
Linnæus's fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia Sili feeds ripen, and the plants foon after decay . If the
culofa, the flower having four long and two fhort fta feeds are permitted to fcatter, the plants will come
mina, and the feeds growing in fhort capfules or pods. up without trouble. It muſt have a fhady fituation,
The SPECIES are, and delights in a moift foil.
1. DRABA ( Alpina ) fcapo nudo fimplici, foliis lanceo The fifth fort is an annual plant, which grows in
latis integerrimis . Fl. Lapp. 255. Draba with afingle fhady woods in the northern parts of Europe. This
naked ftalk, and very entire fpear -
shaped leaves. Alyffon is like the former fort, but the leaves are larger,
Alpinum, hirfutum luteum . Tourn . Inft. 217. Yellow rounder, and do not embrace the ftalks ; they are
hairy Alpine Madwort. alfo hairy, and the flowers are yellow. If the feeds of
2. DRABA (Verne ) fcapis nudis , foliis lanceolatis fub this are permitted to fcatter, the plants will maintain
incifis. Hort. Cliff. 333. Draba with naked stalks and themſelves if they have a fhady fituation.
cut leaves. Alyffon vulgare, polygoni folio, caule The fixth fort rifes with an upright ftalk about a
nudo. Tourn . Inft. 217. Common Madwort with a foot high, the lower part being very cloſely garniſhed
Knot-grafs leaf and naked ftalk. by oblong hoary leaves, which are indented on their
3. DRABA (Pyrenaica) fcapo nudo, foliis cuneiformibus. edges. The upper part of the ſtalks puts out two or
trilobis. Læfl. Lin. Sp. Plant. 642. Draba with a three fhort branches ; thefe are almoft naked of leaves,
naked stalk, and wedge - shaped leaves with three lobes. as is alfo the upper part of the ftalk . The flowers
This is the Alyffon Pyrenaicum , perenne, minium, come out looſely on the top of the ftalk ; they are
foliis trifidis. Tourn . Inft. 217. Leaft perennial Mad compofed of four fmall white petals placed in form
wort of the Pyrenees with trifid leaves. of a crofs, which are fucceeded by oblong pods, which
4. DRABA (Muralis ) caule ramofo , foliis cordatis den are twisted, containing three or four roundish com
tatis amplexicaulibus . Prod. Leyd. 33. Draba with a preffed feeds. It flowers in June, and the feeds ripen
branching ſtalk, and heart-shaped indented leaves em in July. This grows naturally in the north of Eng
bracing the ftalks. Alyffon veronicæ folio. Tourn . Inft. land and in Wales.
217. Madwort with a Speedwell leaf. This plant feldoin continues more than two years,
5. DRABA (Polygonifolia) caule ramofo, foliis ovatis fef but if the feeds are fown in autumn in a fhady border,
filibus dentatis. Lin . Sp . Plant. 643. Draba with a the plants will come up in the fpring ; or where the
branchingfalk, and oval indented leaves growing clofe to feeds are permitted to fcatter, the plants will rife
the branches. Alyffon Alpinum, polygoni folio in without any trouble.
cano . Tourn . Inft. R. H. 217. Alpine Madwort with DRACO ARBOR . See PALMA.
a boary Knot-grafs leaf. DRACO HERBA . [ i. e. Dragon's- wort. ] Tarra
6. DRABA ( Incana) foliis caulinis numerofis incanis , fi gon, vulgò. See ABROTANUM.
liculis oblongis. Flor. Suec. 526. Draba with many DRACOCEPHALUM . Lin. Gen. Plant. 648.
beery leaves on the stalks, and oblique pods. Lunaria Dracocephalon. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 181. tab. 83. [of
filiqua oblongâ intortâ. Tourn. Inft. 219. Moonwort dpáxwv, a dragon, and xpaλn, a head. ] i. e. Dragon's
with an oblong intorted pod. Head.
The first fort grows naturally on the Alps, and other The CHARACTERS are ,
mountainous parts of Europe ; this is a very low The flower bath ashort permanent empalement of one leaf,
plant, which divides into fmall heads like fome forts which is tubulous. It bath one ringent petal, with a tube
of Houfeleek, and from thence it was titled Sedum the length of the empalement, with large oblong inflated
Alpinum &c. or Alpine Houfeleek. The leaves are chaps. The upper lip is obtufe and arched, the under lip
fhort, narrow, and very hairy ; from each of theſe is trifid , the two fide fegments are erect, the middle turns
heads come out a naked flower-ftalk an inch and a downward and is indented. It hathfour ftaminafituated
half high, terminated by loofe fpikes of yellow flow near the upper lip, two beingshorter than the other, and
ers, having four obtufe petals placed in form of a are terminated by heart-shapedfummits. It bath a four
crofs ; when they fade they are fucceeded by trian parted germen, fupporting a flender style, fituated with the
gular or heart-shaped pods, which are compreffed, Stamina, and crowned by a bifid reflexed ftigma. The
and inclofe three or four roundifh feeds. It flowers germen afterward becomes four oval oblong feeds, inclofed
in March, and the feeds ripen the beginning of June. in the empalement.
This plant is eafily propagated by parting of the This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of
heads ; the best time for doing of this is in autumn , Linnæus's fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia Gym
becauſe it ſhoots up to flower very early in the ſpring. nofpermia, the flower having two long and two ſhorter
It fhould have a moiſt foil and a fhady fituation , ftamina, and the feeds are naked.
where it will thrive and flower annually. It requires The SPECIES are ,
no other culture but to keep it clean from weeds. 1. DRACOCEPHALUM (Virginianum) floribus fpicatis foliis
The fecond fort is an annual plant, which grows na lanceolatis ferratis . Lin . Sp . 828. American Dragon's
turally upon walls and dry banks in many parts of Head with fingle leaves and spiked flowers. Dracoce
England, fo is never cultivated in gardens. This phalon Americanum. Breyn. Prod. 1. 34. American
flowers in April, and the feeds ripen in May. Dragon's-Head.
2. DRA

1
 NAJUN
SES
BA
N
O

DRA DRA

2. DRACOCEPHALUM (Canarienfe) floribus fpicatis, foliis the ftrong refinous fcent which the leaves emit on
compofitis. Lin. Hort. Cliff. 308. Dragon's-Head with being rubbed. This is a perennial plant, which rifes
Spiked flowers and compound leaves. Moldavica Ameri with feveral fquare ftalks to the height of three feet
i
cana trifolia odore gravi. Tourn . Inft. 184. Three or more, becoming ligneous at their lower parts, and
leaved American Balm, having a strong fmell, commonly are garniſhed with compound leaves at each joint,
called Balm of Gilead. which are placed oppofite ; thefe have three or five
3. DRACOCEPHALUM (Moldavica) floribus verticillatis, lobes, which are oblong, pointed , and fawed on their
bracteis lanceolatis ferraturis capillaceis. Lin. Hort. edges. The flowers come out in ſhort thick ſpikes
2238

Cliff. 308. Dragon's-Head with flowers growing in on the top of the ftalks ; they are of a pale blue co
whorls, and fpear-shaped braite. Moldavica betonicæ lour, and are fucceeded by feeds, which ripen very
folio, flore cæruleo . Tourn . Inft. R. H. 184. Molda
53

well in England. This plant continues producing

7
2

vian Balm with a Betony leaf and blue flower. flowers moft part of fummer ; it is ufually kept in
4. DRACOCEPHALUM ( Ocymifolia) floribus verticillatis, green-houſes ; but in mild winters the plants will live
foliis floralibus orbiculatis. Lin. Hort . Cliff. 308. abroad, if they are planted in warm borders ; and
bout Dragon's-Head with flowers growing in whorls, and the thofe plants which are kept in pots, will thrive much
upper leaves round. Moldavica orientalis minima ocy better when they are fheltered under a frame, than if
The mifolio, flore purpurafcente. Tourn. Cor. 11. Leffer placed in a green-houſe, where the plants are apt to
Eaftern Moldavian Balm with a Willow leafand a bluish draw up weak, for they fhould have as much free
flower. air as poffible in mild weather, and only require to be
5. DRACOCEPHALUM (Canefcens ) floribus verticillatis, fheltered from fevere froft. This may be propagated
Ome bracteis oblongis , ferraturis fpinofis , foliis tomentofis . by feeds, which, if fown in autumn, will more cer
00 Hort. Upfal. 166. Dragon's-Head with flowers growing tainly grow, than thofe which are fown in the fpring ;
in whorls, and the little leaves under the flowers fawed, but if thefe are fown in pots, they muſt be fheltered
ending in fpines, and woolly leaves. Moldavica orienta under a frame in the winter, and if the plants do not
as lis betonicæ folio, flore magno violaceo. Tourn. Cor. come up the fame autumn, they will arife in the
NEA

។ 11. Eaſtern Moldavian Balm with a Betony leaf, and a fpring; but if the feeds are fown in the full ground,
large blue flower. it fhould be in a warm border ; and in hard froft they
6. DRACOCEPHALUM (Nutans) floribus verticillatis, brac ſhould be fheltered, otherwife the young plants will
teis oblongis ovatis integerrimis, corollis majufculis be deſtroyed. The plants may alfo be propagated by
nutantibus. Hort. Upfal. 167. Dragon's-Head with cuttings ; which, if planted in a fhady border any
flowers growing in whorls, the fmall leaves under the time in fummer, will very foon take root, and fur- '
flowers are oblong, entire, and hanging flowers much larger nifh plenty of rooted plants.
than the empalement. Moldavica betonicæ folio, йo The third fort is a native of Moldavia ; this has been
ribus minoribus cæruleis pendulis . Amman. Ruth. long preferved in curious gardens. It is an annual
44. Moldavian Balm with a Betony leaf, andfmaller blue plant, which rifes with branching ftalks a foot and a
4
pendulous flowers. half high, garniſhed with oblong leaves, which are
13
7. DRACOCEPHALUM (Thymiflorum ) floribus verticillatis , placed oppofite, and are deeply fawed on their edge.
t
bracteis oblongis integerrimis, corollis vix calyce ma The flowers come out in whorls round the ſtalks at
1
joribus. Hort. Upfal. 167. Dragon's- Head with flowers every joint ; theſe are blue, and appear in July, con
growing in whorls, the fmall leaves are oblong, entire, and tinuing to the middle of Auguft, and the feeds riper
the flowers equal with the empalement. Moldavica be in September. The plants have a ſtrong balfamic
tonicæ folio, floribus minimis pallidè cæruleis. Am odour, which is to fome perfons very agreeable : the
man. Ruth. 46. Moldavian Balm with a Betony leaf, feeds fhould be fown in. fmall patches in the fpring.
and very fmall blue flowers. upon the borders where they are to remain, and wher
8. DRACOCEPHALUM ( Peltatum ) floribus verticillatis, the plants come up, they ſhould be thinned where
, bracteis orbiculatis ferratociliatis. Hort. Upfal. 166. they grow too near together, and kept clear fr m
Dragon's-Head with flowers growing in whorls, oval weeds, which is the only culture they require. Jf
T bractea and very narrow fpear- shaped leaves. Moldavica this there is a variety with white flowers, which is
orientalis, falicis folio, flore parvo cæruleo. Tourn . pretty common in the gardens ; this only differs from
Cor. 11. Eaftern Moldavian Balm with a Willow leaf, the other in the colour of the flowers, but yet thefe
and a fmall blue flower. conſtantly retain their difference from feeds.
9. DRACOCEPHALUM ( Grandiflorum ) floribus verticillatis The fourth fort was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort in
foliis ovatis incifo-crenatis, bracteis lanceolatis inte the Archipelago, who fent the feeds to the royal gar
gerrimis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 595. Dragon's- Head with den at Paris, which have fince been communicated
flower's growing in whorls, oval leaves which are cut and to many curious gardens in Europe ; this rifes with
crenated, and fpear-shaped bractea which are entire. upright ftalks about a foot high, which feldom put
The firſt fort is a native of North America, where it out branches ; thefe are garnifhed with long narrow
grows in the woods, and by the fides of rivers. This leaves, which are entire, placed oppofite at each joint,
rifes with an upright talk, which is four- cor where the flowers come out in whorls, almoft the
nered, near three feet high, garniſhed with fſpear whole length of the ftalks ; thefe are of a pale blue,
fhaped leaves about three inches long, and half an and appear about the fame time as the former ; this
inch broad, fitting cloſe to the ftalk ; they are fawed fort has very ſmall flowers, which make no great ap
on their edges, and are placed oppofite at each joint, pearance, therefore is feldom cultivated, except in
fometimes there are three leaves ftanding round at botanic gardens for the fake of variety.
the fame place. The flowers are purple and grow in The fifth fort was diſcovered by Dr. Tournefort in
fpikes on the top of the ftalks, fo make a pretty va the Levant ; this hath hoary fquare ftalks , which rife
riety among other hardy plants, efpecially if the a foot and a half high, putting out two or three fide
plants are ftrong and vigorous. This is a perennial branches, garniſhed with hoary leaves near two inches
plant, which will live in the open air, but requires a long, and half an inch broad, a little indented on
moift foil, or fhould be duly watered in dry weather, their edges ; they are placed oppofite at the joints ,
otherwife the leaves will ſhrink, and the flowers will juft under the whorls of flowers, which fit clofe to
make little appearance. This may be allowed a place the ſtalk ; theſe are larger than thofe of the other fpe
in the fhady borders of a garden, fince it will not cies, and are of a fine blue colour, which between
ramble, or take up much room. It flowers in July, the hoary leaves of the plant, make a pretty ap
and continues until the middle or end of Auguft, pearance. It flowers and feeds about the fame time
and may be propagated by parting of the roots in as the former forts ; this is generally treated as an an
autumn. nual plant, like the former forts, but the roots of this
The fecond fort is a native of the Canary Islands, and will live two years if they are in a dry foil. There is
hath been long an inhabitant in the gardens ; it is a variety of this with white flowers, the feeds of which
uſually called by the gardeners Balm of Gilead, from generally produce the fame coloured flowers.
• The
5 C
 3

DRA DRA

The fixth fort grows naturally in Siberia, from whence | 4. DRACONTIUM (Camtfchatcenfe) foliis lanceolatis . Amon
the feeds were fent to the imperial garden at Peterf- Acad. 2. p. 360. Dragon with fpear s-haped leaves.
burgh, and the late Dr. Amman, who was profeffor The first fort grows naturally in moft of the iſlands
of botany, fent me the feeds. This is an annual in the Weft-Indies. This hath flender jointed ftalks ,
plant, from whofe roots come out many fquare weak which put out roots at every joint, that faften to
ftalks, which grow about nine inches long ; thefe are the trunks of trees, walls, or any fupport which is
at the bottom garniſhed with oval fpear-shaped leaves near them , and thereby rife to the height of twenty
about two inches long, and one inch and a quarter five or thirty feet. The leaves are placed alternately,
broad, ftanding oppofite upon pretty long foot-ſtalks , ſtanding upon long foot-ftalks ; they are four or five
and are crenated on their edges. The upper part of inches long, and two and a half broad, having fe
the ſtalks have fmaller leaves, which fit clofe at the veral oblong holes in each, which on the first view
joints, from whence come out the flowers in whorls ; appears as if eaten by infects, but they are natural to
they are of a deep blue colour, and hang downward ; the leaves. The flowers are produced at the top of
thefe appear at the fame time with the former, and the ſtalk, which always fwells to a larger fize in that
the feeds ripen in autumn. part than in any other ; theſe are covered with an
The feventh fort grows alfo in Siberia, the feeds of oblong fpatha ( or hood) of a whitiſh green colour,
this were ſent me with the former. It hath fquare which opens longitudinally on one fide, and fhews the
ftalks, which riſe a foot and a half high ; the lower piftil, which is clofely covered with flowers, of a pale
leaves are very like thofe of Betony, and ftand upon yellow, inclining to white. When this plant begins
very long foot-ftalks. The upper leaves are ſmall, to flower, it feldom advances farther in height, fo
and fit clofer to the ftalks. The flowers come out in that theſe ſeldom are more than ſeven or eight feet
whorls at every joint ; thefe are very ſmall, and of a high ; but the leaves are much larger on thefe, than
pale purple or blue colour, fo make little appearance, thofe of the plants which ramble much farther.
•
but it is preſerved in fome gardens for the fake of This plant is eaſily propagated by cuttings, which,
variety. if planted in pots filled with poor fandy earth, and
The eighth fort grows naturally in the Levant, from plunged into a hot-bed, will foon put out roots, if
whence Dr. Tournefort fent the feeds to the royal they had none before ; but there are few of the joints
garden at Paris. This is an annual plant, which rifes which have not roots : the plants are tender, fo will
with a fquare ftalk about a foot high, fending out not live in the open air in England, therefore the
two ſmall fide branches from the lower part. The pots fhould be placed near the walls of the hot-houſe,
leaves are fpear- fhaped, and crenated on their edges ; againft which the plants will climb, and faſten their
they are placed oppofite, and ftand on foot-ftalks. roots into the wall, and thereby fupport the ſtalks.
The flowers are fmall, of a purplish colour, and come They ſhould have but little water given them in the
out in whorls round the ſtalks, having two roundiſh winter, but in warm weather it muſt be given them
fmall leaves (called bractea) immediately under them, three or four times a week, and in the fummer the
which are fawed on their edges, each ferrature ending free air fhould be admitted to them in plenty. The
with a long hair. This fort flowers and feeds at the plants have no particular ſeaſon of flowering, forthey
fame time as the former. fometimes flower in autumn, and at other times in
All theſe forts are propagated by feeds, which may the fpring, but they do not ripen their feeds in
be fown either in the fpring or autumn, in the places England.
where the plants are to remain, and will require no The fecond fort grows naturally in feveral of the
other treatment than the third fort. islands of America. I received roots ofthis from Barbu
DRACONTIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 916. Dracun da. This hath a large knobbed irregular root, covered
culus . Tourn. Inft. R. H. 160. tab. 70. Dragon ; in with a rugged brown ſkin. The ftalk rifes about a
French, Serpentaire. foot high, is naked to the top, where it is garniſhed
The CHARACTERS are, with a tuft of leaves, which are divided into many

It bath a fingle cylindricalspadix (or ftalk) on the upper parts. The ſtalk is ſmooth, of a purple colour, but
part of which the parts offructification are difpofed in a is full of fharp protuberances of different colours,
fingular manner. The flowers have no empalement, but which fhine like the body of a ferpent. The fpadix
bavefive oval concave petals, which are equal ; they have (or ftalk) of the flower rifes immediately from the
feven narrow depreſſed ftamina the length of the petals, root, and is feldom more than three inches high,
terminated by oblong, four-cornered, twin fummits, which having an oblong fwelling hood at the top, which
Stand erect , they have an oval germen, fupporting a taper opens lengthways, fhewing the fhort, thick, pointed
Style, crowned by a three- cornered ftigma. The germen piftil within, upon which the flowers are cloſely
afterward becomes a roundish berry, incloſingſeveral ſeeds ; ranged .
thefe are all inclofed in a large fleshy fpatha (or fheath) This fort is tender, fo requires a warm ftove to pre
opening with one valve. ferve it in England. The roots muſt be planted in
This genus of plants is ranged in the feventh fection pots filled with light kitchen-garden earth, and
of Linnæus's twentieth clafs, intitled Gynandria Po plunged into the tan-bed in the ſtove, where they
lyandria. This clafs and fection contains the plants fhould conſtantly remain ; in the winter they must be
which have male and female flowers joined in the watered very ſparingly, but in warm weather, when
fame fpike, and the male flowers have feveral ſtamina. the plants are in vigour, they must be often refreſhed,
The SPECIES are, but it ſhould not be given them in too great quan
1. DRACONTIUM (Pertufum) foliis pertufis, caule ſcan tities , with this management the plants will flower,
1 but their roots do not increaſe here.
dente. Lin. Sp. Plant. 968. Dragon with leaves having
boles, and a climbing ftalk. Arum hederaceum, am The third fort grows naturally in the inland of Cey
plis foliis perforatis. Plum. Amer. 40. tab. 56. lon, and in feveral parts of India ; this hath an ob
Climbing Arum with large perforated leaves. long thick root, full of joints, from which ariſe feveral
2. DRACONTIUM ( Polyphyllum) fcapo breviffimo, petiolo leaves, fhaped like thofe of the common Arum, but
radicato, lacero, foliolis tripartitis, laciniis pinnatifidis. their foot-ftalks are covered with rough protuberan
Hort. Cliff. 434. Dragon with a very short ftalk, the ces. The ſtalk which fupports the flower is ſhort,
foot-ftalk cut, and the fmall leaves divided into three parts, and fet with the like protuberances ; and at the top
which terminate in many points. Arum polyphyllum, is a hood, or fpatha, about four inches long, as thick
caule fcabro punicante. Par. Bat. 93. Many leaved as a man's finger, which opens longitudinally, and
Arum with a rough purple stalk. expoſes the piftil, which is fet with flowers. This is
3. DRACONTIUM (Spinofum) foliis fagittatis, pedunculis a tender plant, and requires the fame treatment as
petiolifque aculeatis. Flor. Zeyl . 328. Dragon with the former fort.
arrow -pointed leaves, whofe foot-ftalks havefpines. Arum The fourth fort hath roots like the common Arum,
Zeylanicum fpinofum, fagittæ foliis . Par. Bat. 75. from which come out feveral fpear-shaped leaves,
Prickly Arum of Ceylon with arrow -pointed leaves. ſtanding each upon a feparate foot- ftalk , arifing im
mediately
BRZD⋅

DRO DUN

mediately from the root, as thoſe of the common A and there are three or four other forts, which are na
rum. This hath not yet flowered in England, ſo I tives of warmer countries ; but as theſe cannot be cul
N
R
&
R

can give no further account of it. This grows natu tivated in gardens, unlefs where there are bogs, it
rally in Siberia, fo requires a fhady fituation, and would be needlefs to defcribe them.
will bear the greateſt cold of this country. The common round-leaved fort is uſed in medicine,
Theſe plants are preferved in the gardens of the cu fo is gathered by the herb-folks who fupply the
rious in England and Holland, more for the fake of markets.
variety than for beauty ; for except the firſt fort, DRYAS, Cinquefoil Avens.
there is not any of them which make much appear There are two fpecies of this genus, which grow na
ance ; that indeed may be ſuffered to have a place turally in Scotland and Ireland, upon mountainous
againſt the wall of the ftove, over which it will places, where the foil is wet ; one of them hath five
fpread, and cover the nakedneſs of the wall ; and the petals to the flower, and winged leaves, the other
leaves remaining all the year, which are ſo remarkably hath eight petals to the flower, and fimple leaves ;
perforated, make a fingular appearance . but as neither of the plants make much appearance,
‫וּ ג‬
All the other forts of Dragon are tender plants, fo they are rarely preſerved except in fome botanic gar
will not live in this country, unleſs they are preſerved dens for variety .
in the warmeft ftoves ; the feveral American forts DULCAMARA. See SOLANUM .
grow naturally in the woods in Jamaica, and other DUNGS are defigned to repair the decays of ex
hot parts of America ; the climbing forts twift them hauſted or worn-out lands, and to cure the defects
felves round the trunks of trees, into which they faſten
21219.s.s

of land, which are as various in their qualities as the

feet
their roots, which are fent forth from their joints, and dungs are, that are uſed to meliorate and reſtore them
rife to the height of thirty or forty feet. Theſe fome lands abound too much in coldneſs, moiſture,
2N3

climbing forts are eafily propagated by cuttings,

Q7

and heaviness ; others again are too light and dry,

YW
Z

which, being very fucculent, may be brought over

N

and fo, to anſwer this , fome dungs are hot and light,
~

E
to England in a box of dry hay, if they are packed as that of ſheep, horfes, pigeons, &c. others again
up feparate, fo as not to injure each other by the are fat and cooling, as that of oxen, cows, hogs, &c.
moiſture, which is apt to flow out at the part where And as the remedies that are to be uſed muſt be con
they are cut off, which may occafion a fermentation, trary to the distempers they are to cure, fo the dung
and thereby rot the cuttings. When the cuttings ar of oxen, cows, and hogs, muft be given to clean,
rive, they fhould be planted in fmall pots filled with dry, light earths, to make them fatter and cloſer, and
light fresh earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of tan hot and dry dungs to meliorate cold, moift, and heavy
lands.
ners bark, being very careful not to let them have
too much moiſture until they have taken root, left it There are two peculiar properties in dungs, the one
rot them : when they have taken root, they muſt be is to produce a certain fenfible heat, capable of pro
frequently refreſhed with water ; and when they are ducing fome confiderable effect, which properties are
grown pretty large, they fhould be placed in the feldom found but in the dung of horfes and mules,
bark-bed in the ftove, where they muſt be placed while it is newly made, and a little moiſt ; the other
near ſome ſtrong plants, to which they may faſten property of dung is, to fatten the earth and render it
themſelves, otherwife they will not thrive ; for though more fruitful.
they will fend forth roots at their joints, which will The dung of horſes and mules is of admirable uſe in
faften to the mortar of the ſtove, when placed againſt gardens in the winter time, becauſe it then animates
the wall, yet they will not thrive near fo well as and enlivens all things ; and, in fome meaſure, fup
againſt a ſtrong plant, which will afford them nouriſh plies the office which is performed by the heat of the
ment. fun in the fummer time, affording us all the novel
The other forts are propagated by offsets from their ties of the fpring, as Afparagus, Cucumbers, Ra
roots ; theſe may be procured from the countries of diſhes, fallads, &c. Horfe dung is the beſt improve
their growth, and fhould be planted in tubs of earth, ment for cold jejune lands that we can procure in
about a month before they are put on board the ſhip any quantity ; but yet horfe dung being uſed alone,
to tranſport them ; theſe tubs fhould be placed in a or when it is too new, is frequently prejudicial to
fhady fituation until they have taken root. In their fome plants ; and if it be fpread thin over lands in
paffage great care fhould be had to keep them from the fummer time, it is of very little fervice, becauſe
falt water, as alſo not to let them have too much wa the fun, drawing out all the virtue and goodness of
ter given them ; for if they have a little water once it, renders it little better than thatch or dry straw ;
or twice a week at moſt, while they are in a hot cli and though too much of it can ſcarcely be used in a
mate, and when they are come into a cooler climate, kitchen-garden for Cabbages, Cauliflowers, and all
once in a fortnight, this will be fufficient for them ; other plants that grow there, and require abundance
and it ſhould be done fparingly, left it rot them ; for of nourishment ; yet may it be a fault to lay too much
if the tops of the plants fhould decay for want of of it on corn-lands, becauſe it produces abundance
water in their paffage, if the roots are not rotted, they of ſtraw.
will foon recover with proper care. In very cold moift land, I have frequently feen new
?
When the plants arrive, they fhould be tranfplanted horfe dung buried as it came from the ſtable, and al
into pots filled with light freſh earth, and plunged ways obferved that the crops have fucceeded better,
into a hot-bed of tanners bark, and gently watered than where the ground was dreffed with very rotten
until they have taken good root, after which time dung .
they will require to be frequently refreſhed with wa Horfe dung being of a very hot nature, is beft for
ter ; but as their ſtems are very fucculent, they muſt cold lands, and cow dung for hot lands ; and being
not have too much moiſture. Theſe plants fhould mixed together, may make a very good manure for
be conſtantly kept in the ftove, where, in hot wea moſt forts of foil, and for fome they may be mixed
1 ther, they fhould have freſh air admitted to them ; with mud .
but in winter they muſt be kept very warm, otherwiſe Sheeps dung and deers dung differ not much in
they cannot be preferved in this country. their quality, and are eſteemed by fome the beft of
Theſe plants will rife to the height of three, four, or dungs for cold clays. Some recommend them to be
1 five feet, and will afford a very agreeable variety beat into powder, and ſpread very thin over autumn
amongſt other tender exotic plants in the ſtove. or fpring crops, about four or five loads to an acre,
DRAČUNCULUS PRATENSIS. See A after the fame manner as afhes, malt duft, & c. are 1
CHILLEA. ftrewed .
DRAGON. See DRACONTIUM . This I have ſeen practifed upon corn, and alfo upon
DROSERA. Ros Solis , or Sun- dew. grafs land, to great advantage for the first year ;
We have two or three fpecies of this plant, which but theſe light dreffings do not laft long, therefore
grow naturally upon bogs in many parts of England, require to be often repeated.
In
1
 DUR DUR

In Flanders and other places, they houſe their ſheep fenderfiyle, crowned by a beadedftigma. The germen af
at nights in places fpread with clean fand, laid about terward becomes a globular berry, terminated by three acut
1
five or fix inches thick, which, being laid on freſh points, having one cell inclofing four angular feeds.
every night, is cleared out once a week ; this mixture. This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
of fand and dung makes an excellent dreffing for of Linnæus's fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia.
ftrong land, for the dung and urine of the ſheep is Angiofpermia, the flower having two long and two
a very rich manure, bears a confiderable price, and is fhorter ftamina, and the feeds being included in a
an excellent manure for all ftiff cold land ; and Mr. capfule.
Quinteney is of opinion, that it is the greateſt pro The title which was firft given by father Plumier to
moter of fruitfulnefs in all forts of ground . this genus, was Caftorea, in memory of Caftor Du
Others recommend hogs dung as the fatteft and moſt rant, a phyfician of Rome, who publiſhed a hiſtory
beneficial of all forts of dungs ; and fay, that one of plants in Italian, which was printed at Rome in
load of it will go as far as two loads of other dung, 1585. Dr. Linnæus has now altered the title of the
and that it is the beft of all dungs for fruit-trees , genus, and instead of the chriftian name, he has given
efpecially for Pear and Apple-trees in a light foil, and it the furname of the fame perfon.
a very rich dung for grafs. I have often ufed this The SPECIES are,
dung to fruit-trees when it was well rotted , and have 1 . DURANTIA ( Plumeiri ) fpinofa. Lin . Sp . Plant. 637.
found it the moft beneficial to them of any manure. Prickly Durantia. Caftorea repens fpinofa. Plum.
The dung of pigeons, hens, and geefe, are great Nov. Gen. 30. Creeping prickly Caftorea.
improvers of meadow or corn land, the firft of thefe 2. DURANTIA ( Racemofa) inermis . Lin. Sp. Plant. 637.
being the beſt fuperficial improvement that can be Durantia without thorns. Caftorea racemofa flore cæ
laid on meadow or corn land : but before it is ufed, ruleo, fructu croceo. Plum. Nov. Gen. 30. Branch
it ought to have lain abroad out of the dove -houſe ing Caftorea with a blue flower and Saffron- coloured
fome time, that the air may have a little fweet fruit.
ened it, and mollified the fiery heat that is in thofe 3. DURANTIA ( Erecta) caule erecto fpinofo, foliis ova
dungs . tis integerrimis, floribus racemofis . Durantia with an
Efpecially it is good for cold, wet, clayey lands ; upright prickly ftalk, oval entire leaves, and flowers grow
but it ought to be dried before it be ftrewed, becauſe ing in long bunches. Jafminum folio integro, obtufo,
it is naturally apt to clod in wet ; and it fhould be flore cærulco racemofo, fructu flavo. Sloan. Cat.
mixed with earth or fand to keep it from clinging to Jam. 169. Jasmine with entire obtufe leaves, blue flow
gether, that it may be ſtrewed thin, being naturally ers growing in bunckes, and a yellow fruit.
very hot and ſtrong. The first fort hath many trailing branches, which are
Some recommend the dung of pigeons , and alfo of armed with hooked thorns at every joint, and are
other fowls, as the best manure for Afparagus, Straw garniſhed with oblong leaves, which are placed with
berries, or any forts of flowers , but this fhould be out order, and are flightly fawed on their edges ; the
rotted and well mixed with the earth, before it is uſed flowers come out from the fide of the ftalks in pretty
to flowers. long bunches , like thofe of the common Currant ;
Monfieur Gentil approves of pigeons dung, as being they are of a pale bluish colour, and fucceeded by
good for fuch trees whofe leaves are apt to turn yel brown berries not unlike the fruit of the Hawthorn ;
low, if they grow in free foils that are rather cold than thefe have one cell, and inclofe four angular feeds.
hot, provided the heat of it has been abated by lying The fecond fort hath a branching woody ſtalk, which
two or three years in the dunghill , but this fhould rifes feven or eight feet high ; the branches are gar
be applied in autumn, and in fmall quantities . niſhed with oval fpear-fhaped leaves three inches
A This being fpread about an inch thick at the foot of long, and one and a half broad in the middle ; they
a tree, whofe leaves are yellow, and being left there are fawed on their edges, of a lucid green colour, and
till March, he recommends as very ufeful in cold ftand oppofite. The flowers are produced in long
and moift foils . bunches at the end of the branches ; theſe are blue,
"
The dung of poultry being hot and full of falts, and fucceeded by pretty large, round , yellow berries,
tends much to facilitate vegetation, and is abundantly which contain four angular feeds.
quicker in its operation than the dung of animals The third fort rifes with a ftrong woody ftem to the
which feed on herbs. height of ten or twelve feet, covered with a white
Sir Hugh Plat fays, one load of grain will enrich bark, dividing into many branches, which are armed
ground more than ten loads of common dung ; which with fharp thorns on their fide ; theſe are garniſhed
if it be true, it is rational to fuppofe, that if fimple with oval ftiff leaves one inch long, and three quar
grain, by only infufion in the mixture of compofts, ters broad. The flowers come out in long bunches.
has a very good effect, it will be more powerful when from the end of the branches, which are blue, and are
it has paffed through the bodies of animals. fucceeded by finall, round , yellow berries, which con
: tain four angular feeds. I received this from the late
Human dung is a great improver of all cold four
lands, and eſpecially if it be mixed with other earths Dr. Houſtoun, who found it growing in Jamaica.
or dungs to give it a fermentation . The plants are natives of warm countries, fo they re
But there is not any fort of manure equal to the quire a ftove to preferve them in England ; they are
cleaning of London ftreets, for all ſtubborn clayey propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown in fmall
foils ; the parts of which will be better ſeparated, and pots, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark
in a much leſs time, with this manure, than with any and when the plants are fit to remove, they must be
other compoft whatever ; and where it can be ob planted each into a feparate fmall pot filled with light
tained, is extremely well worth procuring, either for earth, and plunged into the hot-bed again, obferving
corn, grafs, or garden land. to ſhade them till they have taken new root, then they Diy
DURANTIA. Lin . Gen. Plant. 704. Caftorea. Plum. muſt be treated in the fame manner as other plants
Nov. Gen. 30. tab. 17. from the fame country .
The CHARACTERS are, The fecond fort may be propagated by cuttings,
The flower bath a permanent empalement of one leaf, which may be planted in any of the fuminer months ;
which is erect, and cut into five acute fegments at the top, but thefe fhould be plunged into a moderate hot-bed,
and fits upon the germen ; the flower is of the ringent and fhaded from the fun till they have taken root,
"
kind, with one petal, having a long tube, which opens at then they may be treated in the fame manner as the
the top in two lips ; the upper lip is oval, erect, and feedling plants . This fort is not fo tender as the other
concave ; the under is divided into four equal fegments, two, fo may be placed in the open air in fummer;
which are round. It bathfour short ftamina, fituated in and if they are kept in a moderate temperature of
the bottom of the tube, the two middle being a little fhorter warmth in the winter, they will thrive better than in
than the other, terminated by proftrate fummits ; the ger great heat. I kept fome of the plants of this fort
men which is fituated under the flower, fupports a long three winters , in a dry warm glafs-cafe without fires,
6 and
 DWA DWA

and they have fucceeded pretty well , but the winter thefe ; for free ftocks are apt to make them fhoot fo
1762 proving fevere, cauſed their leaves to fall, but vigorously, as not to be kept within bounds. Thefe
fince they have put out again very well. grafts or buds fhould be put in about four or fix
nama DWARF TREES. Thefe were formerly in much inches above the furface of the ground, that the
ndtwo greater request than they are at prefent ; for though heads of the trees may not be advanced too high ;
they have many advantages to recommend them, yet and when the bud or graft has put out four fhoots,
ina
the difadvantages attending them greatly over-balance ; you ſhould ſtop the end of the fhoots, to force out
Thierto and fince the introducing of efpaliers into the Engliſh lateral branches.

or De gardens, Dwarf-trees have been in little eſteem for Two years after budding, theſe trees will be fit to
hiftory the following reafons : tranfplant where they are to remain ; for though many
onein ift, The figure of a Dwarf-tree is very often fo much people chufe to plant trees of a greater age, yet they
ftudied, that, in order to render the fhape beautiful , feldom fucceed fo well as young ones. The diftance
of the
little care is taken to procure fruit, which is the prin thefe trees fhould be planted is twenty-five or thirty
given feet afunder, for lefs will not do if the trees thrive
cipal deſign in planting thefe trees.
2dly, The branches being fpread horizontally near well. The ground between them may be culti
the furface of the ground, render it very difficult to vated for kitchen-garden herbs while the trees are
. 637 dig or clean the ground under them. young, but you fhould not fow or plant too near their
Plum roots.
3dly, Their taking up too much room in a garden
( eſpecially when they are grown to a confiderable ſize) In order to train your trees regularly, you ſhould
63% fo that nothing can be fown or planted between them. drive ftakes into the ground round the tree, to which
Te ca the branches fhould be faftened down with lift in a ho
4thly, Thefe trees fpreading their branches near the
ranch ground, continually fhade the furface of the earth ; rizontal poſition ; for if they are ſuffered to grow per
dlostred fo that neither the fun nor air can país freely round pendicularly while young, they cannot be afterwards
their roots and ſtems, to diffipate noxious vapours ; reduced without great violence to any tolerable fi
Is Ova whereby the circumambient air will be continually re gure. The neceffary directions to be afterwards fol
tha plete with crude rancid vapours, which, being drawn lowed are, not to fuffer any branches to cross each
།' in by the fruit and leaves, will render its juices , crude other ; and always in fhortening any fhoots be fure to
brute, and unwholfome, as well as ill taſted . leave the uppermoft eye outwards, whereby the hol
.C. It is alfo very difficult to get to the middle of theſe lowneſs in the middle of the tree will be better pre
Dwarf-trees in the fummer, when their leaves and ferved ; and be careful to rub off all perpendicular
fruit are on the branches, without beating off fome of fhoots in the middle of the trees, as foon as they are
7
ich the fruit, and breaking the young fhoots ; whereas, produced. The other neceflary rules you will find
nd 16 the trees on an efpalier can at all times be come at under the article of PRUNING .
J on each fide, to tie up the new fhoots, or to difplace The forts of Pears which do beft in Dwarfs , are all
all vigorous ones, which, if left on, would rob the fummer and autumn fruits ; for winter Pears are not
$; th
trees of their nouriſhment . worth planting in Dwarfs, they feldom bearing well,
pretty
Add to this, the fruit-buds of all forts of Pears nor are ever well tafted, and commonly are very
and Apples, and moft forts of Plumbs and Cherries, are ftony, becauſe they are commonly grafted on Quince
ftocks .
first produced at the end of the former year's fhoot,
00;
ds. which muſt be ſhortened in order to keep the Dwarfs Apples are alfo planted in Dwarfs, moft of which are
to their proper figure, fo that the fruit-buds are cut now budded or grafted on Paradiſe ſtocks ; but as
off, and greater number of branches are obtained , thefe are for the moſt part of a fhort duration, they
than can be permitted to ftand ; fo that all thofe forts are not profitable , and are fit only for fmall gardens
2013
of fruit-trees, whofe branches require to be trained as a matter of curiofity, producing fruit fooner, and
at their full length, are very improper to train up as in greater plenty, than when they are upon Crab or
Dwarfs ; and the Peaches and Nectarines which will Apple flocks.
long The diftance thefe trees fhould be planted, if on
bear amputation, are too tender to be trained fo in
lue, this country . Paradife ftocks, fhould be fix or eight feet, and upon
Ties,
Thefe evils being entirely remedied by training the Dutch stocks eighteen or twenty ; but if on Crab
trees to an espalier, hath juftly gained them the pre ſtokcs, twenty-five or thirty feet afunder each way.
ference ; however, if any one has a mind to have The management of theſe being the fame with Pears,
Dwarf-trees , notwithſtanding what has been faid, I I need not repeat it.
fhall lay down a few rules for their management . Some perfons alfo plant Apricots and Plumbs for
If you defign to have Dwarf Pear- trees, you fhould Dwarfs, but theſe feldom fucceed well, as being of a
bud or graft them on Quince ftocks ; but as many tender conftitution ; and thoſe which will produce
forts of Pears will not thrive if they are immediately fruit on Dwarfs, are much more likely to do ſo when
WAT budded or grafted on Quince ftocks, fo fome of thoſe trained on an eſpalier, where they can be much better
COL forts which will take freely, fhould be firſt budded on managed ; and therefore I judge it much the better
•
1 the Quince ftocks ; and when thefe have fhot, the method, as being more certain, and the trees will
forts you intend to cultivate, fhould be budded into make a better appearance .
K
2972
YEA
21

..T

}
‫ب‬ 1

5 D EARTH
 E.

EAR EAR

ARTH is the principal matter whereof our Theſe nitrous particles, or prolific falts, are of va
globe confifts ; the character of which, accord rious and different qualities ; and according as the
E ing to Dr. Boerhaave , is, that it is a foffil body, earth is more or lefs ftored with all or fome of them,
neither diffoluble by fire, water, nor air ; that it is more or less productive ; and according as it
it is infipid and tranfparent ; more fufible than ftone ; abounds with ſome of them more than others, differ
ftill friable, and containing ufually a ſhare of fatnefs . ing from one another in contexture, it constitutes the
There is no fuch thing as a ftrictly fimple earth . different fpecies or kinds of foils adapted to the pro
Mr. Boyle fays, that it doth not appear, that nature, pagation of different plants, the pores of whofe roots
any more than art, affords an elementary earth ; at are formed to receive, and whofe nature is to attract,
leaft, fome which appear of the fimpleft forts are thoſe falts that are congenial to them.
found, upon examination, to have qualities not af Some diftinguish earths into three claffes, fand,
cribed to pure earth . loam, and clay, as thoſe upon one or other of which
Of fuch earths fome are fimple and immutable, as all others do in fome refpects depend.
chalk, pumice, and rotten ftone ; others compound Gravel, and all the open foils, till the loam is come
.
and fatty ; of which kind are all boles, red, white, at, are of the fandy kind .
and brown ; fullers earth, and divers kinds of medi Thoſe binding earths from the loam downwards,
cinal earths, as the Cretica, Hungarica, Lemnian till the ftiffnels of chalk may be come at, may be.
earth, and others. reckoned of the clay kind.
Which earth are all refolvable into oil, a little acid All theſe forts of earth have a little tendency to ve
falt, & c. and a calx, which is the bafis, or the earth getation, and have their falts proper for it, but in a
properly fo called. different proportion ; as a peck of clay may probably
Sand is by naturalifts generally ranked as a fpecies of have double the quantity of falts in it that a peck of
earth, though not very properly ; in that fands , loam has, and a peck of loam may have fix times.
ftrictly speaking, are a fort of cryftals, or little tranf the quantity of falts that a peck of fand has.
parent pebbles, and are calcinable ; and , by the addi Loam. Some call the fuperficial earth that we meet
tion of a fixed alkaline falt, fufible and convertible with in England by this name, without having regard
into glaſs . to what proportion of fand and clay it contains : others
The fat earth is rendered fertile by the means of again call that earth loam, that inclines more to clay
fand, and becomes fit to feed and nouriſh vegetables , than fand. Some by loam mean that fort of earth
&c. for pure earth is liable to coalefce into a hard co that equally partakes of fand and clay, being a me
herent maſs, as in clay ; and earth thus embodied, dium between fand and clay, which they call mother
and as it were glued together, would be very unfit earth ; but the true definition of loam is, that fort
for the nouriſhment of plants. of earth which is fat and flippery, not offo cloſe a
But if hard fand , i . e . cryſtals , which are indiffolu texture as clay, nor too loofe and fandy, but of a
ble in water, and ſtill retain the fame figure, be in middle nature between them, and is eafily diffolved
termixed with fuch earth, they will keep the pores of by froft, and gentle or eafy to be wrought. This
the earth open, and the earth itſelf loofe and incom is one of the beft foils for moft efculent plants and
pact, and by that means give room for the juices to roots.
move, afcend, &c. and for plants to be nouriſhed This mother earth, they fay, may be in colour either
thereby. black or yellow, and of which of thefe colours foever
Thus a vegetable, being planted either in the fand it be, plants of moſt forts will grow in it.
alone, or in the fat glebe and earth alone, receives Sand and clay likewife produce certain plants, which
no growth or increment, but is either ftarved or fuf are natural to each of them, and confequently will
focated ; but mix the two, and the mafs becomes thrive better in them than in any other foil.
fertile. But fand is apt to precipitate thofe plants that are
In effect, by means of fand the earth is rendered , fet in it, earlier than clay, and will caufe them to ger
in ſome meaſure, organical ; pores and interſtices be minate near a month fooner than thofe that grow in
ing hereby maintained or preferved, fomething analo clay, and that for this reafon, becauſe the falts which
gous to veffels is effected, by which the juices of the are in fand, are liable to be put in motion by the
earth may be conveyed , prepared , digeſted , circulat leaft approach of the warmth of the fun ; but as fand
ed, and at length excerned and thrown off in the is quick in the operation , the falts are foon exhaled
roots of plants. and ſpent .
The earth is made up of two parts ; the first the con Clay. The pores of clay are more cloſely compacted
taining part, i. e. the body, bed, or couch : the fe together, and do not fo eafily give out thofe falts that
cond the part contained, and thofe are the nitrous or are contained in it ; nor can the fibres of every tender
fulphureous particles, or prolific falts . The firft is a plant make their way through it in queſt of their pro
lifelefs inanimate mafs, and is only the receptacle of per nutriment.
the other ; for the earth, confidered fimply, and ab But if the parts of the clay be opened, by digging
ftracted from the before-mentioned nitrous and prolific and breaking it into ſmall particles, and thoſe parts
falts, is a lifeleſs , dead, and inanimate mafs ; but by be kept open by a mixture of fome ſharp fand, or fome
the co-operation of water, fun, and air, is put into other body of the like quality, the effects of its vi
motion, and promotes the work of vegetation : but gour will plainly appear.
if it were ftript of thofe prolific falts and fpirituous Some diftinguifh the feveral temperaments of the
particles, would produce no manner of plant, herb, earth either into a light, fandy, or loofe contexture,
&c . that fhould be planted or fown in it. or into thoſe of a ſtiff, clayey, or cloſe one, either of
which

-
 E BE ECH

which have their respective good qualities ; and all of are ftrong, and have many ſpikes of flowers on them.
them, when they are in their extremes, require art to It flowers in June and July, and in very warm feaſons
render them uſeful and beneficial in the production will fometimes perfect their feeds in England.
and growth of plants. This is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown
A light, fandy, or loofe earth, requires a proper li in the autumn, for thofe which are fown in the ſpring
gature, and fhould have a compoſt of a heavier na often fail ; they muſt be fown in pots, and placed un
ture ; and thoſe that are heavy, clayey, and cloddy, der a frame in the winter, where they may be pro
ſhould have a compoft of a more fiery fprightly na tected from froft. In the fpring the plants will come
ture, that will infinuate itfelf into the heavy, lumpy, up, which fhould be kept clean from weeds, and re
freſhed now and then with water. When theſe have
indigefted clods, which would otherwiſe very much
obftruct the buſineſs of vegetation. acquired ftrength enough to be removed, they ſhould
A good earth fhould be of a blackish colour, fat, be each planted in a feparate finall pot filled with
pliant, or eaſy to be digged ; it ſhould be neither cold light earth, and plunged into a moderate hot- bed juſt
ofve nor light ; it ought to have no ill fmell or tafte, and to promote their taking new root ; then they fhould
asthe it ſhould be of the fame quality three or four feet deep be gradually inured to bear the open air, into which
3
R
-

then, for trees, which, if they have not that depth, will they ſhould be removed the latter end of May, pla
languish and decay after they have been planted fix cing them in a fheltered fituation, where they may re
Cite years. But this depth is not required for fruit- trees, main till autumn, when they must be removed into
esthe which will thrive very well if they have two feet and fhelter ; for theſe plants will not live in the open air
a half of good earth, and generally produce the moſt through the winter, nor fhould they be too tenderly
pro
TOOS generous fruits, when their roots fpread near the fur treated, left they draw up weak. I have found them
face of the earth. fucceed beſt when placed in an airy glaſs-cafe without
In order to know whether the earth has any ill fmell fire in winter, where they will have more fun and
or tafte, they direct to lay a handful of it to foak in air than in a green-houfe. During the winter fea 1
11 water for ſeven or eight hours, and afterwards to fon, the plants muſt be fparingly watered, but in the
ſtrain it, and taſte and ſmell it, by which the taſte or fummer they will require to be often refreſhed. The
fmell will eaſily be perceived. other management is the fame as for other ofthe har
EARWIGS. dier exotic plants, among which this will make a
Theſe are very troubleſome vermin in a garden, efpe fine variety.
cially where Carnations are preſerved ; for they are EBULUS. See SAMBUCUS.
ATX
fo fond of theſe flowers, that if care is not taken to ECHINATE SEEDS [of echinus, Lat. a
prevent them, they will entirely deſtroy them , by eat hedge-hog, ] ſuch ſeeds of plants as are prickly and
TOT
ing off the fweet part at the bottom of the petals or rough.
1:
leaves. To prevent which, moſt people have ftands ECHINOMELOCACTUS. See CACTUS.
erected, which have a baſon of earth or lead round ECHINOPHORA . Lin. Gen. Plant . 292. Tourn.
each fupporter, which is conftantly kept filled with Inft. R. H. 656. tab. 423. [of 'Ex , a hedge-hog,
water. See the article CARNATION. and pipw, Gr. to bear. ] Prickly Parfnep.
Others hang the hollow claws of crabs and lobſters The CHARACTERS are,
upon fticks in divers parts of the garden, into which It hath an umbellated flower ; the general umbel is com-·
thefe vermin get ; and by often fearching them, you pofed of many fmaller, the intermediate being thefhorteft ;
will deftroy them without much trouble, which will the involucrum of the general umbel ends in acute thorns ;
be of great fervice to your wall fruit, for theſe are thofe of the rays are turbinated, of one leaf, cut into fix
great deſtroyers of all foft fruits. unequal parts, with acute points ; the perianthium is di
EBENUS. Lin. Gen. Nov. Barba Jovis. Tourn . vided into five parts, and fits on the germen ; the general
Inft. R. H. tab. 419. Ebony. umbel is uniform ; the flowers have five unequal petals
The CHARACTERS are, which spread open ; they have each five ftamina, termi
The empalement ofthe flower is of one leaf, which is di nated by roundifh fummits. Under the perianthium is fitu
vided into five acute fegments at the top ; the flower is ated an oblong germen within the empalement, fupporting
of the butterfly kind ; the vexillum is obtuſe and reflexed ; two ftyles, crowned by fingle ftigmas ; the germen after
.‫لني‬ the wings are equal in length with the vexillum ; they are ward turns to two feeds, which are inclofed in the hard
broad and roundifh ; the keel is fhorter and turns upwards. empalement.
It bath ten stamina, nine joined, ſtanding together, and This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection
the otherfeparate, terminated by fingle fummits. In the of Linnæus's fifth claſs, intitled Pentandria Digynia,
bottom is fituated an oblong germen, fupporting a rifing the flower having five ftamina and two ſtyles.
Style, crowned by a singleftigma. The germen afterward The SPECIES are,
becomes an oblong fwelling pod, opening with two valves, I. ECHINOPHORA ( Spinofa ) foliolis fubulato-fpinofis in
-
13 and inclofing three or four kidney -
shaped feeds. This is tegerrimis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 344. Prickly-headed Parf
diſtinguiſhed from Trifolium, by the bractea which nep, with awl s-haped prickly leaves which are entire.
are fituated between the flowers on the ſpike. Echinophora maritima fpinofa. Tourn. Inft. 656.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection Prickly maritime Parfnep.
of Linnæus's feventeenth claſs, intitled Diadelphia 2. ECHINOPHORA ( Tenuifolia) foliolis incifis inermibus.
Decandria, the flowers having ten ftamina in two Lin. Sp. Plant. 344. Prickly-headed Parfnep, whofe
bodies. fmall leaves are cut, but have no thorns. Echinophora
We know but one SPECIES ofthis genus, viz. paftinacæ folio. Tourn. Inft. 656. Prickly-headed Parf
EBENUS. Lin. Sp. Plant. 764. Ebony. Barba Jovis nep with a Carrot leaf.
lagopoides, Cretica, frutefcens, incana, flore fpi Theſe plants grow naturally on the borders of the
AT cato purpureo amplo. Breyn . Prod. 2. Shrubby Hares Mediterranean fea ; they are preſerved in the gardens
foot Jupiter's Beard of Crete with hoary leaves, and a of botany for the fake of variety ; they have both
large purple flower growing in fpikes. perennial roots, which creep in the ground ; the firſt
This plant grows naturally in Crete, and in fome of hath branching ſtalks, growing five or fix inches high,
the iſlands of the Archipelago ; it riſes with a ſhrubby which are garniſhed with ſhort thick leaves, that ter
ftalk three or four feet high, which puts out feveral minate in two or three fharp thorns ; they are placed
fide branches, garniſhed with hoary leaves at each by pairs oppofite : the flowers grow in an umbel,
joint, which are compofed of five narrow fpear-fhaped fitting upon a naked foot-ftalk, which arifes from the
lobes, which join at their tails to the foot- ſtalk, fide of the ſtalk ; they are white, and under the um
and ſpread out like the fingers of a hand . The bel is fituated an involucrum, compofed of feveral
branches are terminated by thick fpikes of large pur leaves , which terminate in fharp fpines. It flowers
ple flowers, which are of the butterfly or Pea- bloom in June, but feldom ripens feeds in this country.
kind ; the fpikes are from two to three inches long, The ſecond fort rifes near a foot and a half high ;
fo make a fine appearance, eſpecially when the plants from the principal ftalk are fent out two fide branches
at
1
 ECH ECH

at every joint, which are placed oppofite ; the lower garnished with leaves, which are cut into many fine
part is garnished with leaves, which are finely divided fegments to the midrib, which are fet with prickles,
like thofe of the Carrot ; the flowers grow in fimall and are white on their under fide : the ftalks branch
umbels at the extremity of the branches, having a out toward the top ; each of theſe branches is termi
fhort prickly involucrum . This flowers in July, but nated by a globular head of flowers, which are fmaller
doth not ripen feeds in England. than thofe of the firit, and of a deeper blue ; there
Thefe plants are propagated by their creeping roots is alfo a variety of this with white flowers. This
in England, as they do not produce feeds here : the flowers about the fame time as the firft, and is pro
beft time to tranfplant them is the beginning of pagated in the fame way. Thefe will both grow in
March, a little before they fhoot . The roots fhould almoft any foil or fituation.
be planted in a gravelly or fandy foil, and in a The third fort grows naturally in Spain and Portugal :
warm fituation, or otherwiſe they ſhould be covered this is an annual plant, which rifes with a ſtiff white
in the winter to prevent the froft from deftroying ftalk two feet high, garnifhed with divided leaves,
them . ending in many points which have fpines ; their upper
ECHINOPS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 829. Echinopus . fide is green, and covered with brown hairs, their
Tourn. Inft. R. H. tab . 463. Globe Thiſtle. under fide white and woolly ; the ftalk is terminated
The CHARACTERS are, by one large head of pale blue flowers. Thefe appear
It bath a permanent perianthium, which is oblong, an in July, and if the feafon proves warm and dry, the
gular, and imbricated ; the flower bath one funnel-fhaped feeds will ripen in autumn, but in wet cold years they
petal, which is divided at the top into five parts, which rarely ripen here.
Spread open and are reflexed. It bath five fhort hairy fta Thefe feeds fhould be fown in the fpring, upon a bor
mina, terminated by cylindrical fummits. In the bottom of der of light earth, where the plants are to remain ;
the tube is fituated an oblong germen, fupporting a flender and they require no other management, but to thin
Style the length of the tube, crowned by two oblong de them where they are too cloſe .
preffed ftigmas which turn back ; the germen afterward The fourth fort grows naturally in Greece, from
becomes an oblong oval feed narrowed at the bafe, but ob whence Dr. Tournefort fent the feeds to the royal "
tufe and hairy at the top. garden at Paris : this hath a perennial creeping root,
This genus of plants is ranged in the first fection of
by which it multiplies faft enough ; the talks rife
Linnæus's feventeenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Po about a foot high, and are cloſely garniſhed with
lygamia Equalis . This fection includes thofe plants leaves which are fhorter and much finer divided than
which have only hermaphrodite fruitful florets. either of the former forts ; thefe are hoary, and armed
The SPECIES are,
on every fide with fharp thorns ; the ftalks are ter
1. ECHINOPS ( Sphærocephalus) capitulis globofis pubef minated by one middle- fized globular head of flowers,
centibus. Lin. Sp . Plant. 1314. Globe Thistle with glo which in fome are blue, and in others white . They
bular beads and hairy leaves. Echinopus major. J. B. 3 . appear the latter end of June, and in warm feafons
p. 69. Greater Globe Thistle. the feeds will ripen well in England . This is eafily
2. ECHINOPS ( Ritro) capitulo globofo, foliis fupra gla propagated by its creeping roots, or from feeds ; it
bris . Lin. Sp . Plant. 1314. Globe Thistle with a globular loves a dry foil and a warm fituation .
head, and the upperfide of the leaves fmooth. Echinopus ECHINUS, Lat. is the prickly head or cover of the
minor. J. B. 3. 72. Smaller Globe Thistle. feed or top of any plant, fo called from its likeness
3. ECHINOPS ( Strigofus) capitulis fafciculatis calycibus , to a hedgehog .
lateralibus fterilibus, foliis fuprà ftrigofis. Lin. Sp . ECHIUM . Lin. Gen. Plant . 157. Tourn. Inft. R.
Plant. 1315. Globe Thistle with bundled heads, whofe fide H. 135. tab. 54. [ of " Exis, Gr. a viper, becauſe the
empalements are barren, and wing-pointed leaves. Echi ripe feed of this plant refembles the head of a viper.
nopus minor annuus, magno capite. Tourn . Inſt. 463 . It is called Herba Viperaria, becauſe the ancients be
Smaller annual Globe Thistle with a large head. lieved that this plant killed vipers. ] Viper's Buglofs ;
4. ECHINOPS ( Græcus) caule unicapitato, foliis fpinofis , in French , Viperine .
The CHARACTERS are,
omnibus pinnatifidis villofis, radice reptartice. Globe
Thifile with one head on each ſtalk, prickly leaves, which Theflower bath apermanent empalement, divided intofive
are all wing-pointed and woolly, and a creeping root. fegments. It bath one petal with a short tube, having
Echinopus Græcus, tenuiffime divifus & lanuginofus, an erect broad brim, cut into five parts, and is obtufe;
capite minori cæruleo . Tourn . Cor. 34. Greek Globe the two upper being longer than the lower, which are
Thiẞle whofe leaves are divided into narrow fegments and acute and reflexed. It hath five awl-shaped ftamina, ter
are woolly, with a fmaller blue bead. minated by oblong proftrate fummits. In the bottom are
The firft is the common Globe Thiſtle, which has fituated four germen with one flender ſtyle, crowned by an
been long cultivated in fome gardens for the fake of obtufe bifid figma , the germen afterward become so many
variety ; this grows naturally in Italy and Spain ; it roundish pointed feeds, inclosed in the rough empalement.
hath a perennial root, from which arife many ftalks This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
that grow to the height of four or five feet ; theſe are Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
garnished with long jagged leaves , which are divided the flower having five ftamina and one ſtyle.
The SPECIES are,
into many fegments almoft to the midrib, the jags
ending in fpines ; they are of a dark green on their 1. ECHIUM ( Anglicum) caule fimplici erecto, foliis lan
upper fide, but woolly on their under ; the flowers are ceolatis, floribus fpicatis lateralibus, ftaminibus co
collected in globular heads, feveral of theſe grow rolla æquantibus . Viper's Buglofs with a single erect
upon each ftalk ; the common hath blue flowers, but Stalk, having rough pear- shaped leaves, and flowers in
there is a variety of it with white. It flowers in July, Spikes proceeding from the fide, with the ftamina equalling
and the feeds ripen in Auguſt. the petal. Echium vulgare C. B. P. 254. Common
This plant is eafily propagated by feeds, which, if Viper's Buglofs.
permitted to fcatter, the plants will come up in plenty, 2. ECHIUM (Vulgare) caule fimplici erecto, foliis cau
fo a few of them may be tranfplanted to the places linis lanceolatis hifpidis , floribus fpicatis lateralibus
where they are defigned to remain to flower ; they ftaminibus corollâ longioribus. Viper's Buglofs with a
require no other culture but to keep them clean from Single erect falk, having rough narrow spear-shaped leaves,
weeds : the fecond year they will flower and produce flowers growing in fhort Spikes on the fides, and ftamina
feeds, and the roots will continue two or three years longer than the petal. Lycopfis Anglica. Lob. English
after ; but if the feeds fcatter, the plants will become Lycopfis.
troubleſome weeds ; to prevent which, the heads ſhould 3. ECHIUM (Italicum) corollis vix calycem excedentibus,
be cut off as foon as the feeds are ripe. margine villofis. Hort. Upfal. 35. Viper's Buglofs,
The fecond fort grows in the fouth of France and in whose petals fcarce exceed the empalement, having hairy
Italy; this hath a perennial creeping root, which borders. Echium majus & afperius, flore albo. C. B. P.
fends up ſeveral ſtrong ſtalks that rife two feet high, 255. Great rough Viper's Buglofs with a white flower.
2 4. ECHIUM

1
 E. CH EDG

ECHIUM (Lufitanicum) corollis ftamine longioribus. figned to remain ; and the plants require no other
brac
h Lin. Sp. 200. Viper's Buglofs with thepetal of theflower culture but to keep them clean from weeds, and
*C longer than the ftamina. Echium ampliffimo folio, thin them where they grow too clofe. In July they
Im Lufitanicum . Tourn . Portugal Viper's Buglofs with a flower, and their feeds ripen in five or fix weeks after.
; thes large leaf. The feeds of the other forts being fown in the fpring,
Th 5. ECHIUM (Creticum) calycibus fructefcentibus diftan will the fecond fummer after produce flowers and
tibus, caule procumbente. Lin . Hort. Upfal . 35 . feeds, after which they feldom continue. They all
Viper's Buglofs with fruitful empalements growing at a delight in a rubbiſhy gravelly foil, and will grow upon
the tops of old walls or buildings ; where, when once
PUN
H24
488
BUT

diftance, and a trailing talk. Echium Creticum lati

folium rubrum. C. B. P. 254. Broad-leaved Viper's they have eſtabliſhed themselves, they will drop their
Buglofs of Candia, having a red flower. feeds, and thereby maintain a fucceffion of plants
6. ECHIUM ( Angustifolium) caule ramofo, afpero, foliis without any care, and on thefe places they appear
callofo-verrucofis, ftaminibus corollâ longioribus. very beautiful.
Viper's Buglofs with a rough branching ſtalk, warted The feventh fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
leaves, andftamina longer than the petal. Echium Cre Hope, from whence the feeds were brought to Hol
ticum anguftifolium rubrum. C. B. P. 254. Narrow land, where the plants are now preferved in fome cu
leaved Viper's Buglofs of Candia, having a red flower. rious gardens. This rifes with a fhrubby ftalk two
7. ECHIUM (Fruticofum) caule fruticofo. Hort. Cliff. 43 . or three feet high, dividing upward into feveral
Viper's Buglofs with afhrubbystalk. This is the Echium branches, garniſhed with oval leaves placed alternate,
Africanum fruticans, foliis pilofis. Hort. Amft. 2 . whofe bale fits cloſe to the ftalk ; they are hairy, and
p . 107. Shrubby African Viper's Buglofs, having hairy of a light green colour. The flowers are produced .
leaves. fingly between the leaves at the end of the branches ;
The first fort grows naturally in Germany and Auf they are of a purple colour, and in fhape much like
tria, from whence I received the feeds. This and our thofe of the fifth fort. Thefe appear in May and
inc
common Viper's Buglofs, which is the fecond, have June, but the feeds do not ripen in England.
been confounded by moft of the writers on botany, It is propagated by feeds, when they can be obtained,
who have ſuppoſed they were the fame plant, whereas which fhould be fown in pots filled with light fandy
they are very different ; for the leaves of this are earth foon after they are received . Thefe may be
fhorter, and much broader than thofe of the fecond ; expofed to the open air till the beginning of October,
the fpikes of flowers are much longer, and the fta when the pots fhould be placed under a frame, to
mina of the flowers are in this equal in length with guard them from froft ; but in mild weather, they
the petal ; whereas thofe of the ſecond ſtand out fhould be opened to have the free air, to prevent the
much beyond the petal, which is an effential dif feeds from vegetating till the winter is paft ; for if
ference. the plants come up at that feafon, their ftems will be
The fecond fort grows naturally upon chalky lands weak and full of juice, and very liable to rot with
in most parts of England : this is what Lobel titles damps ; therefore it is much better if the plants do
Lycopfis Anglica, and has been generally taken for not come up till toward March, which is the ufual
the common Echium . time of their appearing, when the feeds are not forced
2.3.1.3

The third fort grows naturally in the fouth of France, by warmth. When the plants are fit to remove, they
in Italy, and the ifle of Jerfey ; this rifes with an fhould be each planted into a ſmall pot filled with
upright hairy ftalk ; the flowers are produced in fhort light earth, and placed under a frame to forward their
fpikes on the fide of the branches ; they are fmall, putting out new roots ; then they fhould be gradually
and fcarce appear above the empalements ; fome plants inured to bear the open air, and the latter end of
Begrebs have white flowers , and others are purplish ; the em May be placed abroad in a fheltered fituation, where
palements of the flowers are very hairy, and cut into they may remain till the beginning of October ; at
acute fegments . which time they muſt be removed into an airy glaſs
The fourth fort grows naturally in Portugal and cafe, where they may enjoy the fun and have free
Spain ; the lower leaves of this are more than a foot air in mild weather. During the winter feafon theſe
long, and two inches broad in the middle, gradually plants muſt be fparingly watered ; for as their ftems.
leffening to both ends ; theſe are covered with foft are fucculent, fo much moisture will cauſe them to

F hairs. The ftalks grow two feet high ; the flowers rot . In the fummer they ſhould be fet abroad in a
#12 are in ſhort ſpikes coming from the fide of the ſtalks ; fheltered fituation, and treated in the fame manner as
the petals of theſe are longer than the ftamina. other plants from the fame country.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Crete ; this hath EDERA QUINQUEFOLIA. See VITIS .
trailing hairy ftalks , which grow about a foot long, EDGINGS. The beſt and moſt durable plant for
and put out feveral fide branches, garnifhed with edgings in a garden is Box ; which, if well planted ,
hairy ſpear-ſhaped leaves about three inches long, and and rightly managed, will continue in beauty feveral
three quarters of an inch broad, fitting clofe to the years the beſt feafon for planting this, is either in
ftalks. The flowers come out on flender fpikes upon the autumn, or very early in the fpring ; for if you
long foot-ftalks, which come from the wings of the plant it late, and the feafon fhould prove hot and dry,
leaves ; they are large, of a reddifh purple colour, it will be very fubject to mifcarry, unleſs great care
which turns to a fine blue when they are dried ; theſe be taken to fupply it with water. The belt fort for
ſtand at a diſtance from each other on the fpike. It this purpoſe is the dwarf Dutch Box.
is an annual plant, which flowers in July and decays Thefe edgings are only planted upon the fides of
in autumn . borders next walks, and not (as the faſhion was fome
The fixth fort hath branching ftalks which grow a years ago) to plant the edgings of flower-beds, or
foot and a half long, declining toward the ground ; the edges of fruit- borders in the middle of gardens,
they are covered with ſtinging hairs ; the leaves are unless they have a gravel-walk between them ; which
1 four inches long, and not more than half an inch renders it proper to preferve the walks clean, by
broad ; theſe are pretty much warted, and are hairy. keeping the earth of the borders from waſhing down
The flowers grow in loofe fpikes from the ſide of into the walks in hard rains.
}
the ftalks, and alfo at the end of the branches ; they It was alfo the practice formerly to plant edgings of
are of a reddiſh purple colour, but not fo large as divers forts of aromatic herbs, as Thyme, Savory,
thofe of the former fort, and the ftamina of thefe are Hyffop, Lavender, Rue, &c. But as thefe very foon
longer than the petal . This is alfo an annual plant, grow woody, fo that they cannot be kept in due com
which grows naturally in Crete . pafs, and in hard winters they are often killed in
Theſe are most ofthem biennialplants, except the fifth patches, whereby the edgings are rendered incomplete,
and fixth forts, which are annual, and are the moſt they are now feldom ufed for this purpoſe.
beautiful of all the kinds : the feeds of theſe muſt be Some people make edgings of Daifies, Thrift, Catch
fown every year, in the places where they are de fly, and other flowering plants ; but thefe alfo re
5 E quire
 2

EH R ELÆ

quire to be tranfplanted every year, in order to have be obtained, which fhould be fown in fmall pots
them handfome ; for they foon grow out of form , and plunged into a hot-bed ; they may alfo be propagated
are fubject alfo to decay in patches ; fo that there is by laying down their branches, but theſe are long
not any plant which fo completely anfwers the defign before they put out roots.
as Dwarf Box, which muſt be preferred to all others ELEAGNUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 148. Tourn. Cor.
for this purpoſe . 53. tab. 489. [from 'Exaía, an Olive, and 'Ayvos Vitex ;
EFFLORESCENCE , Lat. the blowing out of a becauſe this plant hath leaves like thoſe of the Chafte
flower. tree, and a fruit like an Olive . ] Oleafter, or wild
To EGERMINATE , Lat. to bud or spring out. Olive.
EHRETIA. Trew. tab. 24. The CHARACTERS are,
The CHARACTERS are , The flower bath a bell -
shaped empalement of one leaf,
It bath a fmall, permanent, bell- shaped empalement of one which is quadrifid, rough on the outfide, but coloured
leaf, cut into five points ; the flower bath one petal, whofe within. It hath no petals, but four ſhort ſtamina which
tube is longer than the empalement, cut into five fegments ; are inferted in the divifions of the empalement, and are
it bath five awl- shaped spreading ftamina the length of terminated by oblong proftrate fummits. At the bottom is
the corolla, terminated by roundish incumbent fummits, and fituated a roundish germen fupporting aſingle ſtyle, crowned
roundish germen, ſupporting a flender ſtyle the length of by a fingle ftigma , the germen afterward becomes an ob
the ftamina, crowned by an obtufe indented ftigma , the tufe oval fruit, with a puniture at the top, inclofing one
germen afterward becomes a round berry with one cell, in obtufe nut.
clofing four angular feeds. This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of
This genus of plants is ranged in the first order of Linnæus's fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Mono
Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia, gynia, from the flower having four ſtamina and one
the flower having five ftamina and one ſtyle. style .
The SPECIES are, The SPECIES are,

1. EHRETIA (Tinifolia) foliis oblongo-ovatis integerrimis 1. ELEAGNUS (Spinofus) aculeatus, foliis lanceolatis.
glabris, floribus paniculatis. Amoen . Acad . 5. p . 395. Prickly wild Olive with spear-shaped leaves. Elæagnus
Ebretia with oblong, oval, entire, fmooth leaves, andflow Orientalis latifolius, fructumaximo. Tourn. Cor. App .
ers growing in panicles. 52. Eaftern broad- leaved wild Olive with a largefruit.
2. EHRETIA ( Bourreria) foliis ovatis integerrimis lævi- 2 . ELEAGNUS ( Inermis ) inermis , foliis lineari-lanceola
bus, floribus fubcorymbofis, calycibus glabris. Lin. tis. Wild Olive without thorns, and narrow spear s
-haped
Sp . 275. Ebretia with oval entire leaves, flowers growing leaves . Elæagnus Orientalis anguftifolius, fructu par
in a fort of corymbus, andsmooth empalements. Bourreria vo olivæformi fubdulci . Tourn . Cor. App . 52. Eaſtern
fructibus fucculentis. Jacq. Amer. wild Olive with narrow leaves, and a small, fweet,
The feeds of the firft fort were fent me from Jamaica Olive-
fhaped fruit.
in the year 1734, which fucceeded in the Chelſea 3. ELEAGNUS ( Latifolia) foliis ovatis . Prod. Leyd.
garden, where the plants have grown to the height 250. Wild Olive with oval leaves. Elæagnus foliis ro
of eight or nine feet, with ftrong woody ftems, and tundis maculatis . Burm. Pl. Zeyl. 92. Wild Olive with
have ſeveral times produced their flowers, but have roundfpotted leaves.
not perfected their feeds as yet in England . This is The first and fecond forts Dr. Tournefort found
by Dr. Linnæus fuppofed to be the fame plant men growing naturally in the Levant, and the first I take
tioned by Sir Hans Sloane, under the title of Cerafo to be the common fort, which grows naturally in Bo
affinis arbor baccifera racemofa, flore albo pentape hemia, of which I faw fome trees growing in the cu
talo, fructu flavo monopyreno eduli dulce. Hift. rious garden of the late Dr. Boerhaave, near Leyden,
Jam. 2. p . 94. But I differ in my opinion from him, in Holland. The leaves of this fort are not more
for the leaves of our plant are fmoother, longer, and than two inches long, and about three quarters of an
more pointed, and the corymbus of flowers is much inch broad in the middle ; they are white, and have
longer than in Sir Hans's plant. a foft cottonny down on their furface ; at the foot
薯 This hath a rough woody ftalk of every leaf, there comes out a pretty long
ftalk, which divides into
feveral irregular branches, garniſhed with oblong, fharp thorn ; as the leaves are placed alternate on the
oval, ſmooth leaves, nine inches long, three broad branches, fo the fpines come out on each fide the
in the middle, ending in acute points ; the flowers are branches ; juft below the foot - ftalks of the leaves,
white, and produced in an oblong corymbus toward they are alternately longer : the flowers are ſmall, the
the end of the branches ; they have one petal in each, infide of the empalement is yellow, and they have a
which is cut at the top into five fegments which are ſtrong ſcent when fully open.
reflexed . Theſe appear toward the end of July, but The fecond fort hath no thorns on the branches , the
fall away without being fucceeded by feeds. leaves are more than four inches long, and not half
The feeds of the fecond fort I received from Surinam , an inch broad ; they are very ſoft, and have a ſhining
which fucceeded in the Chelfea garden . This hath appearance like fattin. The flowers come out at the
a woody upright ftem, covered with a brown bark, foot-ſtalks of the leaves, fometimes fingly, at other
fending out branches regularly toward the top, gar times two, and frequently three at the fame place ;
nifhed with fimooth oval leaves placed alternate, the outſide of the empalement is filvery and ftudded,
having fhort foot- ftalks ; the leaves are fix inches long, the infide of a pale yellow, having a very ſtrong ſcent.
and more than two broad, ending with blunt oval This flowers in July, and fometimes the flowers are
points . As this fort hath not produced flowers here, fucceeded by fruit. This is the fort which is moſt
fo I can give no farther account of them. This commonly preferved in the English gardens.
Doctor Linnæus fuppofes to be the fame with a plant Theſe plants may be propagated by laying downthe
figured by Mr. Catefby, under the title of Pittonia young fhoots in autumn, which will take root in one
fimilis laureolæ foliis, floribus albis, baccis rubris . year, when they may be cut off from the old trees,
But in this he is alfo miſtaken, for there are plants and either tranfplanted into a nurſery for two or three
in the Chelſea garden, which were raiſed from feeds years to be trained up, or into the places where they
fent from the Bahama Iflands, which are very different are to remain. The beſt ſeaſon for transplanting of
from the former. theſe trees is in the latter end of February, or the be
Thefe plants are too tender to thrive abroad in Eng ginning of March ; though they may be removed at
land, where they require a moderate warm ftove in Michaelmas, provided the roots are mulched, to pro
winter ; but when the plants have acquired ftrength, tect them from fevere froft in winter. Theſe plants
they may be placed in the open air during the heat fhould be placed where they may be ſcreened from
of fummer ; but it fhould be in a fheltered fituation , ftrong winds, for they grow very freely, and are very
and when the evenings grow cold in the autumn, fubject to be ſplit down by the wind, if they are too
they must be removed into fhelter. much expofed .
They are both propagated by feeds when they can
Thefe
 1
ELL •
ELE

Thefe trees commonly grow to twelve or fourteen fpread flat on the ground, and between theſe arife a
feet high, and when they are intermixed with other ſtiff ſtalk, about a foot high, which divides into ſe
trees of the fame growth, make a pretty diverfity ; veral branches, each being terminated by two flowers,
for their leaves being of a filver colour, are eaſily which are compofed of feveral florets, inclofed in a
diftnguiſhed at a distance. four-leaved involucrum ; two of thefe leaves are al
The third fort grows naturally at Ceylon , and in fome ternately larger than the other. The involucrum is
India.
other parts of India. This is pretty rare at preſent longer than the florets, fo they do but juſt appear
in the English gardens, but fome years paſt there within the two larger leaves ; the flowers make no ap
were feveral pretty large plants of it growing in the pearance. They appear in July, but the feeds never
garden at Hampton Court. This rifes with a woody ripen in this country.
item to the height of eight or nine feet, dividing into The first fort hath a perennial root, but an annual
many branches, garniſhed with oval filvery leaves, ftalk. If this is planted in pots, and fheltered in the
which have ſeveral irregular ſpots of a dark colour on winter from froft, it may be preferved feveral years,
their furface ; they are placed alternately on the and the plants will annually flower ; but the fecond
branches, and continue all the year. The flowers L fort feldom continues longer than two years.
have not ſeen, though fome of the trees at Hampton Theſe plants are propagated by feeds, which fhould
be fown on a hot-bed in the fpring ; and when the
YOY

Court produced flowers, but I was not fo lucky as to

ſee them . plants are come up, they muft be tranfplanted into
d This fort requires a warm ſtove to preſerve it in this pots filled with fresh light earth, and plunged into a
no country, for it is too tender to live in the open air, hot-bed of tanners bark, obferving to water and fhade
excepting for a fhort time in the warmeſt part of them until they have taken root ; then you fhould let
012
fummer. them have a large ſhare of fresh air in warm weather,
The two first forts are extremely hardy, fo are not and they will require to be frequently refreſhed with
injured by the froft, but the trees are not of very long water.
duration, therefore young plants fhould be raiſed ELEPHAS. See RHINANTHUS .
once in three or four years, to preſerve the kinds. ELICHRYSUM. See GNAPHALIUM .
ELATERIUM. See MOMORDICA. ELM. See ULMUS.
ELATINE. See LINARIA. ELLISIA.
ELECAMPANE. See INULA. The CHARACTERS are,
ELEPHANTOPUS. Lin . Gen. Plant. 827. Vaill. Theflowerhasapermanent empalement, compofed offivefmall,
pa
Act . Par. 1719. Dill. Hort. Elth. 104. [ of 'Exipas, an erect , Spreading leaves ; it is of one petal, funnel-ſhaped the
elephant, and Пs, a foot, ] Elephant's foot ; fo called length of the cup, cut into five obtufe fegments at tons it
2
N
5
4
2

by Monfieur Vaillant, becauſe he fays the under leaves bath five ftamina the length of the tube, terminated by
of the first fort fomewhat refemble an Elephant's roundish fummits, and a round germen fupporting a short
foot. flenderStyle, crowned by an oblong bifid ftigma ; the germen
The CHARACTERS are, afterward becomes a roundish fleshy berry with two cells,
234

There are many flowers collected together in one commor. inclofing two rough feeds.
large involucrum which is permanent, and each empale This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of
nd Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
5

ment contains four or five florets ; the florets are tubulous

&

ke the flower having five ftamina and one ſtyle.

andbermaphrodite ; they have one petal which is tongue
Shaped ; the brim is narrow, and divided into five equal We know but one SPECIES of this genus, viz.
CO parts ; they have five very ſhort hairy ſtamina, terminated ELLISIA ( Nyctelea . ) Lin. Sp. 1662. Tea-leaved Ellifia
by cylindricalfummits. In the bottom is fituated an oval This plant grows naturally in Jamaica, where it forms
ICE germen, fupporting a flender ftyle, crowned by two flender a buſhy fhrub about fix or ſeven feet high. I have
fa ftigmas ; the germen afterward becomes a fingle compreffed raiſed many of the plants from feeds, fome of which
p: feed crowned with briftles, fitting on a placenta inclofed in are now four or five feet high, but have not as yet
-1
the empalement. produced flowers. It fends out many branches from
2P 2

This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of the ſtem, ſo as to form a thick bufh ; the branches are
Linnæus's ſeventeenth claſs, which includes the plants generally covered with a dark purple bark ; the leaves
he with flofculous flowers, whofe florets are all herma alſo when the plants are expofed in fummer turn of
25 phrodite and fruitful. the fame colour, but after they have been ſome time
The SPECIES are, removed into the ftove, they recover their verdure
1. ELEPHANTOPUS (Scaber) foliis oblongis fcabris. Hort. again. The leaves are placed oppofite on the branches,
which are an inch and a half long, fpear-fhaped and
2-1-100

Cliff. 390. Elephantopus with oblong rough leaves. Ele

phantopus conyzæ folio. Vaill. Mem. Acad. Scien. indented on their edges, and have commonly two or
1719. Elephant'sfoot with a Flea-bane leaf. three ſmall leaves fitting cloſe to the branches ; at the
‫هوه‬

2. ELEPHANTOPUS (Tomentofus) foliis ovatis tomentofis. foot-ſtalks of the larger leaves, and at the fame place,
Gron. Virg. 90. Elephantopus with oval woolly leaves. arifes pretty long black fpines, generally placed op
f Elephantopus helenii folio, purpurafcente flore. Houft. pofite toward the lower part of the branches , but
MSS. Elephantopus with an Elecampane leaf, and a upward they are alternate, and the ends of the
;
purplish flower. branches are without thorns. As the plants have not
The first fort grows naturally in both the Indies, I as yet produced flowers in England, fo I can give no
have received it from feveral parts of America ; this farther account of them.
fends out many oblong rough leaves, which fpread This plant may be propagated by cuttings, which if
near the ground ; between thefe in the fpring arifes planted in fmall pots filled with light earth, and
a branching ſtalk, little more than a foot high. The plunged into a moderate hot-bed, covering them
fide branches are fhort, and are generally terminated clofe with a hand-glafs any time in July, will put out
by two heads of flowers, each ſtanding upon a fhort roots in about two months, fo may then be ſeparated
foot-ſtalk. The heads contain feveral hermaphrodite and put into ſmall pots, plunging them again into
florets, included in a common involucrum, compofed the hot-bed to promote their taking new root, after
of four oval leaves, ending in acute points. The which they ſhould be gradually inured to the open
florets are of a pale purple colour. They appear in air ; but the beginning of October they ſhould be re
July, but are rarely fucceeded by feeds in England. moved into the dry ftove, where, during the winter,
The fecond fort grows naturally in South Carolina ; they fhould have a moderate warm air, in which they
the plants of this have frequently come up in the will thrive better than in a great heat.
earth, which has been fent over from thence with When feeds of this plant can be procured from
other plants as weeds ; this hath feveral oval woolly abroad, if they are ſown on a hot- bed the plants will
leaves, four inches long, and three inches broad, rife eaſily, and may be afterward treated in the fame
growing from the root, having many tranfverfe way as is directed for thofe raiſed by cuttings .
nerves, running from the midrib to the fides ; they
EMERUS.
 EME EM P

EMERUS. Tourn . Irft. R. H. 650. Coronilla . Lin . veral other botanifts, have ranged them in the fame
Gen. Plant. 789. [ this name was given it by Theo genus.
phraftus, and reftored by Cæfalpinus . ] Scorpion Thefe fhrubs are easily propagated by fowing their
Sena. feeds ( which they commonly produce in great plenty)
The CHARACTERS are, in March, upon a bed of light fandy earth, obferving
The flower hath a very short empalement of one leaf, di to keep the bed clear from weeds ; and in very dry
vided into five parts which is permanent. The flower is weather the bed muft often be refreshed with water,
of the butterfly kind. The tails of the petals are much which fhould be given carefully, left the feeds fhould
longer than the empalement. The ftandard is narrow, be washed out of the ground by hafty watering. When
andfhorter than the wings, over which it is arched. The the plants are come up, they must be kept clean from
wings are large and concave. The keel is heart-shaped weeds, and in very dry weather, if they are watered,
and reflexed. There are ten ftamina in each, one of which it will promote their growth ; the Michaelmas fol
Stands feparate, the other nine are joined ; these arefituated lowing ( if the plants have thriven well) you may draw
in the ftandard. In the empalement is fituated an oblong out the largeft, which may be tranfplanted into a
flender germen, fupporting a fender ftyle, crowned by a nurſery, at three feet diſtance row from row, and one
taper ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a taper cy foot afunder in the rows. This will give room to

lindrical pod, fwelling in those parts where the feeds are thoſe plants which are left to grow in the feed-bed ,
lodged, which are alfo cylindrical. in which place they may remain another year, when
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection of they will alfo be fit to tranfplant into a nurſery, where
Tournefort's twenty- fecond clafs, which includes the they fhould be two years, when they will be fit to
trees and fhrubs with a butterfly flower, whofe leaves plant out, where they are to remain for good ; in
are placed by pairs along the midrib. Dr. Linnæus doing of which, you ſhould be careful in taking them
has joined this genus, and alfo the Securidacca of up, not to break or wound the roots, nor fhould they
Tournefort to the Coronilla ; but hereby the number remain too long in the nurſery before they are tranf
of fpecies are increaſed , and therefore it is much better planted, for they are fubject to fhoot downright roots,
to keep them feparate, as there are more effential which, when cut off, oftentimes proves the death of
differences between them , than in fome of the other the tree. In all other refpects it must be treated like
genera of this clafs which he has feparated . other flowering fhrubs, among which this is com
The SPECIES are ,
monly fold at the nurferies. It may alío be propagated
1. EMERUS ( Major) caule fruticofo, pedunculis lon by laying down the tender branches, which will take
gioribus caule angulato. Scorpion Sena with a fhrubby root in about a year's time, and may then be tranf
falk, longer foot ftalks to the flowers, and angularstalks. planted into a nurfery, and managed in the fame
Emerus. Cafalp . Scorpion Sena, vulgò. manner as the feedling plants.
2. EMERUS ( Minor ) foliolis obcordatis, pedunculis bre The third fort grows naturally in the Weft-Indies,
vioribus , caule fruticofo. Scorpion Sena with long heart where Plumier firſt diſcovered it in the French fet
fhaped leaves, fhorter foot -
ftalks to the flowers, and a tlements ; but it was found growing in plenty at La
forubly talk. Emerus minor. Tourn . Inft . R. H. 650 . Vera Cruz , in New Spain, by the late Dr. Houftoun,
Leffer Scorpion Sena. who fent me the feeds, which fucceeded in the Chel
3. EMERUS ( Herbacea) caule erecto, herbacco, foliolis fea garden, where the plants flowered, but did not
multijugatis, floribus fingularibus alaribus, filiquis perfect their feeds, and the plants being annual, the
longiffimis erectis. Scorpion Sena with an erect herba fpecies was loft here. This rifes with a round her
ceous ftalk, the leaves compofed of many pair of lobes, fingle baceous ftalk three feet high, which is garnifhed at
flowers proceeding from the fides of the stalks, and very each joint with one long winged leaf, compofed of
long erect pods. Emerus filiquis longiffimis & an about twenty pair of lobes, terminated by an odd one ;
guftiffimis. Plum. Cat. 19. Emerus with very long and thefe have obtufe points, and are of a deep green.
narrow pods. The flowers come out fingly from the fide of the
The firft of thefe fhrubs is very common in all the ftalk, immediately above the foot- ftalk of the leaves,
nurferies near London ; this rifes with weak ſhrubby ftanding upon flender foot-ftalks two inches long;
ftalks to the height of eight or nine feet, dividing they are larger than thoſe of either of the former forts,
into many flender branches, garniſhed with winged and are of a pale yellow colour ; thefe are fucceeded
leaves, compofed of three pair of lobes ( or fmall by flender compreffed pods, which are more than fix
leaves ) terminated by an odd one . The flowers come inches long, having a border on each fide, and a
out upon long foot-ftalks from the fide of the fwelling where each feed is lodged.
branches, two or three of theſe foot-ftalks arifing from This is an annual plant, whole feeds muſt be fown
}
the fame point ; each of theſe fuftains two , three, or upon a hot-bed in the fpring, and when the plants are
four yellow butterfly flowers ; thefe appear in May, fit to remove, they fhould be each planted into a fe
and are frequently fucceeded by long flender pods, parate finall pot filled with light kitchen- garden earth,
which are taper, fwelling in thofe parts where the and plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark,
feeds are lodged, and hang downward ; thefe fhrubs fhading them from the fun until they have taken new
continue long in flower, efpecially in cool feafons, and root, then they must be treated in the fame manner
frequently flower again in autumn, which renders as other exotic plants from thofe warm countries. If
them valuable. thefe plants are brought forward in the fpring, and
The fecond fort rifes with many fhrubby ftalks like kept under a deep frame in a tan-bed, or plunged
the firft, but not more than half the height ; this hath into the bark-bed in the ftove, when they are grown
larger leaves, which are of an oblong heart-shape . too tall to remain under common frames, they will
The flowers are rather larger than thofe of the firit, ripen feeds in England ; for thofe feeds which I re
and ſtand upon fhorter foot-ftalks ; theſe differences ceived did not arrive here till May, and yet thofe

hold in the plants which are raiſed from feeds, there plants flowered well in Auguft ; but the autumn
fore I think they may be allowed to ſtand as diſtinct coming on foon after, prevented their perfecting feeds,
fpecies, though there is a great likeneſs at firſt ſight and that part of the feed which I referved till the
in them . next year did not grow.
The leaves of thefe fhrubs , when fermented in a vat, EMPÉTRUM . Lin . Gen. Plant. 977. Tourn. Inft.
in the fame manner as is practifed with the Indigo R. H. 579. tab. 421. ["Eμmelfov , of i , in, and wirga,
plants, will afford a dye, very near to that of Indigo ; Gr. a rock or ftone, becaufe this tree grows in ftony
but whether it will anfwer the fame purpofes is not places. ] Black-berried Heath.
yet certain, or whether it may be worth cultivating The CHARACTERS are,
for that purpofe, either here or abroad, is what we It hath male and female flowers on different plants ; the
cannot yet determine ; but there is fo great affinity male flowers have a three-pointed empalement, which is
between thefe plants, and thofe of the Indigo in their permanent ; they have three oblong petals, which are nar
generical characters, that Dr. Tournefort, and fe row at their bafe, and three long hangingStamina which
6 are
 EPH EPI
ta
n
are hairy, terminated by fhort two-pointedfummits, which off to tranfplant in the fpring. They love a pretty
Stand erect. The female flowers have the fame empale moift ftrong foil, and will endure the cold of our or
ment and petals as the male, but no ftamina. In the cen #
dinary winters very well in the open air. Some of
ter is fituated a depreſſed germen, ſupporting nine reflexed thefe plants were formerly preferved in pots, and were
Spreadingftigma. The germen afterward becomes a de houfed in winter, but by later experience they are
preffed round berry of one cell, inclofing nine feeds placed found to thrive better in the full ground .
circularly. EPHEMERUM . See TRADESCANTIA .
M
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection of EPIDENDRUM . Lin . Gen. 1016. Vanilla .
W
불합격

canfrom Linnæus's twenty-fecond clafs, which includes thoſe There are near thirty fpecies of this genus, which
plants whofe male and female flowers grow on fe grow naturally upon trees in Africa and both Indies ;
parate plants, and the male flowers have three but as the plants cannot, by any art yet known, be
masth
itamina. cultivated in the ground, it would be to little purpoſe
TAXCOR
We have but one SPECIES of this genus in England, the enumerating of them here ; though could the
TO1 viz. plants be brought to thrive by culture, many of them
EMPETRUM ( Nigrum) procumbens. Hort. Cliff. 470 . produce very fine flowers of uncommon forms. I had
10010C Trailing Berry-bearing Heath. Empetrum montanum, three fpecies of them ſent me from America, which
Teabtut
fructu nigro. Tourn. Inft. 579. Black-berried Heath, were ftripped from the trees on which they grew ;
I whe Crow berries, Crake berries. thefe I planted with care in pots, which were placed in a
This little fhrub grows wild upon the mountains of ſtove, where they came fo far as to fhewtheir flowers,
e fit o Staffordshire, Derbyshire, and Yorkſhire, and is fel but the plants foon after periſhed .
od; a dom propagated in gardens unleſs for variety fake ; EPIGA. Lin . Gen. Plant. 486. Memecylum.
the but it may be cultivated in fhady places, and will Mitch. 13. Trailing Arbutus.
thrive very well in gardens, where the foil is ſtiff. The CHARACTERS are,
고급

re tran The plants fhould be procured from the places where The flower bath a double empalement, which is perma
Mus
한
법

they grow naturally, for the feeds remain a year in nent ; the outer is compofed of three, and the inner of one
the ground before they vegetate, and afterward are leaf, divided at the top intofive parts. Theflower is of
very flow in their growth, fo they are not worth the the falver shape, with one petal, having a cylindrical
iscome trouble of cultivating from feeds . If the plants are tube, which is longer than the empalement, and hairy
planted on a moist boggy foil in autumn, they will within. The brim is cut into five parts, which spread
get roots in the winter, and will require no farther open. It hath ten flender ftamina the length of the tube,
De tra care than to clear them from weeds, provided they which are fixed to the bafe of the petal, and are termi
The face have a moift foil, otherwiſe they will require to be nated by oblong fummits. In the center is fituated a glo
frequently watered ; for thefe low fhrubs commonly bular hairy germen, crowned by an obtufe quinquefid ftig
grow upon the tops of wild mountains, where the ma. The germen afterward
becomes adepreffed, halfglo
foil is generally peaty, and full of bogs. The heath bular, five-corneredfruit, havingfive cells, opening with
nchle
cocks feed much upon the berries of this plant ; five valves, containing feveral feeds.
fo that wherever there is plenty of thefe low fhrubs , This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
there are commonly many of theſe fowls to be found. Linnæus's tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Monogynia,
-Che
EMUSCATION, the clearing a tree of mofs, Lat. the flowers having ten ftamina and one ftyle.
ENUCLEATION, a taking out the nut or ker We know but one SPECIES of this genus, viz.
the EPIGEA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 486. Trailing Arbutus.
nel of any fruit, Lat.
ENULA CAMPANA. See INULA . This plant grows naturally in North America, from
EPHEDRA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1007. Tourn . Inft . whence it has been introduced to the English gardens.
663. tab. 477. Shrubby Horſe -Tail, vulgò. It is a low plant, with a trailing fhrubby ftalk, which
The CHARACTERS are, puts out roots at the joints, and when in a proper
It bath male and female flowers in different plants ; the foil1 and fituation, multiplies very faft. The ftalks
male flowers are collected in katkins, which are fcaly ; un are garniſhed with oblong rough leaves which are
SKAND

waved on their edges. The flowers are produced at

VERS

der each fcale is a fingle flower ; thefe have no petals, but

Jeven ftamina, which are joined in form of a column, and the end of theſe branches in looſe bunches ; theſe are
are terminated by roundish fummits. The female flowers white, and divided at the top into five acute fegments,
have an ovalperianthium, compofed offive feries ofleaves, which ſpread open in form of a ftar. It flowers in
which alternately lie over the divifions of the lower range ;
EREN

July, but doth not produce fruit in England.

AND

thefe have no petals, but have two oval germen fitting The plants are eafily propagated by their trailing
upon the perianthium, fupportingfhort styles, crowned by ftalks, which put out roots at the joints, fo may be
=40 fingle ftigma. The germen afterward turn to oval ber cut off from the old plant, and placed in a fhady fitu
ries, each having two feeds. ation and a moift foil : the beſt time for this is in au
This genus of plants is ranged in the twelfth fec tumn, that the plants may be well rooted before the
tion of Linnæus's twenty-fecond claſs, intitled Di fpring. If the winter fhould prove very fevere, it
œcia Monadelphia, the plants of this clafs and fec will be proper to lay a few dried leaves, or fome fuch
tion having male flowers on different plants from the light covering over them, which will prevent their
female, and their ſtamina join in form of a column. being injured by froſt ; and after they are well root
F We have but one SPECIES ofthis genus in England , ed, they will require no farther care but to keep
viz. them clean from weeds.
EPHEDRA ( Diſtachia) pedunculis oppofitis , amentis ge EPILOBIUM . Lin. Gen. Plant. 426. Chamæne
minis. Hort. Cliff. 465. Shrubby Horfe-Tail with oppo rion . Tourn. R. H. 302. tab . 157. Willow Herb, or
fite foot-ftalks, and twin katkins. Ephedra maritima French Willow.
minor. Tourn. Leffer Sea Horfe-Tail. The CHARACTERS are,
This is a low fhrubby plant, which grows naturally The empalement of the flower is composed offour oblong
upon the rocks by the fea in the fouth of France, in pointed leaves, which are coloured. The flower bath four
Spain, and Italy ; it is alfo preferved in feveral gar bordered petals which spread open, and eight ftamina
dens for the fake of variety, but has little beauty. which are alternately shorter, terminated by oval com
This hath a low fhrubby ſtalk, which puts out a few preffed fummits. Below the flower is ſituated a long cylin
fhort branches, rifing about two feet high, which drical germen, fupporting a flender Style, crowned by an
have many protuberant joints, at which come out fe obtufe quadrifidftigma. The germen afterward becomes a
veral narrow rufhy leaves, like thofe of the Horſe long, cylindrical, furrowed capfule with five cells, filled
Tail, which continue green all the year, but the with oblongfeeds, crowned with down.
plants rarely flower in this country. This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
It may be propagated by offsets, which the plants Linnæus's eighth clafs, intitled Octandria Monogynia,
fend forth in great plenty , for the roots creep under the flower having eight ftamina and one ſtyle.
ground, and fend forth fuckers, which may be taken
5 F The
NI
wi
 1

:
EPI ERI

The SPECIES are, This plant hath a creeping root, from which arife
1. EPILOBIUM (Angustifolium) foliis fparfis lineari-lance many ſtalks about nine inches high, divided at the
olatis, floribus inæqualibus. Lin. Sp . 493. Epilobium top into three, each of which is again divided into
with linear Spear-
shaped leaves which are placed thinly, three fmaller ; upon each of theſe ftands a ftiff heart
and unequalflowers. Chamaenerion latifolium vulgare. fhaped leaf, ending in a point, of a pale green on the
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 302. Common broad-leaved Willow upper fide, but gray on the under. A little below
Herb, or French Willow . the firft divifion of the ftalk comes out the foot-ftalk
2. EPILOBIUM ( Hirfutum) foliis oppofitis lanceolatis fer of the flowers, which is near fix inches long, divid
ratis decurrenti-amplexicaulibus . Lin. Hort. Cliff. ing into fmaller, each of theſe fuftaining three flow
145. Epilobium with oppofite fpear-shaped leaves, which ers ; theſe are compofed of four leaves, placed in
are faced on their edges. Chamænerion villofum , form of a crofs ; they are of a reddifh colour, with
magno flore purpurco. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 303. Hoary yellow ftripes on the border. In the center of the
Willow Herb with a largeflower, commonly called Codlins flower arifes the ftyle, fituated upon the germen,
and Cream. which afterward turns to a flender pod, containing
There are feveral other fpecies of this genus, fome of many oblong feeds . It flowers in May, and the leaves
which grow naturally in fhady woods and decay in autumn. The roots, if planted in a fhady bor
moift places
in moft parts of England, where they are often very der, fhould be every year reduced, fo as to keep them
troubleſome weeds, therefore are feldom admitted in within bounds, otherwife it will fpread its roots and
to gardens, fo I fhail not trouble the reader with their interfere with the neighbouring plants . It grows na
diftinctions. turally on the Alps, but I received fome plants of it
The first fort here mentioned was formerly planted which were found growing naturally in a wood in the
in gardens for the beauty of its flowers ; but as it North of England.
ufually ſpreads far by the creeping roots, whereby it EPIPHYLLOSPERMOUS PLANTS [ of
over-runs all the neighbouring plants, it has been ge éì, upon, dúλλov, a leaf, and Eripua, Gr. feed , ] fuch
nerally caft out of moft gardens : however, in fome plants as bear their feeds on the back of their leaves,
low moift places, or in great fhade, if there was a the fame as capillaries .
place affigned for this plant, it will make a good ap EQUINOCTIAL , EQUINOCTIAL [of
pearance when it is in flower, and thefe flowers are equus, equal, and nox, Lat. night . ] A great and
very proper to cut for bafons to adorn chimnies in immoveable circle of the fphere, under which the
the fummer feafon . This ufually grows about four equator moves in its diurnal motion.
feet high, with fender ftiff branches, which are befet The equinoctial, or equinoctial line, is ordinarily
with leaves, refembling thofe of the Willow, from confounded with the equator ; but there is a difference,
whence it had the name of Willow Herb, or French the equator being moveable, and the equinoctial un
Willow. On the upper part of the ftalks the flowers moveable, and the equator drawn about the convex
are produced in a long fpike or thyrfe , which are of furface of the ſphere, but the equinoctial on the con
a fine Peach colour, and , if the feafon is not very hot, cave furface of the Magnus Orbis .
they will continue near a month in beauty . This fort The equinoctial is conceived, by fuppofing a femi
is found growing wild in divers parts of England, diameter of the fphere, produced through a point of
but feveral botanifts have fuppofed it was only found the equator, and there defcribing a circle on the im
in fuch places where the plants had been caft out of moveable furface of the Primum Mobile, by the ro
gardens ; however, I think it muſt be allowed to be tation of the ſphere about its axis.
a native of this country, fince it is found in great Whenever the fun comes to this circle, in his pro
plenty in woods at a great diftance from any habita grefs through the ecliptic, it makes equal day and
tion , particularly in Charlton foreft, and feveral other night all round the globe ; as then arifing due eaft,
woods in Suffex. It is a great creeper at the root, fo and fetting due weft, which he never does at any
may be eafily propagated. other times of the year.
There is a variety of this with white flowers, which The people who live under this circle, have their
is planted in gardens, but differs from it only in the days and nights conftantly equal ; and the fun is in
colour of the flower ; however, fome perfons are their zenith at noon, and cafts no fhadow.
fond of propagating thefe varieties, for which reafon EQUINOXES are the times when the fun enters
I mentioned it here. into the equinoctial points, which are the two points
The ſecond fort is found wild by the fide of ditches where the equator and ecliptic interfect each other ;
and rivers in many parts of England . This plant the one being in the first point of Aries, called the
grows about three feet high, and produces its flowers vernal equinox ; and the other in the firft point of
on the top of the ftalks ; but theſe are much lefs Libra, called the autumnal equinox .
beautiful than thofe of the firft, and the plant being So the equinoxes happen when the fun is in the equi
a great rambler at the root, is feldom admitted into noctial circle, when , of confequence, the days are
gardens. The leaves of this plant being rubbed, equal to the nights throughout the world, which is
emit a fcent like fcalded Apples, from whence fome the cafe twice a year, viz. about the 21ft of March,
have given the name of Codlins and Cream to this and the 22d of September ; the firſt of which is the
plant. vernal, and the fecond the autumnal equinox.
EPIMEDIUM . Lin . Sp . Plant. 138. Tourn. Inft. EQUISETUM [ of equus, a horfe, and feta, a
R. H. 232. tab . 117. Raii Meth. Plant. 129. Bar briſtle, becauſe the leaves and branches repreſent the
renwort. briftles or hair of a horfe's main or tail. It is by the
The CHARACTERS are , Greeks called " Iρ₁s , of "Iπ , a horfe, and Oupa,
The flower bath a three-leaved empalement which falls a tail , and hippofeta, of in and feta. ] Horfe
off. It bath four obtufe oval fruit, which are concave, Tail.
and Spread open, and four nectariums which are cup There are feveral fpecies of this plant, which are
Shaped, oltufe at the bottom, and as large as the petals. found in England, on the fides of ditches, or in fhady
It bathfourstamina, terminated by oblong, erect, bilecu woods ; but as they are plants which are never cul
lar fummits. The oblong germen is fituated at the bot tivated in gardens, I fhall pafs them over in this
tom, fupporting a fhort jtyle, crowned by a fingle ftigma. place .
The germen afterward becomes an oblong pointed pod, ERANTHEMUM . See ADONIS .
with one cell, opening with two valves, inclofing many ERICA. Lin . Gen. Plant . 435. Tourn . Inft. R. H.
oblong feeds. 602. tab. 373. ['Epeixn , of igeixw , or ipíxw , Gr. to break,
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of becaufe this plant is faid to have the virtue of break
Linnaeus's fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Monogy ing the ftone in the bladder. ] Heath ; in French ,
nia, the flower having four ftamina and one ſtyle. Bruyere.
We know but one SPECIES of this genus, viz. The CHARACTERS are,
I. EPIMEDIUM (Alpinum . ) Hort. Cliff. 37. Alpine Barren
1. The flower bath a coloured permanent empalement offour
oval
wort..
 ERI ERI

ocal erect leaves. It bath one fwelling petal, which is It is with difficuity propagated here, which is done by
erect and quadrifid, and eight hairy ftamina, which are laying down the young fhoots, though thefe are often
fixed to the receptacle, and terminated by bifid fummits. two years before they put our roots : others plant the
07 In the bottom isfituated the roundish germen, ſupporting a young flips or cuttings into pots filled with light earth,
ber decliningftyle, which is longer than the ftamina, crowned covering them clofe with a bell-glafs , and fhading
by a four-corneredftigma. The germen afterward becomes them from the fun ; where this is fkilfully practifed ,
a round capfule, having four cells, which are filled with the cuttings will put out roots, and make better plants
imallfeeds. than the layers.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of ERICA BACCIFERA . See EMPETRUM .
Linnaus's eighth clafs, intitled Octandria Monogynia, ERIGERON. Lin. Gen. Plant. 855. Senecionis . Sp .
the flower having eight ftamina and one ftyle. Dill. Conyzella. Dill. Groundfel.
The SPECIES are, The CHARACTERS are,
1. ERICA (Vulgaris) antheris bicornibus inclufis, corol It bath a compound radiated flower, compofed of many
dat lis inæqualibus, campanulatis mediocribus foliis op bermaphrodite florets which form the disk, and female
doyo pofitis fagittatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 352. Heath with half florets which make the rays ; thefe are contained in
Pthe two borns including thefummits, bell-shaped unequalpetals, one oblong scaly empalement. The hermaphrodite florets
*
Disa and middling arrow-pointed leaves placed oppofite. Erica are funnel-shaped, and cut at the top into five parts ;
WS vulgaris glabra. C. B. 485. Common Smooth Heath. thefe have five fhort hairyftamina, terminated by cylindri
I

2. ERICA (Herbacea) antheris bicornibus inclufis cam cal fummits ; they have a small germen, crowned with
SO
in128 panulatis mediocribus fecundis, foliis ternis triquetris down, which is longer than the petal. Upon the germen
patulis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 500. Heath with a hornedfum fits a fenderftyle the length of the down, crowned by two
mit, a bell-shaped petal, andfive narrow fpreading leaves. oblong ftigmas ; the germen afterward becomes aſmallob
Erica foliis coridis, multiflora. J. B. vol. 1. p. 356. long feed, crowned with long down. The female halfflo
fu Pine-leaved Heath with many flowers.
rets, which compofe the rays, have one fide of their petals
3. ERICA (Cinerea) antheris bicornibus inclufis, corollis Stretched out like a tongue ; thefe have no ftamina, but a
ovatis racemofis, foliis ternis glabris linearibus. Lin. fmall downy germen, fupporting a flender style, which is
LE
Sp. Plant. 352. Heath with two horns including the hairy, crowned by twoflender ftigmas. The germen after
ad
fummits, oval branchy petals, and three long, narrow, ward becomes a feed like the hermaphrodite florets.
Li
fmooth leaves. Erica humilis, cortice cinereo, arbuti This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
1

flore. C. B. P. 486. DwarfHeath with an Ab- coloured of Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, which includes the
bark, and Strawberry-tree flower. plants with a compound flower, compofed of herma
Prens
Sava 4. ERICA (Ciliaria ) antheris fimplicibus inclufis, corol phrodite and female flowers, which are both fruitful .
lis ovatis irregularibus, floribus ternoracemofis, foliis To this genus Dr. Linnæus has added feveral fpecies
C ternis ciliatis . Lofl . Epift. 2. p . 9. Lin. Sp. Plant. of Conyza and After of former botaniſts.
heco 354. Ilcath with fingle fummits, oval irregular petals, The SPECIES are,
triple branchingflowers, and hairy leavesplaced by threes. 1. ERIGERON (Vifcofum) pedunculis unifloris lateralibus
5. ERICA ( Arborea) antheris bicornibus inclufis, corollis foliis lanceolatis denticulatis calycibus fquarrofis, co
campanulatis longioribus, foliis quaternis patentifii rollis radiatis . Hort. Upfal. 258. Groundfel with one
ein mis, caule fubarboreo tomentofo. Lin. Sp. 502 . flower on a foot -ftalk, proceeding from the fide of the
ED Tree Heath, whofe anthere are included in two horns, a ftalk, fpear-shaped leaves, and a rough empalement. Co
longer bell-shaped flower, and four spreading leaves at nyza mas Theophrafti, major Diofcoridis. C. B. P.
eachjoint. 265. Male Fleabane of Theophraftus, and greater Flea
Hand The four firft forts grow wild upon barren unculti bane of Diofcorides.
vated places in divers parts of England ; but notwith 2. ERIGERON ( Acre) pedunculis alternis unifloris . Hort .
23 ftanding their commonnefs, yet they deferve a place Cliff. 407. Groundfel with alternate foot -
ftalks having
D

in fmall quarters of humble flowering fhrubs, where , one flower. Conyza cærulea acris. C. B. P. 265. Blue
by the beauty and long continuance of their flowers , acrid Fleabane.
::

together with the diverfity of their leaves, they make 3 . ERIGERON (Bonarienfe) foliis bafi revolutis. Lin. Sp.
DAN

an agreeable variety. Plant. 863. Groundfel whofe leaves are curved at their
Theſe are ſeldom propagated in gardens, and fo not bafe. Senecio Bonarienfis purpurafcens, foliis imis
to be had from the nurferies, but may be taken up, coronopi. Hort. Elth. 344. tab. 257. Purplish Ground
with a ball of earth to their roots, from the natural fel of Buenos Ayres, with under leaves like Hartshorn
de
my place of their growth in autumn, and may be tranf Plantain.
planted into the garden. The foil where they are 4. ERIGERON (Canadenfe) caule floribufque paniculatis .
RON

planted fhould not be dunged, nor fhould you beſtow Hort. Cliff. 407. Groundfel with a paniculated ſtalk and
any other culture on them than clearing them from flowers. Virga aurea Virginiana annua. Zan. Hiſt.
weeds ; for the lefs the ground is dug, the better theſe 205. Annual Virginia Golden Rod.
.8

will thrive, for they commonly fhoot their roots near 5. ERIGERON ( Alpinum) caule fubbifloro, calyce fubhir
the furface, which, in digging, are ſubject to be hurt, futo. Lin. Sp . Plant. 864. Groundfel with two flowers
whereby the plant is often deftroyed ; thefe may also on a stalk, and hairy empalements. Conyza cærulea Al
be propagated by feeds, but this being a tedious me pina. C. B. P. 265. Blue Alpine Fleabane.
thod, the other is much preferable to it. 6. ERIGERON ( Graveolens ) ramis lateralibus multifloris,
3-8

The fifth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good foliis lanceolatis integerrimis, calycibus fquarrofis.
&

Hope, and alfo in great plenty in Portugal, where Amoen. Acad. 4. p. 290. Groundfel with manyflowers
it rifes with a ftrong ligneous ftem to the height of on the fide of the stalks, entire spear-shaped leaves, and
eight or ten feet, fending out many branches the rough empalements . Virga aurea minor, foliis gluti
whole length, garniſhed with narrow leaves, four nofis & graveolentibus.
coming out from the fame point ; the flowers are pro 7. ERIGERON (Fatidum) foliis lanceolato- linearibus retu
duced between the leaves on the upper part of the fis, floribus corymbofis. Lin. Sp . 1213. Groundfel
藤
branches ; they are white, with a bluſh of red on their with linear fpear-shaped leaves, and flowers in a corym
ཨཀནཊཙཏྑྟུྛཾསཱི

bus. Senecio Africanus folio retufo. Herm. 661 .

outfide ; theſe appear in May, but are not fucceeded
by feeds in England . The first fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
This plant will live in the open air in England, pro and in Italy. This hath a perennial root, from which
vided it is planted in a dry foil and a warm fituation, arife feveral upright ftalks near three feet high, gar
Ja

but is generally kept in pots and houfed in winter ; nifhed with oblong oval leaves which are hairy, and
however, the plants fo managed, do not thrive or fit clofe to the ftalk ; they are placed alternate, and
flower fo well as thofe in the full ground, therefore are four inches long, and two broad in the middle ;
it is much better to be at the trouble of fheltering thefe in warm weather fweat out a clammy juice. The
the plants in the ground in winter, than to keep them flowers are produced fingle upon pretty long foot
in pots. ftaiks, fome arifing from the fide of the ftalk, and
r 6 others

"
 {
ERI ERI

others terminate it ; they are yellow, and have an bentibus, floribus feffilibus axillaribus. Woolly Erinus
agreeable odour. They flower in July, and the feeds with trailingftalks, and flowersfitting close to theirfides.
ripen in autumn. Ageratum Americanum procumbens, gnaphalii fa
This plant is propagated by feeds, which, if fown in cie, floribus ad foliorum nodos. Houft. MSS . Trailing
autumn, will more certainly fucceed than thofe which American Ageratum with the appearance of Cudweed,
are fown in the fpring. When the plants come up, and flowers growing at the knots of the leaves.
they ſhould be thinned if they are too clofe, and kept 3. ERINUS ( Americanus ) caule erecto, foliis lanceolatis
clean from weeds till autumn, when they fhould be oppofitis, floribus laxè fpicatis terminalibus. Erinus
tranfplanted where they are to remain . They delight with an upright ftalk, fpear -
shaped leaves placed oppofite,
in a dry foil and a funny expofure. The fecond year and flowers growing in loofe fpikes, terminating the stalks.
the plants will flower and perfect their feeds, but the Ageratum Americanum erectum fpicatum, flore pur
roots will continue feveral years, and annually pro pureo. Houft. MSS . Upright American Ageratum with
duce their flowers and feeds.
Spikes of purple flowers.
The next four forts are preferved in botanic gardens 4. ERINUS ( Frutefcens) caule erecto fruticofo, foliis ova
for the fake of variety, but are feldom admitted into to-lanceolatis ferratis, alternis, floribus axillaribus.
gardens for pleaſure. The fifth fort is a perennial Erinus with a fhrubby erect ftalk, oval, fpear-shaped,
plant, which grows naturally on the Alps, and may be fawed leaves placed alternate, and flowers on thefides of
propagated by feeds in the fame manner as the first the ftalk. Ageratum frutefcens, foliis dentatis lati
fort, but fhould have a fhady fituation and a moiſt oribus, villofum. Houft. MSS. Shrubby hoary Ameri
foil. can Ageratum with broad indented leaves.
The others are annnual plants, which, if once ad 5. ERINUS (Verticillatus) caule ramofo procumbente, fo
mitted into a garden , and fuffered to fcatter their liis ovatis ferratis glabris oppofitis, floribus verticilla
feeds, will become very troubleſome weeds there. tis. Erinus with a branching trailing ſtalk, oval, fmooth,
The fixth fort rifes with ftiff ftalks three feet high, fared leaves placed oppofite, and flowers growing in
garniſhed with narrow fpear-shaped leaves ; the flow whorls round the ftalks. Ageratum Americanum pro
ers are yellow, and are produced in clofe bunches from cumbens, foliis fubrotundis ferratis glabris . Houft.
the fide of the ftalk toward the top ; theſe appear in MSS. Trailing American Ageratum with roundish,smooth,
July, and in warm feafons are fucceeded by feeds in fared leaves.
England. 6. ERINUS ( Procumbens) caulibus procumbentibus, fo
It may be propagated by cutting the ſtalk in proper liis ovatis glabris, floribus fingulis alaribus, pedun
lengths, which, if planted in a fhady border, and culis longioribus. Erinus with trailing ftalks, oval
duly watered, will put out roots ; and the following Smooth leaves, and fingle flowers on the fides of thestalks,
autumn, thefe may be taken up and planted in the having longer foot-ftalks. Ageratum Americanum,
borders of the flower- garden. procumbens, glabrum , floribus luteis, longis pedicu
The feventh fort grows naturally in Africa : the roots lis infidentibus. Houft. MSS. Smooth trailing Ameri
of this fend up five or fix upright ſtalks near four feet can Ageratum, with yellow flowers fitting upon long foot
high, clofely garnished with linear fpear-fhaped Stalks.
leaves which are hairy ; the ftalks are terminated by The first fort grows naturally upon the Alps and Hel
pretty large bunches of yellow flowers, formed in a vetian mountains : this is a very low plant, whoſe
corymbus. Theſe appear in October, and frequently leaves lie clofe to the ground, growing in clofe tufts ;
continue more than two months, which renders the they are about half an inch long, and one eighth of
plant more valuable . an inch broad, fawed on their edges, and of a dark
This is too tender to thrive in the open air in this green ; between theſe arifes the flower-ftalk, which is
country, fo the plants fhould be kept in pots ; and Icarce two inches high, fupporting a looſe bunch of
if in the winter they are placed in a common frame, purple flowers, which ſtand erect. Thefe appear in
where they may have a large fhare of free air in mild May, and fometimes are fucceeded by ripe feeds in
weather, and fcreened from hard frofts , they will July.
thrive better than with tender treatment. It is eafily It is propagated by parting the roots ; the beſt time
propagated by cuttings, which, if planted in May, for this is in autumn ; they muft have a fhady fitua
will readily put out roots, and the young plants will tion and a loamy foil without dung, for in rich earth
flower the autumn following. theſe plants are very ſubject to rot.
ERINUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 689. Ageratum. Tourn . The fecond fort was fent me by the late Dr. Houf
Inft. R. H. 651. tab. 422. toun from La Vera Cruz, where he found it growing
The CHARACTERS are, naturally. This fends out feveral trailing ſtalks about
The flower bath a permanent empalement , compofed of fix inches long, which are cloſely garniſhed with ſmall
five leaves, which are equal ; it hath one petal which is oval leaves, placed on every fide ; they are very
tubulous, and of the ringent kind, cut into five equal feg white and woolly, and at the joints juft above the
ments, which ſpread open, three standing upwardfrom the leaves come out the flowers, fitting very cloſe to the
upper lip, and two turn downward. It bath four ftamina ftalks ; thefe are white, and are fucceeded by round
fituated within the tube, two of which are a little longer capfules, having two cells, filled with ſmall feeds :
than the other, terminated byfmall fummits. In the bot this plant has great refemblance at a diſtance to the
tom of the tube is fituated the oval germen, fupporting a Sea Cudweed .
fhort ftyle, crowned by a head -
shaped figma. The ger The third fort was difcovered by Dr. Houftoun, in
men afterward becomes an oval capsule, covered by the the fame country with the former : this hath an up
empalement, having two cells filled with fmall feeds. right ſtalk two feet high, garniſhed with ſpear-ſhaped
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection leaves placed oppofite ; and toward the top of the
of Linnæus's fourteenth clafs, which includes thofe ftalk is produced two ſmaller branches placed oppofite,
plants whofe flowers have two long and two fhort which ſtand erect ; and theſe, as alſo the middle ſtalk,
itamina, and their feeds growing in a capfule. Tour are terminated by loofe fpikes of purple flowers,
nefort has it in his appendix, but it fhould be placed which are fucceeded by oval feed-veffels, filled with
in his third clafs , and the fifth fection, which con fmall feeds .
tains the plants with an anomalous tubulous flower of The fourth fort rifes with a fhrubby ſtalk about four
one leaf. feet high, dividing into feveral finall branches, which
The SPECIES are, are hairy; thefe are garniſhed with oval fpear-shaped
1. ERINUS ( Alpinus) floribus racemofis . Lin. Sp . Plant. leaves, deeply fawed on their edges ; they are placed
630. Erinus with branching flowers. Ageratum ferra alternate, and have pretty long foot-ftalks. The
tum, Alpinum, glabrum, flore purpurafcente. Tourn . flowers come out from the fide of the ftalks, fome
R. H. 651. Smooth fawed Alpine Ageratum, having a times fingle, at other times two or three at a joint,
purplish flower. fitting cloſe to the ſtalks ; they are white, and are fuc
2. ERINUS (Tomentofus) tomentofus, caulibus procum ceeded by round feed-veffels, filled with ſmall feeds.
The
 ERÍ ERU

The fifth fort fends out many trailing fmooth ftalks, Lavender Cotton, but not quite fo rank. The flowers
which branch out very much on every fide ; they are produced in ſmall cluſters at the extremity of the
grow about feven or eight inches long, and are gar branches, ftanding erect , they are tubulous. The
nished with ſmall oval leaves placed oppofite . The female florets which compofe the rays, form a hol
flowers come out in whorls, fitting very cloſe to the low, in the middle of which the hermaphrodite flow
ftalks ; they are white, and make but little appear ers are fituated which form the difk. The border
Ers
ance ; these are fucceeded by round capfules, filled is white, with a little reddiſh caft on the infide, and
with fmall feeds. the difk is of a purplish colour. The flowers appear
fuc The fixth fort fends out feveral trailing ftalks about in autumn, but are not fucceeded by feeds in this
Onepo
fix inches long, which divide into many fmaller country.
branches ; thefe are garniſhed with ſmall oval leaves, This plant is propagated by cuttings, which may be
ftanding oppofite. The flowers come out fingly from planted any time from May to the middle of Auguft,
Ison
the fide of the ſtalk ; they are of a bright yellow, and for if they are planted later in the feafon, there will
ftand on long flender foot-ſtalks ; thefe are fucceeded not be time for them to get good root before the
by oval feed-veffels, filled with ſmall feeds. winter ; theſe cuttings fhould be planted in fmall pots
The fourth fort is a perennial fhrubby plant, which filled with light earth, and plunged into a very mo
will continue feveral years, if kept in a warm ſtove ; derate hot-bed, where they fhould be fhaded from
Ar but the fecond, third , fifth, and fixth forts are annual, the fun till they have taken root ; theſe muſt be re
decaying foon after they have perfected their feeds. freſhed with water two or three times a week, but
te, Thefe are propagated by feeds, which ſhould be fown they ſhould not have too much at each time, for
ICLA
in pots filled with light earth, and plunged into a mo much moiſture is very hurtful to theſe plants. When
A
Fot derate hot-bed , where fometimes the plants will come the cuttings have taken root, they ſhould be gradu
up in five or fix weeks, and at other times the feeds ally inured to the open air, to prevent their fhoots
do not vegetate till the following ſpring ; this hap from being drawn up weak ; afterward they ſhould
pens frequently when the feeds have been kept long be removed into the open air, and placed in a fhel
Van after they were gathered. When the plants are fit to tered fituation, where they may remain till October,
remove, they ſhould be each planted in a ſeparate when they muſt be removed into an airy glaſs-cafe,
S fmall pot filled with light earth, not too rich with that they may have as much fun as poffible, and en
Mate dung, and then plunged into a hot-bed of tanners joy the free air in mild weather, but fecured from
20 bark. When they have taken new root, they ſhould froft and damp air, either of which will foon deſtroy
be treated in the fame way as other plants from thoſe them . During the winter they muſt be fparingly wa
countries, by admitting proper air to them at all times tered, for the reafon before given ; but, in the fum
when the weather is warm, and frequently refreſhing mer, when the plants are placed in the open air, they
AP them with water : with this management the annual will require to be frequently refreſhed with water in
forts will flower in July and Auguft, and frequently hot weather.
ripen their feeds in autumn, if the plants are brought Theſe plants retain their leaves all the year, fo
forward early in the ſpring, otherwiſe the winter will they add to the variety of exotics in the winter
come on before their feeds ripen. ſeaſon.
h
ARVE
The ſhrubby kind muſt be placed in the bark-ftove ERUCA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 226. tab. 111. Braf
in autumn, and during the winter the plants ſhould fica. Lin. Gen. 734. Rocket ; in French, Roquette.
be frequently refreſhed with water, but it muſt not The CHARACTERS are,
be given them in large quantities, nor too often re The empalement of the flower is compofed offour oblong
peated in cold weather, for moiſture will then deſtroy leaves, which fand erect, forming a tube. The flower
them ; the fecond year the plants will flower and per bath four oblong petals, placed in form of a cross, which
fect their feeds. are rounded at their ends, where they are broad, but
ERIOCEPHALUS. Dill. Hort. Elth. 110. Lin. narrow at their bafe, and are much longer than the em→
Gen. Plant. 890. palement. It bath fix ftamina, four of which are a little
Wed The CHARACTERS are, longer than the empalement ; the other two are shorter,
h
i It bath a radiated flower, compofed of female half flo terminated by acute fegments. It hath an oblong taper ger
rets whichformthe rays, and hermaphrodite florets, which men, fupporting aſhortſtyle, crowned by an obtufe bifid
form the difk ; thefe are included in one common fcaly em ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a taper-cornered
palement. The hermaphrodite florets are funnel- fhaped, pod with two cells, filled with roundish feeds.
and cut into five parts at the brim, which spread open ; This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection
thefe have five fhort hairy ftamina, terminated by cylindri of Linnæus's fifteenth clafs, which includes the plants
212-24

calfummits ; they have a small naked germen, fupporting whofe flowers have four long and two fhort ftamina,
a finglestyle, crowned by a pointed ftigma ; these are bar and their feeds are contained in long pods. Dr.
ren. The female florets have their petals ftretched out Linnæus has joined the common Rocket to his ge
on one fide like a tongue, which is divided at the end into nus of Braffica, and ſome of the other fpecies he has
three fmall lobes ; these have no ftamina, but an oval diftributed under his other genera ; but as the com
naked germen, with a fingle style, crowned by an inflexed mon Rocket has been long eſtabliſhed as an officinal
ftigma thefe have one nakedfeed, fitting on the nakedplain plant, I chufe to continue this genus by its old
title.
receptacle.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fection The SPECIES are ,
of Linnæus's nineteenth claſs, which includes thoſe 1. ERUCA (Sativa) foliis pinnato-laciniatis, laciniis ex
plants with compound flowers, whofe hermaphrodite terioribus majoribus. Rocket with wing s -haped jagged
• florets are barren, and the female half florets are leaves, whofe outer fegments are the largest. Eruca fa
fruitful. tiva major annua, flore albo ftriato. J. B. 2. 859.
We know but one SPECIES of this genus, viz. Greater Garden annual Rocket with a white striped
3
ERIOCEPHALUS (Africanus. ) Lin. Sp. Plant. 926. We flower.
have no proper title for this in Engliſh. Eriocepha 2. ERUCA ( Bellidis folia) foliis lanceolatis, pinnato- den
lus fempervirens, foliis fafciculatis & digitatis. Hort. tatis, caule nudo fimplici. Rocket with Spear- shaped
Elth. 132. Evergreen Eriocephalus with fingered leaves leaves which are indented, and a naked fingle ſtalk. E
growing in bunches. ruca bellidis folio. Mor. Hift. 2. 231. Rocket with a
This plant hath a fhrubby ſtalk, which rifes from Daify leaf.
four to fix feet high, putting out many fide branches 3. ERUCA (Perennis) foliis pinnatis glabris, caule ramo
the whole length, cloſely garniſhed with woolly fo, floribus terminalibus. Rocket with winged Smooth
leaves, which come out in cluſters ; fome of thefe leaves, and a branching ſtalk terminated byflowers. Eruca
are taper and entire, others are divided into three or tenuifolia perennis, flore luteo. J. B. 2. 861. Narrow
4
five parts, which ſpread open like a hand ; they have leaved perennial Rocket with a yellow flower.
a ſtrong ſmell when bruifed, approaching to that of
J 5 G 4, ERUCA
 ERU ER V

★ ERUCA ( Afpera) foliis dentato-pinnatifidis hirfutis , in form of a winged leaf; they are five or fix inches
caule hifpido, filiquis lævibus. Rocket with indented, long, and one inch and a half broad, of a light green,
wing-pointed, hairy leaves, a rough talk, and ſmooth having a hot biting tafte ; the ſtalks rife about a foot
pods. Eruca fylveftris, major, lutea, caule afpero. high, they are ſtrong, and divide into feveral branches ;
C. B. P. 98. Greater wild Saffron-coloured Rocket with thefe are garniſhed with a fingle leaf at each joint,
a roughftalk. fhaped like thoſe below, but fmaller. The flowers
5. ERUCA (Tenacetifolia ) foliis pinnatis, foliolis lanceo are produced in looſe cluſters at the end of the
latis pinnatifidis. Prod . Leyd. 342. Rocket with winged branches ; theſe are white, and near as large as thofe of
leaves, whofe lobes are fpear-shaped and wing-pointed. the Garden Rocket, and are fucceeded by taper pods
Eruca Tenacetifolia . H. R. Par. Rocket with a Tansey three inches long, containing two rows of round feeds.
leaf. Theſe plants are preferved in fome gardens for the
6. ERUCA (Viminia) foliis finuato-pinnatis, feffilibus, fake of variety, therefore they are here mentioned ;
caule ramofo. Rocket with wing-shaped finuated leaves and thoſe who are inclined to cultivate them, may do
fitting close to the ftalks, which are branching. Eruca it by ſowing their feeds on a bed of light earth in an
Sicula burfæ paftoris folio. C. B. P. 98. Sicilian Rocket open fituation ; and when the plants come up, they
with a Shepherd's Purfe leaf. will require no other culture but to thin them, and
The firſt fort is an annual plant, which was formerly keep them clear from weeds. They flower in June
much cultivated in the gardens as a fallad herb, but and July, and their feeds ripen in Auguft.
at prefent is little known here, for it has been long ERUCAGO . See BUNIAS.
rejected on account of its strong ungrateful ſmell. ERVUM . Lin. Gen. Plant. 784. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
It ftands in the lift of medicinal plants, but at pre 398. tab. 221. Bitter Vetch.
fent is feldom used, though it is reckoned a provoca The CHARACTERS are,
tive and a good diuretic. If it is propagated for fal The empalement of the flower is divided into five equal
lads, the feeds should be fown in drills, in the fame parts, which end in acute points ; the flower is of the
manner as is ufually practifed for other ſmall fallad butterfly kind, having a large, roundish, plain ftandard,
herbs ; for it must be eaten young, otherwiſe it will two obtufe wings half the length of the ftandard, and a
be too strong for moft palates . The winter and fpring fhorter keel which is pointed. It bath ten ftamina, nine
feafons are the times when this herb is ufed ; for joined, and one standing Separate, terminated by fingle
when itis fown in the fummer, the plants foon run up fummits. It bath an oblong germen, fupporting a rifing
to feed, and are then too rank. Where it is culti Style, crowned by an obtufe ftigma. The germen afterward
vated for the feed , which is fometimes uſed in medi becomes an oblongtaper pod, jointed between each feed.
cine, they ſhould be fown in March, on an open ſpot This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection of
of ground ; and when the plants have put out four Linnæus's feventeenth clafs, which includes thofe
leaves, the ground fhould be hoed to deſtroy the plants with a butterfly flower, with ten ftamina ſepa
weeds, and the plants muſt be thinned, ſo as to leave rated in two bodies. To this genus Dr. Linnæus
them three or four inches afunder ; and in about five has joined the Lens of Tournefort, and fome ſpecies
or fix weeks after, the ground fhould be a fecond time of Vicia. The difference which he makes between
hoed to deftroy the weeds, which, if well performed, Vicia and Ervum is only in their ftigmas, that of
will prevent them from growing to injure the plants, Vicia having an obtufe ftigma, bearded on the under
till the feeds are ripe ; when the plants fhould be fide, and that of the Ervum is ſmooth.
drawn up, and fpread upon a cloth in the fun for two The SPECIES are,

or three days to dry, then the feeds may be beaten 1 . ERVUM (Ervilia ) germinibus undato-plicatis foliis
out of the pods, and put up for uſe. impari pinnatis. Hort. Upfal. 224. Ervum whofe ger
The fecond fort grows naturally in the fouth of France mens are waved and folded, and unequal winged leaves.
and Italy, where it is often eaten as a fallad herb ; Ervum verum. Camer. Hort. The true Bitter Vetch.

this hath many fpear-shaped leaves arifing from the 2 . ERVUM ( Lens ) pedunculis fubbifloris feminibus com
root, which are four or five inches long, and one inch preffis convexis . Lin. Sp. Plant. 738. Ervum with
broad in the middle, regularly indented on their foot -
ftalks having two flowers, and compreffed feeds which
are convex. Lens vulgaris. C. B. P. 346. Common
edges, and ſpread on the ground ; the ſtalks are fingle,
Lentils.
and rife about a foot high ; they are naked, feldom
having more than one leaf, which is fituated at the 3 . ERVUM (Monanthos) pedunculis unifloris. Lin. Sp.
bottom ; the flowers grow in looſe bunches on the Plant. 738. Ervum with one flower on eachfoot -
ftalk.
top of the ſtalks, which are fucceeded by pods two Lens monanthos. H. L. 360. One flowered Lentil.
inches long, having two cells filled with fmall round 4. ERVUM (Tetrafpermum) pedunculis fubbifloris, femi
feeds. This is an annual plant, which may be pro nibus globofis quaternis . Flor. Suec. 606. Ervum with
pagated by feeds in the fame manner as the former. two flowers on each foot -
ftalk, and four globular feeds in
The third fort grows naturally about Paris, and in each pod. Vicia fegetum fingularibus filiquis glabris.
many other parts of Europe ; the leaves of this are C. B. P. 345. Corn Vetch with fingle fmoothpods.
narrow, and regularly divided like a winged leaf; the 5. ERVUM (Hirfutum ) pedunculis multifloris, feminibus
ftalks branch out upward, and are terminated by looſe globofis binis. Lin . Sp. Plant. 738. Ervum having
fpikes of yellow flowers. This hath a perennial root, many flowers on a foot-
stalk, and two globular feeds in
and an annual ſtalk. each pod. Vicia fegetum, cum filiquis plurimis hir
The fourth fort grows naturally upon old walls and futis. C. B. P. 345. Corn-Vetch having many hairy pods.
buildings in many parts of England, where it con The first fort grows naturally in Italy and Spain :
tinues flowering all the fummer, but is rarely admitted it is an annual plant, which rifes with angular weak
into gardens. It is fometimes ufed in medicine, for ſtalks a foot and a half high, garnished at each joint
which reafon I have here mentioned it. with one winged leaf, compofed of fourteen or fif
The fifth fortgrows naturally about Turin, from whence teen pair of lobes , very like thofe of the Vetch, but
I received the feeds. This hath fine divided leaves, narrower , the flowers come out from the fide of the
fomewhat like thofe of Tanfey, but are of a hoary ftalks, on foot-ſtalks an inch long, each fuftaining
green colour ; the ftalks rife a foot and a half high, two pale-coloured flowers, which are fucceeded by
which are fully garnifhed with leaves of the fame fhort pods a little compreffed, each having three or
form , but gradually diminish in their fize upward ; four round feeds ; the pods fwell at the place where
the flowers are produced in cluſters at the top of the each feed is lodged, fo that it is called a jointed pod
ftalks, they are fmall, and of a pale yellow colour ; by many. The feeds of this plant ground to flour
thefe are fucceeded by flender taper pods two inches is fometimes uſed in medicine ; and the green herb
long, which contain two rows of fmall round feeds. is ufed for feeding of cattle in fome countries, but it
The fixth fort grows naturally in Italy and Spain ; is not worth cultivating for that purpoſe in England.
this is an annual plant, with many oblong leaves, The fecond fort is the common Lentil, which is cul
which are fimooth and regularly finuated on their fides, tivated in many parts of England, either as fodder
for
3
 JE

ERY ERY
J
U
S

for cattle, or for the feeds, which are frequently uſed The SPECIES are,

for meagre foups. This is alfo an annual plant, and I. ERYNGIUM ( Maritimum ) foliis radicalibus fubrotun
is one of the leaft of the pulfe kind, which is cul dis plicatis fpinofis, capitulis pedunculatis. Hort.
tivated it rifes with weak ftalks a foot and a half Cliff. 87. Sea Holly whofe lower leaves arefolded, roundish,
Fores
high, garnished with winged leaves at each joint, and prickly, and flower-beads having foot - ftalks. Eryn
of the compoſed of feveral pair of narrow lobes, terminated gium maritimum . C. B. P. 386. Sea Holly, or Eryngo.
by a tendril or clafper, which faftens to any neigh 2 . ERYNGIUM (Campeftre) foliis amplexicaulibus pinnato
poct bouring plant, and is thereby fupported ; the flowers laciniatis. Hort . Cliff. 87. Sea Holly whofe leaves em
Teata come out upon fhort foot-ftalks from the fide of the brace theftalks, and are cut like winged leaves. Eryngium
forthe branches ; they are fmall, of a pale purple colour, vulgare . C. B. P. 386. Common Eryngo.
oned, three or four ſtanding upon a foot-ftalk ; thefe are 3 . ERYNGIUM (Planum) foliis radicalibus ovalibus planis
may fucceeded by ſhort flat pods, containing two or three crenatis, capitulis pedunculatis. Hort. Cliff. 87. Sea
1723 feeds, which are flat, round, and a little convex in Holly whofe lower leaves are plain, oval, and crenated,
the middle. The flowers appear in May, and the with flower-beads having foot -ftalks. Eryngium latifo
cher
feeds ripen in July. The feeds of this plant are com lium planum. C. B. P. 386. Broad-leaved plain Erynga
monly fown in March, where the land is dry, but in 4 . ERYNGIUM ( Amethystinum) foliis trifidis bafi fubpin
moiſt ground the beſt time is in April. The ufual natis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 337. Eryngo with trifid leaves,
quantity of feed allowed to an acre of land, is from and thofe at the bafe winged. Eryngium montanum
one bushel and a half to two bufhels. If thefe are amethystinum. C. B. P. 386. Purple Violet-coloured
2

'fown in drills in the fame manner as Peas, they will Mountain Eryngo.
fucceed better than when they are ſown in broad caft : 5. ERYNGIUM ( Pallefcente ) foliis radicalibus rotundato
the drills fhould be a foot and a half afunder, to al multifidis, capitulis pedunculatis. Eryngo whofe lower
low room for the Dutch hoe to clean the ground be leaves are roundish and multifid, havingfoot-ftalks to the
tween them ; for if the weeds are permitted to grow beads of flowers. Eryngium Alpinum amethystinum,
among them, they will get above the Lentils and capitulo majore pallefcente. Tourn. Inft. 328. Alpine
ftarve them. The feeds of thefe will ripen in July, Eryngo with a large pale-coloured head.
when the plants fhould be cut and dried, and after 6. ERYNGIUM ( Orientale) foliis radicalibus pinnatis,
ward the feeds fhould be threſhed out for uſe. ferrato-fpinofis, foliolis trifidis. Eryngo whofe lower
The feeds of Lentils are frequently the common food leaves are winged, fpiny indented, and the fmaller ones tri
of the poorer fort of people in fome of the iſlands of fid. Eryngium Orientale, foliis trifidis. T. Cor. 23.
the Archipelago, and other warm countries, when Oriental Eryngo with trifid leaves.
on they can meet with no better fare ; for thefe they 7. ERYNGIUM ( Aquaticum) foliis gladiatis ferrato-fpinofis,
Cla loath, when they have better food, from whence floralibus indivifis caule fimplici. Lin. Sp. Plant. 336.
came the proverb, Dives factus jam difit gaudere Eryngo with fword-fhaped leaves which are fpiny and in
lente ; which is applied to thoſe who ſpurn at thoſe dented, and the upper ones entire. Eryngium foliis gla
ec things in eafy circumſtances, which they were glad of diolatis utrinque laxè ferratis, denticulis fubulatis.
ee in a low condition . Lin. Hort. Cliff. 88. American Sea Holly with leaveslike
of There is another fort of Lentil which has been cul the Aloe, lightly fawed, commonly called Rattlesnake Weed
tivated of late years in England, by the title of in America.
French Lentil. This is the Lens major of Cafpar 8. ERYNGIUM (Pufillum) foliis radicalibus oblongis in
Bauhin, and is undoubtedly a different ſpecies from cifis, caule dichotomo, capitulis feffilibus. Hort.
the common, being twice the ſize, both in plant and Cliff. 87. Eryngo with oblong lower leaves which are cut,
feed, and conftantly produces the fame from feeds, a fialk divided by pairs, and heads fitting clofe. Eryn
though they do not differ much in their characters, gium planum minus. C. B. P. 386. Lefferplain Eryngo.
but this is much better worth cultivating than the 9. ERYNGIUM ( Alpinum) foliis radicalibus cordatis ob
other. This pulſe is frequently called Tills in many longis, caulinis pinnatifidis, capitulo fubcylindrico.
parts of England. Lin. Sp . Plant. 233. Eryngo with oblong, heart-shaped,
1'1 The third fort is very like the common Lentil, 6 but lower leaves, thofe upon the stalks wing-pointed, and cy
differs from it, in having but one flower on each lindrical beads. Eryngium Alpinum cæruleum, capi
foot-ftalk, whereas the other has three or four, but tulis difpaci. C. B. P. 386. Blue Alpine Eryngo with
in other refpects is the fame, fo may be cultivated in beads like the Teafel.
S

the fame manner. 10. ERYNGIUM (Fætidum) foliis radicalibus fubenfifor→

The fourth and fifth forts are fmall annual Vetches, mibus ferratis floralibus multifidis caule dichotomo.
which grow naturally among the Wheat and Rye in Lin. Sp. Plant. 336. Eryngo with fword-fhaped lower
many parts of England, fo are not admitted into gar leaves having fpiny faws, the upper leaves ending in many
dens ; they are only mentioned here as weeds, which points. Eryngium foliis anguftis ferratis foetidum.
may be eaſily rooted out of the fields, if they are cut Sloan. Cat. Jam. 127. Stinking Eryngo having narrow
up when they begin to flower, and not permitted to fawed leaves, commonly called Feverweed. 1
ripen their feeds ; for as they have annual roots, fo if The firſt of thefe fpecies grows in great plenty on the
3
they do not ſcatter their feeds, they may be foon fandy and gravelly fhores in divers parts of England,
deftroyed . the roots of which are candied, and fent to London
ERVUM ORIENTALE.. See SOPHORA . for medicinal ufe, and is the true Eryngo. This hath
ERYNGIUM . Lin. Gen. Plant. 287. Tourn , Inft. creeping roots, which run deep into the ground ; the
3 leaves are roundish, stiff, and of a gray colour, fet with
R. H. 327. tab. 173. Sea Holly, or Eryngo.
The CHARACTERS are, fharp fpines on the edges. The ſtalks rife a foot high,
It hath many small flowers fitting upon one common conical and divide upward into two or three finaller branches ;
receptacle, whofe involucrum is composed offeveral plain they are ſmooth, and garniſhed ateachjoint with leaves
leaves ; the flowers have a five-leaved erect empalement, of the fame form as the lower, but ſmaller, which
coloured on the upper fide, fitting upon the germen ; theſe embrace the ftalks with their baſe ; at the end of the
form a roundifh general umbel, which is uniform . The branches come out the flowers in roundifh prickly
flowers have five oblong petals, which are turned inward, heads ; under each is fituated a range of narrow, stiff,
at top and bottom, and five erect hairy ftamina, ftanding prickly leaves, fpreading like the rays of a ftar ; the
above the flowers, terminated by oblong fummits ; under flowers are of a whitish blue colour. They appear in
the empalement is fituated a prickly germen, fupporting two July, and the ſtalks decay in autumn.
flender ftyles, crowned byfingle ftigmas. The germen af This fort will grow in a garden, if the roots are
terward becomes an oval fruit divided in two parts, each planted in a gravelly foil, and produce their flowers
having one oblong taper feed. annually ; but the roots will not grow near fo large
This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection or fleshy as thoſe which grow on the fea-fhore, where
of Linnæus's fifth clafs, which includes thofe plants ! they are flowed with falt water. The beſt time to
whofe flowers have five ftamina and two ftyles. tranfplant the roots is in autumn, when their leaves
decay ;
 ERY ERY

decay ; the young roots are much better to remove fending out fide branches, garniſhed with ſtiff leaves,
than the old, becauſe they are furniſhed with fibres, which are divided into narrower fegments than the
fo will readily take root : when theſe are fixed in the lower, and are terminated by three points. The flow
ground, they fhould remain unremoved ; and if they ers terminate the ftalks, fitting cloſe among the leaves,
are kept clean from weeds, it is all the culture they and are of a fine blue, as are alfo the leaves on the
will require . upper part of the ſtalks, fo they make a pretty ap
The fecond fort grows naturally in feveral parts of
pearance. This flowers in July, but feldom ripens
England, where it is a very troubleſome weed, for feeds in England. It is propagated in the fame manner
the roots run deep into the ground, fo are not eafily as the three former forts, and the plants require the
deftroyed by the plough , and they fpread and mul fame treatment.

tiply greatly in the ground, to the prejudice of The feventh fort grows naturally in Virginia and Ca
whatever is fown or planted on the land, therefore it rolina, where it is titled Rattlefnake Weed, from its
is not admitted into gardens. virtues of curing the bite of that venomous reptile.
The third fort makes a very pretty appearance when This hath a perennial root, from which ariſe ſeveral
it is in flower, efpecially that with the blue ftalks and long leaves, which are fawed on their edges, ending
flowers, for there is a variety of this with white flow in fpines ; thefe leaves are difpofed round the root,
ers and ftalks ; but as this doth not fpread at the after the fame form of the Aloe or Yucca ; they are
root, but keeps within bounds, fo a few of the plants of a gray colour, a foot long or more, and one inch
ſhould be allowed a place in the pleafure- garden . This and a half broad, ſtiff, and end in fpines. The ſtalk
is propagated by feeds, which, if fown in the autumn, is ſtrong, grows two feet high, dividing upward into
will more certainly fucceed than when it is fown in feveral foot-italks, each being terminated by an oval
the fpring, for the latter commonly remains in the head of flowers, ſhaped like thoſe of the former forts ;
ground a year before they vegetate ; and if the feeds they are white, with a little caft of pale blue. Th's
are fown where the plants are to remain, they will fort flowers in July, but unleſs the ſeaſon is very
flower ftronger than thoſe which are tranfplanted ; for warm, the feeds will not ripen in England.
as they have long downright roots, fo thefe are com This fort is propagated by feeds, which, if fown in
monly broken in taking out of the ground, which pots and plunged into a moderate hot-bed, the plants
greatly weaken the plants. The culture they require will come up much fooner than thoſe which are fown
is to thin them where they are too near, keep them in the full ground, whereby they will be much
clean from weeds, and dig the ground about them ſtronger before the winter. When the plants are fit
every fpring before they fhoot . to remove, they fhould be each planted in a ſeparate
The ftalks of this fort will rife from two to three fmall pot, filled with light earth ; and if they are
feet high, the lower leaves are oval and plain ; thofe plunged into a moderate hot- bed, it will forward
of the white fort are of a lighter green than thoſe of their taking root ; then they muſt be gradually inured
the blue ; the upper part of the ftalks of the white to bear the open air, into which they may be re
are of that colour, thofe of the blue are of the colour moved toward the latter end of May, and placed
of amethyft ; the ftalks divide upward, where they among other hardy exotic plants. When the plants
are garniſhed with leaves divided into many points have filled theſe pots with their roots, fome of them
ending with fpines ; the flowers are produced in oval may be ſhaken out, and planted in a warm border ;
heads at the top of the ſtalk, standing upon feparate the others may be put into larger pots, and in the
foot-ftalks. The flowers come out in July, and the autumn placed under a common frame, where they
feeds ripen in September. may be expoſed to the free air in mild weather, but
The fourth fort grows naturally upon the mountains ſheltered from fevere froft : the following fpring thefe
of Syria, and alfo upon the Apennines. The lower may be turned out of the pots, and planted in a
leaves of this fort are divided like the fingers of a warm fituation, where they will endure the cold of
hand, into five or fix fegments, which are very much our ordinary winters very well ; and if in ſevere froft
cut at their extremities into many parts, and have they are covered with Straw, Peas- haulm, or any
fmall fpines ; the ftalk rifes about two feet high, gar fuch light covering, it will fecure them from injury.
nifhed with fmaller and more divided leaves ; the The eighth fort grows naturally in Spain and Italy.
upper part of the ſtalk, and alfo the heads of flowers,
This puts out oblong plain leaves from the root,
are of the fineſt amethyft colour, fo that they make which are cut on their edges ; the ſtalks rife about a
a very fine appearance. This fort flowers in July, foot high, and branch out into many forked divifions,
and when the autumn proves dry, their feeds will which are regular, and at each of thefe divifions is
ripen in September, but in wet ſeaſons the feeds never fituated a ſmall head of flowers, fitting very cloſe be
ripen in England. This is propagated by feeds in the tween the branches. Theſe have no great beauty, fo
fame manner as the former fort.
the plants are ſeldom cultivated in gardens, except
The fifth fort has been fuppofed by many, to be only for the fake of variety.
a variety of the fourth ; but I have propagated it by The ninth fort grows naturally on the mountains of
feeds more than thirty years, without finding the leaſt Helvetia and Italy. The root is perennial, the lower
alteration, fo that I make no doubt of its being a leaves are oblong, heart-shaped, and plain ; the ſtalks
diftinct fpecies. The lower leaves of this are very rife from two to three feet high, branching out on
much divided, and the extremity of the fegments their fides upward ; thefe are garnished with ſtiff leaves,
1 form an oval or circle ; thefe are divided into many which are deeply divided, ending in many points with
fine parts, which end in fpines ; they are of a whitish fharp fpines ; the flowers terminate the ftalks, they
gray in the middle, and green on the borders . The are collected into conical heads, and are of a light
italks rife about two feet high, garniſhed at the joints blue colour, as are alfo the upper part of the ſtalks.
with ſmaller leaves which are finely cut ; the flowers This flowers in July, and the feeds are ripe in Sep
terminate the ftalk, they are of a light blue colour, tember ; it is propagated by feeds in the fame manner
and grow in larger heads than either of the former as the other forts.
forts. It flowers in June and July, and the feeds The tenth fort grows naturally in the Weft-Indies,
ripen in autumn. This grows naturally on the Alps ; where it is much uſed in medicine, being accounted
it is a perennial plant, and may be propagated by of great ſervice in the cure of fevers, from whence it
feeds in the fame manner as the former. hath the appellation of Feverweed in thoſe countries.
The fixth fort was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort in The roots of this plant are compofed of many ſmall
the Levant, from whence he fent the feeds to the fibres, which ſpread near the furface ; the lower leaves
royal garden at Paris. This hath a perennial root, are fix or ſeven inches long ; they are narrow at their
the lower leaves are regularly divided into ſeven or bafe, and enlarge upward to an inch in breadth near
nine parts to the midrib, as the other winged leaves ; the top, where they are rounded off on one fide like
thefe fegments are fawed on their edges, which end a fcymitar ; they are finely fawed on their edges, and
in fharp thorns. The ftalks rife two feet high, are of a light green colour ; the ftalk rifes about a
foot
 ERY ERY

foot high, and fpreads out into many branches, gar The firft fort is ufed in medicine ; this grows naturally !
nifhed with fmall leaves, which end in many points ; on the fide of foot- paths, and upon old walls in moſt
19
escourte the flowers are produced in fmall heads which fit clofe parts of England, fo is rarely cultivated in gardens,
to the ftalks, coming out at every divifion of the where, if it is once admitted , will foon become a
ftalks, and at the end of the branches ; thefe are of troubleſome weed.
a dull white colour, fo make little appearance . They The fecond and third forts alfo grow naturally on the
appear in June and July, and the feeds ripen in autumn . banks in moſt parts of England ; thefe were formerly
As this plant is a native of hot countries, fo it will eaten in winter fallads, before the English gardens
not thrive in England, but in a warm ſtove. It is were furniſhed with better plants ; fince when they
--- propagated by feeds, which muſt be fown on a hot have been rejected, for they have a rank finell, and
3Tea bed , and when the plants are fit to remove, they are difagreeable to the palate.
-
fefeveta fhould be each planted into a fmall pot, and plunged The fourth and fifth forts are not natives of this
into the bark-bed, and afterward treated like other country, but fince they have been introduced into
the100% tender plants from the fame country ; the fecond year fome Engliſh gardens, they have propagated them
. they will produce flowers and feeds, foon after which
DET felves by their fcattered feeds in fo plentiful a manner,
they commonly decay. as to become troubleſome weeds. Thefe have a re
oneinc
ERYSIMUM . Lin . Gen. Plant. 729. Tourn . Inſt . femblance of the common Winter Crefs, but the
Thefal
R. H. 228. tab. 111. [ 'Egúciμov, of igów , Gr. to draw lower leaves of the fourth fort are entire, and of an
BLER

and
out, becauſe this plant, by means of its hot quality, oblong form ; the upper leaves are oblong and in
anon
has the quality of drawing any thing out of the body dented, in which this differs.
នម

erfor
in which it lies hid . ] Hedge-Muſtard ; in French , The fifth fort hath thicker leaves, which are of a
FLOMU

Velar, or Tortelle. dark lucid green colour, and the flowers come out
is The CHARACTERS are,
IGE

fingle from the wings of the ftalk the whole length.

ULU
NAN

The empalement of the flower is compofed of four oblong, Thefe differences are lafting, and do not alter.
fors
2.0
24

oval, coloured leaves ; the flower bath four petals, placed The fixth fort grows naturally on the fides of banks
AH
2
W
V
··

in form of a cross ; these are oblong, plain, and obtufe ; in many parts of England, fo is not fuffered to have
21000
it hath two nectariousglands,fituated between the ftamina. a place in gardens. This was formerly eaten as a
It bathfix ftamina, four of which are the length of the fallad herb by the poorer fort of people, who gave
ts ar empalement, the other two are alittlefhorter, terminated it the title of Sauce alone. This hath a rank fmell
feg by fingle fummits. It hath a very narrow four-cornered and tafte of Garlick, and is very biting and hot on
germen as long as theftamina, with a shortstyle, crowned the palate ; it is frequently prefcribed in medicine.
by a fmallpermanentftigma; thegermen afterward becomes The feventh fort is fometimes found growing natu
a long, narrow, four-cornered pod with two cells, filled rally upon old walls in fome parts of England, parti
with fmall round feeds. cularly at Cambridge and Ely, at both which places.
This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection I have obferved it. This hath pretty long, hairy, foft
of Linnæus's fifteenth clafs, which includes thofe leaves at the root ; the ſtalks rife near a foot high,
plants whofe flowers have four long and two fhort their upper part being garnifhed with fmall greenish
ftamina, and the feeds are included in long pods. white flowers in loofe fpikes ; thefe are fucceeded by
The SPECIES are, long compreffed pods which hang downward. It
I. ERYSIMUM ( Officinale) filiquis fpicæ adpreffis foliis flowers in May, and the feeds ripen in July and Au
runcinatis. Hort. Cliff. 337. Hedge Mustard whofe pods guft ; but the roots will abide feveral years, if they
arepreffedclose tothe fpikes. Eryfimum vulgare. C. B. P. have a dry lean foil, or grow upon a wall, for in rich
100. Common Hedge Muftard. land they foon decay.
2. ERYSIMUM ( Barbarea) foliis lyratis extimo fubrotun The other forts are fometimes kept in botanic gar
do. Flor. Suec. 557. Hedge Mustard with harp - shaped dens for the fake of variety ; they are biennial plants,
leaves, the outer fegment being roundifh. Sifymbrium which perifh after they have perfected their feeds.
eruca folio glabro flore. Tourn. Inft. 226. Winter Thefe may be propagated by fowing their feeds in the
Crefs with a Rocket leaf andyellow flower. autumn, in the places where they are to remain, and
3. ERYSIMUM (Vernum) foliis radicalibus lyratis, caulinis require no other culture but to thin them, and keep
pinnato-finuatis, floribus laxè fpicatis. Hedge Muftard them clear from weeds.
with lower leaves shaped like a harp, thofe on the stalks ERYTHRIN A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 762. Corallo
finuated and winged, andflowers growing in loofe fpikes. dendron . Tourn. Inft. R. H. 661. tab. 446. Coral
Sifymbrium eruca folio glabro minus & præcocius. tree.
Tourn . Inft. 226. Smaller early Winter-Crefs with a The CHARACTERS are,
fmooth Rocket leaf. The flower bath a tubulous empalement of one leaf, which
4. ERYSIMUM ( Orientale) foliis radicalibus ovatis inte is entire and indented at the brim. The flower is of the
gerrimis, petiolis decurrentibus, caulinis oblongis butterfly kind, compofed offive petals ; the standard is
बZ

EC dentatis feffilibus. Hedge Mustard with lower leaves oval

.A

shaped, and deflexed on the styles ; it is very long,

Spear -
and entire, a winged foot -ftalk, and the leaves upon the and rifes upward ; the two wings are fearce longer than
BLKS ftalks oblong, indented, and fitting close. Sifymbrium the empalement, and are oval ; the keel is compofed of two
CO Orientale barbareæ facie, plantaginis folio . Tourn. petals which are no longer than the wings, and are in
ves Cor. 16. Oriental Sifymbrium with the appearance of dented at the top ; it hath ten stamina which are joined
Water-Crefs and a Plantain Leaf. below , and are a little curved, about half as long as the
5. ERYSIMUM (Minus) foliis inferioribus pinnato- finuatis, Standard, and are unequal in their length, terminated by
fuperioribus oblongis dentatis, floribus folitariis ala arrow -
pointed fummits ; it hath an acl f-haped germen
ribus. Hedge Mustard whofe lower leaves are winged and with a foot- talk, narrowed at the ftyle, which is the
finuated, the upper oblong and indented, and fingleflowers length of the ftamina, terminated by a fingle ftigma. The
proceedingfrom thefides ofthe ftalks. Sifymbrium minus germen afterward becomes a long fwelling pod ending in
eruca folio glabro nigro, crafio lucido. Boerh. Ind . an acute point, having one cell, filled with kidney-shaped
alt. 2. 16. Smaller Winter Crefs, with a fmooth, dark,
हुए

fecds.
बिद
हुआ

thick, fhining Rocket leaf. This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection of
Linnæus's feventeenth clafs, which includes the plants
Mar.

6. ERYSIMUM ( Alliaria) foliis cordatis . Hort. Cliff. 338 .

1

Hedge Mustard with heart-shaped leaves. Hefperis al with a butterfly flower, having ten ftamina joined in
RM

lium redolens. Mor. Hift. 2. 252. Dames Violet fmelling two bodies.
R.

like Garlick, commonly called Alliaria, Sauce alone, or The SPECIES are,
Jack by the Hedge. 1. ERYTHRINA ( Herbacea) foliis ternatis, caule fimpli
7. ERYSIMUM ( Cheiranthoides) foliis lanceolatis integer ciffimo inermi. Hort. Cliff. 354. Erythrina with tri
rimis. Flor. Lapp . 263. Hedge Mustard with entire foliate leaves, and asinglesmooth stalk. Corallodendron
3

Spear-shaped leaves. Leucoium hefperidis folio. Tourn . humile, fpicâ florum longiffimâ, radice craffiffimâ.
1 Inft. 221. Gilliflower with a Dames Violet leaf. Catefb. Carol. 49. tab. 49. Low Coral- tree with a very
5 H long
 ERY ERY

Long Spike of flowers and thick root, commonly called the feet high ; theſe are armed in every part with ftrong,
Carolina Coral-tree. crooked, black fpines ; the leaves are ſmaller than
2. ERYTHRINA ( Corallodendron) inermis, foliis ternatis, thoſe of the two laft forts, and have a nearer refem
caule arboreo. Smooth Erythrina with trifoliate leaves, blance of the first ; the foot-ftalks of the leaves are
and a tree-like ftalk. Coral arbor Americana. Hort. armed with the fame fort of fpines, and the midrib
Amft. 1. p. 211. Smooth American Coral-tree. of the leaves have alfo fome which are fmaller and
3. ERYTHRINA (Spinofa) foliis ternatis , caule arboreo not fo black ; the flowers are of a paler ſcarlet, and
aculeato. Hort. Cliff. 354. Erythrina with trifoliate grow in loofer ſpikes. The feeds are as large as thoſe
leaves, and a tree-like prickly talk. Corallodendron tri of the fecond fort, but are of a dark purple colour.
phyllum Americanum, fpinofum, flore ruberrimo. This tree is generally planted in the Eaft-Indies for
Tourn . Inft. R. H. 661. Prickly three-leaved American a fupport to the Pepper plants, which twine round
Coral-tree, with a very red flower. the ftem and branches, whereby they are prevented
4. ERYTHRINA ( Pica) foliis ternatis aculeatis caule ar trailing on the ground ; and as the branches of this
boreo aculeato. Lin . Sp. 993. Erythrina with trifoliate tree will put out roots and grow, fo they are preferable
prickly leaves, and a prickly tree-like ftalk. Coralloden to any dead props, which in thofe hot countries,
dron triphyllon Americanum, minus fpinis & femi where there is much rain, would foon rot.
nibus nigricantibus. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 661. Smaller The feeds of the fifth fort were fent me from La
three-leaved American Coral-tree, with blacker fpines and Vera Cruz, where the plants grow naturally ; and
feeds. fince I have received feeds of the fame fort from the
5. ERYTHRINA ( Americana) foliis ternatis acutis, caule Cape of Good Hope, fo that it is a native of both
arboreo aculeato, floribus fpicatis longiffimis . Ery countries. The feeds of this are not half fo large as
thrina with trifoliate acute-pointed leaves, a prickly tree thoſe of the ſecond or third forts, and are of a bright
like ftalk, and very long spikes of flowers. Coralloden fcarlet colour ; the leaves are alfo much fmaller, and
dron triphyllon Americanum, foliis mucronatis, fe have long acute points ; the branches are very cloſely
minibus coccineis. Houft. MSS . Three-leaved American armed with crooked greenifh fpines, as are alfo the
Coral- tree, with acute-pointed leaves and fearlet feeds. ribs and foot-ſtalks of the leaves. The flowers grow
6. ERYTHRINA (Inermis) foliis ternatis acutis, caule in very long cloſe ſpikes, and are of a beautiful fcarlet
fruticofo inermi, corollis longioribus claufis. Ery colour.
thrina with acute trifoliate leaves, a fhrubby unarmed I have alfo raiſed a variety of this with paler flowers
ftalk, and longer flowers which are clofed. Coral arbor and feeds, and the plants were lefs thorny ; but as I
non fpinofa, flore longiore & magis claufo. Sloan. was doubtful of its being a diftinct fpecies, fo I only
Cat. Jam. 142. Coral-tree without fpines, baving a mention it here.
longer cloferflower. The fixth fort grows in Jamaica, and fome of the
The firft fort grows naturally in South Carolina, from other iſlands in America, from whence I have received
whence Mr. Cateſby fent the feeds in the year 1724, the feeds. The pods of this fort are longer, and not
and many of the plants were then raiſed in feveral more than half fo thick as thofe of the fecond fort ;
curious gardens. This hath a very large woody root, the feeds are of a bright fcarlet colour, they are longer
which feldom rifes more than a foot and a half high, and flenderer than thofe of the other forts ; the leaves
from which come out freſh ſhoots every fpring ; theſe are ſmall and acute- pointed, and the ftalks are fmooth
grow about two feet high, their lower part being gar and without ſpines : this doth not grow very large,
nifhed with trifoliate leaves, of a deep green colour, but fhoots out into branches at a little diftance from
which are ſhaped like the point of an arrow ; the upper the ground, which grow erect, fo form a bufhy fhrub.
part ofthe ſtalks are terminated by a long ſpike ofſcar The flowers come out at the end of the branches in
let flowers, compofed of five petals, the upper petal fhort fpikes ; the ſtandard of the flower is long, and
being much longer than the other, fo that at a ſmall the fides turn down over the wings , which are alfo
diſtance the flowers appear to have but one petal . longer than thofe of the other fpecies, and the whole
After the flowers are paft, the germen turns to a taper flower is more clofed .
pod five or fix inches long, fwelling in every part I have alſo received fpecimens of a variety of the third
where the feeds are lodged, opening in one cell, con fort from the iſland of Barbuda, with very fhort flow
taining five or fix kidney-fhaped fcarlet feeds. Theſe ers and pods ; they came by the title of Bean-tree,
plants flower in England, but they never produce which is the common appellation given to theſe trees
feeds here. in America ; but the flowers were feparated from
The ſecond fort hath a thick woody ftem, which rifes the ftalks, fo that I can give no account in what
about ten or twelve feet high in this country, but in manner they grow, whether in long or ſhort ſpikes ;
its native country grows to twice that height, fending but the ſtamina of thefe are much longer than the
out many ſtrong irregular branches, which are covered petals, in which it differs from all the other ; the
with a brown bark, garnished with trifoliate leaves pods are very fhort and crooked, but are rather
ftanding upon long foot- ftalks, the middle lobe which thicker than thofe of the third fort ; the leaves have
terminates the leaf, being much larger than the other the fame appearance, and are armed with fpines, as
two ; they are all heart-shaped, fmooth, and of a are alſo the ſtalks and branches, but the plants have
deep green colour ; the flowers come out at the end not as yet produced any flowers here.
of the branches, in fhort, thick, cloſe ſpikes ; they A few years ago I received a few very ſmall ſeeds of
are of a deep scarlet colour, and make a fine appear a Coral-tree from the Cape of Good Hope, which
ance. Thefe commonly are in beauty in May and were of a bright fcarlet colour ; the plants have no
June in this country, but are not fucceeded by pods fpines on them, the leaves are much larger than the
• here ; but in America, where the trees grow natu other forts, their ſtems are strong, and have the ap
rally, they have thick, fwelling, crooked pods, which pearance of growing to large trees ; but as they are
contain large kidney-ſhaped feeds, of a reddiſh purple young, fo there is no determining how they may differ
colour. The leaves of this tree decay in the fpring from the other fpecies .
and fall off, fo that in fummer they appear to have no There are two other forts of Coral- tree mentioned by
life ; but in the autumn it puts out new leaves, Sir Hans Sloane, in his Hiſtory of Jamaica : one of
which continue green all the winter. The flowers do which is by its characters a Sophora, under which
not appear till the leaves drop, fo that the branches genus we fhall place it ; and the other will be put
are often naked at the time when the flowers are out. under Robinia, to which genus it properly belongs.
The third fort chiefly differs from the fecond, in Theſe plants when they produce their flowers, are
having its trunk, branches, and the foot-ftalks of the fome of the greateſt ornaments to the ftoves we yet
leaves, armed with fhort crooked fpines, the leaves know ; for their flowers are produced in large fpikes,
and flowers being very like thofe of the fecond fort. and are of a beautiful fcarlet, fo they make a fine ap
The fourth fort hath fhrubby ſtalks , which divide pearance ; but it is feldom they flower here, or in
into branches, and feldom rife above eight or nine any of the northern parts of Europe ; yet in the
countries
 ERY ESP

countries where they naturally grow, they produce afterward becomes an oblong obtufe capfule with three
flowers in great plenty every year ; fo that it is very cells, filled with flat feed.
006
2EU
UNA
05U

common there to ſee moſt of their branches termi This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection
23

nated by large fpikes of flowers, when they have no ofLinnæus's fixth clafs, in which he places thoſe plants
,-

leaves upon them ; and the firft fort, which grows in whoſe flowers have fix ftamina and one ſtyle.
Carolina, is equally productive of flowers there, tho' The SPECIES are,
here they do not flower oftener than once in two or I. ERYTHRONIUM ( Dens Canis) foliis ovatis. Erythroni
three years, and the other forts not fo frequent. I um with oval leaves. Dens canis latiore rotundiore
have tried by various methods to get them to flower ; que folio, flore ex purpurâ rubente. C. B. P. 87.
fome I have treated hardily, by expofing them to Dog's Tooth Violet with a broader and rounder leaf, and
the open air during the fummer feafon, and in the a purple red flower.
winter kept them in a very moderate temperature 2. ERYTHRONIUM ( Longifolium ) foliis lanceolatis. Ery
of warmth ; others I have kept plunged all the year thronium with pear - shaped leaves. Dens canis anguf
in the tan-bed of the ftove, and fome have remained tiore longioreque folio, flore ex albo purpurafcente.
in a dry ſtove all the year, where in warm weather C. B. P. 87. Dog's Tooth Violet, with a longer and nar
L they had a large fhare of air admitted to them, and rower leaf, and a purplish white flower.
in winter the air was kept to the temperate point. Theſe are the only diftinct fpecies which I have ſeen,
2yUqU

In this laft place the plants have fucceeded beft, yet but there are fome varities of them, which are pre
with this treatment they feldom flower ; and this is ſerved in curious gardens. Of the firſt fort there
the general complaint of every one who is poffeffed is a white flower, which is pretty common in the gar
74
AG
23

of thefe plants, not only in England, but alfo in Hol dens ; another with a pale purple, and a third with
land and France. yellow flowers, which are rare in England : and of the
The firſt fort may be kept through the winter in a fecond fort there is one with a white, and another with
warm green-houſe, but the plants fo kept rarely a foft red flower, both which are now very rare in
flower ; and the two forts which I have received from the gardens.
the Cape of Good Hope, have lived through the win The first fort fends out two oval leaves, which are
ter in a warm glaſs-cafe, without fire ; but theſe have joined at their bafe : they are three inches long and
Core not made fo good progrefs, as thofe plants which were one and a half broad in the middle, gradually leffen
kept in a temperate warmth ; fo that in this country, ing toward the end ; thefe at firft embrace each other
it is much the best method of treating theſe plants, inclofing the flower, but afterward they fpread flat
eſpecially while they are young. upon the ground ; they are ſpotted with purple and
Theſe plants are beft propagated by feeds, when white ſpots all over their furface ; between theſe rifes
oft
they can be procured from the countries where they a fingle naked ftalk about four inches high, which is
VESPA

naturally grow, for they do not produce any here, fmooth, of a purple colour ; this fuftains one flower,
tho' they are annually brought to England in plenty. compoſed of fix fpear-shaped petals, which in this
- Twist The feeds fhould be fown in fmall pots, and plunged are purple, but in fome they are white ; the flower
into a moderate hot-bed ; where, if the feeds are good, hangs downward, and the petals reflex and ſpread
8

the plants will come up in a month or five weeks ; open to their bafe. In the center is fituated the ob
00 when they are two inches high, they ſhould be care long three-cornered germen, fupporting a fingle ſtyle
fully fhaken out of the pots, and each planted in a ſe which is longer than the ftamina, crowned by a tri
parate fmall pot, filled with light earth, and plunged ple ftigma ; the purple ftamina ſtand cloſe about the
into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, where they ftyle, and the ftigma ftands farther out. This plant
muſt be ſhaded from the fun till they have taken new flowers early in April, but feldom produces feeds in
E root ; then they ſhould have a large fhare of air ad England. The root of this plant is white, oblong,
mitted to them at all times when the weather is warm, and fleshy, and fhaped like a tooth ; from whence it
BARB
SNRR

had the title of Dog's Tooth.

RTR

to prevent their being drawn up weak ; and as the

plants increaſe in ftrength, fo they muſt have a larger The fecond fort differs from the firft in the fhape of its
fhare of air. They must be frequently refreſhed with leaves, which are longer and narrower, and the flowers
water, but not given to them in great plenty, for too are a little larger but not fo well coloured. They
much moiſture will rot the fibres of their roots. In grow naturally in Hungary, and in fome parts of Italy.
the autumn the plants fhould be removed into the They are propagated by offsets from their roots,
ftove ; and for the two or three firſt winters, while the which they do not ſend out very plentifully, fo they
plants are young, they will require more warmth than are not fo commonly feen in the gardens, as most other
when they have acquired more ftrength. During the flowers of the fame feafon : they love a fhady fitu
time the leaves continue in vigour, the plants will re ation and a gentle loamy foil, but fhould not be too
quire to have water two or three times a week ; but often removed. They may be tranfplanted any time
when they are deſtitute of leaves, it muſt be ſparingly after the beginning of June, when their leaves will be
given, for moiſture then is very hurtful to them. As quite decayed, till the middle of September ; but the
25 the plants grow in ftrength, fo they must be more roots fhould not be kept very long out of the ground,
hardily treated ; and by managing them differently, for if they fhrink, it will often caufe thera to rot. The
there will be a greater chance of getting them to flower. roots of theſe flowers fhould not be planted fcattering
in the borders of the flower-garden, but in patches
B.

ď The third fort is frequently planted in the gardens

R.

near Lifbon, where they annually flower and ripen near each other, where they will make a good ap
their feeds, which have been brought me by perſons pearance.
who gathered the pods from the trees. ESCHYNOMENE. See ESCHYNOMENA.
rant.

Thefe plants may alſo be propagated by cuttings, ESCHYNOMENOUS, ESCHYNOME

which, if planted in pots during the fummer months, NOUS PLAΝΤS [ Αἰσχυνόμενοι, of αἰσχύνομαι
and plunged into a hot-bed, will take root, but the Gr. to be ashamed, ] the fenfitive plants ; which,
feedling plants are beſt. when one touches them, will fhrink in, or let their
ERYTHRONIUM . Lin. Gen. Plant. 375. Dens leaves fall down.
canis. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 378. tab. 202. Dog's ESCULENT PLANTS [of efculentus, Lat.
Tooth, or Dog's Tooth Violet . eatable, ] fuch plants, or the roots of them, as may be
The CHARACTERS are, eaten ; as Beets, Carrots, Leeks, Onions, Parfneps,
Theflower has no empalement ; it is bell-shaped, and com Potatoes, Radiſhes, Horfe-radifh, Scorzonera, &c.
pofed of fix oblong petals, which spread open to their ESPALIERS, are either rows of trees planted
bafe . It bathfix ftamina joined to the style, terminated about a whole garden or plantation, or in hedges,
by oblong, erect, quadrangular fummits. In the center is fo as to inclofe quarters or feparate parts of a gar
fituated an oblong, obtufe, three-cornered germen, fupport den, which are trained up flat in a clofe hedge, for the
1 ing afingle ftyle which is longer than the stamina, crown defence of tender plants against the violence and- in
} ed by a triple, obtufe, spreading ftigma. The germen jury of wind and weather.
The
}
 ESP ESP

The moſt commonly received notion of Epaliers are Peau, Summer Boncretien, Hamden's Bergamot,
hedges of fruit-trees, which are trained up regularly Autumn Bergamot, L'ambrette, Gros Rouffelet,
to a lattice of wood work, formed either of Afh- poles, Chaumontelle, Beurre du Roy , Le Marquis, Creffane,
or fquare long timbers cut out of Fir, &c. and it is of with fome others of lefs note ; always remembering,
this fort of Efpalier that I fhall treat in this place. that thofe Pears which are of the melting kind, will
Efpaliers of fruit- trees are commonly planted to fur do better in Efpalier than the breaking Pears, which
round the quarters of a kitchen-garden, for which feldom ripen well on an Efpalier ; as alfo that many
purpoſe they are of admirable uſe and beauty ; for by forts of Pears will ripen well on an Espalier in a warm
laying out the walks of this garden regularly, which foil and fituation , which require a wall in other places ,
are bounded on each fide by thefe hedges, when they you ſhould alſo be careful of the ftocks thefe are
are handfomely managed, they have a wonderful effect grafted on ; for if the breaking Pears are grafted upon
in fheltering the kitchen-plants in the quarters, and Quince-flocks, the fruit will be ftony, but the melt
alfo fcreening them from the fight of perfons in the ing Pears will be improved by them. As to the
walks ; fo that a kitchen-garden well laid out in this method of planting, fee the article PEAR ; and for
manner, and properly managed, will be equal to pruning and managing, fee PRUNING .
the finest regular parterre for beauty. I fhall now give directions for making the Efpalier,
The trees chiefly planted for Efpaliers are Apples, to which the trees are to be trained ; but this thould
Pears, and fome Plums ; but the two former are not be done until the third year after the trees are
moftly uſed : fome plant Efpaliers of Apples grafted planted ; for while they are young, it will be fufficient 1
upon Paradife- ftocks ; but thefe being of humble to drive a few fhort ftakes into the ground on each
growth, and a fhort duration , are not fo proper for this fide ofthe trees, in a ftrait line, to which the branches
purpofe, unlefs for very finall gardens ; therefore I fhould be faſtened in an horizontal pofition, as they
fhould rather advife the having them upon Crab are produced, in order to train them properly for the
ftocks, or (if in ſmaller gardens, where the trees can Efpalier ; which ſtakes may be placed nearer, or at
not be allowed to grow fo high) upon what the gar a farther diftance, according as the fhoots produced
deners call the Dutch- ftock ; which will caufe them may require ; and thefe will be fufficient for the three
to bear fooner, and prevent their growing too luxu first years ; for fhould you frame the Efpalier the firſt
riantly, and thefe will continue many years in vigour. year the trees are planted , many ofthe ftakes would rot
In chufing the trees for an Efpalier, endeavour as before the Efpalier is covered . The cheapest method
near as poffible, to plant the feveral forts which are to make thefe Efpaliers is with Afh-poles, of which
nearly of the fame growth in one line, that the Efpa you fhould have two forts ; one of the largeſt fize,
lier may be the more regular, and of an equal height, which contains thirteen poles in a bundle, and the other
which greatly adds to their beauty ; for if you plant fize thofe of half a hundred. The firft or largeft fize
trees which fhoot very unequally in the fame line, it poles, fhould be cut about feven feet and a halflong ;
will be impoffible to make the Efpalier regular : be thefe are intended foruprightftakes, and muſt be fharp
fides, the distance of the trees muit be in proportion ened at the largeft end, that they may, with more eale,
to their growth ; for fome trees, viz . thofe of a larger be driven into the ground ; and if their bottoms are
growth, fhould be planted thirty or thirty-five feet burred, or rubbed over with that compoſition men
afunder ; whereas thofe of fmaller growth, need not tioned in the article of COVERINGS , they may be pre
be above twenty-five feet diſtance from each other. ferved a long time found ; thefe fhould be placed at a
The width of the walks and borders between theſe foot diftance from each other in a direct line, and ofan
Efpaliers fhould ( in a large garden ) be fourteen or fix equal height, about fix feet above ground ; then you
teen feet at leaft ; and if the trees are defigned to be fhould nail a row of ftrait flender poles along upon the
carried up pretty high, the diſtance ſhould be greater, tops of the upright ftakes, which will keep themexactly
that each fide may receive the advantage of the fun even, and continue to crofs the ftakes with the ſmaller
and air, which is abfolutely neceffary, if you would poles, and alfo with the tops which were cut off from
have the fruit well tafted . And if your ground is fo the larger ſtakes , at about nine inches diftance, row
fituated, that you are at full liberty which way to from row, from the top to the bottom of the ſtakes.
make the Efpaliers, I would advife the placing the Theſe rows of poles fhould be faftened with wire tothe
lines from the eaft a little inclining to the fouth, and ftakes, which if made of Fir, and painted over, will lafta
toward the weft a little . inclining to the north, that longtime ; and the largeſt end of the poles fhould be cut
the fun may fhine between the rows in the morning flat, and nailed to the upright ſtakes, which will fecure
and evening when it is low ; for in the middle of the the Efpalier almoft as long as the poles will endure ;
day, when the fun is advanced far above the horizon, whereas, if your faftening is not ftrong, the poles will
it will ſhine over the tops of the Efpaliers, and reach the be continually difplaced with every ftrong wind.
furface of the earth about their roots, which is a matter When your Efpalier is thus framed, you muſt faſten
of more confequence than many people are aware of. the branches of the trees thereto either with ſmall
The forts of Apples proper for Efpaliers, are the Ofier-twigs, rope-yarn, or fome fuch binding, obferv
Golden Pippin, Nonpareil, Rennette Grife, Aroma ing to train them in a horizontal pofition, and at equal
tick Pippin, Holland Pippin, French Pippin, Wheel diſtances ; being careful not to croſs any of the
· er's Ruffet, Pile's Ruffet, with fome others. The branches, nor to lay them in too thick . The diſtance
feafon for planting, and the method of pruning and which fhould be allowed for the branches of Pears and
training thefe trees, you will fee under the articles of Apples, muſt be proportioned according to the fize of
APPLES and PRUNING . their fruit ; fuch of them whofe fruit is large, as the
The forts of Pears proper for an Espalier, are chiefly Summer Boncretien , Monfieur John, and Beurre du
the fummer and autumn fruits, for fome of the win Roy Pears, and the Rennet Grife, Holland Pippin,
ter Pears feldom fucceed well in an Espalier. Thefe French Pippin, and other large Apples, fhould have
trees, if defigned for a ftrong moift foil, fhould be their branches fix or eight inches diftance at leaft ;
upon Quince -ftocks ; but if for a dry foil upon free and to thoſe of leffer growth, four or five inches
ftocks. Their diſtance of planting muſt alſo be regu will be fufficient. But for farther directions, I fhall
lated by the growth of the trees , which are more un refer to the articles of the feveral fruits : as alfo that
equal in Pears than Apples, and fhould therefore be of PRUNING, where thefe particulars will be fuffici
more carefully examined before they are planted. As ently explained .
for thofe Pears upon free-ftocks, the diftance fhould But befides this fort of Efpalier made with Afh-poles,
never be lefs than thirty feet for moderate growing there is another fort that is by many people preferred ;
trees ; but for vigorous fhocters, the fpace of forty which is framed with fquare timbers cut to a proper
feet is little enough ; eſpecially if the foil be ftrong, in fize, according to the ftrength thereof, or the expence
which cafe they ſhould be planted at a greater diftance. the owner is willing to go to. Thefe, though they ap
The particular forts of Pears I would recommend for pear more fightly, when well fixed and painted, are
an Espalier, are the Jargonelle, Blanquette, Poire fans not of longer duration than one of the former, pro
vided

:
 EUG EUO

vided it is well made, and the poles are ftrong which rious for the fake of variety, though there is lit
are fet upright ; nor will they answer the purpoſe tle hopes of their producing fruit in England. They
better, though they are vaitly more expenfive ; for may be propagated by their ftones, if they can be
the greatest beauty confifts in the difpofing of the obtained fresh from the countries of their natural
branches of tree ; which, eſpecially in fummer, when growth. The ftones fhould be planted in ſmall pots
the leaves are on, will entirely hide from the fight filled with light earth, and plunged into a hot-bed,
the frame of the Efpalier ; therefore all expence in obferving to keep the earth moift but not wet ; in
erecting theſe is needlefs, farther than making provi about fix weeks the plants will appear ; and when
fion to fecure the branches of the trees in a regular grown four inches high, they fhould be carefully fe
order. parated, planting each into a fmall pot, plunging
Fruit-trees thus planted, and well managed, are them into the hot-bed again, being careful to fhade
much preferable to thofe trained upin any other figure, them till they have taken new root ; after which,
upon feveral accounts ; as firſt, theſe take up very lit they should be treated in the fame way as other
e room in a garden, fo as not to be hurtful to the tender plants from the fame country, always plung
plants which grow in the quarters ; and, fecondly, the ing them into the tan-bed in the ſtove ; and in winter
fruit upon thefe are better tafted than thoſe which be fparing in water to them, for much wet will kill
grow upon dwarfs, the fun and air having freer ac them .
cefs to every part of the tree ; whereby the damp- EUONYMUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 240. Tourn. Inſt.
nefs arifing from the ground is fooner diffipated, which R. H. 617. tab. 388. [ Evrou , of iv , good, and
is of fingular advantage to fruit-trees ( as hath been ovoa, a name ; fo called by way of antiphrafis, becauſe
already fhewn. ) And as the trees againſt an Efpa- it is hurtful to animals. ] The Spindle-tree, or Prick
lier are kept low, and the branches being faftened to wood ; in French, Fufain.
the Efpalier, the fruit will not be blown down fo The CHARACTERS are,
foon by the wind ; fo that upon the whole, Eſpaliers It bath a fhort empalement to the flower of one leaf,
must be allowed to be of great uſe and beauty. which is divided into four or five fegments. The flower
EVER-GREEN THORN. See PYRACANTHA . bathfour orfive oval petals, which spread open. It bath
EVERLASTING PEA. See LATHYRUS. five fhort ftamina, which are joined at their baſe to
EUGENIA . Michel. 108. the germen, terminated by twin fummits. In the center is
The CHARACTERS are, fituated a large ovalgermen, fupportingashortftyle, crown
The flower bath a permanent empalement of one leaf, cut ed by an obtufe ftigma. The germen afterwerd becomes a
into four fegments : the flower bath four oblong obtuſe fucculent four-cornered coloured capfule, having as many
petals, twice as large as the empalement. It hath many cells as angles, each containing one oval feed.
Stamina which are inferted in the empalement, terminated This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of
byfmall fummits, and a turbinated germen fituated under Linnæus's fifth clafs, which includes thofe plants
the flower, fupporting a simple style the length of the whoſe flowers have five ſtamina and one ſtyle.
Stamina, crowned by a single ftigma. The germen af The SPECIES are,
terward becomes a quadrangular plumb-shaped fruit 1. EUONYMUS (Vulgaris) foliis lanceolatis, floribus te
crowned, having one cell inclofing onefmooth roundish nut. trandriis, fructu tetragono. Spindle- tree with Spear
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection fhaped leaves, flowers having four ftamina, and qua
of Linnæus's twelfth claſs , intituled Icofandria Mono drangular fruit. Euonymus vulgaris, granis ruben
gynia, the flower having many ftamina inferted in tibus. C. B. P. 428. The common Spindle-tree.
ཀ༣ ༦༣ཎཾ the empalement, and one ſtyle. 2. EUONYMUS (Latifolius) foliis ovato-lanceolatis, flo
The SPECIES are,
ribus pentandris, fructu pentagono, pedunculis lon
1. EUGENIA (Malaccenfis) foliis integerrimis, peduncu giffimis. Spindle-tree with oval Spear-shaped leaves,
lis racemofis lateralibus. Flor. Zeyl. 187. Eugenia flowers having five ftamina, a five-cornered fruit, and
‫כ‬ with entire leaves and branching foot f-talks offlowers. very long foot-ftalks. Euonymus latifolius. C. B. P.
Jambofa domeftica . Rump. Amb . 1. p . 121 . 428. Broad-leaved Spindle-tree.
mypay 2. EUGENIA (Jamboo) foliis integerrimis, pedunculis 3. EUONYMUS (Americanus) floribus omnibus quinque
racemofis terminalibus. Flor. Zeyl. 188. Eugenia fidis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 197. Spindle-tree whofe flowers
hane with entire leaves, and branching foot-ftalks of flowers are all divided into five points. Euonymus Virginia
terminiating the branches. Jambofa fylveftris alba. nus, pyracanthæ foliis, fempervirens, capfulâ verru
Rump. Amb. 1. 127. carum inftar afperatâ rubente. Pluk. Phyt. 115. f. 5.
There are fome other fpecies of this genus which Virginian evergreen Spindle-tree with rough, warted, red
grow naturally in India, but thofe here mentioned feed- veffels.
are the only forts which I have feen in the English 4 . EUONYMUS (Pinnatis) foliis pinnatis, fructu racemofo
gardens. Some plants of the first fort I received trigono. Spindle- tree with winged leaves, and three- cor
ATLU & 12

hir from Dr. Heberden with fome other plants, which nered fruit growing in bunches. Euonymus caudice
were fent by his brother from the Brafils, where non ramofo, folio alato, fructu rotundo tripyreno.
it is cultivated for the table ; fo that the plants of Sloan . Cat. Jam. 171. Spindle-tree with an unbranching
BCC this kind are common in moſt parts of the Eaft- In ftalk, a winged leaf, and a round fruit having three feeds.
dies. The firft fort grows naturally in England. It is very
eat This rifes with a tree-like ftem, covered with a brown common in hedges, and is fometimes found growing
bark, which, in the countries where it grows natu in woods. This, when growing in hedges, is feldom
rally, rifes from twenty to thirty feet high, fending ſeen of any confiderable fize, but rather appears like
out many branches, garniſhed with oblong entire a fhrub ; but if planted fingle, and trained up like
leaves, ending in acute points : theſe are placed op other trees, will have a ſtrong woody ſtem, and riſe
pofite, and when young, are of a bright purple co more than twenty feet high, dividing into many
lour ; but as they grow older, become of a light branches, garniſhed with fpear-shaped leaves about
79$E.
D
-1

green. The flowers are produced on the fide of three inches long, and one inch and a quarter broad
the branches, each foot-ſtalk branching into three or in the middle, gradually diminiſhing to both ends ;
four others, each fupporting one flower. Thefe are they are entire, of a deep green colour, and are placed
fucceeded by irregular-fhaped fucculent fruit, in oppofite. The flowers come out in fmall bunches
clofing one nut. from the fide of the ſtalks, ſtanding upon flender foot
The fecond fort rifes to the fame height as the firſt, ftalks ; they are compofed offour whitish petals, which
but the leaves are longer and narrower. The flowers are expanded in form of a crofs. The empalement
ť
do , for the moſt part, terminate the branches, though is divided into four parts. The flowers have four
I The
there are fome which come on their fides. ftamina, and the fruit is four-cornered, and opens
fruit of this is fmaller, rounder, and not ſo much ef into four cells. This tree flowers the latter part of
B
teemed as thoſe of the firſt . May and the beginning ofJune, and the fruit ripens in
Thefe plants are preferved in the gardens of the cu October, at which time the feed- veffels fpread open
5 I and

1
&
 EUO EUP

and expofe the feeds, which are of a beautiful red co When the plants come up, they will require no other
lour ; fo that when the branches are well ftored with care but to keep them clean from weeds till the fol
them, the trees make a good appearance at that fea lowing autumn, when, as foon as their leaves decay,
fon, when growing among other forts . The wood the plants fhould be taken up and tranfplanted into a
of this tree is ufed by the mufical inftrument- makers nurſery, in rows two feet diftant, and the plants one
for toothing of organs and virginal keys ; the branches foot afunder in the rows ; in this place they may re
are cut into tooth - pickers, and for making of ſkewers ; main two years, and then they may be removed to
and ſpindles are made of the wood, from whence the the places where they are to remain.
tree was titled Spindle-tree ; but in fome counties it When theſe are propagated by layers, the young
is called Dogwood . fhoots fhould be laid down in antumn ; and if thejoint
The fecond fort grows naturally in Auftria and Hun which is laid deepeſt in the ground is flit, as is prac
gary ; this was very feldom feen in England till of late tifed forCarnations, it will cauſe them to put out roots
years, fince I procured it from France, and from the much fooner than they otherwife would do ; thefe lay
feeds of thofe plants great numbers have been fince ers will be fufficiently rooted in one year to bear tranf
raifed, fo it is now pretty common in ſeveral of the planting, when they fhould be taken from the old
nurſeries near London ; this rifes with a ftronger ſtem plants, and treated in the fame way as the feedlings.
than the firſt, and grows to a larger fize . The leaves The cuttings of theſe forts, planted in a fhady border,
are oval and fpear- shaped, about four inches long, and will take root, but they fhould be planted in autumn,
two inches broad in the middle, of a light green co as foon as their leaves begin to fall ; they fhould be
lour, and entire ; they are placed oppofite on the the ſhoots of the fame year, with a knot of the for
branches, with fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers come mer year at bottom .
out from the fide of the branches, upon very flender The third fort, which grows naturally in North
$
foot-ftalks, which are two inches and a half long ; America, is fo hardy as rarely to fuffer by cold in
theſe branch out into a looſe bunch , fo that the flowers England, provided it is not planted in places very
ſtand upon ſeparate foot-ftalks. The flowers have much expofed. This may be propagated by laying
five petals, which at firft are white, but afterward down the young branches in the autumn , obferving
change to a purple colour ; the empalement of the to tongue them in the fame manner as is practifed in
flower is divided into five parts. It hath five ftamina , laying of Carnations : thefe will have made good roots
and the fruit is frequently five- cornered ; the fruit is in one year, when they may be cut from the old
much larger than that of the common fort, and the plants, and planted in a nurſery for two years to
foot- ftalks being weak, the fruit always hang down . get ftrength ; after which, they fhould be planted
Dr. Linnæus has fuppofed thefe to be but one fpecies , where they are defigned to remain.
and has taken the characters of this genus from the The fourth fort is a native of warmer countries,
fecond fort, whofe flowers have five ftamina and five fo cannot be preferved in England, unless it is placed
petals, and the fruit five corners ; but all thoſe of in a ſtove in winter : this is generally propagated by
the common fort which I have examined have but feeds, which must be fown in pots , and plunged into
four, and thefe differences are permanent in thofe a hot-bed ; and when the plants are fit to remove,
plants which rife from feeds ; for I have raiſed many they ſhould be each planted in a feparate fmall pot,
of both forts from feeds, but have never found either and plunged into the hot- bed again, being careful
of them alter. to fhade them until they have taken new root ; after
The third fort grows naturally in Virginia , Carolina, which they muſt be treated in the fame way as other
and other parts of North America ; this rifes with a tender plants of the fame countries . This fort may
ſhrubby ftalk to the height of eight or ten feet, dividing alfo be propagated by cuttings during any of the
into many branches, which come out oppofite from the fummer months.
joints of the ſtem ; theſe are garnished with fpear-fhaped EUPATOROIPHALACRON . See VERBESINA .
leaves, which are two inches long, and about three EUPATORIUM . Lin . Gen. Plant. 842. Tourn.
quarters of an inch broad in the middle, ending in Inft . R. H. 455. tab. 259. [ Eunarúgion , of king Eu
acute points ; they are placed oppofite, and continue pator, who firſt brought this plant into uſe. ] Hemp
green all the year. The flowers are produced at the Agrimony ; in French, Eupatoire.
end of the branches, and alfo from the fides, in fmall The CHARACTERS are,
cluſters, which are fucceeded by round capfules, It bath a compound flower, compofed of feveral berma
which are cloſely armed by rough protuberances . phrodite florets, -
which are funnel shaped, cut into
This flowers in July, but feldom produces ripe fruit five parts at the brim, which ſpread open ; these are in
in England, cluded in one common fcaly empalement, whofe fcales are
As this is an evergreen fhrub, fo it merits a place in narrow, erect, and unequal. The florets have each five
every curious garden, and particularly in all planta fhort hairyftamina, terminated by cylindricalfummits. In
tions of evergreen trees and fhrubs ; there is a vari the bottom is fituated a smallgermen, fupporting a long
ety of this with variegated leaves, which is preſerved flender ftyle, which is bifid, crowned by a narrow ftigma.
in the nurſery-gardens. The germen afterward becomes an oblong feed, crowned
The fourth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, and fome with down, fitting in the empalement.
of the other iflands in the Weft- Indies ; this rifes This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
with an upright woody ftalk, to the height of ten or Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, which includes thofe
twelve feet ; at the top it divides into two or three plants with compound flowers , which have only her
fhort branches, which are garnifhed by winged leaves, maphrodite fruitful flowers.
compofed of fix or feven pair of ſmall leaves ( or lobes) The SPECIES are,
about two inches long, and one inch broad ; thefe 1. EUPATORIUM ( Cannabinum ) foliis digitatis. Hort.
leaves come out without order, ftanding upon long Cliff. 396. Eupatorium with fingered leaves. Eupa
foot-ftalks. The flowers come out in clusters from torium cannabinum. C. B. P. 320. Common Hemp
the fide of the branches, toward their end ; thefe are Agrimony.
fucceeded by roundifh capfules, having a thick brown 2. EUPATORIUM ( Maculatum) foliis lanceolato-ovatis,
cover, which open in three cells, each containing a ferratis, petiolatis, caule erecto. Hort. Cliff. 396.
fingle hard feed. Eupatorium with Spear s
-haped oval leaves which are
The two firft forts may be propagated either by feeds, fawed, having foot -
ftalks, and an upright ſtalk. Eupa
or layers ; if by feeds, they ſhould be ſown in autumn , torium Nova Angliæ, urticæ foliis , floribus purpu
foon after they are ripe ; then the plants will come up rafcentibus, maculato caule. H. L. New England
the fpring following ; but if the feeds are not fown till Hemp Agrimony with Nettle leaves, purplish flowers, and
fpring, the plants will not appear till the following Spotted stalks.
fpring, whereby a whole year is loft. The feeds fhould 3 . EUPATORIUM ( Purpureum) foliis fubverticillatis, lan
be fown upon a fhady border, where they will fucceed ceolatis ferratis petiolatis rugofis . Lin . Sp . Plant. 838 .
better than when they are more expofed to the fun. Eupatorium with leaves placed in whorls, which are
Spear
 EUP EUP

Spear-
shaped, faxed, rough, and have foot - talks. Eu Conyza Salviæ foliis conjugatis , floribus fpicatis ru
patorium folio oblongo rugofo, caule purpurafcente. bentibus. Houft. MSS. Fleabane with Sage leaves
Wat
Tourn. Inft. 456. Canada Hemp Agrimony with a long placed oppofite, and red flowers growing in fpikes.
rough leaf, and purplish stalk. 16. EUPATORIUM ( Houstonis) foliis cordatis acuminatis,
MEN caule volubili, floribus fpicatis racemofis. Eupatorium
4. EUPATORIUM ( Scandens) caule volubili, foliis corda
tis dentatis acutis. Hort. Cliff. 396. Eupatorium with with heart-shaped pointed leaves, a twining stalk, and
a twiningstalk and heart -
shaped leaves, which are ſharply branching Spiked flowers . Eupatorium Americanum ,
indented. Eupatorium Americanum fcandens , haftato fcandens, folio haſtato glabro, floribus fpicatis. Houft.
thep magis acuminato folio. Vaill. Mem. 1719. Climbing MSS. Climbing American Hemp Agrimony with a smooth
3fra American Hemp Agrimony, with a fpear-like sharp Spear-shaped leaf, and fpiked flowers.
LT1976 pointed leaf. 17. EUPATORIUM ( Trifoliatum) foliis ternis. Flor. Virg.
CheleLa 119. Lin. Sp . Plant 838. Hemp Agrimony with trifo
5. EUPATORIUM (Rotundifolium) foliis feffilibus dif
tin&tis fubrotundo- cordatis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 837. Eu liate leaves.
patorium with roundish heart-shaped leaves fitting clofe 18. EUPATORIUM ( Altiffimum) foliis lanceolatis nervofis,
efin inferioribus extimo fub ferratis, caule fruticofo. Hort.
to theftalks, and are diftinct. Eupatorium America
bonda num , foliis rotundioribus abfque pediculis . Vaill . Upfal. 152. Eupatorium with nervous fpear -shaped leaves,
T Mem. 1719. American Hemp Agrimony with round whofe lower leaves are fawed on their edges, and ftand
soldr leaves, having no foot- talks. in whorls round the ftalks. Eupatorium folio oblongo,
The if 6. EUPATORIUM (Fruticofum) foliis oblongo-cordatis, rugofo, ampliori, caule virefcente. Tourn . Inft. R. H.
floribus paniculatis, caule fruticofo fcandente. Eu 456. Hemp Agrimony with a large, oblong, rough leaf,
Jand patorium with oblong beart-shaped leaves, paniculated and a green stalk.
CA flowers, and a climbing fhrubby ftalk. Eupatorium 19. EUPATORIUM (Cæleftinum) foliis cordato-ovatis,

Tay fcandens, foliis fubrotundis lucidis, floribus fpicatis obtufè ferratis petiolatis, calycibus multifloris. Lin.
albis . Houft. MSS . Climbing Hemp Agrimony with round Sp. Plant. 838. Eupatorium with heart - shaped oval
H ifh fhining leaves, and whiteflowers growing in fpikes. leaves obtufely fawed, having foot -
ftalks, and many
failed 7. EUPATORIUM ( Odoratum) foliis ovatis, obtufè ferratis flowers to the empalements. Eupatorium fcorodoniæ
alco petiolatis trinerviis, calycibus fimplicibus. Lin. Sp. folio, flore cæruleo. Hort. Elth. 140. tab. 114.
Plant. 839. Eupatorium with oval, obtufe, fawed, Hemp Agrimony with a Wood Sage leaf, and a blue
he did
three- veined leaves, having foot-ftalks, and fingle em flower.
Fas
palements to the flowers. Eupatorium Americanum , The laft grows naturally in Carolina, from whence
plane teucrii folio, flore niveo. Vaill. Mem. Acad. Scien. the late Dr. Dale fent me the feeds ; theſe plants
American Hemp Agrimony with a Tree Germander leaf, flowered very finely the year after they were raiſed, but
and a white flower. never have flowered fince, for the roots creep greatly
8. EUPATORIUM (Perfoliatum) foliis connatis tomento in the ground, but never fend up any ftalks.
fis. Hort. Cliff. 396. Eupatorium with woolly leaves The first fort grows naturally by the fide of rivers
joined at their bafe. Eupatorium Virginianum , falviæ and ditches in moft parts of England, and is the only
Tov
e foliis longiffimis acuminatis, perfoliatum . Pluk . Alm. fpecies of this genus, which is known to grow natu
I201 Virginian perfoliate Hemp Agrimony, with long Sage- like rally in Europe ; this is efteemed as a very good vul
leaves clofely furrounding the ftalk. nerary herb, ſo ſtands in the lift of medicinal plants.
9. EUPATORIUM (Betonicifolium) foliis oblongis, obtufis, It is feldom admitted into gardens, becaufe, where
crenatis, glabris, calycibus fimplicibus. Eupatorium ever it is fuffered to feed, the ground will be well
with oblong, obtufe, fmooth, crenated leaves, and fingle ſtored with the plants to a great diſtance.
empalements to the flowers. Eupatorium betonicæ folio The fecond fort grows naturally in ſeveral parts of
glabro & carnofo, flore cœruleo. Houft . MSS. Hemp North America, from whence it has been introduced
A Agrimony with afleshy fmoothBetony leaf, and a blue flower. to the gardens in Europe ; this hath a perennial root,
T 10. EUPATORIUM ( Morifolium) foliis cordatis ferratis but an annual ſtalk, which rifes about two feet
E caule erecto arboreo. Eupatorium with heart - shaped and a half high ; it is purple, and has many dark
Jud fawed leaves, and an upright tree- like ftalk. Eupato fpots upon it. The leaves are rough, oval and ſpear
rium Americanum arborefcens, mori folio, floribus fhaped, having foot-ſtalks ; they are placed by threes
albicantibus. Houft . MSS . Tree- like American Hemp round the ftalk toward the bottom, but upward by
Agrimony, with a Mulberry leafand white flowers. pairs oppoſite at each joint. The ftalks are termi
11. EUPATORIUM (Pun& tatum ) foliis ovatis petiolatis nated by cluſters of purple flowers, growing in a fort
integris, caule fruticofo ramofo, calycibus fimplici of corymbus ; theſe come out in July and Auguſt,
bus. Eupatorium with oval entire leaves having foot and in warm ſeaſons will ripen its feeds in autumn.
ftalks, a branchingfhrubby stalk, and fingle empalements The third fort grows naturally in North America ;
to the flowers. Eupatorium Americanum frutefcens, this rifes with an upright ſtalk near four feet high,
balfaminæ lutæ foliis, nigris maculis punctatis . Houſt. garniſhed with long, narrow, fpear-shaped leaves at
MSS. American fhrubby Hemp Agrimony, with yellow each joint ; theſe are deeply fawed on their edges, and
Balfamine leaves spotted with black. the midrib is oblique to the foot-ftalk ; they are
12. EUPATORIUM (HyJopifolium) foliis lanceolato - line placed by fours round the ftalk in whorls, and are
Ć aribus trinerviis fub integerrimis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 836. of a dark green colour. The ftalks are terminated
Eupatorium with narrow, Spear-shaped, entire leaves, by bunches of purple flowers like the laſt, which
baving three nerves. Eupatorium Virginianum, folio appear at the fame time. This hath a perennial root
angufto floribus albis . Hort. Elth . 141. tab. 115. and an annual ſtalk .
f. 140. Virginia Hemp Agrimony, with a narrow leaf, The fourth fort grows naturally in Virginia and Ca
and white flowers . rolina ; this hath a perennial root, which fends out
13. EUPATORIUM ( Ramofum ) foliis lanceolato-linearibus many twining ſtalks in the fpring ; thefe twift about
acutis, fupernè ferratis caule ramofo. Hemp Agrimony any neighbouring fupport, and rife to the height of
with narrow, fpear -
shaped, pointed leaves, fawed on their five or fix feet, garniſhed at each joint with two heart
upper part, and a branching stalk. ſhaped leaves, which are indented on their edges, and
14. EUPATORIUM (Conyzoides) foliis cordatis acutis, terminate in acute points ; at each joint there are two
dentatis, trinerviis, caule fruiticofo ramofo. Eupa fmall fide branches come out, which are terminated
torium with pointed, heart s-haped, fawed leaves, having by cluſters of white flowers, fo that the ftalks feem
three veins, and a branching fhrubby stalk. Conyza covered with them moft part of their length ; but
fruticofa, folio haitato, flore pallidè purpureo. Sloan. as theſe come pretty late in the feafon, fo unleſs the
Cat. Jam. 124. Skrubby Fleabane with a spear s
-haped fummers prove warm, the plants do not flower well in
leaf, and a pale purple flower. England .
15. EUPATORIUM ( Paniculatum ) foliis cordatis rugofis There is another of theſe plants with purple flowers,
crenatis, caule paniculato. Eupatorium with rough, ftanding upon longer foot - ftalks, which was fent me
"1
beart-flaped, crenated leaves, and a paniculated ftalk. from Campeachy ; but the ftalks and leaves are very
like
 EUP EUP

like thofe of this fort, fo that I doubt whether it The eleventh fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz,
be a diftinct species. from whence the late Dr. Houftoun fent it me ; this
The fifth fort grows naturally in New England and rifes with many fhrubby ftalks near five feet high ,
Virginia, from both of thefe counties I have received. which divide into many fender branches, whofe joints
the feeds ; this hath a perennial root and an annual are three or four inches afunder ; at each ofthefe come
ftalk ; it rifes with upright ftalks about a foot high ; out two oval leaves about three quarters of an inch
theſe have their joints pretty near each other, where long, and half an inch broad, ftanding upon long
they are garniſhed with roundifh heart-ſhaped leaves, flender foot-ftalks ; they have feveral black ſpots on
fitting cloft to the ftalks ; they are fawed on their their furface. The branches come out horizontal, and
edg s, and are of a light green colour. The flowers are terminated by fmall bunches of white flowers,
are produced in ſmall looſe panicles at the top of whoſe empalements are fingle, and compofed of fe
the talks ; they are white, and have two ſmall green ven narrow fpear-ſhaped leaves, which are divided to
leaves immediately under the flowers. Theſe flowers the bottom .
appear the latter end of June, but the feeds feldom The twelfth fort rifes with an upright round ſtalk to
ripen in England. the height of three feet, fending out feveral branches
The fixth fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz in toward the top, which come out regularly by pairs ;
America, from whence the late Dr. Houfton fent me they are garnished with leaves, placed by pairs ,
the feeds ; this hath a fhrubby climbing ſtalk, which thefe are two inches and a half long, and about
rifes to the height of ten or twelve feet, faſtening itſelf one third of an inch broad, having three longitudinal
to any neighbouring prop for fupport, and is gar veins ; they are of a light green colour, and entire.
nifhed with heart- shaped leaves, placed oppofite ; The flowers ftand upon long foot-ſtalks at the end of
they are about three inches long, and one and a half the branches, fome fuftaining one, fome two, and
broad, ofa lucid green ; the flowers come out in long others three or four flowers ; they are white, and ap
branching panicles, which proceed from the fide of pear late in autumn. This grows naturally in Carolina.
the ftalks, and are terminated by a branching pani The thirteenth fort grows naturally in Maryland ; this
cle of white flowers. This fort is tender, fo will hath a perennial root and an annual ſtalk, which riſes
not live in this country without artificial heat. three feet high, dividing upward into many branches,
The feventh fort rifes with upright ſtalks three feet which are cloſely garniſhed with narrow fpear-ſhaped
high, garnished with oval leaves at each joint, which leaves, which are from two to three inches long, and
are placed oppofite ; they have very fhort foot a quarter of an inch broad, of a deep green, fitting
ftalks, and are fawed on their edges ; from the fides clofe to the branches ; they have three longitudinal
of the ſtalks, at every joint, is produced two flender veins, and their upper part fharplyfawed on their edges,
branches, which ftand erect ; theſe, and the principal ending in acute points. The branches are termi
ftalks alfo, are terminated by cluſters of white nated by roundish cluſters of white flowers, which
flowers ; they appear in Auguft and September, and appear in Auguft, and continue till October ; and
the ftalks decay in winter, but the root is perennial. in warm feaſons they are fucceeded by feeds, which
This grows naturally in Penfylvania, and other parts ripen here.
of America. The fourteenth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, and
The eighth fort grows naturally in Virginia and Phi in moſt of the other iſlands in the Weft-Indies ; this
ladelphia ; this hath a perennial root and an annual rifes with fhrubby ſtalks about fix or seven feet high,
ftalk . The ftalks rife from two to three feet high ; dividing into many branches, which are garniſhed
they are hairy, and garniſhed with rough leaves at each with heart-shaped leaves, ending in acute points, in
joint, which are from three to four inches long, and dented on their edges, having three longitudinal veins ;
about an inch broad at their baſe, gradually leffening the upper part of the branches are terminated by flen
to a very acute point ; the two leaves are joined at der foot-ftalks, each ſuſtaining a finall cluſter of white
their bafe, fo the ftalks feem to grow through them ; flowers, included in oblong ſcaly empalements of a
they are of a dark green, and are covered with fhort filvery colour.
hairs. The upper part of the ftalk divides into many The fifteenth fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz
flender foot-ftalks, each ſuſtaining a cloſe cluſter of by the late Dr. Houſtoun ; this rifes with an upright
white flowers. Theſe come out in July, and in warm branching ſtalk three feet high, fending out two fide
feaſons the feeds will fometimes ripen in England . branches from every joint, almoſt the whole length,
The ninth fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz, from which are terminated by looſe ſpikes of red flowers,
whence the late Dr. Houftoun fent me the feeds ; this as is alſo the principal ftalk. The leaves are heart
rifes with an upright ftalk near two feet high, gar fhaped, rough, and are crenated on their edges, fitting
nifhed toward the bottom with oblong obtufe leaves, cloſe to the ſtalks ; they are of a light green, and a
which are of a thick fubftance, and crenated on their little hoary.
edges ; the upper part of the ſtalk is naked to the The fixteenth fort was fent me from Jamaica by the
top, where the flowers come out in a thick panicle ; late Dr. Houſtoun ; this hath ſlender twining ſtalks,
they are blue, and have fingle empalements. This which faſten themſelves to any neighbouring fupport,
flowers late in autumn , but never ripens feeds here ; the and rife eight or ten feet high, fending out fmall
root is biennial, and perifhes foon after it has flowered. branches oppofite, at most of the upper joints. The
The tenth fort was fent me by the late Dr. Houſtoun leaves on the lower part of the ſtalk are heart-shaped,
from La Vera Cruz, where he found it growing na ending in acute points ; the upper leaves are almoſt
turally ; this hath a thick woody ftalk, which rifes triangular, they are fmooth, and of a lucid green ;
twelve orfourteen feet high, fending outmany branches, the upper part of the ſtalks have long branching fpikes
which are channelled, and covered with a brown of white flowers, which are fmall, and fit cloſe to the
bark, garniſhed with regular heart- shaped leaves foot-ftalks.
as large as thofe of the Mulberry-tree ; they are The feventeenth fort grows naturally in Penfylvania ;
of a light green colour, and fawed on their edges, this hath a perennial root, from which arife feveral
placed oppofite upon foot-ſtalks, near two inches upright ftalks, which grow to the height of feven or
long ; the upper part of the branches are terminated eight feet, in a moift foil, or where they are fupplied
by four or five pair of foot-ftalks , which come out with water in dry weather, and are garniſhed with
oppofite from the joints, and the top is terminated by oval, rough, fpear-fhaped leaves, which are a little
an odd one ; theſe fuftain branching panicles of white fawed on their edges ; they are placed in whorls round
flowers, which together form a long loofe pyramidal the ſtalks, fometimes feven, at other places four or
thyrfe, and make a fine appearance, for there are no five of theſe ſtand at each joint ; they are about three
leaves intermixed with the flowers, but fo far as the inches long, and two inches broad. The ſtalks are
fpike reaches the ftalks are naked . This fort has terminated by a looſe corymbus of purple flowers,
flowered in the Chelfea garden, but did not produce which appear in Auguft and continue till October,
feeds. but are not fucceeded by feeds in England.
2 The
 EUP EUP

The eighteenth fort rifes with a fingle, upright, green taken not to cut or injure the old plants too much,
ftalk, about four feet high, garniſhed at each joint which would cauſe them to flower weak the following
by four fpear-shaped leaves, placed in whorls round year. The beſt time to remove thefe plants is in au
the ftalks ; they are fix inches long, and two inches tumn, as foon as they have done growing, that they
broad in the middle, leffening to both ends, termi may get fresh roots before the froft comes on ; but
nating in acute points ; they are rough, fawed on their if that ſhould happen foon after their removal, if the
edges, and ſtand on fhort foot- ftalks ; the ftalk is furface of the ground is covered with tan, or dried
potifa terminated by a cloſe corymbus of purple flowers, leaves, to keep out the froft, it will effectually fecure
which appear in July, and continue till September. them ; and if this is done to the old plants in very fe
Puni
tha The root is perennial, but the ftalks decay every vere winters, it will always preferve them ; but the
thi winter ; it grows naturally in North America. nineteenth fort is the only one which I have known
The nineteenth fort grows naturally in Carolina ; this killed by froft : however, it may not be amits to
hath a creeping root, which fpreads and multiplies practiſe this on the young feedling plants, which have
Ala very faſt. The ſtalks rife about two feet high ; they not fo good roots, nor are fo well eſtabliſhed in the
Dranci are garniſhed with oval heart-ſhaped leaves, which ground ; the future culture will be only to dig the
s
have foot-ftalks , and are fawed on their edges . The ground about them every fpring, and keep them clean.
pa flowers are produced at the top of the ftalks in a The fourth fort fends out many weak twining ftalks,
d'aboc fort of corymbus ; they are of a fine blue colour, but which require fupport ; fo there fhould be fome ſtakes
tudiral the roots fpread fo much as to cauſe barrennefs of fixed down by their roots in the fpring when they be
flowers after the first year. gin to fhoot, to which the young ftalks fhould be
ente
meendof All theſe forts may be propagated by feeds ; feveral led and faftened, and afterward they will naturally
of them ripen their feeds in England ; thefe fhould twine round them and rife four or five feet high if
TO,and
andr be fown in autumn as foon as they are ripe, for then they are fupplied with water, and in warm feafons
Carly the plants will come up the following fpring ; but if they will produce plenty of white flowers in Auguft.
they are kept out of the ground till fpring, the plants This fort is fometimes killed in very fevere winters,
will not come up till the year after ; and thofe feeds if they are not covered ; but if, when the ſtalks decay
ichthes
which are procured from America fhould be fown as in the autumn, the ground about them is covered
2004
foon as they arrive, for though they may not grow with fome old tanners bark, it will effectually fecure
the first year, yet there will be a greater certainty of the roots. This fort multiplies very faft by its creeping
their fucceeding, than when they are kept longer out roots, which may be parted every other year.
of the ground . The fixth and fixteenth forts have twining flender
‫عافانا‬
The fecond, third, fifth , ſeventh, eighth, twelfth , ftalks, which require to be fupported in the like
thirteenth, feventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth manner ; but theſe are natives of warm countries, fo
10 they will not thrive in England, unless they are placed
forts are hardy plants, fo the feeds of theſe may be
fown in the full ground , but there muſt be care taken in a warm ſtove ; therefore they ſhould be planted in
1 in the fowing to keep the forts feparate ; for as the pots and plunged into the tan-bed in the ftove, where,
R feeds of theſe plants have a light down adhering to if they are fupplied with wet in hot weather, they
them, they are eaſily diſplaced by the leaft wind ; fo will thrive and produce flowers. The fixth fort hath
2 and that the best way will be to fow them in drills, but fhrubby ftalks, and does not propagate by the root,
es; this thefe fhould be but fhallow, for if the feeds are bu ſo there ſhould be layers made of the young branches,
ried too deep they will not grow. The bed in which which will put out roots if they are properly ſupplied
theſe are ſown fhould not be too much expoſed to with water ; but the fixteenth fort may be propagated
the fun, but rather have an eaſt afpect, where the by parting the roots, in the fame manner as the
morning fun only reaches it ; but where it is more fourth fort.
al rates
expoſed, it ſhould be ſhaded with mats in the heat of The ninth and fifteenth forts have perennial roots,
XTE the day, and the ground fhould be kept pretty moift ; but their ſtalks decay every winter. Thefe are tender
13:41 for as thefe plants generally grow in moift fhady fi plants, fo fhould be planted in pots, and kept con
tuations in their native countries, they will fucceed ftantly plunged in the tan-bed in the ftove, where
they will thrive and flower. Theſe may be propagated
상통
함령

Craz better when they have a foil and fituation fomewhat

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by cutting off fome of their young fhoots about the

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like that ; though as we want their heat in fuminer,

the plants will thrive here when expoſed to the fun, middle of June, when they have ſtrength, and planted
provided they have a moiſt foil, or are fupplied with into pots filled with light earth, and plunged into a
water in dry weather. moderate hot-bed, where, if they are fhaded from
When the young plants come up, they must be kept the fun, and gently watered as they may require it,
clean from weeds ; and where they are too cloſe, fome they will put out roots in fix weeks, and may then
of them ſhould be drawn out, to give room for the be tranfplanted into feparate pots, and treated as the
others to grow ; and if theſe are wanted, they may be old plants .
+J planted in another bed, where, if they are fhaded and The tenth, eleventh, and fourteenth forts have fhrubby
watered, they will foon take root ; after which they ftalks, which are perennial. Thefe are natives of
will require no farther care but to keep them clean warm countries, fo will not thrive in England out of
201
from weeds till the following autumn, when they a ftove ; therefore they fhould be planted in pots
mali
may be tranfplanted to the places where they are to and kept plunged in the tan-bed of the ftove, and
The treated as the former forts. Theſe will fometimes
remain. As the roots oftheſe plants fpread out to a
confiderable diſtance, they ſhould not be allowed lefs take root from cuttings, but not very freely, fo that
than three feet from any other plants, and fome of the beſt way is from feeds when they can be procured.
DA

When the feeds of theſe tender forts can be had from

z

the largeſt growing fhould be allowed four feet. If

the foil in which they are planted is a foft gentle their native countries, the plants raifed that way are
loam , they will thrive much better, and flower much preferable to thofe which are obtained by any
ftronger than in light dry ground ; in which, if they other method, and will flower much ftronger, there
MG 2

are not duly watered in dry fummers, their leaves fore fhould be preferred ; but as thefe feeds fel
will ſhrink, and their ſtalks will not grow to half their dom grow the first year, few perfons have patience
ufual height. enough to wait for the plants coming up. When any
All thefe forts have perennial roots, by which they of theſe feeds are brought over, they fhould be fown
may be propagated ; for as fome of them do not per as foon as they arrive in pots, that they may be re
fect their feeds in England, fo that is the only way moved at any time ; the pots fhould be plunged into
of increafing the plants here ; fome of the forts have a moderate hot-bed, and the earth kept tolerably
creeping roots, fending out offsets in great plenty, fo moift ; the glaffes fhould alſo be ſhaded in the heat of
thefe are eaſily propagated ; and the others may be the day, to prevent the earth from drying ; in this hot
R taken up, or the heads taken off from them every bed the pots may remain till autumn , when, if the
$ other year, in doing of which there fhould be care plants are not up, they fhould be plunged between
6 5 K the

C
 EUP EUP

the plants in the bark-ftove, and in the fpring removed alt. 1. 258. Angular Euphorbium, with broad Oleander
to a gentle hot-bed, which will bring up the plants leaves.
foon after. When theſe are fit to remove they fhould 6 . EUPHORBIA ( Heptagona) aculeata nuda, feptem-an
be planted in feparate fmall pots, and plunged into gularis, fpinis folitariis fubulatis floriferis . Lin . Hort.
the hot-bed again, fhading them from the fun till they Cliff. 196. Naked feptangular thorny Euphorbia, with
have taken new root ; then they fhould have a large fingle awl- shaped fpines, producing flowers at their ex
fhare of free air admitted to them in warm weather, tremities. Euphorbium heptagonum, fpinis longif
and frequently refreſhed with water. fimis in apice fructiferis . Boerh . Ind . alt. 1. 258. Eu
In the winter theſe plants fhould be more fparingly phorbium with feven angles and very long fpines, bearing
watered, eſpecially thofe forts whofe ftalks decay ; fruit at their tops.
and in the fummer they ſhould have a large fhare of 7. EUPHORBIA (Caput Medufa) inermis tuberculis im
free air admitted to them, with which management bricatis, foliolo lineari inftructis . Lin. Hort. Cliff.
they will thrive and flower. 197. Euphorbia without thorns, closely covered with tu
EUPHORBIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 536. Euphor bercles lying over each other like tiles, and narrow leaves,
bium. Boer. Ind. alt. 1. 258. Tithymalus. Tourn . Inft. commonly called Medufa's Head. Euphorbium Afrum,
"
R. H. 85. tab. 18. The Burning Thorny Plant. caule craffo fquamofo, ramis in capitis Medufæ fpe
This plant was named Euphorbia by King Juba, the ciem cincto. Boerh. Ind. alt. 258. African Euphorbium
father of Ptolemy, who governed both the Maurita with a thick Scaly stalk, and branches difpofed like Me
nias ; whoſe phyſician was named Euphorbus, and his dufa's head.
brother Antonius Mufa is faid to have healed Au 8. EUPHORBIA ( Mamillaris) aculeata nuda, angulis tu
guftus with this plant. berofis, fpinis interſtinctis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 451. Naked
The CHARACTERS are ,
prickly Euphorbia, with tuberous angles having spines
The flower hath a permanent empalement of one leaf, growing between them. Euphorbium polygonum acu
which is fwelling, rough, and divided into five parts at leis longioribus ex tuberculorum internodiis pro
the brim. The flower bath four or five thick truncated deuntibus. D'Ifnard. Act . Par. 1720. Euphorbium with
petals, and twelve or more ftamina which are inferted in many angles, and long ſpines growing out from between
the receptacle ; they are longer than the petals, and are the knots.
1
terminated by globular fummits. In the center isfituated 9 . EUPHORBIA (Cereiformis) aculeata nuda, multangu
a three-cornered germen, fupporting three bifid ftyles, laris, fpinis folitariis fubulatis. Prod. Leyd. 195.
crowned by obtufe ftigmas. The germen afterward becomes Naked thorny Euphorbia with many angles, and fingle
a roundish capfule with three cells, each containing one awl-shapedfpines. Euphorbium cerei effigie, caulibus
roundish feed. gracilioribus. Boerh . Ind. alt. 1. 258. Euphorbium
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection . with the appearance of Torch Thistle, and aflenderstalk.
of Linnæus's eleventh claſs, which includes the plants 10. EUPHORBIA ( Fructus Pini ) inermis imbricata tuber
whofe flowers have twelve ftamina and three ftyles. culis foliolo lineari inftructis. Hort. Cliff. 197. Im
To this genus he has added the Tithymalus and Ti bricated Euphorbia without fpines, having tubercles fur
thymaloides of Tournefort and others . The difference nifhed with very narrow leaves. Euphorbium Afrum ,
between the Euphorbium and Tithymalus, confifts facie fructûs pini . Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. 258. African
more in their outward form , than in the characters Euphorbium with the appearance of Pine fruit, commonly
of either flower or fruit, fo may be properly enough called Little Medufa's Head.
joined together ; but the flower of Tithymaloides 11. EUPHORBIA ( Patula) inermis, ramis patulis fimpli
being very different in its form, fhould be ſeparated cibus teretibus, foliolis linearibus inftructis. Euphor
from them, therefore I fhall place them under the bia without fpines, having fingle Spreading branches which
title of Tithymalus ; and as the number of Tithymali are taper, terminated with very narrow leaves.
is very great, many of which are common weeds, 12. EUPHORBIA ( Procumbens) inermis ramis teretibus
I fhall felect only the more rare or uſeful kinds to procumbentibus tuberculis quadragonis. Euphorbia
enumerate here. without fpines, having trailing branches with quadrangu
The SPECIES are, lar tubercles.
1. EUPHORBIA ( Antiquorum) aculeata triangularis fub 13. EUPHORBIA ( Inermis ) inermis, ramis plurimis pro
nuda articulata, ramis patentibus . Lin. Hort. Cliff. cumbentibus, fquamofis, foliolis deciduis. Euphorbia
196. Euphorbia with triangular jointed ftalks which are without fpines, having many trailing branches which are
naked, and have fpines and ſpreading branches. Euphor fcaly, and deciduous leaves.
bium verum antiquorum. Hort. Amft. 1. p. 23. 14. EUPHORBIA (Tiruaculii ) inermis fruticofa fubnuda fi
Prickly triangular-pointed Euphorbia, with Spreading liformis erecta, ramis patulis determinatè confertis.
branches, commonly called the true Euphorbium of the Lin. Hort. Cliff. 197. Shrubby erect Euphorbia without
ancients. Spines, and flender Spreading branches terminating in
2. EUPHORBIA (Canarienfis) aculeata nuda fubquadan "clusters, commonly called Indian-tree Spurge. Tithymalus
gularis, aculeis geminatis. Hort. Cliff. 196. Euphor Indicus frutefcens. Hort. Amft. 1. p. 27. Indian
bia with naked ftalks, which have four angles and double Shrubby Spurge.
Spines. Euphorbium tetragonum & pentagonum fpi 15. EUPHORBIA (Viminalis) inermis fruticofa nuda fili
nofum Canarinum. Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. 258. Canary formis volubilis, cicatricibus oppofitis. Hort. Cliff.
Euphorbium with four or five angles which have fpines. 197. Shrubby naked Euphorbia without fpines, andflender
3. EUPHORBIA ( Trigonum) aculeata nuda triangularis twining branches, commonly called Indian Climbing Spurge.
articulata, ramis erectis . Thorny-jointed triangular Eu Tithymalus Indicus vimineus penitus aphyllos. Indian
phorbia with upright naked branches. Euphorbium tri Spurge withflender branches, entirely without leaves.
gonum & tetragonum fpinofum, ramis compreffis. 16. EUPHORBIA ( Mauritanica) inermis fruticofa feminu
D'Ifnard . Act. Par. 1720. Prickly Euphorbium having da filiformis flaccida, foliis alternis. Lin. Hort. Cliff.
three and four angles with compreffed branches. 197. Naked fhrubby Euphorbia without fpines, taper
4. EUPHORBIA ( Officinarum) aculeata nuda multangu flaccid branches, and leaves placed alternately. Tithy
laris, aculeis geminatis. Lin . Hort. Cliff. 196. Thorny malus aphyllus Mauritania. Hort. Elth . 384. Mauri
Euphorbia having many angles and fpines growing by tanian Spurge without leaves.
pairs. Euphorbium cerei effigie caulibus craffioribus, 17. EUPHORBIA ( Cotinifolia) foliis oppofitis fubcordatis
fpinis validioribus armatum. Hort. Amft. 1. p . 21 . petiolatis emarginatis integerrimis, caule fruticofo.
Torch-fhaped Euphorbium, with thick ftalks armed with Lin. Sp. Plant. 453. Euphorbia with heart-shaped leaves
Strong Spines. placed oppofite upon foot-ftalks, which are indented at the
5. EUPHORBIA ( Neriifolia) aculeata feminuda, angulis top, entire, and a fhrubby ftalk. Tithymalus arboreus
obliquè tuberculatis. Lin. Hort. Cliff. 196. Thorny Americanus cotini folio. Hort. Amft. 1. p. 29. Tree
half-naked Euphorbia with oblique tubercular angles, com American Spurge with a Venice Sumach leaf.
monly called the Oleander-leaved Euphorbium . Euphor 18. EUPHORBIA ( Lathyris ) umbellâ quadrifidâ, dicho
bium angulofum, foliis nerii latioribus. Boerh. Ind . tomâ, foliis , oppofitis integerrimis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
457.
Legola EUP EUP
s

457. Euphorbia with a quadrifid umbel, a forked ftalk, fylvaticus lunato flore. C. B. P. 290. Wood- Spurge with
m-2 and entire leaves placed oppofite. Tithymalus latifolius a moon-shaped flower.
Ha
Cataputia dictus. H. L. Broad-leaved Spurge, called 30. EUPHORBIA ( Heterophylla) inermis foliis ferratis pe
1, Cataputia. tiolatis difformibus ovatis lanceolatis panduriformibus .
19. EUPHORBIA ( Myrfinites) umbellâ ſuboctifidâ , bifida, Lin. Sp . Plant, 453. Euphorbia without fpines, having
Vazh involucellis fubovatis, foliis fpathulatio patentibus fawed leaves with foot-ftalks which are deformed, oval,
-3. E carnofis mucronatis margine fcabris. Lin. Sp. Plant. -haped, and like afiddle. Tithymalus Curaffavicus,
Spear s
Jeering 461. Euphorbia with an umbel divided into eight points, falicis & atriplicis foliis variis, caulibus viridantibus .
whofe fmall involucrums are oval, and spreading fleshy Pluk. Alm. 396. Spurge from Curaffao, with variable
lla pointed leaves fhaped like a ſpatula, having rough borders. leaves like Willow and Orach, and a green stalk.
CER Tithymalus myrfinites latifolius. C. B. P. 296. Broad 31. EUPHORBIA (Hypericifolia) dichotomâ, foliis ferratis
b leaved Myrtle Spurge. ovali-oblongis glabris, corymbis terminalibus, ramis
20. EUPHORBIA (Dendroides) umbellâ multifidâ, dicho divaricatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 454. Forked Euphorbia
Afru tomâ, involucellis fubcordatis, primariis triphyllis, with oblong, oval, fmooth, fawed leaves, and divaricated
m
fæ fpe caule arboreo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 462. Euphorbia with a branches terminated by umbels. Tithymalus erectus
herbis multifid forked umbel, heart -
shaped ſmall involucrums, the acris, parietariæ foliis glabris, floribus ad caulim no
RM first three-leaved, and a tree-like ftalk. Tithymalus dos conglomeratis . Sloan. Cat. Jam . 82. Upright acrid
myrtifolius arboreus. C. B. P. 290. Myrtle-leaved Spurge, with Smooth Pellitory leaves, andflowers growing
Tree Spurge. in clusters from the joints of the stalk.
list
Naked 21. EUPHORBIA ( Amygdaloides) umbellâ multifidâ, dicho 32. EUPHORBIA ( Ocymoides) inermis, herbacea, ramofa,
tomâ, involucellis perfoliatis emarginatis, orbiculatis foliis, fubcordatis integerrimis petiolatis floribus fo
foliis obtufis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 662. Euphorbia with a litariis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 453. Branching herbaceous Eu
mac
G

multifid umbel divided by pairs, orbicular perfoliate invo phorbia without fpines, having entire heart-shaped leaves
spr lucrums, and obtufe leaves. Tithymalus characias amyg with foot f-talks, andfingle flowers. Tithymalus Ame
20 daloides . C. B. P. 290. Wood Spurge. ricanus, erectus, annuus, ramofiffimus ocymi caryo
22. EUPHORBIA (Paluftris) umbellâ multifidâ, fubtrifi phyllati foliis. Houft. MSS. Upright, annual, branching
dâ, bifidâ, involucellis ovatis, foliis lanceolatis, ra Spurge of America, with leaves like ſmall Bafil.
mis fterilibus. Lin. Sp . Plant. 462. Euphorbia with a The first fort has been generally taken for the true
multifid umbel, which is fubtrifid and bifid, the fmall in Euphorbium of the ancients, and as fuch hath been
volucrums oval, fpear-shaped leaves, and fteril branches. directed for medicinal uſe ; but it is from the ſecond
ulibe
Tithymalus paluftris fruticofus. C. B. P. 292. Shrubby fort, that the drug now imported under that title in
FIL Marfh Spurge. England is taken. Dr. Linnæus fuppofes the fourth
撬 23. EUPHORBIA ( Orientalis) umbellâ quinquefidâ , qua to be the fort which ſhould be uſed, though as they
rober drifidâ, dichotomâ, involucellis fubrotundis acutis , are all nearly of the fame quality, it may be in
foliis lanceolatis. Lin . Sp . Plant. 460. Euphorbia with different which of them that drug is taken from,
a quinquefid and quadrifid forked umbel, a pointed roundish which is the infpiffated juice of the plant.
involucrum, and Spear s-haped leaves. Tithymalus Orien The first fort hath a triangular, compreffed, fucculent
talis, falicis folio, caule purpureo, flore magno . ftalk , which is jointed, and rifes to the height of
Hear Tourn. Cor. 2. Eastern Spurge with a Willow leaf, a eight or ten feet, fending out many irregular twiſting
purple ftalk, and large flower. branches, which are for the moſt part three-cornered,
24. EUPHORBIA (Characias) umbellâ quinquefidâ, trifi but have ſometimes only two, and at others four an
#*#

dâ dichotomâ, involucellis ovatis, foliis lanceolatis, gles ; they are compreffed, fucculent, and ſpread out
capfulis lanatis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 460. Euphorbia with on every fide the ftalk ; theſe have at the extremity
a quinquefid trifid umbel, dividing by pairs, an oval in of the branches a few fhort roundifh leaves, which
volucrum, fpear-shaped leaves and woolly capfules. Ti foon fall off; and near thefe come out now and then
thymalus arboreus, caule corallino, folio Hyperici, a few flowers, which have five thick whitiſh petals,
UN
pericarpio barbato. Boerh. Ind . alt. 1. p. 256. Tree with a large three- cornered germen in the center ;
Spurge with a red stalk, a St. John's Wort leaf, and thefe foon drop off without having any feeds. It grows
bearded capfule . naturally in India, from whence the plants were
pro
25. EUPHORBIA ( Hiberna) umbellâ fextifidâ, dichotomâ, brought to the gardens in Holland, and have fince
1 involucellis ovalibus, foliis integerrimis, ramis nullis been communicated to moft of the curious gardens in
De
capfulis verrucofis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 462. Euphorbia Europe.
with afix-pointedforked umbel, oval involucrums, entire The fecond fort grows naturally in the Canary Iſlands,
leaves, no branches, and warted capfules. Tithymalus from whence I have been credibly informed, the Eu
Hibernicus Machingboy dictus. Mer. Pin. Irish Spurge, phorbium which is imported in England, is now
10 called Machingboy. brought, and is the infpiffated juice of this plant. In
26. EUPHORBIA (Apios) umbellâ quinquefidâ, bifidâ, its native country this grows to the height of twenty
involucellis obcordatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 457. Euphor feet or more, but in England it is rarely feen more
bia with a quinquefid bifid umbel, and heart -
shaped in than fix or ſeven ; nor is it of any advantage to have
volucrums. Tithymalus tuberosâ pyriformi radice. them fo tall here, becauſe they ſend out many branches
C. B. P. 292. Spurge with a tuberous Pear-shaped root. which are large and fucculent, fo render the plants.
TE
27. EUPHORBIA (Aleppica) umbellâ quinquefidâ, di too heavy to be eaſily removed. This hath a very
chotomâ, involucellis ovato-lanceolatis mucronatis , thick, green, fucculent ftalk , which has four or five
foliis inferioribus fetaceis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 458. Eu large angles or corners, clofely armed with black
phorbia with a quinquefid forked umbel, oval spear - shaped crooked fpines, which come out by pairs at every in
involucrums which are pointed, and the lower leaves denture : the ftalks ſend out from every fide large
briftly. Tithymalus Cypariffius. Alp . Exot. 65. Cy fucculent branches of the fame form, which extend to
Á
M
A

prefs Spurge. the diſtance of two or three feet, then turn their ends.
28. EUPHORBIA (Cretica) umbellâ multifidâ, bifidâ, in upwards, fo that when the plants are well grown,
volucellis orbiculatis, foliis lineari-lanceolatis villofis . they have ſome reſemblance to a branched chandelier ;
Euphorbia with a multifid bifid umbel, orbicular involu theſe have no leaves, but are cloſely armed with black
crums, and narrow, spear-shaped, hairy leaves. Tithy fpines like the ftalks ; at the end of the branches
malus Creticus characias, anguftifolius, villofus & come out the flowers, which are ſhaped like thoſe of
incanus. Tourn. Cor. 1. Cretan Wood Spurge, with the first fort. 1
narrow, hairy, and hoary leaves. The third fort hath a naked three-cornered ſtalk
29. EUPHORBIA ( Sylvatica) umbellâ multifidâ, dichoto which is compreſſed, ſending out a great number of
mâ, involucellis perfoliatis, fubcordatis, foliis lan branches which grow erect, and join up to the main
ceolatis integerrimis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 463. Euphorbia ſtalk ; theſe are generally three- cornered, but fome
with a multifidforked umbel, heart-shaped perfoliate invo vary to four ; they are jointed and armed with fhort
lucrums, and entire spear-shaped leaves. Tithymalus crooked fpines, but have no leaves, nor do the
6
plants
 EUP EUP

The twelfth fort hath a fhort thick ftalk, which never

plants produce flowers here. This grows naturally in
India. rifes three inches high, fo that the branches fpread
The fourth fort puts out many ſtalks juft above the on the ſurface of the ground ; theſe feldom grow
furface of the ground, which are thick, fucculent, more than fix inches long, and their ſcales fwell into
and roundish, having eight or ten angles while they a fort of protuberances which are fquare ; they have
are young, but as they grow old they lofe their angles no leaves, and very rarely produce flowers in England,
and become round ; the branches grow diſtorted and but has been long an inhabitant in the gardens.
irregular, firſt horizontal, and afterward turn upward ; The thirteenth fort is very like the feventh, but the
they are armed with fmall crooked ſpines on their ftalks never rife more than a foot or fifteen inches
angles, and on the upper part of the branches come high, fo that the branches fpread out near the ground ;
out the flowers, which are fmall, and of a greenish theſe are alſo much ſhorter than thoſe of the feventh,
white, fhaped like thofe of the fecond fort. This grows but have the fame appearance, and are garniſhed with
naturally in India. narrow leaves at their end, which fall off as the
The fifth fort grows naturally in India ; this rifes with branches are extended in length : this produces a great
a ftrong upright ftalk five or fix feet high, which number of fmall white flowers at the end of the
hath irregular angles, and protuberances which are branches, which are ſhaped like thofe of the other
oblique to the angles ; the lower part of the ftalk is fpecies, and are frequently fucceeded by round ſmooth
naked, the upper part is branching, and the branches capfules with three cells, including one or two
are armed with crooked fpines ; at every protube roundifh feeds which ripen here.
rance, and at the top, they are garniſhed with oblong Theſe forts have been by moſt of the modern bota
leaves of a lucid green, which are very fmooth, en nifts ranged under the title of Euphorbium, and have
tire, and rounded at their ends ; thefe fall off, and been diftinguished from the Tithymali, more from
the plants remain naked for fome months, and then the ſtructure and outward appearance of the plants,
the flowers come out, which fit cloſe to the branches, than any real difference in their characters, as hath
and are of a greenish white colour ; the leaves come been before obferved ; but as the number of fpecies
out in the autumn , and fall off in the ſpring. of thofe commonly called Spurge was very great, fo
The fixth fort riſes with a roundish, upright, fuccu many of the writers were willing to feparate the Eu
lent ſtalk about three feet high, putting out feveral phorbia from that genus, to leffen the number of
branches on the fide of the fame form ; theſe have fpecies.
feven angles or. furrows, which are armed with long, Theſe plants are preferved in many curious gardens,
fingle, black thorns ; at the end of which come out more for the oddnefs of their structure, than any
fmall flowers, of the fame form with thoſe of the real beauty ; but being fo extremely different in their
other forts, and are fometimes fucceeded by fmall form , from almoft any plants of European production,
fruit.
many curious perfons have been induced to preferve
The feventh fort hath thick , roundifh, fucculent the feveral forts in their gardens .
ftalks, which are fcaly ; thefe fend out many branches They are all of them full of a milky acrid juice, which
from their fides of the fame form, which are twiſted, flows out on their being wounded in any part ; this
and run one over another, fo as to appear like a par juice will blifter the flesh, if it happen to lie upon
cel of ferpents coming out from the ſtalks, from any tender part for a fhort time, and will burn li
whence it had the appellation of Medufa's Head . nen almoſt as bad as aqua fortis, therefore the plants
The ends of the branches are garniſhed with narrow, fhould be handled with great caution ; nor fhould the
thick, fucculent leaves, which drop off, and round ends of their branches be ever bruifed or injured ; for
the upper part of the branches the flowers come out ; if they are, it frequently occafions their rotting down
thefe are white, and of the fame form with thoſe of to the next joint, and fometimes will deftroy the whole
the other fpecies, but larger, and are frequently fuc plant, if thofe injured branches are not cut off in time ;
ceeded by round fmooth capfules with three cells , fo that whenever the branches appear to have been in
each including a fingle roundish feed . jured, the fooner they are cut from the plants, the
The eighth fort hath roundiſh ſtalks , which fwell out lefs danger there will be of their fuffering from it; nor
like a belly in the middle , and have knobbed angles, fhould any of the branches be cut between the joints,
between which come out long fpines which are ftrait ; for the fame reaſon.
theſe ſtalks rife two feet high, and put out a few Moſt of theſe plants were firſt brought to Europe by
branches on their fide of the fame form ; the flowers the Dutch, who have been very curious to introduce
are produced at the end of the branches, fitting great numbers of plants from India, and alfo from
cloſe upon the angles ; they are ſmall , of a yellowish the Cape of Good Hope : from the latter there hath
green colour, and fhaped like thofe of the other been a very great variety of curious plants of late
fpecies. years brought to Europe, many of which produce
The ninth fort hath ftalks and branches very like very elegant flowers, and are the greateſt ornaments of
thoſe of the fourth, but much flenderer ; the fpines the confervatory in the winter and ſpring ſeaſons.
of this are ſingle, and thoſe of the other double ; and Theſe have been brought over in feeds, but the dif
the ends of the branches are clofely garnished with ferent kinds of Euphorbia came over moſt of them
flowers on every angle, in which it differs from the in plants or cuttings ; for thefe may be eafily tranf
fourth fort. ported to any diſtance, if either of them are put up
The tenth fort hath a thick fhort ftalk, which feldom in boxes, with any foft dry package, to prevent their
rifes more than eight or ten inches high, from which being bruiſed, or their fpines from wounding each
come out a great number of trailing branches which other, and kept from moiſture and cold ; with this
are flender, and grow about a foot in length ; theſe care they may be kept fix months out of the ground,
intermix with each other like thofe of the ſeventh and if carefully planted will take root, and thrive as
fort, but they are much ſmaller, and do not grow well as if they had been newly taken from the old
near fo long, but have the fame appearance, from plants, or out of the ground but a fhort time ; which
whence it is called Little Medufa's Head : the ends is a much more expeditious method of obtaining the
of theſe branches are befet with narrow leaves, be plants than from feeds, when they can be procured.
tween which the flowers come out, which are white, The greateſt part of theſe fucculent plants grow na
and ſhaped like thoſe of the other ſpecies. turally upon barren rocky places, or in dry fandy
The eleventh fort rifes with a taper ftalk fix or feven foils, where few other plants will thrive ; therefore
inches high, fending out from the top a few taper they ſhould never be planted in rich or loamy earth
branches, which ſpread out on every fide ; theſe are here, nor fuffered to receive much wet, which will
cauſe them to rot. The beſt mixture of earth for
not fcaly, like thofe of the laft fort, but taper, and
garnished at their ends with feveral ſmall narrow theſe plants is about a fourth part of fcreened lime
leaves which drop off. This fort hath not yet flowered rubbish, a fourth part of fea-fand, and half of light
here, having been but a fhort time in England. freſh earth from a common ; thefe fhould be mixed
well
 EUP EUP

well together, and frequently turned over before it they will grow four or five feet high, and a great
it ufed, that the parts may be incorporated , and the number of fide branches will be produced ; theſe,
7 compoft fweetened by being expofed to the air. If being very fucculent and heavy, are very apt to draw
this mixture is prepared a year before it is wanted, it down the ſtem if it hath not ſupport.
will be the better, that it may have the benefit of the The following forts have been, by all the writers on
winter's froft and the fummer's heat to mellow it ; and botany, placed under the title of Tithymalus ; but
the oftener it is turned over, and the fmaller the the fourteenth and fifteenth forts fhould , according
heaps are in which it is laid, the air will penetrate it to their own diftinction, have been placed in the
better, and render it more fit for ufe. genus of Euphorbium, becauſe they are as deftitute
Theſe forts are eaſily propagated by cuttings, which of leaves as moſt of the fpecies which they have there
fhould be taken from the old plants in June ; theſe placed.
muſt be cut at a joint, otherwife they will rot. When The fourteenth fort rifes with a taper fucculent ſtalk
theſe cuttings are taken off, the milky juice of the to the height of eighteen or twenty feet, fending out
old plants will flow out in plenty ; therefore there many branches of the fame form, which fubdivide
ſhould be fome dry earth or fand applied upon the into many fmaller ; theſe are jointed but at a great dif
wounded part, which will harden and ſtop the fap ; tance : they are ſmooth, and of a deep green colour,
having a few ſmall leaves at their extremities, which

LIKULAČNE
and the wounded part of the cuttings ſhould alſo be
rubbed in fand, or dry earth, for the fame purpoſe ; foon fall off. As the plants grow older, their ſtalks
then the cuttings fhould be laid in a dry part of the become ſtronger and lefs fucculent, efpecially toward
ftove, for ten days or a fortnight ; and fome of thoſe the bottom, where they turn to a brown colour, and
whoſe branches are large and very fucculent, may lie become a little woody. The branches grow diffuſed
three weeks or more before they are planted, that and intermix with each other, fo form a fort of buſh
their wounds may be healed and hardened, otherwiſe toward the top, but this doth not produce flowers
they will rot. When the cuttings are planted, they here.
ſhould be each put into a ſmall halfpenny pot, laying The fifteenth fort fends out a great number of ſlender
6
ftones or rubbiſh in the bottom , and filling the pots taper ſtalks of a dark green colour, which are
with the mixture before directed ; then plunge the fmooth, and twiſt about each other, or any neigh
pots into a moderate hot-bed, and if the weather is bouring fupport, whereby they will rife to the height
very hot, the glaffes of the hot-bed fhould be ſhaded of ten or twelve feet, putting out fmaller branches
atA

in the middle of the day, and the cuttings ſhould be upward, which alſo twine and intermix with the other
gently watered once or twice a week, according as the ſtalks ; they are naked, having no leaves, nor do the
earth may dry : in about fix weeks or two months the plants flower in England. Thefe grow in India.
cuttingswill have put out roots, fo if the bed is not very The fixteenth fort fends out many taper fucculent
warm, the plants may continue there, provided they ftalks from the root, which rife about four feet high ;
have free air admitted to them every day, otherwiſe they are ſlender and weak, fo require fupport to pre
it will be better to remove them into the ftove, where vent their falling to the ground ; thefe have a light
they may be hardened before the winter ; for if they green bark, and their lower parts are naked, but their
are too much drawn in fummer, they are very apt to upper parts are garniſhed with oblong leaves, which
decay in winter, unless they are very carefully ma are fimooth, entire, and placed alternate on every fide
naged. During the fummer feaſon, theſe plants fhould the ſtalks : the flowers are produced in ſmall cluſters
be gently watered two or three times a week, ac at the end of the branches, they are of a yellowish
cording to the warmth of the feafon ; but in winter green colour, and are ſometimes fucceeded by ſmooth
1 they muſt not be watered oftener than once a week, round fruit, but the feeds rarely ripen in England.
! and it fhould be given more fparingly at that ſeaſon, This fort grows naturally on the African fhore in the
eſpecially if the ſtove is not warm : the firft fort will Mediterranean .
require more warmth in the winter than any of the The feventeenth fort grows naturally in fome of the
other, as alfo lefs water at that feafon. This, if well iſlands of the Weft- Indies , and alſo upon the con
managed, will grow feven or eight feet high ; but the tinent there. I received fpecimens of this fort from
plants must conftantly remain in the ftove, giving the inland of Tobago, and alfo from Carthagena,
them a large fhare of air in warm weather, and in where the plants were growing in plenty ; the Dutch
winter the ſtove fhould be kept in a temperate degree gardens were furniſhed with it from Curaffao, where
of warmth. it alſo grows naturally. This hath an upright ſtalk,
The fixth fort is at preſent the moſt rare in England : which riſes to the height of fix or feven feet, covered
the plants of this fort, which have been procured with a light brown bark, and divides upward into
from Holland, have been moft of them deftroyed by many branches ; thefe are garniſhed with roundiſh
placing them in ftoves, where, by the heat, they have leaves, which are indented at their ends, and have
in one day turned black , and rotted immediately foot-ftalks : they are ſmooth and of a beautiful green,
after. This fort will thrive well if placed in a dry but fall away in winter, fo that in the fpring they are
airy glaſs-cafe with Ficoides, and other fucculent almoft naked ; the flowers come out from the end of
plants in the winter, where they may have free air the branches, they are yellow and ſmall, foon falling
in mild weather, and be protected from froft ; in away without having any fruit fucceed them here.
fummer the plants of this fort may be expofed in the Theſe forts are propagated by cuttings, in the fame
open air, in a warm fituation , but ſhould be fcreened manner as the Euphorbiums, and the plants muſt be
from much wet : with this treatment, the plants will treated in the fame way, as hath been directed for
thrive much better than when they are more tenderly them .
nurfed. The fourteenth, fifteenth, and feventeenth forts, are
The feventh, eighth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, and tender, fo require a ftove ; theſe muſt have the fame
thirteenth forts, are alfo pretty hardy, fo will live in treatment as the tender kinds of Euphorbiums, but
a good glass- cafe in winter without fire, provided the the fixteenth fort will live in a common green- houſe
froft is kept entirely out, and in fummer they may in winter, and may be expoſed abroad in the fummer.
be placed abroad in a warm fituation : as thefe are The eighteenth fort ftands in the lift of medicinal
very fucculent plants, they ſhould not have too much plants, but is rarely uſed in England at prefent ; this
wet ; therefore, if the fummer fhould prove very is a biennial plant, which perifhes after the feeds are
moift, it will be very proper to place theſe plants ripe. It grows naturally in Italy and the fouth of
under fome ſhelter, where they may enjoy the free air, France, and where it is allowed to fcatter its feeds
and be ſcreened from the rain, otherwife by receiv in a garden, becomes a weed here. This rifes with
ing too much wet in fummer they will rot in winter. an upright fucculent ftalk from three to four feet
The feventh fort will require to be fupported, other high, garnished with oblong fmooth leaves which are
wife the weight of the branches will draw them upon placed oppofite, and fit clofe to the stalks ; the upper
the pots ; and, by training of the ftems up to ſtakes , part of the ftalk divides by pairs into fmaller forked
5 L branches ,
 EUP EUP

branches, and from the fork between theſe divifions divifion of their branches ; they are yellow, and are
come out the umbels of flowers, each fork having fucceeded by roundifh capfules, which are rough,
one ; that which is fituated in the firſt divifion being having three cells like the other fpecies . This is
the largeſt, and thofe in the upper the fmalleft. The easily propagated by cuttings during any of the fum
flowers are of a greenish yellow colour ; they appear in mer months, and requires protection from the froft
June and July, and the fruit follows foon after, which in winter.
is divided into three lobes, and has three cells, each The twenty-fifth fort grows naturally in Ireland,
containing one roundish feed, which is caft out at a from whence the roots have been brought to Eng
diftance by the elafticity of the pods. This fort land ; this hath thick fibrous roots, which fend up
will propagate itſelf faft enough when it is once in feveral fingle unbranched ftalks about a foot high,
troduced into gardens, fo requires no care but to keep garniſhed with oblong leaves, placed alternate on
it clean from weeds. every fide. The flowers are produced in fmall um
The nineteenth fort grows naturally in the fouth of bels at the top of the ftalks ; they are yellow, and
France, in Spain, and Italy. This fends out many are fucceeded by rough warted capfules with three
trailing branches from the root, which grow about a cells ; it flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in Au
foot long, lying upon the ground, which are cloſely guft. This may be propagated by the roots, which
garniſhed with thick fucculent leaves ; thefe are flat, fhould be planted in a fhady fituation and a moiſt
fhort, and pointed ; they fpread open on every fide foil.
the branches, and are placed alternate, fitting clofe to This plant was almoft the only phyfic uſed by the
the ſtalks the flowers are produced in large umbels native inhabitants of Ireland formerly ; but fince the
at the end of the branches ; the involucrum of the ufe of mercury has been known to them, the other
principal umbel is compofed of feveral oval-pointed has been generally neglected .
leaves, but thoſe of the fmall umbels have only two The twenty-fixth fort grows naturally in the Levant ;
heart-ſhaped concave leaves, whofe borders are rough ; this hath a knobbed Pear-ſhaped root, from which
the flowers are yellow, and are fucceeded by three arife two or three ftalks about a foot and a half
feeds, incloſed in a roundifh capfule with three cells . high, garniſhed with oblong leaves, which are hairy,
This plant will continue two or three years upon a placed alternate on every fide the ſtalk. The flowers
dry warm foil, and will ripen feeds annually ; which , are produced in fmall umbels from the divifions ofthe
if permitted to fcatter, the plants will come up, ſtalk ; they are ſmall, of a greenish yellow colour, and
and require no other care but to keep them clean are feldom fucceeded by feeds here ; it may be propa
from weeds.
gated by offsets, fent out from the main root ; thefe
The twentieth fort grows naturally in Crete, and in may be taken off in autumn, and planted in a fhady
feveral islands of the Archipelago ; this rifes with an fituation, where they will thrive better than in the
full fun.
upright branching ftem to the height of four feet ;
the leaves of this are oblong and pointed, and are The twenty-feventh fort grows naturally at Aleppo,
placed alternate on the branches ; the flowers come and in other parts of the Levant ; this hath a peren
out in umbels from the fork between the branches ; nial creeping root, by which it multiplies very faft
they are ſmall and yellow, and are rarely fucceeded by where it is once eſtabliſhed . The ftalks of this rife a
feeds in England . It is eafily propagated by cuttings foot and a half high ; the lower leaves are narrow,
during any of the fummer months, and requires a ftiff, and briftly ; but thofe on the upper part of the
little protection from the froft in winter. ftalk are ſhaped like the narrow- leaved Myrtle. The
The twenty-firft fort grows naturally in the woods flowers are produced in large umbels from the divi
in many parts ofEngland ; it rifes with a fhrubby ftalk fions of the ſtalk ; they are yellow, and appear in
three feet high ; the flowers are produced in umbels June, but are rarely fucceeded by feeds in this country.
fitting cloſe to the ſtalks, fo form a long ſpike ; the The roots of this fhould be confined in pots ; for
empalements are of a greenish yellow, and the petals when they are planted in the full ground, they creep
black, fo they make an odd appearance. It flowers about to a great diſtance.
in May, and the feeds ripen in July . If the feeds The twenty-eighth fort grows naturally in many parts
of this are fown under trees in the autumn, the of the Levant, and alfo in Spain and Portugal. The
plants will rife the following fpring, and require no feeds of this were brought me from Scanderoon, by
culture. the late Mr. Robert Millar, who found the plants grow
The twenty-fecond fort ftands in the lift of medi ing plentifully there ; and he affured me, that he faw
cinal plants by the title of Efula major, but at pre the inhabitants wounding of theſe plants, and collect
fent is feldom uſed : this grows naturally in France ing their milky juice, which they mixed up withthe
and Germany upon marfhy places, where it rifes Scammony to fend abroad.
three or four feet high. It hath a perennial root, The feeds of this plant were fince fent me from Por
by which it may be propagated better than by feeds, tugal, by Robert More, Efq; who found the plants
which feldom grow, unless they are fown foon after growing there naturally, but this plant had been many
they are ripe. years before an inhabitant in the Engliſh gardens ; this
The twenty-third fort was difcovered in the Levant, rifes with a purple ſhrubby ſtalk near three feet high,
by Dr. Tournefort, who fent the feeds to the royal which is garnished with narrow, fpear-shaped, hairy
garden at Paris ; this hath a perennial root, from which leaves, fet cloſely on the ftalk alternately on every
•
arife many fucculent ftalks three feet high, covered fide ; the upper part of the ftalk is terminated by um
with a purple bark, and garniſhed with oblong ſmooth bels of flowers, which form a fort of fpike. The
leaves, fhaped like thofe of Willow, of a dark green greater umbels are multifid, but the fmall ones are bi
colour. The upper part of the ſtalks divide, and in fid. The involucrums of the flowers are yellow, and
the fork is fituated an umbel of flowers of a greenish the petals of the flowers black ; thefe appear in May,
yellow colour, which are fucceeded by round cap and are fucceeded by feeds which ripen in July : the
fules with three cells, each containing a fingle feed. young plants which have been lately raiſed from feeds,
It flowers in June, and the feeds are ripe in Auguſt ; are generally very fruitful, but the old ones, and thofe
this may be propagated by parting the roots, or raiſed by cuttings are barren ; this may be propagated
by fowing the feeds in autumn . The plant is hardy, by feeds, or from cuttings, and will live abroad if
fo will endure the greateſt cold of this country, if it planted in a dry rubbiſhy foil and a warm fituation,
is planted in a dry foil. otherwiſe they are frequently killed by fevere froft.
The twenty-fourth fort grows naturally in Sicily, and The twenty-ninth fort grows naturally in the fouth
on the borders of the Mediterranean Sea ; this riſes ofFrance, in Spain, and Italy ; this is a biennial plant,
with feveral fhrubby ftalks to the height of five or from whofe root arife two or three ftalks, which grow
fix feet, having a red bark, and are garnished with two or three feet high, garniſhed with fpear- fhaped
oblong, fmooth, blunt leaves, which are placed alter leaves, which are entire. The umbels of flowers ariſe
nate. The flowers grow in fmall umbels from the from the divifion of the branches ; the involucrums
are
 EUP EXO

are heart- shaped, and furround the pedicle with their about a foot high, dividing into a great number of
baſe. The flowers are yellow, and appear in June. branches, which ſpread very wide on every fide,
The feeds ripen in Auguft ; which, if permitted to garnished with roundifh, heart-shaped leaves, which
ſcatter, the plants will come up, and require no other are entire, ſtanding upon pretty long foot- ftalks. The
care but to keep them clean from weeds ; this muſt flowers come out fingly from the divifions of the
have a fhady fituation . ftalk ; they are fmall, and of an herbaceous colour,
The thirtieth fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz, and are fucceeded by fmall round capfules, contain
from whence the late Dr. Houftoun fent me the feeds ; ing three feeds .
this is an annual plant, which rifes from two to The laſt three forts are annual ; the feeds of theſe muſt
three feet high. The leaves of theſe are fometimes be fown upon a hot-bed in the ſpring, and when the
narrow and entire, at other times oval, and divided in plants are fit to remove, they fhould be each planted
the middle, almoft to the midrib, in ſhape of a fiddle ; in a ſmall pot filled with light earth, and plunged into
they alſo vary in their colour, fome being inclinable the hot-bed again, and muſt afterward be treated in
to purple, others of a light green ; they are fawed on the fame manner as other tender annual plants from
their edges, and ftand upon fhort foot-ftalks. The warm countries .
flowers are produced in fmall umbels at the end of EUPHRASIA. Eyebright.
the branches ; they are of a greeniſh white, and are This is a medicinal plant, which grows naturally in
fucceeded by finall round capfules with three cells. the fields and commons in moft parts of England, al
The thirty-firſt fort grows naturally in moſt of the ways among grafs, heath, furz, or fome other cover,
iflands in the Weft-Indies ; this is an annual plant, and will not grow when theſe are cleared from about
which rifes with a branching ftalk about two feet it ; nor will the feeds grow when they are fown in a
high, garnished with oblong, oval, fmooth leaves, garden ; for which reaſon I fhall not trouble the reader
which are fawed on the edges. The flowers grow with a deſcription, or any farther account of it, than
25
CJ

in fmall umbels at the foot-ftalks of the leaves, that the herb-women fupply the markets with it in
gathered into cloſe bunches ; theſe are white, and plenty from the fields .
1 Lat.]
are fucceeded by ſmall round capſules, incloſing three EXCORTICATION [ excorticatio, a
feeds. pulling or peeling off the outward bark of trees.
The feeds of the thirty-fecond fort were fent me EXOTICS [exotica, Lat. ] Exotic plants are ſuch
from La Vera Cruz, by the late Dr. Houſtoun ; this as are natives of foreign countries.
is an annual plant, which rifes with an upright ſtalk

F.

FAB FAB

ABA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 391. tab . 212. Vi There are feveral varieties of the Garden Bean, which
cia. Lin. Gen. Plant. 782. The Bean ; in are known and diftinguiſhed by the gardeners , but
French, Féve.. do not effentially differ from each other ; fo I ſhall
F The CHARACTERS are, not enumerate them as diftinct fpecies, nor join
The flower bath a tubulous empalement of one leaf, thefe to the Horſe Bean, as fome have done, who have
which is cut into five fegments at the brim ; the three lower fuppofed them to be but one ſpecies ; for, from hav
fegments being long, and the two upper are very short. The ing cultivated them more than forty years, without
flower is of the butterfly kind. The ftandard is large, findingthe Garden Bean degenerate to the Horfe Bean,
oval, and indented at the end ; the two fides turn back or the latter improving to the former, I conclude
ward, after fome time ; it hath two oblong erect wings, they are diftinct species.
which inclofe the keel, being much longer. The keel is There is a great variety of the Garden Beans , now
fhort, fwelling, and clofely covers the parts ofgeneration ; cultivated in the kitchen -gardens in England , which
thefe are joined in one column, almost to the top where differ in fize and ſhape ; fome of them producing their
they are divided ; the nine ftamina are in three parts, and pods much earlier in the year than others, for which
one ftands feparate ; these are terminated by roundish re they are greatly eſteemed by the gardeners, whofe pro
clined fummits. At the bottom is fituated an oblong com fit arifes from their early crops of moft efculent plants ;
prefed germen, fupporting aſhort angular style, crowned therefore they are very careful to improve all thoſe va
by an obtufe ftigma, which is bearded on the two fides. rieties which have a tendency to be fit for the markets
The germen afterward becomes a long, compreffed, leathery firft ; but as many forts of feeds, when cultivated long
pod, having one cell, filled with compreſſed kidney-ſhaped in the fame land, are apt to degenerate, fo new feeds
feeds. fhould be annually procured, either from abroad, or
Tournefort ranges this genus of plants in the ſecond fome diftant fituation, where the foil is of a different
fection of his tenth clafs, which includes the herbs
nature, by which change many of the varieties may
with a butterfly flower, whofe pointal turns to a long be continued in perfection.
pod with one cell . This is in the third fection of I fhall begin with the Garden Bean, called by the
Linnæus's feventeenth clafs, in which he places thoſe botanifts, Faba major to diftinguish it from the Horſe
plants whofe flowers have ten ftamina, joined in two Bean, which they have titled Faba minor feu Equina ;
bodies , and he joins it to his genus of Vicia, ſo he and I fhall only mention the names of each, by which
makes only a fpecific difference between them ; but as they are known among the gardeners, placing them
the Bean hath a compreffed leathery pod and kidney according to their time of ripening for the table.
fhaped feeds, and the Vetch a fwelling pod with round The Mazagan Bean is the firft and beft fort of early
feeds, they ſhould be feparated . Beans at prefent known ; thefe are brought from a fet
tlement
#
 FAB FAB

tlement of the Portuguefe on the coaſt of Africa, juſt good fruit-trees are planted, will greatly prejudice
without the Streights of Gibraltar ; the feeds of this the trees, by overshadowing them, and the growth
fort are ſmaller than thofe of the Horfe Bean ; and of theſe legumes will draw off the nouriſhment from
as the Portugueſe are but flovenly gardeners, there the roots of the trees, whereby they will be greatly
is commonly a great number of bad feeds among weakened.
them . If this fort is fown in October, under a warm But to return to the culture of the Beans. Thoſe which
hedge, pale, or wall, and carefully earthed up when are planted early in October, will come up by the be
the plants are advanced , they will be fit for the table ginning ofNovember ; and as foon as they are an inch
by the middle of May. The ftems of this fort are above ground, the earth fhould be carefully drawn up
very flender, therefore, if they are fupported by ſtrings with a hoe to their ftems ; and this muft be two or
clofe to the hedge, or pale, it will preferve them from three times repeated, as the Beans advance in height ;
the morning frofts, which are fometimes fevere in the which will protect their ſtems from the froft, and en
fpring, and retard their growth ; fo by keeping them courage their ſtrength. If the winter ſhould prove
cloſe tothe fence it will caufe them to come forwarder fevere, it will be very proper to cover the Beans with
than if this is neglected ; thefe Beans bear plentifully, Peas-haulm , Fern, or fome other light covering,
but they ripen nearly together, fo that there are never which will fecure them from the injury of froft ; but
more than two gatherings from the fame plants ; ifthe this covering muſt be conſtantly taken off in mild
feeds of this fort are faved two years in England, the weather, otherwiſe they will draw up tall and weak,
Beans will become much larger, and not ripen fo foon, and come to little ; and if the furface of the border is
which is called a degeneracy. covered with tanners bark, it will prevent the froſt
The next fort is the early Portugal Bean, which ap penetrating the ground to the roots of both, and
pears to be the Mazagan fort faved in Portugal, for be of great fervice to protect them from the injury
it is very like thofe which are the firft year faved in which they might otherwiſe receive .
England ; this is the moſt common fort uſed by the In the ſpring, when the Beans are advanced to be a
gardeners for their firft crop, but they are not near fo foot high, they ſhould be faſtened up to the hedge
well tafted as the Mazagan ; therefore when the Ma with packthread or a fmall line, fo as to draw them
zagan Bean can be procured, no perſon would plant as cloſe as poffible ; which will ſecure them from be
the other. ing injured by the morning frofts, which are often
The next is the fmall Spanish Bean ; this will come fo fevere in March and April, as to lay thofe Beans
in foon after the Portugal fort, and is rather a ſweeter flat on the ground, which are not thus guarded ; at
Bean , therefore ſhould be preferred to it. this time all fuckers which come out from the roots
Then comes the broad Spaniſh, which is a little later fhould be very carefully taken off; for thefe will
than the other, but comes in before the common retard the growth of the Beans, and prevent their
forts, and is a good bearer, therefore is frequently coming early; and when the bloffoms begin to open
planted. toward the bottom of the ſtalks , the top of the ſtems
The Sandwich Bean comes foon after the Spaniſh , ſhould be pinched off, which will cauſe thoſe firſt pods
and is almoſt as large as the Windfor Bean ; but, be to ftand, and thereby bring them forward. If theſe
ing hardier, is commonly fown a month ſooner ; this is rules are obſerved, and the ground kept clean from
a plentiful bearer, but not very delicate for the table. weeds, or other plants, there will be little danger of
The Toker Bean, as it is generally called, comes their failing.
about the ſame time with the Sandwich, and is a great But left this first crop fhould be deſtroyed by froſt,
bearer ; therefore is now much planted, though it is it will be abfolutely neceffary to plant more about three
a coarſe Bean. weeks after the firſt, and fo to repeat planting more
The white and black Bloffom Beans are alfo by fome every three weeks, or a month, till February ; but thoſe
perfons much eſteemed ; the Beans of the former are, which are planted toward the end of November, or the
when boiled, almoft as green as Peas ; and being a beginning of December, may be planted on floping
tolerable ſweet Bean, renders it more valuable ; theſe banks, at a ſmall diſtance from the hedges ; forifthewea
forts are very apt to degenerate, if their feeds are not ther is mild , theſe will not appear above ground before
faved with great care. Chriſtmas ; therefore will not be in fo much danger
The Windfor Bean is allowed to be the best of all the as the firſt and ſecond planting, eſpecially if the fur
forts for the table ; when theſe are planted on a good face of the ground is covered with tan to keep the
foil, and are allowed fufficient room, their feeds will froft out of the ground as is before directed ; for the
be very large, and in great plenty ; and when they are first planting will, by that time, be a confiderable
gathered young, are the ſweeteſt and beſt tafted of all height : the fame directions which are before given .
the forts , but theſe ſhould be carefully faved, by pull will be fufficient for the management of thefe ; but
ing out fuch of the plants as are not perfectly right, only it muſt be obferved, that the larger Beans fhould
and afterward by forting out all the good from the be planted at a greater diſtance than the fmall ones ;
bad Beans. as alſo, that thoſe which are first planted muſt be
This fort of Bean is feldom planted before Chriſtmas, put cloſer together, to allow for fome mifcarrying ;
becauſe it will not bear the froft fo well as many of therefore, when a fingle row is planted, the Beans
the other forts ; fo it is generally planted for the may be put two inches afunder, and thoſe of the
great crop, to come in June and July. third and fourth planting may be allowed three
All the early Beans are generally planted on warm inches ; and when they are planted in rows across a
borders under walls , pales , and hedges ; and thoſe bank, the rows fhould be two feet and a half afun
which are defigned to come firft, are uſually planted in der ; but the Windfor Beans fhould have a foot more
a fingle row pretty cloſe to the fence : and here I can ſpace between the rows, and the Beans in the rows
not help taking notice of a very bad cuftom, which fhould be planted five or fix inches afunder. This
too generally prevails in gentlemens kitchen-gardens , diſtance may, by fome perfons, be thought too
which is that of planting Beans cloſe to the garden great ; but from many years experience, I can affirm,
walls, on the beſt aſpects, immediately before , the that the fame ſpace of ground will produce a greater
fruit- trees, which is certainly a greater prejudice to quantity of Beans when planted at this diſtance, than
the trees, than the value of the Beans, or any other if double the quantity of feeds are put on it . Inthe
early crop ; therefore this practice fhould be every management of thefe later crops of Beans, the princi
where difcouraged ; for it is much better to run fome pal care ſhould be to keep them clear from weeds,
low Reed hedges acroſs the quarters of the kitchen and any other plants which would draw away their
garden, where early Beans and Peas may be planted, nouriſhment ; to keep earthing them up, and, when
in which places they may with more conveniency be they are in bloffom , to pinch off their tops ; which, if
covered in fevere froft ; and to theſe hedges they may fuffered to grow, will draw the nouriſhment from the
both be cloſely faftened, as they advance in their lower bloffoms, which will prevent the pods from fet
growth ; which, if practiſed againſt the walls where ting, and fo only the upper parts of the ſtems will be
3. fruitful ;
1
 FAB FAB

fruitful ; and another thing fhould be obſerved in of Beans may, with more certainty, be expected, and
1 planting of the fucceeding crops, which is , to make the land will be better prepared for whatever crop it
} choice of moist ftrong land for the later crops ; for if is defigned for after.
they are planted on dry ground, they rarely produce The feafon for fowing of thefe Beans is fromthe mid
a crop . dle of February to the end of March, according to
Thefe after- crops fhould be planted at about a fort the nature of the foil ; the ftrongeit and wet land
night diftance from each other, from the middle of fhould always be laft fown ; the ufual quantity of
February to the middle of May ; after which time Beans fown on an acre of land is about three bushels ;
it is generally too late to plant, unleſs the land is but this is double the quantity which need be fown,
; very strong and moift ; for in warm dry light land . efpecially according to the new hufbandry ; but I
all the late crops of Beans are generally attacked by fhall firft fet down the practice according to the old
the black infects, which cover all the upper part of huſbandry, and then give directions for their ma
their ſtems, and foon cauſe them to decay. nagement according to the new. The method of
1
Where the feeds of theſe Beans are defigned to be fowing is after the plough, in the bottom of the fur
faved, a fufficient number of rows fhould be fet apart rows ; but then the furrows fhould not be more than
for that purpoſe, according to the quantity defired ; five, or at moſt fix inches deep . If the land is new
thefe fhould be managed in the fame way as thofe broken up, it is ufual to plough it early in autumn,
which are defigned for the table ; but none of the and let it lie in ridges till after Chriſtmas ; then plough
Beans fhould be gathered , though there are fome it in ſmall furrows, and lay the ground fmooth ; theſe
covetous perfons, who will gather all the first ripe two ploughings will break the ground fine enough
for the table, and are contented to fave the after-crop forBeans, and the third ploughing is to fow the Beans,
for feed, but theſe are never ſo large and fair as the when the furrows fhould be made fhallow, as was be
firft ; fo that if theſe are for fale, they will not bring fore mentioned .
near the price as the other ; therefore, what is gained Moſt people ſet their Beans too cloſe ; for, as fome
to the table is loft in the value of the feed ; but thoſe lay the Beans in the furrows after the plough, and
who are defirous to preferve the feveral varieties as others lay them before the plough, and plough them
pure as poffible, fhould never fuffer two of the va in ; fo, by both methods the Beans are fet as cloſe as
rieties to grow for feeds in the fame place ; for by the furrows are made, which is much too near ; for
their farina mixing with each other they will not con when they are on ftrong good land, they generally
tinue fo pure, but be apt to vary ; and in order to are drawn up to a very great height, and are not fo
keep the early kinds perfect, thofe which come the apt to pod as when they have more room , and are of
earlieſt ſhould be faved for feeds ; but this is what lower growth ; therefore I am convinced by many
few people chufe to do, becauſe they are then the late trials, that the better way is to make the furrows
moft valuable. two feet and a half afunder, or more ; which will caufe
When the feed is ripe, the ftalks fhould be pulled up, them to branch out into many ftalks, and bear in
and fet upright againſt a hedge to dry, obferving greater plenty than when they are clofer ; by this me
to turn them every third day, that they may dry thod, half the quantity of Beans will be fufficient for
equally ; then they may be threſhed out, and cleaned an acre of land ; and by the fun and air being ad
for uſe, or otherwiſe ſtacked up in a barn, till there mitted between the rows, the Beans will ripen much
is more leiſure for threſhing them out ; and after earlier and more equally than in the common way.
ward the feed fhould be drawn over to take out What has been mentioned must be underſtood as re
all thoſe that are not fair, preſerving the beſt for uſe lating to the old huſbandry ; but where Beans are
or fale. planted according to the new, the ground fhould be
It is a very good method to change the feeds of all four times ploughed before the Beans are fet, which
forts of Beans , and not to fow and fave the feeds will break the clods, and render it much better for
long in the fame ground, for they do not fucceed fo planting ; then with a drill plough, to which a hop
well ; therefore, if the land is ftrong where they are per is fixed for fetting of the Beans, the drills fhould
to be planted, it will be the beſt way to procure be made at three feet afunder, and the fpring of the
the feeds from a lighter ground, and fo vice verſa ; hopper ſet ſo as to fcatter the Beans at three inches
and by this method the crops will be larger, and the diftance in the drills. By this method lefs than one
Beans fairer, and not fo liable to degenerate. bufhel of feed will plant an acre of land . When
Having given directions for the culture of the Gar the Beans are up, if the ground is ſtirred between the
den Beans, I fhall next proceed to that of the Horſe rows with a horſe plough, it will deftroy all the young
Bean, which is cultivated in the fields : there are two weeds ; and when the Beans are advanced about three
or three varieties of theſe Beans, which differ in their or four inches high, the ground fhould be again
fize and colour ; but that which is now in the greateſt ploughed between the rows, and the earth laid up to
eſteem , is called the Tick Bean ; this doth not grow the Beans ; and if a third ploughing, at about five or
fo high as the other, is a more plentiful bearer, and fix weeks after is given, the ground will be kept
fucceeds better on light land than the common Horſe clean from weeds, and the Beans will ſtalk out,
Bean, fo preferred to it. and produce a much greater crop than in the com
The Horſe Bean delights in a ſtrong moiſt ſoil, and mon way.
an open expoſure, for they never thrive well on dry When the Beans are ripe, they are reaped with a
warm land, or in ſmall incloſures, where they are very hook, as is uſually practifed for Peas ; and after hav
fubject to blight, and are frequently attacked by a ing lain a few days on the ground they are turned,
black infect, which the farmers call the black dol and this muſt be repeated feveral times, until they are
phin ; thefe infects are often in fuch quantities as to dry enough to ftack ; but the beſt method is to tie
cover the ftems of the Beans entirely, efpecially all them in fmall bundles, and fet them upright ; for
the upper part of them ; and whenever this happens , then they will not be in fo much danger to fuffer by
the Beans feldom come to good ; but in the open wet, as when they lie on the ground ; and they will
fields, where the foil is ftrong, this rarely happens. be more handy to carry and ftack, than if they are
Theſe Beans are ufually fown on land which is freſh loofe. The common produce is from twenty to
broken up, becauſe they are of ufe to break and pul twenty-five bufhels on an acre of land ; but I have
verize the ground, as alfo to deftroy weeds ; ſo that known thirty-fix on an acre.
the land is rendered much better for corn, after a The Beans fhould lie in the mow to fweat, before
crop of Beans, thani twould have been before, eſpe they are threſhed out ; for as the haulm is very large
cially if they are fown and managed according to the and fucculent, fo it is very apt to give and grow moiſt ;
new huſbandry, with a drill plough, and the horſe but there is no danger ofthe Beans receiving damage,
hoe, ufed to ftir the ground between the rows of if they are ftacked tolerably dry, becauſe the pods will
Beans, which will prevent the growth of weeds, and preferve the Beans from injury ; and they will be
pulverize the ground, whereby a much greater crop much eaſier to threſh after they have fweat in the
5 M mow
 FAG FAG

mow than before ; and after they have once fweated Thefe are both tender plants, fo must be kept in the
and are dry again, they never after give. bark -ftove conftantly, and are propagated by feeds,
By the new husbandry, the produce has exceeded and alfo by cuttings, if properly managed .
the old by more than ten bushels on an acre ; and if FAGONIA. Tourn . Init. R. H. 265. tab. 141. Lin.
the Beans which are cultivated in the common me Gen. Plant. 475. This plant was fo named by Dr.
thod are obferved, it will be found that more than Tournefort , in honour of Dr. Fagon, who was fuper
half their ſtems have no Beans on them ; for by ftand intendant of the royal garden at Paris.
ing clofe, they are drawn up very tall ; fo the tops The CHARACTERS are,
of the ſtalks only produce, and all the lower part is The flower bath a spreading empalement, compofed offive
naked ; whereas in the new method , they bear almoſt fmall leaves , it hath five heart s
-haped petals, which
to theground ; and as the joints of the ſtems are ſhorter, Spread open, and are narrow at their bafe, where they are
fo the Beans grow cloſer together on the ftalks. inferted in the empalement. It bath ten stamina which
In the year 1745 I made the following experiment, are erect, terminated by roundish fummits. In the center
in planting a piece of eleven acres of Beans in Berk is fituated a five-cornered germen, fupporting an awl
fhire, viz . the gentleman's bailiff, who was wedded fhaped flyle, crowned by a fingle ftigma. The germen
* to the old practice of hufbandry, was very unwil afterward becomes a roundish capfule having five lobes,
ling to depart from it ; and having been an old fer ending in a point, and five cells, each having a single
vant in the family, his mafter was inclinable to hear roundish feed.
all he could fay in favour of his opinion : however, Linnæus ranges this plant in the firft fection of his
at laſt I prevailed on the gentleman to let his bailiff tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Monogynia, from the
plant one half, of the land in his way, giving him flower having ten ftamina and one ſtyle.
the choice which half he would have : accordingly . The SPECIES are,
the land was divided and planted ; but the fummer 1. FAGONIA (Erecta ) fpinofa, foliolis lanceolatis planis
proving wet, the Beans on that part of the field he lævibus. Hort. Upfal. 103. Prickly Fagonia, whofe
had chofen grew fo tall and rank, that they produced leaves are spear-shaped, plain, and smooth. Fagonia
no pods but on the upper part of the ftalks ; and Cretica fpinofa. Tourn . Thorny Trefoil ofCandia.
when they were threfhed out, there was no more than 2 . FAGONIA ( Hifpanica) inermis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 386.
twenty-two bushels on an acre, whereas the other Fagonia without fpines. Fagonia Hifpanica non fpi
half produced near forty. nofa . Tourn. Spanish Fagonia without thorns.
FABA AEGYPTIACA , is the Arum Ægyptiacum. 3. FAGONIA ( Arabica) fpinofa, foliolis linearibus con
FABA CRASSA, is Anacampferos . vexis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 386. Prickly Fagonia with nar
FABAGO . See ZYGOPHYLLUM . row convex leaves . Fagonia Arabica, longiffimis acu
FAGARA . Brown . Hift. Jam. tab. 5. f. 1. Ironwood. leis armato. Shaw. Pl. Afr. 229. Arabian Fagonia,
The CHARACTERS are, armed with very long fpines.
It bath male and hermaphrodite flowers upon different The first fort is a native of the island of Candia :
plants ; the maleflowers have a fmall empalement, flightly this has been defcribed by fome botanifts under the
cut into four fegments, but have no petals, and fixfta title of Trifolium fpinofum Creticum , which occa
mina, terminated by roundish fummits : thefe are barren. fioned my giving it the English name of Thorny Tre
The female flowers have a larger concave permanent foil of Crete ; though there is no other affinity be
empalement with four ſpreading petals, and four stamina, tween this and the Trefoil, than that of this having
crowned with oval fummits, and an oval germen, fup three leaves or lobes on the fame foot-ftalk .

porting a fender ftyle, terminated by an obtufe ftigma ; This is a low plant, which ſpreads its branches.
the germen afterward becomes a globular capfule with clofe to the ground, which are extended to the
two lobes, inclofing two feeds. length of a foot or more every way, garnished
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of with fmall trifoliate oval leaves, placed oppoſite ;
Linnæus's fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Mono and at each joint, immediately below the leaves,
gynia ; whereas it ſhould be put into his fixth fection come out two pair of fpines , one on each fide
of the twenty-third clafs, as the flowers are male and the ftalk ; and at the fame places come out a
hermaphrodite on different plants, and the flowers fingle blue flower, ftanding upon a fhort foot
have fix ftamina : but this miſtake he was led into by ſtalk, compofed of five fpear-fhaped petals, which
Jacquin, who had ſeen and deſcribed the hermaphro are narrow at their bafe, where they are inferted
dite flowers only. into the empalement ; after thefe fall away, the ger
The SPECIES are, men turns to a roundifh five-lobed capfule, ending
1. FAGARA (Pterota) foliolis emarginatis. Amoen. Acad . in an acute point, having five cells, each containing
5. P. 393. Fagara, whofe lobes (or fmall leaves) are in one roundifh feed. It flowers in July and Auguft ,
dented at the top. Lauro affinis, jaſmini alato folio, but unleſs the feafon proves warm, the feeds do not
cofta media membranulis utrinque extantibus alata, ripen in England.
ligno duritie ferro vix cedens. Sloan . Hift . Jam. 2 . The fecond fort grows naturally in Spain ; this dif
P. 25. Ironwood. fers from the first in being fmooth, the branches of this
2. FAGARA (Tragodes) articulis pinnarum fubtus acu having no thorns ; and the plant will live two years,
leatus. Jacq. Amer. 13. Fagara with fpines under the whereas the firft is annual.
leaves at the joints. Schinoides petiolis fubtus aculea The third fort was difcovered by the late Dr. Shaw
tis. Hort. Cliff. 489 . in Arabia ; this is a low plant with a fhrubby ftalk,
The first fort grows naturally in the warmest parts of from which come out feveral weak branches armed
America. The late Dr. Houftoun found it growing with long thorns ; the leaves of this are thick, nar
at Campeachy, from whence he fent me dried fpeci row, and convex on their lower fide ; the flowers
mens of the plants in flower, by which I am con come out in the fame manner as in the firit fort.
vinced there are male trees which are barren. It Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which thould
rifes with a woody ftem upwards of twenty feet high, be fown upon a border of fresh light earth, where the
fending out branches great part of its length, gar plants are defigned to remain, for they do not bear
nifhed with fmall winged leaves, having three or five tranfplanting well ; when the plants come up, they
lobes to each. The flowers come from the fide of may be thinned out to the diftance of ten inches or a
the branches, ftanding four or five together upon foot ; and if they are kept clean from weeds, they
fhort foot-ftalks . will require no other care.
The fecond fort I have placed here after Linnæus , The first fort is an annual plant, which feldom per
but am not fure it fhould be ranged with it ; for al fects its feeds in England, unless the feafons prove
though I have pretty ftrong plants of it growing in very warm ; therefore the belt way is to fow the
the Chelſea garden, they have not yet flowered , but feeds upon a warm border in the autumn, and in
by the external face of the plant, it feems to agree frofly weather fhelter the plants with mats, or fome
with the firft. covering to fecure them ; or if they are town in
6 pots
 FAG FEN
24

pots and placed under a frame in the winter, and the weeds, as alfo to dig up the ground between the rows,
following fpring fhaken out of the pots, and planted at least once a year, that their tender roots may the
I in a warm border, they will come early to flower, better extend themfelves each way : but be careful not
and thereby ripe feeds may be more certainly ob to cut or bruife their roots, which is injurious to all
tained.
young trees ; and never dig the ground in fummer,
The other two forts may be treated in the fame way; when the earth is hot and dry ; which, by letting in
for as theſe feldom flower the first year from feeds, fo the rays of the fun to the roots, is often the deftruc
the plants ſhould be either kept in pots, and fheltered tion of young trees .
under a frame in winter, or placed in a warm border, This tree will grow to a confiderable ftature, though
274 where they may be ſheltered with mats, or fome other the foil be ftony and barren ; as alfo upon the declivi
1 covering, to preferve them from the froft ; and the ties of hills, and chalky mountains, where they will
thnx following fummer the fecond fort will flower and pro refift the winds better than moft other trees ; but then
duce ripe feeds, but the third has not perfected any the nurſeries for the young plants ought to be upon
feeds as yet in England . the fame foil ; for if they are raifed in good foil and
FAGOPYRUM . See HELXINE . a warm expoſure, and afterwards tranfplanted into a
FAGUS. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 584. tab. 351. Lin. bleak barren fituation , they feldom thrive, which holds
Gen. Plant. 951. [ fo called from gayw, Gr. be true in most other trees ; therefore I would advife the
cauſe ſuppoſed to be the food of the firſt race of man nurſery to be made upon the fame foil where the plan
kind . ] The Beech-tree ; in French, Hêtre. tation is intended, but of this I fhall fay more under
The CHARACTERS are, the article of NURSERY.
It bath male and female flowers on the fame tree ; the The tree is very proper to form large hedges to
male flowers are collected into globular heads ; thefe have furround plantations, or large wilderness quarters ;
no petals, but have ſeveral ſtamina included in an em and may be kept in a regular figure, iffheared twice
palement ofone leaf, which are terminated by oblong fum a year, especially if they ſhoot ftrong ; in which cafe,
mits. The female flowers have a one-leaved empalement ifthey are neglected but a feafon or two, it will be dif
cut into four parts, but have no petals ; the germen is ficult to reduce them again. The fhade of this tree
fixed to the empalement, fupporting three ftyles, crowned is very injurious to moft forts of plants which grow
by reflexed ftigmas. The germen afterward becomes a near it, but is generally believed to be very falubrious
roundish capfule, armed with foft fpines, opening in to human bodies .
DI three cells, each containing a triangular nut. The timber is of great ufe to turners for making
". trenchers, diſhes, trays, buckets ; and likewife to
This genus of plants is ranged in the eighth fec.
¿

tion of Linnæus's twenty-firft clafs, which in the joiner for ftools, bedſteads, coffins, &c. The
cludes thoſe plants that have male and female maft is very good to fat fwine and deer ; it alfo af
flowers on the fame plant, and the male flowers have fords a fweet oil, and the nuts have in ſcarce times
many ftamina. To this genus he has joined the fupported fome families with bread.
Chefnut ; but as the male flowers of the Chefnut This tree delights in a chalky or ſtony ground , where
are collected in long katkins, and thofe of the Beech it generally grows very faft ; and the bark of the
are globular, and the fruit of the latter being trian trees in fuch land is clear and fmooth ; and although
gular, there is fufficient reafon for keeping them fe the timber is not fo valuable as that of many other
parate. trees, yet as it will thrive on fuch foils and in fuch
We know but one SPECIES of this genus, viz. fituations where few better trees will fcarce grow, the
FAGUS (Sylvatica) foliis ovatis obfolete ferratis. Hort. planting of them ſhould be encouraged ; eſpecially as
Cliff. 447. Fagus. Dod . Pempt. 832. The Beech-tree the trees afford an agreeable fhade, and the leaves make
with ovalfared leaves. a fine appearance in fummer, and continue green as
There are fome planters, who fuppofe there are two long in autumn as any ofthe deciduous trees : there
1 diftinct fpecies of this tree ; one they call the Moun fore in parks, and other plantations for pleaſure, this
tain Beech, which they ſay is a whiter wood than the tree deſerves to be cultivated among thoſe of the firſt
other, which they diftinguiſh by the title of Wild clafs, eſpecially where the foil is adapted to it.
Beech ; but it is certain, that this difference in the The two forts with variegated leaves may be pro
colour of the wood arifes from the difference of the pagated by budding or grafting them upon the com
foils in which they grew, for I have not feen any fpe mon Beech, obferving not to plant them in a good
cific difference in the trees. There have been feeds earth ; which will caufe the buds or cyons to ſhoot
ofa Beech-tree brought from North-America, bythe vigorously, whereby the leaves will become plain,
title of Broad-leaved Beech, but the plants which which often happens to moft variegated plants.
were raiſed from them proved to be the common fort ; FARINA FECUNDANS is the impregnating
fo that we know of no other variety, excepting thofe meal or dust on the apices or fummits of flowers ;
with ftriped leaves, which is accidental ; and when which, being conveyed into the uterus or vafculum
the trees are in vigour, the leaves become plain again. feminale of plants, fecundates the rudiments of the
This tree is propagated by fowing the maft ; the feeds in the ovary, which otherwife would decay and
feafon for which is any time from October to February, come to nothing. See GENERATION OF PLANTS.
only obferving to fecure the feeds from vermin when FEATHERFEW, or FEAVERFEW. See
early fowed ; which, if carefully done, the fooner they MATRICARIA .
are fown the better, after they are full ripe : a fmall FENCES. In hotter climates than England, where
fpot of ground will be fufficient for railing a great they have not occafion for walls to ripen their fruit,
number of theſe trees from feed, but you must be their gardens lie open, where they can have water
very careful to keep them clear from weeds ; and if fence and profpects ; or elfe they bound their gardens
the plants come up very thick, you ſhould not fail to with groves, in which are fountains, walks, &c.
draw out the ftrongeft of them the autumn following, which are much more pleafing to the fight than a
that thoſe left may have room to grow ; fo that if you dead wall but in colder countries, and in England,
huſband a feed-bed carefully, it will afford a three we are obliged to have walls to fhelter and ripen our
years draught of young plants, which fhould be fruit, although they take away much from the plea
planted in a nurfery ; and, if defigned for timber fant profpect of the garden.
trees, at three feet diftance row from row, and Since therefore we are under a neceffity to have walls
eighteen inches afunder in the rows. to fecure our gardens from the injury of winds,
But if they are defigned for hedges ( to which the as well as for the conveniency of partitions or inclo
tree is very well adapted) the diftance need not be fo fures, and alſo to ripen our fruit, brick walls are ac
great ; two feet row from row, and one foot in the counted thewarmeft and beft forthis purpofe : and thefe
rows will be fufficient. In this nurſery they may re walls being built pannel-ways, with pillars at equal
main two or three years, obferving to clear them from diftances, will fave a great deal of charge, in that
the
 FEN FEN

the walls may be built thinner, than if they were built ferved, one of theſe pales will laſt, with a little care,
plain without theſe pannels, for then it would be ne upward of forty years very well. The common way
ceffary to build them thicker every where : and be of making theſe fences is, to have every other pale
fides, theſe pannels make the walls look the hand nine or ten inches above the intermediate ones ; fo
fomer. that the fence may be fix feet and a half high, which
Stone walls are by fome preferred to thofe of brick, is enough for fallow deer ; but where there are red
efpecially thofe of fquare hewn ftones ; but where they deer, the fence fhould be one foot higher, otherwiſe
are defigned for fruit, they ſhould be faced with brick. they will leap over.
Thoſe that are made of rough ftones, though they are Some inclofe their parks with brick walls ; and in
very dry and warm, yet, by reafon of their uneven countries where ftone is cheap, the walls are built
nefs, are inconvenient to nail up trees to , except pieces with this material ; fome with, and others without
of timber be laid in them here and there for to mortar.
faften a trellis to them. A kitchen-garden, if rightly contrived, will contain
But in large gardens it is better to have the profpect walling enough to afford a fupply of fuch fruits as
open to the pleafure-garden, which fhould be fur require the affiftance of a wall for any family ; and
rounded with a foffe, that from the garden the adja this garden being fituated on one fide, and quite out
cent country may be viewed, but this muſt depend on of fight of the houſe, may be furrounded with walls,
the fituation of the place ; for if the profpect from the which will fcreen the kitchen- garden from the fight
garden is not good, it had better be fhut out from the of perfons in the pleaſure-garden ; and being locked
fight by a wall, or any other fence, than to be open. up, the fruit will be much better preferved than it
As alfo, where a garden lies near a populous town, can be in the public garden : and the having too great
and the adjoining grounds are open to the inhabitants , a quantity of walling is often the occafion that fo
if the garden is open, there will be no walking there many fcandalous trees are frequently to be ſeen in
in good weather, without being expofed to the view large gardens, where there is not due care obferved
of all paffengers, which is very difagreeable. in their management.
Where thefe foffes are made round a garden which And befides, the borders of pleafure- gardens are ge
is fituated in a park, they are extremely proper ; be nerally too narrow for the roots of fruit-trees, as will
cauſe hereby the profpect of the park will be obtained be fhewn in its proper place, therefore it is in vain
in the garden, which renders thefe gardens much to plant them there.
more agreeable than thoſe which are confined . The height of garden-walls fhould be from ten to
In the making theſe foffes there have been many in twelve feet, which is a moderate proportion ; and if
ventions ; but, upon the whole, I have not feen any the foil be good, it may in time be well furniſhed
which are in all refpects preferable to thofe which have with bearing wood in every part, efpecially thofe
an upright wall next the garden ; which (where the parts planted with Pears, notwithſtanding the branches
foil will admit of a deep trench) fhould be fix or ſeven being trained horizontally from the bottom of the
feet high, fo as to be above the reach of boys ; and walls.

from the foot of this wall, the ground on the outſide I would recommend the White Thorn, the Holly,
fhould rife with a gradual eaſy ſlope to the diſtance of the Black Thorn and Crab, for outward fences to a
eighteen or twenty feet ; and where it can be allowed, good ground, but I do not approve of the intermixing
if it flopes much farther, it will be eaſier and leſs them .
perceptible as a ditch to the eye, when viewed at a The White Thorn is the beft quick to plant, becauſe
diftance. But if the ground is naturally wet, fo as it is the moſt common, and may be clipped fo as to
not to admit of a deep foffe, then, in order to make render it the clofeft and hardieft fence of any other
a fence againſt cattle, if the wall be four feet high, tree ; and being very durable, is preferred to all others
and flight pofts of three feet and a half high are placed for outward fences , or for the divifion of fields, where
juft behind the wall, with a ſmall chain carried on they are expofed to cattle, & c.
from poft to poft, no cattle or deer will ever attempt The Black Thorn and Crab make very good fences,
to jump againſt it, therefore it will be a fecure fence and are to be raiſed as the White Thorn ; but if the
against them ; and if theſe are painted of a dark lead kernels of Apples or Crabs be fown, it is beft to fow
colour, they will not be difcerned at a diftance ; and the pommace with them, and they will come up the
at the fame time the chain will fecure perfons walking fooner, i. e. the firſt year, if fown in the autumn, foon
in the garden from tumbling over : and if another after the fruit is ripe.
chain is carried through the pofts at one foot from the If Crab-ftocks be planted while young, in the fame
ground, it will more effectually prevent cattle from manner as quick, they make excellent hedges foon,
creeping under. and fo will ſome forts of Plumbs, I mean fuch as
In fuch places where there are no good profpects to have thorns .
be obtained from a garden, it is common to make the The Black Thorn is not accounted fo good for fences
incloſure of park- paling ; which, if well performed , as the White Thorn , becauſe it is apt to run more
will laſt many years, and has a much better appear into the ground, and is not certain as to the growing,
ance than a wall : and this pale may be hid from the efpecially if the plants are not fet very young ; but
fight within, by plantations of fhrubs and Ever then on the other hand, the buſhes are by much the
greens ; or there may be a quick hedge planted within better, and are alfo more lafting than the White
the pale, which may be trained up, fo as to be an Thorn, or any other, for dead hedges, or to mend
excellent fence by the time the pales begin to decay. gaps ; nor are they fubject to be crcpt by cattle, as
There are fome perfons who make ftuckade fences the others are. The richer the mould is, the better
round their gardens to keep out cattle, &c. which, they will profper, but yet they will grow on the fame
when well made, will anſwer the purpoſe of a fence ; fort of foil that the White Thorn does.
but this being very expenſive in the making, and not The Holly will make an excellent fence, and is pre
of very long duration, has occafioned their not being ferable to all the reft, but is a flow grower ; but
more commonly in ufe. when once it does grow, it makes amends by its
As to fences round parks, they are generally of pa height, ftrength , and thickneſs.
ling ; which, if well made of winter- fallen Oak, will It is raifed of young feedling plants or berries, as the
laft many years ; but a principal thing to be obſerved White Thorn is, and the berries will lie as long in
in makingthefe pales, is not to make them too heavy ; the ground before they come up. It delights moft
for when they are fo, their own weight will cauſe in ftrong grounds, but will grow upon the driest
them to decay ; therefore the pale ſhould be cleft thin, gravel, amongſt rocks and ftones.
and the rails fhould be cut triangular, to prevent the The berries lie till the fecond fpring before they come
wet lodging upon them ; and the pofts fhould be good , up, therefore they ſhould be prepared before they are
and not placed too far afunder, burning that part of fown ( for this fee the article AQUIFOLIUM. ) It will
then as goes into the ground. If thefe things are ob be beft to fow them in the place where you defign
3 they
 FER FER

they fhould grow, but they ſhould be well weeded | 4. FERULA ( Ferulago) foliis pinnatifidis, pinnis linearibus
both before they come up and afterwards. planis trifidis. Hort. Cliff. 95. Ferula with wing-pointed
French Furz will alfo do well upon dry fandy banks, leaves, whofe pinne are narrow , plain, and trifid. Fe
where few other plants will grow ; but they must be rula latiore folio. Mor. Hift . 3. p. 309. Fennel Giant
kept very clean at the bottom, and cut thin, and with a broader leaf.
never fuffered to grow too high : nor fhould they be 5 . FERULA ( Orientalis) foliorum pinnis bafi nudis, fo
cut in dry weather, or late in autumn, nor early in liolis fetaceis. Hort. Cliff. 95. Ferula with the wings
the fpring ; the doing either of which is fubject to of the leaves naked at the bafe, and the fmaller leaves
make it die in patches, which is irrecoverable ; nor briftly. Ferula Orientalis, Cachyros folio & facie.
will it ever break out again from old wood, if cut Tourn. Cor. 22. Eaſtern Fennel Giant with the leafand
*
clofe in, after it has been fuffered long to grow out. appearance of Cacbrys.
Fences may likewiſe be made of Elder : if the foil 6 . FERULA (Mecides) foliorum pinnis utrinque bafi acu
be any thing good, you may put fticks of Elder, or tis, foliolis fetaceis. Hort. Cliff. 95. Ferula with the
E:

truncheons ten or twelve feet long, flopeways in your wings of the leaves pointed at their base on every fide.
banks, fo as to make a chequer-work ; and they will Laferpitium Orientale mei folio, flore luteo. Tourn .
make a fence for a garden the quickeſt of any thing, Cor. 23. Eaftern Laferwort with a Spignel leaf and
and be a good fhelter. But thefe fences are improper yellow flower.
for a fine garden, becauſe they ſhoot very irregular, 7. FERULA (Nodiflora) foliolis appendiculatis, umbellis
and are ungovernable ; as likewife the roots of theſe fubfeffilibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 247. Ferula with ap
trees fpread very far, and draw away all the heart of pendages to the smaller leaves, and umbels fitting close to
the ground, fo as to ftarve whatever plants grow near the ftalks. Libanotis ferulæ folio & femine. C. B. P.
thein and add to this the fcattering of the berries, 158. Libanotis with a Fennel Giant leaf and feed.
which will fill the ground near them with young 8 . FERULA (Glauca ) foliis fupradecompofitis, foliolis
plants ; which, if not timely weeded out, will get the lanceolato- linearibus planis. Hort . Cliff. 95. Fennel
better of whatever grows near them ; therefore this Giant with linear, Spear- shaped, decompounded leaves.
fort of fence is feldom planted , where a hedge of Ferula folio glauco, femine lato oblongo . J. B. 3 .
White Thorn can be had. P. 45.
Elder planted on a bank, the fide of which is washed The firſt of theſe plants is pretty common in the
with a river or ſtream, will make an extraordinary Engliſh gardens : this, if planted in a good foil, will
fence, and will preferve the bank from being under growto a great height, and divide into many branches :
mined by the water, becauſe it is continually fending the lower leaves of this fort fpread more than two
fuckers from the roots and lower branches, which is of feet every way, and branch out into many divifions, "
great advantagewhere theftream waſhes awaythe bank. which are again fubdivided into many ſmaller, gar
4 For middle fences in a garden, the Yew is the moſt nifhed with very long, narrow, fmall leaves that are
tonfile, governable, and durable plant. fingle ; they are of a lucid green, and fpread near
For furrounding wilderness quarters, Elm, Lime, the ground. From the center of the plant comes out
Hornbeam and Beech, are very proper. the flower-ftalk, which, when the plants are ſtrong,
FENNEL. See FOENICULUM . will be near as large as a common broomstick, and
FENNEL-FLOWER. See NIGELLA. will rife ten or twelve feet high, having many joints ;
go
FERRUM EQUINUM. See HIPPOCREPIS . if the ftalks are cut, there iffues from the veffels a
FERULA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 305. Tourn. Inſt. R. fœtid yellowish liquor, which will concrete on the
H. 321. tab. 170. [takes its name of Ferendo, Lat. furface of the wound. The ftalks are terminated by
becauſe the ſtalks of this plant are made ufe of in large umbels of yellow.flowers, which come out the
fupporting the branches of trees ; or of Feriendo, be latter end of June, or in the beginning of July ; theſe
cauſe in old time fticks were made of them, with are fucceeded by oval compreffed feeds, which have
which fchool-mafters uſed to correct their ſcholars . ] three lines running longitudinally on each fide. Theſe
Fennel Giant ; in French, Ferule. ripen in September, and the ftalks decay foon after.
The CHARACTERS are, When the ſtalks are dry, they are full of a light dry
It hath an umbellated flower ; the principal umbel is glo pith, which will foon take fire.
bular, and is compofed of feveral ſmaller called rays, of Mr. Ray fays, that the people of Sicily uſe the pith
the fame form ; the involucrum is compofed offeveral nar of this plant for tinder to light their fires. And if
row leaves which fall off; the principal umbel is uniform. this was practifed by the ancients, we may eaſily gueſs
The flowers have five oblong erect petals which are equal, why the poets feigned, that Prometheus ftole fire
and five ftamina of the fame length, terminated byJingle from heaven, and carried it to the earth in a hollow
fummits ; under the flower is fituated a turbinated ger Ferula.
men, fupporting two reflexed styles, crowned by obtufe The leaves of theſe plants decay foon after the feeds
figmas. The germen afterward becomes an elliptical, com are formed, fo that before they are ripe, there are
preffed, plain fruit, dividing in two parts, each having a feldom any leaves remaining, and the ftalks afterward
large elliptical plain feed, marked with three lines on each dry and become very tough ; fo it is not unlikely
fide. theſe may have been uſed for correction in the fchools,
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection as they are very light, and cannot do much injury.
of Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia, The roots of this fort will continue feveral years, ef
which contains thofe plants whofe flowers have five pecially on a dry foil, and will annually produce
ftamina and two ftyles. flowers and feeds.
The SPECIES are, The fecond fort doth not grow quite fo large as the
1. FERULA (Communis ) foliolis linearibus longiffimis fim firft, but the ſtalks of this will rife feven or eight feet
plicibus. Hort. Cliff. 95. Ferula with thefmaller leaves, high ; the lower leaves are large, and greatly divided ;
very narrow, long, and fingle. Ferula major, feu fæ the ſmall leaves are flat, and not fo long as thoſe of
mina Plinii . M. Umb. Pliny's Female Fennel Giant. the former, and are of a lucid green colour ; the um
2. FERULA (Galbanifera) foliolis multipartitis, laciniis li bels of flowers are fmaller, and the feeds are lefs.
nearibus planis. Hort. Cliff. 95. Ferula whofe fmaller This flowers and ripens its feeds about the fame time
leaves are divided into many narrow parts which are plain. as the former fort.
Ferula galbanifera. Lob . Obf. Galbanum-bearing Fennel The third fort hath large fpreading leaves near the
Giant. root, which are divided and fubdivided into many
3. FERULA (Tingitana) foliolis laciniatis, lacinulis tri parts ; the ſmall leaves of this are much broader than
dentatis inæqualibus. Hort. Cliff. 95. Ferula whoſe in any of the other forts, and theſe are divided at
fmaller leaves are cut, and fegments ending in three un their end into three unequal fegments ; the leaves are
equal parts. Ferula Tingitana, folio latiffimo lucido. of a very lucid green. The ftalks are ftrong, and
H. Édin. Broad- leaved fhining Fennel Giant from rife to the height of eight or ten feet, and are ter
Tangier. minated by large umbels of yellow flowers, which are
5 N fucceeded
 FER FIC

The CHARACTERS are,

fucceeded by large, oval, compreffed feeds, like thoſe
of the first fort. This flowers and ripens its feeds It hath two keel-flaped ſpathæ (or ſheaths) which alter
about the fame time as the former fort ; it grows na nately inclofe the flowers, which have fix oblong pointed
turally in Spain and Barbary. petals curled at their borders, revolving, and are alter
The fourth fort grows to much the fame height as the nately larger , and three stamina fitting on the ſtyle, ter
fecond ; the leaves of this branch out on every fide minated by twin roundifh fummits' ; and a roundish three
pretty wide, and the ſmaller leaves on the divifions cornered germen under the flower, fupporting a fimple
of the leaves, are broader than thofe of the others erect ftigma, crowned by three bifid, hooded, curled ftig
(excepting the third) but they are longer than thoſe, ma ; the germen afterward becomes an oblong three- cor
and are of a darker green colour, ending in three nered capfule, having three cells, filled with roundish
points. The umbels of flowers are large, the flowers feeds.
are yellow, and are fucceeded by oval compreffed This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
feeds, like thofe of the other fpecies. This grows of Linnæus's twentieth clafs, intitled Gynandria tri
naturally in Sicily. andria, the flower having three ftamina which fit
The fifth fort is of much humbler growth than either upon the ftyle.
of the former ; the ftalks of this feldom rife much The SPECIES are,
more than three feet high ; the lower leaves branch 1 . FERRARIA (Undulata) foliis lanceolatis . Burm . Icon .
into many divifions, which are clofely garniſhed with Ferraria with Spear-fhaped leaves. Iris ftellata, Cycla
very fine briftly leaves ; the umbel of flowers is but minis radice, pullo flore. Barrel. Icon. 1216. Starry
fmall, when compared with the others, and the feeds Iris with a root like the Sowbread.
are ſmaller. It grows naturally in the Levant. 2. FERRARIA ( Enfiformi ) foliis enfiformibus. Burm . Icon.
The fixth fort hath very branching leaves, the foot Ferraria with fword f
-haped leaves.
ſtalks are angular and channelled ; this fends out at Theſe plants grow naturally at the Cape of Good
every joint two fide branches oppofite ; thofe toward Hope ; the roots of the first fort were fent me by
the bottom are nine or ten inches long, and the others Dr. Job Bafter, of Zirkzee, who received them from
are diminiſhed gradually to the top ; theſe fide the Cape. The root of this is fhaped like that of
branches ſend out fmaller at each joint in the fame the Bizantine Cornflag ; it has a bright brown ſkin
manner, which are garnished with very fine leaves or cover ; on the upper fide is a hollow like a navel,
like thofe of Spignel, which ftand quite round the from whence the flower-ftalk arifes. The ſtalk rifes
ftalks in ſhape of whorls ; the flower-ftalks grow three a foot and a half high, and is about the fize of a
feet high, having a pretty large umbel of yellow man's middle finger, garniſhed with leaves the whole
flowers at the top ; thefe are fucceeded by oval flat length ; thefe are keel-fhaped, embracing the ſtalks
feeds, which ripen in the autumn. It grows naturally with their baſe. The upper part of the ſtalk divides
in the Levant. into two or three branches , which are garniſhed
The feventh fort rifes about three feet high ; the with the fame fhaped leaves, but they are fmaller ;
leaves of this fort are much divided, and the fmall each of the branches are terminated by a large fpa
leaves on the divifions are very narrow and entire ; the or ſheath of the fame colour with the leaves,
the umbels of flowers are ſmall, and are fituated cloſe but this afterward withers and decays ; theſe fheaths
to the ſtalks between the leaves at the joints ; theſe are double, and fplit at the top, where the flower
are like thoſe of the other forts. It grows naturally peeps out its petals ; thefe fix petals are three alter
in Iftria and Carniola. nately larger than the other, and are curiouſly fringed
The eighth fort grows naturally in Italy and Sicily. on their borders ; they are of a pale greenish colour
The leaves of this are compofed of many narrow flat on their outſide, but of a tawney purple within, and
fegments, of a gray colour, and are divided into are of a fhort duration ; in the centre of the flower
many parts : the ſtalk riſes from three to four feet is fituated the ſtyle, having the three ſtamina fixed
high, and is terminated by an umbel of yellow flow on the fide, and is terminated by twin ftigmas ; the
ers in July, which are fucceeded by oval compreſſed germen is fituated under the flower, which after
feeds which ripen in autumn. ward becomes an oblong ſmooth capfule with three
All theſe forts have perennial roots, which will con cells, filled with roundish feeds.
tinue feveral years ; theſe have thick ftrong fibres , The fecond fort is rare in England ; this differs from
which run deep in the ground, and divide into many the former in having fmaller roots, and longer fword
fmaller, fpreading to a confiderable diſtance every fhaped leaves, which have deeper veins ; the ftalk
way the ftalks are annual, and decay foon after alfo does not divide fo much, and the flowers are
they have perfected their feeds. As theſe plants ſpread fmaller, and lefs fringed on their borders.
very wide, fo they ſhould have each four or five feet They are both progagated by offsets fent out from
room ; nor fhould they ftand near to other plants, for the roots, in the fame way as the Ixia, and ſhould
their roots will rob whatever plants grow near them of be cultivated in the fame manner as is directed for
their nouriſhment. thoſe and the African Gladiolus, being too tender
They are all propagated by feeds, which fhould be to thrive in the open air in England , nor do they fuc
fown in the autumn ; for if they are kept out of the ceed well in a green-houſe ; therefore the beſt me
ground till the fpring, they frequently fail, and thoſe thod is, to make a border four feet wide, either in
which fucceed remain a year in the ground, fo that the front of the green-houſe or ſtoves, covering it
much time is loft. The feeds may be fown in drills, with a proper frame and glaffes, fo that the plants
by which method the ground may be eaſier kept may enjoy the free air in mild weather, but be pro
clean ; they must not be nearer than a foot row from tected from froft. In fuch a frame, moft of the Afri
row, and the feeds may be ſcattered two or three can bulbous and tuberous rooted plants may be
inches afunder in the drills ; when the plants come up, brought to great perfection .
they muſt be kept clean from weeds ; and where they There is a great fingularity in the root of the firit
are too cloſe together, they ſhould be thinned, to allow fpecies, which is in its vegetating only every other
them room to grow, for theywill not be ftrong enough year, and the intermediate years it remains at reft.
to remove till they have had two years growth ; then FICOIDES. See MES EMBRYANTHEMUM.
in the autumn fo foon as their leaves decay, the roots FICUS. Lin . Gen. Plant . 1032. Tourn . Inft. R. H.
fhould be taken up with great care, fo as not to cut or 662. tab. 420. The Fig-tree ; in French, Figuier.
injure the tap or downright root, and then planted in The CHARACTERS are,
the places where they are defigned to remain, for after It bath male and female flowers, which are included
this tranfplanting they fhould not be removed. They within the covering, or skin of the fruit, fo do not appear
delight in a foft, gentle, loamy foil , not too wet, and unless the covering is opened ; the male flowers are but few
are very rarely injured by the hardeſt froſt. in number, and are fituated in the upper part ofthefruit ,
FERRARIA . Burman. Lin. Gen. 1018 . the female flowers are numerous, and fituated in the lower
part.
 4.

FIC FIC

part. The male flowers fit each upon a feparate foot luable, is cultivated in moft parts of Europe ; of this
talk, and have an empalement divided into three parts ; there are great varieties in the warm countries, which
they have no petals, but three briftly ftamina as long as have been obtained from feeds , therefore may be in
the empalement, terminated by twin fummits ; the female creaſed annually, ifthe inhabitants were careful in pro
stalks ; their empalements
flowers fit upon diftinct foot - pagating the trees from the feeds of their beft forts .
are divided into five parts ; they have no petals, but a In England we had not more than four or five forts till
germen as the empalement, fupporting an inflexed ftyle, within a few years paít ; for as the generality of the
ty. crowned by two reflexed pointed ftigmas. The germen Engliſh were not lovers of this fruit, fo there were
afterward becomes a large feed, fitting in the empale few who troubled themſelves with the culture of it.
ment. But fome years paft I had a large collection of thefe
up This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection trees fent me from Venice, by my honoured friend
of Linnæus's twenty -third clafs, intitled Polygamia
. the Chevalier Rathgeb, which I planted and pre
$
5!

Polyccia ; the male and hermaphrodite flowers being ferved to taſte of their fruits, feveral of which proved
fituated in the fame common covering, but in the excellent ; theſe I have preferved and propagated ,
wild Fig they are in diftinct plants. and thoſe whofe fruit were inferior have been ne
The SPECIES are, glected . And as the variety of them is very great,
1. FICUS (Carica) foliis palmatis. Hort. Cliff. 471. Fig fo I fhall here mention only fuch of them as are the
tree with hand-shaped leaves. Ficus communis . C. B. beſt worth cultivating, placing them in the order of
P. 457. The common Fig-tree. their ripening.
2. Ficus (Sycomorous) foliis cordatis fubrotundis inte 1. The brown or Chefnut- coloured Ifchia Fig. This
P

gerrimis. Hort. Cliff. 471. Fig-tree with roundish heart is the largeſt fruit of any I have yet feen, it is fhort,
fhaped leaves, which are entire. Ficus folio mori, fruc globular, with a pretty large eye, pinched in near the
tum in caudice ferens. C. B. P. 459. Fig-tree with a foot-ftalk, of a brown or Chefnut colour on the out
K
B-

Mulberry leaf, bearing fruit on the body or ftem, com fide, and purple within ; the grains are large, and the
monly called Sycamore . pulp fweet and high- flavoured ; this fort very often
3. FICUS ( Religiofa ) foliis cordatis oblongis integerrimis burſts open when it ripens. It ripens the latter end
acuminatis . Hort. Cliff. 471. Fig-tree with entire of July, or the beginning of Auguft . I have had
heart-shaped leaves, ending in acute points. Ficus Ma this fruit ripen well on ftandards, in a warm foil. If
labarienfis , folio cufpidato, fructu rotundo parvo ge this fort is planted againſt hot walls, two plentiful
mino. Pluk. Alm . 144. Malabar Fig with a long crops of fruit may be annually ripened.
pointed leaf, and ſmall double round fruit. 2. The black Genoa Fig. This is a long fruit, which
4. FICUS (Benghalenfis) foliis ovatis integerrimis obtufis, fwells pretty large at the top where it is obtufe, but
caule inferne radicato . Hort. Cliff. 471. Fig-tree with the lower part is very flender toward the ſtalk ; the
oval, obtufe, entire leaves, and the lower part of the fkin is ofa dark purple colour, almoſt black , and hath
Stalk putting out roots. Ficus Benghalenfis, folio fub a purple farina over it like that on fome Plumbs ; the
rotundo, fructu orbiculato. Hort. Amft. 1. p. 119. infide is of a bright red, and the fleſh is very high
1 Bengal Fig with a roundish leaf, and orbicular fruit. flavoured. It ripens early in Auguft.
5. Ficus (Indica) foliis lanceolatis petiolatis, pedunculis 3. The fmall white early Fig. This hath a roundiſh
aggregatis, ramis radicantibus. Lin. Sp . Plant. 1060 . fruit a little flatted at the crown, with a very ſhort
foot-ftalk ; the ſkin, when fully ripe, is of a pale yel
Fig-tree with Spear-shaped leaves having petals, the foot
Stalks of the fruit growing in clusters, and branches fend lowish white colour ; the ſkin is thin, the infide white,
ing out roots. Ficus Indica Theophrafti . Tabern. and the fleſh ſweet, but not high- flavoured. This
Hift. 1370. Indian Fig of Theophrastus. ripens in Auguft .
6. Ficus (Maximus) foliis lanceolatis integerrimis. 4. The large white Genoa Fig. This is a large glo
Hort. Cliff. 471. Fig-tree with entire fpear-shaped bular fruit, a little lengthened toward the ftalk , the
leaves. Ficus Indica maxima, folio oblongo, funi fkin is thin, of a yellowish colour when fully ripe,
culis è fummis ramis dimiffis radices agentibus fe and red within. This is a good fruit, but the trees
propagans, fructu minori fphærico fanguineo. Sloan. are not good bearers.
Cat. Jam. 189. The largest Indian Fig with an oblong 5. The black Ifchia Fig. This is a fhort fruit, of
leaf, fending out roots from the tops of the branches, and a middling fize, a little flatted at the crown ; the ſkin
a fmallspherical blood-coloured fruit. is almoſt black when ripe, and the infide is of a deep
7. Ficus (Racemofa) foliis ovatis acutis integerrimis, red ; the flesh is very high flavoured, and the trees
caule arboreo, fructu racemofa. Lin. Sp. Plant. produce a good crop of fruit, but the birds are great
1060. Amoen. Acad. 1. p. 30. Fig-tree with oval, devourers of them if they are not protected from
entire, acute leaves, tree-like ftalk, and branching fruit. them. This ripens in Auguft.
Alty-alu . Hort. Mal . 1. p . 43. 6. The Malta Fig. This is a ſmall brown fruit,
8. FICUS (Pumila) foliis ovatis acutis integerrimis, caule much compreffed at the top, and greatly pinched to
repente. Lin. Sp . Plant. 1060. Amoen . Acad. 1. p. ward the foot-ſtalk ; the ſkin is of a pale brown co
30. Fig-tree with oval, acute, entire leaves, and a lour, as is alfo the infide ; the fleſh is very ſweet, and
well flavoured . If this fort is permitted to hang upon
creeping talk. Ficus fylveftris procumbens, folio fim
plici. Kampf. Amen. 803. Trailing wild Fig-tree hav the trees till the fruit is fhrivelled, it becomes a fine
fweetmeat.
ingfingle leaves.
9. FICUS ( Nymphææfolia) foliis ovato- cordatis integer 7. The Murrey, or brown Naples Fig. This is a
rimis glabris. Fig-tree with oval, heart-shaped, entire, pretty large globular fruit, of a light brown colour
Smooth leaves, vulgarly called Ficus nymphææ folio. on the outfide, with fome faint marks of a dirty
Fig-tree with a Water Lily leaf. white, the infide is nearly of the fame colour ; the
10. FICUS (Citrifolia ) foliis oblongo - cordatis acuminatis , grains are pretty large, and the fleſh is well flavoured.
petiolis longiffimis. Fig-tree with oblong, heart-shaped, It ripens the latter end of Auguſt.
pointed leaves, and very long foot-ftalks. Ficus citrii 8. The green Ifchia Fig. This is an oblong fruit,
folio, fructu parvo purpureo. Cateſb . Hift. Carol . 3 . almoſt globular at the crown ; the ſkin is thin, of a
p. 18. Fig-tree with a Citron-leaf, and fmall purple green colour, but when it is fully ripe, it is ftained
fruit. through by the pulp to a brownish caft ; the infide is
11. FICUS (Calyculata) foliis ovatis integerrimis obtufis, purple, and will ftain linen, or paper ; the fleſh is
oppofitis, fructu globofo calyculato. Fig-tree with high flavoured, eſpecially in warm feaſons. It ripens
oval, obtufe, entire leaves placed oppofite, and a globular toward the end of Auguft.
fruit having a calyx. Ficus folio lato fubrotundo, 9. The Madonna Fig, commonly called here the
fructu globofo, magnitudine nuces mofchate. Houft. Brunſwick, or Hanover Fig, is a long pyramidal fruit
MSS. Fig-tree with broad roundish leaves, and a globu of a large fize ; the fkin is brown ; the flesh is of a
lar fruit about the bigness of a nutmeg. lighter brown colour, coarſe, and hath little flavour,
The first fort, which is the Fig whofe fruit is va This ripens the end of Auguft and the beginning of
September ;
 FIC FIC

September ; the leaves of this fort are much more di danger of froft is over, by which management they
vided than of moft other, generally have a very great crop of Figs , whereas in
10. The common blue, or purple Fig is fo well England, where the trees grow againſt warm walls, if
known, as to need no defcription . the fpring proves warm , the young Figs are puſhed
11. The long brown Naples Fig. The leaves of out early, and the cold , which frequently returns in
this tree are deeply divided. The fruit is long, fome April and May, caufes the greateft part of the fruit to
what compreffed at the crown. The foot-ftalks are drop off; fo that our crop of Figs is generally more
pretty long ; the fkin is of a dark brown when fully uncertain than most other forts of fruit : and it fre
ripe, the flesh inclining to red ; the grains are large, quently happens, that trees which are planted againſt
and the fleſh well flavoured. It ripens in September. north and caft-afpected walls, produce a greater
12. The yellow Ifchia Fig. This is a large fruit, quantity of fruit in England, than thoſe which are
of a pyramidal form ; the fkin is yellow when ripe, planted againſt fouth and fouth-eaft afpects ; which
and the flesh is purple and well flavoured, but the muft happen from the latter putting out their fruit fo
trees do not produce much fruit here ; they grow much earlier inthe fpring than the former ; and ifthere
very luxuriant in branches, the leaves are very large, happen cold frofty nights after the Figs are come out
and not much divided . This ripens in September. (which is frequently the cafe in this country) the for
13. The fmall Brown Ifchia Fig. This is a fmall wardeft of the Figs are generally fo injured as to drop
pyramidal fruit with a very fhort foot-ftalk ; the ſkin off from the trees foon after. In Italy, and the other
is of a light brown, the flesh inclining to purple, of warm countries, this firft crop of Figs is little regarded,
a very high flavour ; it ripens late in September ; the being few in number ; for it is the fecond crop of
leaves of this tree are lefs divided than any of the Figs which are produced from the fhoots of the fame
other forts. This is not a good bearer. year, which is their principal crop , but theſe rarely
14. The Gentile Fig. This is a middle fized globu ripen in England ; nor are there above three or four
lar fruit ; the ſkin, when ripe, is yellow ; the fleſh forts whichever ripen their fecond crop, let the fummer
alſo inclines to the fame colour ; the grains are large, prove ever fo good, therefore it is the firſt crop which
and the flesh is well flavoured, but it ripens very late, we muſt attend to in England ; fo that when theſe trees
and the trees are bad bearers, fo that it is not propa are growing againſt the beſt afpected walls, it will be
gated much in England. a good method to loofen them from the wall in au
There are feveral other forts which have been lately tumn ; and after having divefted the branches of all
introduced from Italy, but all thofe which I have yet the latter fruit, to lay the branches down from the
tafted, are inferior to thofe above-mentioned ; fome of wall, faſtening them together in fmall bundles, fo that
them rarely ripen their fruit, and others are very ill they may be tied to ſtakes, to keep them from lying
bearers, not worth propagating, therefore I have upon the ground ; the damp whereof, when covered
omitted the mentioning of them here ; for as thoſe in frofty weather, might cauſe them to grow mouldy,
which are enumerated, continue in fucceffion during and hereby they will be ſecured from being broken by
the feaſon for thefe fruits, and being preferable to the the wind. When they are thus managed in autumn,
other, few perfons will care to fill their gardens with if the winter ſhould prove very fevere, the branches
a greater variety of thefe trees than are of real ufe, may be eaſily covered with Peas-haulm, ſtraw, or any
eſpecially as they require good walls, and a very large other light covering, which will guard the tender fruit
fhare of room . bearing branches from the injury of froft ; and when
The firft, fecond, third, ninth, and tenth forts will the weather is mild, the covering muſt be removed,
ripen their fruits on ftandards, where they are in a otherwife the Figs will come out too early; for the in
warm fituation ; but the others require the affiſtance tention of this management is, to keep them as back
of walls expofed to good afpects, otherwife their fruit ward as poffible : then in the fpring, when the Figs
will not ripen in England . are beginning to push out, the trees may be faftened
Fig- trees generally thrive in all foils, and in every up to the wall again . By this management I have
fituation ; but they produce a greater quantity of fruit feen very great crops of Figs produced in two or three
: upon a ſtrong loamy foil, than on dry ground ; for if places.
the feafon proves dry in May and June, thofe trees I have alſo ſeen great crops of Figs in fome particu
which grow upon very warm dry ground, are very ſub lar gardens, after very fharp winters, when they have,
ject to caft their fruit ; therefore, whenever this hap in general, failed in other places, by covering up the
pens, fuch trees fhould be well watered and mulched, trees with Reeds made into pannels, and fixed up
which will prevent the fruit from dropping off; and the againſt the walls .
fruit upon theſe trees are better flavoured, than any of In the pruning of Fig-trees, the branches muſt never
thoſe which grow upon cold moift land. I have al be fhortened, becauſe the fruit are all produced at
ways obferved thofe Fig-trees to bear the greateſt quan the upper part of the fhoots of the former year ; if
tity of well-flavoured fruit, which were growing upon theſe are cut off, there can be no fruit expected, befide
chalky land, where there has been a foot or more of the branches are very apt to die after the knife ; fo that
a gentle loamy foil on the top. They alfo love a free when the branches are too clofe together, the beſt way
open air ; for although they will ſhoot and thrive very is to cut out all the naked branches quite to the bot
will in clofe places, yet they feldom produce any tom, leaving thoſe which are beft furniſhed with lateral
fruit in fuch fituations ; and all thofe which are planted branches at a proper diſtance from each other; which
in fmall gardens in London, will be well furniſhed fhould not be nearer than a foot ; and when they are
with leaves, but I have never ſeen any fruit upon well furniſhed with lateral branches, if they are laid
them which have grown to maturity. four or five inches farther aſunder, it will be better.
Theſe trees are always planted as ftandards in all The beſt ſeaſon for pruning of Fig-trees is in autumn,
warm countries, but in England they are generally becauſe at that time the branches are not fo full
planted againſt walls, there being but few ftandard of fap, and will not bleed fo much, as when they
Fig-trees at prefent in the Engliſh gardens ; however, are pruned in the fpring ; and at this feafon, the
fince fome of the forts are found to ripen their fruit branches fhould be diveſted of all the autumnal Figs,
well upon the ſtandards, and the crop of Figs is often and the fooner this is done, when the leaves begin to
greater upon them, than upon thoſe trees againſt walls, fall off, the better will the young ſhoots refift the cold
it is worthy of our care, to plant them either in ſtan of the winter. There are fome feafons fo cold and
dards or efpaliers ; the latter, I think, will fucceed beſt moift, that the young ſhoots of the Fig-trees will not
in England, ifthey were managed as in Germany, where harden, but are foft, and full of juice ; when this hap
they untie the Fig- trees from the efpalier, and lay pens, there is little hope of a crop of Figs the fucceed
them down, covering them in winter with ftraw or ing year, forthe firſt froſt in autumn will kill the upper
litter, which prevents their fhoots being injured by part of theſe ſhoots, for a confiderable length down
the froft ; and this covering is taken away gradually ward ; whenever this happens, it is the best way to
in the fpring, and not wholly removed until all the cut off all the decayed, part of the ſhoots, which will
prevent
+
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prevent the infection from deſtroying all the lower part them , therefore they ſhould be carefully watched
of the branches ; and, by this method, I have fſeen a at that ſeaſon.
moderate crop of Figs put out from the lower part of The common blue and white Figs, which are the
.
the fhoots ; where, if the fhoots had not been injured, forts which have been the moſt generally cultivated in
there would have been no fruit produced, becauſe it England, are not fo proper to plant for ſtandards, as
is chiefly from the four or five uppermoft joints of the fome other forts which have been lately introduced ;
fhoots that the fruit comes out ; and it is for this for they are much tenderer, and are often killed almoft"
reafon, that as many of the fhort lateral branches to the root, when ſome of the other forts, which have
fhould be preferved as poffible, thoſe being the moſt been growing inthe fame fituation, have received very
productive of fruit ; for where the long ftrait fhoots little injury from the froft ; indeed the white fort is
are faſtened up, there will be no fruit, but at their ex generally a great bearer, and the fruit is very fweet ;
tremities, fo that all the lower part of the trees will but to thoſe palateswhich are accuſtomed to Figs, that
be naked, if there is not a particular regard had to fort is not much in efteem, from its want of flavour :
8
fupply young ſhoots in every part of the trees. thoſe which have fucceeded beft with me, are the firſt
Thofe trees which are laid down from the efpaliers, and third forts. Their branches are rarely hurt by
fhould not be faſtened up again till the end of March, froft in winter, and their fruit will always ripen well ;
for the reafons before given, and thoſe againſt walls for in favourable ſeaſons, many of theſe forts, which
may remain fome time longer ; and when the large were growing against walls, have ripened their fecond
fhoots of theſe are nailed up, if the ſmall lateral branches crop of fruit tolerably well. I have alfo planted ma
are thruſt behind thefe, to keep them cloſe to the wall, ny of theſe forts of Fig- trees againſt north- eaſt and
it will fecure the young Figsfrom beinginjured bythe north-weſt aſpects ; ſome of thoſe which were firſt
morning froſts ; and when this danger is over, they planted, have produced a good quantity of well taſted
may be broughtforward to their natural poſition again : fruit, but were ripe much later, which has encouraged
during the fummer ſeaſon theſe trees will require no me to plant many more of theſe trees to the fame af
other pruning, but to stop the ſhoots in the ſpring, pects, and alfo to increaſe my number of ſtandard trees.
where lateral branches are wanting ; and as the branches am aware, that what I have here advanced, in rela
are often blown down by wind, therefore, whenever tion to the pruning and dreffing of Fig- trees, will be
this happens, they ſhould be immediately faftened up condemned by great numbers of people, who will not
again, otherwiſe they will be in danger of breaking ; give themſelves time to confider and examine the rea
for the leaves of theſe trees being very large and ftiff, fons upon which I have founded this practice, nor to
the wind has great power on them ; fo that where make one fingle experiment to try the truth of it, as
the branches are not well fecured, they are frequently being vaftly different from the general practice of moſt
torn down . gardeners, who always imagine, that Fig-trees fhould
Thoſe trees which are planted againſt efpaliers may never have much pruning ; or, at leaſt, that theyſhould
be protected from the injury of froft in the ſpring, by always be fuffered to grow very rude from the wall,
placing Reeds on each fide the eſpalier, which may be to ſome diſtance. That by this management I have of
taken down every day, and put up again at night ; but ten feen great quantities of fruit I cannot deny, but
this need not be practifed in warm weather, but only then this has been only after mild winters ; for it is
at fuch times as there are cold winds and froſty very certain, that in fharp frofts few of theſe outſide
mornings ; and although there is fome trouble and fhoots eſcape being greatly injured where they are not
expence attending this management, yet the plentiful covered ; whereas it rarely happens that thoſe ſhoots
crop of Figs which may this way be obtained, will which are cloſely nailed to the wall in autumn, or laid
fufficiently recompenfe for both : the beſt way of down and covered, fuffer the leaft damage ; and the
making this covering is, to faften the Reeds with fruits are always produced a fortnight fooner upon
rope yarn in fuch a manner as that it may be theſe branches, than they are upon thoſe which grow
rolled up like a mat, that the whole may with from the wall but although the trees which are fuf
great facility be put up or taken down ; and if theſe fered to grow rude from the walls may produce a good
Reeds are carefully rolled up, after the ſeaſon for uſing quantity of fruit for a year or two, yet afterward the
them is over, and put up in a dry fhed , they will laſt trees will only bear at the ends of the ſhoots, which
feveral years. will then be fo far from the wall, as to receive little
There are feveral perfons who of late have planted benefit from it ; nor can the trees be reduced again
Fig-trees in ſtandards, which have fucceeded very to any regularity, without cutting away the greateſt
well ; this practice was revived, by obferving fome old number of their branches , by which a year or two
ftandard Fig-trees in fome gardens, which had been will be loft before they will come to bear again.
growing many years, and generally produced a much The feafon alfo for pruning, which I have laid down,
greater plenty of fruit than any of thofe trees which being vastly different from the common practice and
were growing againſt warm walls ; indeed, theſe ſtan opinion of moſt gardeners, will alſo be objected againſt ;
dard Fig-trees are in much greater danger of having but I am fure, if any one will but make trial of it, I
their branches killed by fevere froft, but in mild win doubt not his experience will confirm what I have here
ters they generally do better than thoſe againſt walls ; advanced ; for as one great injury to this tree proceeds
fo that where thefe trees can be covered in very hard from the too great effufion of fap at the wounded parts,
winters, there will always be plenty of fruit ; and by this autumn pruning this is prevented ; for, at
thefe may be covered by faſtening as many of the that feaſon, all the parts of European trees which
branches together as can be conveniently brought into caft their leaves, are lefs replete with moiſture than at
a bundle, and winding fome Hay bands, Straw, Peas any other time of the year ; for by the long continu
haulm , or any fuch light covering as can be readily ance of the fummer's heat, the juices of plants having
procured, which in the ſpring may be gradually taken been exhauſted in the nouriſhment and augmentation
off, fo as not to expofe the fhoots all at once to the of wood, leaves, fruits, &c. and alſo great quantities
open air ; and if there is fome fuch light covering laid being evaporated by perſpiration, the root not being
round the ſtems, and upon the furface of the ground able to fend up a fupply equivalent to this great con
about their roots, it will more effectually fecure them fumption, the branches muft contain a much leſs quan
from the danger of froft ; but when this is practiſed , tity of fap than in the fpring, when it has had feveral
"
great care fhould be taken that no mice or rats har months fupply from the root ; which, though but
bour in this covering, for thefe will eat off the bark fmall in proportion to what is fent up when the heat
from their fhoots, and kill them and I have often is greater, yet there being little or no wafte, either by
obferved thoſe trees which were againſt walls, have perfpiration or augmentation, there muſt be a greater
fuffered greatly by thefe vermin, by having many quantity contained in the branches; which alfo is eafily
of their largeſt branches difbarked near the ground, to be obſerved, by breaking or cutting off a vigorous
which has abfolutely killed them ; and it is in branch of a Fig-tree at both ſeaſons ( the fap, being
the winter that thefe vermin do this miſchief to milky, may be readily diſcerned ) when that cut in au
50 tumn
"
 FIC FIC

tumn fhall be found to ftop its bleeding in one day's " ifthey miss the opportunity the Orni fall, and the
66
time, or lefs ; whereas that cut in the ſpring will often gnats of the Cratitires fly away. None but thoſe
flow a week or more, and the wound will be propor " that are well acquainted with this fort of culture,
tionably longer before it heals. " know the critical minutes of doing this ; and in
Of late years there has been fome of theſe trees " order to it, their eye is perpetually fixed on the
planted against fire-walls , which have fucceeded very " bud of the Fig ; for that part not only indicates
well where they have been properly managed ; but " the time that the prickers are to iffue forth, but
where they have been kept too clofe, and drawn by " alfo when the Fig is to be fucceſsfully pricked ; if
glaffes, they have not produced much fruit ; therefore " the bud be too hard, and too compact, the gnat
whenever this is practifed , the heat ſhould not be too " cannot lay its eggs, and the Fig drops when this
" bud is too open.
great, nor the glaffes, or other covering, kept too
cloſe, but at all times , when the weather is favourable , " Thefe three forts of fruit are not good to eat ;
a good ſhare of free air fhould be admitted ; and if " their office is to help to ripen the fruit of the gar
the trees are young, that their roots are not extended " den Fig-trees, in manner following : during the
beyond the reach of the covering, they must be fre " months of June and July, the peaſants take the Orni
quently watered when they begin to fhew fruit, other " at a time that their gnats are ready to break out,
wife it wili drop off ; but old trees, whofe roots are " and carry them to the garden Fig- trees ; ifthey do
extended to a great diſtance, will only require to have " not nick the moment, the Orni fall, and the fruit
their branches now and then fprinkled over with wa " of the domeſtic or garden Fig- tree not ripening,
ter. Iftheſe trees are properly managed, the firſt crop " will, in a very little time, fall in like manner. The
cc
of fruit will be greater than upon thoſe which are ex peaſants are fo well acquainted with theſe precious
pofed to the open air, and will ripen fix weeks or two " moments, that every morning, in making their
cc
months earlier, and a plentiful fecond crop may alſo inſpection, they only transfer to their garden Fig
be obtained, which will ripen early in September, and " trees fuch Orni as are well conditioned, otherwife
fometimes in Auguft, which is about the feafon of " they lofe their crop . It is true, they have one re
66
their ripening in the warmer parts of Europe ; but the medy, though an indifferent one, which is, to
fires fhould not be uſed to thefe trees till the begin " ftrew over the garden Fig-trees the Afcolimbros,
66
ning of February ; becaufe when they are forced too a very common plant there, and in whofe fruit
early, the weather is frequently too cold to admit " there is a fort of gnats proper for pricking ;
66
a fufficient quantity of fresh air to fet the fruit ; perhaps they are the gnats of the Orni, which are
but the covers ſhould be put over the trees a month " ufed to hover about and plunder the flowers of this
66
before, to prevent the ſhoots from being injured by plant.
the froft. " To fum up all in one word, The peaſants fo well
It may not be improper in this place to mention the " order the Orni, that their gnats cauſe the fruit of
great pains which the inhabitants of the Levant are at " the garden Fig- tree to ripen in the compaſs offorty
<<
in the culture of their Figs ; and without which (it is days. Thefe Figs are very good green ; when they
: generally faid by all the travellers who have written on " would dry them, they lay them in the fun for fome
this fubject, as alfo by Pliny, and other old naturaliſts) " time, then put them in an oven to keep them the
their fruit will fall off, and be good for nothing. I " reft of the year. Barley bread and dried figs are
fhall here fet it down , as I find it in the travels of " the principal fubfiftence ofthe boors and monks of
Monf. Tournefort, chief botanift to the late king of " the Archipelago ; but theſe Figs are very far from
France. cc
being fo good as thofe dried in Provence, Italy,
" Pliny, fays he, obferved, That in Zia they uſed " and Spain ; the heat of the oven deſtroys all their
" to drefs the Fig-trees with much care ; they ftill " delicacy and good tafte ; but then, on the other
166
" continue to do fo. To underſtand aright this huf hand, this heat kills the eggs which the prickers
cc
bandry of Figs (called in Latin, Caprificatio) we " of the Orni diſcharged therein, which eggs would
" are to obferve, that in moſt of the iſlands of the પ
infallibly produce fmall worms that would preju
66 cc
Archipelago, they have two forts of Fig- trees to judice thefe fruits.
66 manage ; the firſt is called Ornos, from the old
" What an expence of time and pains is here for a
t Fig,
" Greek, Erinos, a wild Fig-tree ; or Caprificus, and that but an indifferent one at laft ! I
" in Latin ; the fecond is the domeftic, or garden " could not fufficiently admire the patience of the
66
Fig-tree ; the wild fort bears three kinds of fruit, " Greeks, bufied above two months in carrying theſe
c6
" Fornites, Cratitires, and Orni, of abfolute neceffity prickers from one tree to another. I was foon told
" towards ripening thofe of the garden Fig. " the reaſon, one of their Fig-trees ufually produces
" The Fornites appear in Auguft, and continue to " between two and three hundred pounds of Figs,
" November, without ripening ; in theſe breed ſmall " and ours in Provence ſeldom above twenty-five.
" worms, which turn to a fort of gnats, no where to " The prickers contribute, perhaps, to the maturity of
" be feen but about theſe trees. In October and No
" the fruit of the garden Fig- tree, by caufing them to
" vember theſe gnats of themſelves make a puncture " extravafate the nutritious juice, whofe veffels they
" into the fecond fruit, which is called Cratitires, " tear afunder in depofiting their eggs ; perhaps too,
" and do not fhew themfelves till towards the end " befides their eggs, they leave behind them fome
" of September ; and the Fornites gradually fall away " fort of liquor proper to ferment gently with the
" after the gnats are gone ; the Cratitires, on the " milk of the Fig, and to make their fleſh tender.
" contrary, remain on the tree till May, and inclofe " OurFigs in Provence, and even at Paris, ripen much
" the eggs, depofited by the Fornites, when they " fooner for having their buds pricked with a Straw
66 pricked them. In May the third fort of fruit be cc
dipped in olive oil. Plumbs and Pears, pricked by
gins to put forth from the fame wild Fig- trees " fome infects likewife ripen much the fafter for it ;
" which produced the other two ; this is much " and the fleſh round fuch puncture is better tafted
" bigger, and is called Orni ; when it grows to a " than the reſt. It is not to be difputed but that con
" certain fize, and its bud begins to open, it is pricked " fiderable change happens to the contexture offruits
" in that part by the gnats of the Cratitires, which " fo pricked, juft the fame as to parts of animals
are ftrong enough to go from one fruit to the " pierced with any fharp inftrument.
" other, to diſcharge their eggs . " It is fcarce poffible well to underſtand the antient
" It fometimes happens, that the gnats of the Crati " authors who have treated of caprification ( or huf
66
" tires are flow to come forth in certain parts, while banding and dreffing the wild Fig- tree) if one is
" the Orni in thoſe very parts are diſpoſed to receive " not well appriſed of the circumftances, the particu
" them ; in which cafe the hufbandman is obliged to " lars whereof were confirmed to us not only at Zia,
" look for the Cratitires in another part, and fix them " Tinos, Mycone, and Scio, but in moſt of the other
" at the end of the branches ofthofe Fig-trees, whoſe " iflands ."
" Orni are in fit difpofition to be pricked by the gnats ;
Fig
 FIC FIC

Fig-trees are propagated in England, either by the beautiful, the plants make a pleaſing variety in the
fuckers, which are fent out from their roots, and by ftove.
layers made, by laying down of their branches, which The fecond fort grows naturally in the Levant, where
in one year will put out roots fufficient to be removed, it becomes a large tree, dividing into many branches,
or by planting of cuttings, which, if properly managed, which are garnished with leaves fhaped like thofe of
will take root ; the firft of thefe is a bad method, be the Mulberry, and affords a friendly fhade in thofe hot
caufe all thofe trees which are raiſed from fuckers, are countries. The fruit is produced from the trunk and
very fubject to ſend out great quantities of fuckers larger branches of the tree, and not on the fmaller
again from their roots ; and the branches of the fuckers fhoots, as in moft other trees ; the ſhape is like the
are not fo compact, as thoſe of the layers, but are fuller common Fig, but is little efteemed. This is called the
of fap, fo in greater danger of being injured by the Sycamore, or Pharaoh's Fig-tree.
froft ; thofe plants which are propagated by layers, The third fort grows naturally in India, where it is fa
are the beft, provided the layers are made from the cred, fo that none dare deftroy them , it is called by
branches of fruitful trees ; for thoſe which are made . fome the Indian God-tree ; this rifes with a woody
from the fuckers, or fhoots, produced from old ftools, ftem to a great height, fending out many flender
are very foft, and full of fap, fo are in danger of fuf branches, which are garniſhed with ſmooth heart
fering by the froft, and thefe will fhoot greatly into fhaped leaves, ending in a long tail, or point ; they
wood, but will not be very fruitful ; for, when trees are entire, ſmooth, and of a light green, having pretty
have acquired a vicious habit while young, it is feldom long foot-ftalks ; they are between fix and ſeven inches
they are ever brought to be fruitful afterward ; there long, and three inches and a half broad toward their
fore the fhoots which are laid down , fhould be fuch as bafe, diminiſhing gradually to the top, where they run
are woody, compact , and well ripened, not young out in a narrow point, an inch and a half long. The
fhoots, full of fap, whofe veffels are large and open. fruit comes out on the branches, which are ſmall,
The beſt time for laying down of the branches is in round, and of no value.
autumn ; and if the winter fhould prove very fevere, The fourth fort rifes with many ftalks, which grow
if they are covered with fome old tan, or any other to the height of thirty or forty feet, dividing into a
. great number of branches, which fend out roots from
mulch, to keep the froft from penetrating the ground,
it will be of great fervice to them ; by the autumn their under branches, many of which reach to the
following, thefe will be fufficiently rooted for remov ground ; fo that in fuch places where the trees grow
ing, when they fhould be cut off from the old naturally, their roots and branches are fo interwoven
plants, becauſe at that ſeaſon the branches are not fo with each other, as to render the places impaffable. In
full of fap as in the fpring, fo will not bleed fo India, the Banyans trail the branches of theſe trees
much as when cut off in the fpring. If the place is into regular archades, and fet up their pagods under
ready to receive them, the layers fhould be tranf them, theſe being the places of their devotion. In
planted in autumn, where they are to remain ; but if America, where theſe trees are equally plenty, they
it is not, then the layers may remain till the ſpring, form fuch thickets, as neither man nor beaſt can pafs
provided they are feparated from the old plants in through. The leaves of this fort are of a thick fub
autumn. As theſe plants do not bear tranſplanting ſtance, ſmooth, and oval ; they are fix inches long,
well when they are large, it is the better way to plant and four inches broad, with obtufe ends. The fruit
them at firſt in places where they are to remain ; and is the fize of a marble, and round, but of no uſe.
after they are planted , the furface of the ground about The fifth fort grows naturally in both Indies ; this
their roots ſhould be covered with mulch to keep out rifes with a woody ftalk to the height of thirty feet,
the froft ; and if the winter fhould prove very fevere, fending out many branches, which are garniſhed with
it will be proper to cover the branches with Reeds, oblong leaves ſtanding upon pretty long foot-ſtalks ;
Peas-haulm, Straw, or fome other light covering, they are about fix or eight inches long, and two inches
which will prevent their tender ends being killed by and a half broad, ending in an obtuſe point, of a dark
the froft, which frequently happens where this care green, and ſmooth on their upper fide, but of a light
is wanting . green, and veined on their under fide. The fruit is
The other method of propagating theſe trees, is by fmall, and of no value. The branches of theſe trees
cuttings, which ſhould be taken from the trees in au ſend out roots from their lower fide, which ſome
tumn, for the reafon before given ; theſe muſt be cho times reach the ground .
fen from fuch branches as are compact, whoſe joints The fixth fort grows naturally in the Weft-Indies,
are near each other ; and they ſhould have a part of where it rifes to the height of thirty or forty feet,
the former year's wood at their bottom , and the top of fending ont many flender branches, which put out
each fhould be left entire, not ſhortened as is uſually roots in the fame manner as the former. The leaves
practifed with other cuttings ; then they ſhould be of this are eight or nine inches long, and two inches
planted eight or nine inches deep, in a bed of broad, ending in points. The fruit is ſmall, round,
loamy earth, in a warm fituation, covering the fur and of a blood colour when ripe, but is not eatable.
face of the ground, three or four inches thick, with The feventh fort grows naturally in India, where it
old tanner's bark, to keep out the froft ; and in fevere rifes to the height of twenty- five feet, and divides in
froft their tops fhould be covered with Straw, Peas to many branches, which are garnifhed with oval
haulm, Fern, or other light covering, to protect them pointed leaves, which are ſmooth, and of a lucid green.
from froft, which fhould be removed in the fpring ; The fruit is ſmall, and grows in cluſters from the fide
but the tan may remain, for that will prevent the of the branches ; thefe are not eatable.
1 drying winds of the fpring, and the fun in fummer, The eighth fort grows naturally in India ; this is a
from penetrating the ground, and. will be of great low trailing fhrub, whoſe ſtalks put out roots at their
uſe to ſecure the cuttings from injury ; theſe cuttings joints, which ftrike into the ground, fo is propagated
will be rooted fufficiently by the following autumn , plentifully where it naturally grows . The leaves are
when they ſhould be tranfplanted, and treated in the two inches and a half long, and near two inches broad,
1
fame manner as the layers. ending in points ; they are of a lucid green, and are
If fruitful branches of thefe trees are cut off, and placed without order on the branches ; the fruit is
planted in pots, or tubs, filled with good earth, and fmall, and not eatable.
thefe are plunged into a good hot- bed of tanners bark The ninth fort rifes with a ftrong, upright, woody
in the ſtove, they will put out fruit early in the fpring, ſtalk, twenty feet high, fending out feveral fide
which will ripen in the middle of May. branches, which are garniſhed with large, oval, ftiff
We ſhall now return to the other forts of Figs, which leaves, about fourteen inches long, and near a foot
grow naturally in warm countries, but are preſerved broad, and are rounded at the ends ; they have feveral
in the gardens of thofe who are curious in collecting tranfverfe veins, which run from the midrib to the
!
rare exotic plants, for thefe do not bear eatable fruit fides. The foot-ftalks are long, and frequently
in their native foil ; but their leaves being large and turned next to the branches ; the upper fide of the
leaves
 FIL FIR 1
!
leaves are of a lucid green, and the under fide is of a or thofe plants which fend forth fide branches of
gray, or fea-green colour, they are of a thick fub flowers, which advance above the middle.
ftance, and very fmooth ; this grows naturally in FILIX, Fern. There are great varieties of this
India, from whence it was brought to the gardens in plant in the different parts of the world, but particu
Holland. larly in America, as may be feen in the Natural Hif
The tenth fort grows naturally in the Weft-Indies, tory of Jamaica, publiſhed by Sir Hans Sloane, Bart.
where it rifes twenty feet high, fending out many fide and in Plumier's American Ferns : but as they are
branches, which are covered with a white bark, and plants which are feldom propagated in gardens, I
garniſhed with oblong heart-shaped leaves, ending fhall pass them over in this place .
in acute points ; they are about three inches long, and FILM, that woody ſkin which feparates the feeds in
one inch and a half broad, near the baſe ; of a lucid the pods of plants.
green on their upper fide, but of a pale green on FIMBRIATED [ of Fimbria, Lat. a fringe] a
their under, ftanding upon very long foot-ftalks. The term relating to the leaves of plants when they are
fruit comes out from the fide of the branches, toward jagged on the edges, having, as it were, a fringe
their ends ; they are about the fize of large gray Peas, about them ; thefe are often called furbelowed leaves.
and of a deep purple colour, fitting clofe to the FIRE. However foreign , at the first view, this article
branches ; theſe are not eatable . may ſeem to our prefent purpoſe, yet I am of opinion,
The eleventh fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz, that a tolerable acquaintance with its nature, as far
from whence it was fent me by the late Dr. Houftoun ; as it can be attained, and its effects, will contribute
this rifes with many fhrubby ftalks to the height of no ſmall affiſtance in forwarding the work of vegeta
twelve or fourteen feet, and divides into many ſmaller tion. And though the theory of fire is indeed philo
branches, which are garnished with oval ftiff leaves , fophical, yet the confideration of its effects, and how
which are obtufe ; they are four inches long, and three it operates on vegetables, will be of no fmall ufe in
broad, of a light green, and ftand upon very fhort the culture of them.
foot-ftalks, which are joined to a cup, in which the That which beft defines and diftinguiſhes fire from
fruit fits ; this is globular, and the fize of a middling every thing elſe, is its heating ; and fo it may be de
nutmeg, of a deep yellow, when ripe, but is not eat fined, Whatſoever warms or heats bodies.
able. Heat is fomething, the prefence of which is beft per
The fecond fort, I believe, is not ìn England at pre ceived by the dilatation of the air or fpirit in the
fent ; I raiſed two or three of thefe plants from feeds thermometer. So then, fire is a body, and a body in
in the year 1736, which were deftroyed by the fevere motion too . The motion of it is proved by its ex
froft in 1740, fince which time I have not been able panding the air, and that it is a body by experiment.
to procure any of the feeds. The other forts are pre Pure mercury, being inclofed in a phial with a long
ſerved in feveral curious gardens ; they are eaſily pro neck, and kept in a gentle heat for the ſpace of a
pagated by cuttings during the fummer ſeaſon. When year, will be reduced into a folid, and the weight al
the cuttings are taken from the plants, they ſhould be fo will be increafed confiderably ; which increafe can
laid in a dry fhady place for two or three days, that not proceed from any thing elſe but the acceffion of
the wounds may be healed over, otherwiſe they are apt fire.
;; for all theſe plants abound with a milky juice, The nature of fire is fo obfcure and wonderful, that
which flows out whenever they are wounded ; for which it was held by many of the ancients as a deity ; and
reafon, the cuttings fhould have their wounded part ſeveral authors of prime note have taken great pains
healed over and hardened before they are planted ; to diſcover the myſtery of it, without having been able
after which they ſhould be planted in pots filled with to explain many of the principal effects thereof. The
fandy light earth, and plunged into a moderate hot learned Herman Boerhaave has ufed no lefs induſtry
bed, where they ſhould be fhaded from the fun, and in making a new ſet of experiments, in order to come
two or three times a week gently refreſhed with wa to a clearer knowledge of them ; and having laid
ter, ifthe ſeaſon is warm ; but they muſt not have too down a new doctrine of fire, in a courfe of public lec
much moiſture, for that will infallibly deftroy them. tures, I fhall briefly take notice of fuch of them as I
When the cuttings have taken root fufficient to tranſ apprehend may be of uſe.
plant, they fhould be each planted into a ſeparate ſmall Fire (fays he) in effect, appears to be the general
pot filled with light undunged earth, and plunged into " inftrument of all the motion in the univerſe. The
the hot-bed again, being careful to fhade them until " conftant tenor of a great number of experiments
they have taken fresh root ; then they fhould have a " leaves no room to doubt, but that, if there were no
large fhare of free air admitted to them at all times " fire, all things would inftantly become fixed and
when the weather is favourable, to prevent their draw " immoveable. Of this there are inftances every win
ing up weak, and to give them ftrength before the " ter ; for while froft prevails, the water, which be
cold comes on . In autumn the pots fhould be re
" fore was fluid, by a mere privation of heat, becomes
cc
moved into the ftove, and plunged into the tan - bed , ſolid, i . e. hardens into ice, and fo remains till dif
where they ſhould conftantly remain, and muſt be " folved again by fire. Thus, were a man entirely
treated in the fame manner as other tender plants from " deftitute of heat, he would immediately freeze into
66
the fame countries ; for although two or three of the a ftatue ; and thus the air itſelf, which is found in
forts may be treated in a hardier manner, yet they will " continual motion, being always either expanding
66
not make much progreſs. or condenfing, would, upon the abfence offire, con
FICUS INDICA. See OPUNTIA. " tract itſelf, and cohere into a firm rigid mafs ; fo
FILAGO. There are feveral fpecies of this genus , " alfo animals and vegetables, all oils, falts, & c.
fome of which grow naturally upon barren land in " would, upon the like occafion, immediately con
66
moft parts ofEngland. They are called by fome Cot geal. "
tonweed, by others Cudweed, their leaves being white , Although this doctrine of fire, here laid down by
and, when broken, have cottony threads. Theſe Boerhaave, feems new and extraordinary, at leaft to
have been ranged under the genus of Gnaphalium by thoſe who have been uſed to confider fire in the light
moft botanifts, and one ofthe fpecies which is uſed in that it has been fet in by the Lord Bacon, Mr. Boyle,
medicine, ſtands in the lift of fimples by that appel and Sir Ifaac Newton ; and though we ought to pay
lation. As thefe plants are not cultivated in gardens, great veneration to thofe illuftrious authors, yet, in
I fhall not trouble the reader with a farther account the judgment of themſelves, we fhould be in excu
of them . fable, if we ſhould abfolutely acquiefce in what they
FILBERT. See CORYLUS . have done, and ſhut the door againſt farther and bet
FILIPENDULA. See SPIRA. ter information.
FILIUS ANTE PATREM [i. e. the fon be It may reaſonably be fuppofed, that Dr. Boerhaave
fore the father] an expreffion which botanifts apply has had an opportunity of going beyond them ; in that,
to plants, whoſe flower comes out before their leaves ; beſides all the experiments and obfervations that they
2 have
 FIR FIR

have had to build upon, he has had the advantage of " unable to drive the nail farther on or break it, muft
a new fet, which they were unacquainted with. " be spent in making a various, vehement, and in
As to the nature of fire, the great and fundamental " teftine commotion of the parts among themſelves ,
difference is, whether it be originally fuch, formed " wherein the nature of heat confifts."
thus by the great Creator himfelf, at the beginning of That fire is the real caufe of all the changes in na
things ? or, whether it be mechanically producible ture, will appear from the following confideration .
from other bodies, by inducing fome alteration in All bodies are either folid or fluid ; the folid of them
the particles of it ? felves are either commonly fuppofed to be inactive or
Among the modern writers, Homberg, Boerhaave, motionlefs ; the fluid both move and are moved.
the younger Lemery, and Dr. Gravefande, maintain And all folids are found to be fo much the more firm
.
the former, and the Engliſh authors chiefly maintain and contracted, as they have the lefs fire in them.
the latter. This is evident in iron, which, when heated, expands
Monf. Homberg holds, That the chymical principle itſelf into a much greater ſpace than when it was cold ;
or element, fulphur, which is fuppofed one of the fo that any folid and hard body, by being freed from
fimple, primary, pre-exiftent ingredients of all natu all fire, would fink into a much lefs bulk, and its
ral bodies, is real fire ; and, of confequence, fire is parts would cohere more nearly, and with greater
coeval with all bodies . Effai de Souffre Principe, force than before.
Mem. de l'Academie, anno 1705. As to fluids, they all harden, fo as to be vifible to
Dr. Gravefande proceeds much on the fame princi the eye upon the abfence of fire ; as water, by the
ple : according to him, fire enters the compofition of cold of a fevere winter, will form itſelf into a folid
all bodies, is contained in all bodies, and may be ſe globe, and yet even then contains a great deal of fire,
parated or procured from all bodies, by rubbing them as appears evidently upon applying a thermometer to }
against each other, and thus putting their fire in it, which is capable of falling twenty divifions lower
motion and he adds, That fire is by no means gene before it arrive at the point of the moſt intenſe cold :
rated by fuch motion. Elem. Phyf. Tom. II. cap. 1 . and hence it is, that the fpirit of wine is kept from
Mr. Lemery the younger, afferts the abfolute and in freezing in the thermometer, which would undergo
generable nature of fire, and alfo extends it farther ; the common fate of other things, were there not
not contented to confine it, as an element, to bodies, abundantly more fire in it.
he endeavours to fhew, that it is " Equably diffuſed The air itſelf expands by a greater quantity of fire,
66
through all ſpace ; is prefent in all places ; in the and condenſes by a lefs ; but it ftill contains a large
" void ſpace between bodies, as well as the infenfible quantity of fire, where it is moſt of all contracted ;
" interftices between their parts. " Mem . de l'Acad. this is evident from the ſtriking of a flint againſt a
anno 1713. fteel, which is followed by fparks of fire.
This laft fentiment falls in with that of Boerhaave. Likewife if this fire could be taken from the air, it
Of the contrary opinion is the Lord Bacon, who, in would become folid and perfectly at reft, and, by con
his treatife de Forma Calidi, deduces from a great fequence, uncapable of change.
number ofparticulars, that heat in bodies is no other " Fire (fays Dr. Gravefande, in Element. Phyf. ) na
than motion, only a motion fo and fo circumſtanti " turally unites itſelf with bodies ; and hence it is,
ated ; fo that to produce heat in a body, nothing is " that a body brought near to the fire grows hot,
required but to excite fuch motion in the parts of it. " in which cafe it alfo expands or fwells ; which ex
cc
His opinion is feconded by Mr. Boyle, in his treatiſe panſion is not only obferved in very folid bodies,
of the Mechanical Origin of Heat and Cold ; where " but in thoſe whoſe parts do not cohere ; in which
he maintains the fame doctrine, with new obſerva " cafe they likewife acquire a great degree of elaf
cc
tions and experiments, of which two are as follow: ticity, as is obferved in air and vapours."
He fays, " In the production of heat there appears Fire being thus acknowledged the inftrumental cauſe
<< of all motion, it remains that itſelf be moved ; nay,
nothing on the part either of the agent or patient
but motion , and its natural effects. When a ſmith to move, muſt be more natural and immediate to fire,
66 than to any other body ; and hence fome have ventured
brifkly hammers a fmall piece of iron, the metal
. to make motion effential to fire : but as this is incon
thereby becomes exceedingly hot ; yet there is no
cc thing to
make it fo, except the forcible motion of fiftent with the notion of matter, which is defined to
" the hammer, impreffing a vehement and variouſly be inert and paffive, and as fire is capable of being
" determined agitation on the ſmall parts ofthe iron ; proved material, we ought rather to agree, that the
.
which, being a cold body before, becomes by that motion of fire itſelf is derived from fome higher and
66
fuperinduced commotion of its fmall parts hot ; metaphyfical caufe. A property of perpetual mo
" firſt, in a more looſe acceptation of the word, with bility may indeed be fuperadded to the other proper
" regard to fome other bodies, compared with which ties of fire, but it has no natural neceffary connexion
" it was cold before ; then fenfibly hot, becauſe this with them ; nor can it be maintained with them
66
agitation fenfibly furpaffes that of the parts of our otherwiſe than by fome extrinfic efficacy of a fuperior
66 fingers. And in this inftance oftentimes the ham cauſe .
" mer and anvil continue cold after the operation ; However, that it is by motion that fire produces its
" which fhews, that the heat acquired by the iron effects, is evident ; and hence the action of fire can
" was not communicated by either of thefe imple not make any alteration in the elementary fubftance
66 ments, as heat, but produced in it, by a motion of bodies ; for it is neceffary, that what acts upon an
66
great enough ftrongly to agitate the parts of fo, object, be without that object, i. e. the fire muft not
" fmall a body as the piece of iron, without being penetrate the elementary parts, but only enter the pores
fo much
able to have the like effect upon fo much . greater and interftices of bodies ; fo that it does not ſeem ca
" maffes of metal as the hammer and anvil ; though pable of making thofe tranfmutations, which Sir Ifaac
" if the percuffions were often and brifkly renewed, Newton afcribes to it.
and the hammer were fmall, this alfo might be In effect, as to all our purpoſes, it may perhaps be
" heated ; whence it is not neceffary, that a body it faid, that fire is always in motion . For inftance,
" felf fhould be hot to give heat. take fix feveral forts of thermometers, and two vef
" If a large nail be driven by a hammer into a fels of water with fal armoniac mixed therein, and ap
66
plank of wood, it will receive feveral ſtrokes on its ply the thermometers to it ; and the confequence will
" head, ere it grows hot ; but when it is once driven be, that the air being condenfed in them, the fpirit
" to the head, a few ftrokes fuffice to give it a con will defcend in all of them: remove the veffels of
" fiderable heat ; for while at every blow with the water, and the air growing warmer, and rarefying,
" hammer the nail enters farther into the wood, the the ſpirit will afcend again ; ſo that the active force
" motion produced is chiefly progreſſive, and is of the in air, which produces fo many effects, does really all
" whole nail tending one way ; but, when the mo arife from the fire contained in it.
" tion ceaſes, the impulfe given by the ftroke being
5 P Again :
 FIR FIR

Again : As all bodies placed in a very folid air, do, The fecond effect of elementary fire is dilatation in
by degrees, grow cold, motionlefs, rigid, & c. i. e. all folid bodies , and rarefaction in all fluids.
"
though there be ftill fome remains of fire, and in Numerous experiments make it evident, that both
proportion as that is diminiſhed, the effect is accele theſe are infeparable from heat. If you heat an iron
1 rated ; it follows, that cold, a lefs degree of heat, is rod, it will increaſe in all its dimenfions ; and the
the effect of a leffer action of fire : and all action rifes more it is heated, the farther it will be increaſed ; and
apparently from the fame fource. being again expofed to the cold, it will contract, and
Then, as fire can render the moſt folid bodies , as fucceffively return through all degrees of its dilatation,
ftone, metals, &c. (as appears very evident in large till it arrive at its firft bulk, being never two minutes
burning-glaffes, in which gold itfelf immediately cal fucceffively of the fame magnitude.
cines, and emits fumes, i. e. becomes fluid ) fo the The like may be obferved in gold, the heaviest of all
want of fire would convert the moft fluid bodies, as bodies, which takes up more ſpace when it is fufed
fpirits of wine, & c . into folids. than it did before ; nay, even mercury, the heavieſt
Fire is diftinguiſhed into two kinds, called elemen of all fluids, has been known to afcend above thirty
tary or pure fire, which is fuch as exifts in itſelf, and times its height, being placed over the fire in a
alone is properly called fire ; or common or culinary tube.
fire, which is raiſed and kindled from the former, and The laws of this expanfion are ;
is that which agitates and affects ignited , combuftible, ift, That the fame degree of fire rarefies fluids
and moveable bodies, the particles of which, joining fooner, and in a greater degree than it does folids.
with thofe of the pure fire, conftitute pure flame. Without this, the thermometer would be of no ufe ;
This latter is improperly called fire, in that not only fince, if it were otherwife, the cavity of the tube
a fmall part of it is real or pure fire ; and in ig would be dilated in the fame proportion as the fluid is
nited bodies, that which flames, fmokes, &c. is not rarefied.
fimply fire ; whereas pure fire, fuch as is collected 2dly, By how much the liquor is lighter, by fo much
in a burning-glafs , yields no flame , ſmoke, afhes , or the more it is dilated by fire : thus air, which is the
the like.
lighteſt of all fluids, expands the moſt, and ſpirit of
Fire may be prefent in the greateſt abundance, yet wine the next after air.
without any heat : this is evident in the tops of the The third effect of fire on bodies is motion ; for
higheſt mountains, illuminated by the fun, where the fire, in warming and dilating bodies, muft neceffarily
cold is always extremely pinching, and this even un move their parts . And in effect, all the motion of
der the equator, there being mountains there which nature arifes from fire alone ; and if this were taken
are perpetually covered with fnow, though there can away, all things would become immoveable. All
be no want of fire . oils, fats, waters, wines, ales, fpirits of wine, vege
So a large burning-glafs has no effect : the ſmalleſt tables, animals, & c. become hard, rigid, and inert,
warmth cannot be felt in its focus in a place where upon the abfence of only a certain degree of fire ; and
the fun does not fhine, or when the fun is covered this induration will be both the fooner, and the more
with a cloud, but a piece of metal may be feen to violent, the lefs the degree of fire is.
melt the very moment the fun emerges. Hence, if the fire was abfolutely taken away, and
Fire may be in exceeding fmall quantity, and yet there were the greateſt degree of cold, all nature
burn with great violence : thus fpirit of wine when would grow into one concrete body, folid as gold,
fet on fire, does not burn the hands ; and though and hard as a diamond ; but, upon the application of
poured on a piece of red-hot iron , does not take fire ; fire, it would recover its former mobility.
fo that the fire that is in, fhould not appear very And, of confequence, every diminution of fire is at
great yet ifit meet with fome harder body while it tended with a proportionable diminution of motion.
is burning, the particles of which body it is capa Pure fire is found in two different manners, either
ble to agitate by the attrition of its own, it will yield as it exifts every where, and is diffufed equally in
a fierce flame, capable of burning a harder body than all places ; or as it exifts in certain bodies, in which
the hand. it makes no great alteration.
From this it appears, that the relation of heteroge That fire fhould exift in the fame quantity in all
neous particles, agitated by the fire, has more effect places, will feem a ftrange paradox ; and yet that
in refpect to heat than the action of the fire itſelf : it does fo, is demonftrable from innumerable expe
nor need we be far to feek for the mechanical reafon riments .

of this, for the particles of fire, being all equal and This elementary fire is prefent every where, in all
fpherical, muft of themfelves be harmleſs ; but if bodies, all ſpace, and at all times, and that in equal
they carry certain fpicula, or any other bodies along quantities ; for let a perfon go where he will, to the
with them, then they become capable of doing much top of the higheſt mountains, or defcend into the
harm . loweſt cavern, whether the fun fhine or not ; either in
Hence, though the flame of a piece of wood may the moſt ſcorching fummer, or the ſharpeft winter ;
give a fenfe of heat, and burn fuch things as are ap fire may be collected by feveral methods, as attrition
plied to it, it does not therefore neceffarily follow, or otherwiſe. In a word, there is no phyſical point
that there is any pure fire in it, fo that the dif affignable without fire, no place in nature where the
tinction of pure and common fire is abfolutely ne attrition of two fticks will not render it fenfible.
ceflary though this diftinétion has been overlooked The Cartefians, as Marriotte, Perrault, &c. hold,
by moft or all the authors before Dr. Boerhaave, who That there is a large ſtock of fire in a perfect vacuum ,
have written on fire ; which has led them into egre i. e. a ſpace out of which all the air has been exhauſted ,
gious miftakes, infomuch that most of them have held, as fuppofing an abfolute vacuum impoffible : now,
that the flame of a piece of wood is all fire, which ap the moſt perfect vacuum that we can arrive at, is that
pears to be falfe from what has been already ſaid, and of Mr. Hugyens's contrivance, which is as follows :
alfo what follows . heat a quantity of the pureft mercury to the heat of
Elementary or pure fire is of itſelf imperceptible, and boiling water, and pour it into a hot tube of about
only difcovers itfelf by certain effects that it pro forty inches long ; and when the tube is filled, apply
duces in bodies, and theſe effects are only to be learnt a finger upon the orifice of it, and thus invert it into
by the changes which arife in bodies. Theſe effects
a baton full of mercury : the mercury will now be
are three ; ift, heat ; 2dly, dilatation in all folid fufpended in the tube to the whole height ; but then,
bodies, and rarefaction in all fluids ; 3dly, motion . if you give it but a little ſhake, it will fink down to
The first effect of elementary fire on bodies is heat : the height of about twenty-nine inches, and thus
heat arifes wholly from fire, and in fuch a manner, leave a vacuity of eleven inches.
that the meaſure of heat is always the meaſure of Yet here the philofophers above-mentioned deny there
fire ; and that of fire, of heat ; fo the heat is infepa is any vacuum, and urge, that now fo much the more
rable from the fire.
fire is entered into the space as there was of other
matter ;
 Fon FIR FIR
's

matter ; but this is contrary to experience ; at leaſt, the puted fources or funds of fire, viz. in the fun, and
at bas fire contained there is no hotter than the mercury itfelf; the center of the earth.
for if a drop or two of water be1 in a frofty feaſon As for the firft, we have the concurrent opinions of
fprinkled both upon the upper part of the tube, fup the philofophers of all ages, but one excepted, who
ed;act pofed to be full of fire, and on the lower that is full of held the fun to be cold.
301, 200 mercury, they will in each place freeze alike ; fo that As to the fecond, the central fire, it is manifeft that
a02
02 there is no more pure fire in a perfect vacuum, than there is an ample proportion of fire under ground ;
in any other place. and even, that fire appears much more abundant
But whereas it has been faid, that fire is found in all there than on the furface ; fo that at leaſt, a fubter
bodies, to prove this, fet gold againſt the vacuum be raneous fire must be granted.
fore-mentioned, and this gold, though the moſt pon Thus they who dig mines, wells, &c. conftantly ob ·
derous of all bodies, will not contain more fire than ferve, that while they are but a little below the fur
Huygens's vacuum, as appears from the thermo face, they find it a little cool ; and as they proceed
re in! meter. lower, it proves much colder, as being beyond the
But the fire in gold, when ready to fufe, is pure reach of the fun's heat, infomuch that water will
fire ; for a maſs of this being once heated red hot, freeze almoſt inftantaneouſly, and hence is the ufe of
will retain this fire perfectly for three days ; nay, the houſes.
prince of Mirandola and others , have kept gold ig But a little lower, about forty or fifty feet deep, it
nited for two months, without any diminution of begins to grow warmer, fo that no ice can bear it ;
ufe;
weight. and then the deeper they go, ftill the greater heat ;
Lethe
Mr. Gravefande, Phyf. Element, fays , That bodies till at length it endangers the ftoppage of refpiration,
2
of any kind, being violently moved against one ano and puts out their candles. If they venture yet farther
ther, will grow hot by fuch friction ; and this to a with a lighted candle, the place fhall be immediately
confiderable degree, which fhews that all bodies have found full of flame, as once happened in the coal - pits
fire in them ; for fire may be put in motion, and fe in Scotland, where a hardy digger, defcending to an
Of
parated from a body by fuch rubbing, but can never unufual depth, with a light in his hand, the fumes ,
be generated that way. which were there found very copious, caught fire
Mr. Boyle, Mech. Prod . of Heat, fays, That although thereby, and burnt the whole mountain down.
Tarly Therefore it feems as if nature had lodged another
-quickfilver is allowed to be the coldeft of all fluids,
On a infomuch that many deny, that it will produce any fun in the center of the earth, to contribute on its
aken heat by its immediate action on any other body, and part to the giving motion to bodies, and for the pro
particularly on gold ; yet feveral trials have affured moting of generation, nutrition, vegetation, germi
him, that a particular mercury may by preparation be nation, &c. of animals, vegetables, and foffils.
enabled fuddenly to infinuate itſelf into the body of As to the origin of this fubterraneous fun, fome
gold, whether calcined or crude, and become mani doubt whether it were formed there in the beginning,
Lore feftly hot with it in leſs than two or three minutes . like the fun in the firmament, or gradually produced
Mr. Gravefande fays, That quickfilver contains fire, by a fecondary collection of vague fire into this place.
and is evident hence, that if you fhake it about in an What makes in favour of the former opinion, are
TIPA
U exhauſted glaſs, it will appear all luminous. volcanos or burning mountains, which feem to have
Elementary fire of itſelf always lies concealed ; nay, exifted from the firft ages ; for the flames of mount
it may be perfectly undifcoverable, where it is in the Ætna are mentioned as of great antiquity, and there
S.

d
greateſt quantity ; as is evident in the torrid zone, are likewife fuch mountains found in the coldest re
2 where the fnow never melts, notwithſtanding the great gions, viz. Nova Zembla and Iceland, as well as the
abundance of fire. hotteſt, as Borneo, &c.
1
This fire, in itſelf thus perfectly latent, may difco It cannot be reaſonably pretended, fays Mr. Boyle,
ver itſelf to be preſent by five effects ; ift, by rare that the fubterraneous heat proceeds from the rays of
1
fying bodies, and particularly air ; 2dly, by light ; the fun, fince they heat not the earth above fix or fe
3dly, by colour ; 4thly, by heat ; and 5thly, by ven feet deep, even in the fouthern countries ; and if
burning. the lower part of the earth were of its own nature
That there is a good quantity of fire even in the cold, and received the heat it affords only from the
coldeſt places, and in the coldeſt bodies, is confirmed fun and ftars, the deeper men defcend therein, the leſs
f
by the following experiment : if you take two large degree of heat and fleams they would meet with.
iron plates, and rub them brifkly together in Iceland, The fun contributes much in bringing fire to light,
which is only twelve degrees fhort of the north pole, by reafon of his rapid motion round his axis ; whereby
in the moſt froſty ſeaſon, and at midnight, they will the fiery particles, every where diffuſed , are directed
grow warm, glow, fhine, and heat to fuch a pitch as and determined in parallel lines toward certain places
not only to rarefy the fpirit in the thermometer, but where its effects become apparent.
even to ignite, and at laft to fufe. And from thence it is, that the fire is perceived by
Now the fire here found is either created de novo, or us when the fun is above ; but that when he difap
it was there before, but nobody will affert its crea pears, his impulfe or preffion being then taken away,
tion ; and accordingly, unlefs it be furniſhed with a the fire continues difperfed at large through the ethe
proper fuel, it will be foon diffipated again, but not real space.
annihilated ; and of confequence it pre-exifted, and it There is not, in effect, lefs fire in our hemifphere in
appears to be true fire by its rarefying the ſpirit in the night time, than there is in the day time ; only it
the thermometer. wants the proper determination to caufe it to be per
From this, and many other experiments, it is evi ceived.
dent, that fire is always found in all parts of fpace, The effects of elemental fire may be increafed divers
and in all bodies equally fpread on the utmoft top of ways, viz. firſt, by attrition, or a fwift rubbing or
the higheſt mountain, as in the fubject valley, or in agitating one body againſt another. This is very ma
the deepest cavern under ground, and in every cli nifeft in folids. The attrition of a flint againſt a ſteel
mate, and at every ſeaſon. produces fparks of fire ; and likewife in fluids, the
The equable diftribution of fire in all places being violent agitation of cream , by churning, will produce
proved, it ſhould thence follow, that there is the fame a fenfible warmth, and feparate it into butter , and
degree thereof every where ; which would really be this effect is rendered ftill more difcernible by a ther
fo, were it not that fire happens by one means or other mometer.
to be more collected in one place than another. And the heat of animal bodies is owing to the agita
But, notwithſtanding the equable difference , &c. of tion and attrition of the parts of thefe juices againſt
fire through all the mundane fpace does not hinder, each other, and the fides of the veffels.
but that, to our fenfes, it appears very unequal in dif The fecond manner of increafing the effect of ele
ferent places ; and hence we have two vulgarly re mentary fire is, by throwing a quantity of moift or
green
 FLO FLO

green vegetables, cut down while full of fap, into a that have no piftillum, whether that word be taken
large heap, and preffing them clofe down ; by which to fignify the embryo of the fruit, or its appendix,
they grow warm, hot, fmoke, and break out into and many which have no chives.
flame, But the late Monfieur Vaillant feems to be happier,
A third way is by mixing certain cold bodies : thus in forming a clearer idea of this part of a plant.
water, and fpirit of wine, being firft warmed, grow We find in the lecture he read in the Royal Garden
much hotter by being mixed ; alfo oil of cloves, cin at Paris, that the flowers, ftrictly speaking, ought to
namon, & c. being mixed with fpirit of wine, become be reckoned the organs which conftitute the different
exceeding hot, and burft forth like volcanos. fexes in plants ; feeing they are fometimes found with
The like effects may be had from feveral hard and out any covering, and that the coats or petals, which
dry bodies, as fulphur and ſteel filings. immediately encompaſs them, are defigned only to
To conclude : on fire and the effects thereof, depend cover and defend them : but (fays he) as theſe coats
all fluidity of humours, juices, & c. all vegetation, are the moſt confpicuous and moſt beautiful part of
putrefaction, fermentation, animal heat, & c. the compofition, which is called by the name of
" As all the four elements, water, air, earth, and flower ; to theſe coats therefore I give the name of
fire ,
are very conducive to the work of vegetation, and no flower, of whatſoever ftructure or colour they be ;
one of them more than this of fire ; I conclude, that whether they encompaſs the organs of both fexes to
theſe few hints, which I have collected from the moſt gether, or contain only one of them, or only fome
approved authors, concerning the nature and proper parts depending on one of them, provided always
ties of it, as they may be uſeful, would not be unac that they be not of the fame figure of the leaves of
ceptable to the ingenious and ſtudious practiſers of the plant.
horticulture, which induced me to infert them here. But, in my opinion, Dr. Martyn has been happier,
FIR-TREE. See ABIES . in his definition of a flower, than all thofe above
FISTULAR FLOWERS [ Flores Fiftulares , mentioned : he defines a flower to be the organs of
of Fiftula, Lat. a pipe] fuch as are compounded of generation of both fexes adhering to a common pla
many long, hollow, fmall flowers, like pipes . centa, together with their common coverings ; or of
FLAMMULA JOVIS. See CLEMATIS . either ſex ſeparately, with its proper coverings, if it
have any.
FLESH, among botanifts, is all the fubftance of
any fruit that is between the outer rind and the ſtone, The parts of a flower are, 1. The germen or ovary ;
or that part of any root that is fit to be eaten. which is the rudiment of the fruit, and fo is properly
FLORIFEROUS [ florifer, Lat. ] bearing flowers. the female organ of generation.
FLORIST, one who is converfant with, or ſkilled 2. The ftyle, which is a body accompanying the
in flowers. ovary, either arifing from the top of it, or ftanding
FLORULENT, FLORULOUS [ florentulus , as an axis in the middle, with the embryos of the
florulus, Lat. ] Flowery, full of flowers ; alfo blof feeds round it.
foming. 3. The fummits, or apices, which are thoſe bodies
FLOS AFRICANUS. See TAGETES . that contain the prolific powder, analogous to the
FLOS PASSIONIS. See PASSIFLORA. male fperm in animals ; and generally hang upon
FLOS SOLIS. See HELIANTHUS . flender threads, which are called the chives or fta
FLOS TRINITATIS. See VIOLA . mina.
FLOWER : a flower is a natural production which The petals are thofe tender fine coloured leaves,
precedes the fruit, which includes the grain or feed . which are generally the moft confpicuous parts of a
Though a flower is a thing fo well known, yet the flower.
definition of this part of a plant is as various almoſt as The empalement, or calyx, is thofe tender leaves
the authors who define it. Jungius defines it to be the which cover the other parts of a flower.
more tender part of a plant, remarkable for its colour, Flowers, according to the number of their petals,
or form, or both, cohering with the fruit . Yet this are called monopetalous, dipetalous, tripetalous, te
author himſelf confeffes, that this definition is too trapetalous , & c.
narrow ; for fome of thoſe bodies which he allows to The ftructure of flowers is indeed very various ; but,
be flowers are remote from the fruit. according to Dr. Grew, the generality have theſe three
Mr. Ray fays, it coheres, for the moft part, with parts in common, viz. the empalement, the foliation,
the rudiments of the fruit. Thus the words, for the and the attire.
moft part are hardly to be admitted into definitions. Mr. Ray reckons, that every perfect flower has the
Tournefort defines it to be a part of a plant very often petals, ftamina, apices, and ftylus or piftil ; and
remarkable for its peculiar colours, for the moſt part fuch as want any of thefe parts, he accounts imperfect
adhering to the young fruit, to which it feems to af flowers .
ford the first nouriſhment, in order to explicate its In moſt plants there is a perianthum, calyx, or flower
moft tender parts . Which definition is ſtill more de cup ; which is of a ſtronger confiftence than the flower
ficient than the former, by this uncertain mode of itſelf, and deſigned to ftrengthen or preſerve it.
expreffion. Flowers are diftinguiſhed into male, female, or her
Pontedera, the profeffor of botany at Padua , defines maphrodite.
it to be a part of a plant unlike the reft in form The male flowers are thofe in which are the ftamina,
and nature ; if the flower has a tube, it always ad but have no germen or ftyle, the fame which botanists
heres to the embryo, or is very near it, for whofe call ftamineous flowers ; thefe have no fruit.
ufe it is fubfervient ; but if it wants a tube, there The female flowers are fuch as contain the germen
is no embryo adhering. and ſtyle, or piftil, which is fucceeded with fruit,
This definition is far from being clear, for it is ſcarce and are called fruitful, or knitting flowers.
intelligible, and is liable to this objection , that it may The hermaphrodite flowers are fuch in which the two
include fome parts of a plant which no perfon ever fexes are contained , i . e. the male and female parts
called by that name ; for a root, a ſtalk, or a leaf, are found in the fame flower, which are the moft ge
are parts of a plant unlike the reft in form and nature, neral kind ; fuch are the Daffodil, Lily, Tulip, Al
"
having no tube, and fo do not adhere to any embryo, thæa, Geranium, Roſemary, Sage, Thyme.
and thus by Pontedera's definition are flowers. The ftructure of parts is much the fame in thoſe
Monf. Juffieu, the Paris profeffor, feems not to have where the fexes are divided ; the difference between
fucceeded much better in this affair : he fays, That them confifting in this, that the ftamina and fummits
is properly called a flower, which is compofed of or apices, i . e. the male parts in theſe are ſeparate
chives, and a piftillum, and is of uſe in generation. from the ftyles or piftils ; being fometimes on the
But this is too defective ; for there are many plants in fame plants, and fometimes on different ones.
which the piftillium or flyle is found a confiderable Among the plants which bear both male and female
diftance from the chives ; there are many flowers parts, but at a diſtance from each other are reckoned
the
2
 FLU FLU

1 the Cucumber, Melon, Gourd, Turky-Wheat, Wal tumble variouſly over in great waves like that ; it will
Iam
nut, Oak, Beech, & c. bear ftirring with a ftick or ladle without refitting, as
FLUIDITY. [ Fluiditas, of fluere, Lat. to flow. ] it will do when cold ; nay, if it be firred flrongly near
Having occafion to mention fluids and fluidity, in the fide of the vefiel, its waves will apparently dalh
fpeaking of the properties of the elements air, water, up against the fides : yet if any of it be peedily taken
fire, &c. I thought it neceffary, in this place, to give out, and laid on a piece of paper, you will fee nothing
the following account of that property, which I have but a dry powder.
extracted from the moft approved authors. So that it is evident from hence, that there is a real
A fluid, or fluid body, is by fome defined to be a difference between a fluid body and a wetting liquor ;
body, whofe particles are but weakly connected, their for not only this boiling powder and melted metals,
mutual coheſion being, in a great meafure, prevented but the air and æther, and even flame itſelf, are pro
from fome external caufe : in which fenfe, a fluid perly fluid bodies, though not moift liquors.
ftands oppoſed to a folid ; and is, by the excellent Sir This ingenious gentleman found alfo, that by blow
Ifaac Newton, defined to be one whofe parts eafily give ing the fmoke of Roſemary into a glafs pipe, and then
place, or move out of the way, on any force impelled holding the pipe (when filled) upright, the furface of
upon them, and by that means do fo eafily move one the fmoke would accommodate itfelf to a level fitua
over another. Which definition is much better than tion ; and which way foever the tube was inclined,
that of Defcartes, That a fluid is a body whofe parts the fuperficies of the fmoke would be parallel to the
are in continual motion , becauſe it is neither apparent horizon ; and when the glafs was much inclined,
that the parts of all fluids are fo, nor that the parts of would run along it like water.
fome folid bodies are not fo. From whence he infers, that, in order to the render
Fluidity is the ſtate or affection of bodies, which de ing a body fluid, there is no need that its parts fhould
nominates or renders them fluid, and ftands in direct be cloſely condenfed, as thofe of water are.
N oppofition to firmneſs and folidity. And Dr. Hook, in his Micrograph . p . 12. prefents us
It is diftinguished from liquidity and humidity, in with a very pretty experiment or two, to prove this
that the idea of fluidity is abfolute, and the property account of fluidity, viz. That a diſh of fand being fet
contained within the thing itself ; whereas that of hu on a drum head, brifkly beaten by the fticks, or on
midity is relative, and implies wetting, or adhering, the upper ftone of a mill, turning fwiftly round on
i. e. fomething that gives us the fenfation of wetneſs the ( empty) lower one, it in all refpects, emulate the
or moiſture, and would have no exiſtence, but for our properties of a fluid body ; for a heavy body will
fenſes. immediately fink in it to the bottom, and a light one
rial
21272

Thus melted metals, air, æther, and even fſmoke, emerge to the top ; each grain of fand hath a con
and flame itſelf, are fluid bodies, and not liquid ones ; ftant vibrating, dancing motion ; and if a hole be
the parts of them being actually dry, and not leaving made in the fide of the difh, the fand will ſpin out
any fenſe of moiſture. like water.
Fluidity feems to confift in this, that the parts of The corpufcular philofophy, before it was wonder
any body, being fine and fmall, are fo difpofed by fully improved by Sir Ifaac Newton, did not go to
motion and figure, as that they can eaſily ſlide over the bottom of this matter ; for it gave no account of
-મા
one another's furfaces all manner of ways. Mr. Boyle the cauſe of the chief condition requifite to conſti
alſo obferves, That it is requifite they ſhould be vari tute a fluid body, viz. the various motions and agi
ouſly and ſeparately agitated to and fro, and that tations of its particles : but this may, in a great
they fhould touch one another but in fome parts only meaſure, be accounted for, if it be fuppofed to be
of their furfaces . And the fame gentleman fays, in one of the primary laws of nature, That as all par
his Hiſtory of Fluidity, That the conditions requifite ticles of matter attract one another when they come
to conſtitute a fluid body, are chiefly the three fol within a certain diftance, fo likewife they fly away
lowing. from, and avoid one another, at all greater diftances
ift, The minuteneſs or ſmallneſs of its parts : thus from one another.
we ſeethe fire, by dividing metals into parts very fine For then, though their common gravity may keep
and ſmall, will melt them, and make them fluid ; and them together in a mafs (it may fometimes be) toge
after the fame manner do acid menftruums diffolve ther with the preffure of other bodies upon them ;
them, fufpend their liquor, and render them fluid ; yet their continual endeavour to avoid one another
and that fire turns the hard body of common falt al fingly, and the adventitious impulfes of light, heat,
moſt wholly into a liquor by diftillation : though it or other external cauſes, may make the particles
is not improbable, but that the ſhape and figure of of fluids continually move round about one another,
theſe ſmall parts may conduce much towards produ and fo produce this quality.
cing this quality of fluidity ; for it is found in the It is indeed a difficulty not eafily got over, to account
diſtillation of Olive oil (which is a fluid made only for the particles of fluids always keeping at fuch a
by preffure) that moft of the oil will, by the action diſtance from one another, as not to come within the
of the parts of the fire ( if it be done in a retort) be ſphere of one another's attraction.
turned into a kind of confiftent fubftance like butter. The fabric and conftitution of that fluid body,
Likewiſe mercury, whofe parts are, without doubt, water, is amazing ; that a body fo very rare, and
much groffer than thofe of oil and water, is yet more which has a vaft over- proportion of pores, or inter
fluid than either of them . fperfed vacuity, to folid matter, fhould yet be per
2dly, It ſeems requifite to fluidity, that there be ftore fectly incompreffible by the greateſt force ; and yet
of vacuities, or vacant fpaces, interfperfed between this fluid is eaſily reducible into that firm , tranſparent,
the corpufcles of the fluid body ; for elfe there will friable body which we call ice, by being only expofed
not be room for each particle to continue its motion . to a certain degree of cold.
and agitation on the furfaces of the neighbouring One would think, that though the particles of wa
ones. For, ter cannot come near enough to attract each other,
3dly, The chief condition requifite to conſtitute a yet the intervening frigorific matter doth, by being
fluid body is, that its particles be agitated variouſly mingled per minima, ftrongly attract them , and is it
and apart, either by their own proper motion, or by felf likewife ftrongly attracted by them, and wedges
fomething of ſubſtance, that tumbles them up and or fixes all the mafs into a firm body ; which folid
down by its paffage through them . body lofes its folidity again, when by heat the vincu
That this qualification is chiefly requifite to fluidity, lum is folved, and thefe frigorific particles are dif
you may gather from that common experiment of joined from thofe of the water, and are forced to
putting a little dry powder of alabafter, or plafter of fly out of it ; and, perhaps, juft thus may the fumes
Paris, finely fifted, in a flat-bottomed veffel over the of lead fix quickfilver.
fre ; for in a little time it will boil like water, and When a firm folid body, fuch as a metal, is by heat
imitate all the motions of a boiling liquor ; it will reduced into a fluid, doth not the fire disjoin and fe
5 Q parate
 F OE N F OE N

parate its conftituent particles, which mutual at thick, and channelled , and thoſe of Dill flat and bor
traction caufed to cohere before, and keep them at dered, it is much better to keep them feparate, than
fuch a diſtance from each other, as that they are to join them in the fame genus.
without the fphere of one anothers attraction as long The SPECIES are,
as that violent motion lafts ? And do not they, when 1. FOENICULUM (Vulgare) foliis decompofitis, foliolis
that is over, and the heat is flown out, come nearer brevioribus multifidis, femine breviore. Fennel with
to, attract one another, and coalefce again ? decompounded leaves, whofe fmall leaves are fhorter and
As therefore the caufe of coheſion of the parts of folid end in many points, and a shorter feed. Foeniculum
bodies appears to be their mutual attraction, fo the vulgare Germanicum . C. B. P. 147. Common Fennel.
chief caufe of fluidity feems to be a contrary mo 2. FOENICULUM ( Dulce) foliis decompofitis, foliolis lon
tion impreffed on the particles of fluids, by which gioribus, femine longiori . Fennel with decompounded
they avoid and fly one another, as foon as they come leaves, whofe fmall leaves are very long, and a longer
at, and as long as they keep at, fuch a diftance from feed. Foeniculum dulce, majore & albo femine. J. B.
each other. 3. P. 2 , 4. Sweet Fennel having a larger white feed.
It is obferved alfo in fluids, that the direction of 3. FOENICULUM (Azoricum) humilius, radice caule
their preffure againſt the veffels which contain them, fcente carnofo, feminibus recurvis, radice annuâ.
is in lines perpendicular to the fides of fuch veffels ; Dwarf Fennel with a fleshy stalk, recurved feeds, and
which property being the neceffary refult of the par an annual root. Foeniculum dulce Azoricum. Pluk.
ticles of any fluid's being fpherical, it fhews that the Alm. Sweet Azorian Fennel, called Finochio.
parts of all fluids are fo, or of a figure nearly ap The firft fort is the common Fennel, which is culti
proaching thereto. vated in the gardens, and has fown itfelf in many
Dr. Clarke fays, That if the parts of a body do not places, where it has been introduced in fuch plenty,
touch each other, or eafily flide over one another, and as to appear as if it were a native in England ; but it
are of fuch a magnitude as that they may be eafily is no where found at a great diſtance from gardens, fo
agitated by heat, and the heat be fufficiently great to has been undoubtedly brought into England. There
agitate them ; though perhaps it may be less than fuf are two varieties of this, one with light green leaves,
fices to prevent water from freezing ; or even though and the other with very dark leaves ; but thefe I be
the parts be not actually moved, yet if they be fmall, lieve are only varieties which arife from the fame
fmooth, flippery, and of fuch a figure and magni feeds ; but this is very difficult to afcertain ; for un
tude as difpofes them to move and give way, that lefs the feeds were fown feparately in fome place where
body is fluid. neither of theſe plants have been growing before, it
And yet the particles of fuch fluid bodies do , in fome cannot be done ; for the feeds of theſe plants which
meaſure, cohere ; as is evident hence, that mercury, have ſcattered, will remain in the ground fome years,
when well purged of air, will be fuftained in the ba and when expofed near the furface will grow ; fo that
rometer to the height of fixty or feventy inches ; that the plants become troublefome weeds, wherever
water will afcend in capillary tubes, even in vacuo ; their feeds have been fuffered to ſcatter ; and they fre
and that the drops of liquors in vacuo run into a ſphe quently come up where other feeds are fown, and
rical form, as adhering by fome mutual coheſion , thereby the two forts may accidentally mix.
like that between poliſhed marble planes. The common Fennel is fo well known, as to need
To this may be added, that theſe faid bodies, ifthey no deſcription. This hath a ſtrong fiefhy root, which
confift of particles which are eaſily entangled with penetrates deep into the ground, and will continue fe
each other, as oil ; or if they be capable of being ftiff veral years. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in
ened by cold, and joined by the interpofition of certain autumn. The beſt time to fow the feeds, is foon
cunei or wedges, as water, they are eafily rendered after they are ripe ; the plants will come up in the au
hard ; but if their particles are fuch as can neither be tumn or the following fpring, and require no other
entangled as air, nor ftiffened by cold , as quickfilver, care but 1 to keep them clean from weeds, and thin
then they never grow hard and fixed. the plants where they are too cloſe ; it will grow in
In fhort, the Cartefians define a fluid to be a body, any foil or fituation. The leaves, feeds, and roots
the parts of which are in continual inteftine motion ; of this, are uſed in medicine ; the root is one ofthe
and Dr. Hook, Mr. Boyle, and Dr. Boerhaave, tho' five opening roots, and the feed one of the greater
they differ in opinion widely from Cartefianiſm , fub carminative feeds . There is a fimple water made
fcribe to the definition, and alledge arguments to from the leaves, and a diftilled oil from the feed.
prove, that the parts of fluids are in continual mo The ſweet Fennel has been by many fuppofed only a
tion, and even that it is this motion which conftitutes variety of the common fort, but I have cultivated it
fluidity ; and the latter of them afcribes this, and all in the fame ground with that, where it has always re
motion, to fire. See FIRE . tained its differences. The leaves of this are very
Fluids then are either natural, as water and mercury ; long and flender, growing more fparfedly, and do not
or animal, as blood, milk, bile, lympha, urine, &c . end in fo many points as thofe of the common fort ; 1
or factitious, as wines, fpirits, oils, &c. 1 the ftalks do not rife fo high, and the feeds are longer,
FENICULUM . Tourn . Inft. R. H. 311. tab. narrower, and of a lighter colour. Thefe feeds are
4 164. Anethum . Lin. Gen. Plant. 326. Fennel ; in generally imported from Germany or Italy, and are
: French, Fenouil. by fome preferred to thofe of the common fort for
The CHARACTERS are, ufe, being much ſweeter.
It bath an umbellated flower ; the great umbel is com This may be propagated in the fame manner as the
pofed of many smaller, which have no involucrum , the former fort, being very hardy, but the roots are not
umbel is uniform ; the flowers have five incurved petals, bf fo long duration .
and five ftamina, terminated by roundish fummits : the The third fort is fuppofed to have been originally
germen is fituated under theflower, fupporting two small brought from the Azorian Islands ; it has been long
Styles, crowned by roundish ftigmas. The germen after cultivated in Italy as a fallad herb, under the title of
ward turns to an oblong fruit, deeply channelled, dividing Finochio ; and there are fome fewgardens in England,
into two parts, each containing a fingle feed, flat on one where it is now cultivated, but in fmall quantities, for
fide, but convex and channelled on the other. there are not many Engliſh palates which relifh it, nor
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection is it eaſy to be furniſhed with good feeds ; thofe which
of Tournefort's ſeventh clafs, which includes the herbs are annually brought from Italy feldom prove good ;
with umbellated flowers difpofed circularly, whofe em and it is difficult to fave it in England, becauſe the
palement turns to two narrow, oblong, thick feeds . winter frequently kills thofe plants which are left for
Dr. Linnæus has joined this genus to Anethum, feeds ; and when any good plants of the early fowing
which is placed in the ſecond ſection of his fifth claſs, are left for feeds, they do not ripen, unleſs the win
with thofe plants whofe flowers have five ftamina and ter proves very favourable.
two ftyles. But as the feeds of Fennel are oblong,
5 This
 F OE N FRA

This fort hath very fhort ftalks, which fwell juft | FOENUM BURGUNDIACUM. See Me
above the furface ofthe ground, to four or five inches DICA SATIVA.
in breadth, and almoſt two thick, being fleshy and FOENUM GRECUM. See TRIGONELLA .
tender : this is the part which is eaten when blanched , FOOT-STALKS, are thofe ſmall ſtalks which
with oil, vinegar, and pepper, as a cold fallad . immediately fuftain the leaves, flowers, or fruit.
When theſe plants are permitted to run for feeds, the FOUNTAINS are fources or fprings of living
ftalks do not rife more than a foot and a half high, water, arifing out of the ground . As to the ori
having a large ſpreading umbel ſtanding on the top . ginal of them , fee under the article SPRINGS.
The feeds of this fort are narrow, crooked, and of a Of artificial fountains there are great variety, the me
bright yellow colour ; they have a very ſtrong ſmell. chanifm of which not being to my purpofe, I will
like Anifeed, and are very fweet to the taſte. not dwell upon it ; though I may affert, that they
The manner of cultivating this plant is as follows : are not only great ornaments to a fine garden, but
Your firſt care must be to procure good feeds from alfo of great ule. But they ought not to be placed
fome perſon who has been careful in the choice of too near the houfe by reafon of the vapours that
the plants, otherwife there will be little hope of hav arife from the water, which may be apt to ftrike a
ing it good ; for the plants will run up to feeds before damp to the wall, and fpoil the paintings, & c. and
they fwell to any fize, fo will not be fit for ufe : then the fummer vapours may caufe a malignity in the
make choice of a good ſpot of light rich earth, not air, and fo be prejudicial to the health of the fa
dry nor very wet, for in either extreme this plant will mily ; and likewife the noife may be incommodious .
not thrive. The firft crop may be fown about a fort in the night .
night in March, which, if it fucceeds, will be fit for Fountains in a garden fhould be fo diſtributed, that
ufe in July ; and by fowing at feveral times, there may they may be ſeen almoſt all at one time, and that the
be a fupply for the table till the froft puts a ſtop to water-fpouts may range all in a line one with ano
it. After having well dug and levelled the ground ther, which is the beauty of them ; for this occafions
fmooth, you muſt make a fhallow drill by a line, into an agreeable confuſion to the eye, making them ap
which you muſt ſcatter your feeds pretty thin ; for if pear to be more in number than they really are. See
your plants are fix inches afunder in the rows, it will JET D'EAU, SPRINGS , VAPOURS , WATER , &C.
be full near enough ; but however, you muſt expect FRAGARIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 558. Tourn. Inft.
fome of your feeds to fail, and therefore you ſhould R. H. 295. tab. 152. [ is fo called for its fragrant aro
fcatter them about two inches diſtance ; then cover the matic fcent. ] Strawberries ; in French , Frafier.
feeds about half an inch thick with earth, laying it The CHARACTERS are,
fmooth theſe drills fhould be made eighteen inches The empalement of the flower is of one leaf, which is
afunder, or more, that there may be room to clean cut into ten parts at the top. The flower bath five
the ground, as alfo to earth up the plants when they roundish petals, which are inferted in the empalement,
are full grown. When the plants come up, which and fpread open. It bath twenty ftamina, which are in
will be in about three weeks or a month after ſowing, ferted in the empalement, terminated by moon-
shaped fum
you muft with a ſmall hoe cut up all the weeds be mits. It bath a great number ofgermem collected into a
tween them, and where the plants are too cloſe, they head, each having a single style, inferted in the fide of
fhould be thinned to about three inches diftance ; and as the germen, crowned by fingle ftigmas ; this head af
they advance, and the weeds fpring again, they ſhould, terward becomes a large, foft, pulpy fruit, which, if
from time to time, be hoed ; and at the laſt time of left, falls away, leaving many fmall angular feeds in the
thinning them, they ſhould be left ſeven or eight empalement.
inches afunder at leaft. If your kind be good , the This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth fection
ftems of the plants will increaſe to a confiderable bulk of Linnæus's twelfth clafs , which includes thofe plants
juft above the furface of the ground ; which part whofe flowers have at least twenty ftamina and many
fhould be earthed up in the manner of Celery, to ftyles, which are inferted to the empalement.
blanch, about a fortnight or three weeks before it The SPECIES are,
is uſed, and this will caufe it to be very tender and 1. FRAGARIA (Vefca) foliis ovatis ferratis, calycibus
crifp. brevibus, fructu parvo. Strawberry with oval fawed
Your fecond crop fhould be fown about three weeks leaves, fhort empalements, and a fmallfruit. Fragaria
after the firft, and fo continue fowing every three vulgaris. C. B. P. 226. The common or Wood Strawberry.
weeks or a month till the end of July, after which 2. FRAGARIA (Virginiana ) foliis oblongo-ovatis ferratis,
time it will be too late for the plants to come to any infernè incanis, calycibus longioribus, fructu fubro
perfection. But you ſhould obſerve to fow in April, tundo. Strawberry with oblong, oval, fawed leaves,
May, and June, on a moiſter foil than that which boary on their under fide, longer empalements, and a
you fowed the firft on ; as alfo what you fow in the roundish fruit. Fragaria Virginiana fructu Coccineo.
latter part of July, fhould be fown on a drier foil, Hift. Ox. 2. 186. Virginia Strawberry with a Scarlet
and in a warmer fituation ; becauſe this crop will not fruit, commonly called the Scarlet Strawberry.
be fit for ufe till late in autumn, and therefore will be 3. FRAGARIA ( Muricata ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis rugofis,
fubject to injuries from too much wet or cold wea fructu ovato. Strawberry with oval, spear-shaped, rough
ther, if on a moift foil . But as the ground is often leaves, and an oval fruit. Fragaria fructu parvi pruni
extreme dry in June and July, and the feeds more magnitudine. C. B. P. 327. Strawberry with fruit as
apt to mifcarry and not come up, you ſhould there large as afmall Plumb, commonly called Hautboy Straw
fore obferve to water and fhade the beds where this berry.
feed is fown at that feafon, until the plants come up. 4. FRAGARIA (Chiloerfis ) foliis ovatis carnofis hirfutis
And if the ſeaſon ſhould prove dry, the plants muſt fructu maximo. Strawberry with oval, fleshy, bairy
be duly watered, otherwiſe they will run up to leaves, and a large fruit. Fragaria Chiloenfis, fructu
feed before they are of any fize ; therefore there ſhould maximo foliis carnofis hirfutis. Hort. Elth. 145. tab .
be a channel made where every row of plants grow, 120. Strawberry of Chili with a large fruit, and hairy
to detain the water which is poured on them, to pre flefby leaves, called Frutilla, in America.
vent its running off. In the autumn, if there fhould There are fome other varieties of this fruit, which
happen fharp frofts, it will be very proper to cover are now cultivated in England ; but I have not feen
the plants with fome Peas-haulm, or other light co any other which can be called a diftinct fpecies , than
vering, to prevent their being pinched ; by which are here enumerated, and thefe, I think, may be al
method they may be continued for ufe till the middle lowed to be fo, for they never alter from one to the
of winter. other, by any cultivation, though the fruit is fre
A fmall bed of this plant will be fufficient at each quently improved, fo as to be of a larger fize thereby ;
fowing for a middling family ; and for a large family, therefore thoſe who have fuppofed them but one fpe
a bed of about twenty feet long, and four feet broad , cies, have greatly erred in fo doing ; I fhall therefore
1
will be full enough at a time. mention the feveral varieties of Strawberry, which are
at
 FRA FRA

at prefent to be found in the gardens under the fpe extend to a great length, putting out plants at feveral
cies to which they naturally belong. diſtances. The foot-ftalks which fuftain the flowers.
The firſt fort is the common Wood Strawberry, which are very strong ; the leaves of the empalement are
grows naturally in the woods in many parts of Eng long and hairy. The flowers are large, and are often
land, and is fo well known as to need no defcription ; deformed ; and fo is the fruit, which is very large,
of this there are three varieties, 1. The common fort and when cultivated in very ſtrong land, the plants
with red fruit. 2. The white Wood Strawberry, which produce plenty of fruit, which is firm , and very well
ripens a little later in the feafon, and is by many per flavoured ; but as it is a bad bearer in moſt places
fons preferred to it for its quick flavour, but as it fel where it has been cultivated, it has generally been
dom produces fo large crops of fruit as the red fort, neglected .
it is not very generally cultivated. 3. The green The Strawberries in general love a gentle hazelly
Strawberry, by fome called the Pine Apple Straw loam , in which they will thrive and bear greater
berry, from its rich flavour. The fruit of this is plenty of fruit than in a light rich foil. The ground
greenish when ripe ; it is very firm, and hath a very fhould alfo be moift, for if it is very dry, all the
high flavour ; this is a late ripe fruit, but unleſs it is watering which is given to the plants in warm dry
planted in a moift loamy foil, it is a very bad bearer ; feafons, will not be fufficient to procure plenty of
but in fuch land where it does fucceed, it merits cul fruit ; nor ſhould the ground be much dunged, for
tivation as much as any of the forts. that will caufe the plants to run into fuckers, and
The Scarlet Strawberry is the fort which is firſt ripe, grow luxuriant, and render them lefs fruitful.
for which reafon it merits efteem, had it nothing elfe The beſt time to remove thefe plants is in October,
to recommend it ; but the fruit is fo good, as by that they may get new roots before the hard froſt
many perfons of good tafte to be preferred to moft fets in, which loofens the ground ; fo that if the roots
other forts. This was brought from Virginia, where of the plants are not pretty well eſtabliſhed in the
it grows naturally in the woods, and is fo different ground, the plants are frequently turned out of the
from the Wood Strawberry in leaf, flower, and fruit, ground by the firſt thaw ; therefore the fooner they
that there need be no doubt of their being diftinct are planted when the autumnal rains begin, the bet
fpecies. ter will their roots be eſtabliſhed , fo there will be
There is a variety of this which hath been of late lefs danger of their mifcarrying, and fometimes thoſe
years introduced from the northern parts of America, which are well rooted , will produce a few fruit the
which has the appearance of a diſtinct fpecies. The firft year ; there are fome who tranfplant their plants
leaves of this are rounder, and not fo deeply veined ; in the fpring ; but where that is done, they muſt be
the crenatures on their edges are broader and more duly fupplied with water in the dry weather, other
obtufe. The leaves which compofe the empalement wife they will not fucceed .
are much longer, and are hairy, and the fruit is The ground in which thefe are planted fhould be
larger ; but as in other refpects it approaches near thoroughly cleaned from the roots of Couch, and all
to the Scarlet Strawberry, I have chofen to join other bad weeds ; for as the Strawberry plants areto
it to that, rather than make a diftinct fpecies of remain three years before they are taken up, fo if any
it ; this I have been informed grows naturally in of the roots of thoſe bad weeds are left in the ground,
Louiſiana. they will have time to multiply fo greatly as to fill
There has alſo been another variety of this ( if not the ground, and overbear the Strawberry plants. The
a diftinct fpecies) lately introduced to our gardens, ground ſhould alſo be well trenched and made level ;
which is commonly known by the title of Alpine then the ufual method is to lay it out into beds of
Strawberry ; the plants of this greatly reſemble thoſe four feet broad, with paths two feet or two feet and
of the Scarlet Strawberry, but the fruit is more a half broad between each ; theſe paths are neceffary
pointed ; it is a well flavoured fruit, and continues for the convenience of gathering the fruit, and for
bearing from the common feafon of Strawberries, weeding and dreffing of the beds, and alfo for wa
until the froft in autumn puts a stop to it, which tering the plants ; after the beds are marked out,
renders the fort very valuable : I have frequently there fhould be four lines drawn in each, at a foot
gathered the fruit in the beginning of November ; diſtance, which will leave fix inches fpace on each
this has occafioned the Dutch gardeners titling it fide, between the outfide rows and the paths ; then
Everlaſting Strawberry. the plants fhould be planted at about a foot diſtance
The Hautboy Strawberry, which the French call Ca from each other in the rows, in a quincunx order,
pitons, came originally from America, but it has being careful to cloſe the ground to the roots of the
been long cultivated in the Engliſh gardens, and is plants when they are planted ; and if there ſhould not
very different from the other forts in leaf, flower, happen rain foon after, the plants fhould be well wa
and fruit, as that no one can doubt of their being tered to fettle the earth to their roots.
different fpecies ; there is an improvement of this The diſtance here mentioned for the plants to be
fort, which is commonly called the Globe Hautboy. placed muſt be underſtood for the Wood Strawberries
The fruit of this is larger, and of a globular form , only, for as the other forts grow much larger, their
but this difference has certainly arifen from culture ; diſtances muſt be proportioned to their feveral growths ;
for where thefe have been neglected a year or two, therefore the Scarlets and Hautboys fhould have but
they have degenerated to the common Hautboy again ; three rows of plants in each bed, which fhould be at
where the ground is proper for this plant, and their fifteen inches diftance, and the plants in the rows
culture is well managed, the plants will produce ſhould be allowed the fame ſpace from each other,
great plenty of fruit, which will be large, and well and the Chili Strawberry muft have but two rows of
flavoured, and by fome perfons are preferred to all plants in each bed, which fhould alfo be two feet
the other forts. apart in the rows ; for as thefe grow very strong, if
The Chili Strawberry was brought to Europe by they have not room to spread, they will not be very
Monf. Frazier, an engineer, who was fent to Ame fruitful.
rica by the late king of France, and was firft planted In chufing proper plants of any of the forts,
in the Royal Garden at Paris, from whence it was depends the whole fuccefs ; for if they are promif
communicated to feveral curious perfons in Holland, cuouſly taken from beds without care, great partof the
and in the year 1727, I brought a parcel of the plants will become barren ; thefe are generally called
plants to England, which were communicated to me blind, which is when there are plenty of flowers, but
by Mr. George Clifford, of Amfterdam, who had no fruit produced ; ifthefe flowers are well examined,
they will be found to want the female organs of ge
large beds of this fort growing in his curious gardens
at Hartecamp. The leaves of this fort are hairy, oval,. neration, moſt of them abounding with ftamina, but
and of a much thicker fubftance than any fort yet there are few, if any ſtyles ; fo that it frequently hap
known, and ſtand upon very ſtrong hairy foot-ftalks ; pens among theſe barren plants, that fome of them
the runners from the plants are very large, hairy, and will have a part of an imperfect fruit formed, which
*will
 M
F F
R R
A A
will fometimes ripen ; this barrenness is not peculiar to falts, neceffary for the nourishment of that species of
Strawberries, but is general to all thoſe plants which plants ; for it is always obferved, that Strawberries
have creeping roots, or ftalks ; and the more they in planted on fresh land are the moit fruitful.
creaſe from either, the fooner they become barren, The next thing to be obferved, is in autumn to di
能 and this in fome degree runs through the vegetable veft the plants of any ftrings, or runners, which may
kingdom ; for trees and fhrubs which are propagated have been produced, and alfo of all the decayed leaves,
Nea and the beds cleared from weeds ; then the paths
by cuttings, are generally barren of feeds in two ge
nerations, that is, when they are propagated by cut fhould be dug up, and the weeds buried which were
tings, which were taken from plants raifed by cut taken from the beds, and fome earth laid over the fur
tings ; this I have conftantly found to hold in great face ofthe beds between the plants ; this will ftrengthen
numbers of plants, and in fruit-trees it often hap the plants, and prepare them for the following fpring ;
pens, that thoſe forts which have been long propa and if after this, there is fome old tanners bark laid
gated by grafts and buds, have no kernels. But to over the ſurface of the ground between the plants , it
return to the choice of the Strawberry plants ; theſe will be of great fervice to them. In the fpring, after
fhould never be taken from old neglected beds, the danger of hard froft is over, the ground between
where the plants have been fuffered to ſpread or run the plants in the beds fhould be forked with a narrow
into a multitude of fuckers, nor from any plants which three-pronged fork, to loofen it, and break the
are not very fruitful ; and thofe offsets which ſtand clods ; and in this operation, the tan which was laid
neareſt to the old plants, fhould always be preferred over the furface of the ground in autumn will be bu
to thoſe which are produced from the trailing ftalks ried, which will be a good dreffing to the Strawber
at a farther diſtance ; and the Wood Strawberry is ries, eſpecially in ftrong land ; then about the end of
beſt when the plants are taken freſh from the woods, March, or the beginning of April, if the furface of
provided they are taken from fruitful plants, be the beds is covered with mofs, it will keep the ground
cauſe they are not fo liable to ramble and ſpread , as moiſt, and prevent the drying winds from penetrating
thoſe which are taken from plants, which have been the ground, and thereby fecure a good crop of fruit ;
long cultivated in gardens ; therefore thoſe who are cu and the mofs will preferve the fruit clean , that when
rious in cultivating this fruit, fhould be very careful heavy rains may fall after the fruit is full grown,
in the choice of their plants. there will be no dirt waſhed over them, which fre
3
When the plants have taken new root, the next quently happens, fo that the fruit muſt be waſhed
care is ifthe winter prove fevere, to lay fome old tan before it is fit for the table, which greatly diminiſhes
ners bark over the furface of the bed between the its flavour ; therefore where this method is practiſed ,
plants, to keep out the froft : this care is abfolutely the fruit may be had in perfection.
neceffary to the Chili Strawberry, which is frequently The foil in which the Chili Strawberry is found to fuc
killed in hard winters, where they are expofed with ceed beft, is a very ſtrong brick earth, approaching
out any covering ; therefore where tanners bark can near to clay ; in this foil I have ſeen them produce a
not eaſily be procured, faw- duft, or fea-coal afhes tolerable good crop, and the fruit has been extremely
may be uſed ; or in want of thefe, if decayed leaves well flavoured ; and if fome care be taken to pull off
oftrees, or the branches of Evergreen-trees with their the runners as they are produced, fo as to leave
leaves upon them, are laid over the beds, to prevent only the old plants, I make no doubt but theſe plants
the froft from penetrating deep into the ground, it may be as fruitful as the common . Hautboy : this
will fecure the plants from injury. I mention from one or two experiments, which have
The following fummer the plants fhould be con been made by my direction, and not from theory.
ftantly kept clean from weeds, and all the runners There are fome perfons who are fo fond of Straw
fhould be pulled off as faſt as they are produced ; if berries, as to be at any expence to obtain them early in
this is conſtantly practifed, the plants will become very the year, and to continue them as late in the feafon as
ftrong by the following autumn ; whereas when this poffible ; and fhould I omit to give fome directions
is neglected (as is too frequently feen ) and all the run for both theſe managements, they would fuppofe
ners permitted to ftand during the ſummer ſeaſon, and the book very defective ; therefore I fhall mention
then pulled off in the autumn, the plants will not be the practice of fome few, who have ſucceeded beſt
half fo ftrong as thoſe where that care has been taken ; in the management of thefe fruits ; I ſhall begin with
therefore there will not be near the fame quantity of directions for obtaining theſe fruits early in the ſpring.
fruit upon them the following fpring, nor will the Where there are any hot walls erected in gardens
fruit be near fo large and fair ; and where proper for the producing early fruit, it is very common
care is taken of the plants the firſt ſummer, there is to ſee Strawberries planted in the borders, that the fire
generally a plentiful crop of fruit the ſecond ſpring ; which is applied for ripening the fruit against the
whereas when this is neglected , the crop will be thin walls, may alſo ſerve the purpoſe of bringing forward
and the fruit fmall. the Strawberries ; but where this is practifed, the
As this fruit is very common, there are but few per Strawberry plants fhould be annually renewed, taking
fons who cultivate it with proper care ; therefore I up the plants as foon as their fruit is over, and all
fhall give fome directions for the doing of it, which, the earth of the borders fhould be taken out, at leaſt
if carefully practifed , will be attended with fuccefs. two feet deep, and freſh earth brought in, which will
The old plants of Strawberries are thoſe which pro be equally good for the wall trees ; but, as was before
duce the fruit, for the fuckers feldom produce any till obferved, that the old plants of Strawberries only are
they have grown a full year ; therefore it appears how thoſe which produce the fruit, there fhould be a fuffi
neceffary it is to diveft the old plants of them ; for cient number of plants brought up in pots, to fup
·
wherever they are fuffered to remain , they rob the ply the border annually ; and the fame must be done
fruitful plants of their nouriſhment in proportion to if they are to be raiſed in a common hot- bed, or in
their number ; for each of theſe fuckers fend out a ftoves ; therefore I fhall begin with giving directions
quantity of roots , which interfere , and are ſo cloſely for raifing and preparing plants for thoſe purpoſes.
matted together, as to draw away the greateſt part of The forts which are the most proper for forcing early,
the nouriſhment from the old roots , whereby they are the Scarlet, the Alpine, and the Wood Strawber
are greatly weakened ; and theſe fuckers alfo render ries, for the Hautboy grows too large for this purpoſe.
each other very weak , fo that from hence the cauſe of In the choice of the plants, there fhould be an efpe
barrennefs ariſes ; for I have known where the old cial care taken to have them from the moſt fruitful
plants have been conftantly kept clear from fuckers , plants, and thoſe which grow immediately to the
they have continued very fruitful four or five years old plants ; they fhould be taken off in autumn, and
without being tranfplanted ; however, it is the beſt each planted in a ſeparate ſmall pot filled with loamy
way to have a fucceffion of beds, that after three years foil, and placed in a fhady fituation till they have taken
ftanding they may be taken up ; becauſe by that time root ; after which they may be removed to an open
they will have exhaufted the ground of thofe vegetable ſituation , where they may remain till the middle or
5 R end
 FRA FRA

end of November, when the pots fhould be plunged fhould be turned out of the ftové ; for as they will be
into the ground up to their rims, to prevent the froft of no farther fervice, they ſhould not remain to take
from penetrating through the fide of the pots ; if up the room ; nor fhould thofe plants which are
thefe are placed near a wall, pale, or hedge, ex planted in the borders near the hot walls be left there.
pofed to an eaſt afpect, or north-eaft, they will fuc after their fruit is gathered , but immediately taken up,
ceed better than in a warm fituation, becauſe they that they may rob the fruit-trees of their nouriſhment
will not be forced too forward ; the only care they re as little as poffible.
quire, is to fecure them from being turned out of the Where there is no conveniency offtoves, or hot-walls
pots after froft. The fpring following the plants will for this purpoſe, the fruit may be ripened upon com
be fo far advanced as to have filled the pots with their mon hot-beds ; and though they may not be quite
roots by the end of April, when they fhould be turned fo early as with the other advantages, yet I have feen
out of the pots, and their roots pared ; then planted great crops of the fruit ripe in April, which were
into penny pots filled with the like loamy foil, and upon common hot- beds under frames, and executed
plunged into the ground in a fhady fituation, where at a fmall expence in the following manner.
they fhould remain the following fummer; during The plants were prepared in pots after the manner
which time they muſt be duly kept clean from weeds, before directed, which were placed in a warm fitua
and all the runners muft be taken off as faft as they are tion in the beginning of October, and about Chriſtmas
produced ; likewife if there fhould be any flowers the hot-bed was made in the fame manner as for Cu
come out, they fhould alfo be pinched off, and not fuf cumbers, but not fo ftrong ; and as foon as the firſt
fered to bear fruit, which would weaken the plants , violent fteam of the dung was over, fome old rotten
for there cannot be too much care taken to have the dung laid over the hot-bed to keep down the heat,
plants as ftrong as poffible, that they may produce or where it can be eafily procured, neats dung is
plenty of fruit, without which they are not worth the preferable for this purpofe ; then the plants fhould be
trouble of forcing . turned out of the pots, and placed upon the bed as
About the middle of October, or earlier, if the au cloſe together as poffible, filling up the interſtices be
tumn proves cold, the pots fhould be removed into a tween the plants with earth ; afterward the plants muft
warmer fituation, to prepare them for forcing ; for have air admitted to them every day ; and if the heat
theyſhould not be fuddenly removed from a very cold of the bed is too great, the plants fhould be raiſed up,
.
fituation immediately into the ftove or hot-bed, but to prevent their roots being fcorched ; and if the
be gradually prepared for it , but where they are de bed is too cold, the fides of it fhould be lined with
figned for the borders near a hot wall, they may then fome hot dung : this firft bed will bring the plants.
be turned out of the pots, and planted into the bor to flower by the latter end of February, or the be
ders, that they may have time to get freſh rooting, be ginning of March, by which time the heat of the
fore the fires are made to heat the walls ; when theſe bed will be ſpent, therefore another hot-bed ſhould
are planted, they may be placed very cloſe to each be prepared to receive the plants , which need not
other ; for as they are defigned to remain there no be fo ftrong as the firft ; but upon the hot dung
longer than till they have ripened their fruit, they fhould be laid fome neats dung about two inches
will not require much room, as their roots will find thick, which ſhould be equally fpread and fmoothed ;
fufficient nouriſhment below, and alfo from the earth this will prevent the heat ofthe bed from injuring the
which is filled into the fpaces between the balls of roots of the plants, upon this fhould be laid two
earth, about their roots ; and it is of confequence to inches of a loamy foil ; when this has laid two days
get as much fruit as poffible in a fmall ſpace, where to warm, the plants fhould be taken out of the
there is an expence to force them early. Ifthe fires firſt hot- bed, and turned carefully out of the pots,
are lighted about Chriftmas, the Strawberries in thefe preferving all the earth to their roots, and placed
borders will be ripe the end of March ; or if the fea clofe together upon this new hot-bed, filling up the
fon fhould prove very cold, it may be the middle of vacuities between the balls with loamy earth : the
April before they will be fit for the table. roots of the plants will foon ſtrike out into this freſh
In the management of the plants there must be care earth, which will ftrengthen their flowers, and cauſe
taken to fupply them with water when they begin to their fruit to fet in plenty ; and if proper care is taken
fhew their flowers, otherwife they will fall off without to admit freſh air to the plants, and fupply them pro
producing any fruit ; and, in mild weather, there perly with water, they will have plenty of ripe fruit
fhould be fresh air admitted to them every day ; but in April, which will be full two months before their
as fruit-trees against the wall muft be fo treated, the natural feafon .
fame management will agree with the Strawberries. The methods practifed to retard this fruit, is firſt by
If the Strawberries are intended to be forced in a ſtove, planting them in the coldest part of the garden, where
where there are Pine-apples, and no room to plunge they may be as much in fhade as poffible, and the foil
them in the tan-bed, then the plants fhould be tranf fhould be ſtrong and cold ; when there are fuch places
planted into larger pots in September, that they may in a garden, the fruit will be near a month later than
be well rooted before they are removed into the stove, in a warm fituation ; the next is to cut off all the
which ſhould not be till December ; but if they are flowers when they firſt appear, and if the feafon proves
placed under a frame the beginning of November, dry, to water them plentifully, which will cauſe them
where they may be fcreened from the froft, it will to put out a freſh crop of flowers ; and if they are fup
prepare the plants better for forcing ; and thoſe who plied with water, there will be a late crop of fruit,
are defirous to have them very early, make a hot but theſe are not fo well flavoured as thofe which ri
bed under frames, upon which they place their plants pen in their natural ſeaſon.
the latter end of October, which will bring them But fince the Alpine Strawberry has been introduced
forward to flower, and then they remove the plants in the Engliſh gardens, there is little occafion for prac
into the ftove ; when thefe plants are removed into tifing this method of retarding the fruit ; becauſe this
the ftove, they ſhould be placed as near to the glaffes fort will fupply the table the whole fummer, efpeci
as poffible, that they may enjoy the full fun and air ; ally if care is taken to pull off the runners ; and in dry
for when they are placed backward, the plants will ſeaſons to water the plants, without which the blof
draw up weak, and the flowers will drop without pro foms will fall off, without producing fruit.
ducing fruit. As the earth in the pots will dry pretty There are fome perfons fo curious as to raiſe the plants
faft when they ſtand dry upon the pavement of the from feeds, by which they have greatly improved
hot-houfe, or on fhelves, fo the plants must be duly fome of the forts ; and if this was more practifed, I
watered ; but it must be done with difcretion, and am certain it would be found of fingular fervice, where
not too much given to them, which will be equally the fairest of the fruit of each kind are chofen. The
hurtful to them ; if thefe plants are properly ma feeds ſhould be immediately fown when the fruit is
naged, they will produce ripe fruit in February, which eaten ; the best way is to fow the feeds in pots, placing
is as early as moft people will chufe to eat them. them in the fhade.
When the fruit is all gathered from the plants, they
6 In
 FRA FRA

In the fpring of the year 1724, there was fcarce any gardens for variety ; it may be increafed by laying
rain from February till about the middle of July, fo down the branches, but must have a ftrong foil.
that moſt of the Strawberries and Raſpberries in the The fourth fort grows naturally in North America,
gardens near London, were burnt up, and came to no from whence I received the feeds ; this is pretty like
Des
perfection ; but upon plenty of rain falling in July, the first fort, but the leaves are longer and broader ;
‫ܚܬܪ̈ܐ‬ they recovered and put out plenty of flowers, which they are fmooth, of a lucid green, and have many
were fucceeded by fruit, which ripened in Septem veins. The flowers are very like thofe of the firft for .
Ca ber, when the markets of London were fupplied with Thefe fhrubs are eaſily propagated by feeds, which
C a great plenty of both thoſe fruits at that feafon ofthe fhould be fown as foon as they are ripe, and then the
Te'
year. plants will come up the fpring following ; but if they
11 593 FRANGULA. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 612. tab . 383 . are kept out of the ground till ſpring, the plants will
KA
Rhamnus. Lin. Gen. Plant. 235. [ is fo called of not come up till the year after. When the plants
frangendo, breaking, becauſe of the brittleneſs of come up, they must be kept clean from weeds till
its wood. ] Berry-bearing Alder. autumn, then they may be taken up and planted in a
The CHARACTERS are, nurſery in rows, twb feet afunder, and at one foot
. diſtance in the rows ; in this nurſery they may remain
The empalement of the flower is of one leaf, cut at the
W top into five fegments, which are erect. Theflower bath two years, and may then be planted where they are
one petal, which is cut into five acute fegments ; theſe to remain ; they may alfo be propapated by layers and
are placed between the fegments of the empalement, into cuttings, but the feedling plants are beft.
which they are inferted, but are shorter, and stand The fruit of the firft fort is often brought into the
erect. It bath five ftamina, which are the length of markets of London , and fold for Buckthorn berries ;
the petal, terminated by obtufe fummits ; in the center of which cheat, all fuch as make fyrup of Buckthorn
KA isfituated a globular germen, ſupporting a flender ſtyle, fhould be particularly careful ; they may be eafily dif
crowned by an obtufe ftigma. The germen afterward be tinguiſhed by breaking the berries, and obferving how
comes a round berry, inclofing two plain roundifh feeds. many feeds are contained in each, the berries of this
This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection tree having but two, and thofe of Buckthorn gene
of Tournefort's twenty-firſt claſs, which includes the rally four feeds in each berry, and the juice of the
trees and ſhrubs with a Rofe flower, whofe pointal latter dies paper of a green colour.
turns to a berry. Dr. Linnæus has joined this genus FRAXINELLA. See DICTAMNUS .
with the Paliurus, Alaternus, and Ziziphus, to the FRAXINUS. Lin . Gen. Plant. 1026. Tourn. Inft.
Rhamnus, making them only fpecies of one genus ; R. H. 577. tab. 343. The Afh-tree ; in French ,
but according to his own fyftem, they ſhould be fe Frêne.
parated to a great diſtance from Rhamnus, and be The CHARACTERS are,
placed in his twenty-fecond claſs, becauſe it hath It bath hermaphrodite and female flowers on the fame
male and female flowers on different plants ; whereas tree, and fometimes on different trees. The hermaphro
it is placed in the firſt ſection of his fifth clafs, from dite flowers have no petals, but a ſmall four-pointed em
the flower having five ſtamina and but one ſtyle. palement, including two erect ftamina, which are termi
The SPECIES are, nated by oblongfummits, havingfourfurrows. In the center
1. FRANGULA (Alnus) foliis ovato- lanceolatis glabris. is fituated an oval compreffed germen, fupporting a cylin
TO dricalstyle, crowned by a bifid ftigma. The germen after
Frangula with oval, ſpear-ſhaped, ſmooth leaves. Fran
ㄗ gula, five alnus, nigra baccifera. Park. Theat. Black ward becomes a compreſſed bordered fruit, fhaped like a
Berry-bearing Alder. bird's tongue, having one cell, inclofing a feed of the
2. FRANGULA ( Latifolia ) foliis lanceolatis rugofis. Fran fameform. The female flowers are the fame, but have
1 no ftamina.
gula with rough Spear-shaped leaves. Frangula rugo
• fiore & ampliore folio. Tourn. Berry-bearing Alder This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
with a larger and rougher leaf. of Linnæus's twenty-third clafs, which includes the
3. FRANGULA (Rotundifolia) foliis ovatis nervofis. Fran plants which have flowers of different fexes on the
gula with oval veined leaves. Frangula montana pu fame or different plants, which are fruitful.
mila faxatilis, folio fubrotundo. Tourn. Low moun The SPECIES are ,
tain, rocky, berry -bearing Alder, with a round leaf. 1. FRAXINUS ( Excelfior) foliolis ferratis, floribus ape
4. FRANGULA ( Americana) foliis oblongo-ovatis ner talis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 1057. Afb -tree whofefmaller leaves
vofis, glabris. Frangula with oblong, oval, fmooth veined are ferrated, and flowers having no petals. Fraxinus
leaves. Frangula Americana foliis glabris. Dale . excelfior . C. B. P. 416. The common Afb.
American Berry-bearing Alder with fmooth leaves. 2. FRAXINUS ( Rotundifolia) foliolis ovato-lanceolatis fer
The firſt fort grows naturally in the woods in many ratis, floribus coloratis . Afb-tree whofe fmaller leaves
parts of England, fo is feldom planted in gardens ; are oval, fpear-shaped, andfarved, and the flowers co
this rifes with a woody ftem to the height of ten or loured. Fraxinus rotundiore folio. C. B. P. 416 .
twelve feet, fending out many irregular branches, Afb-tree with a rounder leaf, commonly called Manna Af.
which are covered with a dark bark, and garniſhed 3. FRAXINUS (Ornus) foliolis ferratis, floribus colora
with oval fpear-ſhaped leaves, about two inches long, tis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1057. Afb-tree whofe fmaller leaves
and one inch broad, having feveral tranſverſe veins are fawed, and flowers having petals. Fraxinus hu
from the midrib to the fides, and ftand upon fhort milior five altera Theophrafti, minore & tenuiore
foot-ftalks . The flowers are produced in cluſters at folio . C. B. P. 416. Dwarf Aſh of Theophrafius with
the end of the former year's fhoots , and alfo upon the fmaller and narrower leaves.
first and fecond joints of the fame year's fhoot, each 4. FRAXINUS ( Paniculata) foliolis lanceolatis glabris, flo
ſtanding upon a fhort feparate foot-ſtalk, on every ribus paniculatis terminatricibus. Afb-tree with footh
fide the branches ; theſe are very ſmall, of an herba Spear-shaped leaves, and flowers growing in panicles at
ceous colour, and do not expand ; they are fucceeded the ends of the branches. Fraxinus florifera botryoides.
by fmall round berries, which turn firft red, but af Mor. Præl. 265. The flowering Afb.
terward black when ripe. The flowers appear in June, 5. FRAXINUS (Nova Anglia) foliolis integerrimis, peti
and the berries ripen in September ; this ftands in olis teretibus. Flor. Virg. 122. Afb-tree with the small
the Diſpenſary as a medicinal plant, but is feldom leaves entire, and taper foot ftalks. Fraxinus ex Nova
ufed. Angliâ, pinnis foliorum in mucronem productioribus .
The fecond fort hath larger rough leaves than the Rand . Cat. Hort. Chelf. New England Afb with long
firft. It grows naturally on the Alps and other acute points to the wings ofthe leaves.
mountainous parts of Europe, and is preferved in 6. FRAXINUS ( Caroliniana) integerrimis petiolis terreti
fome gardens for the fake of variety. bus fructu latiore. Prod. Leyd . 533. Afb-tree with
The third fort is of humble growth, feldom rifing entire leaves and taper foot -
ftalks. Fraxinus Carolini
above two feet high ; this grows on the Pyrenean ana, latiore fructu . Rand . Cat. H. Chelf. Carolina
Mountains, and is feldom preferved unleſs in botanic Afb with a broad fruit.
The
 FRA FRA

The first fort is the common Afh -tree, which grows grown to a large fize, which is a great diſappointment
naturally in moſt parts of England , and is fo well to a perſon after having waited feveral years, to fee
known as to need no defcription . The leaves of this their trees fuddenly deſtroyed. Befide, if the wood
fort have generally five pair of lobes, and are termi of either of the forts is valuable, it can be of little
nated by an odd one ; they are of a very dark green, uſe when the trees are fo raiſed.
and their edges are flightly fawed. The flowers are The fourth fort is generally planted for ornament,
produced in loofe fpikes from the fide of the branches, the flowers making a fine appearance when they are
which are fucceeded by flat feeds, which ripen in au in beauty, for almoſt every branch is terminated by a
tumn ; there is a variety of this with variegated leaves, large looſe panicle ; fo that when the trees are large,
which is preferved in fome gardens. and covered with flowers, they are diſtinguiſhable at a
The fecond fort grows naturally in Calabria, and is great diſtance.
generally fuppofed to be the tree from whence the All the other forts ferve to make a variety in planta
manna is collected, which is an exfudation from the tions, but have little beauty to recommend them;
leaves of the tree. The fhoots of this tree are much and as their wood feems to be greatly inferior to that
fhorter, and the joints cloſer together than thoſe of of the common Afh, fo there fhould be few of theſe
the first fort ; the fmall leaves are ſhorter, and deeper planted, becauſe they will only fill up the ſpace where
fawed on their edges, and are of a lighter green. The better trees might grow.
flowers come out from the fide of the branches, which The common Afh propagates itſelf in plenty by the
are of a purple colour, and appear in the fpring be feeds which fcatter in the autumn, fo that where the
fore the leaves come out. This tree is of humble feeds happen to fall in places where cattle do not come,
growth, feldom rifing more than fifteen or fixteen there will be plenty of the plants comeup in the fpring;
feet high in England . but where any perfon is defirous to raiſe a quantity of
The third fort is a low tree, which rifes about the the trees, the feeds fhould be fown as foon as they are
‫اه‬ fame height as the fecond ; the leaves of this fort are ripe, and then the plants will come up the following
much fmaller and narrower than thoſe of the first, but fpring ; but if the feeds are kept out of the ground
are fawed on their edges, and are of the fame dark till the fpring, the plants will not come up till the
colour. The flowers of this fort have petals, which year after, which is the fame with all the forts of Afh ;
are wanting in the common Afh . that when any of their feeds are brought from abroad,
The fourth fort was raiſed by the late Dr. Uvedale at as they feldom arrive here before the ſpring, the
Enfield, from feeds which were brought from Italy by plants muſt not be expected to appear till the next
Dr. William Sherard, where the trees grow naturally ; year ; therefore the ground fhould be kept clean all
but it was fuppofed to be a different fort from that the fummer where they are fown, and not diſturbed,
mentioned by Dr. Morriſon , in his Præludia Botanica, left the feeds ſhould be turned out of the ground, or
but by comparing them together they appear to be buried too deep to grow ; for many perfons are too
the fame. impatient to wait a year for the growth of feeds, fo that
The leaves of this fort have but three or four pair if they do not come up the firft year, they dig up the
of lobes ( or fmall leaves ) which are fhort, broad, and ground, and thereby deſtroy the feeds.
fmooth, of a lucid green, and irregularly fawed on the When the plants come up, they muſt be kept clean
edges ; the midrib of the great leaf is jointed, and from weeds during the fummer ; and if they make
fwelling where the leaves come out. The flowers good progrefs in the feed-bed, they will be fit to
grow in loofe panicles at the end ofthe branches ; thefe tranſplant by the autumn ; therefore there fhould be
are moſt of them male, having two ftamina in each, ſome ground prepared to receive them, and as foon
but no germen or ftyle ; they are of a white herba as their leaves begin to fall, they may be tranfplanted.
ceous colour, and appear in May. As this fort very In taking them up, there fhould be care taken
rarely produces feeds in England, it is propagated by not to break or tear off their roots ; to prevent which,
grafting or budding it upon the common Aſh. they ſhould be taken up with a ſpade, and not dranw
The fifth fort was raiſed from feeds , which were fent up, as is frequently practifed ; for as many of the
from New England in the year 1724, by Mr. Moore. plants which rife from feeds will out- ftrip the others
The leaves of this tree have but three, or at moſt but in their growth, fo it is frequently practifed, to draw
four pair of lobes (or fmall leaves ) which are placed up the largeſt plants, and leave the fmaller to grow a
•
far diftant from each other, and are terminated by year longer before they are tranfplanted ; and to avoid
an odd lobe, which runs out into a very long point ; hurting thoſe which are left, the others are drawn out
they are of a light green and entire, having no ferra by hand, and thereby many of their roots are torn off
tures on their edges : this tree fhoots into ſtrong irre or broken ; therefore it is much the better way to
gular branches, but doth not grow to a large fize in take all up, little or big together, and tranfplant them
the trunk. It is propagated by grafting it upon the out, placing the larger ones together in rows, and the
common Afh . fmaller by themſelves. The rows fhould be three
The fixth fort was raiſed from feeds which were feet aſunder, and the plants a foot and a half diſtance
fent from Carolina in the year 1724, by Mr. Cateſby. in the rows ; in this nursery they may remain two
The leaves of this fort hath feldom more than three years, by which time they will be ſtrong enough to
pair of lobes, the lower being the leaſt, and the upper plant where they are to remain ; for the younger
the largeft ; theſe are about five inches long and they are planted out, the larger they will grow ; fo
two broad, of a light green colour, and flightly fawed that where they are defigned to grow large, they
on their edges ; the foot-ſtalk , or rather the midrib, ſhould be planted very young ; and the ground where
of the leaves is taper, and has fhort downy hairs ; the plants are raifed, fhould not be better than that
the feeds are broader than thofe of the common Aſh , where they are defigned to grow , for when the plants
and are of a very light colour. As this fort hath not are raiſed in good land, and afterward tranſplanted
yet produced feeds in England, it is propagated by into worſe, they very rarely thrive ; fo that it is much
grafting it upon the common Afh . the beſt method to make the nurſery upon a part of
Thefe trees are now propagated in plenty in the the fame land, where the trees are defigned to be
nurferies for fale, as there has been of late years a planted , and then a fufficient number of trees may
great demand for all the hardy forts of trees and be left ftanding upon the ground, and theſe will out
fhrubs, which will live in the open air ; but all thofe ftrip thofe which are removed, and will grow to a
trees which are grafted upon the common Afh, are larger fize.
not fo valuable as thoſe which are raiſed from feeds , Where people live in the neighbourhood of Ath
becauſe the ſtock grows much faster than the grafts ; trees, they may fupply themſelves with plenty of felf
fo that the lower part ofthe trunk, fo far as the ſtock fown plants, provided cattle are not fuffered to graze
rifes, will often be twice the fize of the upper ; and if on the land, for they will eat off the young plants,
the trees ſtand much expoſed to the wind, the grafts and not fuffer them to grow ; but where the feeds fall
are frequently broken off to the ftock, after they are in hedges , or where they are protected by buſhes, the
5 . plants
 FRE FRE

plants will come up and thrive ; and in thefe hedges 6thly, That water which has been boiled, does not
the trees frequently are permitted to grow till theyhave freeze fo readily as that which has not.
deftroyed the hedge, for there is ſcarce any tree fo 7thly, That water, being covered over with a fur
hurtful to all kinds of vegetables as the Aſh, which face of oil of Olives, does not freeze fo readily as it
EMI

robs every plant of its nouriſhment within the reach does without it ; and that nut oil abfolutely preferves
UN

of its roots, therefore ſhould never be fuffered to grow it under a ſtrong froft, when Olive oil will not.
in hedge rows ; for they not only kill the hedge, but 8thly, That ſpirit of wine, nut oil, and oil of turpen
CR1 impoverish Corn, or whatſoeveris fown near them. Nor tine, do not freeze at all.
fhould Afh-trees be permitted to grow near paſture 9thly, That the furface of the water, in freezing,
grounds, for if any of the cows eat of the leaves or appears all wrinkled ; the wrinkles being fometimes
shoots ofthe Afh, all the butter which is made of their in parallel lines, and ſometimes like rays proceeding
milk will be rank and of no value ; which is always from a center to the circumference.
the quality of the butter which is made about Guild The theories of freezing, or the method of account
ford, Godalmin, and ſome other parts of Surry, where ing for theſe phænomena, are very many.
there are Afh-trees growing about all their paſtures, The chief principles that different authors have gone
fo that it is very rare to meet with any butter in thoſe upon, are, either that fome foreign matter is intro
places which is fit to eat ; but in all the good dairy duced within the pores of the fluid, by means of
countries, they never ſuffer an Aſh-tree to grow. which it is fixed, its bulk increaſed, & c.
If a wood of theſe trees is rightly managed, it will Or that ſome matter which was naturally contained
turn greatly to the advantage of its owner ; for by in the fluid is now expelled, by reafon ofthe abfence
the under-wood, which will be fit to cut every ſeven of which, the body becomes fixed.
or eight years, for poles or hoops, there will be a Or that there is ſome alteration produced in the tex
continual income more than fufficient to pay the rent ture or form , either of the particles of the fluid itſelf,
of the ground, and all other charges ; and ftill there or of fomething that is contained within it.
will be a ſtock preſerved for timber, which in a few To fome one of thefe principles all the ſyſtems of
years will be worth forty or fifty fhillings per tree. freezing are reducible.
I This timber is of excellent ufe to the wheelwright The Cartefians explicate freezing by the recess or
¡ and cartwright, for ploughs, axle-trees, wheel-rings, going out of the ethereal matter from the pores of the
harrows, bulls, oars, blocks for pullies, and many water, or other liquor ; which being once done, the
other purpoſes . finer parts are too ſmall and flexible to keep the long,
The best feafon for felling of theſe trees is from flender, and eel-like particles of water fluent, or in
November to February ; for if it be done either too the form of a liquor.
early in autumn, or too late in the fpring, the timber But the Corpufcularians, or Gaffendifts, afcribe the
will be fubject to be infeſted with worms, and other freezing of water, with more probability, to the in
infects ; but for lopping pollards, the ſpring is pre grefs of multitudes of cold or frigorific particles, as
ferable for all foft woods. they call them ; which, entering the liquor in fwarms,
FREEZING is the fixing of a fluid, or the de and difperfing themſelves every way through it, croud
priving it of its natural mobility by the action of cold ; into the pores of the water, and hinder the wonted
or it is the act of converting a fluid fubftance into a agitation of its parts, and wedge it up, as it were,
firm , coherent, rigid one, called ice. into the hard or confiftent body of ice ; and from
The principal phænomena of freezing are, hence proceeds its increaſe of dimenſions, coldneſs,
ift, That Water being dilated or rarefied, and all &c.
fluids, oil excepted, i . e. in freezing, take up more That ice is fpecifically lighter than the water out of
fpace, and are fpecifically lighter than they werebefore. which it is by freezing made, is certain by its ſwim
That the bulk and dimenfions of water are increaſed ming in it ; and that this lightneſs of ice proceeds
by freezing, is found by many experiments, and it from thoſe numerous bubbles which are produced in
may not be improper here to take notice of the pro it by its congelation, is equally plain ; but how thoſe
cefs of nature. bubbles come to be generated in freezing, and what
A glaſs veffel then, I A, full of water to A, being ſubſtance they contain in them, if they are not quite
immerged in a veffel of water mixed empty, is an inquiry of great importance ; and, per
A
with falt GHK L, the water preſently
B haps, if diſcovered, may contribute much to the un
rifes from D to C ; which feems owing derſtanding the nature of cold.
to the fudden conftriction of the veffel, Mr. Hobbes will have it common air, which, in
haftily plunged into fo cold a medium : truding into the water in congelation, entangles itſelf
foon after, from the point C, it con with the particles of the fluid, prevents their motion,
tinually defcends condenfing, till it ar D and produces thoſe numerous bubbles, thus expanding
rives at the point F ; where, for fome its bulk, and rendering it fpecifically lighter.
time, it ſeems to remain at reft : but E
But, in anſwer to this, no fuch ingrefs of air into
it foon recovers itſelf, and begins to ex F water appears in its coagulation ; and that it does not
pand, rifing from F to E, and from
G H get into frozen oil is plain, becauſe that body is con
thence foon after, by one violent leap, denſed by being frozen.
mounts to B ; and here the water in I And Mr. Boyle has alfo fhewn, by undoubted ex
is immediately ſeen all thick and cloudy, periments, that water will freeze in veffels hermeti
and, in the very inftant of this leap, is cally fealed ; and in braſs bodies or veffels cloſely
K L
converted into ice. Add, that while the ſtopped, and into which the air can have no ingrefs ,
ice is growing harder, and ſome of the water near the hath yet been turned into ice, abounding with theſe
neck of the veffel I is freezing, the flux of the wa bubbles as numerous as thoſe frozen in the open air.
ter is continued above B towards A, and at length He alſo has proved by experiment, that water kept
runs out at the veſſel. a while in the exhauſted receiver, till all its bubbles
2dly, That they lofe not only of the fpecific, but were emerged and gone, being afterwards turned into
alfo of their abfolute gravity, by freezing ; fo that ice by a freezing mixture, the ice had fcarce any
when they are thawed again, they are found confider bubbles in it ; whence it is plain, that theſe bubbles
ably lighter than before. are filled with fome matter which is within the water,
3dly, That frozen water is not quite ſo tranſparent if they are filled with any thing. But he proves alfo,
as when it was liquid, and that bodies do not perfpire by plain experiments, that they have none, or ex
fo freely through it. ceedingly little, true elaſtic air contained in them .
4thly, That water, when frozen, evaporates almoſt Others, and thoſe of the greateſt number, are of
as much as when fluid. opinion, that the freezing matter is a falt ; and they
5thly, That water does not freeze in vacuo, but re argue that an exceſs of cold will render water torpid,
quires the prefence and contiguity of air, but never congeal it without falt : they ſay that thofe
5S particles
 FRE FRE

particles that are the chief caufe of freezing are faline , ciple, for the ſpring or elaſticity of the air is not in
mixed in a due proportion, congelation bearing a creafed by cold, but diminished ; air condenfes by
near relation to cryftallization . cold, and expands itſelf by heat ; and it is demon
This falt is fuppofed to be of the nitrous kind, and ftrable in pneumatics, that the elaſtic force of ex
C to be furniſhed by the air, which is generally found panded air is to that of the fame air condenſed, as
to abound in nitre. the bulk when rarefied is to its bulk when condenſed.
It is indeed no difficult matter, to account for the Indeed , fome authors, in order to account for the
particles of nitre preventing the fluidity of water. increaſe of the bulk and dimenſion of the ſpecific gra
Thefe particles are fuppofed to be fo many rigid vity of frozen water, have advanced as follows, viz.
pointed fpicula, which are easily impelled or driven That the aqueous particles, in their natural ſtate, were
into the ftamina or globules of water ; which, by this nearly cubes, and ſo filled their ſpace without the in
means, becoming variouſly mingled and entangled terpofition of many pores ; but that they are changed
with it, do, by degrees, weaken and deſtroy the mo from cubes to ſpheres, by congelation ; from whence
tion of it. it will neceffarily follow, that there muſt be a great
The reaſon that this effect ariſes only in fevere win deal of empty space between them.
"
ter weather, is, that it is then only that the retracting But, in oppofition to this hypothefis, the nature of
action of the nitrous fpicula is more than equal to the fluidity and firmneſs eaſily fuggefts, that ſpherical
power or principle by which the fluid is otherwiſe particles are much properer to conftitute a fluid than
•
kept in motion, or diſpoſed for motion. cubical ones, and leſs diſpoſed to form a fixed than
Several experiments of artificial freezing fupport this cubic one . 1
opinion. But after all, in order to come to a confiftent theory
For ifyou mix a quantity of common faltpetre with of freezing, we muſt either have recourſe to the fri
fnow, or ice pulverized, and diffolve the mixture in gorific matter of the Corpufcularians, confidered un
the fire, and then immerge a tube full of water in the der the new light and advantages of the Newtonian
folution ; the water,
water, that part of it next the mixture, philoſophy, or to the ethereal matter of the Cartefi
will freeze preſently, even in a warm air. ans, under the improvements of Monf. Gauteron.
Whence they argue, that the fpicula of the falt are The true caufe of freezing, or the congelation of wa
driven through the pores of the glafs, and mixed with ter into ice, fay the former, feems plainly to be the
the water, by the gravity of the mixture, and of the introduction of the frigorific particles into the pores
incumbent air ; for that it is evident, that the falt or interftices between the particles of the water, and
has this effect, inafmuch as it is certainly known, that by that means getting fo near them, as to be juſt
the particles of water cannot find their way through within the ſpheres of one another's attracting force,
the pores of the glaſs. and then they muft cohere into one folid or firm
In theſe artificial freezings, in whatever part the body , but heat afterwards feparating them, and put
mixture is applied, there is preſently a ſkin or lamina ting them into 醬 various motions, breaks this union,
of ice produced, whether at the top, bottom, or fides, and feparates the particles fo far from one another,
by reafon that there is always a ſtock of faline cor that they get out of the diſtance ofthe attracting force,
pufcles, fufficient to overpower the particles of fire ; and into the verge of the repelling force, and then the
{ but natural congelations are confined to the top of water re-affumes its fluid form.
" the water, where the laſt moſt abounds. Now, that cold and freezing proceed from fome fub
But this fyftem is oppofed by the author of the Nou ſtance of a faline nature floating in the air, feems pro
velle Conjecture pour expliquer la Nature de la Glace, bable from hence :
who objects, that it does not appear, that the nitre That all falts, and more eminently fome particular
always enters the compofition of ice ; but if it did, it ones, do prodigiously increaſe the force and effects of
would fall fhort of accounting for ſome of the princi cold, when mixed with fnow or ice. It is alfo evident,
pal effects ; as, that all faline bodies produce a ſtiffneſs and rigidity
How should the particles of nitre, by entering the in the parts of thoſe bodies into which they enter.
pores of the water, and fixing the parts, caufe the It appears, by microſcopical obfervations upon falts,
water to dilate, and render it fpecifically lighter ? that the figure of fome falts, before they fhoot into
They ſhould naturally augment its weight. maffes, are thin, double wedged, like particles which
This and fome other difficulties, fhew the neceffity have abundance of furface, in refpect to their foli
of a new theory ; and therefore the ingenious author dity ; and is the reaſon why they fwim in water, when
advances this which follows, which feems to folve the once raiſed in it, though ſpecifically heavier.
phænomena in a manner that is more eafy and fimple, Thefe fmall points, getting into the pores of the
as not depending upon the admiffion or extrufion of water, whereby they are allo, in fome meaſure, fuf
any heterogeneous matter. pended in the winter time, when the heat of the fun
The water freezes in the winter only, becauſe its parts, is not ordinarily ftrong enough to diffolve the falts
f
then being more clofely joined together, mutually into a fluid, to break their points, and to keep them
embarraſs one another, and lofe all the motion they in perpetual motion , being lefs difturbed, are at more
had ; and that the air, or rather an alteration in the liberty to approach one another , and, by fhooting
fpring and force of the air, is the cauſe of this cloſer into cryftals of the form above-mentioned, do, by
union of water. both their extremities, infinuate themfelves into the
It is evident from experiment, that there are an in pores of the water, and by that means freeze it into a
finite number of particles of grofs air interfperfed folid form. And it is apparent, that the dimenfions
among the globules of water ; and it is allowed, that of water are increaſed by freezing, the particles of
each particle of air has the virtue of a ſpring ; and it being kept at fome diftance from one another, by
hence this author argues, that the ſmall ſprings of the intervention of the frigorific matter.
grofs air, mixed with water, have more force in cold {‫י‬
But befides this , there are many little. volumes, or
winter weather, and do then unbend themſelves fmall particles of air, included at feveral diftances,
more, than at other times. Hence thofe fprings thus both in the pores of the watery particles, and in the
unbending themſelves on one fide, and the external air interſtices formed by their ſpherical figure. Now, by
continuing to prefs the furface of the water on the the infinuation of the cryftals, the volumes of air are
*
other, the particles of the water, being thus con driven out of the watery particles, and many of them
4 ftringed and locked up together, muft lofe their mo uniting, form larger volumes, which thereby have a
tion and fluidity, and form a hard, confiftent body, greater force to expand themſelves than when they
till a relaxation of the fpring of the air, from an are difperfed ; and fo both enlarge the dimenfions,
increaſe of heat, reduce the particles to their old and leffen the ſpecific gravity of water thus congealed
dimenfions, and leave room for the globules to flow into ice.
< again
. And hence ( fays Dr. Cheyne, from whom this laft ac
But this fyftem ſeems to be built upon a falfe prin count is taken) we may guefs at the manner how wa
ter,
 FRE FRI

ter, impregnated with falts, fulphurs, or earths, mediately froze into ice, without finking into the fnow
which are not eafily diffolvable, may form itself into at all .
metals, minerals, gums, and other foffils ; the parts It made an incredible deftruction of trees beyond any
4 of thefe mixtures becoming a cement to the particles thing in all history. A certain gentleman weighed a
of water, or getting into their pores, change them fprig of an Afh-tree of just three quarters of a pound,
into thefe different fubftances. the ice which was on it weighed 16 pounds ; that
For the fecond : as an ethereal matter or medium is fome perfon's were frighted with the noife in the air,
generally allowed to be the cauſe of the motion of till they understood that it was the clatter of icy
fluids, and as the air itſelf has all its motion from the boughs dafhed againſt each other.
fame principle, it follows, that all fluids muſt remain Dr. Beale remarks, that there was no confiderable
in a ftate of reſt or fixity, when that matter lofes of froft obferved on the ground during the whole time ;
its neceffary force. And confequently, the air being whence he concludes, that a froſt may be very fierce
lefs warmed in the winter time, by reafon of the ob and dangerous on the tops of fome hills and plains,
E
liquity of the fun's rays, is more denfe and fixed in while in other places it keeps at two, three, or four
winter than any other feafon of the year. feet diftance above the ground, rivers, lakes, & c.
But farther : it is evident, from divers experiments, and may wander about very furious in fome places,
that the air does contain a falt which is fuppoſed to and remifs in others not far off. The froft was fol
be of the nature of nitre. If this be granted, and the lowed by glowing heats, and a wonderful forwardneſs
denfity of the air allowed, it will follow, that the of flowers and fruits. The effects of freezing vege
particles of this nitre muft likewiſe be brought nearer tables, is farther explained under the article of FROST.
together, and thickened by the condenfation of the FRITILLARIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 372. Tourn .
air ; as on the contrary, a rarefaction of the air, and Inft. R. H. 376. tab. 201. Corona Imperialis. Tourn.
an augmentation of its fluidity, muft divide and fe Inft. R. H. 372. tab. 197 , 198. Fritillary, or Che
parate them. quered Tulip and Crown Imperial.
And if the fame happens to all liquors that have im The CHARACTERS are,
bibed or diffolved any falt, if the warmth of the li The flower hath no empalement , it hathfix oblong petals,
quid keep the falt exactly divided, and if the cool is bell-shaped, and ſpreading at the bafe ; in the hollow,
nefs of a cellar, or of ice, cauſe the particles of the at the bafe of each petal, is fituated a nectarium ; the
diffolved falt to approach, run into each other, and flower bath fix ftamina ſtanding near the ftyle, which are
ſhoot into cryſtals ; why fhould the air, which is al terminated by oblongfour- cornered fummits. In the center
lowed to be a fluid, be exempt from the general law is fituated an oblong three- cornered germen, fupporting a
of fluids ?
Single style which is longer than the ftamina, crowned
It is true, that the nitre of the air, being groffer in by a fpreading obtufe ftigma. The germen afterward be
cold weather than in hot, muſt have a lefs velocity ; comes an oblong capfule with three lobes having three
but ftill the product of its augmented mafs into the cells, which are filled with flat feeds, ranged in a double
velocity that remains, will give it a greater momen order.
tum, or quantity of motion. Nor is there any thing The capfule of Fritillaria is oblong and ſmooth, but
farther required to make this falt act with greater that of Corona Imperialis hath acute borders, or
force againſt the parts of fluids, and this may pro membranaceous wings.
bably be the cauſe of the great evaporation in frofty This genus of plants is ranged in the first fection of
weather. Linnæus's fixth clafs , which includes the plants which
This aereal nitre muft neceffarily promote the con have fix ftamina in their flowers, and , but one ſtyle.
cretion of liquids ; for it is not the air, nor yet the Theſe two genera of Fritillary and Crown Imperial,
nitre that it contains, which gives the motion to fluids ; have been always feparated, till Dr. Linnæus joined
it is the ethereal medium, therefore a diminution of them together ; indeed by their flowers they may be
the motion of reſt ariſes from the diminution of that properly enough placed in the fame genus ; but, if
force. their fruit may be allowed as a characteriſtic note,
Now the ethereal matter, which in the winter time they ſhould be ſeparate ; however, as this new ſyſtem
is weak enough, muſt ſtill loſe more of its force by is generally received, I fhall, in compliance with
its action againſt air condenſed , and loaded with large the prefent tafte, join them together.
particles of falt. It must therefore loſe of its force The SPECIES are,
in cold weather, and become lefs difpofed to maintain 1. FRITILLARIA ( Melagris) foliis linearibus alternis, flo
the motion of the fluids. ribus terminalibus. Fritillary with narrow leaves placed
In fine, the air, during froft, may be efteemed like alternate, and flowers terminating the ftalk. Fritillaria
the ice impregnated with falt wherewith liquors are præcox, purpurea, variegata. C. B. P. 64. Early,
iced in fummer time. It is very probable that theſe purple, variegated, chequered Tulip.
liquors freeze by reafon of a diminution of the motion 2. FRITILLARIA ( Aquitanica) foliis infimis oppofitis. 1
of the ethereal medium, by its acting againſt the ice Hort. Cliff. 81. Fritillary whofe lower leaves are op
and falt together, and the air is not able to prevent pofite. Fritillaria Aquitanica, flore luteo obfcuro.
its concretion by all its fcorching heat. 7 Swert. Floril. Aquitain chequered Tulip, with an obfcure
The air (fays Mr. Boyle) being a fluid as well as yellow flower.
water, and impregnated with falts of different kinds, 3. FRITILLARIA ( Nigra) floribus adfcendentibus . Fri
it is not improbable, that what happens in water im tillary with flowers growing above each other. Fritil
pregnated with fuch falts, may alſo happen in the air. laria nigra. Lob. Adver. 2. 496. Black chequered
Two proper quantities of different falts being dif Tulip.
folved in hot water, they floated undiſtinguiſhably in 4. FRITILLARIA ( Lutea ) foliis lanceolatis, caule unifloro
it, and retained a capacity to act in conjunction upon maximo. Fritillary with Spear s -haped leaves, and one
1
ſeveral occafions ; yet when the liquor becomes cold, large flower on each ftalk. Fritillaria lutea maxima Ita
the faline particles of one kind being no longer lica. Park. Parad . 43. Largest yellow Italian Fritillary.
agitated by a due degree of heat, fhot into crystals ; 5. FRITILLARIA (Umbellata) floribus umbellatis. Fritil
and, lofing their fluidity and motion, vifibly feparat lary withflowers growing in umbels. Fritillaria umbel
ed themſelves from the other, which ſtill continued lifera. C. B. P. 64. Umbellated chequered Tulip.
fluid in the liquor, and capable of acting feparately. 6. FRITILLARIA ( Perfica ) racemo nudiufculo, foliis ob
We have divers accounts in the Philofophical Tranf liquis. Hort. Upfal. 82 , Fritillary with a naked spike
actions, of a freezing rain which fell in the weſt of offlowers and oblique leaves. Lilium Perficum. Dod .
England in December 1672. This rain, as foon as Pempt. 220. The Perfian Lily.
it touched any thing above the ground, as a bough, 7. FRITILLARIA ( Racemofa) floribus racemofis. Fritillary
or the like, immediately fettled into ice ; . and, by with flowers growing in bunches. Fritillaria ramofa,
multiplying and enlarging the icicles broke all down feu lilium Perficum minus. Mor. Hort. Reg. Blef.
with its weight ; the rain that fell on the fnow im Branching Fritillary, or smaller Perfian Lily.
8. FRI 1
 FRI FRI
8.
FRITILLARIA ( Imperialis) racemo comofo infernè nu purple. This fort flowers about the fame time as the
do, foliis integerrimis. Lin. Hort. Upfal. 82. Fritillary firft. There are two or three varieties of this, which
with a tufted bunch of leaves over the flowers, which is differ in the fize and colour of their flowers and the
naked below, and entire leaves. Corona Imperialis. Dod. breadth of their leaves, but retain their ſpecific dif
Pempt. 202. Crown Imperial. ference, fo as to be eaſily diſtinguiſhed from the other
forts .
9. FRITILLARIA (Regia) racemo comofo infernè nudo,
foliis crenatis. Lin . Sp. Plant. 303. Fritillary with a The fifth fort rifes a foot and a half high ; the ftalk
tufted bunch of leaves over the flowers, which is naked is garniſhed with fhorter and broader leaves than the
below , and crenated leaves. Corona regalis lilii folio firft fort, which are of a grayiſh colour ; the flowers
crenato. Hort. Elth. 110. Royal Crown with a crenated are produced round the ſtalks like thofe of the Crown
Lily leaf. Imperial ; they are of a dark purple colour, che
10. FRITILLARIA ( Autumnalis ) racemo infernè nudo, quered with a yellowish green. This flowers about
the fame time with the fecond fort.
foliis oblongis mucronatis. Fritillary with a nakedſtalk,
and oblong pointed leaves. The fixth fort is commonly called the Perfian Lily,
The first fort grows naturally in Italy, and other and is fuppofed to grow naturally in Perfia, but has
warm parts of Europe ; and from the feeds of this been long cultivated in the Engliſh gardens ; the root
there have been great varieties raifed in the gardens of this fort is round and large, the ftalk rifes three
of the floriſts, which differ in the fize and colour of feet high ; the lower part of it is cloſely garniſhed
their flowers ; and as there are frequently new va with leaves which are three inches long, and half an
rieties produced, fo it would be to little purpoſe to inch broad, of a gray colour, ftanding on every fide
1 enumerate thoſe which are at prefent in the Engliſh of the ſtalks, but are twiſted obliquely ; the flowers
and Dutch gardens, which amount to a great number grow in a looſe ſpike at the top of the ſtalk, forming
in the catalogues of the Dutch florifts, who are very a pyramid ; they are ſhaped like thofe of the other
fond of any little diftinction, either in the colour or fpecies, but are much ſhorter, and ſpread wider at
fhape, to enlarge their lifts. their brims, and are not bent downward like thoſe.
The forts which are here enumerated , I think may They are of a dark purple colour, and appear in May,
be allowed as diftinct fpecies, notwithſtanding Dr. but are feldom fucceeded by feeds in England, fo are
Linnæus has reduced them to five ; for I have raiſed only propagated by offsets.
many of all the forts from feed, which have con The feventh fort hath a much ſhorter ftalk than the
ftantly produced the fame as the feeds were taken laft, but is garniſhed with leaves like thofe, only they
from , and have only differed in the colour or fize of are ſmaller ; the ſtalks branch out at the top into fe
the flowers ; for the fort with broad leaves produced veral ſmall foot-ftalks, each fuftaining one dark co
the fame fort again, and the umbellated and ſpiked loured flower. This is commonly called the ſmall
forts produced the fame, though there are ſeveral va Perfian Lily, from its refemblance to the former fort.
rieties in the colours of their flowers. Theſe plants are propagated either by feeds, or off
The firſt hath a round compreffed root, in fhape like fets from the old roots ; by the firſt of which methods
that of Cornflag, but is of a yellowish white colour ; new varieties will be obtained, as alſo a larger ſtock
the ſtalk rifes about fifteen inches high, having three of roots in three years, than can be obtained in twenty
or four narrow long leaves placed alternately, and or thirty years in the latter method : I fhall therefore
the top is divided into two flender foot-ftalks which first treat of their propagation by feeds.
turn downward, each fuftaining one bell-shaped in Having provided yourfelf with fome good feeds,
verted flower, compoſed of fix petals, which are che faved from the faireft flowers, you muſt procure fome
quered with purple and white like a chefs-board ; and fhallow pans or boxes, which must have fome holes
in the center is fituated a germen fupporting one in their bottoms to let out the moisture ; thefe you
ſtyle, crowned by a trifid ftigma ; the fix ftamina fhould fill with light freſh earth, laying a few pot
ftand about the ftyle, but are ſhorter. At the bottom fheards over the holes, to prevent the earth from
of each petal there is a cavity, in which is fituated a ſtopping them ; then, having laid the earth very level
nectarium, filled with a fweet liquor ; after the flower in the boxes, &c. you muſt fow the feeds thereon
is fallen, the germen fwells to a pretty large three pretty thick, covering it with fine fifted earth a
cornered blunt capfule, and then the foot-ftalk is quarter of an inch thick. The time for fowing the
turned and ſtands erect ; when the feeds are ripe, the feed is about the beginning of Auguft, for if it be
capfule opens in three parts and lets out the flat feeds, kept much longer out of the ground it will not grow ;
which were ranged in a double order. The flowers then place the boxes or pans where they may have
of this appear the latter end of March or beginning the morning fun until eleven o'clock, obferving, if
of April, and the feeds are ripe in July. There is a the ſeaſon proves dry, to water them gently, as allo
37

variety of this with a double flower. to pull up all weeds as foon as they appear ; for if
The fecond fort grows naturally in France ; the leaves they are fuffered to remain until they have taken deep
of this are broader, and of a deeper green than the root into the earth, they would draw the feeds out of
former ; the lower leaves are placed oppofite, but the ground whenever they are pulled up. Toward
thoſe above are alternate ; the ftalk rifes a foot and a the latter end of September you fhould remove the
half high, and is terminated by two flowers of an ob boxes, &c. into a warmer fituation, placing them
fcure yellow colour, which fpread more at the brim cloſe to a hedge or wall expofed to the fouth ; ifthey
than thoſe of the firſt ſort, but are turned downward are ſown in pots, theſe fhould be plunged into the
in the fame manner. This flowers three weeks after ground, but they are beft in tubs ; thefe fhould be
the firſt. There is a variety of this with greenish covered in fevere froft. In this fituation they may
flowers, which grows naturally in fome parts of remain until the middle of March, by which time
England. the plants will be come up an inch high ; you muſt
The third fort feldom rifes more than a foot high, therefore remove the boxes, as the weather increaſes
the leaves are narrow like thoſe of the firſt ſort, but hot, into a more fhady fituation ; for while the plants
are ſhorter ; each ſtalk is terminated by three or four are young, they are liable to fuffer by being too much
flowers, which ariſe above each other ; they are of a expoſed to the fun : and in this fhady fituation they
very dark purple, chequered with yellowish spots. may remain during the heat of the fummer, obferving
This flowers in April, about the fame time with the to keep them clear from weeds, and to refreſh them
fecond. now and then with a little moiſture ; but be careful
The fourth fort riſes about a foot high, the ftalk is not to give them much water after their leaves are
garniſhed with fpear-fhaped leaves four inches long. decayed, which would rot their roots. About the
E
and one broad, of a grafs-green colour ; thefe are beginning of Auguft, if the roots are very thick in
fometimes placed oppofite, but are generally alter the boxes, you should prepare a bed of good light
nate ; the ſtalk is terminated by one large bell-ſhaped fresh earth, which must be levelled very even, upon
flower of a yellowish colour, chequered with light which you ſhould ſpread the earth in the boxes in
which
 FRI FRI

which the fmall roots are contained, equally covering 4. The pale yellow Crown Imperial.
it about one fourth of an inch thick with the fame 5. The yellow ftriped Crown Imperial.
freſh earth : this bed fhould be fituated in a warm 6. The large flowering Crown Imperial.
pofition, but not too clofe to hedges, walls, or pales, 7. The broad leaved late red Crown Imperial.
which would caufe their leaves to be long and flender, 8. The double and triple crowned Imperial Crown.
3
2

and make the roots weaker than if placed in a more 9. The double red Crown Imperial .
open expofure. 10. The double yellow Crown Imperial.
In this bed they may remain until they flower, which 11. The filver ftriped leaved Crown Imperial.
100% is generally the third year from fowing; at which time 12. The yellow ftriped leaved Crown Imperial.
There are fome few other varieties which are men
NAHA

you fhould put down a mark to the roots of all fuch

as produce fair flowers, that at the time of taking tioned in the catalogues of the Dutch florifts, but
them out of the ground ( which ought to be foon after their diftinctions are fo minute, that they are not dif
their green leaves are decayed ) they may be felected tinguiſhable, fo I fhall país them over, as thofe here
7-4A

into a bed amongst your old roots of this flower, inferted are all that I have feen growing either in
255-2
ZA

which, for their beauty, are preferved in the beſt England or Holland, which deferved any diftinction .
S

gardens , but the other lefs valuable flowers may be The Crown Imperial hath a large round fcaly 'root
planted in the borders of the parterre-garden for of a yellow colour, and a ftrong odour of a fox ;
their variety, where, being intermixed with other the ftalk rifes to the height of four feet or upward ; it
flowers of different feafons, they will make a good is ftrong, fucculent, and garnished two-thirds of the
appearance, length on every fide, with long narrow leaves ending
The fine forts of this flower fhould remain undif in points, which are fmooth and entire ; the upper
turbed three years, by which time they will have pro part of the ſtalk is naked, a foot in length ; then the
duced many offsets ; and fhould be taken up when flowers come out all round the ftalk upon fhort foot
their leaves are decayed, and planted into a freſh ftalks, which turn downward, each fuftaining one
bed, taking fuch of their offsets as are large enough large, fpreading, bell-fhaped flower, compofed of fix
to produce flowers to plant in the flower-garden ; but fpear-shaped petals ; at the bafe of each petal is a
the fmaller roots may be planted into a nurſery-bed, pretty large cavity, in which is fituated a large white
- until they have obtained ftrength enough to flower ; nectarium, filled with a mellous liquor. In the center
but you muft never fuffer theſe roots to lie out of the of the flower is fixed a three- cornered oblong germen,
ground when you remove them, but plant them again upon which refts the ſingle ſtyle, which is the length
immediately, otherwiſe they will periſh. of the petals, and is crowned by a ſpreading obtufe
During theſe three years which I have adviſed the ftigma ; round the ftyle there are fix awl- fhaped fta
roots to remain in the beds, the furface of the earth mina which are fhorter than the ſtyle, and are ter
fhould be ſtirred every autumn with a trowel, obferv minated by oblong four- cornered fummits. Thefe
ing not to go fo deep as to bruiſe the root, and at the flowers hang downward, and above them rifes a
fame time lay a thin cover of very rotten dung or fpreading tuft of green leaves, which are erect, and
tanners bark upon the furface of the beds ; which, be from between thefe come out the foot-ftalks of the
ing waſhed into the ground, will caufe the flowers to flowers when the flowers decay, the germen fwells
be larger, as alfo the roots to make a greater increaſe : to a large hexagonal capfule, fhaped like a water
you muſt alſo obſerve to keep them conftantly clear mill, having fix cells, which are filled with flat feeds.
from weeds, and thofe roots which you would pre This plant flowers the beginning of April, and the
ferve with care, fhould not be fuffered to feed. feeds are ripe in July.
When a ftock of good flowers are obtained, they The fort with yellow flowers, that with large flowers,
may be preferved and increafed in the fame manner as and thofe with double flowers, are the moft valuable ;
other bulbous rooted flowers, which is by offsets fent but that which hath two or three whorls of flowers
out from their roots , which ſhould be taken off every above each other, makes the finest appearance ;
other year from the fineſt forts ; but the ordinary though this feldom produces its flowers after this man
flowers may remain three years undiſturbed, in which ner the first year after removing, but the fecond and
third year after planting, the ftalks will be taller, and
time they will have multiplied fo much, as that each
root will have formed a cluſter ; ſo that if they are left frequently have three tier of flowers, one above ano
longer together, the roots will be fmall, and the ther, which is called the Triple Crown. The ftalks of
flowers very weak ; therefore, if theſe are taken up this fort frequently run flat and broad, when they pro
every otheryear, the roots will be the ſtronger. Thefe duce a greater number of flowers than ufual ; but
roots may betreated in the fame manner as Tulips, and this is only a luxuriancy of nature, not conftant,
other bulbous rooted flowers, with this difference only, though many of the writers have mentioned it as a
that the roots will not bear to be kept out of the particular variety.
ground fo long ; therefore, if there fhould be a necef As this is one of the earlieft tall flowers ofthe fpring,
fity for keeping them out of the ground any time, it it makes a fine appearance in the middle of large bor
will be beft to put the roots into fand to prevent their ders, at à feafon when fuch flowers are much wanted
fhrinking, to decorate the pleafure- garden : but the rank fox- like
As thefe flowers come out early in the fpring, they odour which they emit, is too ftrong for moft people,
make a pretty appearance in the borders of the plea fo hath rendered the flowers lefs valuable than they
fure- garden, where they are planted in fmall clumps ; would have been ; for there is fomething very pleaf
for when they ſtand ſingle in the borders, they make ing in the fight of them at a diftance, fo that were it
but a poor figure. not for the offenfive fmell of the leaves and flowers, it
The eighth fort is the Crown Imperial, which is now would be more frequently feen in all gardens for
very common in the English gardens. This grows na pleaſure.
turally in Perfia, from whence it was firft brought to This may be propagated by feeds, or offsets from
Conftantinople, and abou.the year 1570, was in the root ; the firft is too tedious for moft of the
troduced to theſe parts of Europe ; of this flower there English florifts, becauſe the plants fo raifed , are fix
are a great variety now preferved in the gardens of or feven years before they flower ; but the Dutch and
florifts, but as they have been produced accidentally Flemish gardeners, who have more patience, fie
from feeds, they are but one fpecies ; however, for quently raife them from feeds, fo get fome new va
the fatisfaction of the curious , I fhall here mention all rieties, which rewards their labour. The method of
the varieties which have come to my knowledge. propagating thefe flowers from feeds, being nearly
1. The common Crown Imperial , this is of a dirty the fame as for the Tulip, the reader is defired to turn
red colour. to that article, where there are full directions for per
2. The yellow Crown Imperial , this is of a bright forming it.
yellow. The common method of propagating them here, is
3. The bright red Crown Imperial, called Fufai. by offsets fent cut from the old roots, which will
5 T flower

2
 FRO FRO

flower strong the fecond year after they are taken from filled with water, clofe ftopped, and expofed to the
the roots ; but in order to have plenty of thefe, the cold, the water, being expanded by freezing, and not
roots fhould not be tranfplanted oftener than every finding either room or vent, burſt the veffels.
third year, by which time each root will have put A ftrong barrel of a gun, with water in it , being ftop
out feveral offsets, fome ofwhich will be large enough ped clofe, and frozen, was rent the whole length ;
to flower the following year, fo may be planted in the and a fmall brafs veffel, five inches deep, and two in
borders of the flower-garden, where they are to re diameter, filled with water, & c. and frozen, lifted
main ; and the ſmaller roots may be planted in a nur up its lid, which was preffed with a weight of fifty-fix
fery-bed, to grow a year or two according to their pounds.
fize ; therefore they fhould be forted, and the ſmalleſt There are alfo related many remarkable effects of
roots planted in a bed together, which fhould remain froft on vegetables. Morery, Hift . de France, fays,
there two years, and the larger by themſelves to ftand That trees are frequently fcorched and burnt up
one year, by which time they will have acquired with froft, as with the moft exceffive heat, and that
ftrength enough to flower, fo may then be removed even in fo warm a climate as Provence.
into the pleafure - garden . Mr. Bobart relates, That in the great froft anno
The time for taking up theſe roots is in the begin 1683 , Oaks, Aſhes, Walnut-trees, &c. were mifera
ning of July, when their ſtalks will be decayed ; bly ſplit and cleft, fo as they might be feen through,
and they may be kept out of the ground two months, and this too with terrible noifes like the explofion of
but they ſhould be laid fingle in a dry fhady room, fire arms ; that the clifts were not only in the bodies,
but not in heaps, or in a moift place, which will caufe but continued to the larger boughs, roots, &c.
them to grow mouldy and rot. The offsets fhould be Philof. Tranfact. N° 105.
firft planted, for as thefe are fmall, they will be apt Dr. Derham fays, That the froft in 1708 , was re
to fhrink ifthey are kept long out of the ground. markable through the greatest part of Europe ; and
As the roots are large, they muft not be planted the greateſt in degree, if not the moft univerfal, in the
too near other flowers ; and when they are planted in memory of man ; that it extended throughout Eng
beds by themſelves, they fhould not be nearer than a land, France, Germany, Denmark, Italy , & c. but
foot and a half in the rows, and two feet row from was fcarce felt in Scotland and Ireland. All the
row ; they ſhould be planted fix inches deep at leaſt, Orange-trees and Olives in Italy, Provence, &c. and
eſpecially the ftrong roots : they delight in a light all the Walnut-trees throughout France, with an in
foil, not too wet, nor very full of dung ; therefore , finity of other trees , perifhed by the froft. -
if any dung is laid upon the borders where they are Monf. Gouteron fays, They had a gangrene on them,
planted, it fhould be buried pretty deep, fo as to be which he takes to be the effect of a corrofive falt,
two or three inches below the roots. which corrupted and deftroyed their texture. He adds,
The ninth and tenth forts grow naturally at the Cape That there is fo much refemblance between the gan
of Good Hope, from whence they were brought into grene befalling plants through froft, and that which
the European gardens. The ninth has been many the parts of animals are liable to, that they must have
years an inhabitant, where it has been ufually titled fome analogous caufe. Corrofive humours burn the
Corona Regalis. This has a tuberofe root, from which parts of animals , and the aëreal nitre, condenfed, has
arife in the autumn fix or eight obtufe leaves, near the fame effects on the parts of plants. Memoires de
five inches long and two broad toward the top, grow l'Academie Royale de Sciences , an. 1709.
ing narrower at their bafe, and are crenated on their Dr. Derham fays , That the greateſt fufferers in the
borders, lying flat on the ground ; theſe continue all animal kingdom were birds and infects, but vegeta
the winter in the fpring arifes the flower- ſtalk in the bles were much the greateſt fufferers ; that few of the
center of the leaves, about fix inches high, naked at tender forts of vegetables efcaped the feverity of the
the bottom ; but the upper part is furrounded by froft ; Bays, Laurels, Roſemary, Cyprefs, Alaternufes,
bell-ſhaped flowers, compoſed of fix greenish petals, Phillyreas, Arbutufes, Lauruftinufes, and even Furz,
with an oval germen fituate at the bottom , furrounded with moſt fort of the frutefcent herbs, as Lavenders,
by fix ftamina, fupporting a triangular ftyle, crowned Abrotanums, Rue, Thyme, &c. were generally de
by a trifid ftigma ; the germen afterwards becomes a ftroyed . He adds, that the fap of the finer wall
roundifh capfule, but rarely perfects feeds in England. fruit was fo congealed and deftroyed, that it ftagnat
This flowers in April, and the leaves decay in June. ed in the limbs and branches, and produced difor
The fecond fort I raiſed from feeds, which were fent ders like to chilblains in human bodies, which would
me from the Cape of Good Hope : 'the root of this is turn to mortifications in many parts of the trees ;
like that of the ninth fort, but the leaves are more that the very buds of the finer trees, both in the leaf,
than a foot long, broad at their bafe, but are narrowed buds, and bloffom buds, were quite killed , and dried
to the top, where they end in acute points ; the flower into a farinacious matter.
ftalk rifes rather higher than that of the ninth, but Dr. Derham relates it as a common obfervation,
the flowers are of the fame fhape and colour : this That vegetables fuffered more from the fun than from
feldom flowers till Auguft. The roots of this fort the froft, in that the fun-fhine, melting the fnow,
were ſtolen out of the Chelfea garden the following and opening the ground, left it more expofed to the
fpring after it had flowered, and were fold to fome rigour of the enfuing night. It was likewife obferved ,
perfons whofe love for rare plants exceeded their ho at a meeting of the Royal Society, That the calamities
nefty. which befel trees, arofe not purely from their bring
FRITILLARIA CRASSA. See ASCLEPIAS . frozen, but principally from the winds thaking and
FRONDOSE [ frondofus, Lat. ] full of leaves, rocking them when they are frozen, which rent and
or fhoots. parted their fibres. Philof. Tranfact . N° 324.
FROST may be defined to be an exceffive cold ftate Hoar froft, or white froft, is the dew frozen, or
of the weather, whereby the motion and fluidity of congealed early in cold mornings, chiefly in autumn.
the liquors are fufpended ; or, it is that ftate of the This ( as Mr. Regis obferves) is an affemblage of little
air, &c. whereby fluids are converted into ice. parcels of ice or cryftals, which, are of various figures,
By froft metals contract, or are fhortened. Monf. according to the difpofition of the vapours which meet
Auzout found by an experiment, that an iron tube and are condenfed by cold .
twelve feet long, upon being expoſed to the air in a Dew is, to all appearance, the matter of hoar froft,
frofly night, loft two lines of its length ; but this may though many ofthe Cartefians fuppofe it to be formed
be fuppofed to be wholly the effect of cold . of a cloud, and either congealed in the cloud, and fo
On the contrary, froſt does not contract fluids, but, let fall, or ready to be congealed as foon as it arrives
on the other hand , fwells or dilates them near one at the earth .
tenth of their bulk. In the year 1728-9 , there was a remakable froſt, which
Mr. Boyle gives us feveral experiments of veffels made continued for fome months, and deftroyed a great
of metals exceeding thick and ftrong, which being number of trees and plants in feveral parts of Europe,
a brief
 FRO FRO

a brief account of which may not be improper to be for great numbers of them hot out again, fome from
here inferted . their ftems and branches, and others from their roots,
The autumn began with cold north and eaſt winds, the following fummer.
and early in November the nights were generally Nor was the froft more fevere in England, than in
frofty, though the froft did not enter the ground other parts of Europe ; but, on the contrary, in com
deeper than the fun thawed the following day ; but to parifon, favourable ; for in the fouthern parts of
ward the end of November the winds blew extremely France, the Olives, Myrtles, Ciftufes, Alaternufes,
cold from the north, which was fucceeded by a great and feveral other trees and fhrubs, which grow
fnow, which fell in fuch quantities in one night, as to there almoft fpontaneoufly, were either deftroyed, or
break off large arms, as alfo the tops of many Ever at leaft were killed to their roots ; and about Paris, and
FIRE

green-trees, on which it lodged. After the fnow had the northern parts of France, the buds of their fruit
fallen, it began to freeze again, the wind continuing to trees were deftroyed, although they remained clofed ,
blow from the north ; the days were dark and cloudy ſo that there were very few bloffoms which opened that
for fome time, but afterwards it cleared up, and the fpring. The Fig-trees were in feveral parts of France
fun appeared almoft every day, which melted the fnow quite killed, and in England their tender branches
where expofed to it, whereby thefroftpenetrated deeper were deftroyed, fo that there was very little fruit on .
PERS

into the ground. It was obfervable, that, during thefe thofe trees the following fummer, except where they
clear days, a great mift or vapour, appeared in the were protected from the froft.
evenings, floating near the furface of the ground un In Holland the Pines and Firs, with feveral other
E,
til the cold of the night came on, when it was fuddenly trees, which are natives of cold countries, were great

723 condenfed, and difappeared . About the 8th of De ly injured by the cold ; and most of the trees and
B.

cember, the nights were extremely cold ; the fpirits in ſhrubs, which were brought from Italy, Spain, orthe
-16
the thermomoter fell 18 degrees below the freezing fouth parts of France, which had been planted in the
point, and on the 10th of the fame month the froſt full ground, in that country, were entirely killed,
was as fevere as had been known in the memory of though many other forts, which had been brought
man ; the fpirits of the thermometer fell to 20 de from Virginia and Carolina, eſcaped very well in the
grees below the freezing point. At this time vaft fame gardens ; but the perfon who fuffered moft in
numbers of Lauruftinules, Phillyreas, Alaternuſes, that country, was the learned Dr. Boerhaave, who had
was

Roſemary, Arbutus, and other Evergreen-trees and been feveral years endeavouring to naturalize as many
2-0
As

fhrubs began to fuffer ; efpecially fuch as had been exotic trees and fhrubs as he could poffibly obtain
Liney trimmed up to heads with naked ſtems , or had been from the feveral parts of the world, great numbers of
clipped late in autumn. At this time alfo there were which were entirely deftroyed by the froft this winter.
great numbers of large deciduous trees difbarked by In fome parts of Scotland they not only loft many of
the froft, as Pear-trees, Plane-trees, Walnut- trees , their curious flowers, plants, and trees, but great
with many other forts, and it was chiefly on the weſt numbers of ſheep, and other cattle, were buried
and fouth-weft fide of the trees, that the bark came under the fnow, where they perifhed ; and many poor
off. people, who went to look after their cattle, were
About the middle of December the froft abated of equal fufferers with them, being buried in the fnow,
its intenfenefs, and feemed to be at a ſtand till the 23d which in fome places fell eight or nine feet deep in
of the fame month, when the wind blew extremely one night.
fharp and cold from the eaft, and the froft increafed It has been obferved by thermometers , when that
+ again, continuing very fharp till the 28th day, when kind of hovering lambent fog arifes ( either mornings
" it began to abate again, and feemed to be going off, or evenings) which frequently betokens fair weather,
H
the wind changing to the fouth ; but it did not con that the air, which in the preceding day was much
tinue long in this point, before it changed to the eaſt warmer, has, upon the abfence of the fun become
again, and the froft returned, though it was not fo many degrees cooler than the furface of the earth,
violent as before. which being near 1500 times denfer than the air, can
Thus the weather continued for the moft part froſty, not be fo foon affected with the alteration of heat and
till the middle of March, with a few intervals of mild cold ; whence it is probable, that thofe vapours which
weather, which brought forward fome of the early are raiſed by the warmth of the earth, are by the cooler
flowers ; but the cold returning, foon deftroyed them : air foon condenſed into a vifible form. The fame
fo that thoſe plants which ufually flower in January difference has been obferved between the coolness of
and February, did not this year appear till March , the air, and the warmth of water in a pond, by pur
and before they were fully blown, were cut off by the ting a thermometer, which hung all night in the open
froft ; of this number were all the Spring Crocuſes, air in fummer time, into the water, juft before the
Hepaticas, Perfian Irifes, Black Hellebores, Meze rifing of the fun, when the like reck, or fog, was
reons, with fome others. rifing on the furface of the water.
The Cauliflower plants, which were planted out of In the year 1739-40, we had another fevere winter,
the beds in the open ground, during the intervals be which did great mifchief to the gardens, fields, and
tween the froft, were moft of them deftroyed, or fo woods, the effects of which are yet, and will be many
much cut, that they loft moft oftheir leaves ; the ear years, felt in Europe. Some particulars of thefe
ly Beans and Peas were moſt ofthem killed, and many depredations, may not, perhaps, be unacceptable to
fruit and foreft trees, which had been lately removed, the reader, if they are here mentioned.
were quite deftroyed . The lofs was very great to The wind fet in blowing from the north and north
fome curious perfons, who had been many years en eaſt, about the autumnal equinox, and continued to
deavouring to naturalize great numbers of exotic blow from the fame quarter, with little variation, up
trees and fhrubs, abundance of which were either to ward of fix months. Early in November, there was a
tally killed , or deftroyed to the ſurface of the ground ; continued fharp froſt for nine days, in which time
amongſt this number there were many forts deftroyed, the ice upon large ponds, and other ftanding waters,
which had endured the open air many years, without was frozen fo hard as to bear perfons who fkated there
receiving the leaſt injury from the cold, fuch as Paffion on ; but toward the end of November the froft abated,
Flowers, Cork-trees, Ciftufes, Rofemary, Stoechas , and there was little more than flight morning frofts
Sage, Maftich , and fome others . In fome places the until Chriſtmas day, when it froze pretty hard that
young Afh and Walnut-trees were killed ; but when morning, and continued every morning fo to do ; but
the froft went off, there appeared to have been much on the 28th day of December, the wind blew with
more damage done in the gardens, than there really great ftrength from the north- eaft, and brought on
was, which occafioned many people to dig up and de fevere cold ; that night the froft penetrated very deep
ftroy large quantities of trees and fhrubs, which they into the ground, and the next day, viz. the 29th, the
fuppofed were killed ; whereas thofe who had more wind changed to the fouthward of the eaft, and blew
patience, and fuffered them to remain, fared better ; with great fury ; the thermometer fell this day to
twenty
 FRO FRO

twenty-five degrees below froft ; in the morning fome following fpring they were infefted with infects to
little fnow fell, but the violence of the wind carried fuch a degree, as that their leaves were eaten and en
it off; but cold ftill increafing, the waters were all tirely destroyed by them ; fo that at Midfummer the
frozen over, and that day it was fo intenfe, as to trees were as naked as if it had been the beginning
freeze the water of the river, which was raiſed by the of April , and this diftemper continued for two years
force of the wind into ice, before it fell down again. after, almoſt as bad as at firft, and has leffened by
The wind continued to blow with the fame force, and degrees, as the trees have recovered their ſtrength,
from the fame quarter, all the 30th day, the cold and where the trees were old and weak, they have
ftill increafing, fo that at this time the froft penetrated not yet gotten the better of this diftemper.
into moft of the green- houſes in England, but efpe The herbage was alfo fo much weakened by the fe
cially into all thofe whofe fronts had the leaft incli verity of the froft, as not to be able to refift the at
nation to the eaft ; and fuch of them as fronted the tack made upon it by infects, fo that innumerable
fouth-west escaped beft, where the back walls were of quantities of them were difcovered in the paftures in
a fufficient thicknefs to keep out the froft ; the fpirits many parts of Europe, beginning firft in the northern
in the thermometer fell in the night of the 30th day countries, and afterward fpreading to the fouth ; and
to thirty-two degrees below the freezing point, which thefe infects in many places were fo numerous, as to
was lower than it had been known in England be deſtroy the ſward of Grafs, and it is to be feared the
fore ; the violence of the wind made it very trouble diftemper which fo long raged among the cattle may
fome for perfons of the moſt robuft conftitutions to have been owing to this caufe ; for wherever the dif
be abroad, and this alfo caufed the froft to penetrate temper fpread, it has been obferved, that numbers of
through thick walls, and in the ſpace of two days, thefe infects have harboured about the roots of the
the Evergreen-trees and ſhrubs appeared as if they had Grafs and as a farther proof of this, it has con
been fcorched by fire, fo that they feemed to have no ſtantly been remarked, that, when theſe grubs are
life ; the only trees of all the forts of Evergreens changed into a fort of beetle, and take their flight
which retained their verdure at this time, were the (which is commonly about the beginning of May, )
Portugal Laurel, Savin, and fhrubby Hartwood ; the distemper ceafes ; and when thefe beetles have
thefe in the midſt of this ſevere froft remained un depofited their eggs in autumn, the diftemper has
hurt, when all the others were as brown as if they raged again. Another remark has been made, that
had been dead a year ; and it was very late in the thefe beetles always chufe to depofit their eggs not
fpring, before any of them refumed their ufual ver at a great diftance from rivers, or large pieces of
dure : during theſe fevere days there had but little water, and in fuch places the cattle have been moft
fnow fallen, fo that the froft penetrated deep in the attacked. There might be many other circumftances
ground, and deftroyed the roots of great part of the mentioned in favour of this opinion, as alfo the fe
vegetables, where they were not well fecured ; the veral experiments which have been made by fome of
Artichoke roots were most of them killed in all the the members of the Academy of Sciences at Paris,
kitchen-gardens, fome few only eſcaped, theſe were which are fufficient to prove, that the diftemper was
fuch as were not intended to be preferved . A fingle not infectious, nor can be communicated by the
row of theſe roots, which were growing in a place cattle, notwithſtanding it has been treated as fuch in
where a great quantity of dung had been wheeled many countries , where has been an immenfe lofs to the
over them, whereby the ground was rendered as hard public of fuch numbers of cattle and their hides ; but
as that of a common foot- way, though there was no this may require a particular treatife, therefore I fhall
covering upon thefe roots, yet they furvived the froft not enlarge farther on this head at prefent.
and did well ; another parcel which was growing near The froft ftill continued very hard till toward the
a tan-yard, where, by accident, fome tan had been end of January, but not fo violent as at the beginning,
thrown, were preferved, fo that from fome of theſe for had the wind continued to blow with fo much
accidents we were fo lucky as to retrieve the good force as it had done the three firft days of the froft,
kind of Artichoke, which the English gardens were for any confiderable time longer, there would have
fo famous for being ſtocked with. been few vegetables able to have refifted the cold,
By the ſharp piercing winds the Grafs was almoft to nor would the animal kingdom have fared much
tally burned up, fo that there was not the leaft ver better ; for the cold was fo intenfe during thofe few
dure to be feen in the fields, and in many places the days, as to kill feveral of the weaker fort of cattle,
fweeteſt and beſt kinds of the herbage were entirely where they were much expofed to the wind.
killed, fo that there remained only the ftrong rough The Walnut- trees, Afh, and feveral other trees , had
kinds of grafs, whereby the paſtures were in general moſt of their fhoots of the former year deftroyed,
much damaged ; but on the 31st day in the evening, which caufed them to be very late before they put out
the wind being much abated, the feverity of the froſt their new ſhoots the following fpring, and thefe fhoots
was not fo great, and there feemed an appearance of were produced from the two and three years branches.
a thaw on the firſt and ſecond of January, but on the The Fig-trees in many places were killed aloft to
third in the evening the froft fet in again with great the ground, especially thofe which were growing
violence ; and on the fourth of January in the morn against the beſt afpected walls, for thofe on the north
ing, the thermometer was fallen one degree lower and north-weft afpects, as alfo the old ftandard Fig
than it had been before . The fame morning there trees eſcaped better ; but all thofe ftools and layers of
was the greateſt hoary froft which had been feen, the thefe trees, which were growing in the nursery-gar
woods, trees , and hedges, appeared as if they had dens, were fo much injured by the froft , as not to be
been covered with fnow ; and although there was no recovered under three years, during which time there
wind ſtirring, yet the air was fo fharp and penetrating, were ſcarce any of thefe plants to be fold. The layers
as to render it difficult to endure the cold, even with of Vines, as alfo of the Oriental Plane-tree, in the
great exercife. nurferies, were likewife killed to the ground, and the
The timber-trees fuffered greatly that morning, ef old ftools fo much injured, that they had better have
pecially the Oaks, which were fplit with great vio been dug up and thrown away, than to have con
lence ; and the noife in the woods that morning, re tinued them; for in ten years after they did not recover
fembled that of great branches breaking down in their former vigour, making their fhoots fo late in
every part of the woods, and when heard at a dif the fummer, that their wood had not time to harden,
tance, like the firing of guns . This was little at and the firft froft in autumn frequently killed them
tended to at the time, but the timber which has been half way to the ground.
fince fallen , fufficiently proves the great damage Many other deciduous trees were equal fufferers by
which the woods then fuftained ; nor was it here the this fevere froft, and the Evergreens were more ge
calamity flopped, for the Oaks in general had re nerally injured, and abundance of them killed. The
ceived fo much injury from the froft, as to occafion Pine and Pinafter were fo much hurt, as to lofe all
fuch a weakneſs and diftemper among them, that the their verdure, and in fome places the young plants of
5 the
 h FRU FRU
y
aten ande the former fort were entirely killed . The Rosemary, the juice of the parenchyma, and conveys it thus pre
Avon
ment pared to the kernel.
a Lavender, Stochas, Sage, and many other aromatic
Jebeg plants, were in many places quite deltroyed , fo that Of the fibres, authors generally reckon fifteen
ortwats it was two or three years before the markets could be branches, of which ten penetrate the parenchyma,
fupplied with theſe , and in general the efculent plants and incline to the bafis of the flower ; the other five
enLog in the kitchen-gardens were killed, fo that for fome afcend more particularly from the pedicle or ftalk,
months the markets were not fupplied with any and meet with the former at the bafe of the flower,

*. quantity of garden ftuff. The flower-gardens alfo to which branches the capfulæ, or coats of the ker
were great fufferers by this winter ; for as the feafons nels are faftened.
for fome years before had been very temperate, few Theſe branches being firft extended through the pa
perfons had made any provifion for a hard winter; and renchyma to the flower, furnish the neceffary matter
Pana the cold fetting in fo very intenfe at the beginning, for the vegetation of it ; but as the fruit increafes, it
na the mifchief was done before people could be pro "
intercepts the aliment, and thus the flower is ſtarved,
vided with covering. and falls off.
The Wheat in many parts ofEngland, but especially In a Pear there are five parts to be diſtinguiſhed , viz.
4,25
in the open common fields, was very much hurt, the fkin, parenchyma, ramification, kernel, and ace
|: ཀཐ་ particularly on the top of the ridges, where, in fe tarium .
butik bat
veral places there were broad naked fpaces on the The three first parts are common to the Apple. The
We
umbes middle of the ridges, which in the fpring appeared kernel, obferved chiefly in Choke Pears, or Breaking
i
like fo many foot-paths. And as the fpring following Pears, is a congeries of ftrong corpufcles, that are
ta of t
was very dry, and the wind continuing to blow from difperfed throughout the whole parenchyma, but in
325 00
the north and eaft ; theſe piercing winds entered the the greateſt plenty, and clofeft together about the
ground, which had been loofened by the froft, and center, or acetarium ; it is formed of the ftony or
dried up the tender roots of the Corn , to the great calculous part of the nutritious juice.
prejudice of it ; but fome of the more expert farmers, The acetarium is a ſubſtance of a tart acid taſte , of a
shave who rolled their Wheat after the froft was over, were globular figure, incloſed in an affemblage of feveral
well repaid by the great crops which their land pro of the ftony parts before-mentioned .
otary duced them . In a Plumb, Cherry, &c. there are four parts, viz.
Were I to enter into all the particulars of the damages a coat, parenchyma, ramification, and nucleus , or
Etesof fuftained by this fevere froft in the gardens and fields, ftone. The ſtone confifts of two very different parts ;
Tot it would fwell this work beyond the limits intended ; the external or harder part, called the ſtone, or fhell,
frances fo I hope, on the other hand, I fhall not be con is a concretion of the ftony, or calculous parts of the
gthfeee demned for having inferted thus much, fince, by the nutritious juice, like the kernel in Pears, within it.
fameof mention of theſe things, perfons may be inftructed The inner, called the kernel, is foft, tender, and
Dan
how to fave many of their valuable plants in future light, being derived from the pith, or medulla of
winters, as alfo what forts are more liable to danger the tree by feminal branches, which penetrate the
from frofts than others. bafe of the kernel.
v the
chia FRUCTIFEROUS [fructifer, Lat. ] fruit-bearing, The nut, or acorn, confifts of a fhell, cortex, and
fruitful. medulla ; the fhell confifts of a coat and parenchyma,
the
FRUCTUS. See FRUIT. derived from the bark and wood of a tree.
; baz
FRUIT is the production of a tree or plant, for the The cortex confifts of an inner and outer part, the
propagation or multiplication of its kind , in which firft is a duplicature of the inner tunic of the fhell ;
fenfe fruit includes all kinds of feeds , with their fur the ſecond is a moffy fubftance, derived from the fame
26

niture, &c. botanifts uſe it to fignify properly, that fource as the parenchyma of the fhell. But authors
VAS

part of a plant wherein the feed is contained, which are not agreed, whether the medulla, or pulp of the
the Latins call Fructus, and the Greeks Kaprés. kernel does arife from the pith of the tree, or the
0B

The fruit of fome plants are produced fingly, as are cortical part thereof.
T

their flowers, and fometimes they are produced in Berries, as the Grape, &c. contain (befides three ge
cluſters, as in moſt fruit- trees, which are alſo fleſhy, neral parts, viz . coat, parenchyma, and ramification)
but in many plants they are dry. grains of a ftony nature, to do the offices of feeds.
The word fruit is alfo ufed to fignify an affemblage Fruits in general are ferviceable in guarding, prefer
of feeds in a plant ; as in a Pea, Bean, Ranunculus, ving, and feeding the incloſed feed, in filtrating the
& c. and in its general fignification, for all kinds of coarfer more earthy, and ſtrong parts of the nutritious
grain, whether naked, or inclofed in cover, capfula, juice of the plant, and retaining it to themſelves ,
or pod, whether bony, flefhy, fkinny, membranous, fending none but the moſt pure, elaborated, and fpi
W or the like . rituous parts to the feed, for the fupport and growth
Fruit is the product or refult of the flower, or that of the tender delicate embryo or plantule, which is
for whofe production , nutrition, &c. the flower is in therein contained .
tended . FRUMENTACEOUS [ Frumentaceous, Lat.]
The ftructure and parts of different fruits are different a term applied by botanifts to all fuch plants as have
in fome things, but in all the fpecies the effential a conformity with Wheat (called in Latin Frumentum , )
parts of the fruit appear to be only continuations or in refpect either of their fruits, leaves, ears, or the
expanſions of thofe which are feen in the other parts of like.
the tree. FRUMENTUM INDICUM. See ZEA.
Dr. Beale fuggefts fome very good reafons for a di FRUTEX, a fhrub ; a vegetable of a genus be
rect communication between the remoteft parts of the tween a tree and an herb, but of a woody fubftance.
tree and the fruit ; fo that the fame fibres which con It is pretty difficult to determine wherein moft of the
ſtitute the root, trunk, and boughs , are extended into writers on gardening and agriculture have made the
the very fruit. diftinction between trees and fhrubs, or where to fix
Thus, if you cut open an Apple tranfverfly, you will the difference or boundary, between the trees and
find it to confift chiefly of four parts, viz . ft, a ſkin , fhrubs, to fay where one ends, and the other begins,
or cortex, which is only a production of the ſkin or for that cannot be determined by their growth ; there
outer bark of the tree. 2dly, A parenchyma or pulp, fore the beft definition which can be made of a fhrub,
which is an expanfion and intumefcence of the inner to diftinguish it from a tree, is its fending forth many
bark of the tree. 3dly, The fibres, or ramifications ftems from the roots, whereas the trees have a fingle
of the woody part of the tree. 4thly, The core, trunk or body.
which is the produce of the pith, or medulla of the FRUTEX PAVONIUS. See POINCIANA.
plant, indurated or ftrengthened by twigs of the FRUTICOSE [ Fruticofus, Lat. fhrubby, ] are
wood and fibres inofculated therewith . This ferves thofe plants which are of a hard woody fubftance, and
to furnish a cell, or lodge, for the kernels, filtrates ! do not rife to the height of trees.
5 U FUCHSIA.
 FUM FUM

FUCHSIA. Plum . Nov. Gen. 14. Lin. Gen. Plant. of Linnæus's feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia
1097. This plant was fo named by Father Plumier, Hexandria, which includes the plants whofe flowers
who discovered it in America, in honour of the me have their ftamina in two bodies, and have fix fta
mory of Leonard Fuchfius, a learned botanist. mina. To this genus Dr. Linnæus has joined the
The CHARACTERS are ,
Capnoides of Tournefort, the Cyfticapnos of Boer
The flower bath no empalement ; it hath one petal, haave, the Corydalis of Dillenius , and the Cucula
with a clofed tube, which is flightly cut into eight parts ria of Juffieu, making them only ſpecies of the fame
at the brim, ending in acute points ; it hathfour ftamina genus.
the length of the tube, which are terminated by obtufe The SPECIES are ,
fummits. The oval germen is fituated under the flower, 1 . FUMARIA (Officinalis) pericarpis monofpermis race
Supporting a fingle style, crowned by an obtufe ftigma. The mofis, caule diffufo. Lin. Sp . Plant . 700. Fumatory
germen afterward becomes a fucculent berry with four fur with feed- veffels growing in a racemus, with a single feed
rows, having four cells, containing feveral fmall oval and a diffufed ftalk. Fumaria officinarum & Diofcori
feeds. dis, flore purpureo . C. B. 143. The common Fumatory
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of with a purple flower.
Linnæus's fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Monogy 2. FUMARIA ( Spicata) pericarpiis monofpermiis fpicatis,
nia , the flower having four ftamina and one ſtyle. caule erecto, folioliis filiformibus. Sauv. Monfp. 263.
We know but one SPECIES of this genus at pre Fumatory with feed-veſſels growing in a ſpike, with one
fent, viz. feed, an upright talk, and thread- like leaves. Fumaria
FUCHSIA ( Triphylla. ) Lin . Sp. Plant. 1191. Three-leaved minor tenuifolia. C. B. 143. Leffer narrow-leaved Fu
Fuchfia. Fuchfia triphylla, flore coccineo . Plum. Nov. matory.
Gen. Three-leaved Fuchfia with a Scarlet flower. 3. FUMARIA (Alba) filiquis linearibus tetragonis, cauli
This plant is a native in the warmeft parts of Ame bus diffufis acutangulis. Lin . Sp. Plant. 700. Fuma
rica ; it was difcovered by Father Plumier, in fome of tory with narrow four-cornered pods, and diffuſed ſtalks,
the French Iſlands in America, and was fince found by baving acute angles. Fumaria fempervirens & floreas,
the late Dr. William Houſtoun , at Carthagena in flore albo. Flor. Bat. Evergreen Fumatory with a white
New Spain, from whence he fent the feeds into flower.
England . 4. FUMARIA (Capnoides) filiquis teretibus, caulibus dif
This is propagated by feeds, which muſt be ſown in fufis, angulis obtufis. Fumatory with taper pods and
pots filled with rich light earth, and plunged into a diffufed fialks, having obtufe angles. Fumaria lutea.
hot- bed of tanners bark, and treated in the fame way C. B. 143. Yellow Fumatory.
as other feeds from warm countries . In about a month 5. FUMARIA ( Claviculata) filiquis linearibus, foliis cir
or fix weeks after the feeds are fown, the plants will rhiferis. Lin . Sp . Plant. 701. Fumatory with narrow
begin to appear, when they ſhould be carefully cleared pods, and leaves having clafpers. Fumaria claviculis
from weeds, and frequently refreſhed with water to donata. C. B. P. 143. Fumatory with tendrils.
promote their growth ; and when they are about two 6. FUMARIA (Capreolata) pericarpiis monofpermis race
inches high, they ſhould be ſhaken out of the pot, and mofis, foliis fcandentibus fubcirrhofis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
feparated carefully ; then plant each into a fall pot 701. Fumatory with feed-veffels growing in a racemus,
filled with light rich earth, and plunge them again into with one feed, and climbing leaves having fhort tendrils.
a hot- bed of tanners bark, being careful to fcreen Fumaria major fcandens, flore pallidiore. Raii Hift.
them from the fun until they have taken new root ; 405. Greater climbing Fumatory with a palerflower.
after which time they muſt have freſh air admitted to 7. FUMARIA (Cava) caule fimplici, bracteis longitudine
them every day in proportion to the warmth of the florum. Lin. Sp . Plant. 699. Fumatory with a fingle
ſeaſon, and ſhould be frequently watered . As the ſea Stalk, and bractea as long as theflowers. Fumaria bul
fon advances and becomes warm, the glaffes of the bofa, radice cavâ, major. C. B. P. 143. Greater bul
hot-bed fhould be raiſed higher, to admit a greater bous Fumatory with a hollow root.
fhare of air to the plants, to prevent their drawing up 8. FUMARIA (Bulbofa) caule fimplici, bracteis brevio
weak ; and when the plants are grown fo tall as to ribus multifidis, radice folida. Fumatory with a fingle
reach the glaffes, they ſhould be removed into the bark ftalk, fhorter many pointed bractea, and a folid root.
ftove, and plunged into the tan-bed. In winter theſe Fumaria bulbofa , radice non cavâ, major. C. B. P.
plants require to be kept very warm, and at that fea 144. Greater bulbous Fumatory with a folid root.
fon they must not have much water, but in fummer 9 . FUMARIA ( Cucularia) fcapo nudo. Hort. Cliff. 351 .
it must be often repeated . Fumatory with a naked ftalk. Capnorchis Americana.
Thefe plants are too tender to thrive in the open air Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. 309. and the Fumaria tuberofa
in this country, even in the hotteſt part of the year ;
infipida. Cornut. 129. Tuberous infipid Fumatory.
therefore they ſhould conftantly remain in the ftove, 10. FUMARIA (Veficaria) filiquis globofis inflatis. Hort.
obferving to let in a large fhare of fresh air in fum Upfal. 207. Fumatory with globular inflated pods. Cyf
mer, but in winter they muſt be kept warm ; with ticapnos Africana fcandens. Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. 310.
this management the plants will produce their flowers, Climbing African Cyfticapnos.
and make a beautiful appearance in the ftove, amongſt 11. FUMARIA ( Eneaphylla) foliis triternatis, foliolis cor
other tender exotic plants. datis . Lin . Sp . Plant. 700. Fumatory withleaves com
FUMARIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 760. Tourn. Inft. R. pofed of three trifoliate fmall leaves, which are heart
H. 421. tab . 237. Fumatory ; in French, Fumeterre. Shaped. Fumaria enneaphyllos Hifpanica faxatilis.
The CHARACTERS are,
Bocc. Muf. 2. p . 83. Five-leaved RockFumatory ofSpain.
The empalement ofthe flower is composed of two equal 12. FUMARIA ( Sempervirens ) filiquis linearibus panicu
leaves placed oppofite. The flower is of the ringent latis, caule erecto. Hort. Upfal. 207. Fumatory with
kind, approaching near to the butterflyflowers. The up narrow pods growing in panicles, and an upright stalk.
per lip is plain, obtufe, indented at the top, and reflexed ; Capnoides. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 423. Baftard Fuma
the nectarium at the base of this is obtufe, and alittle pro tory.
minent. The under lip is like the upper in all its parts, The first fort is the common Fumatory which is uſed
but the bafe is keel-
shaped ; the nectarium at the bafe is in medicine. This grows naturally on arable land in
lefs prominent. The chaps ofthe flower is four- cornered, moft parts of England ; it is a low annual plant, and
obtufe, and perfectly bifid ; there are fix equal broad fta flowers in April, May, and June ; and very often from
mina in each flower, divided in two bodies, included in the plants which rife late in the fummer, there will be a
treo lips, each being terminated by three fummits. In the fecond crop in autumn. The juice of this plant is
center is fituated an oblonggermen, fupporting ashortstyle, greatly commended for bilious cholics. It is never
crowned by an orbicular compreffedftigma. The germen af cultivated in gardens .
terward becomes afhortpod with one cell, including roundish The fecond fort grows naturally in the fouth of
feeds. France, Spain, and Portugal, but is preferved in bo
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection tanic gardens for the fake of variety. It is an annual
plant,
2
 FUM FUM

plant, which rifes from the ſcattered feeds better than having no real flower, only a green bractea, which
when it is fown with care ; the ftalks of this grow has been generally taken for the flowers : there is alfo
more erect, the leaves are very finely divided, and the mentioned a larger fort ; but if there is one which is
"w really different from the common fort, I have not
ww flowers grow in a clofe fpike ; they are of a deep red
colour, and flower about the fame time as the com feen it in the English gardens, nor the yellow and
mon fort. white flowering forts, which are alſo mentioned in
The third fort grows naturally on the borders of the many ofthe books.
Mediterranean Sea ; it was firſt brought to England The ninth fort grows naturally in North America ;
'from Tangier. This is a perennial plant, which fends this hath a fcaly root about the ſize of a large Hazel
out from the root many branching ſtalks, which rife Nut, from which come out three or four leaves upon
about fix or eight inches high, growing in tufts or flender foot-ftalks ; thefe are divided into three parts,
bunches ; the leaves are very much divided, the ſtalks each of theſe parts is compofed of many ſmaller divi
are angular, and the flowers grow in loofe panicles fions, whichhave narrow lobes, divided into three parts
upon naked foot-ftalks, which come out from the almoſt to the bottom ; the flower-ftalk is naked, and
divifions of the branches ; they are of a whitiſh yel eight or nine inches long ; this is terminated by four
low colour, and there is a fucceffion of them moſt or five flowers, growing in a loofe fpike ; thefe have
part of the year. two petals, which are reflexed backward, and form a
The fourth fort hath an appearance very like the fort of fork toward the foot-ftalk, and at their baſe
third, and by fome it is fuppoſed to be only a vari are two horned nectariums, which ſtand horizantal.
ety of that, but is undoubtedly a diftinct species ; for The flowers are of a dirty white colour and appear in
I have cultivated both more than forty years, and never May, but rarely produce feeds here.
yet found either of them to vary. The ftalks of this This is propagated by offsets from the root ; it loves
fort have blunt angles, whereas thoſe of the third are a fhady fituation and a light foil ; the beſt time to
acute ; they are of a purplish colour, and the flowers tranſplant the roots is in autumn, when the leaves
grow in loofer panicles, each having a longer foot are decayed, for it fhoots pretty early in the ſpring,
ftalk than thoſe of the other ; they are of a bright therefore it would not be fafe to remove them at that
yellow colour, and there is a fucceffion of them great ſeaſon.
part of the year. The tenth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Theſe two forts continue green all the year, and ex Hope ; this is an annual plant, with trailing ftalks
cept in very fevere froft, are always in flower, which which are two or three feet long, dividing into many
make a pretty appearance ; they grow beft on walls ſmaller, which are garniſhed with ſmall branching
or rocks, and are very proper for the joints of grot leaves fhaped like thoſe of the common Fumatory,
tos, or any rock-work ; where, if a few plants are but end with tendrils, which claſp to any neighbour
planted, or the feeds fcattered, they will multiply ing plants, and thereby the ftalks are fupported ;
faft enough from their fcattering feeds, which are caft the flowers are produced in loofe panicles, which
1 out of the pods by the elaftic fpring of the valves proceed from the fide of the ſtalks ; they are of a
when ripe, to a confiderable diftance ; and as the plants whitifh yellow colour, and are fucceeded by globular
will require no care to cultivate them, they ſhould not fwollen pods, in which are contained a row of ſmall
be wanting in gardens. fhining feeds.
The fifth fort grows in ftony and fandy places in This is propagated by feeds, which ſhould be ſown
fome parts of England ; it is an annual plant with upon a moderate hot-bed in the ſpring ; and when the
trailing ftalks, fending out clafpers from the leaves, plants are fit to remove, they must be each planted in
which faften to any of the neighbouring plants. It a ſmall pot filled with light earth, and plunged again
flowers in May and June, but is never cultivated in into the hot-bed, where they muſt be fhaded from
gardens. the fun till they have taken new root ; after which
The fixth fort is an annual plant with many trailing they ſhould have a large fhare of air admitted to them
ftalks, which grow about a foot long, fending out a at all times in mild weather, to prevent their draw
few fhort tendrils, whereby they faften to any neigh ing up weak ; and as foon as the ſeaſon is favourable,
bouring fupport ; the flowers come out from the they should be inured to bear the open air, to which
+ fide oftheſtalks in looſe bunches ; they are ofa whitiſh they may be removed the beginning of June, when
herbaceous colour, with a purple ſpot on the upper they may be fhaken out of the pots, preſerving all
lip. This flowers in May and June. It grows in the earth to their roots, and planted in a warm
France and Italy, on ftony places in the fhade. border, where their ſtalks ſhould be fupported with
The feventh fort grows naturally in the fouth of fticks to prevent their trailing on the ground ; and in
France and Italy, and was fome years paſt preſerved in July the plants will flower, and continue a fucceffion
the Engliſh gardens by way of ornament, but is now of flowers till the froft deftroys the plants ; the feeds
rarely to be found here ; it was titled Radix cava, or ripen in autumn.
hollow root, from its having a pretty large tuberous The eleventh fort grows naturally upon old walls, or
root hollowed in the middle. The ftalk of this fort rocky places in Spain and Italy ; this hath weak trail
rifes about fix inches high, and does not divide, but is ing ftalks which are much divided, and are garniſhed
garniſhed toward the bottom with one ramous leaf, with ſmall leaves divided into three parts, each of
fomewhat like the common Fumatory, but the lobes which hath three heart-ſhaped lobes ; the flowers are
are broader ; the flowers grow in a ſpike at the top produced in ſmall looſe panicles from the fide of the
of the ſtalk ; they are of a pale herbaceous colour, ftalks, they are of a greenish white, and appear moſt
and appear in April. This plant delights in the ſhade, of the fummer months. It is an abiding plant, which
and is multiplied by offsets, for it rarely ripens feeds propagates itſelf by the feeds that fcatter, and thrives
in England. beft in a fhady fituation, and on old walls or buildings.
The eighth fort is pretty common in many of the The twelfth fort is an annual plant with an upright
old gardens in England ; it grows naturally in the ftalk, which grows a foot and a half high, round and
fouth of France, in Germany and Italy. This hath very fmooth, fending out feveral branches upward ;
a pretty large round folid root of a yellowish colour, theſe are garniſhed with ſmooth branching leaves, of
from which come out branching leaves like thoſe of a pale colour, which are divided like the common fort,
the laft fort, but the lobes are longer ; the flowers but the ſmall leaves are larger and more obtufe ; the
grow in fpikes on the top of the ſtalks ; they are of flowers are produced in loofe panicles from the fides
a purple colour, and come out early in April. The of the ſtalks, and at the extremity of the branches ;
ftalks of this fort are fingle, and rife about four or they are of a pale purple colour, with yellow chaps
five inches high. (or lips ) ; theſe are fucceeded by taper narrow pods
There is a variety of this with green flowers, which an inch and a half long, which contain many fmall
is mentioned in moſt of the books ; but all the plants fhining black feeds. This flowers during most of
of this fort which I have yet feen, are only abortive, the fummer months, and the feeds ripen in July, Au
guft,
 FUM FUR

guft, and September. If the feeds of this plant are gated by offsets, as other bulbous-rooted flowers ;
permitted to fcatter, the plants will come up without theſe produce their flowers in the beginning of April,
any trouble, and require no other care but to thin and are very pretty ornaments to borders in a fmall
them where they are too cloſe, and keep them clean flower-garden. They are extreme hardy, but do not
from weeds. increaſe very faft, feldom producing feeds with us ;
Thefe plants may be fuffered to grow on walls, and and their bulbs do not multiply very much, especially
in fome abject part of the garden ; for if they are ad if they are often tranfplanted. They love a light fandy
mitted into the borders of the pleaſure -garden, they foil, and fhould be fuffered to remain three years un
will ſcatter their feeds, and become troubleſome difturbed, in which time they will produce feveral
weeds ; but they are very proper plants to grow on offsets. The beſt feafon for tranfplanting them is
ruins, or on the fides of grottos or rock-work, where, from May to Auguft, when the leaves begin to die
by their long continuance in flower, they will have off ; for if they are taken up when their leaves are
a good effect. freſh, it will greatly weaken their roots.
The fifth, fixth, ſeventh, and eighth forts are propa FURZ . See GENISTA.

1
8

G.

GAL GAL

ALANTHUS. Lin . Gen. Plant. 362 . fuffered to remain undisturbed, the roots will multi
Narciffo-leucoium. Tourn. Inft . R. H. 387. ply exceedingly. The roots may be taken up the lat
tab. 208. The Snow-drop ; in French, Perce ter end of June, when their leaves decay, and may be
G
neige. kept out of the ground till the end of Auguft, but
The CHARACTERS are , they muſt not be removed oftener than every thirdyear.
The Spatha or Sheath of the flower is oblong, blunt, and GALE. See MYRICA.
compreffed. This opens fideways, and becomes a dryfkin ; GALEGA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 770. Tourn. Inft. R.
the flower has three oblong concave petals, which spread H. 398. tab. 222. Goat's-rue.
open, and are equal ; in the bottom is fituated the three The CHARACTERS are,
leaved nectarium, which is cylindrical, obtufe, and in The empalement of the flower is short, tubulous, and of
dented at the top ; under theflower is fituated the oval ger one leaf, indented in five parts. The flower is of the
men, Supporting a flender ftyle, which is longer than the butterfly kind ; the ftandard is oval, large, and reflexed ;
ftamina, crowned by single ftigma ; this is attended by the wings are near the length of the ſtandard ; the keel is
fix fhort hairyftamina, terminated by oblong pointed fum erect, oblong, and compreljed ; the under fide toward the
mits, which are gathered together. The germen after point is rounded, but the upper is acute ; there are ten
ward becomes an oval capfule which is obtufe and three Stamina, which join above their middle, and are termi
cornered, opening in three cells, which are filled with nated byfmallfummits. In the center is fituated a nar
roundish feeds. row, cylindrical, oblong germen, fupporting a flender ftyle,
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of crowned by a ftigma terminated by a puncture. The ger
Linnæus's fixth clafs , intitled Hexandria Monogynia, men afterward becomes a long pointed pod, inclofingfeve
which includes the plants whofe flowers have fix fta ral oblong kidney-fhaped feeds.
mina and one ftyle. This genus of plants is ranged in the third ſection
This plant, as alſo the great Snow-drop, was by Dr. of Linnæus's feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia
Tournefort ranged together under the title of Nar Decandria, which includes thofe plants whofe flowers
ciffo-leucoium ; which being a compound name, Dr. have ten ftamina joined in two bodies.
Linnæus has altered it to this of Galanthus ; and has The SPECIES are ,

ſeparated the great Snow-drop from this, and given I. GALEGA ( Officinalis) leguminibus ftrictis erectis, for
the fimple name of Leucoium to that genus. liolis lanceolatis ftrictis nudis. Lin . Sp. Plant. 1062 .
F We know but one SPECIES of this genus, viz. Goat's-rue with erect clofe pods, and spear-shaped naked
GALANTHUS (Nivalis. ) Lin. Hort. Cliff. 134. The com leaves. Galega vulgaris, floribus cæruleis . C. B. P.
mon Snow-drop. Leucoium bulbofum trifolium minus. 352. Common Goat's-rue with blue flowers.
C. B. P. The leaft bulbous Snow-drop with three 2. GALEGA ( Africana) foliolis lanceolatis obtufis, flori
leaves. bus fpicatis longioribus, filiquis craffioribus . Goat's
There is a variety of this with double flowers. rue with obtufe fpear-shaped leaves, flowers growing in
Thefe flowers are valued for their early appearance in longer fpikes, and thicker pods. Galega Africana, flo
the fpring, for they ufually flower in February when ribus majoribus filiquis craffioribus. Tourn . Inft. R.
the ground is often covered with fnow. The fingle H. 399. African Goat's-rue, with larger flowers and
fort comes out the firft, and though the flowers are thicker pods.
but ſmall , yet when they are in bunches, they make a 3 . GALEGA ( Frutescens) foliis ovatis, floribus panicula
very pretty appearance ; therefore theſe roots ſhould tis alaribus, caule fruticofo. Goat's-rue with oval
not be planted fingle, as is fometimes practifed by leaves, andflowers growing in panicles from the fides of
way of edging to borders ; for when they are fo dif the stalks, which are forubby. Galega Americana, fo
pofed, they make very little appearance. But when liis fubrotundis, floribus coccineis . Houft. MSS. Ame
there are twenty or more roots growing in a cloſe rican Goat's-rue with roundish leaves and Scarletflowers.
bunch, the flowers have a very good effect ; and as 4. ·GALEGA (Virginiana ) leguminibus retrofalcatis com
theſe flowers thrive well under trees or hedges, they preffis villofis fpicatis, calycibus lanatis, foliolis ovali
are very proper to plant on the fides of the wood oblongis acuminatis. Amen . Acad . 3. p . 18. Goat's
walks, and in wildernefs-quarters ; where, if they are rue with hairy, compreſſed, fickle-ſhaped pods, oblong
oval
 GAL 鬣 GAL
XI
T
M
V
S
W
L
E
§
Z

oval-pointed leaves, and woolly empalements. Orobus tender plants, which are kept in the bark -ſtove:
Virginianus, foliis fulva lanugine incanis, foliorum With this management they will flower in July, and
nervo in fpinam aberunte. Pluk: Mant. 142 . in September they will perfect their feeds, but the
cha, 5. GALEGA (Purpurea) leguminibus ftrictis adfcenden plants may be preſerved through the winter in the
tibus glabris racemofis terminalibus, ftipulis fub bark-ftove.
ulatis, foliis oblongis glabris. Flor. Zeyl. 301. Goats The fourth fort grows naturaly in Virginia and Caro
rue with clofe, fmooth, afcending pods, terminating the lina ; this hath a perennial root, and an annual ſtalk
feven ftalks in an oblong bunch, awl-
shaped ftipula, and oblong which rifes three feet high ; the lobes of the leaves
d
fmooth leaves. Coronilla Zelanica herbacea, flore pur are oblong and oval, generally feven or nine to each
purafcente. Burm. Zeyl. 77. leaf: the whole plant is covered with a filvery down.
162 The first fort grows naturally in Italy and Spain, but The flowers are of a red colour, and are produced in
is propagated in the English gardens for medicinal ſpikes at the end of the branches : theſe are fucceeded
ufe. This hath a perennial root, compoſed of many by fickle-ſhaped compreffed pods of a filvery colour,
ftrong fibres, which arefrequently jointed, from which containing one row of kidney-ſhaped feeds.
arife many channelled hollow ftalks, from two to This plant, although it is tolerable hardy, yet it is
.
three feet high, which are garnished with winged with difficulty preferved in gardens ; for the feeds
leaves, compofed of fix or ſeven pair of narrow ſpear rarely ripen in England, and the plants are often de
fhaped lobes, terminated by an odd one, which are ftroyed byfroft in winter. The only method in which
fmooth and entire ; the flowers terminate the ftalks I have been able to keep the plant, has been by pot
growing in fpikes, they are of the Pea-bloffom ſhape, ting them, and placing them in a common frame in
and of a pale blue colour, and are difpofed in loofe winter, where they enjoyed the free air in mild wea
fpikes. They appear in June, and are fucceeded by ta ther, but were protected from froft ; in this way I have
per pods about one inch and a half in length, having kept the plant three years, but it has not ripened feeds
one row of kidney-ſhaped feeds, which ripen toward here.
the end of Auguft . The fifth fort grows naturally in Ceylon, and in many
There is a variety of this with white flowers, and parts of India, from whence I have received the
another with variegated flowers, which have acciden feeds. This fort was annual here, and decayed be
tally been produced from feeds, fo are not conftant, fore the feeds were ripe. It hath an herbaceous ftalk,
therefore are only mentioned here. which riſes two feet high, garniſhed with winged
The fecond fort grows naturally in Africa ; this dif leaves, compoſed of eight or nine pair of oval lobes,
fers from the former, in having larger leaves, which terminated by an odd one ; the foot- ftalks of the
are compoſed of eight or ten pair of lobes, broader flowers come out oppofite to the leaves ; theſe ſuſtain
*1 and blunter at their ends than thofe of the common a long looſe ſpike or thyrfe of ſmall purple flowers,
fort ; the flowers are larger, and the fpikes are longer ; which are fucceeded by flender erect pods.
the feed-pods are alſo much thicker than thoſe of the This may be cultivated in the fame way as the third
common fort, but in other reſpects are very like it. fort ; and if the plants are brought forward early in
Theſe plants are propagated by feeds, which may the fpring, if the fummer proves warm, the feeds may
be fown either in the fpring or autumn, upon a bed ripen.
of ground in an open fituation ; and when the plants GALENIA. Lin . Gen. Plant. 443. Sherardia. Ponted.
R Epift. 14.
come up, they muſt be kept clean from weeds till they
are ſtrong enough to remove ; then a ſpot of ground The title of this genus was given to it by Dr. Lin
ſhould be prepared, in fize proportionable to the quan næus, from the famous phyſician Galen .
The CHARACTERS are,
tity of plants defigned ; this ſhould be well dug, and
cleared from the roots of all noxious weeds ; then The flower bath a fmall quadrifid empalement of one
the plants ſhould be carefully taken up, and planted in leaf; it hath no petals, but bath eight hairy ftamina the
rows at a foot and a half diftánce, and in the rows length of the empalement, terminated by double fummits.
one foot afunder, obferving to water them till they In the center is fituated a roundish germen, fupporting
have taken new root ; after which they will require . two reflexed styles, crowned by fimple ftigmas. The em
no farther care to keep them clean from weeds, palement afterward becomes a roundish capfule with two
which may be eaſily done by hoeing of the ground fre cells, containing two oblong angular feeds.
quently between the plants, and in the fpring the This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection
ground between the rows fhould be dug, which will of Linnæus's eighth clafs, intitled Octandria Digynia,
encourage their roots, and cauſe them to fhoot out which includes thofe plants whofe flowers have eight
vigorous ſtalks ; and if their ſtalks are cut down be ftamina and two ſtyles .
fore the feeds are formed every year, the roots will We know but one SPECIES of this genus, viz.
continue the longer, efpecially if they grow on a GALENIA (Africana . ) Hort. Cliff. 150. Shrubby Galenia,
light dry foil. The feeds of theſe will grow where Sherardia. Ponted . Epift. 14. and the Atriplex Afri
ever they are permitted to ſcatter, ſo that plenty of cana, lignofa frutefcens, rofmarini foliis. Hort . Pif
the plants will come up without any care, and theſe 20. Shrubby African woody Atriplex, with Rosemary
may be tranfplanted and managed in the fame man leaves.
ner as is before directed . This fhrub grows naturally at the Cape of Good
The first fort is uſed in medicine ; it is accounted Hope, and in other parts of Africa ; it rifes with a
cordial, fudorific, and alexipharmic, fo very good fhrubby ftalk about four or five feet high, fending
againſt peftilential diftempers, expelling the venom out many weak branches, garniſhed with very nar
through the pores of the fkin, and is of ufe in all row leaves, which are placed irregularly on every
kinds of fevers . Mr. Boyle, in his treatiſe of the fide the branches ; they are of a light green, with a
Wholſomeneſs and Unwholſomeneſs of the Air, be furrow running longitudinally through the middle ;
ftows three or four pages, in celebrating the virtues the flowers are produced in loofe panicles from the
of Goats-rue in peftilential and malignant difeafes, fide and at the end of the branches ; they are very
from his own obfervation and experience. ſmall, and have no petals, fo make little appearance .
The third fort was diſcovered by the late curious bo The flowers come out in July and Auguft, but are not
tanift Dr. William Houftoun, at Campeachy, from fucceeded by feeds in England .
whence he fent the feeds into Europe. This plant is This plant will not live through the winter in the
propagated by feeds, which muft be fown on a hot open air in England, fo muſt be placed in the green
bed early in the fpring ; and when the plants come houſe, or under a frame, with other hardy exotic
up, and are fit to tranfplant, they muſt be tranf plants, where it may have a large fhare of air in mild
planted each into a feparate fmall pot, and plunged weather, for it only requires to be protected from
into a hot-bed of tanners bark, fhading them from froft. In the fummer it may be expofed in the open
the fun till they have taken new root ; then they air, with other plants of the fame country, and in dry
must be treated as hath been directed for other weather it muſt be frequently watered. This may be
$ 5 X propagated

1
 GAL GAL
1
propagated by cuttings, which, if planted during any GALIUM . Lin. Gen. Plant. 117. Tourn . Inft. R. H.
of the fummer months, and watered frequently, will 114. tab. 39. Ladies Bedftraw, or Cheefe-rennet ; in
take root in about five or fix weeks, and may then French, Caillelait.
be treated as is directed for the old plants . The CHARACTERS are;
GALEOPSIS . Lin . Gen. Plant. 637. Tourn . Inft. The flower bath a small empalement indented infour parts,
R. H. 185. tab. 86. Stinking Dead Nettle. fitting upon the germen. It hath one petal, divided into
The CHARACTERS are,
four fegments almoft to the bottom ; and four owl-shaped
The empalement of the flower is tubulous, of one leaf, cut Stamina which are shorter than the petal, terminated by
intofivefegments, which end in acute points. The flower fingle fummits. It bath a twin germen fituated under the
is of the lip kind, having a fhort tube , the chaps are a flower, fupporting a flender balfbifidftyle, crowned by a
little broader, but the length of the empalement ; from the globular ftigma. The germen afterward become two dry
bafe to the under lip, it is on both fides ſharply indented ; berries, which are joined together, each inclofing a large
the upper lip is concave, roundish, and fawed at the top ; kidney-
shaped feed..
the under lip is trifid, the middle fegment being the largest , This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of
which is crenated. It bath four ftamina inclofed in the Linnæus's fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Monogy
upper lip, two being shorter than the other, terminated nia, which includes thofe plants whofe flowers have
by roundish bifid fummits. In the center is fituated a four ftamina and one ftyle.
The SPECIES are,
quadrifid germen, fupporting a ſlenderſtyle, crowned by a
bifid acute ftigma. The germen afterward become four 1 . GALIUM (Verum ) foliis octonis linearibus fulcatis, ra
naked feeds, fitting in the rigid empalement. mis floriferis brevibus. Hort. Cliff. 34. Ladies Bedfra
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of with eight narrow furrowed leaves, and short flowering
Linnæus's fourteenth claſs, intitled Didynamia Gym branches. Galium luteum. C..B. P. 335. Yellow La
nofpermia, which includes thoſe plants whoſe flowers dies Bedstraw.
have two long and two ſhort ſtamina, and the feeds 2. GALIUM ( Mollugo ) foliis octonis ovato-linearibus fub
are naked . ferratis patentiffimis mucronatis, caule flaccido, ramis
The SPECIES are , patentibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 107. Ladies Bedftraw with
1. GALEOPSIS ( Ladanum) internodiis caulinis æqualibus, eight oval narrow leaves, which are ſpread open, facred,
verticillis omnibus remotis . Lin. Sp. Plant. 579. and pointed, a weak stalk, and spreading branches. Mol
Stinking Hedge Nettle, with equal distances between the lugo montana latifolia ramofa. C. B. P. 333. Branching
joints, and whorls growing at a distance. Sideritis ar broad-leaved Mountain Mollugo.
venfis anguftifolia rubra. C. B. P. 233. Red narrow- 3 . GALIUM (Purpureum) foliis verticillatis lineari-fetaceis,
leaved Field Ironwort. pedunculis folio longioribus. Hort. Cliff. 34. Ladies
1 2. GALEOPSIS (Tetrabit ) internodiis fupernè incraffatis , Bedstraw with narrow briftly leaves growing in whoris,
verticillis fummis fubcontiguis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 579 . and foot f
-talks of the flowers longer than the leaves. Ga
Stinking Hedge Nettle, whofejoints are thicker above, and lium nigro-purpureum montanum tenuifolium. Col
2 Ecphr. 1. p. 298. C. B. P. 335. Narrow- leaved Moun
the whorls at the top growing near each other. Lamium
cannabino folio vulgare . Raii Syn. Ed. 3. p. 240. tain Ladies Bedftraw, with a black purpleflower.
Common Dead Nettle with a Hemp leaf. 4. GALIUM (Glaucum) foliis verticillatis linearibus pe
g . GALEOPSIS ( Speciofa) corollâ Alava, labio inferiore dunculis dichotomis, fummo caule floriferis. Prod.
maculato. Flor Lapp. 193. Stinking Hedge Nettle with Leyd. 256. Ladies Bedftraw with narrow leavesgrowing
a yellow flower, whofe under lip is spotted. Lamium in whorls, foot -
ftalks divided by pairs, andflowers growing
cannabinum aculeatum flore luteo fpeciofo, labiis pur at the top of the talk. Galium faxatile glauco folio.
pureis. Pluk. Alm . 204. Prickly Hemp Dead Nettle, Bocc. Muf. 2. p. 172. Rock Ladies Bed/traw with a
·
with a beautiful yellow flower and purple lips. gray leaf.
4. GALEOPSIS ( Galeobdolon) verticillis fexfloris, involucro 5. GALIUM (Rubrum) foliis verticillatis linearibus paru
tetraphyllo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 780. Stinking Hedge Nettle lis , pedunculis breviffimis. Hort. Cliff. 34. Ladies
with fix flowers in each whorl, and a four-leaved invo Bedstraw with narrow leaves growing in wharks, and
lucrum. Galeopfis five urtica iners flore luteo . J. B. 3 . fhort foot- talks. Galium rubrum. C. B. P. 335. Red
323. Stinking or Dead Nettle with a yellow flower. Ladies Bedfraw .
5. GALEOPSIS ( Orientale) verticillis bifloris, foliis ob 6. GALIUM ( Boreale) foliis quaternis lanceolatis triner
longo-cordatis. Stinking Hedge Nettle with two flowers viis glabris, caule erecto, feminibus hifpidis. Flor.
in each whorl, and oblong heart-shaped leaves. Galeopfis Lappon. 60. Ladies Bedstraw with four smooth fpear
Orientalis ocimaftri folio, flore majore flavefcente . Shaped leaves having three veins, an upright ſtalk, and
H. R. Par. Eaftern stinking Hedge Nettle, with an rough feeds. Rubia pratenfis lævis acuto folio . C. B. P.
Ocimaftrum leaf, and a larger yellowish flower. 333. Smooth Meadow Madder with an acute leaf.
6. GALEOPSIS (Hifpanica) caule pilofo, calycibus labio 7. GALIUM ( Album) foliis verticillatis, lineari-lanceolatis,
corollæ fuperiore longioribus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 580 . ramis floriferis longioribus. Ladies Bedfiraw with
Stinking Hedge Nettle with a hairy stalk, and the em narrow fpear-shaped leaves growing in whorls, andlonger
palement longer than the upper lip of the petal. Galeopfis branches of flowers. Galium album vulgare. Tourn.
annua Hifpanica, rotundiore folio . Inft. R. H. 186. Inft. R. H. 113. Common white Ladies Bedstraw.
Annual Spanish Stinking Hedge Nettle, with a rounder 8. GALIUM ( Linifolium) foliis lineari-lanceolatis glabris,
leaf. caule erecto ramofiffimo. Ladies Bedfraw with feven
Theſe are all of them annual plants, except the fourth narrow, smooth, fpear-
shaped leaves, and an upright
fort ; the three firſt grow naturally in England. The branching Stalk. Galium album linifolium. Barrel.
firſt is found upon arable land in many places ; the Obfer. 99. White Ladies Bedftraw with a Flax leaf.
fecond grows upon dunghills, and by the fide of 9 . GALIUM ( Paluftre) foliis quaternis obovatis inæqua
paths, in many parts of England . The third fort libus, caulibus diffufis. Flor. Suec. 119. Ladies Bed
grows chiefly in the northern counties, but I have Straw with four unequal oval leaves, and a diffufed ftalk.
found it growing wild in Effex, within ten miles of Galium paluftre album. C. B. P. 335. White Marf
London. Thefe plants are feldom cultivated in Ladies Bedstraw.
gardens, for if their feeds are permitted to ſcatter, the The firft of thefe plants (which is the fort commonly
plants will come up as weeds wherever they are al ufed in medicine) is very common in moist meadows,
lowed a place. and in paſture grounds, in feveral parts of England.
The fourth is a perennial plant with a creeping root ; The other varieties are preferved in curious botanic
this grows in the woods and under hedges in moft gardens, but as they are plants of very little beauty,
parts of England. The fifth grows in the Levant ; and are fubject to fpread very far, and over-run
this is a biennial plant, which periſhes foon after the whatever plants grow near them , they are feldom
feeds are ripe. It is preferved in botanic gardens for cultivated in other gardens .
the fake of variety, but hath no great beauty. Theſe forts may any of them be propagated by parting
GALEOPSIS FRUTESCENS . See PRASIUM. their roots, which ſpread and increaſe very fait, either
in
5
 RE G G
A A
R red colour. The fruit which
in the ſpring or autumn, andRwill grow almoſt in any Rfucceeds the flower iš
foil or fituation, eſpecially the firſt fort ; the other round, the fize of a middling Orange ; the top is
forts require a drier foil, but will all grow in any fi covered by a cap, which was the ftigma on the top
tuation. of the ftyle, and remains to the top of the fruit, and
WA
GALLERIES, are ornaments made with trees of is indented in rays to the number of fix or feven,
various kinds, which are very common in all the which are obtufe. The fhell of the fruit is like that

‫ه نوشت‬ French gardens, but are feldom introduced into the of the Pomegranate, but fofter, thicker, and fuller
English gardens, eſpecially fince the tafte for clipped of juice , it is green at first, but changes to a dark
AN trees has been exploded ; but as there may be fome brown with fame yellowifh fpots ; the infide of the
Simil who yet fancy thefe obfolete ornaments, I fhall juft fruit is of a Rofe colour, and divided into ſeveral
mention the way of conftructing them. parts by thin partitions, as in Oranges, in which the
In order to make a gallery in a garden with porticoes feeds are lodged, furrounded by a foft juicy pulp of
and arches, a line muft firft be drawn of the length a delicious flavour, partaking of the Strawberry and
T
you defign the gallery to be ; which being done, it the Grape, and is efteemed one of the richeft fruits
is to be planted with Hornbeam, as directed under in the world ; the trees naturally growing in the form
the articleHORNBEAM ; which Hornbeam thus planted , of Pyrabolas, whofe branches are well garnifhed with
is to be the foundation of the gallery. large fhining green leaves : they have an elegant ap
The management of them is not very difficult ; they pearance, and afford a kindly fhade in hot countries,
require only to be digged about, and fheared a little therefore are worthy of cultivation, in all thofe coun
when there is occafion. tries where there is warmth enough to ripen the fruit.
The chief curiofity required is in the ordering the As there are but few of the feeds in thefe fruit which
fore-part of the gallery, and in forming the arches. come to perfection (for the greateſt part of them are
Each pillar of the porticoes or arches ought to be four abortive) ſo moſt of thoſe which have been brought
feet diftant one from the other ; the gallery twelve to Europe have failed ; therefore the fureft way to
feet high, and ten feet wide, that there may be room obtain the plants, is to fow their feeds in tubs of earth
for two or three perfons to walk a-breaſt. in the country, and when the plants have obtained
When the Hornbeams are grown to the height of ftrength, they may be brought to Europe ; but there
three feet, the diſtance of the pillars well regulated, fhould be great care taken in their paffage, to fcreen
T

and the ground-work of the gallery finiſhed, the next them from falt water and the ſpray of the fea, as alfo
thing to be done is to form the frontifpiece : to per not to give them much water, efpecially when they
form which you muſt ſtop the Hornbeam between are in a cool or temperate climate, for theſe plants are
two pillars at the height, and run up a trellis made very impatient of wet. When the plants arrive in
for that purpoſe, which forms the arch. Europe, they fhould be carefully tranfplanted, each
As it grows up you muſt with your fhears even thoſe into a feparate pot, filled with light kitchen-garden
boughs that outfhoot the others ; in time they will earth, and plunged into the tan-bed, obferving to
grow ftrong, and may be kept in form by the fhears. fhade them from the fun till they have taken new
Portico galleries may be covered with Lime-trees. root ; then they must be treated in the fame manner
GARCINIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 526. The Mango as other tender plants from hot countries.
fteen. GARDENS are diftinguiſhed into flower-gardens,
The CHARACTERS are, fruit-gardens, and kitchen-gardens : the firft, being
The flower bath a one-leaved empalement, which is per defigned for pleaſure and ornament, are to be placed
manent. It bath four roundish concave petals, which in the moſt confpicuous parts, i. e. next to, or juſt
1 Spread open, and are larger than the empalement. It hath againſt the back front of the houfe ; the two latter
fixteenftamina which are erect, and form a cylinder, ter being principally intended for ufe and fervice, are
minated by roundifbfummits. In the center is fituated an placed lefs in fight.
oval germen, with fcarce any style, but is crowned by a Though the fruit and kitchen-gardens are here men 1
buckler-fhaped plain ftigma divided into eight parts, and tioned as two diftinct gardens, and have by the French
is permanent. The germen afterward becomes a thick gardeners, as alfo by fome of our own countrymen
globular berry with one cell, including eight hairy fleshy been contrived as fuch, yet they are now uſually in
feeds, which are convex and angular. one ; and with good reafon, fince they both require
This genus of plants is ranged in the first fection of a good foil and expoſure, and will equally require to
Linnæus's eleventh clafs, intitled Dodecandria. Mo be placed out of the view of the houſe. And as it
nogynia, which includes thoſe plants whofe flowers will be proper to inclofe the kitchen-garden with
have twelve ftamina and one ſtyle. walls, and to fecure the gates, that no perfons may
We have but one SPECIES of this genus, viz. have access to it, who have no bufinefs in it, for the
GARCINIA (Mangoftana. ) Hort. Cliff. 182. The Man fake of preferving the product, fo theſe walls will
goftan, or Mangofteen. Arbor peregrina aurantio fi anfwer the purpoſes of both. Moreover, in the dif
mili fructu. Cluf. Exot. 12. Foreign Tree with afruit pofition of the kitchen-garden, when it is properly
like the Orange. divided into quarters, the planting of efpaliers of
This tree grows naturally in the Molucca Iſlands, and fruit-trees round each of the quarters, will be of uſe
alfo in the inland parts of New Spain, from whence in fcreening from the view the kitchen-herbs growing
I received perfect fpecimens, which were fent me by in the quarters ; and, by that means, give an elegancy
Mr. Robert Millar, who gathered them near Tolu, to both parts, and fave befides a great expence. The
but did not know the tree. İt rifes with an upright only objection which has been made to this of any
ftem near twenty feet high, fending out many confequence is, that the gardeners are too apt to
branches on every fide, which are placed oppofite, crowd the borders near the walls with kitchen-herbs,
and ſtand oblique to each other, and not at right an whereby the trees are deprived of their nouriſhment ;
gles ; the bark of the branches is fmooth, of a gray but this is in every gentleman's power to redrefs, by
colour, but on the tender fhoots it is green, and that not fuffering the borders to be thus crowded. But I
of the trunk is of a darker colour and full of cracks : fhall treat more fully of this under the article of
the leaves are of the fpear-fhape, and entire ; they KITCHEN -GARDEN .
are feven or eight inches long, and about half fo In the choice of a place to plan a garden in, the
much in breadth in the middle, gradually diminiſhing fituation and expofure of the ground are the moft ef
to both ends, of a lucid green on their upper fide, fential points to be regarded ; fince, if a failure be
and of an Olive colour on their under, having a pro made in that point, all the care and expence will in a
minent midrib through the middle, with ſeveral ſmall manner be loft.
veins running from that to both fides of the leaf. In a garden for pleaſure, the principal things to be
The flower is like that of a ſingle Rofe, compofed of confidered, are, ift, the fituation ; 2dly, the foil,
" four roundish petals, which are thick at their baſe, afpect, or expoſure ; 3dly, water ; 4thly, profpect.
but are thinner toward their ends ; they are of a dark
ift, Si

4
 GAR GAR

ift, Situation : this ought to be fuch an one as is it is one of the moſt agreeable beauties of a fine gar
wholfome, in a place that is neither too high nor den : befides, if a garden be planted in a low place
too low ; for if a garden be too high, it will be ex that is buried, as I may fay, and has no kind of prof
$ pofed to the winds, which are very prejudicial to pect, it will be not only difagreeable but unwholfome,
trees ; if it be too low, the dampnefs of the ground, by being too much ſhaded and obfcured ; as the trees
the vermin , and venomous creatures that breed in will rather retain infalubrious damps, than communi
ponds and marfhy places, add much to their infa cate the refreſhing air, that is fo purifying to vege
lubrity. table nature .
A fituation on a rifing ground, or on the fide of a In ſhort, a garden neceffarily requires ( befides the
hill, is moſt happy, especially if the ground be not care of the gardener) the fun, a good foil, a full, or
too ſteep ; if the flope be eafy, and in a manner im at leaſt an open profpect, and water, the laft above
all ; and it would be egregious folly to plant a garden
perceptible ; if a good deal of level may be had near
the houfe ; and if it abounds with fprings of water ; where any of theſe are wanting.
for, being fheltered from the fury of the winds, and ****
the violent heat of the fun, a temperate air will be Of the Deſigning or Manner of Laying out a Plea
there enjoyed ; and the water that defcends from the fure Garden.
top of the hills, either from fprings or rain, will not
only ſupply fountains, canals, and cafcades, for or The area of a handfome garden may take up thirty
nament, but when it has performed its office; will or forty acres, not more.
water the adjacent valleys, and render them fertile And as for the difpofition and diftribution of this
and wholfome, if it be not ſuffered to ftagnate in garden, the following directions may be obſerved.
them . ift, There ought always to be a defcent from the
Indeed, if the declivity of the hill be too fteep, and houfe to the garden not fewer than three ſteps, but if
if the water be too abundant, a garden on the ſide of there are fix or feven it will be better. This elevation
it may often ſuffer, by having the trees torn up by of the building will make it more dry and wholfome,
2
the torrents and floods ; and the earth above tumbling alfo from the head of thefe fteps there will be a far
down, the walls may be demolished, and the walks ther profpect or view of the garden.
ſpoiled. In a fine garden, the first thing that ſhould prefent
It cannot however be denied , that the fituation on a itſelf to the fight, fhould be an open lawn of Grafs,
plain or flat, has feveral advantages that the higher which, in fize, fhould be proportionable to the gar
fituation has not : floods and rains make no ſpoil ; den ; in a large garden it fhould not be lefs than fix
there is a continued profpect of champaigns, inter or eight acres ; but in middling or ſmall gardens, the
fected by rivers, ponds, brooks, meadows and hills , width of it fhould be confiderably more than the
covered with buildings or woods ; and the level fur front of the houfe ; and if the depth be one half
face is lefs tireſome to walk on, and lefs chargeable, more than the width , it will have a better effect. The
than that on the fide of a hill ; the terrace-walks and figure of this lawn need not be regular, and if on the
ſteps are not neceffary ; but the greateſt diſadvantage fides there are trees planted irregularly, by way of
of flat gardens is the want of an extenſive proſpect, open grove, fome of which may be planted forwarder
which rifing grounds afford . upon the lawn than the others, whereby the regularity
2dly, The fecond thing to be confidered in chufing of the lawn will be broken, it will render it more
a plat for a garden, is a good earth or foil . like nature, the beauties of which fhould always be
It is fcarce poffible to make a fine garden in a bad ftudied in the laying out and planting of gardens ;
foil ; there are indeed ways to meliorate ground, but for the nearer thefe gardens approach to nature, the
they are very expenfive ; and fometimes, when the longer they will pleafe ; for what is a garden, but a
expence has been bestowed of laying good earth two natural fpot of ground dreffed and properly orna
feet deep over the whole furface, which for a large mented ? there are thofe who have erred in copying
garden is an expence too great for moft perfons ; and of what they call nature, as much as thofe who have
after this a whole garden has been ruined, notwith drawn a whole garden into ſtrait lines, great alleys,
ſtanding the expofure has been foutherly and health ftars, &c . by bringing the rougheft and moit deformed
ful, when the roots of the trees have come to reach part of nature into their compofitions of gardens : as
the natural bottom. for inftance, where the ground has been naturally
To judge of the quality of the foil, obferve whether level, they have at great expence, made hollows and
there be any Heath, Thiftles, or fuch like weeds , raiſed mole-hills ; fo that the turf has been rendered
growing fpontaneouſly in it, for they are certain figns not only more unpleaſant to walk upon, but much
that the ground is poor. Likewife if there be large worſe to keep and after all the pains that have been
trees growing thereabouts, obferve whether they grow taken to ape nature, the whole is as eaſily diſcovered
crooked, ill-fhaped, of a faded green, and full of to be the work of art, as the ftiffeft flopes and the
moſs, or infeſted with vermin ; if fo, the place is to moſt finiſhed parterres .
be rejected but on the contrary, if it be covered The great art in laying out of gardens, is to adapt
with good Grafs fit for pafture, then you may be en the feveral parts to the natural pofition of the ground,
couraged to try the depth of the foil. fo as to have as little earth to remove as poffible ; for
To know this dig holes in feveral places, fix feet wide this is often one of the greateft expences in making
and four feet deep ; if you find three feet of good of gardens ; and it may with truth be affirmed, that
1 earth it will do well, but lefs than two will not be wherever this has been practifed, nine times in ten
fufficient. it has proved for the worfe ; fo that if inftead of le
The quality of good ground is neither to be ftony, velling hills to form large terraces, ftiff flopes, and
nor too hard to work ; neither too dry, nor too moiſt ; even parterres, as have been too often practifed ; or
nor too fandy and light, nor too ſtrong and clayey, the finking of hollows, and raiſing of hills, as hath
which is the worst of all for gardens. by others been done ; if the furface of the ground
3dly, The third requifite is water. The want of this had only been ſmoothed and well turfed, it would
is one of the greateſt inconveniencies that can attend have had a much better effect, and been more ge
a garden, and will bring a certain mortality upon nerally approved than the greateſt number of theie
whatever is planted in it, especially in the greater gardens, which have been made with an infinite ex
droughts that often happen in a hot and dry fituation pence both of time and money.
in fummer ; befides the uſefulneſs of it in fine gardens , The next thing to be obferved is, to contrive a dry
for making jets d'eau, canals, cafcades, &c. which walk, which should lead quite round the whole gar
are the greateſt ornaments of a garden. den ; for as gardens are defigned to promote the ex
4thly, The fourth thing required in a good fituation ercife of walking, the greater the extent of his dry
is, the view and profpect of a fine country ; and walk, the better it will anfwer the intent ; fince in
though this is not fo abfolutely neceffary as water, yet bad weather, or in dewy mornings and evenings,
when
 Grav 24
e
G G
OGYFaste
A A
when the fields are unpleaſant
R or unfafe to walk over, thefe ſhould by no means R be placed too near each
thefe dry walks in gardens become uſeful and pleaſant ; other ; for when feveral of them appear at once, they
*** w
ww and fuch walks, if laid either with gravel or fand, fill and confound the eye, and lofe the beautiful ef
may lead through the different plantations, gently fect which they would have, if now and then one pro
P winding about in an eaſy natural way, which will be perly fituated engages the fight.
more agreeable than thofe long ſtrait walks, which What an expence might be fpared, and applied to
ཡི །། are too frequently feen in gardens. nobler purpoſes, if nature only were to be imitated,
1fola But as the taſte of defigning gardens has of late al iffimplicity were ftudied in this delightful art, rather
250 tered from the former method, there are many per than oftentation ! for any thing may be faid to be

E fons who have gone into the oppofite extreme ; and more of nature, than what we mifcall grandeur .
in the forming of what they term ſerpentine walks , Fountains are alfo very ornamental to a garden , if
have twiſted them about in fo many fhort turns, as to they are magnificently built, and where a conftant
i render it very diſagreeable to walk on them ; and at fupply of water can be obtained ; but if they are
the fame time they ſtrike the fight with as much ſtiff meanly erected, or have not water to keep them con
nefs and appearance of art, as any of the methods ftantly running, they ſhould never be introduced into
formerly practifed. In fhort, the fewer turns there gardens, for nothing can be more ridiculous than to
th
are in theſe walks, and the more they are concealed, fee a dry fountain , which, perhaps, at a great ex
the better they will pleaſe ; and yet the turns being pence, may have water forced up, to fupply it for an
d's
Erd eafy, and at great diftances, will take off all the ap hour or two, and no more ; and this perhaps not in
rotst pearance of ſtraitnefs. And here let me obferve, that dry feafons, when there is a general fcarcity of water.
there can be no better, or more eafy or natural me The fame may alſo be obferved of cafcades, and other
bri
thod of laying out theſe walks, than by tracing the falls of water, which ought never to be contrived in
eafy turns made on a road, where it bends by the gardens, where there cannot be a conftant run of
''
track of the coach wheels.
232RTENGO

water ; but where the fituation of a garden is fo

Theſe walks fhould be fo contrived, as to lead into happy, as to be naturally fupplied with water, theſe
2.7. 9

fhade as foon as poffible ; as alfo into fome planta falls and jet's d'eau, may be rendered very great
7

tions of fhrubs, where perfons may walk in private , beauties, eſpecially if they are well defigned, and not
7
.

and be fheltered from the wind ; for no garden can made in the low mean tafte, in which too many of
be pleafing where there is want of ſhade and ſhelter. thoſe now in being appear, and where the water is
Another thing abfolutely neceffary is, where the made to fall over a parcel of regular ſteps of ſtone ;
boundaries of the garden are fenced with walls or but the fall fhould be in one fheet from top to bottom ,
1៤ pales, they ſhould be hid by plantations of flowering where ſhould be placed many large rough ftones to
fhrubs, intermixed with Laurels, and fome other break and diſperſe the water, and to increaſe the noiſe
of the fall .
Evergreens, which will have a good effect, and at
‫سال‬ the fame time conceal the fences, which are difagree Where the ground is naturally uneven, and has gen
able, when left naked and expoſed to the fight. tle rifes and falls, thefe may be fo humoured in the
In fituations where there is a good fupply of water, laying out of the ground, as to be rendered very
the deſigner has room for adding one of the greateſt great beauties ; but thefe inequalities of the ground
beauties to the garden, eſpecially if it will admit of a muft by no means be cut into regular ſtiff flopes, nor
conſtant ſtream ; for in fuch places, if the water is amphitheatres, as has been too much the practice :
properly conducted through the garden, it will afford but if the knolls are properly planted with clumps of
infinite pleaſure ; for although theſe ftreams may not trees or fhrubs, and the floping fides ſmoothed and
be fufficient to fupply a large furface, yet if theſe left in their natural pofition, they will have a much
narrow rivulets are judiciouſly led about the garden , better effect, than can be given them by all the re
they will have a better effect than many of the large gular angles, lines, and flat flopes, which have been
ftagnating ponds or canals, fo frequently made in till of late, introduced by all the defigners of gardens.
large gardens ; for where thefe pieces of water are The tafte in laying out of gardens has greatly altered,
large, if all the boundaries can be ſeen from one point and has been as greatly improved in England, in the
of view, they cannot be eſteemed by perfons of compaſs of a few years ; for, with the revolution,
judgment ; and frequently thefe ftanding waters are the Dutch taste of laying out gardens was introduced,
brought fo near the houſe, as to render the air damp which confifted of little more than flower-borders laid
and unhealthy ; and many times they are fo fituated, out in feveral fcrolls of Box-work, clipped Ever
as to occafion this inconvenience, and at the fame greens, and fuch low expenfive things ; as alfo the
time are not ſeen to any advantage from the houſe. walling round, and dividing the ſeveral parts of gar
Where wilderneffes are intended, theſe ſhould not be dens by crofs walls ; fo that a garden confifting of
cut into ftars, and other ridiculous figures, nor formed eight or ten acres, was generally divided by brick
into mazes or labyrinths, which in a great defign is walls, into three or four feparate gardens ; and theſe
trifling, but the walks fhould be noble , and ſhaded were reduced to exact levels , having many gravel
ď by tall trees ; and the ſpaces of the quarters planted walks, and the borders on each fide crowded with
門 with flowering fhrubs and Evergreens, whereby they clipped trees and Evergreen hedges, dividing theſe
will be rendered pleaſant at all feafons of the year ; fmall incloſures again ; fo that the firft making and
and if there are hardy forts of flowers (which will planting of theſe fmall gardens was attended with a
thrive with little care ) fcattered about near the fides greater expence, as was the keeping ofthem afterward,
of the walks, they will have a very good effect, in than gardens of fix times the extent, when deſigned
making a variety of natural beauties almoſt through after nature .
the year. Whether this taite fo univerfally prevailed in England,
The fituation of theſe wilderneffes fhould not be too in complaiſance to his late Majesty King William, or
near the houſe, left they fhould occafion damps ; was owing to the low grovelling tafte of thofe perfons,
therefore it is much better to contrive fome open who had the defigning of most of the English gardens,
groves, through which there may be a communica it is difficult to determine ; but it is very certain, that
tion under fhade, from the houfe to theſe wilderneffes ; the gentlemen, at that time, attended very little them
which are much the beſt when they are planted at the felves, to the difpofition of their gardens, but were con
fartheft part of the garden, provided they do not ob tented to leave the whole direction of them to perfons
ftruct the view of fine objects. of the meaneft talents that ever profeffed the art ; fo
Buildings are alfo very great ornaments to a garden, that foon after, when another tafte prevailed, thefe
if they are well defigned and properly placed ; but gardens were almoſt totally demoliſhed , and it would
the modern taſte of crowding gardens with large ufe have been well, if a good, that is to fay, a natural
tafte had fucceeded the other ; but this was not the
lefs buildings, I prefume to think is cenfurable, with
regard as well to propriety as expence . cafe ; for though a more open and extenſive way of
Statues and vafes are alfo very beautiful objects, but laying out gardens was introduced, yet this was lit
5 Y tle
 GAR GAR

tle more than copying after the French, whofe tafte new planted trees put out branches for a year or two,
was in making long avenues, ftrait walks, ftiff regu which they generally do ; but in three or four years
lar flopes, cabinets, fret-work, tall hedges cut into after, instead of making a progrefs, they begin to
various fhapes, jets d'eau, fountains, & c. fo that there decay at the top, and continue to do fo gradually,
was little of nature ftudied ; but, on the contrary, all until they quite perish, which, perhaps, may not hap
the geometrical figures introduced in wilderneſs-work , pen in eight or ten years, eſpecially if no fevere win
as alfo in the parterres, and other compartments of ter, or very dry fummer, intervenes, either of which
the garden : nor is it fo much to be wondered at, that generally proves fatal to theſe plantations ; fo that
this taſte prevailed in France, when the defigns of all perfons may be led on with hopes, for fo many years,
the principal gardens were there formed by architects , in the beſt part of their lives, when there is a certainty
who were as ftudious to have the fymmetry of the op of their failing, or at leaſt of their never increasing in
pofite, or correfponding part of the garden, as exact fize ; but of this I fhall treat more fully in the ar
as the apartments of a habitation ; nor has length of ticle of PLANTING, and fhall proceed .
time, nor the improvements already made in other In the buſineſs of defigns, a mean and pitiful manner
countries, amended their taſte, or convinced them ſhould be ftudiouſly avoided , and the aim fhould be
of its abfurdity. always at that which is noble and great, not to bring
As the gardens of Verfailles, Marli, and others , were too many little things into a garden, nor to make
extolled for their magnificence, ſo the plans ofthem fmall pieces of water, narrow walks, &c. efpecially
were almoſt univerſally copied , the deſigners, or imi in large gardens ; for it is much better to have a few
tators rather, only var ing the parts according to the great things, than four times the number of fmall
fituation or figure of the ground ; and this was prac ones, which are trifling. In fmall gardens there is
tiſed for ſeveral years, at a time, when great fums of more excufe for this, nor indeed would it be right, to
money were expended in gardens, which might have have either large lawns, broad walks, or large pieces
rendered this country the moſt beautiful of any in Eu of water in fuch ; but yet even in theſe there ought to
rope, had a natural taste then prevailed in the defign be a medium, and perfons fhould never attempt to crowd
ing of gardens ; which is the more to be lamented , too many things in thefe, whereby the whole will ap
as the plantations then made, have been many of pearonly as a mean and trifling model of a large garden.
them rooted out, to` make way for the alterations Before the defign of a garden is entered upon, it
and improvements which have been fince introduced. ought to be confidered, what it will be in twenty or
Many perfons, I am fenfible, will have it, that, in thirty years time, when the trees and fhrubs are
the defigns of gardens, the tafte fhould alter from grown up, and ſpread ; for it often happens, that a
time to time, as much as the faſhion of apparel ; defign, which looks handſome when it is firft planted,
but thefe cannot be perfons of judgment ; for where and in good proportion, in proceſs of time becomes fo
ever there are natural beauties in a country, they will finall and ridiculous, that there is a neceffity eitherof
always pleaſe perſons of real knowledge ; and fre altering or totally deſtroying it.
quently it is obferved, that perfons of but little fkill The general diftribution of a garden, and of its
in the art of gardening, are ſtruck with theſe beau parts, ought to be accommodated to the different fitu
ties without knowing the caufe ; therefore where the ations of the ground, for a defign may be very pro
beautiful parts of nature are justly imitated in gar per for a garden on a perfect level, which will by no
dens, they will always be approved by judicious per means do for one where there are great inequalities in
fons, let the taſte of gardening alter as it will. the ground ; fo that, as I have before intimated, the
When trees have been long growing in a garden , great art of deſigning is, in properly adapting the de
nothing can be more difagreeable than to have fign to the fituation, and contriving to fave the ex
them deftroyed, to alter the garden according to the pence ofremoving earth, to humour the inequalities of
faſhion of the time, becauſe it requires much time the ground, to proportion the number and forts of
to bring up trees to fuch a height as to afford fhade trees and ſhrubs to each part of the garden, and to
and fhelter ; and, as time is precious, fo, where the ſhut out, from the view of the garden, no objects that
difpofition of the garden is altered , there fhould be may become ornamental.
great attention given to the prefervation of all the There are, befides theſe, many other rules relating to
good trees, wherever they can be either ufeful or or the proportions, conformity, and difpofition of the
namental. different parts and ornaments of gardens, of which
There is another effential part of gardening, which more may be feen under their ſeveral articles.
cannot be too much confidered by perfons who GARDENIA. See JASMINUM.
defign gardens, which is that of adapting the feveral GARIDELLA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 655. tab. 430.
forts of trees and fhrubs, to the fituation and foil of Lin. Gen. Plant. 507. [ This plant was fo named by
the garden, as alſo to allow the trees a proper fhare Dr. Tournefort, in honour of Dr. Garidel, who was
of room ; but, however neceffary this will appear, profeffor of phyfic, at Aix, in Provence. ]
yet very few perfons have made this their ftudy, in The CHARACTERS are,
fomuch that when one views many modern gardens, A The flower bath a ſmall, oblong, erect empalement offive
and fees the great number of trees and fhrubs, which leaves ; it hath no petals, bui five oblong equal neta
are crowded into them, one would be induced to be riums occupy their place ; thefe are bilabiate. The outer
lieve, that private intereft has had a greater influence part of the under lip is bifid and plain ; the interior part
than any other motive, with the defigners. Indeed this of the upper lip is fhort and fingle. The flower bath
fault may often be afcribed to the mafter, who, per eight or ten awl-
shaped ftamina, which are shorter than
haps, is too much in hafte for ſhade and fhelter, fo the empalement, and are terminated by obtuse erect fum
will have three or four times the number of trees mits. In the center is fituated three germina, which are
and fhrubs planted as ſhould have been, or that can oblong, compreffed, and sharp-pointed, having noftyles, but
remain long without injury, where the plantations crowned byfimple stigmas ; thefe become three oblong com
fucceed ; and to this over-hafte are owing the mi preffed capfules with two valves, inclofingfeveralsmallfeeds.
ferable plantations of large trees, fo often feen in This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection
gardens and parks, where trees of all forts, and of of Linnæus's tenth clafs, which includes thoſe plants
any age are taken out of woods, hedge-rows, &c. whofe flowers have ten ftamina and three germen.
and removed at a great expence to ftand and decay We know but one SPECIES of this genus, viz.
annually, till they become ſo many dead sticks, than GARIDELLA (Nigellaftrum . ) Hort. Cliff. 170. Garidella
which nothing can be a more difagreeable fight to foliis tenuiffime divifis . Tourn. Garidella with very
the owner ; who, after an expectation for feveral narrow divided leaves ; and the Nigella Cretica folio
years, attended with an expence of watering, dig Foeniculi. C. B. P. 146. Fennel-
flower ofCrete with a
Fennel leaf.
ging, and cleaning, finds himself under a neceffity
either of replanting, or giving up the thoughts of This plant is very near akin to the Nigella, or Fennel
having any. Numbers of perfons have indeed amufed flower, to which genus it was placed by the wri
themfelves with the hopes of fuccefs, by feeing theſe ters on botany before Dr. Tournefort, and was by
him
 T.0°MOL GAU GEN
OUTYO
him feparated from it, as differing in the form ofthe We know but one SPECIES of this genus, viz.
flower. GAURA (Biennis. ) Amoen. Acad. 3. p . 26. Geura. Ly
It grows wild in Candia, and on mount Baldus, in fimachia chamænerio fimilis floridana , foliiis nigris
C
vere Italy, as alſo in Provence, where it was diſcovered by punctis capfulis carinatis in ramulorum cymis. Pluk .
Dr. Garidel, who ſent the feeds to Dr. Tournefort, Amalth. 139. tab. 428. f. 1 .
d
for the Royal Garden at Paris. This is a biennial plant, which grows naturally in Vir
3,6
This is an annual plant, which rifes with an upright ginia and Penfylvania : the ſtalk rifes four or five feet
AR
ftalk a foot high, dividing into feveral fender high, fending out feveral branches, which are gar
branches, garniſhed at their joints with very flender nilhed with oblong, fmooth, pale, green leaves, fit
leaves like thofe of Fennel. The ftalks are terminated ting pretty cloſe. The flowers are produced in clofe
by one ſmall flower, of a pale herbaceous colour, tufts at the end of the branches ; they are compofed
which is fucceeded by three capfules, each containing of four oblong petals, of a pale Rofe colour, irregu
^ " two or three ſmall feeds. It flowers in June and July, larly placed, having eight ftamina furrounding the
and the feeds ripen in September. It is propagated ftyle. The flowers appear in September, and when
100% by feeds, which ſhould be fown in autumn, on a bed the autumn proves favourable, the feeds will ripen
or border of light freſh earth, where the plants are toward the end of October.
Arom
defigned to remain (for they ſeldom thrive if they are If the feeds of this plant are fown on open borders
tranfplanted ; ) when the plants are come up, they foon after they are ripe, they will more certainly fuc
of muſt be carefully cleared from weeds, and where ceed than when they are fown in the fpring. Wherr
t they are too clofe, they muſt be thinned, leaving the plants come up, they must be kept clean from
them about four or five inches apart ; this is all the weeds ; and if they are too clofe, fome of them
culture the plants require, and if the feeds are per ſhould be drawn out, and planted in a bed to allow 1
mitted to ſcatter, the plants will come up without any room for the other to grow ; in the autumn they
farther care.
fhould be all tranſplanted to the place where they are
GAULTHERIA. defigned to ſtand for flowering and perfecting their
The CHARACTERS are,
521
LIS

feeds, and will require no other culture but to fup

It bath a double permanent empalement ; the outer has port their branches to prevent the autumnal winds
5
2
5
9

two oval, concave, fhort leaves ; the inner has one bell
·

from breaking them down.

fhaped leaf cut into five fegments ; the flower has one oval GENERATION is, by naturalifts, defined to be
bs
petal, cut half- way intofivefegments, which are reflexed ; it the act of procreating and producing a thing which
bas ten awl-shaped nectarii, which are fhort, furrounding before was not ; or, according to the ſchoolmen, it is
the germen and ftamina, and ten awl-shaped incurved fta the total change or converfion of a body into a new
mina infertedto the receptacle, terminated by bifid borned one, which retains no fenfible part or mark of its
fummits, and a roundish depreſſed germen, fupporting a former ftate.
24
23
22

cylindrical style, crowned by an obtufe ftigma , the ger Thus we fay, fire is generated, when we perceive it
&

men afterward becomes an obtufe five- cornered capfule, to be where before there was only wood, and other
baving five cells, faftened to the interior empalement, fuel, or when the wood is fo changed, as to retain no
which turns to a berry open at the top, filled with hard fenfible character of wood ; in the like manner a chick
angular feeds. is faid to be generated, when we perceive a chick,
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of where before was only an egg, orthe egg is changed
Linnæus's tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Monogynia, into the form of a chick.
the flower having ten ftamina and one ſtyle. In generation there is not properly any production
སྐྱ We know but one SPECIES of this genus, viz. of new parts, but only a new modification or manner
GAULTHERIA (Procumbens . ) Amoen. Acad. 3. p . 14. of exiſtence of the old ones, and thus generation is
01 Trailing Gaultheria. Vitis Idea Canadenfis, pyrolæ diſtinguiſhed from creation.
folio. Tourn. Inft. 608. Canada Wortle-berry with a Generation alfo differs from alteration, in that in al
winter-green leaf. teration the ſubject remains apparently the fame, and
This plant grows naturally in feveral parts of North is only changed in its accidents or affections , as iron ,
America upon fwampy ground, fo is with difficulty which before was fquare, is now made round ; or when
preferved in the English gardens. The branches of the fame body which is well to-day, is fick to-morrow.
EC this trail upon the ground, and become ligneous, but Again generation is the oppofite to corruption,
never rife upward ; they are garniſhed with oval en which is the utter extinction of a former thing ; as,
tire leaves, placed alternate ; the flowers are produced when that which before was an egg, or wood, is no
on the fide of the branches ; they are of an herba longer either the one or the other ; whence it appears,
ceous colour, fo make little appearance, and very that the generation of one thing is the corruption of
rarely are fucceeded by fruit in England. another.
The only method in which I have fucceeded to keep The Peripateticks explain generation by a change or
this plant, was by planting of it in a pot, filled with paffage from a privation, or want of a fubftantial
loofe undunged earth, placing it in the fhade, and form, to the having ſuch a form .
frequently watering it ; with this management I have The moderns allow of no other change in generation,
kept the plant alive three years, and have had flowers than what is local ; and, according to their no
but no fruit. tion, it is only a tranfpofition, or new arrangement
GAURA. of parts ; and, in this fenfe, the fame matter is capa
The CHARACTERS are, ble of undergoing an infinite number of generations.
It bath an empalement of one leaf, which falls off, with As for example : A grain of Wheat, being committed
a long cylindrical tube, havingfour oblongglands fastened to to the ground, imbibes the humidity of the foil, be
it ; the upper part is cut into four oblong fegments, which comes turgid, and dilates to fuch a degree, that it
are reflexed. The flower bath four oblong rifing petals, becomes a plant ; and, by a continual acceffion of
which are broad at the top but narrow at their bafe, matter, by degrees, ripens into an ear, and at length
fitting upon the tube of the empalement; and eight upright into a feed ; this feed, when ground in a mill, appears
fender ftamina which are ſhorter than the petals, and a in the form of a flour, which, being mixed up with
nectarious gland between the base of each, with oblong water, makes a pafte, of which bread is generated
moveablefummits. The oblonggermen is fituated under by the addition ofyeaft, and undergoing the operation
the flower, fupporting a slender ftyle the length of the of fire, i. e. by baking ; and this bread being comi
ftamina, crowned by four oval spreading ftigmas ; the nuted bythe teeth, digefted in the ftomach, and con
flower is fucceeded by an oval four- cornered compreſſed veyed through the canals of the body, becomes fleſh,
capfule, containing one oblong angular feed. or, in other words, flesh is generated .
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft .fection of Now the only thing effected in all this ſeries of gene
Linnæus's eighth clafs, intitled Octandria Monogy ration, is a local motion of the parts of the matter,
nia, the flower having eight ſtamina and one ſtyle. and their fettling again in a different order ; fo that
where
}
 GEN GEN

wherever there is a new arrangement, or compofition propagated, yet there was no fuch thing then known
of the elements , there is, in reality, a new generation , in plants.
and thus generation is reduced to motion. Secondly, That though it can now be made appear,
Generation is more immediately underſtood of ani that every animal is produced by univocal generation,
mal and vegetable bodies from feed, or the coition i . e. from an egg, and not by corruption, &c. as moſt
of others of different fexes, but of the fame genus or of the antients imagined the infects were ; yet there
kind. are ſtill thoſe who maintain, that thofe which they call
Monf. Perrault, and fome of the modern naturaliſts imperfect plants, are the product of a certain rotten
after him , maintained , That there is not properly any nefs in the earth.
new generation, that God created all things at firft, The generation of plants bears a cloſe analogy to
and that what is by us cailed generation, is no more that of fome animals, eſpecially fuch as want local
than an augmentation and expanfion of the minute motion, as muſcles, and other immoveable ſhell-fish,
parts of the body of the feed ; fo that the whole ſpe which are hermaphrodite, and contain both the male
cies, which are afterwards produced, were, in reality, and female organs of generation.
all formed at the firft, and inclofed therein, to be The flower of a plant is found to be the pudendum,
brought forth and expofed to view in time, and ac or principal organ of generation ; but the ufe of fo
cording to a certain order and ceconomy. much mechanifm, and fo many parts, has been but
And accordingly Dr. Garden fays, It is moft prcha little known till of late years."
ble, that the ftamina of all the plants and anir S The flower of a Lily confifts of fix petala, or flower
that have been formed , ab origine mundi, by the Al leaves, from the bottom of which, in the middle, arifes
mighty Creator, within the first of each refpetave a kind of tube, called by Tournefort, the piftillum,
kind ; and he who confiders the nature of vition , that and by Dr. Linnæus the ftyle ; this refts upon the
it does not give us the true magnitude, but only germen, which is the female organ of generation ;
the proportion of things ; and that which feems to round this are placed pretty fine threads, called the
our naked eye but a point, may truly be made up ftamina, or filaments ; thefe ftamina arife likewiſe
by as many parts as feem to be in the whole univerſe, from the bottom of the flower, and terminate at the
will not think this an abfurd or impoffible thing. top in little fummits, called by fome apices, which
Dr. Blair, treating of the generation of plants, fays, are replete with a fine duft, called farina ; thefe are
That when Almighty God created the world, he fo or the male organs of plants.
dered and difpofed of the materies mundi, that every This is the general ſtructure of the flowers of plants,
thing produced from it fhould continue fo long as the although they are infinite ways diverſified, and to fuch
world fhould ftand. Not that the fame individual a dege, that fome have no fenfible piftil, and others
fpecies fhould always remain ; for they were, in want the ftamina ; others again have the ſtamina, but
procefs of time, to perish, decay, and return to the want the apices, and fome plants exceed all others in
earth, from whence they came ; but that every like this, that they have no vifible flowers ; but if it be al
fhould produce its like, every fpecies fhould produce lowed, that this before-mentioned is the most common
its own kind, to prevent a final deftruction of the ftructure of flowers, it will follow, that theſe parts
fpecies, or the neceflity of a new creation , in order that feem wanting are ufually only lefs apparent, or
to continue the fame fpecies upon earth, or in the are fituated in different plants, or in different parts of
world. the fame plant.
For which end he laid down certain regulations, by The fruit is ufually at the baſe of the piftillum, fo
which each fpecies was to be propagated, preferved, that when the piftillum falls with the reft of the flower,
and fupported, till, in order, or courfe of time, they the fruit appears in the ftead of it ; but oftentimes
were to be removed hence ; for, without that, thofe the piftillum is the fruit itſelf, but ſtill they have both
very beings, which were created at firft, muft have the fame fituation in the center of the flower, and the
continued till the final diffolution of all things, petala, or flower-leaves, which are diſpoſed around
which Almighty God of his infinite wiſdom did not the little embryo , feem to be defigned only to prepare
think fit. a fine juice in the little veffels, for the fupport of it
But, that he might ftill the more manifeſt his omni during the little time that they laft, and it requires ;
potence, he fet all the engines of his providence to but fome fuppofe the chief uſe of them to be to defend
work, by which one effect was to produce another by the piftillum, & c.
the means of certain laws, or rules laid down for the The apices of the ſtamina are ſmall capfulæ, or bags,
propagation, maintenance, and fupport of all created full of a farina, or duft, which falls out when the сар
beings ; this his divine providence is called nature, fula grows ripe, and burſts.
and thefe regulations are called the laws, or rules of Monf. Tournefort fuppoſed this duft to be only an
nature, by which it ever . operates in its ordinary excrement of the food of the fruit, and the ftamina.
courfe, and whatever exceeds from that is faid to to be nothing but excretory ducts, which filtrated this
be preternatural, miraculous, or monstrous. uſeleſs matter, and thus diſcharged the embryo ; but
Mofes, in his account of the creation, tells us, that Mr. Morland, Mr. Geoffroy, and others, find nobler
plants have their feeds in themſelves, in theſe words : ufes for this duft ; on their principle the ftamina, with
And God faid, Let the earth bring forth grafs, the the apices and farina, make the male part ofthe
herb yielding feed , and the fruit-tree yielding fruit, plant, and the piftil, the female.
after his kind, whofe feed is in itſelf upon the earth. Mr. Morland fays, It hath been long ago obferved,
The antients, indeed, diftinguished the generation that there is in every particular feed a feminal plant
of animals into two kinds, i . e . into regular, called conveniently lodged between the two lobes, which
univocal ; and anamolous, called alfo equivocal , or conftitute the bulk of the feed, and are defigned for
fpontaneous. the first nouriſhment of the tender plant.
The firit was effected by parent animals of the fame But the admirable Dr. Grew, to whofe generous in
kind, as that of men, birds, beafts, & c. The ſecond duftry, and happy fagacity, we are indebted for the
they fuppofed to be effected by corruption , the fun, beſt improvements of this part of knowledge, is the
&c. as that of infects, frogs, & c. but this latter is now only author I can find, who hath obferved that the
generally exploded . farina, or fine powder, which is, at its proper feafon,
Many, indeed, have effayed to treat of the generation ſhed out of thoſe thecæ, or apices feminiformes [ i . e.
of animals, but few have been able to give that fa feed-forming cafes ] which grow at the top of the
tisfactory account of it that were to be wifhed for, and ſtamina, doth ſome way perform the office of malé
far fewer yet have been able to treat of the generation fperm. But herein, I think, he falls fhort, in that he
of plants as it ought to be ; for that which ſtill kept I fuppofes them only to drop upon the outfide the ute
them in the dark, was,. rus, or vafculum feminale, and to impregnate the in
Firit, That though there were two different fexes in cluded feed by fome fpirituous emanations, or energe
animals, by whofe mutual affiftance the fpecies was tical imprefs .
That
 GEN GEN
alic
om
That which is now fubjected to the difquifitions and To which we muft add, that the tube always begins
20 cenfure of fuch whofe exquifite fkill conftitutes to die when theſe thece are emptied of their contents ;
Tittel themjudges offuch performances, is, Whether it may if they laft any longer, it is only whilft , the globules,
2.33號 not be more proper to fuppofe, that the feeds which which enter at their orifice, may be fuppofed to have
5 finiſhed their paffage. Now, can we well expect a more
Yetthe are lodged in the proper involucra, are at the firſt un
impregnated ova ( or eggs ) as of animals ; that this convincing proof of thefe tubes being defigned to con
farina is a congeries of feminal plants, one of which vey thefe globules, than that they wither when there
muſt be conveyed into every ovum before it can be are not more globules to convey.
come prolific ; that the ftylus, in Mr. Ray's language, If I could now fhew, that the ova, or unimpregnat
ནཱ་
or the upper part of the piftillum, in Mr. Tourne ed feeds, are ever to be obferved without this feminal
fort's, is a tube defigned to convey theſe feminal plants plant, the proof would arife to a demonſtration ; but
Loveme. into their nefts in the ova ; that there is fo vaft a pro having not been fo happy as to obferve this, I ſhall
vifion made, becauſe of the odds there are, whether content myſelf at prefent with fuggefting, that hence
one, of fo many, fhall ever find its way into, and one would conclude, that the petala of the flower were
ག སཔཀ1
Let's through fo narrow a conveyance. rather defigned to fever fuperfluous juices from what
To make this fuppofition the more credible, I fhall was left to afcend in the ftamina, than the ftamina to
heenyo
lay down the obfervations I have made upon the fitu perform this office, either for them, or the unimpreg
ation of theſe ſtamina, and the ſtylus, in fome few fpe nated femina, and obferve the analogy between ani
cies of plants. mal and vegetable generation, as far as was neceffary
Theg
First, In the Corona Imperialis , where the uterus , or there fhould be an agreement between them. I fhall
*, །
vafculum feminale of the plant ftands upon the center recommend the enquiry to thofe gentlemen who are
CODEAN
of the flower ; and from the top of this arifeth the mafters of the beft microfcopes, and addrefs in ufing
ftylus, the vafculum feminale and ftylus together re them ; though, in the mean time, I have made fome
그래야
prefenting a piftillum. ſteps toward a proof of this fort, and have met with
Round this are placed fix ftamina ; upon the ends fome fuch hints, as make me not defpair of being able,
21 of each of theſe are apices, fo artfully fixed, that they in a fhort time, to give the world even this fatisfaction.
CG

turn every way with the leaft wind, being in height For, not to infift upon this, that the feminal plant
almoſt equal to the ſtyles about which they play, always lies in that part of the feed which is always
and which in this plant is manifeftly open at the neareft to the infertion of this ftylus, or fome propa
SS

蠶 top, as it is hollow all the way ; to which we muſt gation of it into the feed -veffels, I have difcovered in
M
2
S

100 add, that upon the top of the ftylus there is a fort Beans, Peas, and Kidney-beans, juft under one end of
of tuft, confifting of pinguid villi, which I imagined
. 'thatwe call the eye, a manifeft perforation, (difcernible
12 to be placed there to catch and detain the farina, as by the groffer fort of magnifying glaffes ) which leads
70999 it flies out of the thecæ ; from hence, I fuppofe, the directly to the feminal plant, and at which I fuppofe
• wind fhakes it down the tube, till it reach the vafcu the feminal plant did enter ; and, I am apt to think,
lum feminale. the Beans or Peas that do not thrive well, may be
" In the Caprifolium, or Honeyfuckle , there riſes a ſty found deftitute of it.
( lus from the rudiments of a berry, into which it is in But I must now proceed to defcribe fome other
ferted to the top of the monopetalous flower ; from plants, whereby it will appear, that there is a parti
the middle of which flower are fent forth ſeveral ſta cular care always exercifed to convey this powder, fo
mina, that fhed their farina out of the cafes upon often mentioned; into a tube, which may convey it
the orifice of the ftylus, which, in this plant, is to the ova.
#3

villous or tufted, upon the fame account as in the Now, in leguminous plants, if we carefully take off
ma former. the petala of the flower, we fhall diſcover the pod, or
3 In Allium, or common Garlic, there arifes a tricoc filiqua, clofely covered with an involving membrane,
cous uterus, or feed-veffel ; in the center of which is which, about the top, feparates into nine ftamina,
inferted a fhort ftylus, not fo high as the apices , which each fraught with its quantity of farina ; and theſe
thus over- topping it, have the opportunity of fhed ftamina clofely adhere to the style, which is obferv
ding their globules into an orifice more eaſily ; for able at the end of that tube, which here alfo leads di
which reafon, I can difcern no tuft upon this (as in rectly to the pod ; it ſtands not upright, indeed, but
the former) to inſure their entrance, that being pro fo bent, as to make near a right angle with it.
vided for by its fituation juft under them . In Rofes there ftands a column, confifting of many
The reader, I hope, will excufe me, if I prefent him tubes clofely clung together, though eafily feparable,
now with fome fuch reafonings or reflections as the each leading to their particular cell, the ftamina in a
foregoing account doth fuggeft, and will fupport ; great number placed all round about.
and I cannot but hope to perfuade thofe that are In Tithymalus , or Spurge, there rifes a tricoccous
candid, that I have affigned to the feveral parts of the veffel, that, whilft it is fmall, and not eafily difcernible,
flowers I have mentioned, their true and real ufe. lies at the bottom till it is impregnated, but af
For nothing can be more natural than to conclude, terwards grows up, and ftands to high upon a tall
that where a fine powder is curiouſly prepared , care pedicle of its own, as would tempt one to think, that
fully repofited, and fhed abroad at a peculiar feafon , there were to be no communication betwixt this and
where there is a tube fo placed as to be fit to receive the apices .
it, and fuch care in difpofing this tube, where it doth In the Strawberries and Rafpberries, the hairs which
not lie directly under the cafes that fhed the powder, grow upon the ripe fruit ( which, I ſuppoſe, may be
it hath a particular apparatus at the end, to infure its furprising to fome) are fo many tubes leading each to
entrance . their particular feed ; and therefore we may obferve,
Nothing can be more genuinely deduced from any that in the firit opening of the flower there ftands a
premiſes, than it may from this, that this powder, ring of ftamina, within the petala, and the whole in
or fome of it, was defigned to enter this tube. If theſe ward area appears like a little wood of thefe hairs or
ftamina had been only excretory ducts, as has been hi pulp, which, when they have received and conveyed
*
therto fuppofed, to feparate the groffer parts, and leave their globules, the feeds fwell, and rife in a carneous
the juice defigned for the nourishment of the feed pulp. Thus far Mr. Morland .
more referved, what need was there to lodge thefe ex We may obferve a veffel at the bottom of the piftil
crements in fuch curious repofitories ? They would of the Lily, which veffel we may call the uterus, or
have been conveyed any where, rather than where womb, in which are three ovaries filled with little
there was fo much danger of their dropping into the eggs, or rudiments of feed found in the ovaria,
feed-veffel again, as there is here. which always decay, and come to nothing, unlefs im
Again : the tube, over the mouth of which they are pregnated with the farina of the fame plant, or fome
fhed, and into which they enter, leads always directly 7 other of the fame kind ; the ftamina alfo ferve forthe
into the feed-veffel , conveyance of the male feed of the plant to be per
5 Z2. fected
 GEN GEN

fected in the apices, which, when ripe, burſt forth in If you continue to obferve the flowers as they ad
little particles like duft ; fome of them fall into the vance for feveral days fucceffively, you will find them
orifice of the piftil, and are either conveyed thence to fwell, and, by degrees, to become replete with a
into the utricle, to fecundify the female ova, or limpid liquor ; in which, when the farina comes to
lodged in the piftil, where, by their magnetic virtue, be thed, and the leaves of the flower to fall, there may
they draw the nouriſhment from the other parts of be obferved a little greenifh fpeck, or globule, float
the plant into the embryos of the fruit, making them ing about at large.
fwell, grow, &c. There is not at firft any appearance of an organiza
In flowers that turn down, as the Cyclamen , and the tion in this little body ; but in time, as it grows,
Imperial Crown, the piftil is much longer than the you may begin to diftinguifh two little leaves like two
ftamina, that their duft may fall from their apices in fmall horns ; as the little body grows, the liquor di
fufficient quantities on the piftil, for the buſineſs of miniſhes infenfibly, till at length the grain becomes
impregnation . quite opake ; and upon opening it, the cavity will be
Mr. Geoffroy affures us, That in all the obfervations found filled with a young plant in miniature, confift
he had made, the cutting off the piftil before it ing of a little germ, or plantula, a little root, and
could be impregnated by the farina, actually ren the lobes of the Bean, or Pea.

dered the plant barren for the ſeaſon, and the fruit The manner wherein this germ of the apex enters the
abortive. veficula of the grain, is not very difficult to deter
In many kinds of plants, as the Oak, Pine, Willow, mine : for, befides that the cavity of the piftil reaches
&c. the flowers, Mr. Geoffroy obferves, have their from the top to the embryos of the grains, or thoſe
ftamina and apices, whofe farina may eaſily im veficulæ, have a little aperture correfponding to the
pregnate the rudiments of the fruit, which are not extremity ofthe cavity of the piftil, fo that the finall
far off. duft, or farina, may eafily fall, or find an eafy paf
Indeed there is fome difficulty in reconciling this 1 fage in the aperture in the mouth of the veffels, which
fyftem with a certain fpecies of plants , which bear is the embryo of the grain.
flowers without fruit , and another fpecies of the The aperture, or cicatricula, is much the fame in
fame kind and denomination, which bear fruit with both grains ; and it is eaſily obferved in Peas, Beans,
out flowers ; fuch are the Palm, Hemp, Hop, Pop &c. without a microſcope .
lar, &c. which are hence diſtinguiſhed into male Dr. Patrick Blair, treating of the generation of
and female ; for how fhould the farina of the male plants, fays, That a vegetative life is common to
here, come to impregnate the ova of the female ? them, as well as animals ; and that the propagation
This difficulty Mr. Geoffroy folves, by ſuppoſing the or production of the fpecies is the effect of the vege
wind to be the vehicle that conveys the male duft to tative, not the fenfitive life in animals, as well as in
the female uterus, which is confirmed by an inſtance plants ; and that if there be a neceffity of the con
of Jovianus Potanus, of a fingle female Palm-tree currence of two different fexes in animals, at the be
growing in a foreft, which never bore fruit, till, ginning or generating of the fpecies, the fame ne
having rifen above the other trees of the foreft, ceffity must be in plants too ; for as a cow, a mare,
and being then in a condition to receive the farina of a hen, a fhe- reptile, an infect, &c. cannot produce
the male by the wind, it began to bear fruit in abun an animal without the male, no more can it be fep
dance . pofed, that a plant can produce fertile feed without
As to the manner wherein the farina fecundifies , Mr. the concurrence of the male plant, or the male parts
Geoffroy advances two opinions : of the plant .
Firſt, That the farina being always found of a ful Mr. Ray fays, That he will not deny, that both trees
phureous compofition, and full of fubtil and pene and herbs may produce fruit, and even come to ma
trating parts (as appears from its fprightly odour) turity, without the male feed being fprinkled upon
which, falling on the piftils of the flowers, there re them . For though moft birds do not lay eggs with
folves, and the fubtileft parts of it, penetrating the out congrefs of the male, yet the hen often does it
fubftance of the piftil, excite a fermentation, which without copulating with the cock, but then thele
putting the latent juices of the young fruit in mo eggs are barren and wind eggs , juit fo, though a fe
tion, occafions the parts to unfold the young plant male plant may produce feed of itself, yet that feed is
that is incloſed in the embryo ofthe feed. never fertile. For,
In this hypothefis, the plant in miniature is fup Firft, As the work of generation in animals does not
pofed to be contained in the feed, and to want only proceed from their animal or fenfitive life but from
a proper juice to unfold its parts, and to make them their vegitative, which being the fame as in plants,
grow. that operation must be performed after the fame
The ſecond opinion is, That the farina of the male manner in both ; therefore, as there is a neceffity
plant is the firſt germ or femen of the new plant, and of two different fexes in animals , it must be fo too
itands in need of nothing to enable it to grow or un in plants .
fold, but a fuitable nidus with the juice it finds pre Secondly, As paffive feminal matter in female ani
pared in the embryo of the feed or ovary. mals cannot be productive or fertile of itfelf, without
It may be obferved, that theſe two theories of vege being impregnated, animated, or its particles fet in
table generation bear a ftrict analogy to thofe two motion and dilated by the active principles of the
of animal generation, viz . either that the young ani male feminal matter; neither can the female feed
mal is in the femen mafculinum, and only ftands in plants be rendered fertile, until it be impregnated
in need of the juice of the matrix to cherish and by the farina fecundans from the male parts of the
bring it forth , or that the female ovum contains the plants .
animal, and requires only the male feed to excite a As to the flowers of plants, if they were not affift
fermentation. ing to, or if there were not fome extraordinary ufe
Mr. Geoffroy rather makes the proper feed to be in from them in the perfection of the feed, they would
the farina, inafmuch as the beft microſcopes do not not be ſo often obferved upon plants as they are. But
diſcover the leaft appearance of any bud in the little fince there is nofruit or feed without a previous flower;
embryos of the grains, when they are examined, be and fince where the one is obvious the other is con
fore the apices have ſhed their duft . fpicuous, and fince one is fcarce to be obferved with
In leguminous plants, if the petala and ftamina be the naked eye, neither is the other ; this implies a re
removed, and the piftil, or that part which becomes lation between them, that the one of them is not to
เ the pod, be viewed with the microſcope before
the be expected without the other.
flower be open, thofe little green tranfparent veficulæ, It is true, there may be flowers upon a plant, where
which are to become grains, will appear in their na the fruit is feldom feen, especially in thefe northern
tural order, yet ftill fhewing nothing elfe but the mere climates ; fuch as the Pervinca, the Nymphæa alba
coat, or ſkin of the grain. minima, and feveral others ; where the plant exhauts
the
 GEN GEN
OVE
HEL the nutritious juice, in pufhing forth tendrils or or male parts in the flower, they either produced
creeping roots, which fo weaken the plants, as not to no feed at all, or if they did, they became abortive,
be able to bring the fruit to perfection ; but there is dried up, or dwindled away ; or though the feeds did
Ra
no fruit or feed to be feen, unleſs a flower has been come to perfection, they were barren, or did not
At,S
fent as a meffenger before it, to give notice of its produce.
approach ; though it is not always upon the fame Experiment 1. Mr. Geoffroy having cut off all the
TO plant, yet it is ftill upon fome other plant of the fame ftamineous tufts of male flowers from the top of the
R
Lik D fpecies ; for the flowers are to be feen upon diſtinct ſtalk in the Maiz or Turky-wheat, as foon as they ap
e
plants, different branches, or different parts of the peared, and before the fpike loaded with the em
Chec branch from the fruit, in the Abies, Corylus, Nux bryos of the femen had put forth from the alæ of the
k
TRU Juglans, &c. the Mercurialis, Spinachia, & c. leaves, feveral of theſe embryos decayed and dried
E
But the fruit never appears, or never begins to in up after they were pretty big ; but fome grains upon
Con
creaſe upon theſe plants, till the flower is ſpent and their pedicles all along the fpike fwelled confiderably,
GOL,20 and feemed to be full of the bud, and were confe
gone ; therefore they muſt ſerve for another uſe, than
to be merely ornamental ; for if that were their prin quently fertile, while all the others mifcarried, and
TER
cipal ufe, they would be always confpicuous, which there was not one fpike where the whole feeds did not
自德 ripen to the full.
they are not for the moſt part in apetalous flowers ;
and they would always be to be ſeen, and never be This experiment is a fufficient proof of the uſe of
Cr hid ; which is not fo in the Afarum, Hydrocotyle, the male flowers of this plant ; for whatſoever that is
D น.น & c. where, though the flower is large enough in pro which flows from the racemi of theſe flowers, it ſeems
R portion to the fruit, yet it is not to be feen, unleſs it muſt be conducive not only for the impregnation of
the leaf be turned up, and both flower and fruit be the feed, but alſo for the growth and impregnation of
AC narrowly fearched for. the fruit.
The Frumenta and Gramina have their ſtamineous At prefent we fhall fhew, that what nouriſhment is
Herey flowers ; yet in ſome of them the flower is feldom to uſually furniſhed by the pedicle to the embryos, does
be ſeen, unleſs the ſpike be fhaken ; and then the not appear to be capable to dilate or expand itſelf, or
apices will appear. contribute to the continual fupply of nutritious par
ticles, unleſs the embryos were animated or enlivened
SEZ

1 The Polypodium, and other capillary plants , have

regular flowers, which precede the minute capfulæ or by the ſpirit which fhould have flowed from the male
feed-veffels, but neither of them are confpicuous with flowers ; fo that they were fo debilitated and weaken
A

out a microſcope. ed, in afcending from the body of the plant towards
From theſe inftances it appears, that the flowers are the embryos, before they could arrive at them, that
not conftantly a guard to preferve the tender em they which otherwife might have ferved for the aug
E
bryos from the injuries of the air, for then the flowers mentation and increaſe of all the embryos upon the
muſt always have been upon the fame pedicle with fpike, could not now do any thing more than con
the fruit. tribute to the ripening of a few. And although Mr.
Therefore, fince the appearance of the. flower is the Geoffroy might have imagined, that theſe few feeds
firſt ſtep towards the production of the feed, whether which came to perfection were fertile alfo, becauſe
both be upon the fame pedicle or not, it neceffarily they were full of germs, yet he could not be fure of
follows, that the one must contribute towards the that, unleſs he had fown the fame feeds next ſeaſon ,
bringing of the other to perfection. and tried whether they would chit or not.
The antients taking notice, that ſeveral plants did Gardeners who buy Onion and Leek-feed brought
13

produce flowers and had no feeds, and that other from Strafburgh, commonly try the following expe
plants of the fame fpecies, and fown from the fame riment : they put a few of the feeds into a pot of wa
feed, did produce the feed without a previous flower, ter mixed with earth, and if they find they begin to
they were ready to call the one male, and the other fpring, or fend forth the feminal leaf or fibre of the
female, without any notion that the one was affifting root, after a few days, they judge of the product of
to the other ; for they looked upon fuch flowers to it ; and notwithstanding all the feeds without this
be only barren ; and therefore they called thoſe which trial may feem to be productive, being equally firm,
S had flowers female, and thoſe that produced the hard, and folid, perhaps not more than one third of
fruits, male plants. Thus Mercurialis is called Spi them will prove fertile.
cata Fœmina, and Tefticulata Mas. That which And this barrennefs may proceed, either becauſe they
produces the fruit muft needs be the female, as the had never been impregnated by the male parts ofthe
female animal brings forth the foetus ; therefore the flower, or that they had been too much expoſed to
teſticulata muſt needs be the female, and the ſpicata the air ; being fome time or other too much moiſt
the male. ened, and not afterwards been carefully dried, or have
Wherever the plants are annual, thefe with the been kept too long, by which neglect they lofe their
flowers, and fuch as have the feed , are always near to fpirit or life.
each other ; but where the root is perennial, and where Now, if the fulneſs, folidity and firmness of a feed is
the plant is more frequently propagated by the root not a fure fign of its fertility, then Mr. Geoffroy
than the feed, the cafe alters ; for there being no need might have been miſtaken in his opinion of the ferti
of the feed to propagate the plant, there is the less lity of theſe feeds in the Maiz, fince he did not make
need of the flower to be nearer to the plant which any trial of it, by committing it to the ground.
produces the feed . In like manner, as to his fecond experiment of the
So the Spinachia and the Lupulus are frequently feen Mercurialis Diofcoridis, where he raiſed ſome plants
to grow, to produce the feed, and the other the fqua which had the fruit, and others which had the fta
mous fruit ; when the plants which produce the male mineous flowers, and removed the floriferous plants
flowers of the one or the other, are at fome diſtance. before the flowers were blown, every one of the feeds
And this is fo far from being an objection against the upon the fructiferous plants, except five or fix, mif
neceffity of two fexes in plants as well as in animals, carried ; which feeds were fo full, that he was per
that it is an argument to confirm it ; for it fhews the fuaded they were capable of producing new plants,
wonderful contrivances in order to preferve the fpe and the like was found by Camerarius in the Cannabis .
cies, when the ordinary means of propagating it by Yet inafmuch as neither of them tried the experi
the feed cannot be fo conveniently attained . ment, by fowing the fame feed the fecond year, they
Thefe, and more that might be produced, being could not be fure but that they might have failed in
evident proofs of two fexes in plants, as well as in ani their expectation .
mals, we fhall in the next place, give ſome experi Mr. Bobart, overfeer of the phyfic-garden at Oxford,
ments to confirm this in a negative way, as have been many years fince, which was before the doctrine of
already done in a poſitive. the different fexes ofplants was well underſtood , being
When plants have been deprived of their male flowers, herbarizing, found a plant of the Lychnis fylveftris
fimplex,
 B

GEN GEN

fimplex, no apices ; and taking notice that this was not In the animal economy, there are, befides thofe
only in one, butin all the flowers upon the fame plant, veffels that are deftinated for nutrition , and the fecre

he imagined it might be a new fpecies ; and therefore tion of the feveral juices in the body, fpermatic veffels,
marked the plant, and took care to have it preferved which confift of præparantia, deferentia , and conti
till the feeds were ripe ; and then, they being full, nentia femen. The præparantia in males, are the
hard, and firm, and to outward appearance full of blood-veffels and the teftes ; the one conveys the
germ, he fowed them in a proper place in the garden blood, and the other feparates the femen from blood,
and elaborates it.
the next feafon, but not a plant fprung up from them.
Thefe and other inftances, fet the opinion of the dif So likewife in plants there are veffels that receive the
ferent fexes of plants upon another footing than has nutritious particles from the earth, and convey it to
been received by most of our modern authors ; for it the extremity of the plant ; fome of which tend di
imports, that it is not the nourishment of the grofs rectly to the leaf, and others to the flowers.
fubftance of the feed itfelf which is hereby meant, nor
Thofe which go to the foot-ftalk of the flower may
the increafe of the feed-veffel, which is thereby de not improperly be called fpermatic -veffels, for it is
figned ; for ( as is already obſerved ) a hen can lay an from them that the feminal particles in male, female,
egg, without having before had congrefs with a cock ; and hermaphrodite flowers are feparated ; therefore
and this, when newly laid, fhall be of the fame big the foot-ftalks of the hermaphrodite flowers are pro
nefs , colour, tafte, and fmell, with another egg which portionably larger than thofe either of the male or fe
has been cocked ( as they call it ; ) i. e. which has been male ; they have a double office, and contribute fuc
fecundated by the mafculine feminal materies : but ceffively to both .
the difference will appear, when both are put under In thofe where the calyx becomes the fruit, the
the hen, in order to be hatched ; for the one fhall pul greateft fupply is furniſhed to it firft, and diftributed
lulate or chit, and the other fhall become fetid and in its cortical parts, as is vifible in the Rofe ; in which
rot. the foot-ftalk is fo far enlarged at firft, as to be of an
The cafe is juft the fame with the feed of a plant, it equal bignefs with the bud.
may be augmented and increaſed in its bulk ; it may After the calyx is thus formed, the next diftribution
become firm, hard , and folid , and have all the tokens is to the inner or centrical part of the flower, which
of a perfect ripenefs ; the feed-veffels may be enlarged, Dr. Grew calls attire, and where the piftillum becomes
and the pulp or parenchyma of the fruit may be aug the fruit ; the piftillum and ftylus are formed at the
mented ; and yet the particles of the feed may remain fame time with the ftamina and apices.
crude, indigeſted , and incapable to be explicated and The ftylus at the very firft acquires both its duelength
dilated, or fet in a fuitable motion , whereby to pro and bignefs ; for the nutritious particles afcending in
trude the fibrilla of the root at one end, and the fe the center never ftop till the ftylus is ftretched out to
minal leaves at the other ; except it has before re its full length ; and in fuch as are furniſhed with a
ceived fome extraneous matter, or fome active particles peculiar apex, that is formed firft ; the neck of the
from the male parts of the flower, or from the male itylus, or that part next to it, is the biggeft ; from
flower itſelf. thence it gradually decreafes in its groffnefs, till it
In order to confirm the neceffity of two fexes of plants, comes to the piftillum. This is eafily perceived by
as well as in animals, this familiar confideration may thoſe who will take the pains to open the bud of a
be added that the fertility or barrennefs of any tree, Lily, Tulip, &c. before they are half blown.
in the more or lefs fruitful feafons, may be known to The ftamen is furniſhed next with an extraordinary
ignorant or lefs curious perfons, by the quantity of fupply of the nutritious particles before the flower is
the flowers which appear in the fpring time ; and that blown ; thefe, whether fewer or more, are at firſt
not only in trees alone, where the flower and fruit are brought to their proportional largeneſs , being round
upon one and the fame foot-ftalk, but alfo in fuch and juicy .
trees, where the flowers are upon diftinct trees, or fe The apex is the third which receives this extraordinary
parate places upon the fame tree ; for it is eafy to fupply of the nouriſhment, for after that the ftylus
determine by the catkins or iuli upon the Walnut, is formed, that it may lean to it after the veffels of
Filbert, or Hazle- trees, whether fuch or fuch trees the ftamen and fummit are extended to their full
will be fertile or barren for the enfuing feafon, before length , and fo formed, that they can convey fuch an
extraordinary quantity of particles as may fill up the
any of the embryos begin to break, be pushed forth,
or appear. capacity of the apex, it is then more enlarged than
Having already treated of the male and female parts ever after ; for if the flower of a Lily be opened be
of flowers, we fhall next confider their ufe. fore it be blown, the apex will be found to be full as
Flowers, in this refpect, may aptly be divided into long as the ftamen ; for as the one half of the apex
that of male flowers, which (as has been before ob covers the ftamen, fixed to its center, fo the other
ſerved) were formerly reputed barren ; and the plants half of it is fo far extended above the ftamen, as the
which produce them were alfo called female plants, ftamen remained uncovered below it, towards the pe
becaufe thofe perfons not having any notion of dif dicle or foot-ftalk.
ferent fexes in plants, they were called female, upon The fourth part of a flower is the petala, which re
account of their weakness ; or if they had any thought ceives this extraordinary fupply of nourishment be
of fexes in them , it was only illufive. fore the blowing ; thefe upon the reverſe, are firſt en
The ancients were ignorant of thoſe which are now larged towards the pedicle, and are afterwards ex
a-days called hermaphrodite flowers ; and they, not tended and ftretched forth in proportion to the en
having a true notion offexes of plants , could not ima largement of the attire ; at firft they are all groffer,
gine that the parts of both fexes fhould be in one and more fucculent towards the origin, and gradually
flower, upon one and the fame foot-ftalk . become thinner and broader. The ftamina of mono
And although hermaphrodite animals bear the leaft petalous flowers do, for the most part, arife partly
proportion in the animal kingdom, yet hermaphro from the petalon itfelf, and partly from the calyx ;
dites have the greateft fhare in the vegetable, though efpecially if the ftamina correfpond in number to the
they are not fo numerous as they have been fuppofed petala, as in the Hexapetale, or Polypetala Liliacea
to be; for upon a ftrict examination it will be found, of Tournefort, where every ftamen ariſes oppoſite to
that a great many more plants have diftinct male and the middle of the petalon.
female flowers, than was formerly believed. This obfervation (how and when this more than or
The neceffity of different fexes in plants having been dinary fupply of nourishment is carried to the flowers)
demonftrated, and that the female feed, though it eafily demonftrates wherein the analogy of the organs
fhould ripen to the full, cannot be fertile, except it of generation in plants and animals confifts.
be impregnated by what it receives from the male In animals, the feminal matter is received by proper
parts of flowers, we fhall next explain the organs of veffels from the fame blood from whence the other
generation in both fexes. fecretions, fit for the prefervation of the animal ceco
5 nomy
 GEN GEN

nomy proceed ; fo that the blood in animals being by Mr. Morland, the flower of which hands downs
the fame with the fap in plants, and both being con wards, though he does not deny but is ftylus may be
veyed after the fame manner throughout the feveral hollow all the way, and that it may be open at the
bodies, it neceffarily follows, that the one as well as extremity, yet by its fituation, and feveral other cir
the other, muſt have proper veffels for fecretion of cumftances, it does not feem to him to favour this
the feminal matter. opinion.
Let it then be confidered, that the fap or nutritious For first, as there is a continual conflux of particles
1
juice afcends in common to the pedicle of the flower, through the fin in animal bodies, it is alfo, fo in ve
as the blood flows by the aorta defcendens ; and that getables : this appears by the inmediate fading of
at the calyx or bottom of the flower, fome fhare goes flowers, or any other part of the plant, after it has
to one part of it, and ſome to another ; as the aorta been plucked off , which proceeds from the evapora
givemy fends one branch to the fpermatic veffels, and the re tion of the particles in the little tubes, without any
mainder of it goes to perform the other functions ; more fucceeding in their place.
and as a part of the fap is feparated by the pedicle of He thinks it as reasonable to fuppofe, that thefe par
****** the flower, when the remainder is diftributed through ticles flow out by the hollow ftylus, as by any other
out the remaining parts of the plant, fo the arteria part, and alſo more fenfibly there than elfewhere, be
præparans goes directly to the teftes in the males, and caufe of their being concentrated within fuch narrow
Wa། –ཏི ? ovarium in the female : and in flowers fome veffels bounds ; and that if thefe particles defcend by the
tend directly to the calyx ( if it becomes the fruit ) or ftylus hanging downwards, the particles, or rather
to the perianthium (if there be any, ) fome to the pe grains of the farina , can never afcend the fame way.
tala, fome to the ftamina, fome to the piftillum or 2dly, That if it fhould be granted, that thefe grains
uterus, as it is called by Malpighius. did afcend by the ftylus, how do they get into the fe
Theſe things being ſeriouſly reflected on, we muft of minal veffel ; that being clofely fhut up, as will ap
1 pear to any one who fhall obferve it.
neceffity conclude,
1. That the fame due care is taken to elaborate and 3dly, Whereas Mr. Morland fuppofes, that the rain
prepare the more fubtile and impenetrable particles of either waſhes it, or the wind fhakes it down the tube,
till it reaches the feminal veffel ; Dr. Blair obferves,
B
#
7
0

the nutritious juice in plants, as of the blood in

animals. that the extremity which is the upper part of the ftylus
2. This fubftance fo prepared, as it muſt be defigned in an erect flower, must be the lower in a dependent
for fome extraordinary ufe, fo this ufe can be no other one ; fo that if either the rain or wind have accefs to
than that of being the means of fecundating the fe it, it must neceffarily either wafh or drive it away from
male feed in plants, as the other is of the feminine the feminal veffel, which is now the ftylus.
oval in animals. But here the Doctor takes notice of another contri
If any one fhall take a flower full blown, and pull vance, for anfwering that purpofe, i . e. a ſort of a
one of the ftamina from the pedicle, he will find a pelvis or ciftern, called by Linnæus nectarium, fi
rough vifcid liquor, like to the fperma, which remains tuated at the origin or root of each petalon , filled with
here till its moft fubtle parts have afcended the fta a vifcous liquor which continues there, and never ex
men, or perhaps the more grofs particles might have ceeds its bounds fo long as the petalon is in health :
! remained there, after the moft fubtile had afcended , for fince the apices are here fo artfully fixed, that they
before the flower was blown ; this is as plain and de turn every way with the leaft wind, as Mr. Morland
monftrable as can be in the Lilies, particularly in the rightly obferves, when they burft, and the farina is
Orange Lily, and moſt of the Martagon Lilies, there driven to and fro, though it cannot fo eafily enter the
is a contrivance more obvious . tube, yet it may conveniently be blown up towards
This vifcid liquor afcending by parallel ducts to the the orifice of the petala furrounding the ftylus, where
apex, there this fubtile matter is retained till it is it is flopped or flaid by this vifcofity, till it has per
farther elaborated by the evaporations of the more formed its office."
humid and aqueous particles, by the heat of the fun ; To confirm this, he inftances Mr. Fairchild, who, he
and then it becomes a moft fubtile, fine, impalpable fays, being perfuaded that this viſcous liquor did fome
duft, which is then faid to be ripe, and is called the way or other contribute towards the fructifying of this
farina. plant, but not understanding how it did fo, he tried
Dr. Blair, after having given the fentiments of feven the experiment, by wiping this liquor off as foon as
different authors upon the fubject, proceeds to give it was depofited in the pelvis, and the flower which
his own, without fubfcribing to the fentiment of either he fo ferved did not bear any fruit.
the one or the other ; and endeavours by a ſtrict ex And the way the doctor accounts for this is, that the
amination of the flowers themſelves, to find out which humidity being removed, the farina is no fooner blown
of theſe two opinions, fo diametrically oppofite to each upwards, than it immediately falls down,, without
other, are moſt agreeable to fact. producing any effect ; and that which he takes to be
But before he begins, he lays down this general a confirmation of this is, that both Tulips and Fri
maxim, which he takes for granted, that nature is tillarias have this pelvis or bafon, yet it is for the moſt
uniform in all her operations, and never recedes from part dry and empty ; becauſe the flowers of the for
thofe rules laid down by the wife Difpofer of all things mer being erect, they have no fuch need of this liquor
at the creation, by performing the fame thing after to retain the dust ; for that the rain, having immediate
two different and contrary methods ; and thence con accefs to them, may wash the duit towards the origin
cludes, that if the farina be a congeries of feminal of the petala, where it can remain till it has performed
plants in one fpecies, it must be fo in all. its office ; whereas the rain having no accefs to the
If there be an open and direct paffage, or though it inner furface of the flower of the Corona Imperialis,
be not fo direct, yet if by any direct paffage, by which it is naturally endowed with this humidity, depofited
it can be demonftrated, that one fingle grain of the there by feveral excretory ducts, in order to render
farina can enter every individual feed in one plant, it it fit for the purpofe : and Malpighius himself takes
muſt be fo in all ; but if neither of thefe hold good, notice of this fingularity in this flower, though he af
and if it can be proved by ocular infpection , without cribes no ufe to it.
the affiftance of a microfcope, in thofe very plants The next example propofed by Mr. Morland, is the
exemplified by Mr. Morland, Mr. Geoffroy, and Mr. Yellow Lily, which, according to his figure, is repre
Bradley, that the farina in fubftance cannot enter the fented as having the apices equally high with the top
feminal veffel ; or if it does, that there is no direct of the ftylus, and the petala over- topping each other ;
paffage for it to enter each particular feed, after it has whereas he fays, that by the narroweft infpection he
fo got into the capfula or filiqua ; then he hopes, ever could make, the top of the apices ( they being
both their queries, fuppofitions, and affertions, muft then perpendicularly fituated) reaches no higher than
fall. the neck of the button upon the top of the ftylus ,
As for the Corona Imperialis, the firft example given and that this is before the apices begin to burft and
6 A hed
 GEN GEN

thed the duft , but as foon as the flower begins to periments of my own, which I communicated to Dr.
open, they depart from the ftylus, and force the pe Patrick Blair, which he improved as a proof of his
tala outwards, by a certain elafticity, and expand opinion of effluvia ; and Mr. Bradley alfo, as a proof
themſelves ; this being done, they immediately change of the farina entering the uterus in fubftance, and
their poſture from a perpendicular to an oblique or leave the curious enquirer to determine on that fide
horizontal one ; nor do they ever pour out their duft of the queftion , to which reafoning and experiment
or farina, till they can conveniently drop it upon the fhall influence him.
bottom of the flower, and towards the root of the I feparated the male plants of a bed of Spinach from
piftillum . the female ; and the confequence was, that the feed
But taking it for granted that it was fo, the top of the did fwell to the ufual bignefs, but when fown it did
ftylus (which the Doctor calls the button, in oppofition not grow afterwards ; and fearching into the feed, I
to the apices ftaminum, ) he fays, is fo compact, and found it wanted the punctum vitæ, or what Geoffroy
of fo firm a fubftance, that it is next to impoffible, calls the germen .
that the farina in fubftance, or in integral parts, can I fet twelve Tulips by themſelves, about fix or feven
pafs through it. yards from any other, and as foon as they blew, I
If the integral parts, the complete grain , the minute took out the ftamina with their fummits fo very care
globuli, in which the whole feminal plant is contained , fully, that I fcattered none of the male duff ; and
cannot then enter, the whole compound muſt be dif about two days afterwards I faw bees working on a
folved, and the minute feminal particles in this fmall bed of Tulips, where I did not take out the ftamina ;
grain of duſt muſt be diſunited ; and if ſo , how fhall and when they came out, they were loaded with the
thefe again come to cement, fo as to make up one farina or male duft on their bodies and legs ; and I
continued body? or how ſhall this little body, fo united , faw them fly into the Tulips, where I had taken out
penetrate a fecond time the partition-wall betwixt the the ftamina, and when they came out, I found they
ftylus and piftillum ? and again, how ſhall it find out had left behind them fufficient to impregnate thefe
its way to its neft, in the proper embryo of the feed ? flowers, for they bore good ripe feeds which afterward
The Doctor takes notice of the White Lily, the Orange grew.
Lily, the Martagon Lily, &c. as objections to the In a parcel of Savoys, which were planted for feed
opinions of Mr. Morland, Bradley, &c . and alfo near white and red Cabbages, the feeds, when fown,
mentions the Iris, as a moft pregnant inftance, that produced half red, and fome white Cabbages, and
the farina cannot fo much as come at the piftillum ; fome Savoys with red ribs, and fome neither one fort
for having fix petals, the three ftamina with long nor the other, but a mixture of all forts together in
apices lie hid between the three petala which hang one plant, which I fuppofe might happen by the ef
downwards, and three large expanſions of the bifid fluvia of the different forts impregnating the uterus of
ftylus, and the upper part of the down -hanging pe each other.
talon : the farina can never reach the center of the In a letter communicated by Paul Dudley, Efq; to
ftylus, though it were hollow, which it is not, but the Royal Society, written from New England, he
muft defcend along its outfide, to the top and outfide mentions the interchanging of the colours of the In
of the rudiment of the fruit, there to emit its effluvia. dian Wheat, if the various colours are planted in rows
Thefe and other inftances he concludes, are fufficient near each other ; but if they are planted feparately,
proof, that the farina cannot enter the ftylus , penetrate they conftantly keep to their own colour ; and this
into the piftillum, or inner part of the feminal veffel, interchanging of colours has been obferved, when the
nor have the leaft accefs to the embryo of the feed. diſtance between the rows of Corn has been feveral

As to the objection , that there is not paffage fufficient yards, though he fays, if there happens to be a high.
to admit the male feed into the uterus, or even into board fence between the different coloured Corns, the
the ovaries, it is thus anſwered : alteration of colours is entirely prevented .
If it be confidered how every flower, when it is pre It is from different flowers impregnating each other,
pared for the act of receiving the male feed, is fo that the feveral varieties have been produced ; and
much under the influence of the fun, that the petals this gives new light to the florifts, for raiſing a much
open at its approach, and ſhut up again at its depar greater variety of flowers ; for by planting the dif
ture, it very well explains how the piftillum, or fe ferent coloured flowers near each other, fo that the
male parts of generation, are relaxed at one time more flowers when fully blown may be intermixed, their
than another, i. e. that the female parts are more re farina will impregnate each other, fo that the feeds
laxed at the opening of the flower, than when the will produce variegated flowers partaking of both co
flower is fhut up ; for the flower-leaves adhering to lours. But it muſt be obferved, that flowers of dif
the bottom of the piftillum, muft confequently, when ferent genera will not impregnate each other, therefore
they bend back, put every part of the piftillum into the plants must be of the fame genus which are placed
a different pofture to that in which it was when the together.
petals were ſhut. Cucumbers and Melons always produce male and fe
And it is certain, that it is the prefence of the fun male flowers upon different parts of the fame plant ;
that ripens the male duft in the apices, and opens the the male flower ( which appears upon a flender foot
little cafes in which it is contained, giving them a ftalk, and has a large ftyle in the middle, covered
fpringiness that flings forth that duft as foon as it is with an Orange- coloured farina) is by the gardeners
ripe, fo as to fcatter it to a confiderable diftance. The commonly called falfe bloffoms , and are fometimes by
female parts are at this time dilated by the opening unfkilful perfons pulled off foon after they appear,
of the lower-leaves, and the apices and chives, con fuppofing that they weaken the plants, if fuffered to
curring at the fame time in flinging forth their male remain, which is a very great miſtake ; for, in order
duft, anſwer the fame end in the generation of plants , to try this experirnent, I planted four holes of Melons
that the act of copulation does among animals. in a place pretty far diftant from any other ; and when
Having thus given feveral reafonings and arguments the flowers began to appear, I conftantly pulled off
ufed by various authors, who have made it their ſtudy all the male flowers from time to time before they
to inveſtigate the mode of generation of vegetables, opened ; the confequence was, that all the young fruit
whether the impregnation of them proceeds from the dropt off foon after they appeared, and not one fingle
farina fœcundans , or male duft, entering the uterus of fruit remained to grow to any fize, though the vines
plants in fubftances, or by effluvia, I fhall not take were equally ftrong with thofe which I had planted in
upon me to determine the difpute ; efpecially fince another place, where I fuffered all the flowers to re
Mr. Boyle has proved , that all effluvia are fubtile par main upon them, from which I had a great quantity
ticles of matter ; fo that it matters not how ſmall or of fruit. But this doctrine is now fo well eſtabliſhed
minute thefe particles are, fince a body in its firft ftate among the gardeners, being confirmed by experience,
may be fo minute as to be fcarcely perceptible. that they now carry the male flowers of the Cucum
I fhall therefore conclude with mentioning a few ex bers and Melons to the female, if there are none
fituated
eltD G G
As E E
N N
#122,2 fituated very near them, and gently ſtrike the farina o " fixed on the flender points of the ftamina, whereby
‫ܘ ܕܩܝܬ‬ the male, into the bofom of the female flowers , and " it might eafily, with the leaft breath of wind, be
66
thereby fet the young fruit, which would otherwife difperfed in the air, thereby furrounding the plant,
'
drop off. as it were, with an atmoſphere of fublimed fulphu
There are fome perfons, who ftill object to this theory " reous pounce ? for many trees and plants abound
of the generation of plants, from having obferved " with it, which uniting with the air particles, may,
<<
fome plants, which were termed female, growing perhaps, be infpired at feveral parts of the plant,
www
fingly, and at a very great diftance from any male " and eípecially at the piftillum, and be thence con
66
plants of the fame kind, which had for fome years veyed to the capfula feminalis, efpecially towards
'
produced feeds which were perfect, and grew when evening, and in the night, when the beautiful pe
fown ; and indeed I was myfelf a little ftaggered in " tala of the flowers are clofed up, and they, with all
Xa my opinion, on having obferved a female plant ofthe " the other parts of the vegetable, are in a ftrongly
66
white Briony, which grew fingly in a garden, where imbibing ftate. And if to thefe united , fulphureous
The
there were no other plants of the fame kind ; which " and aereal particles, we fuppofe fome particles of
FERM
for ſeveral years produced berries, which grew and " light to be joined ( for Sir Ifaac Newton has found,
dutya
flouriſhed perfectly well. This put me upon examining " that fulphur attracts light ftrongly ; ) then the re
KIDZ 1
the plant more carefully than I had before done, when fult of thefe three by far the moſt active principles
I found there were great numbers of male flowers in " in nature, will be a punctum faliens to invigorate
FER
termixed with the female, on the fame plant ; and " the feminal plant ; and thus we are at laft con
95;21. fince then I have frequently found the fame in many " ducted, by the regular analyfis of vegetable nature,
IR other plants, which are fometimes male and female " to the firft enlivening principle of their minuteſt
in different plants, yet have fometimes both fexes on " origin."
not
the fame plant ; fo that the objections which have been GENISTA. Lin. Gen. Plant . 766. Tourn . Inft. R. H.
‫ܕܐܕ ܠܐ ܘ ܚܘܐ‬ made to this doctrine, may not have proper evidence 643. tab. 412. Broom ; in French, Genet.
for their ſupport . The CHARACTERS are,
It is certain, that the female plants may produce fruit, The empalement of the flower is of one leaf, tubulous , and
anti
without the impregnation of the male ; but it is not divided into two lips ; the upper lip is deeply cut into two,
certain, that this fruit or feed will, if fown, produce and the under into three equal parts. The flower is ofthe
another plant. What has been fo often related by butterfly kind ; the ftandard is oval, acute, and remote
travellers and hiftorians, of the neceffity of the male from the keel, being wholly reflexed ; the wings are a little
RG Palm-tree being near the female, in order to render it fhorter than the ftandard, and are loofe : the keel is erect,
fruitful, hath been fully confirmed by Father Labat, and longer than the ftandard, and is indented at the top.
in his account of Africa, where he has treated of the It bath ten ftaminajoined in two bodies, which arefituated
ſeveral forts of Palms : he fays, that he obſerved in in the keel, terminated by fingle fummits. In the center is
Martinico a large Palm-tree, which grew by the fide an oblong germen, fupporting an afcending style, crowned
of a convent, which produced plenty of fruit, though by an acute twistedftigma. The germen afterward becomes
thela
there was no other Palm-tree growing within two a roundish turgid pod with one cell, opening with two
leagues of this ; but he alſo obſerved, that none of valves, inclofing kidney -
fhaped feeds.
theſe fruit would grow, though they had made many This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection of
S trials of them ; fo that they were obliged to procure Linnæus's feventeenth clafs, which includes the plants
Exte fome fruit from Barbary, in order to propagate theſe 1
with flowers having ten ftamina, joined in two bodies ;
trees. He likewiſe adds, that the fruit which grew and to this he adds fome of Tournefort's fpecies of
on this female tree, never ripened fo perfectly, nor Spartium, and the Geniftella of Tournefort.
7 was fo well tafted, as thofe which came from trees The SPECIES are,
which had ſtood near fome of the male : therefore we 1. GENISTA (Sagittalis ) ramis ancipitibus articulatis, fo
may conclude, that the fruit or feed may be produced liis ovato-lanceolatis . Hort. Cliff. 355. Jointed Broom,
by the female plants of moſt kinds, without the af with two-edged branches, and jointed, oval, Spear-shaped
fiftance of the male fperm , which may appear to fight leaves. Chama Genifta fagittalis . C. B. P. 395. Dwarf
perfect, and fit to produce others ; but if we examine arrow -fhaped Broom.
the feeds, we fhall find that moſt of them have not 2. GENISTA (Florida) foliis lanceolatis, ramis ftriatis te
the germ or little plant inclofed , nor will grow if they retibus racemis fecundis. Hort . Cliff. 355. Broom with
23.12.

Sa are fown . Spear-shaped leaves, and erect taper branches abounding

From theſe and many other experiments, it is very with flowers. Genista tinctoria Hifpanica. C. B. P. 395.
plain, that there is a neceflity that the embryo of the Spanish Dyers Broom .
female flower ſhould be impregnated by the farina or 3 . GENISTA (Tinctoria) foliis lanceolatis glabris ramis
ftriatis teretibus erectis . Hort. Cliff. 355. Broom with
TI

male duft, in order to render the fruit perfect ; but

how, or in what manner it is performed, is what we Spear-shaped leaves which are acute, and taper channelled
* can only gueſs at, fince in the generation of animals, branches proceeding from the fide of thestalk. Geniſta
our greateſt naturalifts differ very much in their opi tinctoria Germanica. C. B. P. 395. Common Dyers
nions ; nor can any of them afcertain any particular Broom, or Wood- waxen.
method how it is performed. I fhall therefore con 4. GENISTA ( Purgans) fpinis terminalibus, ramis tereti
รี clude with quoting the words of the Rev. Dr. Hales , bus ftriatis, foliis lanceolatis fimplicibus pubefcen
which are a moft ingenious fummary of the whole tibus. Lin. Sp . 999. Broom with taper-ſtreaked branches
; doctrine of the generation of plants . terminated byfpines, andfimple, fpear-shaped, hairy leaves.
" If I (fays he) may be allowed to indulge conjecture Genifta five fpartium purgans. J. B. 1. p. 404.
1 " in a cafe in which the moft diligent enquirers are, 5. GENISTA ( Candicans) foliis ternatis fubtus villofis, pe
" as yet, after all their laudable refearches, advanced dunculis lateralibus fubquinquefloris foliatis, legumi
" but little farther than mere conjecture, I would nibus hirfutis. Amoen . Acad. 4. p. 284. Trifoliate Broom
" propoſe it to their confideration, whether from the with hairy leaves, foot f-talks from the fide of the branches
" manifeft proof we have, that fulphur ftrongly at having fiveflowers, and hairy pods. Cytilus Monfpef
" tracts air, a hint may not be taken , to confider fulanus, medicæ folio, filiquis denfe congeftis & vil
" whether this may not be the primary ufe of the fa lofis. Tourn Inft . 648.
" rina fœcundans, to attract or unite with elaftic or 6. GENISTA (Tridentata) ramis triquetris fubarticulatis,
" other refined active particles. That this farina foliis tricufpidatis . Lin. Sp . Plant. 710. Broom with
abounds with fulphur, and that a very refined fort, three-corneredjointed branches, and leaves ending in three
" is probable from the fubtile oil which chymifts ob points. Geniftella fruticofa Lufitanica. Tourn. Inft .
" tain from the chives of Saffron ; and if this be the 646. Shrubby Portugal Dyers Broom.
" ufe of it, was it poffible that it could be more aptly 7 . GENISTA ( Pilofa ) foliis lanceolatis obtufis, caule tu
66 berculato decumbente. Hort. Cliff. 355. Broom with
placed for the purpofe on very moveable apices |
obtuje
 GEN GEN
1
ebtufe Spear-shaped leaves, and a declining talk having appear in June and July, and the feeds ripen in au
tubercles. This is the Genifta ramofa, foliis Hyperici . tumn.
C. B. P. 395. Branching Broom with leaves like St. The fixth fort hath a low fhrubby ftalk , which feldom
Johnfwort. is more than a foot high, fending out feveral weak
3. GENISTA (Anglica) fpinis fimplicibus , ramis floriferis branches which are jointed, garnifhed with finall leaves
inermibus, foliis lanceolatis. Hort. Cliff. 355. Broom ending in three acute parts. The flowers are produced
with fingle fpines, flower-branches without spines, and in loofe fpikes at the top of the branches, they are of
Spear s
-haped leaves. Genifta fpartium minus Anglicum. a pale yellow colour, and appear the latter end of
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 645. Small English Broom , called June and in July, and the feeds ripen in September.
Petty Whin This plant grows naturally in Portugal.
9. GENISTA (Hifpanica) fpinis decompofitis, ramis flo The feventh fort hath a fhrubby ftalk which declines
riferis, inermibus, foliis lanceolatis. Lin. Sp . Plant. toward the ground, and is fet over with tubercles ; it
711. Broom with decompounded ſpines, flower-branches divides into a few fmall branches, which are garnished

without fpines, and narrow hairy leaves. Genifta fpinofa with fmall obtufe leaves. The flowers are difpofed in
minor Hifpanica villofiffima. C. B. P. 395. Moſt hairy, fmall loofe fpikes at the end of the branches ; they
fmall, Spanish, prickly Broom. are fmall, of a pale yellow colour, and are fucceeded
The first fort grows naturally in France, Italy, and by fhort pods filled with kidney- fhaped feeds. It
Germany. This plant fends out feveral ſtalks from flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn. This
the root, which fpread flat on the ground, and divide grows naturally in Germany and France.
into many flat branches which are jointed, and their The eighth fort grows naturally upon open heaths in
two fides are edged like a broad fword ; thefe are many parts of England. It hath a fhrubby talk
green and herbaceous, but are perennial . At each of which rifes al cut two feet high, ferding out many
the joints is placed one fmall fpear-fhaped leaf, with flender branches, which are armed with long fingle
out any foot-ftalk . The flowers are produced in clofe fpines, and garnished with very fmail fpear-fhaped
fpikes at the end of the branches ; they are yellow, leaves, placed alternate on every fide the branches :
and of the Pea-bloom kind, and are fucceeded by the flower-branches have no fpines ; thefe are fhort,
fhort hairy pods, which contain three or four kidney and have five or fix yellow flowers growing in a claf
fhaped feeds. The plants flower in June, and the ter at the end. They come out in April and May,
feeds ripen in September. and are fucceeded by fhort turgid pods, which con
This fort is propagated by feeds, which, if fown in tain four or five finall kidney-thaped feeds. Thefe
"
the autumn, the plants will come up the following ripen in July.
fpring ; but when they are fown in the fpring, the The ninth fort grows naturally in Spain . This hath
plants rarely come up the fame year : when the plants a low fhrubby ftalk, which fends out many ligneous
cone up, they will require no other culture but to branches, armed with branching thorns, compofed
keep them clean from weeds, and thin them where of feveral fharp thorns, which come out from each
they are too clofe ; at Michaelmas they may be tranf other, but the fhort branches which produce the flow
planted where they are defigned to remain, and after ers have no fpines ; thefe are garniſhed with fmall
that they will only require to be kept clean, for they hairy leaves of different forms, fome of them being
are very hardy, and will live feveral years. as narrow as hairs, and others are of the fpear-shape ;
The fecond fort rifes with ligneous ftalks about two the branches are terminated by clufters of yellow
or three feet high, fending out many taper channelled flowers, which are fucceeded by fhort, compreffed,
branches which grow erect, garniſhed with ſmall ſpear hairy pods , filled with kidney-fhaped feeds. The
fhaped leaves placed alternate, and are terminated by whole plant has much the appearance of the common
feveral fpikes of yellow flowers, which are of the Pea Furz or Gorfe, but is very hairy, and the flower
bloom kind ; there are fucceeded by fhort pods, which branches being without thorns, are the moft obvious
turn black when ripe, and contain four or five kid diftinctions.
ney-fhaped feeds. It flowers in June and July, and All theſe forts of Brooms are propagated by feeds,
the feeds ripen in autumn. which, if fown in the autumn, will fucceed much
The third fort grows naturally in England . This hath better than if fown in the fpring, and a year will be
fhrubby ftalks, which rife about three feet high, gar thereby faved ; as thefe plants fend out long, ftringy,
nifhed with fpear-fhaped leaves, which are broader, tough roots, which run deep into the ground, they
and end in fharper points than thofe of the former ; do not bear tranfplanting well, efpecially if they are
the branches come out from the fide of the ſtalks , al not removed young ; therefore the beft way is to fow
moft their whole length, and do not grow fo upright a few feeds in thofe places where the plants are de
as thofe of the fecond ; thefe are terminated by loofe figned to remain, and to pull up all except the most
fpikes of yellow flowers, which are fucceeded by pods promifing plants as foon as they are paft danger ; after
like thofe of the fecond fort. It flowers, and the feeds this the plants will require no other culture, but to
are ripe about the fame time as the former. The P keep them clean from weeds : but where this cannot
branches of the plant are ufed by the dyers, to give a be practifed, the feeds may be fown thin upon a bed
yellow colour, from whence it is called Dyers Broom, of light earth, and when the plants come up, they
Green-wood, Wood-waxen, or Dyers- weed. must be kept clean from weeds till the following au
The fourth fort grows naturally about Montpelier. tumn, when the plants fhould be carefully taken up
This rifes with fhrubby, ftriated, taper ftalks four and tranfplanted where they are defigned to remain.
1 feet high, fending out feveral branches which are They are all very hardy plants except the fourth, fifth,
terminated by fpines ; the leaves are fpear-shaped, and ninth forts, which muft have a warm sheltered
fingle, and hairy; the flowers are produced in fpikes fituation and dry foil, otherwife they will not live
at the end of the branches, they are larger than thofe through the winter, but the others will grow in almoft
of the other forts, and are of a paler yellow colour. any foil or fituation.
They appear in June and July, and are fucceeded by GENISTA SPINOSA, the Furz, Whins, or
pods like the former forts . Gorfe. See ULEX .
This fort is tender, and in fevere frofts is often killed GENTIAN A. Lin . Gen. Plant. 285. Tourn. Inft.
in England, where the plants are not protected. R. H. 8o . tab. 40. [ takes its name from Gentius, a
The fifth fort grows naturally about Montpelier. king of Illyrium , who first difcovered the virtues of
This rifes with a woody ftalk to the height of feven this plant. ] Gentian, or Fellwort ; in French, Gen
or eight feet, fending out many flender branches, tiane.
garnifhed with trifoliate leaves, hairy on their under The CHARACTERS are,
fide ; the upper part of thefe branches, for more than It bath a permanent empalement, which is cut into five
a foot in length, fend out fmall flowering branches acute fegments. The flower bath one petal, which is tu
on their fide, fupporting five yellow flowers. Thefe bulous, cut into five parts at the top, which are flat. It
hath

A
 GEN GEN

bath five awl-

shapedftamina, which are shorter than the whofe root is one of the principal ingredients in
bitters.
petal, terminated by fingle fummits. In the center is
fituated an oblong cylindrical germen, having no ftyle, This plant has a large thick root of a yellowish
but is crowned by two oval ftigmas. The germen af brown colour, and a very bitter taste ; the lower
terward becomes an oblong taper-pointed capfule, with one leaves are of an oblong oval fhape, a little pointed
cell, containing many fmallfeeds fastened to the valves of at the end, ſtiff, of a yellowish green, and have five
the capfule. large veins on the back of each, and are plaited. The
This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection of ftalk rifes to the height of three or four feet, which
Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia, is garniſhed with leaves, growing by pairs at each
which includes the plants whofe flowers have five ſta joint, almoft embracing the ftalk at their bafe ;
mina and two ftigmas . thefe are of the fame form with the lower, but di
The SPECIES are, miniſh gradually in their fize to the top . The flowers
Lips
1. GENTIANA ( Lutea ) corollis quinquefidis rotatis ver come out in whorls at the joints, toward the upper
ticillatis, calycibus fpathaceis. Hall. Helv. 479. Gen part of the ſtalks, ftanding on fhort foot-ftalks, whofe
relo
me origin is from the wings of the leaves ; thefe are of
tian with quinquefid wheel-shapedpetalsgrowing in whorls,
1fact and bood-like empalements. Gentiana major lutea. C. a pale yellow, and have one petal, which is divided
QUEE
B. P. 187. Greater yellow Gentian. almoſt to the bottom, having an oblong cylindrical
2. GENTIANA (Pneumonathe) corollis quinquefidis cam germen, which afterward fwells to an oblong taper
en hairy panulatis oppofitis pedúnculatis, foliis linearibus. capfule, which is bifid at the point, and opens in two
Lin. Sp. Plant. 228. Gentian with bell-shaped quinque cells, filled with ſmall feeds.

fid petals placed oppofite upon foot-stalks, and very nar It grows naturally in the paftures in Switzerland , and
row leaves. Gentiana auguftifolia autemnalis major. in the mountainous parts of Germany, from whence
C. B. P. 188. Greater narrow - leaved autumnal Gentian. the roots are brought to England for medicinal ufe ;
3. GENTIANA (Afclepiades) corollis quinquefidis cam there is a compound water, and an extract made of
panulatis oppofitis feffilibus, foliis amplexicaulibus. them. The root of the Gentian is alfo one of the
Lin. Sp. Plant. 227. Gentian with bell-shaped quinquefid principal ingredients in bitters, and is frequently ufed
petals fitting clofe to the stalk oppofite, and leaves em in many diforders.
bracing the stalk. Gentian Afclepiades folio . C. B. P. But a fewyears ago, there was a mixture of Henbane
187. Gentian with a Swallow- wort leaf. roots brought over with Gentian, which was unhap
4. GENTIANA ( Acaulis) corollâ quinquefidâ campanu pily uſed, and occafioned great diforders in the perfons
bon latâ, caulem excedente. Lin. Sp. Plant. 228. Gen to whom it was adminiftered ; upon which great en
tian with a bell-
shaped quinquefid petal exceeding the ſtalk. quiry was then made to find out what that root could
Gentiana Alpina latifolia, magno flore . C. B. P. 187 . be, fome fufpecting it to be the root of Deadly
Broad-leaved Alpine Gentian with a large flower, com Nightſhade, and others believing it to be fome ofthe
1
monly called Gentianella. poiſonous umbelliferous roots, but on comparing it
5. GENTIANA (Nivalis) corollis quinquefidis infundibu with fome dried roots of the Henbane , I found they
liformibus, ramis unifloris alternis. Lin. Sp . Plant. were the fame. We have likewife an account of the
734 229. Gentian with funnel- fhaped quinquefid petals, and noxious quality of theſe roots, printed in the Synopfis
12.
alternate branches having one flower. Gentiana annua, Stirpium Hibernicarum , which was communicated to
foliis Centaurii minoris. Tourn . Inft. 81. Annual Gen the author by Dr. Thomas Molyneux , phyſician to
tian with leffer Centaury leaves. the ſtate ; it was as follows :
6. GENTIANA (Cruciata) corollis quadrifidis imberbibus The Dean of Clonfert was making fome alterations
00 verticillatis feffilibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 231. Gentian in his garden, and, looking over his workmen, he ob
with quadrifid petals without beards, growing in whorls ferved them to dig up many roots, which he took for
clofe to the stalks. Gentiana cruciata. C. B. P. 188 . Skirrets, and therefore ordered fome of them to be
Croffwort Gentian. carried in and dreffed for dinner, which was accord
7. GENTIANA (Cilliata) corollis quadrifidis margine ci ingly done ; but all thoſe who eat of them were in
liatis. Lin . Sp . Plant. 231. Gentian with a four-pointed a fhort time feized with dizzineſs in their head, fick
petal, whofe border is hairy. Gentianella cærulea oris nefs at the ftomach, attended with an unuſual heat
pilofis. C. B. P. 188. Blue Gentian with hairy brims. and drinefs in their throats ; and two, who had eaten
8. GENTIANA (Utriculofa) corollis quinquefidis hypo a larger ſhare than the reft, loft the uſe oftheir rea
crateriformibus , calycibus plicatis alatis. Lin . Sp . fon, and became delirious, which continued for fome
Plant. 229. Gentian with falver- fhaped quinquefid petals, days ; and as it appeared evident thefe diforders were
and winged plaited empalements. Gentiana utriculis occafioned by the roots, the Dean cauſed fome of them
ventricofis. C. B. P. 188. Gentian with a ventricofe to be planted, that he might be affured what the plant
tube. was whofe roots had this bad quality ; and in the
9. GENTIANA (Centaureum) corollis quinquefidis infun fpring, when they put out their leaves, they proved
dibuliformibus caule dichotomo. Lin. Sp . Plant. 229. to be the Henbane, which has been noticed by old
Gentian with a funnel -
fhaped, five-pointed petal, and a writers to be poffeffed of theſe qualities. And as the
V C

forkedftalk. Centaurium minus. C. B. P. 278. Leffer diforders which were occafioned by theſe fuppofed
2
-

Centaury. Gentian roots, were nearly the fame, as is above re

10. GENTIANA (Perfoliatum) corollis octifidis, foliis per lated, I thought it might be of ufe to infert it here,
3
.

foliatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 232. Gentian with an eight to caution others againſt eating of roots which they
I pointed petal, and Thorough- wax leaves. Centaurium lu › are unacquainted with.
teum perfoliatum. C. B. P. 278. Yellow perfoliate Cen This plant delights in a light loamy foil and a fhady
taury. fituation, where it will thrive much better than in a
11. GENTIANA ( Spicata) corollis quinquefidis floribus light dry foil, or in an open expofure. It is propa
alternis feffilibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 230. Gentian with gated by feeds, which fhould be fown in pots foon
funnel-fhaped five-pointed petals, flowers growing alter after it is ripe, for if it is kept till the fpring, it will
nate, and fitting close to the stalks. Centaurium minus not fucceed ; theſe pots ſhould be placed in a fhady
fpicatum album. C. B. P. 278. Leffer Centaury with fituation, and kept clean from weeds. In the fpring
a white fpiked flower. the plants will appear, when they muſt be duly wa
12. GENTIANA (Exaltata) corollis quinquefidis co tered in dry weather, and kept clean from weeds
ronatis crenatis, pedunculo terminali longiffimo di till the following autumn ; then they fhould be care
chotomo. Lin. Sp. 331. Gentian with a five-pointed fully fhaken out of the pots, fo as not to break or
petal, a very long foot-ftalk, and forked branches. injure their roots ; and a fhady border of loamy
1 earth fhould be well dug and prepared to receive
Centaurium minus maritimum amplo flore cæruleo.
Plum. Cat. 3. Leffer maritime Centaury with a large . them , into which the plants fhould be planted at about
1
blueflower. fix inches diftance each way, obferving to let the
The first fort is the common Gentian of the fhops , top of the roots be a little below the furface ofthe
6 B ground,

1
 GEN GEN

ground, then prefs the earth cloſe to the roots ; af four inches high ; they are garnifhed with fmooth
ter this they will require no farther care, but to keep leaves placed oppofite, which are two inches long,
them conftantly clean from weeds ; and if the fol and half an inch broad, fitting clofe to the ftalk. The
lowing fpring fhould prove dry, they fhould be flowers grow erect on the top of the ſtalk, fo ftand
duly watered, which will greatly forward their quite above them ; thefe are often fingle, but fome
growth. In this border the plants may ftand two times, when the plants are ftrong, there will be four
years, by which time they will be fit to tranſplant or five at the end of each ſtalk ; they are large, bell
where they are defigned to remain ; therefore in au fhaped, and of a deep azure blue, fo is the fineſt of
tumn, fo foon as their leaves decay, they may be re that colour of any flower yet known . It ufually
moved ; but as the roots of thefe plants run deep into flowers in May, but fometimes the plants flower
the ground, like Carrots, there must be great care again in autumn .
taken in digging them up, not to cut or break their This is commonly propagated by parting of the roots,
roots, for that will greatly weaken, if it does not kill in the fame manner as is before directed for the third
them. After the plants are well fixed in their places, fort, but theſe muſt not be often tranfplanted, or
they require no other culture, but to dig the ground parted, if they are wanted to flower ftrong ; this fort
1
about them early in the fpring before they begin to A hould have a foft loamy foil and a fhady fitua
fhoot, and in the fummer to keep them clean from tion , where the plants will thrive and flower well
weeds. The roots of thefe plants will continue every year.
many years, but the ftalks decay every autumn ; the It may also be propagated by feeds, which, in a
fame roots do not flower two years together, nor fel good foil, the plants will produce in plenty ; theſe
dom oftener than every third year ; but when they fhould be fown in autumn, in the fame manner as is
flower ftrong, they make a fine appearance ; and as before directed for the first fort ; and if the plants
thefe delight in fhady moift ground, where but few are planted in a good foil, they will be ſtrong enough
ornamental plants will thrive, fo they ſhould not be to flower the fecond year after they come up, and
wanting in good gardens. thefe feedling plants will flower much stronger than
The fecond fort grows naturally in moift paftures in thoſe which are propagated by offsets.
many parts of England, but particularly in the north ; The fifth and eighth forts are low annual I plants,
this rifes with an upright ftalk about a foot high, which grow naturally upon the Alps and other moun
garnished with fmooth leaves an inch and a half tainous places in Europe, and arevery rarely cultivated
long, and lefs than a quarter of an inch broad ; they in gardens. The fifth feldom rifes more than twoinches
are placed oppofite, and have no foot-ftalks. The high, branching out from the root into feveral flender
flowers are produced on the top of the ftalk, three or ftalks, garniſhed with very finall leaves placed by
four in number, ftanding upon foot-ftalks alternately pairs, and each ſtalk is terminated by one fmaller blue
above each other ; they are large, bell- fhaped, and flower ftanding erect . The eighth fort grows about
divided into five points at their brim, and are of a four inches high, with a fingle upright ſtalk of a pur
deep blue colour, fo make a fine appearance ; theſe ple colour. The leaves at the root are oval, but
come out the latter end of July in the warm parts thoſe upon the ftalk are narrow, and ftand oppofite.
of England, but in the north they are full a month The ftalk is terminated by one blue flower, with a
later. large bellied empalement, which is plaited, and the
"
It may be propagated by feeds in the fame manner as petal of the flower rifes but a little above the empale
the first fort, and the plants may be treated in the ment, fo does not make much appearance. After the
fame way ; but as this fort does not ſhoot its roots top flower decays, there are frequently two fmaller
deep into the ground , it may be tranfplanted with lefs flowers which come out from the fide ofthe ftalk, at
hazard ; however, if theſe are removed with a ball of the two upper joints ; thefe flower after each other,
earth to their roots, they will not feel their removal the upper one coming firft, fo that there is a fucceffion
fo much as when the earth is all taken from them. of flowers till autumn.
This fort ſhould be planted in a ſtrong, moift, loamy As thefe plants ufually grow upon moift fpongy.
foil, in which the plants will thrive and flower annu ground, it is very difficult to cultivate them in gar
ally, but in a warm dry foil they will not thrive or dens ; for unless they have a foil approaching near to
flower. that in which they naturally grow, they will not
The third fort grows naturally upon the Helvetian thrive ; the only method to obtain them is, either to
mountains ; this rifes with an upright ftalk near a fow their feeds in pots, or upon a moiſt boggy ground
foot high, garnished with fmooth leaves about two in autumn, but it must be in the fhade ; and when
inches long, and three quarters of an inch broad at the plants come up, they may be thinned, and the
their bafe, where they embrace the ſtalk , but they end furface of the ground about them covered with
in acute points ; they are placed oppofite, and are of mofs, which ſhould be conftantly kept moift ; with
a fine green, and diminish in their fize as they are this management I have feen the plants thrive and
nearer the top ; they have five longitudinal veins, flower very well.
which join at both ends, but diverge from each other The fixth fort is a perennial plant, which grows na
in the middle . The flowers come out by pairs op turally upon the Appenines and the Helvetian moun
pofite, from the bottoms of the leaves, ftanding on tains ; this rifes with an upright ftalk about fix inches
fhort foot-ftalks ; they are pretty large, bell-fhaped, high, garnished with fmooth fpear-shaped leaves
and of a fine blue colour, fo make a fine appearance about two inches long, and one broad in the middle,
when they are open. This fort flowers in June and fitting cloſe to the ftalk ; they are placed oppofite,
July. and each pair of leaves crofs one another, from whence
It may be propagated by feeds in the fame manner it is called Croffwort Gentian. The flowers are pro
as the firft fort, and the plants may be treated in the duced in whorls round the ftalks at the upperjoints,
fame way, but they must have a moift loamy foil , fitting very cloſe to the ftalks, and at the top there
otherwife they will not thrive. It may alfo be pro is a large clufter growing in the fame form ; theſe
pagated by offsets, which may be divided from the are of a light blue colour, and appear in May. This
roots ; thefe fhould be taken off in autumn, which may be propagated by feeds, or offsets, in the fame
is the beſt feafon for removing all thefe forts of manner as the third and fourth forts, and the plants
muſt be treated in the fame way.
plants ; but thefe fhould not be removed, or parted
oftener than every third year, where they are expected The feventh fort grows naturally upon the Alps, and
to produce ftrong flowers. other mountainous parts of Europe ; this is a lowpe
The fourth fort grows naturally on the Alps and rennial plant, whofe ftalks are very flender, and rarely
Helvetian mountains, but has been long cultivated rife more than three or four inches high, garniſhed
in moſt of the curious gardens in Europe ; this is com with finall , narrow, acute-pointed leaves, placed in
monly known by the title of Gentianella. It is a low pairs ; each ſtalk is terminated by one large blue
plant, the ftalks feldom growing more than three or flower, which is hairy on the infide at the brim. This
flowers
 GER GER

flowers in July and Auguft, and may be propagated places it in the fixth fection ofhis fixth clafs, in which
and treated in the fame manner as the third and fourth he ranges the herbs with a Rofe flower, whofe pointal
Tofr
forts. becomes a fruit with feveral capfules.
butfem
The ninth fort is the Leffer Centaury of the fhops ; The SPECIES are,
this grows naturally upon dry paftures in moft parts 1. GERANIUM (Pratenfe) pedunculis bifloris , foliis fub
‫مهاو‬ of England, where it rifes in height proportionable to peltatis multipartitis pinnato laciniatis rugofis acusis ,
It the goodneſs of the foil ; for in good land it is fre petalis integris. Hort. Cliff. 344. Crane's- bill with two
quently a foot high, but in poor foils not more than flowers on each foot-ftalk, target -shaped leaves cut into
nts fore
three or four inches. It is an annual plant, with upright many acute fegments, and entire petals. Geranium ba
ther branching ftalks, garniſhed with fmall leaves placed trachiodes, Gratia Dei Germanorum. C. B. P. Crane's
by pairs. The flowers grow in form of an umbel at bill with a Crow -foot leaf, and large blue flowers.
r thethe
Slanc the top, and are of a bright purple colour ; they 2. GERANIUM (Macrorrhizum) pedunculis bifloris, caly
ety&
come out in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn . cibus inflatis, piftillo longiffimo. Hort. Cliff. 343 .
品质 This plant cannot be cultivated in the gardens. Crane's-bill with two flowers on each foot-ftalk, inflated
như hệ th empalements, and a very longpointal to theflower. Gera
The tenth fort grows naturally upon chalky grounds
in many parts of England. It is an annual plant, rifing nium batrachioides, longius radicatum, odoratum.
with an upright ſtalk a foot high, garnished with oval J. B. Long-rooted fweet-fmelling Crane's-bill, with a
1
ich, pointed leaves, whofe bafe furrounds the ftalk ; they Crow -
foot leaf.
TV: grow by pairs, and are of a gray colour ; the ftalks 3 . GERANIUM ( Sanguineum) pedunculis unifloris, foliis
and leaves are very fmooth. The flowers grow quinquepartitis trifidis orbiculatis . Lin. Sp. Plant.
977

in form of an umbel on the top of the ftalk ; they 685. Crane's-bill with one flower on each foot- talk, and
are of a bright yellow colour, and are cut into eight orbicular leaves, which are trifid and divided into five
$

parts at the top. Theſe appear in July, and thefeeds parts. Geranium fanguineum, maximo flore. H. Ox .
ripen in autumn . Bloody Crane's- bill with a larger flower.
The eleventh fort is an annual plant, which grows 4. GERANIUM (Lancaftrenfe) pedunculis unifloris, fo
2021354

naturally in the ſouth of France and in Italy ; this rifes liis quinquepartitis laciniis obtufis brevibus, caulibus
ermo with an upright ſtalk about a foot high, fending out decumbentibus. Crane's-bill with one flower upon each
pat feveral branches toward the top ; which are garniſhed foot-ftalk, leaves divided into five parts, whofe figments
by ſmall leaves placed oppofite . The flowers are are fhort, blunt, and declining fialks. Geranium hæ
Finches
Menden produced from the fide and at the top of the ftalk , matodes Lancaftrenfe, flore eleganter ftriato. Raii
in form of looſe irregular umbels ; they are white, Hift. Bloody Crane's-bill with a variegated flower.
1)
to and about the ſize of thofe ofthe common Centaury. 5. GERANIUM (Nodofum) pedunculis bifloris, foliis cau
The twelfth fort grows naturally in the Weſt-Indies , linis trilobis integris ferratis, fummis fubfeffilibus.
where it was diſcovered by Father Plumier, and the Hort. Cliff. 343. Crane's-bill with two flowers in each
late Dr. Houftoun found it growing in plenty at La foot-ftalk, the leaves upon the stalks having three entire
Vera Cruz, in low moift places where the water ftag fawed lobes, the upper leaves fitting close to the stalk.
nates, but at a remoter diſtance from the fea. The Geranium 5. nodofum. Plateau. Cluf. Hift. Knotty
feeds of this plant he fent to England, which fuc Crane's-bill.
ceeded in the Chelſea garden ; this rifes with an up 6. GERANIUM (Phaum) pedunculis bifloris, foliifque al
right branching ſtalk near two feet high, garnished ternis, calycibus fubariftatis, caule erecto, petalis un
The with oblong, fmooth, acute-pointed leaves, placed dulatis. Lin . Sp . Plant. 681. Crane's-bill with two
oppofite ; the upper part of the ftalk divides into fe flowers on each foot -talk, alternate leaves, bearded em
SNUP

veral forks , between which are fix or feven long na palements, an erect ſtalk, and waved petals to the flower.
Fruthiy ked foot-ſtalks, each ſuſtaining one large blue flower, Geranium phæum five fufcum, petalis reflexis, folio
PLSE

divided into five fegments at the brim. The flowers non maculofo. H. L. Brown Crane's-bill with reflexed
are fucceeded by oblong capſules with one cell, filled petals, and leaves not ſpotted.
2 with fmall feeds. 7. GERANIUM (Fufcum) pedunculis bifloris, foliis quin
This is propagated by feeds, which must be fown quelobatis incifis, petalis reflexis . Crane's-bill with two
on a hot-bed foon after they are ripe, and the plants flowers upon each foot-ftalk, leaves divided into five lobes,
afterward treated in the fame manner as other tender which are cut, and the petals of the flowers reflexed.
annual plants from warm countries, being too tender Geranium phæum five fufcum , petalis rectis feu pla
to thrive in the open air in England . If the feeds of nis, folio maculato. H. L. Brown Crane's-bill with
this plant are fown in autumn, in pots placed in the plain petals, and spotted leaves.
tan-bed of the ſtove, they will fucceed better than 8. GERANIUM ( Striatum) pedunculis bifloris , altero bre
能 when they are fown in the fpring, and the plants will viore, foliis quinquelobis medio dilatatis, petalis bilo
flower early, fo good feeds may be obtained. bis venofo reticulatis. Burm . Ger. Crane's-bill with two
GENTIANELLA . See GENTIANA. flowers upon each foot -
ftalk, one bigger than the other,
GERANIUM . Lin. Gen. Plant . 346. Tourn . Inſt. leaves having five lobes, and flowers with two lobes. Ge
R. H. 266. tab. 142. [ takes its name from réga &, ranium Romanum , verficolor five ftriatum . Park. Par.
Gr. a crane, or ftork, becauſe its fruit refembles the Roman Crane's-bill withftriped flowers.
7
bill of a Crane. ] Crane's-bill ; in French, Bec de Gruë. 9. GERANIUM ( Sylvaticum) pedunculis bifloris, foliis
23
S The CHARACTERS are, fubpeltatis quinquelobis incifo-ferratis, caule erecto,
The flower bath a permanent empalement, composedof petalis emarginatis. Flor. Lapp . 266. Crane's-bill with
five small oval leaves. The flower bath five petals, two flowers on each foot- talk, target -
shaped leaves with
which are oval, or heart-shaped, fpreading open ; thefe are five lobes deeply fawed, an creet stalk, and indented petals
in fome fpecies equal, and in others, the upper two are to the flower. Geranium batrachioides montanum
much larger than the three lower. It bath ten ftamina, noftras. Ger. Mountain Crane's- bill with a Crow - foot
which are alternately longer, but are shorter than the pe leaf.
"
tals, and are terminated by oblong fummits. In the bot 10. GERANIUM (Orientale) pedunculis bifloris, foliifque
tom of the flower is fituated a five- cornered germen, fup oppofitis, petalis integris, calycibus brevioribus. Eft
porting an awl s -haped style longer than the ftamina, ern Dove's-foot Crane's-bill, with oppofite leaves, two
which is permanent, crowned by five reflexed ftigmas. The flowers on each foot-
stalk, and a short empalement. Ge
in ranium Orientale columbinum, flore maximo, afpho
flower is fucceeded by five feeds, each being wrapped up
the bulk of the beak, which is extended the length of the deli radice. T. Cor. Oriental Dove's-foot Crane's- bill,
Style, where they are twisted together at the point, fo as with an Afphodel root and large flowers.
to form the refemblance of a ftork's beak. 11. GERANIUM (Perenne) pedunculis bifloris, foliis in
This genus of plants is ranged in the ſecond ſection of ferioribus quinque-partito-multifidis rotundis, fuperi
Linnæus's fixteenth claſs, which includes thofe plants oribus trilobis, caule ere&o . Hudf. Flor. Ang. 265.
whofe flowers have ten ſtamina, and the male and fe Crane's-bill with two flowers on each foot- talk, the
male organs are joined in one body. Tournefort lower leaves having five many-pointed lobes, the upper
three,
 GER GER

three, and an erect ftalk. Geranium Columbinum pe with a one-leaved empalement, and angular heeded leaves
renne Pyrenaicum maximum. Tourn. Inft. R. H. Sharply indented. Geranium Africanum arborefcens,
268. Greatest perennial Dove's -foot Crane's-bill of the ibifci folio angulofo , floribus amplis purpureis . Phil.
Pyrennes. Tranf. 388. African-tree Crane's-bill with an angular
12. GERANIUM (Alpinum) pedunculis longiffimis multi Marshmallow leaf, and large purple flowers.
floris, calycibus ariftatis, foliis bipinnatis . Crane's 23. GERANIUM ( Zonale) calycibus monophyllis, foliis
bill with very long foot -ftalks fuftaining many flowers, cordato-orbiculatis incifis zona notatis . Hort. Upfal.
bearded empalements, and double wing-pointed leaves. 196. Crane's-bill, with a one-leaved empalement, and
Geranium Alpinum Coriandri folio, longius radica round beart-shaped leaves, which are cut, and marked
tum, flore majore purpureo. Michel . Alpine Crane's with a circle. Geranium Africanum arborefcens, al
bill with a Coriander leaf, a long root, and a larger pur chimillæ hirfuto folio , floribus rubicundis. Com.
ple flower. Præl. African-tree Crane's- bill with an bairy Ladies
13. GERANIUM (Argenteum) pedunculis bifloris, foliis Mantle leaf, and red flowers.
fubpeltatis feptempartitis trifidis tomentofo -fericeis, 24. GERANIUM ( Inquinans) calycibus monophyllis, fo
petalis emarginatis . Amoen. Acad . 4. p. 324. Crane's liis orbiculato-reniformibus tomentofis crenatis inte
bill with two flowers on each foot -stalk, target-shaped griufculis, caule fruticofo. Hort. Upfal. 195. Crane's
leaves divided into feven parts, which are filvery, and the bill with a one-leaved empalement, and round kidney
petals of the flower indented. Geranium argenteum fhaped leaves which are woolly, crenated, entire, and a
Alpinum. C. B. P. 318. Silvery Alpine Crane's-bill. Shrubbyftalk. Geranium Africanum arborefcens, mal
14. GERANIUM ( Maculatum) pedunculis bifloris, caule væ folio plano lucido, flore elegantiffimè kermelino.
dichotomo erecto, foliis quinquepartitis incifis fum Di van Leur. Boerh. Ind . African- tree Crane's bill,
mis feffilibus. Flor. Virg. 78. Crane's-bill with two with a plain, fhining, Mallow leaf, and an elegant fear
flowers on each foot-talk, upright ftalks divided by pairs, let flower.

and cut leaves divided into five parts, the upper fitting 25. GERANIUM (Capitatum) calycibus monophyllis, fo
clofe to the ftalk. Geranium batrachioides America liis lobatis undatis villofis, caule fruticofo. Hort.
num maculatum , floribus obfoletè cæruleis . Hort. Upfal. 196. Crane's bill with empalements of one leaf,
1
Elth . 158. American spotted Crane's-bill with obfolete leaves divided into lobes, which are waved and hairy, and
blue flowers. a fhrubby stalk. Geranium Africanum frutefcens,
15. GERANIUM ( Bohemicum) pedunculis bifloris petalis malvæ folio odorato laciniato. H. L. African fhrubby
emarginatis arillis hirtis cotyledonibus trifidis medio Crane's-bill with ajagged, fweet-fmelling, Mallow leaf.
truncatis. Burm . Ger. 4. Crane's- bill with two flowers 26. GERANIUM (Vitifolium ) calycibus monophyllis, fo
on each foot-stalk, indented petals to the flower, hairy liis adfcendentibus lobatis pubefcentibus, caule fruti
beards, and a trifid leaf. Geranium annuum minus ba cofo. Hort. Upfal. 196. Crane's- bill with one-leaved
trachiodes Bohemicum, purpuro- violaceum . Mor. empalements, afcending leaves which have lobes, are co
Hift. 2. 511. Leffer annual Crane's- bill of Bohemia, with vered with foft hairs, and a fhrubby stalk. Geranium
a purple Violet flower. Africanum frutefcens, malvæ folio laciniato, odo
16. GERANIUM ( Sibiricum ) pedunculis fubunifloris, fo rato inftar meliffe, flore purpurafcente. Boerh. Ind.
liis quinquepartitis acutis foliolis pinnatifidis . Lin. African fhrubby Crane's-bill, with a jagged Mallow leaf
Sp. Plant. 683. Crane's-bill with one flower on a foot Smelling like Balm, and a purplish colouredflower.
ftalk, leaves divided into five acute parts, and the fmall 27. GERANIUM ( Papileonaceum) calycibus monophyllus,
er leaves wing-pointed. corollis papilionaceis, alis carinaque minutis, foliis
17. GERANIUM (Mofchatum) pedunculis multifloris, flo angulatis, caule fruticofo. Hort. Cliff. 345. Crane's
ribus pentandris foliis pinnatis incifis cotyledonibus bill with an empalement of one leaf, a butterflyflower,
pinnatifidis. Burm. Ger. 22. Crane's- bill with many whofe wings and keel are very fmall, and a fhrubby
flowers on each foot-ftalk, having five ftamina to the ftalk. Geranium Africanum arborefcens, malvæ fo
flowers, and cut winged leaves. Geranium cicutæ folio , lio mucronato, petalis florum inferioribus vix con
mofchatum. C. B.. P. Mufked Crane's-bill, frequently fpicuis. Phil. Tranf. African- tree Crane's-bill with a
called Mufcovy. pointed Mallow leaf, and the under petals of the flower
18. GERANIUM ( Gruinum) pedunculis fub multifloris , Scarce difcernible.
floribus pentandris, foliis ternatis lobatis. Burm. 28. GERANIUM (Acetofum) calycibus monophyllis, foliis
Ger. 32. Crane's-bill with many flowers on a foot -ftalk, glabris obovatis carnofis crenatis, caule fruticofo.
five ftamina to the flower, and ternate lobed leaves. Hort. Cliff. 345. Crane's- bill with empalements of one
Geranium latifolium annuum, cæruleo flore, acu lon leaf, fmooth, oval, fleshy leaves, which are crenated, and
giffimâ. H. Ox. Broad-leaved annual Crane's-bill with a a fhrubby stalk. Geranium Africanum frutefcens,
blue flower, and a very long beak. folio craffo & glauco, acetofæ fapore. Com. Præl.
19. GERANIUM ( Ciconium ) pedunculis multifloris, caly African fhrubby Crane's-bill with a thick glacuous leaf,
cibus pentaphyllis, floribus pentandris, foliis pinna and an acid taste like Sorrel.
tis acutis finuatis. Lin . Sp. Plant. 680. Crane's-bill 29. GERANIUM (Carnofum) calycibus monophyllis, caule
with many flowers on each foot-ftalk, having five-leaved fruticofo, articulis carnofo gibbofis, foliis pinnatifidis
empalements, five ftamina to the flowers, and acute, finuated, laciniatis, petalis linearibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 67.
winged leaves. Geranium Cicutæ folio, acu longiffimâ. Crane's-bill with an empalement of one leaf, a fhrubby
C. B. P. 319. Crane's- bill with a Hemlock leaf, and very Stalk with fleshy knees, wing-pointed leaves, and very
long beaks to the feed. narrow petals to the flower. Geranium Africanum
20. GERANIUM (Vifcofum) pedunculis multifloris, caly frutefcens, chelidonii folio, petalis florum anguftis
cibus pentaphyllis, floribus pentandris, foliis bipin albidis, carnofo caudice. Phil. Tranf. Geranium Afri
natis multifidis caule erecto . Crane's-bill with many canum, folio alceæ, flore albo. Boerh. Ind . alt. Afri
flowers on each foot -
ftalk, having five-leaved empale can fhrubby Crane's- bill with a leaf like the Alcea, the
ments, flowers with five ftamina, and many-pointed petals ofthe flower white and narrow, and a fleshy stalk.
winged leaves. Geranium cicutæ folio vifcofum erec 30. GERANIUM ( Gibbofum ) calycibus monophyllis, caule
tum, acu longiffimâ. Juffieu. Erect viscous Crane's-bill fruticofo, geniculis carnofis gibbofis, foliis fubpin
with a Hemlock leaf, and very long beaks to the feed. natis appofitis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 677. Crane's-bill with
21. GERANIUM ( Cucullatum ) calycibus monophyllis, fo a one-leaved empalement, shrubby stalk withfleshy knees,
liis cuculatis dentatis. Hort. Cliff. 345. Crane's -bill and winged leaves placed oppofite. Geranium Africa
with an empalement ofone leaf, and indented hooded leaves. num noctu olens , tuberofum & nodofum, aquilegiæ
Geranium Africanum arborefcens , ibifci folio rotun foliis. H. L. African Crane's-bill fmelling sweet in the
do, carline odore . H. L. African-tree Crane's-bill with night, with knotty tuberous ftalks, and leaves like Co
a round Marshmallow leaf, and fmell of the Carline lumbine.
Thiftle. 31. GERANIUM (Fulgidum ) calycibus monophyllis, fo
22. GERANIUM ( Angulofum) calycibus monophyllis, fo liis tripartitis incifis, intermedia majore umbellis, ge
liis cuculatis angulofis, acutè dentatis. Crane's-bill minis, caule fruticofo carnofa. Lin. Vir. 67. Crane's
bill
 C
pat G G
st E
22 E
R leaves cut into three Rminus.
coriandri, floribus incarnatis, H. L. Lefer
bill with one-leaved empalements,
1. African Crane's-bill with a Coriander leaf, and afief
Segments, the middle one being the largest, double foot
coloured flower.
Stalks with flowers growing in umbels, and a fhrubby
Burs fleshy talk. Geranium Africanum, folio alceæ, flore 41. GERANIUM (Romanum ) pedunculis multifloris, flo
in& coccineo fulgidiffimo . Boerh. Ind . alt. 1. p. 264. ribus pentandris, foliis pinnatis incifis, fcapis radica
ON
L African Crane's-bill with a Vervain Mallow leaf, and a libus. Burm. Ger. 30. Crane's- bill with many flowers on
Dut
e deep Scarlet flower. each foot f-talk, tut winged leaves, and foot-ftalks rifing
ind .Cr.
a 32. GERANIUM ( Peltatum) calycibus monophyllis, fo from the root. Geranium myrrhinum tenuifolium,
Lavy Laz lis, quinquelobis integerrimis glabris peltatis, caule amplo flore purpureo . Barrel. rar. 563 .
fruticofo. Hort . Cliff. 345. Crane's- bill with empale 42. GERANIUM (Groffularoides ) calycibus monophyllis,
mobil foliis cordatis fubrotundis lobatis crenatis, caule her
it ments of one leaf, and smooth target -fhaped leaves, hav
· Pino ing five lobes, which are entire. Geranium Africanum baceo lævi. Burm. Ger. 53. Crane's-bill with empale
foliis inferioribus afari, fuperioribus ftaphidifagriæ, ments of one leaf, roundish heart-shaped leaves which
195.Crat *
maculatis, fplendentibus, & acetofe fapore. Com. are crenated, and herbaceous fmooth ftalks. Geranium
FR a Præl. African Crane's-bill with the under leaves like Afa Africanum, uvæ crifpæ folio, floribus exiguis rubel
A
Chee rabacca, and the upper leaves like Stavefacre, fhining, lis. H. L. African Crane's-bill with a Geofeberry leaf,
s
оразовые Spotted, and tafting like Sorrel. and fmall reddifh flowers.
Crat 33. GERANIUM (Alchimilloides) calycibus monophyllis, 43. GERANIUM ( Betulinum ) calycibus monophyllis, fo
e
foliis orbiculatis palmatis incifis pilofis, caule her liis ovatis inæqualiter ferratis planis, caule fruticofo .
baceo. Lin. Vir. 67. Crane's-bill with empalements of Lin. Sp. Plant. 679. Crane's-bill with one- leaved empale
one leaf, roundish hand-
shaped leaves, which are divided, ments, and oval plain leaves unequally fawed, and a
7
5
6

hairy, and an herbaceous ftalk. Geranium Africanum , fhrubby ftalk. Geranium frutefcens, folio lato den
7
5
2
7
4

alchimillæ hirfuto folio, floribus albidis. H. L. Afri tato, flore magno rubente. Burm . Afr. 92. tab. 33.
can Crane's-bill with a hairy Ladies Mantle leaf, and Shrubby Crane's-bill with a broad indented leaf, and large
whitish flowers. reddish flower.
34. GERANIUM ( Odoratiffimum) calycibus monophyllis, 44. GERANIUM (Chium) pedunculis multifloris, floribus
ANTARA

caule carnofo breviffimo, ramis herbaceis longis foliis pentandris, foliis cordatis incifis, fuperioribus lyrato
cordatis. Hort. Cliff. 345. Crane's- bill with empale pinnatifidis. Burm. Ger. 35. Crane's- bill with many
ments of one leaf, a very short fleshy talk, long her flowers on each foot -
ftalk, heart shaped cut leaves at bot
2.9 A N

baceous branches, and heart-shaped leaves. Gerani tom, the upper lyre-shaped and winged. Geranium
um Africanum, folio malvæ craffo molli odoratif chium vernum Caryphyllatæ folio . Tourn . Cor. 20.
4,23 fimo, flofculo pentapetalo albo . Boerh . Ind. alt. Afri 45. GERANIUM ( Malacoides) pedunculis multifloris, flo
HU

can Crane's-bill with a thick, foft, fweet-fmelling Mal ribus pentandris foliis cordatis fublobatis . Hort.
LI low leaf, and a small white flower compofed of five Cliff. 344. Crane's- bill with many flowers on each ſtalk,
NR

leaves. and heart-shaped lobed leaves. Geranium folio Althæææ.

35. GERANIUM (Trifte) calycibus monophyllis, feffili C. B. P. 318.
bus fcapis bifidis monophyllis . Lin. Sp . 950. Crane's 46. GERANIUM (Glaucophyllum) pedunculis multifloris,
bill with feffile empalements of one leaf, a bifid ftalk, and floribus pentandris, foliis ovatis ferratis incanis line
a roundish root. Geranium Americanum, noctu olens, aris. Lin. Sp. 952. Crane's- bill with many flowers on
radice tuberosâ, triſte. Corn . H. Ox . American tube each stalk, and oval jawed leaves. Geranium Ægyp
Crate
rous-rooted Crane's-bill, fmelling fweet in the night. tiacum glaucophyllon , roftris longiffimis plumofis.
36. GERANIUM (Myrrhifolium) calycibus monophyllis, 47. GERANIUN (Carolinianum) pedunculis bifloris, caly
foliis bipinnatis, inferioribus cordatis lobatis, caule cibus ariftatis, foliis multifidis , arillis hirfutis . Prod.
herbaceo, calycibus ftrigofis. Burm. Ger. 59. Crane's Leyd. 351. Crane's- bill with two flowers on each ſtalk,
100
bill with empalements of one leaf, doubly wing-pointed bearded empalements, many pointed leaves, and hairy
leaves, the lower heart-shaped with lobes, and an herba beaks. Geranium columbinum Carolinum, capfulis
ceous ftalk. Geranium Africanum tuberofum, ane nigris hirfutis . Hort. Elth. 162 .
яра mones folio, incarnato flore. Par. Bat. Tuberous- 48. GERANIUM ( Althæoides) calycibus monophyllis, fo
rooted African Crane's-bill with an Anemony leaf, and a liis cordato-ovatis plicatis finuatis crenatis, caule her
Ton
pale, flefb-coloured flower. baceo proftrato. Hort . Cliff. 354. Crane's-bill with a
37. GERANIUM (Paftinacafolium) calycibus monophyllis, one-leaved empalement, oval heart-shaped plaited leaves,
foliis decompofitis pinnatifidis, acutis pedunculis lon which are indented, and a proftrate herbaceous ftalk.
་ 3:

giffimis. Crane's-bill with empalements of one leaf, de Geranium folio Althææ. Africanum odore meliffe .
compounded leaves ending in acute winged points, and Boerh . Ind. 1. p. 263.
very long foot -ftalks to the flower. Geranium Africa The first fort grows naturally in moift meadows in
num noctu olens, radice tuberosâ, foliis paftinacæ many parts of England, but is frequently planted in
incanis lanuginofis latioribus, flore pallide flavefcente. gardens for the beauty of its large blue flowers ; of
H. L. B. Night -fmelling Crane's-bill with a tuberous this there is a variety with white flowers, and another
root, broad, woolly, hoary, Parfnep leaves, and a pale with variegated flowers ; but theſe are apt to dege
yellowish flower. nerate to the common fort, if they are raiſed from feeds,
38. GERANIUM ( Villofum) calycibus monophyllis, foliis but by parting of their roots they may be continued.
pinnatifidis villofis, laciniis linearibus. Crane's-bill with It hath a perennial root, which fends up many ftalks,
empalements of one leaf, hairy wing-pointed leaves, having which rife near three feet high , garnished with tar
"
very narrow fegments. Geranium Ethiopicum, noctu get-ſhaped leaves, divided into fix or feven lobes ;
olens, radice tuberosâ, foliis myrrhidus anguftioribus. thefe are cut into feveral acute fegments, after the
1
Breyn. Cent. Night fweet-fmelling Ethiopian Crane's manner of winged leaves, ending in many points.
bill with a tuberous root, and narrow Cicely leaves. The flowers are produced at the top of the ftalks,
39. GERANIUM ( Lobatum) calycibus monophyllis , caule each foot-ftalk fuftaining two flowers, whofe petals
truncato, fcapis fubradicalibus, umbella compofita . are large and equal ; they are of a fine blue colour,
Lin. Sp . 950. Crane's-bill with empalements of one and appear in May and June.
leaf, a truncated ftalk, foot -ftalks arifing from the root, The varieties of this may be preferved by parting of
and a compound umbel offlowers. Geranium Africa their roots in autumn ; they may be planted in almoſt
num noctu olens, folio vitis hirfuto, tuberofum . H. any foil or fituation, and require no other culture but
L. Night fweet-fmelling African Crane's-bill with a to keep them clean from weeds . They may alfo be
bairy Vine leaf, and a tuberous root. propagated by feeds, but by this method they are very
40. GERANIUM (Coriandrifolium) calycibus monophyllis, apt to vary in the colour of their flowers. If the feeds
foliis bipinnatis linearibus fquarrofis, caule her of theſe plants are permitted to ſcatter, the plants will
baceo læviufculo . Lin. Sp. 949. Crane's-bill with come up without any farther care.
a one-leaved empalement, doubly winged rough leaves, The fecond fort grows naturally in Germany and
and a very ſmooth ſtalk. Geranium Africanum , folio Switzerland ; this hath a thick, fleshy, perennial root,
6 C from
 GER GER

from which arife feveral branching ftalks, which grow fufficient to conftitute a specific difference between
about one foot high, garniſhed with leaves at each them. This may be propagated and treated in the
joint, which are divided into five lobes ; and are di fame manner as the first fort. It grows naturally on
vided at the top into many fhort fegments, which are the Alps.
crenated on their edges; they are of a light green, and The eighth fort hath a perennial root, which fends
fmooth. The flowers are produced at the end of the up many branching ſtalks a foot and a half high,
branches, many growing together in a bunch, but garniſhed with light green leaves ; thofe on the
each fhort foot-ftalk fuftains two flowers . The flowers
lower part of the ftalk hath five lobes, and ftand
have fwollen empalements, refembling inflated blad upon long foot-ſtalks ; but thofe on the upper part
ders. The petals are pretty large, equal, and of a have but three lobes, fit cloſer to the ftalks, and
fine bright purple colour, and the ſtamina and ſtyle are fharply indented on the edges ; the flowers ftand
こ are much longer than the petals ; the whole plant, upon long flender foot-ftalks, each fuftaining two
when rubbed, emits an agreeable odour. This flowers flowers, compofed of five obtufe petals, which are
about the fame time with the firſt fort, and may be
deeply indented at the top ; they are of a dull white,
propagated and treated in the fame manner, the plant with many purple ftripes running longitudnally thro'
being equally hardy. them. Theſe appear in June, and in cool feaſons
The third fort grows naturally in many parts of Eng there will be a fucceffion of flowers a great part of
land, but is often admitted into gardens ; this hath July. This fort is very hardy, fo may be propagated
pretty thick, fleshy, fibrous roots , which grow to a by dividing of the roots, or from feeds, in the fame
large head, from which arife many ftalks, gar manner as the firft fort.
nifhed with leaves, divided into five lobes, which The ninth fort grows plentifully in the meadows in
are again divided almoſt to the midrib. The flowers Lancaſhire and Weftmoreland ; this hath a perennial
ſtand upon long hairy foot-ſtalks , which come out root, which fends out three or four upright talks
from the fide of the ftalk, each fuftaining one flower, about nine inches high, garniſhed with leaves, having
compoſed of five broad regular petals , which are of a five lobes, which are fawed on their edges ; they are
deep purple colour. This fort flowers in June and Ju placed oppofite on the ftalks ; thofe on the lower
ly ; there are two varieties mentioned of this fort as part have pretty long foot-ftalks, but thofe on the
diftinct fpecies, one whofe ftalks grow more erect, and upper part fit clofer. The flowers are fituated
the other hath leaves more deeply divided ; but the on the top of the ftalks, ftanding upon fhort foot
plants which I have raiſed from feeds of theſe do not ftalks, each fuftaining two pretty large blue flowers,
come up the fame as the parent plants, fo they are with entire petals. This flowers in May and June,
only feminal varieties . and may be propagated and treated in the fame way
This hath a perennial root, which may be parted in as the firſt fort.
autumn, and thereby propagated ; or it may be pro The tenth fort was diſcovered by Dr. Tournefort in
pagated by feeds, and the plants treated in the fame the Levant, from whence he ſent the feeds to the Royal
manner as the firſt. Garden at Paris ; this hath a perennial root, from
The fourth fort hath been fuppofed by fome to be which ariſe a few weak ftalks about nine inches long,
only a variety of the third, but it is undoubtedly a garniſhed with leaves which are round, and divided
distinct fpecies ; for I have frequently raiſed the into five lobes, which are indented at the top, and
plants from feeds, which have always proved to be placed oppoſite on the ftalks. The flowers ftand upon
the fame. The ftalks of this plant are ſhorter than pretty long foot-ftalks, which come fingle from
t
thofe of the third, and fpread flat on the ground ; the joints of the ftalks, each fuftaining two purpliſh
the leaves are much lefs, and not fo deeply divided, flowers with entire petals, having very fhort empale
and the flowers much ſmaller and of a pale colour, ments. It flowers in June, and may be propagated
marked with purple ; it grows naturally in Lancaſhire either from feeds, or by parting of the roots in the
and Weftmoreland, where I faw it in plenty. This fame manner as the firft fort, but the plants require a
may be propagated and treated in the fame manner drier foil and a warmer fituation ; for although in
as the others. common winters it will live in the open air, yet in fe
The fifth fort is a perennial plant, of fmaller growth vere froſt theſe plants are fometimes killed, efpecially
than either of the former. It rifes with branching when they are planted in moiſt cold land.
ftalks about fix inches high, garniſhed with leaves, The eleventh fort grows naturally on the Pyrenean
having three pretty broad lobes, which are undi mountains ; this hath a perennial root, from which
vided, and crenated on their edges : thofe on the arife many branching ftalks a foot and a half high,
? lower part of the ſtalks are placed oppofite, upon garniſhed with round leaves, divided into many ob
pretty long foot-ſtalks, but the upper leaves fit cloſe tufe ſegments at the top, placed oppofite. The
to the ſtalks and are fingle. The flowers are produced flowers are produced upon fhort foot- ftalks, which
at the end of the ftalks, ftanding together upon two come out at the divifions on the fides, and at the top
fhort foot-ſtalks ; they are of a dirty purple colour, of the ſtalks ; they are in fome of a pale purple co
and appear in June. It grows naturally in France . lour, and in others white. The petals of the flowers
This fort may be propagated and treated in the fame are bifid, like thofe of the common Dove's - foot
manner as the firſt. Crane's-bill, to which the whole plant bears fome re
The fixth fort grows naturally on the Alps and Hel femblance ; but the ſtalks are erect, the leaves and
vetian mountains, and is found in fome places in the flowers much larger, and the root is perennial ; this
North of England : this hath a perennial root, from will propagate itſelf faft enough by its fcattered feeds
which arife feveral ſtalks near a foot high, with where it has once got poffeffion, and will thrive in any
leaves which are divided into five or fix lobes, which foil or fituation.
are laciniated on their edges ; thoſe which grow near The twelfth fort grows naturally upon the Alps . The
the root have long foot-ftalks, but thofe on the up feeds of this were fent me by Sig. Micheli, of Flo
per part of the ftalk fit clofe ; the ftalk branches out rence ; this hath a perennial root, which runs very
at the top into three or four divifions, each being deep into the ground. The lower leaves of the plant
1 terminated by two or three foot- ſtalks, fuftaining two have very long foot - ftalks, they are doubly winged
flowers of a dark purple colour, with erect petals . and fmooth. The ftalks rife a foot and a half high,
This flowers in June, and may be propagated by feeds which are garniſhed with leaves of the fame form as
or parting of the roots, in the fame manner as the the lower, but ſmaller, and ſtand oppofite. The
firſt fort. flowers grow many together upon very long foot
The feventh fort is very like the fixth, but the ftalks ; they are purple. This flowers in June, but
leaves are larger, the lobes fhorter, broader, and not has never ripened any feeds in England . The plant
fo much cut ; they are ſtriped with black ; the ftalks is hardy, and lives in the open air, but as the root
rife higher, the flowers are larger, and the petals are puts out no offsets, nor perfects feeds here, we have
reflexed. Thefe differences are permanent, fo are not been able to propagate it.
The

:
 ncebee
G G
reated E E
Tracra The thirteenth fort grows Rnaturally on the Alps ; this R
flowers in June and July ; this ripens feeds very well,
cy
hath a very thick perennial root, from which come and if they are permitted to fcatter, the plants will
whic out roundish leaves, divided into many parts, ſtanding come up without care ; or they may be fown in the
h
t
a tta upon pretty long foot-ftalks ; they are very filvery, fpring where they are defigned to remain, and will
bul wa and fhining like filk . The flower-ftalks rife about require no other culture but to thin them where they
e t
four or five inches high, garnished with one or two are too cloſe, and keep them clean from weeds.
, and
u ſmall leaves like thoſe below, which fit cloſe to the The nineteenth fort grows naturally in Germany and
e ppr
Tan ſtalk . The ſtalks are terminated by two pretty large Italy ; this is an annual plant, which hath ſeveral
Row y pale flowers, whofe petals are entire, and ſpread open proftrate ftalks near a foot long, garniſhed with
's
itam flat. It flowers in June, but rarely ripens feeds here ; winged leaves, cut into feveral acute parts, placed
ina
it may be propagated by parting of the roots in the oppofite. The flowers come out from the wings of
fame manner as the firft, and muſt have a fhady ſi the ſtalk, upon foot-ftalks about three inches long ;
adul
tuation. ſome of theſe ſuſtain many flowers, but others have
The fourteenth fort grows naturally in North Ame no more than two ; they are of a pale blue colour, and
COOL
rica, from whence the feeds were fent to England ; are fucceeded by very long beaks, but not fo long
this hath a perennial root, from which ariſe ſeveral or large as thofe of the former fort ; but the feeds of
prosp
e ftalks about one foot high, which divide by pairs, and this are frequently uſed for hygrometers , to fhew the
Inte
from the middle of the divifions come out the foot moiſture of the air : if the feeds of this are permitted
ſtalks ofthe flowers, which are pretty long and naked, to ſcatter, the plants will come up and thrive without
THOR
each ſuſtaining two pale purple flowers with entire any other care than to keep them clear from weeds,
14Deta petals. The leaves are divided into five parts, which and the plants which come up in autumn will flower
are cut on their edges, and are placed oppofite, the early in May, but thoſe which are ſown in the ſpring
lower having pretty long foot-ftalks, but the upper feldom flower till July. Dr. Linnæus fuppofes this
fit cloſe to the ftalks. It flowers in June, and fre and the former fort to be the fame, but whoever has
thebe quently ripens feeds, from which the plant may be feen the two plants, cannot doubt of their being diftinct
halieand
propagated ; it thrives very well in the open air, and fpecies.
requires no other culture but to keep it clean from The feeds of the twentieth fort were fent to the Chel
Ihor i weeds. fea garden by Dr. Juffieu, profeffor of botany at Pa
Lose The fifteenth fort grows naturally in Bohemia ; this ris ; this is an annual plant, which hath upright ſtalks
32 is an annual plant, which fends out many ftalks, di near two feet high, which are garniſhed with double
viding into ſeveral ſmaller, which are garniſhed with winged leaves, ending in many points ; theſe are very
leaves divided into five lobes, crenated on their edges ; viscous, and ftand oppofite. The flowers are produced
they ſtand upon long foot- ftalks, and are for the moſt on long naked foot-ftalks, ftanding many together
part oppofite. The flowers ftand by pairs upon pretty upon each ; they are of a pale blue colour, and have
long flender foot- ſtalks, which come out from the fide but five ftamina ; their empalements are compoſed of
‫ܐܐܐ‬
goli of the ftalk ; they are of a fine blue colour, and are five leaves, which end with awns. It flowers in May,
n g
dinica fucceeded by feeds, whofe capfules and beaks are June, and July, according to the times when the
black. It flowers moſt part of fummer, and the feeds feeds are fown, and the feeds ripen a month after ;
ripen foon after, which, if permitted to ſcatter, there this requires no other culture than the two former
will be a ſupply of plants, which want no other care forts.
but to keep them clean from weeds. There are ſeveral other forts of annual Geraniums,
The fixteenth fort grows naturally in Siberia. The fome of which grow naturally in England, and are
feeds of this plant were fent me by Sir Charles Lin troubleſome weeds in a garden, others grow naturally
mo
næus, profeffor of botany at Upfal ; this fort hath a in France, Spain, Italy, and Germany, and are pre
GES perennial root. The leaves are divided into five acute ſerved in botanic gardens for the fake of variety ; but
lobes, which are cut into many fharp wing-like feg as they are plants of little beauty, they are rarely ad
ments on their edges ; they are placed oppofite, and mitted into other gardens, therefore I fhall not trouble
have long flender foot-ftalks. The foot-ftalks of the the reader with an enumeration of the fpecies, which
flower come out from the wings of the ftalk ; they would fwell this article too much ; fo I fhall next treat
are pretty long, flender, and each fuftain one pale of the African Crane's-bills, which are preſerved in
Tod purplish flower. This fort flowers in June, and per moſtofthe curious gardens, where there is conveniency
fects its feeds very well, fo may be eafily propagated ; to ſcreen them from the froft in winter.
it will grow on any foil, or in any fituation. The twenty-firft fort grows naturally near the Cape
The ſeventeenth fort is an annual plant, which is of Good Hope ; this rifes with a fhrubby ſtalk eight
fometimes found growing naturally in England, but or ten feet high, fending out feveral irregular branches,
is frequently preſerved in gardens for the muſky odour garniſhed with roundish leaves, whofe fides are erect,
33 of the leaves, which in dry weather is very ftrong. fo form a fort of hood by the hollow cavity made in
0
The leaves of this are irregularly winged, the lobes the leaf. The baſe of the leaves are cut in form of
Fers grow alternate, and are cut into many obtufe fegments a heart-ſhaped leaf, and from the foot-ſtalk run many
oot on their edges. The ftalks branch into many divi nerves arifing from a point, but diverge toward the
Te fions, and frequently decline to the ground. The fides ; the borders of the leaves are ſharply indented,
and flowers are produced in umbels upon long foot- ftalks, thoſe on the lower part of the branches have long
which arife from the wings of the ſtalks ; they are foot-ſtalks, and are placed without order on every fide,
S ſmall, blue, and have but five ſtamina in each, their but thoſe on the upper part have ſhorter foot-ftalks,
empalements are compoſed of five leaves. It flowers and ftand oppofite. The flowers are produced in
in May, June, and July, and the feeds ripen foon large panicles on the top of the branches ; their em
after ; which, if permitted to ſcatter, there will be a palements are of one leaf, deeply cut into five feg
fupply of plants without care, which will require no ments, and cloſely covered with foft hairs. The pe
other culture but to keep them clean from weeds, tals are large, entire, and of a purple blue colour. It
and thin them where they are too clofe ; it will thrive flowers in June, July, Auguft, and September, and
on any foil, or in any fituation. the flowers are fucceeded by feeds, having ſhort hairy
The eighteenth fort grows naturally in Crete ; this is beaks.
an annual plant with very broad leaves, which are cut The twenty-fecond fort has fome appearance of the
on their fides regularly, in form of winged leaves, and twenty-first, but the leaves are of a thicker ſubſtance,
are crenated on their borders. The flowers are pro divided into many acute angles, having purple edges,
duced on pretty long foot- ftalks, which come out which are acutely indented. The ftalks and leaves
from the wings of the ftalk ; they have five-leaved are very hairy. The branches are not fo irregular as
empalements, and are compofed of five entire blue thofe of the former, nor are the bunches of flowers
petals ; theſe are fucceeded by the largeſt and longeſt near fo large ; theſe differences are permanent in the
beaks of any ſpecies of this genus yet known. It plants which are raiſed from feeds, fo it is undoubtedly
a diſtinct
 GER GER

a diftin&t fpecies, though Dr. Linnæus fuppofes them more afterward, as moft of the other forts are ; this
to be the fame. grows naturally at the Cape of Good Hope.
The twenty-third fort comes from the Cape of Good The twenty-eighth fort is from the fame country ; this
Hope, but is one of the oldeft, and the moſt common rifes with a fhrubby ftalk fix or feven feet high,
fort in the English gardens , this riſes with a ſhrubby fending out feveral fide branches, garnifhed with ob
ftalk four or five feet high, and divides into a great long, oval, fleſhy, ſmooth leaves, of a gray colour,
number of irregular branches, fo as to form a large which are crenated on their edges, and have an acid
head, which is often eight or ten feet high. The taſte like Sorrel. The flowers ftand upon pretty long
branches are garnished with roundish heart-ſhaped foot-ſtalks , which arife from the wings of the ftalks,
leaves, indented on their edges in feveral obtufe feg each fuftaining three or four flowers, whoſe petals are
ments, which are cut into fhort teeth at their brims ; narrow and unequal in fize ; they are of a pale blush
thefe have a purplish circle, or mark , like a horſe colour, with fome ftripes of a light red ; thefe con
fhce, through the leaf, going from one fide of the tinue in fucceffion moſt part of the fummer. There
bafe to the other, correfponding with the border of the is a variety of this with fcarlet flowers, which is faid
leaf; thefe leaves when gently rubbed, have a fcent to have been raiſed from the feeds of this fort. The
like fcalded Apples. The flowers are produced in leaves of it are larger, and ſeem to be an intermediate
pretty cloſe bunches, ftanding upon foot-italks about fpecies between this and the twenty- fourth fort, for the
five or fix inches in length, which come out from the flowers are larger than thoſe of the twenty- eighth fort,
wings of the ftalk, toward the end of the branches ; and are of a pale fcarlet colour.
they are of a reddiſh purple colour, and continue in The twenty-ninth fort hath a thick, flefhy, knotted
fucceffion great part of fummer ; there is a variety of ſtalk, which rifes about two feet high, fending out a
this with fine variegated leaves, which is preferved in few flender fleshy branches, garnished thinly with
moſt of the English gardens for the beauty of its double winged leaves, which, on the lower part of
leaves ; but as this accidentally came from the other, the ſtalk, ftand upon foot - ſtalks, but thofe above fit
it is not a diftinct fpecies, therefore I have not enu cloſe to the branches. The flowers are produced in
merated it. fmall cluſters at the end of the branches ; thefe have
The twenty-fourth fort grows naturally at the Cape five narrow white petals, which make no appearance,
of Good Hope ; this rifes with a foft fhrubby ftem to and continue in fucceffion moft part of the fummer.
the height of eight or ten feet, fending out feveral It grows naturally at the Cape of Good Hope.
branches, which are generally erect ; thefe are gar The thirtieth fort hath a round fleshy ftalk with
niſhed with roundifh kidney-fhaped leaves, which are fwelling knots at the joints, which rife about three
of a thick fubftance, and of a lucid green, ftanding feet high, and fend out feveral irregular branches,
on pretty long foot- ftalks ; they are covered with foft which are ſmooth ; they are thinly garniſhed with
hairs on their under fide, and are placed without any fmooth, fleſhy, winged leaves, ending in obtufe points ;
order. The flowers grow in looſe bunches upon long they are of a gray colour, and ftand upon fhort foot
fliff foot-ftalks, which come out from the wings of ftalks. The flowers ftand four or five upon each foot
the ftalk ; they are of a bright ſcarlet colour, fo make ftalk, which arifes from the wings of the ſtalk, and
a fine appearance, and there is a fucceffion of theſe are of a dark purple colour. The petals are broader
flowers during all the fummer months. than thofe of the former fort, and have a very agree
The twenty-fifth fort grows naturally at the Cape of able ſcent in the evening, after the fun has left them
Good Hope, but has been many years an inhabitant fome time ; this and the former fort are ſuppoſed to
of the English gardens ; this rifes with a fhrubby ſtalk be one fpecies by Dr. Linnæus, but they are very dif
four or five feet high, dividing into ſeveral weak ir ferent in many particulars, which are permanent in
regular branches, garnished with leaves divided into the plants which come up from feeds.
three unequal lobes, which are hairy and waved on The thirty-first fort hath a fleſhy ftalk which ſeldom
their edges ; they are placed alternate on the branches, rifes a foot high, and puts out very few branches ;
and ftand upon hairy foot-ftalks. The flowers grow theſe are garniſhed with fmooth, light, green leaves,
in cloſe roundifh heads on the top of the foot- ſtalks, divided into three lobes, the middle fegment being

forming a fort of corymbus ; they are of a purpliſh much larger than the others. The flowers ftand upon
blue colour, and continue in fucceffion great part of fhort foot-ſtalks, each fuftaining two or three flowers
the fummer. The leaves of this fort, when rubbed, on the top, which are of a very deep fcarlet colour,
have an odour like dried Rofes, from whence many and have unequal petals ; this fort is not regular in its
have given it the title of Rofe Geranium . feafon of flowering, fometimes it is in fpring, at other
The twenty-fixth fort is a native of the Cape of Good times in fummer, and frequently in autumn. The
Hope ; this rifes with an upright fhrubby ſtalk to the leaves of this fort fall off, fo that the ftalks are fre
height of feven or eight feet, fending out many pretty quently deftitute of them for three or four months
ftrong branches, garnifhed with leaves fhaped fome in fummer, and appear as if they were dead, but in
what like thofe of the Vine ; thofe on the lower part autumn they put out fresh leaves again.
ftand upon long foot-ftalks, but the upper have fhort The thirty-fecond fort hath many weak fhrubby ftalks,
ones ; when the leaves of this are rubbed, they have which require fupport to prevent their falling on the
a ſcent of Balm . The flowers grow in compact cluf ground ; thefe extend to the length of two or three
ters on the top of long naked foot-ftalks , which come feet, and are garniſhed with fleshy leaves, divided into
out from the wings of the ftalk, but rife much higher five obtufe lobes, which are entire ; theſe have flender
than the branches ; they are fmall, and of a pale blue foot-ftalks, which are faftened to the middle of the
leaf like the handle of a target. The leaves are
colour, fo make no great figure, but there is a fuc
ceffion of them moft part of the fummer. fmooth, of a lucid green, and have a circular purple
The twenty-feventh fort rifes with an upright ſhrubby mark in their middle ; they have an acid flavour, and
ftalk feven or eight feet high, fending out feveral are placed alternate on their branches. The flowers
fide branches, garnished with large, angular, rough are produced upon pretty long foot -ſtalks , which come
leaves, ftanding upon long foot-ftalks. The flowers out from the wings of the ftalk, each foot-ftalk fuf
are produced in large panicles at the end of the taining four or five purple flowers, compofed of five
branches ; theſe are ſhaped fomewhat like a Butterfly unequal petals. This fort continues a fucceffion of
flower, the two upper petals, which are pretty large, flowers moſt of the fummer months, and frequently
turn upward like a ftandard in the leguminous ripen feeds here.
flowers ; thefe are finely variegated, but the three The thirty-third fort fends out feveral herbaceous
under petals are ſo ſmall, as not to appear at a finall ftalks about a foot and a half in length, which trail
diftance ; theſe are reflexed downward, fo are ſcreened upon the ground if they are not fupported ; thefe are
from fight, unless the flowers are viewed near. This garnished with roundifh hand-fhaped leaves, which
fort flowers in May, at which time the plants make a are cut into many parts, and are very hairy. The
fine appearance, but they are not fucceeded by any flowers are of a pale blush colour, and ſtand ſeveral
6 together
 GER GER

together upon very long foot-ſtalks ; there is a fuc and grow about a foot high ; they are naked, and are
COUN ceffion of thefe during all the fummer months, and terminated by a bunch of dark purple flowers, with long
T
the feeds ripen accordingly about a month after the tubes, fitting clofe to the foot- talks, which have a
en f
flowers are fallen : there is a variety of this fort which very agreeable odour in the evening.
has a dark circle in the middle of the leaves, which is The four firft forts of tuberous-rooted Crane's- bill, are
daigran cl mentioned as a diftinct fpecies, but I find it is apt to by Linnæus fuppofed to be but one fpecies; but I have
an
a vary from feeds. propagated them from feeds feveral times, and have
on
The thirty-fourth fort hath a very fhort fleshy stalk , never found either of them vary from their parent
ES OF
which divides near the ground into feveral heads, each plants, fo I make no doubt of their being diftinct fpe
1421 having many leaves, which arife on feparate foot cies, for their difference of leaves is as great as in any
ofape of the other fpecies.
ftalks from the heads ; thefe are heart-shaped, foft,
www
and downy, and have a ſtrong fcent like Anifeed ; The fortieth fort is an annual plant, which grows na
Mimp
from theſe heads come out feveral flender ftalks near turally at the Cape of Good Hope ; this rifes with
a foot in length, which lie proftrate on the ground, herbaceous branching ſtalks near a foot high, which
hisfor
and are garniſhed with rounder leaves than thoſe near are garniſhed with doubly-winged leaves at each joint ;
aninter the root, but are of the fame texture, and have the the lower leaves ftand upon long foot-ftalks, but thoſe
like odour. The flowers are produced from the fide on the upper part fit clofe to the ftalks. The flowers
of theſe ſtalks, three, four, or five ftanding together ftand upon naked foot-ſtalks , which proceed from the
upon flender foot-ftalks ; they are very fmall and fide of the ſtalks , on the oppofite fide to the leaves ;
3.2 white, fo make little appearance, but the plant is pre they grow three or four together upon fhort feparate
km
ferved in gardens for the fcent of its leaves. foot-ſtalks ; theſe are ſhaped fomewhat like a papili
The thirty-fifth fort hath a thick, roundiſh , tuberous onaceous flower ; the two upper petals, which are
root, from which ariſe feveral hairy leaves, which are large, form a kind of ſtandard, the other three petals
finely divided, almoſt like thoſe of the Garden Carrot ; are narrow, and reflexed downward ; they are of a
Cla theſe ſpread near the ground , and between theſe come pale fleſh colour, appearing in July, and the feeds
out the ſtalks, which rife about a foot high, which ripen in September, foon after which the plants
Dapp are garniſhed with two or three leaves of the fame fort decay.
e
with thoſe below, but are ſmaller, and fit cloſer to the The forty-first fort hath a pretty thick tuberous root,
ſtalks ; from theſe ariſe two or three naked foot- ftalks, from which is fent out feveral irregular ftalks, which
*
which are terminated by a bunch of yellowish flowers, divide into branches, and grow diffufed ; thefe have
marked with dark purple ſpots, which ſmell very ſweet fwellingjoints, and are fomewhat ligneous ; they are
functde
after the fun hath left them ; thefe are frequently fuc garniſhed with one double winged leaf at each of the
brac
ceeded by feeds, which ripen in autumn. This is the joints, and oppofite to the leaves come out the foot
heyr
fort which has been long cultivated in the gardens, ftalks of the flowers ; thofe which are fituated on the
and is known by the title of Geranium noctu olens, lower part of the ftalk, are very long and naked, but
or Night-fcented Crane's-bill. thoſe which terminate the branches are fhorter, and
The thirty-fixth fort hath a knobbed tuberous root like have one or two fmall leaves fet at their bafe ; theſe
#
the laft, from which come out feveral pretty large foot-ſtalks are terminated by a fmall bunch of flowers,
abroad leaves, compofed of many lobes, fet along the mid fhaped like thoſe of the former fort, but larger, and
rib in the form of a winged leaf ; theſe are narrow at of a paler colour ; thefe continue in fucceffion moſt
their baſe, but are very much enlarged at their ends, part of the fummer : this and the former fort are fup
which are rounded, and cut all along their fide pofed to be the fame by Dr. Linnæus, but the former
and top into many acute points ; the ftalks which is an annual plant in every country, perifhing foon
TAC fuftain the flowers arife immediately from the root, after the feeds are perfected, and the latter is an
and fometimes have one or two fmall leaves toward abiding plant with ligneous ftalks.
the bottom, where they often divide into two naked The forty-fecond fort is a biennial plant, which grows
Thing foot-ſtalks, each being terminated by a bunch of pale naturally at the Cape of Good Hope ; this fends out
reddiſh flowers, which fmell fweet at night. a great number of very flender trailing ftalks, which
I The thirty-feventh fort hath oblong tuberous roots, are proftrate on the ground, and extend a foot and a
- from which come out feveral decompounded winged half in length, garniſhed with finall, roundifh, hand
leaves, ending in many acute points ; the fegments of fhaped leaves, which are crenated on their edges.
=h thefe leaves are broader than thofe of the thirty-fifth The flowers fit upon fhort flender foot-ftalks, which
pen fort, and the leaves are very hairy. The ftalks rife come out at every joint from the fide ofthe ftalks ;
на зае a foot and a half high, which are garniſhed with a they are very ſmall, and of a reddifh colour ; fome
fingle leaf at the two lower joints ; thefe are fingly times they are fingle, and at other times there are
19 winged, and the lobes are narrow, ftanding at a wider two or three flowers upon a foot-ftalk . They con
diſtance, and the fegments are more acute than thoſe tinue in fucceffion all the fummer, and the feeds ripen
bg 19 of the lower leaves ; at the two lower knots or joints , in about five weeks after the flowers decay.
ariſe two long naked foot-ftalks, each being termi The forty-third fort hath a fhrubby ftalk, which rifes
nated by a bunch ofyellowish flowers, which have long to the height of four or five feet, fending out feveral
tubes, and ſmell fweet in the evening when the fun branches, which are garniſhed with oblong leaves,
ree has left them. This grows naturally at the Cape of indented, and unequally fawed on their edges ; the
Good Hope. flowers ftand upon long foot-ftalks, which come out
ICO
The thirty-eighth fort hath a tuberous root like the from the fide of their branches ; they are large, of a
former, from which fpring out many hairy leaves, red colour, and the two upper petals are larger than
which are finely divided like thofe of the Pulfatilla , the other ; this fort flowers in June and July.
which have a hoary appearance, and rife immediately The forty-fourth fort grows naturally in the isle of
from the root, fpreading on every fide near the ground . Chio in the Levant. This is an annual plant, which
The foot-ftalk of the flower is naked, and rifes from fends out feveral branches a foot long; the lower leaves
the root ; this grows about nine inches high, and is are almoſt heart-shaped, but thofe on the branches
terminated by a looſe bunch of flowers, which are of are formed in the fhape of an ancient lyre. Thefe are
a very dark purple colour, and fmell fweet in the placed alternate on the branches ; the foot-ftalks of
evening. flowers are produced on the fide of the branches, theſe
The thirty-ninth fort hath fleshy tuberous roots like are fix inches long, fuftaining many bright purple
thofe of the former forts, from which come out three flowers at the top, which are fucceeded each by five
or four broad leaves, divided on their borders into feeds, having long flender beaks ; theſe ripen in five
feveral lobes, in form of a Vine leaf ; theſe ſpread flat or fix weeks after the flowers fall away, and if they
on the ground ; they are hairy, and crenated on their are permitted to ſcatter, the young plants will come
edges, ftanding upon fhort foot-ftalks . The foot up in the autumn ; and if the winter is favourable,
ftalks of the flowers arife immediately from the root, they will live in the open air, fo will flower early the
6 D following

1
 "
*

GER GER

following ſpring : but if theſe ſhould be killed in the ty-first and forty-third forts, are commonly propa
winter, fome feeds fhould be fown in the fpring, on gated by cuttings, which, if planted in a fhady bor
a border of light ground, and when the plants come der in June or July, will take good root in five or fix
up they ſhould be thinned, and kept clear from weeds ; weeks, and may then be taken up and planted into
thefe will flower in July, and their feeds will ripen in ſeparate pots, placing them in the thade till theyhave
Auguft. taken new root ; after which they may be removed in
The forty-fifth fort grows naturally in Portugal and to a fheltered fituation , and treated in the fame man
Spain ; this is an annual plant, whofe lower leaves are ner as the feedling plants. The twenty-ninth, thir
heart-shaped, and divided into three lobes ; the foot tieth, thirty-firft, and thirty-fecond forts, have more
ftalks of the flowers are placed on the fide of the fucculent ftalks than either of the other, fo the cut
branches, which extend a foot and a half each way ; tings of theſe forts fhould be planted into pots filled
theſe incline to the ground . The foot- ſtalks fuftain with light kitchen-garden earth, and plunged into a
many bright red flowers, which are fucceeded each by very moderate hot-bed, where they fhould be fhaded
five feeds, having pretty long beaks . This flowers from the fun in the heat of the day, and fhould have
and feeds about the fame time as the former fort, and but little water ; for thefe are very apt to rot with
requires the fame culture. much moisture, fo they muft only be gently refreſhed
The forty-fixth fort grows naturally in Egypt. This now and then with water. When theſe are well root
is an annual plant, having oval fawed leaves of a gray ed, they may be feparated and planted in pots filled
colour ; the branches extend a foot in length, adorned with the fame fort of earth, and placed in the fhade
with ſmall leaves placed alternate, and toward the end till they have taken new root ; then they may be re
have three or four foot-ftalks produced from their moved into a ſheltered fituation, where they may re
fides, fuftaining feveral pale blue flowers, which are main till autumn. Theſe four forts fhould be fparing
each fucceeded by five feeds, having long feathery ly watered at all times, but especially in the winter,
beaks. for they are apt to take a mouldineſs with moisture,
This fort is much tenderer than the two former, there or in a damp air : they will thrive much better in an
fore ifthe feeds are fown on a moderate hot-bed in the airy glass-cafe than in a green-houfe, becaufe in the
fpring, and when the weather becomes warm, the former they will have more fun and air than in the
plants are carefully tranſplanted on a ſheltered border, latter, fo will not be fo liable to have a mouldineſs or
there will be greater certainty of their perfecting rot. But all the other fhrubby forts are proper furni
feeds. ture for the green- houfe, where they will only require
The forty-feventh fort grows naturally in Carolina, protection from froft, but ſhould have a large fhare
and is an annual plant, greatly reſembling our common of free air when the weather is mild ; they will re
Dove's-footCrane's- bill, but is ſmaller, and the branches quire water every week, in mild weather once or twice,
are ſhorter ; the flowers are very fmall, of a pale blue but it ſhould not be given them in too great plenty,
colour ; theſe are fucceeded by five feeds, having fhort eſpecially in frofty weather. Thefe plants fhould be
erect beaks, which are black. If the feeds of this fort hardened in the fpring gradually, and toward the
are permitted to ſcatter, the plants will arife without middle or latter end of May, they may be taken out
farther care ; and if thinned and kept clean from of the green-houſe, and at firſt placed under the ſhelter
weeds, will produce flowers and feeds. of trees, where they may remain a fortnight or three
The forty-eighth fort has fome refemblance of the weeks to harden ; then fhould be removed into a fi
forty-fifth, but the leaves are more of an oval heart tuation where they may be defended from strong
fhape ; the flowers are alfo of a bright red colour. winds, and enjoy the morning fun till eleven o'clock,
This grows naturally at the Cape of Good Hope ; the where they will thrive better than in a warmer
plant is tender, therefore will require the fame treat fituation.
ment as the forty-feventh fort, with which they will As theſe fhrubby forts grow pretty faft, fothey foon
produce flowers and feeds, after which the plants fill the pots with their roots ; and if they ftand long
decay. unremoved in fummer, they frequently put out their
All the forts of African Crane's-bill may be propa roots through the holes at the bottom of the pots into
gated by feeds ; theſe may be fown upon a bed of the ground, and then the plants will grow vigorously;
light earth toward the end of March, where the plants but when they are fuffered to grow long in this
will appear in a month or five weeks after, and by manner, it will be difficult to remove them, for if
the beginning of June the plants will be fit to remove; their roots are torn off, all the younger branches will
when they fhould be carefully taken up, and each decay, and many times the plants are killed. There
planted into a ſeparate pot, filled with light kitchen fore the pots fhould be moved once in a fortnight or
garden earth, and placed in a fhady fituation till the three weeks, in the fummer months, and the roots
plants have taken new root ; then they may be removed which may be then pushing through the holes inthe
into a ſheltered fituation, and placed among other of pots cut off, to prevent their ſtriking into the ground.
the hardier green- houſe plants, where they may remain Theſe plants will alfo require to be new potted at leaft
till autumn, when they muſt be removed into the twice in the fummer ; the firſt time ſhould be after
green-houſe, and treated in the fame manner as other they have been three weeks or a month out of the
hardy kinds of green-houſe plants. green-houte ; the fecond fhould be towards the end
But thofe who are defirous to have their plants large, of Auguft, or the beginning of September, that the
and flower foon, fow the feeds upon a moderate hot plants may have time to eſtabliſh their new roots be
bed in the ſpring, on which the plants will come up fore they are removed into the green-houſe.
much fooner, and will be fit to remove long before When theſe are new potted, all the roots on the out
thoſe which are fown in the open air ; but when theſe fide of the balls of earth fhould be carefully pared
plants come up, there muſt be great care taken not to off, and as much of the old earth drawn away from
draw them up weak ; and when theſe are tranfplanted, the roots, as can be done with fafety to the plants ;
the pots fhould be plunged into another moderate hot then if they require it, they fhould be put into pots a
bed, obferving to fhade them from the fun till they fize larger than thofe out of which they were taken,
have taken new root ; then they must be gradually putting a quantity of freſh earth into the bottom of
´inured to bear the open air, into which they fhould be the pot ; then place the plants upon that, being care
removed the beginning of June, and placed in a fhel ful the ball about the roots of the plant is not fo high
tered fituation with other exotic plants. If thefe as the rim of the pot, that fome room may be left to
plants are brought forward in the fpring, moſt of contain the water which may be given to the plants.
the forts will flower the fame fummer, and the plants Then the cavity all round the ball fhould be filled up
will be very ſtrong before the winter, fo will make a with freſh earth, which fhould be gently preffed down,
better appearance in the green-houſe. and the bottom of the pot beaten upon the ground,
The fhrubby African Geraniums, from the twenty to ſettle down the earth ; then the plant fhould be well
firft to the thirty-fecond inclufive, and alfo the for watered, and the ftem faftened to a rail, to prevent
the
5
 TOP
G G
2016 E E
y18 the wind from difplacing R R
inbe of the root before they are taken new root ; then they muſt be gradually hardened
fixed in the new earth. to bear the open air, into which they should be re
alltheve The compoft in which I have always found theſe moved in June ; and when the plants have filled the
r fmall pots with their roots, they ſhould be fhaken out,
e ese plants thrive beft (where there has not been a conve
hefactth niency of getting fome good kitchen-garden earth) and the ball of earth preferved to their roots, and put
was freſh hazel loam from a pafture, mixed with a into pots a fize larger, in which they will flower and
fourth or fifth part of rotten dung ; if the earth is ripen feeds, and foon after the plants will decay.
ave
inclinable to bind, then a mixture of rotten tan is The forty-fecond fort is alfo propagated by feeds,
,
preferable to dung ; but if it is light and warm, then which may be either fown upon a moderate hot-bed
Topet
Mung a mixture of neat's-dung is beſt : this compoft fhould in the fpring, or upon a bed of light earth in the open
al
And be'P
be mixed three or four months before it is uſed, and air, where the plants will come up very well, though
fhould be turned over three or four times, that the they will not be fo forward as thoſe on the hot-bed.
parts may be well mixed and incorporated ; but where Thoſe which are fown in the open air will require no
LOE
a quantity of good kitchen-garden earth can be had, other care but to keep them clean from weeds, and
mayrende
which has been well worked, and is clean from the thin the plants where they are too cloſe. Theſe plants
arewoul
roots of bad weeds, there will need no compofition, will flower in July and Auguft, and if the autumn
inposta for in that they will thrive full as well as in any mix proves favourable, the feeds will ripen in September
inthe but iftheſe ſhould fail, thoſe which were raiſed on the
ture which can be made for them, efpecially if the
I mays earth has lain in a heap for fome time, and has been hot-bed will come earlier to flower, fo there will be
toey dan two or three times turned over to break the clods , no danger of their perfecting feeds ; and theſe plants,
&betastin and make it fine : theſe plants fhould not be planted if they are in pots, may be preferved through the
ICRE in very rich earth, for that will cauſe them to grow winter, ifthey are plunged into an old tan-bed under
htt very luxuriant, but they will not flower fo well as in a frame, and treated in the fame manner as the tu
bese a poorer foil. berous-rooted forts before mentioned ,
Cal
l The thirty-third fort hath herbaceous ftalks, fo is beſt The fhrubby forts muſt be looked over frequently
chan
d propagated by feeds, which the plants produce in during the winter, while they are in the green-houſe,
The great plenty; but the cuttings of this will take root as to pick off all decayed leaves from them, which, if
r
roger freely as either of the other, but the feedling plants left on, will not only render the plants unfightly, but
are preferable to thofe propagated by cuttings ; and by their falling off, they will occafion litter among
where the feeds of this and many other ofthe African the other plants ; and ifthey are fuffered to rot in the
forts are permitted to ſcatter, there will be a ſupply houſe, they will occafion a foul, nafty, damp air,
Sl
of young plants come up the fpring following, pro which will be very prejudicial to all the plants ; there
E
vided the feeds are not buried too deep in the ground. fore to avoid this, they fhould be conftantly picked
The thirty-fourth fort may be propagated by feeds, off every week ; and during the fummer feafon, they
201 or from heads flipped off from the fhort fleſhy ſtalk ; will require to be picked every fortnight or three
theſe heads ſhould have their lower leaves ftripped off, weeks to keep them clean from dead leaves ; for as
akenon
that the ſtalk which is to be planted may be clear of the branches advance, and new leaves are produced
leaves ; then they may be planted ſingle into a ſmall on their top, the under ones as conftantly decay ; and
three
pot, or if the heads are fmall, there may be two or if left on till they drop off, will render the plants very
016 three put into one fmall pot; then they may be plunged unfightly.
into a very moderate hot- bed, which will forward GERMANDER. See TEUCRIUM,
Ex
their putting out roots, and if they are ſhaded from GEROPOGON . Goat's-beard.
the fun and gently refreſhed with water, they will The CHARACTERS are,
take root in a month or five weeks, when they muſt The empalement is fingle, compofed of many keel- ſhaped
be hardened gradually, and removed into the open air,
SASSA

leaves which are longer than the corolla ; the flower is

where they may remain till autumn, when they muſt compofed offeveral hermaphrodite florets, which are im
7933

be removed into fhelter for the winter ſeaſon. bricated and fhorter than the empalement, and are of one
The thirty-fifth, thirty-fixth, thirty-ſeventh, thirty petal, divided into fivefegments at the top. Thefe have
Eighth and thirty-ninth forts are generally propagated eachfive ſhortſtamina, terminated by cylindrical fummits,
by parting of their roots ; the beſt time for doing and an oblonggermen with a flender style, fupporting two
this is in Auguft, that the young roots may be eſta thread-like ftigma which are recurved ; the feeds are in
blished before the cold comes on. Every tuber of cluded in the empalement, and are crowned by five bearded
theſe roots will grow, provided they have a bud or Spreading rays.
eye to them ; they may be planted in the fame fort of This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of
earth as was before directed , and if the pots are Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngeneſia Poly
plunged into an old tan-bed, under a good frame in gamia Equalis, the florets having five connected ſta
winter, the plants will thrive better than in a green mina, and are fruitful.
houfe ; the glaffes of the frame may be drawn off The SPECIES are,
every day in mild weather, whereby the plants will 1. GEROPOGON (Glabrum) foliis glabris. Lin. Sp. 1109.
enjoy the free air ; and if in hard froſt the glaſſes are Goat's-beard with ſmooth leaves. Tragopogon gramineo
1 well covered to prevent the cold penetrating to the folio glabrum, flore dilute incarnato. Raii Sup. 149.
e plants, it is all the fhelter they will require ; but in 2. GEROPOGON ( Hirfutum) foliis pilofis. Lin. Sp. 1109.
this fituation they ſhould have but little wet in win Goat's-beard with hairy leaves. Tragopogon gramineo
ter, therefore the glaffes fhould be kept over them in folio, fuave rubente flore. Col. Ecphr. 1. p. 232.
heavy rains to keep them dry ; but in mild weather The first fort grows naturally in Italy ; this hath an
the glaffes may be raiſed on the upper fide to ad erect ſtalk more than a foot high, garnished with
1 mit the freſh air to the plants, which will give them ſmooth, Graſs-like, long leaves ; the ſtalk branches up
greater flope to carry off the wet. With this ma ward into two or three divifions, each being terminated
nagement the roots will thrive and flower very ſtrong by one flesh- coloured flower, compoſed of feveral
every year. Theſe forts may alſo be propagated by florets.
feeds. The fecond fort grows naturally in Italy and Sicily.
The fortieth fort is an annual plant, and is only This rifes with an erect ftalk a foot high, garnished
propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown upon a with hairy narrow leaves, and feldom divides into
gentle hot-bed in the fpring, to bring the plants for branches, but is terminated by one flower compoſed
ward ; otherwiſe if the feafon fhould not prove very of four or five hermaphrodite florets, which are fuc
warm , the plants will not perfect their feeds in this ceeded by fo many bearded feeds.
country. When the plants are come up, and grown Theſe plants require the fame treatment as the TRA
GOPOGON, to which article the reader is defired to
ftrong enough to remove, they fhould be each planted
into a ſeparate ſmall pot, and plunged into a moderate turn for their culture.
hot- bed again, obferving to fhade them till they have
GESNERA,
I
ļ
 GES GEU

' GESNERA . Plumier Nov. Gen. 27. tab . 9. Lin . veral times from America, which were taken out of
Gen. Plant. 667. This plant was fo named by father the veffels, but not one of them grew, till I pro
Plumier, who difcovered it in America, in honour of cured fome to be ſent in their veffels, which fucceeded
Conrad Gefner, a very learned botaniſt, and natural very well.
hiftorian. The feeds fhould be fown in pots filled with light
The CHARACTERS are , earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark
The empalement of the flower is of one leaf, cut into five as foon as they arrive, for they fometimes lie long in
acute parts at the top, and is permanent, in which is fi the ground ; thofe which I have fown in autumn,
tuated the germen ; the flower bath one petal which is tu came up the following fpring ; therefore when they
bulous, andfirft bent inward, and afterward out again like happen to arrive here at that feaſon, the pots in which
a bugle-born ; the brim is divided into five cbtufefegments the feeds are fown fhould be plunged into the tan-bed
which are equal ; it hath four ftamina which are shorter in the ftove, and during the winter the earth fhould
than the petal, terminated byfingle fummits ; the germen be now and then gently watered to prevent its drying
which fits under the petal jupports a fingle crooked ftyle, too much, but it must not be too moift . In the fpring
crowned by a headed ftigma. The germen afterward be the pots fhould be removed out of the ſtove, and
comes a roundish capfule with two cells, filled with small plunged into a freſh hot-bed, which will bring up the
feeds, which are fixed on each fide the partition. plants foon after. When theſe are fit to remove, they
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond ſection Thould be each planted into a feparate pot, and plunged
of Linnæus's fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia An into a good hot-bed of tan, obferving to fhade them
giofpermia, which includes thofe plants whofe flowers till they have taken new root ; then they muſt be
have two long and two ſhorter ſtamina, and the feeds treated in the fame way as other tender plants from
are included in a capſule . the fame countries.
The SPECIES are, In autumn they muſt be plunged into the tan-bed
1. GESNERA (Tomentofa) foliis ovato-lanceolatis crena in the ftove, where, during the winter, they ſhould
tis hirfutis, pedunculis lateralibus longiffimis corym have but little water given to them ; for ifthey re
biferis. Hort. Cliff. 318. Gefnera with oval, hairy, ceive much wet, it will deftroy them. In this ſtove.
crenated leaves, and long foot-ftalks proceeding from the the plants muſt conſtantly remain, for they will not
fides of the ftalks, fupportingflowers in a corymbus. Gef thrive if they are kept out of the tan. In the fum
nera amplo digitalis folio tomentofo . Plum . Gen. 27. mer, they fhould have free air admitted to them at
2. GESNERA (Humilis) foliis lanceolatis ferratis feffili all times when the weather is warm ; and they muſt be
bus, pedunculis ramofis multifloris. Lin . Sp . Plant . frequently refreſhed with water during that feafon,
612. Gefnera withSpear-shaped fawed leaves fitting cloſe but it must not be given to them in too great plenty.
to theftalks, and branchingfoot -
ftalks having manyflowers. As the plants advance in growth they will require
Gefnera humilis flore flavefcente. Plum. Nov. Gen. larger pots, but there muſt be care taken not to
27. Low Gefnera with a yellowish flower. over-pot them, for they will not thrive in large pots.
The first fort grows naturally in the Weſt-Indies ; the With this management the plants will flower the
fecond year, and may be continued three or four
feeds of this were fent me from Jamaica, which fuc
ceeded in the Chelfea garden ; this rifes with a fhrubby years, but they are not of long duration in their na
Talk to the height of fix or feven feet, which divides tive country .
into two or three irregular branches, covered with a GEUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 561. Caryophyllata. Tourn.
ruffet wool, and garnished with hairy leaves which Inft. R. H. 294. tab . 151. Avens, or Herb Bennet ;
are feven or eight inches long, and two and a half in French, Benoite.
broad in the middle, having a ruffet woolly midrib, The CHARACTERS are ,
and the edges are crenated ; thefe are placed on every The flower bath a one-leaved empalement, cut at
fide the branches without order, and have fhort foot the top into ten fegments, which are alternately Smaller
ftalks ; towards the end of the branches come out the than the other. The flower has five roundish petals, which
foot-ftalks of the flowers at every joint, arifing from are narrow at their base, where they are inferted in the
the wings of the ftalk ; they are naked , and nine inches empalement , it hath a great number of awl- shaped fta
in length, branching at the top into many ſmaller mina, which are the length ofthe empalement, into which
foot-ftalks, each fuftaining a fingle flower, having a they are inferted, and are terminated by broad obtufe fum
fhort crooked tube, indented at the top in five obtufe mits. In the center ofthe flower is fituated a great number
parts, and of an obfolete purple colour. Thefe are of germen collected into a head ; thefe have styles inferted
fucceeded by roundifh capfules fitting clofe in the em in their fides, which are long, hairy, and crowned byfingle
palement, the divifions of which arife above the Stigmas. The germen afterward become so many flat rough
capfule ; which Dr. Linnæus, from Plumier's figure, feeds, which are hairy, and have the style which is bent
has taken for the empalement fitting upon the capfule, like a knee adhering to them ; thefe fit in the common em
whereas the capfule is dictinct from the empalement palement.
and is inclofed by it. The capfule is divided into This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth fection of
two cells which are filled with fmall feeds. It Linnæus's twelfth clafs , intitled Icofandria Polygynia,
flowers here in July and Auguft, but hath not ri in which he places thofe plants whofe flowers have
pened feeds. more than twenty ftamina, and have many ftyles in
The fecond fort is a plant of humbler growth ; this ferted into the empalement.
feldom rifes more than three feet high ; the leaves are The SPECIES are,
much finaller, are fawed on their edges, and fit clofe 1. GEUM (Urbanum) floribus erectis, fructu globofo,
to the ſtalk ; the flowers ftand upon branching foot ariftis uncinatis nudis, foliis lyratis. Hort. Cliff.
ftalks, each fuftaining many yellowish flowers, which 195. Geum with erect flowers, aglobular fruit, naked
are deeper cut at their brims than thofe of the firſt
booked beards, and harp-shaped leaves. Caryophyllata
fort. This was found growing naturally by the late vulgaris. C. B. P. 321. Common Avens, or Herb
Dr. Houſtoun at Carthagena in New Spain. Bennet.
There is a third fpecies of this genus mentioned 2. GEUM ( Rivale , floribus nutantibus, fructu oblongo,
by Plumier, which grows to to a tree, and hath ſpotted ariftis plumofis. Hort . Cliff. 195. Geum with nodding
and fringed flowers ; but this I have not feen in any flowers, and an oblong fruit with feathery beards. Ca
of the English gardens. Theſe plants are propagated ryophyllata aquatica, nutante flore. C. B. P. 321 .
by feeds, which must be procured from the countries Aquatic Herb Bennet with a nodding flower.
where they grow naturally ; thefe fhould be brought 3. GEUM ( Pyrenaicum ) floribus nutantibus, fructu glo
over in their capfules, which is the beft way to bofo, ariftis nudis, foliis lyratis, foliolis rotundiofi
preferve the feeds good ; for as they are very fmall bus. Geum with noddingflowers, a globular fruit with
and light, fo when they are feparated from the par naked beards, and harp -
shaped leaves with rounder lobes.
tition to which they adhere, they foon lofe their Caryophyllata Pyrenaica, ampliffimo & rotundiori
vegetative quality ; for I have received the feeds fe folio, nutante flore. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 295. Pyrenean
6 Aveus
 1

GLA GLA
x, I
ich we
Avens with a very large and rounder leaf, and a nodding fword ; q. d. little fword ; becauſe the leaves of this
flower. plant refemble a fword. ] Cornflag ; in French, Glaicul.
Jedwe The CHARACTERS are,
4. GEUM (Montanum ) flore erecto folitario fructu oblongo,
tanne
r ariftis plumofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 501. Geum with a The flowers are included in fheaths, which stand at a
meslielos
fingle upright flower, and an oblong fruit with feathery distancefrom each other ; thepetal ofthe flower is cut into
in 30 beards. Caryophyllata montana flore luteo magno. J. fix parts, three of the upper are near together, the three
2
Corewhen
B. 2. p. 398. Mountain Avens with a large yellow under fpread open, but they all form a fhort incurved tube
e potsin flower. with their bafe ; they have three awl - shaped ftamina,
nto the 5. GEUM (Alpinum) flore ſolitario erecto, fructu globofo, which are inferted into every other petal, and all of them
me each ariftis tenuioribus nudis. Geum with a fingle erect afcend to the upper petals, and are terminated by oblong
Tentto flower, and a globular fruit with narrower naked beards. Jummits. The germen is fituated below the flower, fup
Caryophyllata alpina minor. C. B. P. 322. Smaller porting a fingle Style the length of the stamina, crowned
tefoa Alpine Avens. by a concave trifid ftigma. The germen afterward
b
11 ringof 6. GEUM (Virginianum) floribus erectis, fructu globofo, becomes an oblong, swelling, three- cornered capfule, with
remo ariftis uncinatis nudis, foliis ternatis. Hort. Cliff. 195. three cells, opening with three valves, filled with roundiſh
200 Geum with upright flowers, a globular fruit with naked feeds.
*******

beards and trifoliate leaves. Caryophyllata Virginiana, This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
albo flore minore, radice inodorâ, H. L. 111. Vir Linnæus's third clafs, intitled Triandria Monogynia,
theycont
ginia Avens with a smaller white flower, and a root which includes thoſe plants whofe flowers have three
plants
without fcent. ftamina and one ftyle.
The firſt fort grows plentifully by the fide of hedges, The SPECIES are,
the
and in woods, in moſt parts of England, fo is rarely I. GLADIOLUS (Communis) foliis enfiformibus, floribus
O
D
S
F
♫
!
!

admitted into gardens. This ftands in the lift of diftantibus, Lin. Sp. Plant. 36. Cornflag with Sword
medicinal plants ; the root is the only part uſed , Shaped leaves andflowers ftanding at a distance. Gladio
which is eſteemed cephalic and alexipharmic, and is lus floribus uno verfu difpofitis. C. B. P. 41. Corn
a manifeftly of a binding nature, fo is ufeful in all flag with flowers difpofed on one fide the ftalk.
fluxes, & c. 2. GLADIOLUS (Italicus) foliis enfiformibus , floribus an
The fecond fort grows naturally in moift meadows cipitibus. Cornflag withfword-shaped leaves, and flowers
in the northern parts of England. This is of an hum Standing on both fides the stalk. Gladiolus utrinque
bler growth than the firft, the lower leaves have two floribus. C. B. P. 41. Cornflag with flowers on each
pair of ſmall lobes at bottom, and three large ones at fide the ftalk.
the top, that which terminates being the largeft. The 3 . GLADIOLUS (Byzantinus) foliis enfiformibus, fpathis
leaves upon the ftalks are compofed of three acute longioribus. Cornflag with fword-fhaped leaves and
lobes which fit cloſe to the ftalk ; the flowers are of a longer fheaths to the flowers. Gladiolus major Byzan
in
purplish colour, and nod on one fide ; they appear tinus. C. B. P. 41. Greater Cornflag of Byzantium.
May, and the feeds ripen in July. 4. GLADIOLUS (Indicus) foliis enfiformibus, floribus
The third fort grows upon the Alps, and alfo on maximis incarnatis. Cornflag with fword- fhaped leaves,
the mountains in the north ; this hath ſome reſem and very large incarnate flowers. Gladiolus maximus
blance to the fecond, but the leaves are much Indicus. C. B. P. 41. Greatest Indian Cornflag.
larger and rounder, and are indented on their edges ; 5. GLADIOLUS ( Anguftis ) foliis linearibus floribus dif
the flowers are larger and of a gold colour. This tantibus, corollarum tubo limbis longiore. Lin. Sp.
flowers about the fame time as the ſecond. Plant. 37. Cornflag with very narrow leaves, flowers
The fourth fort grows naturally upon the Alps ; this Standing at a distance from each other, and the tube longer
hath leaves much larger than either of the other fpe than the margins of the petal. Gladiolus Africanus,
cies ; the lower leaves are compoſed of three or four folio gramineo, floribus carneis, maculam rhomboi
pair of ſmall irregular pinnæ fet along the midrib, deam infcriptis uno verfu pofitis. Boerh. Ind. alt. 2.
inte which is terminated by one very broad roundiſh lobe, 127. African Cornflag, with a graffy leaf, and flesh-co
" which is crenated on the edge. The flowers are loured flowers, marked with a purple rhomboid fpot ranged
large, of a bright yellow colour, ftanding fingle on all on one fide the ftalk.
the top of the ftalk, which feldom rifes more than 6. GLADIOLUS (Triftis ) foliis lineari cancellatis corollis
20 five or fix inches high. It flowers in May and June. campanulatis. Cornflag with very narrow channelled
The fifth fort grows naturally on the Alps ; it is a leaves, and a talk bearing bell-shaped flowers. Li
very low plant, the flower-ftalks are about three lio-Gladiolus bifolius & biflorus, foliis quadrangulis.
inches long, and bend on one fide ; they are each ter Trew. tab. 39. Lily Cornflag with two leaves andflowers,
minated by one bright yellow flower, about the fize and four-cornered leaves.
of thoſe of the common fort. This flowers about the The first fort grows naturally in arable land in moſt
fame time as the former. of the warm countries in Europe, and was formerly
The fixth fort grows naturally in North America ; cultivated in the English gardens, where the roots
the ſtalks of this fort rife a foot and a half or two have multiplied fo greatly as to become a moft trou
have feet high, and branch out at the top into fmall foot bleſome weed, and are very difficult to eradicate ;
Esin ftalks, each being terminated by a ſmall white flower ; this hath a round, compreffed , tuberous root, which is
the leaves of this fort are trifoliate, and the root of a yellowish colour, covered with a brown fur
has no ſcent. Theſe are all very hardy plants which rowed ſkin, like thoſe of the large yellow vernal Cro
require a fhady fituation, but will thrive in any foil ; cus ; from the root ariſe two flat fword -fhaped leaves,
they may be eafily propagated by feeds, which fhould which embrace each other at their baſe, and between
CE
.

be fown in autumn ; for when they are fown in the theſe ariſe the flower-ftalk , which grows near two feet
fpring, they do not grow the fame year. high, having one or two narrow leaves embracing it
GILLIFLOWER, or JULY-FLOWER. See like a fheath ; the ftalks are terminated by five or fix
DIANTHUS. purple flowers, ftanding above each other at fome
GILLIFLOWER, or STOCK-GILLI diftance, and ranged on one fide of the ftalk ; each
FLOWER. See CHEIRANTHUS. of theſe has a ſpatha (or fheath) which covers the
GILLIFLOWER, the Queen's or Dame's Vi flower-bud before it expands, but fplits open length
olet. See HESPERIS. ways when the flowers blow, and fhrivel up to a dry
Jil GINGER. See AMOMUM. ſkin, remaining about the feed-veffel till the feeds
GINGIDIUM. See ARTEDIA. are ripe. The flower hath one petal, which is cut
GLADE is an open and light paffage made through almoft to the bottom in fix parts , fo as to appear like
a wood, by lopping off the branches of trees along a flower of fix petals ; the three upper ſegments ſtand
that way. near together, and rife like a labiated flower ; the under
GLADIOLUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 55. Tourn. Inft. one turns downward, and the two fide fegments form
11
R. H. 365. tab. 190. [ takes its name of Gladius, Lat. the chaps of the flower, and fpread open at the top,
6 E but
 GLA GLA

but are curved downward at the bottom. They are theſe roots are planted in the full ground, where they
ranged along one fide of the ftalk, and are of a pur may be protected from the froft, there will be a greater
pliſh red colour. This flowers the latter end of May, probability of their flowering, than in any other me
thod of culture.
and in June, and the feeds ripen the beginning of Au
guft ; it requires no care, for when it is once planted The fifth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
in a garden, it will multiply too faft, fo as to become Hope, from whence I received the feeds, which
a troubleſome weed. fucceeded in the Chelfea garden, where the plants
There is a variety of this with white flowers, and annually produce their beautiful flowers.
another with flesh- coloured flowers, which have ac This hath a round, fmooth, bulbous root, which is
cidentally rifen from feeds, fo are not different covered with a thin dark-coloured fkin, from which
fpecies. come out in autumn two or three very narrow graffy
The fecond fort differs from the firft, in having leaves, folded over each other at their bafe, butCopen
the flowers ranged on both fides the ſtalk, but in flat above, and rife near two feet high . In the fpring
other refpects it is very like to that ; and of this. of the year arifes a fingle ftalk from between the
there is a variety with white flowers, but theſe are leaves about two feet long, which always bend on
not ſo common in the Engliſh gardens as the former. one fide ; toward the upper part . of this come out two
The third fort hath larger roots than either of the or three flowers, ranged on one fide of the ftalk,
former, but are of the fame form ; the leaves are ftanding upright, each having a narrow fpatha, or
alſo much broader and longer, the veins or channels hood, and long flender tubes, which fwell large up
of the leaves are deeper, the flower-ftalks rife ward, and are divided into fix parts, which are nearly
higher ; the flowers are much larger, and of a deeper equal . The flower is of a dufky flesh colour, and
red colour than thoſe of the former forts, and the each fegment of the petal has a rhomboidal mark
fheaths are longer. This plant makes a fine appear of a dark red, or purple colour ; afterward the tube
ance in flower, fo is worthy of a place in every good of the flower opens, and the deep divifion of the
garden ; and the rather, becauſe the roots do not in petals is feen, and the three ftamina with their fum
creaſe ſo faſt as to become troubleſome in the borders. mits appear, attended by the ftyle with its trifid
This is propagated by offsets, which are ſent off from ftigma, arifing from the germen. This plant flowers
the roots in the fame manner as Tulips . The roots in May and the beginning of June ; as this plant is a
may be taken out of the ground the end of July, native of a warm country, it requires protection from
when their ſtalks decay, and may be kept out of the the froft in winter ; therefore the bulbs fhould be
ground till the latter end of September, or the begin planted in pots filled with light earth, and placed in
ning of October ; at which time they ſhould be planted the green-houſe in winter ; or, where there is not fuch
in the borders of the flower-garden , where they will conveniency, they may be put under a hot-bed
thrive in any fituation, and being intermixed with frame during that feafon, where they may have air in
other flowers of the fame growth, they will add to mild weather, and be fcreened from the froft ; in
the variety . fuch fituations I have had them thrive and flower very
The fourth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good well.
Hope, from whence I have feveral times received the This is propagated by offsets from the root in the
feeds. This has been many years cultivated in the fame manner as the laft, and alfo by feeds, which are
English gardens, but very rarely flowers here ; for frequently perfected in England ; thefe fhould be fown
in near thirty years that I have cultivated this the latter end of Auguft, in pots filled with light earth,
fort, I have never ſeen it but once in flower, though and placed in a fhady fituation till the middle of Sep
I have kept it in all fituations, and planted it in va tember ; then the pots fhould be removed where they
rious foils. The roots increaſe very faft, but will may have the fun great part of the day, and in Octo
not live in the open air through the winter in this ber they must be placed under a hot- bed frame, where
country. The roots of this fort are broader and they may be protected from frost and great rains, but
flatter than thofe of any of the other forts, and are enjoy the free air in mild weather. In the spring the
covered with a netted fkin ; the leaves come out in young plants will appear, when they will require a
the fame manner, embracing each other like the for little water once in eight or ten days, but it should be
mer forts ; they are longer, fmoother, and of a given them fparingly, for too much wet will rot thefe
brighter green, than any of the others ; thefe begin tender bulbs. In May, when the danger of froft is
to appear in September, and continue growing in over, the pots fhould be removed to a fheltered fitua
fize till after Chriſtmas ; they begin to decay in tion, where they may have the morning fun till noon ;
March, and the latter end of June are quite withered, and, if the ſeaſon proves dry, they must be now and
when the roots may be taken up, and kept out of then refreſhed with water. Toward the latter end of
the ground till Auguft ; the time of its flowering is June, the leaves of theſe plants will decay ; then the
in January. The flowers of this fort are placed on roots fhould be taken up, and may be mixed with
each fide the ftalk, and fit clofe to it, like the fand, and kept in a dry room till the end of Auguft,
grains of the flat Barley ; the fheaths between the when they ſhould be planted again ; and as the roots
flowers are not fo long as thofe of the other forts, are ſmall, four or five may be planted in each half
and form a kind of fcaly covering to them. The penny pot, filled with light earth ; theſe fhould be
flowers are of a pale red colour without, but the three placed where they may have only the forenoon fun,
lower fegments are yellow within toward their baſe, till the middle of September, when they ſhould have
with a few red ftripes. The flowers do not all open at a warmer fituation ; and in October they must be
the fame time, but the lower ones decay before thoſe placed under a hot- bed frame as before, and treated
on the upper part of the ſpike are in beauty ; however, in the fame way during the winter ſeaſon ; and in
they make a good appearance at a feafon when all the ſpring they must be placed in the open air till
flowers are valuable. their leaves decay, when they may be again taken,
This fort propagates by offsets very faft ; theſe ſhould out of the ground, and treated in the fame manner as
be planted in a warm border of kitchen-garden before ; but as the roots will have grown to a larger,
earth, and in winter they fhould be covered with fize, fo when they are planted again, they fhould
glaffes or mats to guard them from froft ; for I have each have a ſeparate half- penny pot, becauſe now they,
with a flight fhelter preferved thofe which were in will be large enough to flower, fo may be treated as
pots under a common frame, and fome which were the old roots.
planted in the full ground, when the froft has not The fixth fort is alfo a native of the Cape of Good
been ſevere ; and I have always found that thoſe Hope, from whence I have feveral times received the,
plants which were hardily treated, grew much stronger feeds ; the root of this fort is oval, not compreffed as
than thoſe which were placed in a moderate degree of thofe of the common forts. The leaves are very long
warmth ; fo that where there is a conveniency of co and narrow, having two deep furrows running the
vering a warm border with glaffes in the winter, if whole length, the midrib rifing very prominent, ſo as
to
 GLE GLE

to have the appearance of a four- cornered leaf. The 2. GLEDITSIA ( Inermis) fpinis paucioribus, folis bipin
leaves are ſingle, and wrapped cloſe about the flower natis, filiquis ovalibus. Gleditfia with fewer fpines,
ftalk at their baſe to a confiderable length ; there are winged leaves, and oval pods. Acacia Abruæ folio tri
feldom more than two of thefe leaves from one root ; acanthos, capfulâ ovali unicum femen claudente. Ca
Ch
CA the ſtalk is flender and round, and rifes about two feet, tefb. Car. 1. p . 43. Three-thorned Acacia with an Ab
high ; and the top is garnished with two flowers, rus leaf, and an oval pod containing one feed.
which are placed two inches and a half aſunder on Theſe trees grow naturally in America ; the firſt
the fame fide of the ftalk , each having a fhort fpatha, fort is very common in moſt parts of North America,
or fheath, embracing the germen and the bafe of the where it is known by the title of Honey Locuft ; this
E tube, which is long, narrow, and recurved, but en has been many years cultivated in the Engliſh gardens,
larges greatly before it is divided. The upper part and is known among the gardeners by the title of
of the flower is cut into fix equal fegments, which three-thorned Acacia. It rifes with an erect trunk
end in acute points of a purplish colour, which form a to the height of thirty or forty feet, and is armed with
S ftripe through the middle of each fegment. The petal long fpines, which have two or three ſmaller coming
is of a cream colour, and fades to a fulphur colour out from the fide, and are frequently produced in
before it decays. This flowers in June, and fome cluſters at the knots on the ftems of the trees ; they
times the feeds ripen well in England. This may be are fometimes three or four inches long. The
propagated by offsets from the root, or by feeds in branches ofthis tree are alfo armed with the fame fort
the fame manner as the fifth fort, and the plants re of fpines, and are garniſhed with winged leaves, com
quire the fame treatment. pofed of ten pair of fmall leaves which fit cloſe to
30424 GLANDIFEROUS trees, are fuch trees as bear the midrib, and are of a lucid green. The flowers
maft, as Acorns , & c. come out from the fide of the young branches in
2
GLANDULOUS roots, are fuch roots as grow katkins , they are of an herbaceous colour, fo make
kernel-wife. no figure. The hermaphrodite flowers are fucceeded
GLANS is that fort of fruit which is contained within by pods near a foot and a half long, and two inches
a ſmooth, but hard bark, having but one feed ; its broad, divided into many cells by tranfverfe parti
hinder parts covered with a kind of cup, the fore tions, each containing one ſmooth, hard, oblong feed,
part being bare, as Acorns ; but it is properly the furrounded by a fweet pulp.
truit without the cup. The leaves of this tree feldom come out till June
GLASTENBURY THORN. See MESPILUS. in this country, and the flowers appear the latter end
GLAUCIUM . See CHELIDONIUM . of July, but they do not flower till they are of a large
GLAUX, Sea Chickweed, or Milkwort, and black fizé : there was one tree in the Chelſea garden which
Saltwort, is a low trailing perennial plant, with leaves · produced flowers feveral years, and there is one now
fomewhat like Chickweed, but of a thicker confiſtence, growing in the Bishop of London's garden at Ful
which fit cloſe to the ftalks. The flowers come out ham, which produced pods in the year 1728 , and
from the bofom of the leaves ; they are white, and came to their full fize, but the feeds did not ripen.
708143

like thofe of Chickweed . This is feldom cultivated in The fecond fort hath much the appearance of the
KEE gardens, fo I fhall not trouble the reader with a fur firſt, but it hath fewer fpines. The leaves are ſmaller,
ther account of it. This grows upon the fea- fhores in and the pods are oval , containing but one feed ;
ERA

moft parts of England. this was diſcovered by the late Mr. Catefby, in Ca
US

GLECHOM A. Ground Ivy, Gill go by the Ground, rolina, from whence he fent the feeds to England,
5
2
3
5

Ale-hoof, or Turn-hoof. by the title of Water Acacia, by which it is known

This plant grows naturally under hedges, and upon in the gardens .
Octo the fides of banks in moft parts of England, fo is Theſe trees are propagated by feeds, which muft bé
rarely cultivated in gardens, for which reafon I fhall procured from America, where the trees grow natu
: paſs over it, with barely mentioning it here. rally ; thofe ofthe firft fort are annually fent to Eng
GLEDITSIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1025. Acacia. Raii land in plenty, by the title of Locuft, or Honey Lo
Meth. 161. Honey Locuft, or three-thorned Acacia. cuft, to diftinguish it from the falfe Acacia, which is
The CHARACTERS are, frequently called Locuft-tree in America ; theſe feeds
It hath male and hermaphrodite flowers in the fame may be fown upon a bed of light earth in the fpring,
katkin, andfemale flowers in different plants. The male burying them half an inch deep ; and if the ſpring
katkins are long, compact, and cylindrical, and have each fhould prove dry, they must be frequently watered,
a three-leaved fmall empalement ; they have three roundish otherwiſe the plants will not come up the firft year,
petals, which Spread open in form of a cup ; thefe have for I have fometimes had the feeds remain two years
a turbinated nectarium, whofe mouth afterward grows to in the ground before they have come up ; therefore
the parts offructification ; they have fixflender ftamina, thoſe who are defirous to fave time, fhould fow the
which are longer than the petals, terminated by oblong feeds as foon as they arrive , and plunge the pots into
HRY 3 5 2 3

compreffed fummits. The hermaphrodite flowers in the a moderate hot-bed, obferving to water them fre
fame katkin, are fituated at the end ; thefe have empale quently ; by this method moft of the plants will come
ments, petals, and ſtamina like the male, and have a ger up the fame feafon, but theſe fhould be gradually
men, style, andfeeds like the female, which are fituated on inured to bear the open air, for if they are continued
different trees, and are difpofed iu a loofe katkin ; these in the hot-bed, they will draw up weak ; during the
have a five-leaved empalement, and have five oblong petals, fummer ſeaſon, thofe plants in pots will require fre
with two fhort thread-like nectariums, and a broad ger quent waterings, but thoſe in the full ground will
men longerthan the petals, fupporting a fhort reflexedftyle, not dry fo faft, therefore need no water, unleſs the
crowned by a thick ftigma. The germen afterward be feafon fhould prove very dry. In autumn, thofe in
12%

1 comes alarge flat pod, with feveral tranfverfe partitions, the pots ſhould be placed under a hot-bed frame to
having a pulpin each divifion, furrounding one hardround protect them from froft, for theſe young plants ge
ifh feed. nerally keep growing late in the fummer, fo the up
SCA

This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection per part of their fhoots is tender, and the early frofts
of Linnæus's twenty -third clafs, intitled Polygamia of the autumn often kill the ends of them, if they
Diœceia, which includes thofe plants which have male are not protected, and this frequently occafions great
and hermaphrodite flowers in the fame plant, and part of the fhoots decaying in winter ; for which rea
female flowers in different plants. fon thoſe plants in the full ground fhould be co
The SPECIES are, vered with mats in autumn, on the first appearance
I. GLEDITSIA (Triacanthus) fpinis triplicibus axillaribus. of froft ; for a fmall froft in autumn will do more
Lin. Sp. 1509. Gleditfia with three thorns on the fide of miſchief to theſe young fhoots which are full of fap,
the branches. Acacia Americana Abruæ folio triacan than ſevere froft when the fhoots are hardened."
thos, five ad axillas foliorum, fpinâ triplici donatâ. The following ſpring the plants may be tranſplanted
Pluk. Mant. 1. Three-thorned American Acaria. into nurſery-beds, at a foot diſtance row from row,
and

Jati MeTa
 GLO GLO

and fix inches afunder in the rows ; but this fhould The firſt oftheſe plants grows plentifully about Mont
not be performed till April, after the danger of pelier, as alfo at the foot of the mountains Jura and
hard froft is over ; for as the plants do not put out Saleva, and in many other parts of Italy, and in Ger
their leaves till very late, fo there will be no hazard many ; this plant hath leaves very like thofe ofthe
in removing them any time before May. Ifthe fea Daily, but are thicker and ſmoother. The flower
fon fhould prove dry, they muſt be watered ; and if ftalks rife about fix inches high, fupporting a glo
the furface of the beds is covered with mofs, or mulch, bular head of flowers, compofed of feveral florets,
to prevent the earth from drying, it will be of great which are included in one common fcaly empalement ;
ſervice to the plants. In thefe beds the plants may they are of a fine blue colour, and appear in June ;
remain two years, during which time they muſt be theſe are ſucceeded by feeds, which fit in the empale
conftantly kept clean from weeds ; and in the winter ment, and ripen in autumn.
there fhould be fome rotten tan , or other mulch, fpread The fecond fort grows plentifully in the woods, near
over the ſurface of the ground to keep out the froſt. the convent of the Carthufians, and on the Pyrenean
If the plants thrive well, they will be fit to tranfplant mountains ; this is much larger than the former, and
to the places where they are to remain after two hath a ſhrubby ſtalk a foot and a half high ; the foot
years growth, for they do not bear removing when ftalk is quite naked. The leaves are narrower, and
large ; the beſt ſeafon for tranfplanting of thefe trees, much longer.
is late in the fpring ; they thrive beft in a light deep The firſt fort may be propagated by parting of the
foil, for in ftrong fhallow ground they become moffy, roots after the manner of Daifies. The beſt ſeaſon
and never grow large ; they fhould alſo have a fhel for parting and tranfplanting of the plants is in Sep
tered fituation, for when they are much expofed to tember, that they may take new root before the frofty
winds, their branches are frequently broken in the weather comes on. They fhould be planted in a
fummer ſeaſon, when they are fully clothed with fhady fituation, and require a moift loamy foil, in
leaves. which they will thrive much better than in a light
GLOBULARIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 106. Tourn. ground and an open fituation ; but the plants fhould
Inft. R. H. 466. tab . 265. Blue Daify. not be removed oftener than every other year, if they
The CHARACTERS are, are required to flower ftrong.
It bath a flower compofed of many florets, which are The third fort grows about Montpelier in France,
included in one common fcaly empalement ; each floret has and in Valentia, and ſeveral other parts of Spain. This
an empalement ofone leaf, which is tubulous, and cut into has a hard woody ftem , which rifes about two feet
1
five fegments at the top. The florets have one petal, high, having many woody branches, befet with leaves
whofe bafe is tubulous, but the brim is cut into four parts ; like thoſe of the Myrtle-tree. On the top of the
the upper fegment, which is the leaft, is reflexed; they branches the flowers are produced, which are of a
bave fourftamina the length of the petal, terminated by blue colour, and globe-fhaped ; this plant may be
diftinct fummits ; in the bottom of the tube is fituated an propagated by cuttings, which fhould be cut off in
ovalgermen fupporting a ſingle ſtyle, crowned by an ob April,juft before they begin to make new ſhoots ; the
tufe ftigma. The germen afterward becomes an oval feed, cuttings fhould be planted into pots filled with light
fitting in the common empalement. freſh earth, and then placed into a very moderate hot
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of bed, obferving to water and ſhade them until theyhave
Linnæus's fourth clafs, intitled Tetandria Mono taken root, when they may be taken out of the bed,
gynia, which includes thoſe plants whoſe flowers have and inured to bear the open air by degrees. In fum
four ftamina and one ſtyle. mer theſe plants may be expofed with other hardy ex
The SPECIES are, otic plants, and in winter they ſhould be placed under
1. GLOBULARIA (Vulgaris) caule herbaceo, foliis radi a hot-bed frame, where they may enjoy the free air
calibus tridentatis, caulinis lanceolatis. Flor. Suec. in mild weather, but fhould be fcreened from hard
109. Globularia with an herbaceous ftalk, the lower froft, which will deftroy them, if they are expofed
leaves divided into three points, and those on the stalks thereto, but in mild winters they will live in the open
Spear-shaped. Globularia vulgaris. Tourn . 467. Com air. This plant never produces good feeds in this
mon Globularia. country.
2. GLOBULARIA (Nudicaulis) caule nudo, foliis integer The fourth fort was found in the mountains of Gra
rimis lanceolatis. Lin . Sp . Plant. 97. Globularia with nada, by Dr. Albinus ; this plant is of low growth,
a naked ftalk, and fpear-shaped entire leaves. Globu and may be propagated as the firft ; as may alfo the
laria Pyrenaica, folio oblongo, caule nudo. Tourn. fifth fort, which is the leaft of all the forts, and the
467. Pyrenean Globularia, with an oblong leaf and moft hardy ; therefore ſhould have a fhady fituation,
naked stalk. and a cool moiſt foil.
3. GLOBULARIA (Alypum) caule fruticofo, foliis lance The fixth fort was found by Dr. Tournefort in the
latis tridentatis integrifque. Prod. Leyd . 190. Globula Levant ; this is fomewhat tender, and fhould be fhel
ria with a ſhrubbyſtalk, fpear-shaped leaves, fome ending tered from the froft in winter, under a frame, but in
in three points, and others are entire. Globularia fruti ſummer it ſhould be expofed with other hardy exotic
cofa, myrti folio tridentato. Tourn. 467. Shrubby plants, and will require to be frequently watered in
Globularia with a trifid Myrtle leaf. dry weather. This may be propagated by feeds, or
4. GLOBULARIA (Spinofa) foliis radicalibus crenato- acu by parting of their roots, as was directed for the first
leatis, caulinis integerrimis mucronatis. Lin. Sp. fort.
Plant. 96. Globularia with lower leaves crenated and GLORIOSA. Lin . Gen. Plant. 374. Methonica.
prickly, thofe on the talks entire, ending in a point. Tourn. Acad. R. Scien. 1706. The Superb Lily.
Globularia fpinofa. Tourn. 467. Prickly Globularia. The CHARACTERS are,
GLOBULARIA (Cordifolia ) caule fubnudo, folis cune The flower bath no empalement ; it hath fix long Spear
iformibus tricufpidatis, intermedio minimo. Lin. Sp . Shaped petals, which are waved, and reflexed to the foot
Plant. 96. Globularia with a naked stalk, and wedge ftalk. It bath fix ftamina, which spread open each way,

fhaped leaves ending in three points, whofe middle feg and are terminated by proftrate fummits . In the center is
ment is theleaft . Globularia Alpina minima, origani fituated a globular germen, fupporting a flender inclining
folio . Tourn. 467. Smallest Alpine Globularia with a Style, crowned by an obtufe triple stigma . The germen af
wild Marjoram leef. terward becomes an oval thin capfule having three cells,
6. GLOBULARIA (Orientalis) caule fubnudo, capitulis filled withglobular feeds, difpofed in a double range.
alternis feffilibus, foliis lanceolato-ovatis integris. Lin. This genus of plants is ranged in the first fection of
Sp. Plant. 97. Globularia with a naked ftalk, alternate Linnæus's fixth claſs, intitled Hexandria Monogynia,
beads fitting clofe to the stalks, and oval, fpear-shaped, which includes the plants whofe flowers have fix fta
entire leaves. Globularia Orientalis, floribus per cau mina and one ſtyle .
lem fparfis. Tourn. Cor. 35. Eaftern Globularia with 1. GLORIOSA ( Superba ) foliis longioribus capreolis ter
flowers fcattered along the stalks. minalibus. Superb Lily with longer leaves ending with
2 clafpers.
 abe
rM
n G G
insJan L L
andinCo O
clafpers. Methonica Malabarorum. Hort. Lugd . 688 . Y
roots are ſtrong, and fome of the ftalks will produce
chof di Methonica of Malabar, and the Lilium Zeylanicum two or three flowers, which come out from the wings
es
Thet fuperbum. Hort. Amft. 1. p. 69. Superb Lily of of the ſtalk near the top ; thefe flowers make a fine
Ora & Ceylon. appearance in the ftove, during their continuance,
le &
everalto 2. GLORIOSA (Carulea) foliis ovato-lanceolatis acutis . which is feldom more than ten days or a fortnight.
r
emple Superb Lily with oval, Spear-shaped, acute leaves. In fummer, when the plants are growing, they will
na
DearinJa The first fort grows naturally on the coaſt of Malabar, require frequently to be watered, but they muft not
n the and alfo in Ceylon, from whence it was firſt brought have it in too large quantities, for they are very
to the gardens in Holland, where it has been many fubject to rot with much wet at any feafon. Thofe
w years cultivated ; this hath a long fleshy root of a roots which are not taken out of the pots in winter,
e oodse
thePro whitish colour, and a naufeous bitter taste, from the fhould be tranfplanted and parted the beginning of
form middle of which ariſes a round weak ſtalk , which March, before they put out new fibres, or ſtalks,
e
requires fupport to prevent its trailing on the ground. for they must not be removed when they are in a
nghị các t
ATTORE The ftalks grow to the height of eight or ten feet, growing ftate ; the pots in which thefe roots are
garniſhed with leaves placed alternate on every fide, planted fhould not be too large , for unless they are
which are ſmooth, about eight inches long, and one confined, they will not put out ſtrong ſtalks ; the
inch and a half broad at the bafe, growing narrower largeſt roots may be planted in twopenny pots, but
beta till within two inches of the end, which runs out in the fmall ones will require only pots of about five or
nts isin fix inches over at the top .
a narrow point, ending with a tendril, or clafper,
oretheim
by which it faſtens to the neighbouring plants for GLYCINE . Lin. Gen. Plant. 797. Apios. Boer. Ind.
plasta fupport. At the upper part of the ftalk the flower alt. Knobbed-rooted Liquorice Vetch.
is produced from the fide, ftanding upon a ſlender The CHARACTERS are,
foot-ftalk ; it is compoſed of fix oblong petals, end The empalement of the flower is of one leaf, divided
ing with acute points, which, on their first opening, into two lips at the top, the upper lip being obtuſe and
year,I are of an herbaceous colour, and fpread wide open ; indented ; the lower lip is longer, trifid, and acute, the
the flower hanging downward as the Crown Imperial middle indenture being extended beyond the other . The
inExce and Fritillary, but afterward the petals turn quite flower is of the butterfly kind. The standard is heart
23.L back, and change to a beautiful red flame colour, Shaped, deflexed on the fides, gibbous on the back, and in
twof their acute points meeting at the top ; thefe petals dented at the point. The wings are ſmall, oblong, and
Fehlea are finely waved on their edges. The fix ftamina oval toward their end, and bend backward. The keel
dt fpread out every way almoſt horizontal, and are ter fhaped, turning upward with its point to
is narrow, fickle-
minated by proftrate fummits. In the center of the the standard, where it is broadeft. It bath ten ftamina,
flower is fituated a roundifh germen, fupporting an nine of which are joined in one body, and the other stands
試に載 inclining ſtyle, crowned by a triple ftigma. This fingle, terminated byfinglefummits. In the center is fitu
Born plant flowers in June and July, but feldom perfects ated an oblonggermen fupporting a spiral cylindrical style,
80 feeds in this country. The ftalks decay in autumn, crowned by an obtufe ftigma. The germen afterward be
and the roots remain inactive all the winter, and the comes an oblong pod with two cells, inclofing kidney-shaped
new ſtalks come out in March . The roots and every feeds.
part of this plant is very poiſonous, fo fhould not be This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection
put in the way of children. of Linnæus's ſeventeenth claſs, which includes the
The feeds of the ſecond fort were fent me by Monf. plants whofe flowers have ten ftamina joined in two
andyex Richard, gardener to the French king at Trianon ; bodies. Tournefort places the firft fort under this ge
theſe were brought from Senegal by Monf. Adanfon , nus of Aftragalus, which is ranged in the fifth fection
who diſcovered this plant growing there naturally of his tenth clafs, which includes the herbs with a
hard
this is faid to have a blue flower, but the plants which butterfly flower, whoſe pointal turns to a pod with
poled two cells.
are in the Chelſea garden have not yet flowered. This
* oper hath a climbing ſtalk , which is garniſhed with ſmooth The SPECIES are,
leaves about three inches long, and two broad, end 1. GLYCINE (Apios) foliis impari-pinnatis ovato - lance
ing in acutepoints, but have no tendril or clafper. The olatis . Hort. Upfal. 227. Glycine with oval, fpear
Ge ftalks as yet have not grown more than two feet high
fhaped, winged leaves. Aftragalus tuberofus fcandens,
STONE here, but have the appearance of climbing like the Fraxini folio. Tourn . Inft. 415. Climbing tuberous
other fort. The leaves have a ſtrong difagreeable Milk Vetch with an Afb leaf; and the Apios Ameri
a fcent on being handled , fo as to be troubleſome to the cana. Cornut. 200.
head if too near, or long fmelt to . 2. GLYCINE (Frutefcens) foliis impari-pinnatis caule pe
As thefe plants rarely produce feeds in this coun renni. Hort. Cliff. 361. Glycine with winged leaves and
try, they are generally propagated by their roots ; a perennial ftalk. Phafeoloides frutefcens, Caroliniana,
thoſe of the firſt fort creep and multiply pretty faſt, foliis pinnatis, floribus cæruleis conglomeratis . Hort.
bri but the fecond hath not as yet put out any offsets ; Angl. tab. 15. Carolina Kidney-bean-tree, with winged
ht but as the plants are young, we cannot as yet ſay how leaves, and blue flowers growing in whorls.
edin they may increaſe when they are of a proper age. 3 . GLYCINE ( Abrus) foliis abrupto-pinnatis pinnis nu
Of Thefe roots may be taken out of the ground when merofis obtufis. Lin. Sp. , 1025. Glycine with abrupt
Gint their ſtalks are decayed, and preſerved in fand during winged leaves, whofe lobes are obtufe. Orobus Ameri
the winter ſeaſon, but they muſt be kept in the ftove, canus, fructu coccineo nigrâ maculâ notato . Tourn .
ICL or a warm room, where they can receive no injury Inft. 393. American Bitter Vetch with a fearlet fruit,
from the cold ; and in the fpring they muft be marked with a black fpot, commonly called wild Liquorice
planted in pots filled with light earth, and plunged in the Weft-Indies.
into the tan-bed in the ftove ; but others chufe to let 4. GLYCINE ( Comofa ) foliis ternatis hirfutis, racemis
the roots continue in the ground all the winter, keep lateralibus. Lin . Sp. Plant. 754. Glycine with hairy tri
ing the pots always in the tan- bed : where this is foliate leaves, and flowers growing in long bunches from
practifed, the roots fhould have very little water the fides ofthe ftalks. Phafeolus Marianus fcandens,
in the winter ; for as they are then in an inactive floribus commofis . Pet. Muf. 453. Climbing Kidney
ftate, fo moiſture at that time frequently rots the bean of Maryland with ſpikedflowers.
roots. 5. GLYCINE ( Tomentofa) foliis ternatis tomentofis, race
Toward the latter end of March, or the beginning of mis axillaribus breviffimis, leguminibus difpermis.
April, their ſtalks will appear, when there ſhould be Lin. Sp . Plant. 754. Glycine with woolly trifoliate
fome tall fticks put down by them to fupport them, leaves, and very fhort Spikes of flowers proceeding from
otherwiſe they will trail over the neighbouring plants, the fides of the stalks, with pods containing two feeds.
and the firft fort will faften to the plants by the ten Anonis phafcoloides fcandens, floribus flavis feffilibus.
drils, which are at the end of the leaves. The ſtalks Hort. Elth . 30. tab. 26. Climbing Reft-Harrow like
of this fort will rife ten or twelve feet high, if the Kidney-bean, with yellow flowers fitting clofe to theftalks.
6 F The
 GLY GLY

The firſt fort grows naturally in Virginia ; this hath vegetate ; but when foaked, the plants will appear in
roots compofed of feveral knobs, or tubers , which a fortnight after the feeds are fown, if they are good,
hang to each other by ſmall ſtrings ; from theſe and the bed in a proper temperature of heat. When
come out in the fpring flender twining ſtalks , which the plants are two inches high, they should be each
rife to the height of eight or ten feet, garniſhed with tranſplanted into a feparate pot, filled with light earth,
winged leaves, compofed of three pair of oval ſpear and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark, where
fhaped lobes, terminated by an odd one. The flowers they ſhould be fhaded fromthe fun till they have taken
come out in ſhort fpikes from the fide of the ſtalks ; new root ; after which they must be treated in the
they are of a Pea-bloffom kind, of a dirty fleſh fame manner as other tender plants from the fame
colour, having little fcent. Thefe appear in Au countries, always keeping them in the bark-ftove, for
guft, but do not produce feeds in England . The they are too tender to thrive in any other fituation in
ftalks decay in autumn, but the roots continue ; this England. This fort will flower the fecond year from
is propagated by parting of the roots, each of the feeds, and fometimes ripens feeds here.
tubers being ſeparated from the principal root, will There are two other varieties of this plant, one
grow; the best time for this is about the end of with a white, and the other a yellow feed , but the
March, or the beginning of April, before they put plants do not differ from the other in leaf or ftalk ;
out fhoots. The roots fhould be planted in a warm but as theſe have not as yet flowered in England, Í
fituation, and in hard froft covered with tan or do not know how their flowers may differ.
mulch to protect them, otherwife they will not live. The fourth fort hath a perennial root and an annual
abroad in this country : where they have been planted ftalk, which decays in the autumn. This rifes from
againſt a fouth wall, they have thriven and flowered two to three feet high, with flender herbaceous ftalks,
extremely well, which they feldom do in any other which are garniſhed with trifoliate hairy leaves, fitting
fituation ; and thofe roots which are planted in cloſe to the ſtalks ; the fmall leaves or lobes, are of
pots rarely flower, nor do their ſtalks rife near fo the oval fpear-shape, ending in acute points. The
high as thofe which are planted in the full ground ; 3 flowers come out from the fide of the talks, at the
fome ignorant perfons call this the Twickenham foot-ftalk of the leaves ; the naked part of the foot
Climber.
ftalk is about two inches long, and the fpike of
The ſecond fort was brought from Carolina, but has flowers is about the fame length, and is recurved ; the
been fince obferved in Virginia, and fome other places flowers are of a Pea-bloffom kind, fitting clofe toge
in North America ; this fort has woody ftalks, which ther. They are fmall, and of a fine blue colour,
twift themſelves together, and alfo twine round any coming out the beginning of June, and are fomne
trees that grow near, and will rife to the height of times fucceeded by feeds in England, which ripen in
fifteen feet, or more. The leaves are winged, and Auguft.
in fhape fomewhat like the Afh-tree, but have a This fort grows naturally in North America, and is
greater number of pinnæ. The flowers are produced hardy enough to live in the open air in England. It
in cluſters from the wings of the leaves, which are of may be propagared by feeds, or parting of the roots ;
a purple colour ; thefe are fucceeded by long cylin the former is the beft method, where good feeds can
drical pods, fhaped like thofe of the ſcarlet Kidney be obtained : thefe may be fown on a bed of light
bean, containing feveral kidney-ſhaped feeds, but earth in the ſpring, and if the feafon fhould prove
thefe are never perfected in England. dry, they must be frequently refreſhed with water,
This climbing fhrub is propagated in ſeveral nur otherwiſe they will remain a long time in the ground
feries near London , where it is known by the name of before they vegetate : when the plants come up, they
Carolina Kidney-bean-tree. It is increaſed by laying muſt be kept clean from weeds in the fummer, and in
down the young branches in October, which will be the autumn when their ftalks are decayed, if fome
rooted well by that time twelvemonth ( eſpecially if rotten tanners bark is fpread over the furface of the
they are duly watered in dry weather) and may then ground, it will protect the roots from being injured
be tranfplanted, either in a nurſery for a year to get by the froft. In the fpring, the roots fhould be
ftrength, or to the place where they are to remain for tranfplanted to the places where they are defiged to re
good, which fhould be in a warm light foil and a main, which muſt be in a warm ſheltered fituation, but
fheltered fituation, where they will endure the cold not too much expofed to the fun, and in a light foil,
of our ordinary winters very well ; and if their roots where they will thrive and produce flowers annually.
are covered with ftraw, Fern, Peas-haulm , or any If this is propagated by parting of the roots, it ſhould
other light covering, there will be no danger of their be done inthe fpring, before the roots begin to fhoot,
being deſtroyed by the froft. which is the beſt ſeaſon for tranfplanting the plants :
The third fort grows naturally in both Indies, and but theſe roots fhould not be parted oftener than
alfo in Egypt. This is a perennial plant, with flender every third year, for if they are often removed they
twining ftalks, which twift about any neighbouring will not flower ſo ſtrong.
fupport, and rife to the height of eight or ten feet, The fifth fort hath a perennial root and a climbing
garniſhed with winged leaves, compofed of fixteen ſtalk, which rifes near four feet high, garniſhed with
pair of fmall, oblong, blunt lobes, fet cloſe together ; woolly trifoliate leaves : the flowers come out in
thefe have the tafte of Liquorice, from whence the fhort bunches from the fide of the ſtalks ; they are
inhabitants of the Weft- Indies have given it the name fmall, of a yellow colour, and are fucceeded by fhort
of Wild Liquorice, and ufe the herb for the fame pods, which contain two roundifh feeds in each .
purpoſe as the Liquorice in Europe. The flowers are This flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
produced from the fide of the ftalks in ſhort ſpikes or It grows naturally in America, but is too tender to
bunches ; they are of a pale purple colour, and fhaped live in the open air in England. This is propagated
like thofe ofthe Kidney- bean ; thefe are fucceeded by in the fame manner, and requires the fame treatment
fhort pods, each containing three or four hard round as the third fort.
feeds of a fcarlet colour, with a black ſpot or eye on GLYCYRRHIZA. Lin . Gen. Plant. 788. Tourn.
that fide which is faftened to the pod. The feeds of Inft. R. H. 389. tab. 210. [ fo called of yunus,
this plant are frequently ftrung, and are worn as or fweet, and piga, Gr. a root, q. d. fweet root : the
naments by the natives of thofe countries, where the ancients called it Scythian Root, becauſe the Scy
plants grow naturally : they are frequently brought thians first brought it into ufe. ] Liquorice ; in French,
to England from the Weft- Indies, and are wrought Regliffe.
into various forms, with fhells and other hard feeds. The CHARACTERS are,
This plant is propagated by feeds, which must be Theflower bath a permanent tubulous empalement of one
fown upon a good hot- bed in the fpring ; but as the leaf, divided into two lips ; the upper lip is cut into
feeds are very hard, fo unleſs they are foaked in water three parts, the middle one being broad and bifid, the
twelve or fourteen hours before they are fown, they under lip is fingle. The flower bath four petals, is of
frequently lie in the ground a whole year before they the butterfly kind, having a long erect Standard, with
oblong

L
 GLY GNA
WAYERE
It the Liquorice plants when they appear above ground,
oblong wings, and a two-leaved keel which is acute.
houl be kath ten ftamina, nine joined and one standingfingle ; they which would greatly injure them ; and alfo obferve to
d
ith Ligh are longer than the keel, and terminated by roundifh fum cut up all the Onions which grow near the heads of
bar We mits. In the bottom is fituated a fhort germen, ſupporting the Liquorice ; and after your Onions are pulled up,
s.
heybea an awl s
-haped ftyle the length of the ftamina, crowned by you fhould carefully hoe and clean the ground from
TrE I weeds ; and in October, when the fhoots of the Li
SS N a rifing obtufe ftigma. The germen afterward becomes an
From C oblong, or oval compreſſed pod with one cell, including two quorice are decayed, you ſhould ſpread a little very
bata
ris.t or three kidney s-hapedfeeds. rotten dung upon the furface of the ground , which
f r
Der iedige This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection of will prevent the weeds from growing during the
conte Linnæus's feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia De winter, and the rain will wafh the virtue of the dung
candria, which includes thofe plants which have ten into the ground, which will greatly improve the
La Diets ftamina joined in two bodies . plants.
The SPECIES are,
Jr
B

In the beginning of March following you ſhould

1. GLYCYRRHIZA (Glabra) leguminibus glabris. Hort. lightly dig the ground between the rows of Liquorice,
Cliff. 490. Liquorice with fmooth pods. Glycyrrhiza fi burying the remaining part of the dung ; but in doing
Eng
liquofa, vel Germanica. C. B. P. Common Liquorice. of this, you ſhould be very careful not to cut the roots.
Fe
2. GLYCYRRHIZA ( Echinata ) leguminibus echinatis . Prod . This ſtirring of the ground will not only preferve it
andanan
Leyd. 386. Liquorice with prickly pods. Glycyrrhiza clean from weeds a long time, but alſo greatly
hismak
capite echinato. C. B. P. Rough-podded Liquorice. ftrengthen the plants.
3. GLYCYRRHIZA (Hirfuta) leguminibus hirfutis. Prod. The diſtance which I have allowed for planting theſe
leave,sf
Leyd. 386. Liquorice with hairy pods. Glycyrrhiza plants, will, I doubt not, by fome, be thought too
Isbes
Orientalis, filiquis hirfutiffimis. Tourn . Cor. Eaftern great ; but in anſwer to that, I would only obferve,
poats & Liquorice with hairy pods. that as the largenefs of the roots is the chief advan
Pala,sat The first fort is that which is commonly cultivated in tage to the planter, fo the only method to obtain this,
Of England for medicine ; the other two kinds are pre is by giving them room ; and befides, this will give
ferved in curious botanic gardens for variety, but their a greater liberty to ſtir and dreſs the ground, which
109

roots are not fo full ofjuice as the firft, nor is the is of great fervice to Liquorice ; and if the plantation
BLUEZ

juice fo fweet ; though the fecond fort ſeems to be defigned were to be of an extraordinary bignefs, I
that which Diofcorides has defcribed and recom would adviſe the rows to be made at least three feet
mended, but I fuppofe the goodness of the firft has diftant, whereby it will be eafy to ftir the ground with
F occafioned its being fo generally cultivated in Europe. a breaft plough, which will greatly leffen the expence
00

The roots of this run very deep into the ground, and of labour
ON

creep to a confiderable diſtance, eſpecially where they Thefe plants fhould remain three years from the time
are permitted to ftand long unremoved ; from theſe of planting, when they will be fit to take up for ufe,
arife ſtrong herbaceous ftalks, four or five feet high, which ſhould not be done until the ſtalks are perfectly
garniſhed with winged leaves, compoſed of four or decayed ; for when it is taken up too foon, it is fub
five pair of oval lobes, terminated by an odd one ; the ject to fhrink greatly, and lofe of its weight.
leaves and ſtalks are clammy, and of a dark green ; The ground near London being rich, increaſes the
the flowers come out in fpikes from the wings of the bulk of the root very faft ; but when it is taken up,
ſtalks, ſtanding erect ; they are of a pale blue colour, it appears of a very dark colour, and not near fo
and are fucceeded by fhort compreffed pods, each con fightly as that which grows upon a fandy foil in an
taining two or three kidney-fhaped feeds... It flowers open country.
the latter end of July, but the feeds do not ripen in The fecond fort grows naturally in fome parts of Italy,
England. and in the Levant ; the ftalks and leaves of this are
This plant delights in a light fandy foil, which fhould very like thofe of the firft, but the flowers are pro
be three feet deep at leaſt, for the goodneſs of Li duced in ſhorter ſpikes, and the pods which fucceed
quorice confifts in the length of the roots ;the greateſt them are very ſhort, broad at their bafe, ending in
quantity of Liquorice which is propagated in England , acute points, and are armed with fharp prickles. This
is about Pontefract in Yorkſhire, and Godalmin in flowers about the fame time as the firft, and in warm
Surry ; though of late years there hath been a great feaſons will perfect feeds in England.
deal cultivated in the gardens near London : the The third fort grows naturally in the Levant, from
ground in which you intend to plant Liquorice, whence the feeds were fent to the royal garden at
hould be well dug and dunged the year before you Paris, by Dr. Tournefort. This hath much the ap
plant it, that the dung may be perfectly rotted, and pearance of the other two fpecies, but the pods of it
mixed with the earth, otherwiſe it will be apt to ſtop are hairy, and longer than thofe of the other. Both
the roots from running down ; and before you plant it, thefe forts may be propagated in the fame manner as
the ground fhould be dug three fpades deep , and laid the first, or from feeds, which may be fown in the
very light ; when your ground is thus well prepared, fpring on a bed of light earth ; but as neither of theſe
you should furnish yourſelf with freſh plants taken are uſed, fo they are ſeldom propagated unleſs for the
from the fides or heads of the old roots, obferving fake of variety.
that they have a good bud or eye, otherwiſe they are GNAPHALIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 850. Elichry
10 fubject to mifcarry ; thefe plants fhould be about ten fum. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 452. tab. 259. Goldylocks,
ch. inches long, and perfectly found. or Eternal Flower ; in French, Immortelle.
The beft feafon for planting them is in the be The CHARACTERS are,
‫וו‬
ginning or middle of March, which must be done It bath a compound flower, made up of hermaphrodite 1
70
in the following manner, viz . Firft ftrain a line florets andfemale halfflorets, included in one fcaly empale
crofs the ground in which you would plant them, ment ; the hermaphroditeflorets are tubulous, funnel-ſhaped,
then with a long dibble made on purpoſe, put in the and cut into five parts at the brim, which are reflexed ;
fhoot, fo that the whole plant may be fet ftrait into thefe have five fhort hairy stamina, terminated by cylin
the ground, with the head about an inch under the drical fummits. In the center is fituated a germen, fup
furface in a ftrait line, about a foot aſunder, or more, porting a flenderStyle the length of theftamina, crowned
in the rows, and two feet diftance row from row ; and by a bifid ftigma ; the germen afterward becomes afingle
after having finiſhed the whole fpot of ground, you feed, which in fome fpecies is crowned with a hairy down,
may fow a thin crop of Onions, which being plants and in others a feathery down. Thefemaleflowers which "
that do not root deep into the ground, nor fpread are intermixed with these have no ftamina, but a germen
much above, will do the Liquorice no damage the firſt Supporting a fiender style, crowned by a bifid reflexed ftig
year ; for the Liquorice will not ſhoot very high the ma. Thefe are in fomefpecies fruitful, and in others they
firft feafon, and the hoeing of the Onions will alſo are barren. The empalement of theflower is permanent
keep the ground clear from weeds ; but in doing of andfoining.
ofthis you must be careful not to cut off the top fhoots
This
 GNA GNA

This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of ramofo corymbis faftigiatis. Hort. Cliff. 401. Herba
Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, which includes thoſe plants ceous Goldylocks with narrow, spear-shaped, pointed leaves
which have hermaphrodite and female flowers incloſed placed alternate, and the upper partof the ftalk branching,
in one common empalement, and are fruitful. with a compact corymbus offlowers. Elichryfum Ame
The SPECIES are, ricanum latifolium . Tourn. Inft . R. H. 453. Broad
1. GNAPHALIUM (Stachas) fruticofum foliis linearibus, leaved American Goldylocks .
ramis virgatis, corymbo compofito. Hort. Cliff. 401 . 13. GNAPHALIUM (Fatidum) herbaceum foliis amplexi
Goldylocks with a fhrubbyftalkgarnished with very narrow caulibus, integerrimis acutis fubtus tomentofis, caule
leaves, and a compound corymbus offlowers. Elichryfum ramofo. Hort. Cliff. 402. Lin. Sp . Plant. 850. Her
feu ftoechas citrina anguftifolia. C. B. P. 264. Caffi baceous Goldylocks with entire leaves embracing theſtalks,
dony, or narrow -leaved Goldylocks. woolly on their under fide, and a branching talk.
2 , GNAPHALIUM ( Anguftiffimum ) foliis linearibus, caule Elichryfum Africanum foetidiffimum, ampliffimo
fruticofo ramofo, corymbo compofito. Hort. Cliff. folio . Tourn. Inft . R. H. 454. Moft ftinking African
401. Goldylocks with a branchingfhrubby stalk, and very Goldylocks with a large leaf.
narrow leaves, with a compound corymbus of flowers. 14. GNAPHALIUM (Argenteum) foliis amplexicaulibus in
Elichryfum anguftiffimo folio. Tourn. Inft. R. H. tegerrimis ovatis nervofis utrinque tomentofis, caule 1
452. Goldylocks with very narrow leaves. ramofo. Hort. Cliff. 402. Goldylocks with entire acute
3. GNAPHALIUM ( Uniflorum ) foliis alternis, acutè den leaves embracing the talks, woolly on both fides, and a
tatis, fubtus villofis, pedunculis longiffimis unifloris. branching ftalk. Elichryfum Africanum foetidiffimum
Goldylocks with alternate leaves fharply indented, woolly ampliffimo folio calyce argenteo. Tourn . Inft. 454.
on their under fide, with very long foot-stalks ſuſtaining Moft ftinking African Goldylocks, with a very large leaf,
oneflower. Elichryfum fylveftre latifolium, flore par and a filvery empalement to the flower.
vo fingulari . Tourn . Inft. R. H. 452. Broad-leaved wild | 15. GNAPHALIUM (Undulatum ) herbaceum foliis decur
Goldylocks, with a fingle fmallflower. rentibus lanceolatis acutis, undatis, fubtus tomentofis,
4. GNAPHALIUM ( Luteo-album) foliis femiamplexicaulibus caule ramofo. Hort. Cliff. 402. Goldylocks with acute
enfiformibus, repandis obtufis, utrinque pubefcenti running leaves which are waved, and woolly on their under
bus, floribus conglomeratis . Prod . Leyd . 149. Goldy fide, and a branching stalk. Elichryfum graveolens
locks with fword-shaped leaves half embracing the stalks, acutifolium, caule alato. Hort. Elth. 130. Stinking
which are obtufe, reflexed, woolly on bothfides, andflowers Goldylocks, with an acute leaf and wingedftalk.
growing in clusters. Elichryfum fylveftre latifolium ca 16. GNAPHALIUM (Cymofum) herbaceum foliis lanceo
pitulis conglobatis . C. B. P. 264. Broad-leaved wild latis trinerviis fupra glabris caule infernè ramofo ter
Goldylocks, with beads growing in clusters. minali. Hort. Cliff. 401. Goldylocks with Spear-shaped
5. GNAPHALIUM ( Aquaticum) caule ramofo diffufo, flo leaves, having three veins, fmooth on their upperfide, and
ribus confertis. Flor. Lapp. 300. Goldylocks with a the under branches terminated with flowers. Elichryfum
diffufed branching ſtalk, andflowers in clusters at the top. Africanum folio oblongo, fubtus incano, fuprâ viridi,
Elichryfum aquaticum, ramofum, minus, capitulis, flore luteo. Boerh . Ind. alt. 1. 121. African Goldylocks
foliaceis. Tourn . Inft. 452. Leffer branching aquatic with an oblong leaf, boary on the under fide, andgreen
Goldylocks, with leafy heads. above, with a yellow flower.
6. GNAPHALIUM ( Sylvaticum) caule fimpliciffimo, flo 17. GNAPHALIUM ( Americanum ) caule herbaceo fimpli
ribus fparfis. Flor. Lapp. 298. Goldylocks with a fingle ciffimo, foliis lanceolatis obtufis tomentofis, floribus
ftalk, andflowers growing fcatteringly. Elichryfum fpi fpicatis lateralibufque. Goldylocks with a single herba
catum. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 453. Spiked Goldylocks. ceous ftalk, obtufe, fpear-shaped, woolly leaves, andflowers
7. GNAPHALIUM (Dioicum) caule fimpliciffimo corymbo growinginfpikesfrom the fides ofthe ftalks. Gnaphalium
fimplici terminali, farmentis procumbentibus. Hort. adftoechadem citrinam accedens. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 125.
Cliff. 400. Goldylocks with a fingle ftalk terminated by a Cudweed like golden Caffidony.
fingle corymbus, and trailing branches. Elichryfum mon 18. GNAPHALIUM ( Rutilans) herbaceum foliis lineari
tanum flore rotundiori candido. Tourn . İnft. R. H. lanceolatis, caule infernè ramofo, corymbo compofito
453. Mountain Goldylocks with a rounder whiteflower. terminali. Hort. Cliff. 401. Herbaceous Goldylocks with
8. GNAPHALIUM (Montanum ) foliis radicalibus cuneifor narrow Spear-shaped leaves, the under part of the ſtalk
mibus, caulinis acutis feffilibus, caule fimpliciffimo, branching, and a compound corymbus terminating the
capitulo terminali aphyllo, floribus oblongis . Goldy branches. Elichryfum Africanum, folio oblongo an
locks with the lower leaves wedge- shaped, thofe on the gufto, flore rubello poftea aureo. Boerh . Ind. alt. 121 .
ftalks acute, and fitting clofe, a fingle ftalk without leaves, African Goldylocks with an oblong narrow leaf and a
terminated by oblong flowers. Elichryfum montanum reddifh flower, which is afterwards yellow.
longiore folio & flore albo. Tourn. Inft. 453. Moun 19. GNAPHALIUM ( Sanguineum) herbaceum, foliis de
tain Goldylocks, with a longer leaf and whiteflower. currentibus lanceolatis tomentofis planis apiculo nudo
9. GNAPHALIUM (Chryfocomum) humile, caule fuffruti terminali . Amoen . Acad . 4. p. 78. HerbaceousGoldylocks,
cofo, foliis linearibus fubtus argenteis, fquamis caly withfpear - shaped, woolly, running leaves, terminated by
cinis longioribus acuminatis. Low Goldylocks with a a naked point. Chryfocoma Syriaca, flore atro rubente.
fhrubby ftalk, very narrow leaves, filvery on their under Breyn. Cent. 146.
fide, and longer acute-pointed scales to the empalement. 20. GNAPHALIUM (Fruticofum) frutefcens foliis infernè
Chamaechryfocoma prælongis purpurafcentibufque lanceolatis caulinis lineari-lanceolatis, utrinque tomen
Jacææ capitulis. Barrel. Icon. 406. Dwarf Goldylocks tofis, corymbo compofito terminali. Shrubby Goldylocks
with longer andpurplish beads like Knapweed. with the under leaves fpear-shaped, thofe on the stalks
10. GNAPHALIUM ( Orientale) fubherbaceum, foliis li narrow, Spear -
shaped, woolly on bothfides, and thestalks
neari-lanceolatis feffilibus, corymbo compofito, pe terminated by a corymbus of flowers. Elichryfum Af
dunculis elongatis . Lin . Sp . 195. Herbaceous Goldy ricanum frutefcens, anguftis & longioribus foliis in
locks with narrow fpear-shaped leaves, and a compound canis . Hort. Amft. 2. p . 109. Shrubby African Goldy
clufter offlowers. Elichryfum Orientale . C. B. P. 264. locks, with longer and narrower leaves which are hoary.
Eaftern Goldylocks, called Immortal Flower. 21. GNAPHALIUM (Odoratiffimum) foliis decurrentibus
11. GNAPHALIUM ( Ignefcens) fruticofum, foliis fublan obtufis infernè villofis, corymbis conglobatis termi
ceolatis tomentofis feffilibus, corymbis alternis con nalibus. Goldylocks with obtufe running leaves, boary on
globatis, floribus globofis . Prod . Leyd. 149. Shrubby their under fide, and a clustered corymbus offlowers ter
Goldylocks, with Spear s -haped woolly leaves fitting clofe minating theftalk. Elichryfum foliis linearibus decur
to thestalks, and alternate clusters ofglobular flowers. Eli rentibus, fubtus incanis , floribus corymbofis. Fig.
chryfum Germanicum, calyce ex aureo rutilante. Plant. tab. 131. fol. 2. Goldylocks with narrow running
Tourn . Inft. R. H. 452. German Goldylocks having a leaves, hoary on their under fide, and flowers growing in
reddifh gold-coloured empalement. a corymbus.
12. GNAPHALIUM ( Margaritaceum ) herbaceum foliis li 22. GNAPHALIUM ( Plantaginifolium ) farmentis procum
neari-lanceolatis acuminatis, alternis, caule fupernè bentibus caule fimpliciffimo, foliis radicalibus ovatis
maximis,
 G NA GNA
PARE
DE
ckbras maximis, farmentis procumbentibus. Lin . Sp. Plant. their under fide ; the flowers ftand upon long foot
850. Goldylocks with a fimpleftalk, large oval leaves at ftalks, which riſe far above the branches, each fuftain
bottom, and trailing runners. Gnaphalium plantaginis ing one ſmall whitifh flower. Thefe appear in July,
folio, Virginianum. Pluk. Alm. 171. Virginia Goldy and the feeds ripen in September. It is propagated
Cs locks with a Plantain leaf. by feeds, which ſhould be fown in autumn upon a bed
รายก
า ร 23. GNAPHALIUM ( Obtufifolium ) herbaceum foliis lan of light earth, where the plants are defigned to re
ceolatis, caule tomentofo paniculato terminalibus glo main ; and when the plants come up in the fpring,
meratis conicis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 851. Goldylocks with they ſhould be thinned where they are too clofe, and
agva
Spear -
shaped leaves, a woolly ftalk, terminated by a conical kept clean from weeds, which is all the culture they
"
cluster offlowers. Elichryfum obtufifolium, capitulis require.
argenteis conglobatis. Hort. Elth. 130. Blunt- leaved The fourth fort is an annual plant with woolly leaves,
Goldylocks, withfilvery beads growing in cluſters. which rife with woolly ftalks about eight inches high,
xical 24. GNAPHALIUM (Spicatum) foliis lanceolatis decurren garniſhed with oblong leaves which embrace the ſtalks

th tibus tomentofis, floribus fpicatis terminalibus latera with their baſe ; the flowers grow in clofe cluſters at
Becare libufque. Goldylocks with fpear-shaped, woolly, running the top, and from the fide of their ſtalks, which are
leaves, andflowers growing in fpikes at the ends and fides included in dry filvery empalements .
of the talks. Elichryfum caule alato , floribus fpi There is another fpecies of this with narrower leaves,
catis. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 125. Goldylocks with a winged not quite fo woolly ; the ſtalks rife higher, and are
m.latvi
ftalk and fpikedflowers. more branched ; the flowers grow in cloſe bunches on
SER
The firft fort hath a fhrubby ftalk, which rifes about the top of the ſtalks, and are of a pale yellow colour.
three feet high, branching out into long flender ftalks Both thefe forts will come up better from the ſcattered
irregularly ; the lower branches are garniſhed with ob feeds, than when they are fown by art ; but if the
USLOTER tufe leaves, two inches and a half long, and an eighth feeds are fown, it muſt be foon after they are ripe,
of an inch broad at the point, but thofe upon the otherwiſe they will not fucceed. The plants requi e
flower-ſtalks are very narrow, ending in acute points ; no other care but to keep them clean from weeds, and
the whole plant is very woolly : the flowers terminate thinned where they are too clofe. They flower in
MOR
RADAR

the ſtalks in a compound corymbus ; their empale July, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
ments are of a filvery colour at firſt, and very neat, The fifth fort is an annual plant, which grows natu
but afterward turn of a yellowifh fulphur colour. If rally in many parts of England, on places which are
theſe are gathered before the flowers are much opened, covered with water in the winter ; this is a low
the heads will continue in beauty many years, efpe branching plant, with filvery leaves and dark heads of
cially if they are kept from the air and duft. The flowers, but being of no ufe is not cultivated ingardens .
plants begin to flower in June, and there is a fuc The fixth fort is alfo an annual plant with narrow
ceffion of flowers all the fummer, fome of which will leaves, which are hoary on their under fide ; the ſtalks
continue in beauty moſt part of the winter. This is grow erect about a foot high, and at every joint is
generally fuppofed to be the true golden Caffidony of produced a fhort fpike of white flowers, with dark
the fhops, but the ſecond fort is uſually ſubſtituted for coloured empalements. This is found growing na
it in England . turally in fome parts of England, fo is not often ad
It is propagated by flips or cuttings, which may be mitted into gardens. If the feeds of this fort are per
planted in June or July, in a bed of light earth, and mitted to ſcatter, the plants will come up in the ſpring
covered with glaffes, or fhaded with mats, obferving with greater certainty than if fown, and they will re
to refreſh them frequently with water, but it muſt not quire little culture. Theſe flower in July, and the
be given in large quantities ; thefe cuttings will put out plants decay foon after they have ripened their feeds.
roots in fix or eight weeks, then they ſhould be taken The feventh fort grows naturally in the northern parts
up and planted in pots filled with light earth, and of England, upon the tops of hills and mountains,
1
སློག:|དོཀ:ྱི

placed in a fhady fituation till they have taken new where the fhoots which are fent out from every fide
root, when they may be removed to an open fituation, of the plant put out roots, whereby it is propagated
and placed among other hardy exotics, till about the in great plenty : the leaves of this grow clofe to the
middle or end of October ; at which time they ſhould ground, they are narrow at their baſe, but rounded
be placed under a common frame, where they may at the end where they are broad ; they are near an
be protected from froft, but in mild weather they inch long, and hoary on their under fide ; the ftalks
fhould be expoſed to the open air. With this ma are fingle, and rife about four inches high, terminated.
nagement in winter, the plants will be much ſtronger by a corymbus of flowers which is fingle. This
than thoſe which are kept in the green-houfe, where flowers in May and June.
3: they generally draw too weak ; for this fort only wants There are two varieties of this, one with a purple and
to be ſheltered from hard froft, being fo hardy as in the other a variegated flower, which have rifen ac
850 very mild winters to live abroad in warm borders cidentally from feeds, but continue their difference in
1% near walls, with little fhelter. the gardens. They are eaſily propagated by offsets,
The ſecond fort hath a fhrubby ftalk, which divides which ſhould be planted in the autumn, in a fhady
into many flender branches, covered with a white fituation, where they will require no other care but to
E

bark ; theſe form a thick bufhy under fhrub, and rife keep them clean from weeds. This plant is called
Ter near three feet, garniſhed with very narrow leaves, Pes Cati, or Catsfoot.
J.L
hoary on their under fide, but green on their upper, The eighth fort grows naturally on the Alps. This
placed without order on every fide the ftalks , the is a low plant, with under leaves like the laſt men
37
flowers are produced in a compound corymbus at the tioned ; the ſtalks are ſingle, and riſe about fix inches
end of the branches ; their heads are fmall, and are high, garniſhed with very fmall acute leaves, and
of a yellow colour when fully blown ; thefe are con terminated by four or five oblong flowers, which in
tinued in fucceffion moft part of fummer. This grows fome plants are white, and in others of a purplish co
naturally in France and Germany, and is hardy enough lour. They appear about the fame time as the for
to live in the open air in England . It is propagated mer fort, and the plants may be propagated and treated
in the fame manner.
by flips or cuttings, which may be planted in a fhady
border during any of the fummer months, and in the The ninth fort grows naturally in Spain and Italy.
autumn they may be tranfplanted into the places This is a low plant with a ligneous ftalk , which fel
where they are defigned to remain . This fhould have dom rifes more than fix inches high, garnished with
a dry undunged foil , in which it is rarely injured un very narrow leaves, white on their under fide ; the
lefs in the moft fevere froſt. flowers are produced from the fide of the ftalks, each
The third fort is an annual plant, which grows na ftanding upon a feparate foot-ftalk ; their empalements
turally in Italy and Sicily ; this hath an herbaceous are fcaly and long, ending in acute ftiff points, and are
ftalk, which rifes little more than a foot high, gar of a purplish colour. This fort flowers in July, but
nished with acute indented leaves, which are hoary on feldom perfects feeds in this country.
6 G The
 GNA G NA

The tenth fort is fuppofed to have been brought firſt weeds. They flower in July, and the feeds ripen in
from India to Portugal, where it has been long pro autumn.

pagated for the beauty of its golden heads of flowers, The fifteenth fort grows in Africa, and alfo in North
which, if gathered before they are too open , will con America, from both thefe countries I have received
tinue in beauty feveral years ; fo that in the winter the feeds. It is an annual plant, with oblong leaves
feaſon they ornament their churches with thefe flowers, at the bottom , which are a little waved , and hoary on
and many of them are annually brought to England, their under fide . The ftalks rife about a foot high,
and fold for ornaments to the ladies. Thefe plants and are garniſhed with acute-pointed leaves ; from
have a fhort fhrubby ftalk, feldom rifing more than their bafe runs a border or wing along the ftalk ; the
three or four inches high, putting out many heads ; whole plant has a difagreeable odour. The flowers
the leaves are narrow and woolly on both fides, and grow in a corymbus on the top of the ſtalks, they are
come out without order ; the flower-ftalks arife from white, and appear in July. The feeds ripen in the
theſe heads ; they grow eight or ten inches high, are autumn, which, if permitted to featter, the plants
garniſhed all the way with narrow hoary leaves, and will come up without care, as the two former forts.
terminated by a compound corymbus of bright yellow The fixteenth fort rifes with a fhrubby ftalk three or
flowers with large heads. Thefe begin to flower in four feet high, fending out many branches from the
May, and there is a fucceffion of them moft part of lower part, garniſhed with narrow fpear- shaped leaves,
fummer. This is propagated by flipping off the heads which half embrace the italks with their bafe ; they
during any of the fummer months, and after ſtripping are of a dark green on their upper fide, but are hoary
off the lower leaves, they fhould be planted in a bed on their under ; the ftalks are terminated by a com
of light earth, covering them with hand-glaffes, which pound corymbus of yellow flowers, whofe heads are
muſt be fhaded every day when the fun is warm ; and Imall : thefe continue in fucceffion great part of the
the cuttings must be fupplied with water, which
' fhould fummer, but are rarely fucceeded by feeds in England.
be often repeated, but not in too great quantities ; It is eafily propagated by cuttings in any of the fum
when theſe are rooted they fhould be planted in pots, mer months, which may be planted in a fhady border,
and treated in the fame manner as hath been directed and duly watered . Thefe will take root in a month
for the first fort. Thefe plants in mild winters will or five weeks, and may then be taken up and planted
live abroad in a very warm border with little fhelter, in pots, placing them in a fhady fituation till they
and the hardier they are treated, the greater number have taken freſh root ; then they may be removed to
offlowers they will produce ; for when they are drawn a fheltered fituation, and placed with other hardy
weak in a green-houſe, they never flower fo ftrong. green-houſe plants till autumn, when they muſt be
The eleventh fort hath very woolly ſtalks and leaves , carried into the green-houſe, where, during the winter
which are much longer than thofe of the tenth ; the feaſon, they ſhould have as much free air as poffible
ftalks rife a foot high, fending out a few fide branches ; in mild weather, for they only require protection from
thefe are terminated by a compound corymbus of froft, fo they fhould be treated in the fame manner as
flowers, whofe heads are fmall, and of a gold colour, other hardy green-houſe plants.
changing a little red as they fade. This is propagated The feventeenth fort is an annual plant, which grows
by flips in the fame manner as the laft mentioned, but naturally in France, Italy, and Spain . This hath a
the plants will live in the open air, if they are planted woolly herbaceous ftalk, which rifes fix or eight inches
on a dry foil. high, garnished with obtufe, fpear-shaped, woolly
The twelfth fort grows naturally in North America, leaves. The flowers are produced in fhort fpikes from
but has been long in the English gardens. This hath the fide, and at the top of the ftalks ; they are of a
a creeping root, which fpreads far in the ground, fo filvery colour, and appear in June and July. The
as to become a troublefome weed very often, unleſs feeds ripen in autumn, which, if permitted to fcatter,
it is kept within bounds ; the ftalks of this are woolly, the plants will come up without care, and require no
rifing a foot and a half high, garniſhed with long other culture, but to keep them clean from weeds.
leaves ending in acute points, which are placed alter The eighteenth fort grows naturally at the Cape of
nate, and are woolly on their under fide ; the upper Good Hope ; this rifes with a flender fhrubby ftalk,
part of the ftalk branches into two or three divifions, which fends out many lateral branches below ; theſe
each being terminated by a cloſe corymbus of flowers, are garniſhed with very narrow leaves, which are hoary
with pretty large filvery empalements, which, if ga on their under fide. The flowers are produced in a
thered and properly dried , will retain their beauty ſe compound corymbus at the end of the branches ; they
veral years. This fort will thrive in almoft any foil are at their first appearance of a pale red colour, but
or fituation, and is eafily propagated by its creeping afterward change to a gold colour ; the empalements
roots. It flowers in June and July, and the ftalks of this fort are ſmall, and dry like the other fpecies of
decay in autumn. this genus. This fort is propagated by cuttings, in
The thirteenth fort grows naturally at the Cape of the fame manner as the fixteenth, and the plants re
Good Hope. This is an annual plant, which fends quire the fame treatment.
out many oblong blunt leaves near the root ; the ftalks The nineteenth fort grows naturally in Egypt and Pa
rife a foot and a half high, garniſhed with leaves placed leftine. This is a perennial plant, whofe under leaves
alternate, which are broad at their bafe where they fpread near the ground ; they are woolly on their under
embrace the ftalles, but end in acute points ; they are fide ; the ftalks rife about fix inches high ; the leaves
woolly, and when handled, emit a very rank odour ; upon theſe are ſpear-shaped, ending in acute points ;
the ſtalks are terminated by a corymbus of flowers, in the ſtalks and leaves are woolly, and the ftalk is ter
large filvery empalements, which will retain their minated by a large corymbus of flowers fitting very
beauty feveral years. clofe ; theſe are of a fine foft red colour, fo make a
The fourteenth fort grows naturally at the Cape of pretty appearance in the month of June, when they
Good Hope, and is an annual plant, very like the are in beauty.
former fort, but the leaves are of a yellowish green This fort is propagated by offsets in the fame manner
on their upper fide, and woolly on their under ; the as the feventh and eighth forts, but this doth not
ftalks branch, and the heads of flowers are of a bright produce them in plenty, fo is very uncommon in the
yellow colour, and thefe differences are permanent. English gardens at prefent : it requires a drier foil than
Both thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which, if the feventh, and a warmer fituation, but not too
fown in the autumn on a warm border, will more cer much expoſed to the mid-day fun, fo ſhould be planted
tainly fucceed, than when they are fown in the fpring ; to a fouth - eaſt aſpect.
or if the feeds are permitted to fcatter, the plants will The twentieth fort grows naturally at the Cape of
come up without care, and may be tranfplanted while Good Hope, but has been long preferved in many
P
they a young, to the places where they are defigned curious gardens in Europe ; the italk rifes three or
to remain : when the plants have taken root, they four feet high, fending out feveral long irregular
will require no other care but to keep them clean from branches, which are terminated by a compound co
rymbus
 GNI GOM

rymbus of flowers. The heads of this fort are com Linnæus's eighth clafs, intitled Octandria Monogynia,
inNr.
pofed of leaves, which are much longer than thofe of the flower having eight ftamina and one ſtyle.
P
any other fort ; the heads ofthe flowers are of a bright We have but one SPECIES of this genus, viz.
filver colour. This is propagated by cuttings, which 1 . GNIDIA (Pinifolia ) foliis fparfis lineari-fubulatis, flo
fhould be planted in the fame manner as hath been ribus verticillatis, aggregatis terminalibus. Lin. Sp.
directed for the tenth fort, and the plants fhould alfo 512. Gnidia with linear awl- shaped leaves, and flowers
ves be treated in the fame way. placed clafely in whorls terminating the branches. Rapun
The twenty-first fort was raifed from feeds in the culus foliis nervofis linearibus, floribus argenteis non
Evefor Chelſea garden, which came from the Cape of Good galeatis. Burm. Afr. 112.
5, 0002 Hope ; the lower leaves of this are oblong and blunt. This plant grows naturally in Ethiopia. It hath a
perce The ſtalks are fhrubby , and divide into many irregular low fhrubby ſtalk, which riſes three or four feet high,
branches, which riſe about three feet high ; thefe are fending out a few fide branches, garniſhed with narrow,
garniſhed with oblong blunt-pointed leaves, hoary on oblong, acute-pointed leaves, which are green on their
their under fide, but of a dark green above ; from the upper fide, but pale on their under, with a ſtrong
icat baſe of the leaves runs a border along the ſtalk, like longitudinal nerve, refembling the leaves of Roſemary :
Dedic a wing, ofthe fame confiftence with the leaves, fo is the flowers come out almoft in whorls from between
mait, ar what the former botanifts termed a winged ſtalk, but the leaves on the extremity of the branches, ftanding
Aa Dr. Linnæus calls it a running leaf. The ftalks are on fhort foot-ſtalks ; they have long flender tubes, and
ACR terminated by a compound corymbus of flowers, which are divided at the top into four fegments which ſpread
hasta are very cloſely joined together, and are of a bright horizontally, having eight very thort ftamina in the
BRO

gold colour, but the flowers are fmall, and change to bottom of the tube, and an oval germen with a flender
da
AND

a darker colour as they fade ; there is a fucceffion of ftyle fattened to the fide of the ftamina ; the germen
Exe
AT

theſe flowers moft part of the fummer, and the early is afterward fucceeded by one oval - pointed feed.
M

flowers are frequently fucceeded by feeds in England. There are two varieties of this, one with a white, and
A
G

Thi sfort may be propagated by flips, or cuttings, in the other hath a blue flower.
the fame manner as the tenth, and the plants may This is ufually propagated here by cuttings, which if
be treated in the fame manner as is directed for that. It carefully planted during the fummer months, in pots
is engraven in the 131ft plate of the figures of plants. filled with light earth, plunged into a very moderate
The twenty-fecond fort grows naturally in North hot-bed, covering the pots cloſely with either bell or
America, from whence the feeds have been brought hand-glaffes to exclude the air, being careful to fhade
to England ; this is a perennial plant, whofe lower the glaffes daily, the cuttings will put out roots in fix
6.392

leaves are large and oval ; from the main ftalk there weeks, when they ſhould be gradually inured to the
come out runners, which take root in the ground, and open air. In winter the plants fhould be placed in a
have young plants at their extremity. The ftalks are dry airy glaſs-cafe, where they may enjoy free air in
fingle, and garniſhed with narrower woolly leaves, mild weather, but protected from froft and damp air.
placed alternate. The flowers are produced at the top GOMPHREN A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 279. Amaran
of the ftalks in a corymbus, they are of a white co thoides. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 654. tab. 420.
3

lour and ſmall. They appear in June and July, and The CHARACTERS are,
fometimes are fucceeded by feeds, but the plants pro The flower bath a large three-leaved empalement, which is
pagate fo faft by offsets, that the feeds are little re coloured and permanent. The petal is ercit, and cut into
garded ; this will thrive in the open air, if planted in five parts at the top ; it hath a cylindrical tubulous em
a dry foil and a warm fituation. palement the length of the petal, cut into five fmall parts
The twenty-third fort grows naturally in North Ame at the brim, which spread open ; it hath five ftamina
rica ; it is an annual plant, with woolly obtufe leaves. fcarcely difcernible, fituated in the brim of the nectarium,
The ſtalks are fingle, and riſe about nine inches high. terminated by fummits, but up in the mouth of the nec
The flowers grow in ſpikes from the fide of the ſtalks ; tarium. In the center is fituated an oval-pointed germen ,
they are of a dirty white colour, fo make no great with two smallstyles, crowned withfingle figma the length
appearance. If the feeds of this are permitted to of the ftamina. The germen afterward becomes one large
fcatter, the plants will rife without trouble, and only roundish feed, inclofed in a thin crusted capfule with one
require to be kept clean from weeds. cell.
The twenty-fourth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
and other of the hot parts of America ; this rifes with of Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia,
a fhrubby ſtalk about two feet high, garniſhed with which includes the plants whofe flowers have five fta
leaves about the fize and ſhape of thofe of Sage, but mina and two ſtyles .
woolly on their under fide, and much veined ; from The SPECIES are,

the baſe of each leaf runs a border along the ſtalk . I. GOMPHRENA (Globofa ) caule erecto , foliis ovato-lan
The flowers are produced in fpikes from the fide, and ceolatis, capitulis folitaris, pedunculis diphyllis. Hort.
at the end of the ftalk ; thefe are long, and clofely Cliff. 86. Gomphrena with an erect stalk, oval spear
joined in the fpike. It flowers in July and Auguft, Shaped leaves, fingle heads, and foot-ftalks having two
but never perfects feeds in England. leaves. Amaranthoides Lychnidis folio, capitulis pur
It is propagated by feeds, which ſhould be fown on a pureis. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 654. Globe Amaranthus with
hot-bed in pots, becauſe the plants do not often riſe purple beads.
the fame year ; therefore when it fo happens, the pots 2. GOMPHRENA (Serrata) caule erecto, fpicâ interruptâ.
fhould be placed in the ſtove in winter, and the fol Prod. Leyd . 419. Gomphrena with an erectstalk, and an
lowing fpring put upon a freſh hot-bed to bring up interrupted spike offlowers.
the plants ; when theſe appear they muſt be planted 3. GOMPHRENA ( Perennis) foliis lanceolatis, capitulis di
into pots, and kept conftantly in the hot-bed, other phyllis, flofculis perianthio proprio diftinctis. Lin. Sp.
wife they will not thrive in England. Plant. 224. Gomphrena with Spear-shaped leaves, two
GNAPHALODES. See MICROPUS . leaves to the beads, and each floret having its proper em
GNIDIA . palement. Amaranthoides perenne, floribus ftramineis
The CHARACTERS are, radiatis. Hort. Elth. 24. tab. 20. Perennial Globe Ama
It bath a funnel-shaped empalement of one coloured leaf, ranthus with radiated ftraw-coloured flowers.
with a long tube divided into four fegments ; the flower The firſt fort grows naturally in India, from whence
bath four plain petals fhorter than the empalement inferted the feeds were brought to Europe, and the plants have
to it, and eight briftly erect ftamina, terminated by fimple been many years cultivated in all the curious gardens :
fummits, and an ovalgermenfupporting aflender ftyle on the it is an annual plant, which rifes with an upright
fide inferted with theftamina, crowned by astingingfig branching ſtalk about two feet high, garnished with
ma; the germen afterward becomes one oval oblique-pointed fpear-shaped leaves placed oppofite. The branches
feed, inclofed in the empalement. alfo come out oppofite, and the foot- ftalks of the
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt order of flowers, which are long and naked, having two fhort
leaves ,
 GOM GOR

leaves, clofe under each head of flowers arifes from rich earth , and when the bed is in a proper tempera
the forks of the branches. The heads at their firſt ap ture of warmth, the plants fhould be carefully taken
pearance are globular, but as they increaſe in fize be up with balls of earth to their roots, and each planted
come oval ; thefe are compofed of dry fcaly leaves into a ſeparate pot, obferving to fhade them till they
or petals, placed imbricatim like the fcales of fiſh ; have taken new root, afterward they muſt be treated
under each of thefe is fituated a tubulous flower, in the fame manner as other tender exotic plants.
which juft peeps out of the covering, but theſe are When the plants have filled theſe pots with their roots,
not much regarded by the generality of people ; for they ſhould be fhaken out of the pots, and their roots
the fcaly empalement which covers them is fo beau on the outſide of the ball of earth muſt be carefully
tiful, and thefe if gathered before they are too much pared off; then they ſhould be put into pots a fize
faded, will retain their beauty feveral years. After larger, and when there is conveniency of a deep frame,
the flowers are paft, the germen, which is fituated in to plunge the pots into another gentle hot- bed, it will
the bottom of each, becomes a large oval feed, in bring the plants early to flower, and cauſe them to
clofed in a chaffy covering, which ripens late in au grow much larger than thoſe which are placed abroad.
tumn, and the plants decay foon after. In July the plants fhould be inured gradually to bear
There are two varieties of this fort, one with fine the open air, into which they may be removed about
bright purple heads, the other hath white or filvery the middle of that month, and intermixed with other
heads, and thefe never alter from feeds, fo that they annual plants to adorn the pleaſure-garden ; but it will
are permanent varieties, though in other refpects they be proper to keep a plant or two of each fort infhelter
do not differ : there is alfo one with mixed colours, for feeds, becaufe when the autumn proves cold or
but whether this arofe accidentally from the feeds of wet, thofe plants which are expofed abroad, feldom
either of the former, I cannot determine, for this va produce good feeds.
riety continues from feeds, and the other two I have GOOSEBERRY . See GROSSULARIA .
cultivated more than thirty years, and have never GORTERIA.
found either of them vary. The CHARACTERS are,

4 There are alfo two varieties of thefe which grow na The empalement of theflower is ftiff, fcaly, endingin bristly
turally in the Weft-Indies, one with purple, and the fpines ; the flower is compofed of hermaphrodite florets in
other with white heads , which are much fmaller and the difk, and female in the rays or border ; the hermaphro
rounder than thofe before- mentioned . The plants
shaped, five-pointed, havingfivefhort
dite florets arefunnel-
grow much larger, and ſpread more into branches , and Stamina terminated by cylindrical fummits, with a hairy
they are later before they flower, fo that in cold ſeaſons germenfupporting a lenderftyle, crownedby a bifidftigma;
the feeds rarely ripen in England ; theſe are called the germen afterward becomes one roundish feed, furrounded
Bachelors Buttons by the inhabitants of America, but fhaped, have
by fine hairs. The female florets are tongue -
whether they are fpecifically different from the others , no ftyle orftigma, and are barren.
I cannot with certainty determine. This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection of
The fecond fort hath much flenderer ftalks than the Linnæus's nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngeneſia Poly
firſt, which grow taller, and are irregular . The leaves gamia fruſtranea, the flowers being compofed of her
are fmaller, but of the fame ſhape. The flowers grow maphrodite florets in the difk which are fruitful, and
in fpikes at the end of the branches, which are broken, female florets in the border, having neither ſtyle or
or divided into three or four parts with ſpaces between ftigma, fo are barren.
them . The fpikes are fmall, and of a pale purple The SPECIES are,
colour. The feeds of this fort were fent me by the 1. GORTERIA ( Ringens) fcapis unifloris, foliis lanceolatis
late Dr. Houſtoun from Campeachy. pinnatifidis, caule depreffo. Amoen. Acad. 6. p. 86.
The third fort hath flender upright ftalks, which are Gorteria with one flower on each foot -ftalk, Spear -
shaped,
garnished with fpear-fhaped leaves placed oppofite ; wing-pointed leaves, and a depreffed ftalk. Arctotis ra
they are hairy, and fit clofe to the ftalks, which alfo mis decumbentibus, foliis lineari-lanceolatis rigidis
are hairy, and terminated by fmall heads of flowers, fubtus argenteis . Ed . prior.
which ſpread open from each other, fo as that the em 2. GORTERIA (Fruticofa) foliis lanceolatis integris den
palement appear diftinct ; thefe are of a pale ſtraw co tato-fpinofis fubtus tomentofis, caule fruticofo. Lin.
lour, and appear in July. The feeds fometimes will Sp. 1284. Gorteria with entire fpear-shapedleaves, whofe
ripen in England, but the plants will live two or three indentures end in fpines, woolly on their underfide, and a
years, if they are preſerved in a ſtove. forubby ftalk. Carthamus Africanus frutefcens, folio
The two forts with large heads of flowers which are ilicis, flore aureo. Walth. Hort. 13. tab. 7 .
firft mentioned, one with purple, and the other which The firſt fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
isfilver-coloured, are very ornamental plants in gardens, Hope ; it is a low fpreading plant, with ligneous ftalks
and are now very commonly cultivated in the Eng fix or eight inches long trailing on the ground, having
lifh gardens. In Portugal, and other warm countries, two or three fide branches, each terminating in a
they are cultivated to adorn their churches in the clofe head of leaves, which are narrow, green on their
winter ; for if thefe are gathered when they are fully upper fide, but filvery on their under, cut into three
grown, and dried in the fhade, they will retain their or five fegments at their ends. The foot- ftalks of the
beauty a long time, efpecially if they are not expofed flowers ariſe from the heads, and are fix inches long,
to the air ; thefe plants are annual, fo are only pro naked, fupporting one large Orange- coloured flower
pagated by feeds, which fhould be fown on a good at the top, compofed of feveral hermaphrodite florets
hot-bed the beginning of March ; but if the feeds are in the diſk, which are fruitful ; but the female half
not taken out of their chaffy covering, it will be proper florets on the border are tongue-fhaped, fpreading
to foak them in water for twelve hours before they are open, each having a dark mark toward their bafe, with
fown, which will greatly facilitate their growing. a white fpot intermixed. The flowers appear in May
When the plants are come up half an inch high, they and June, but are feldom fucceeded by feeds in
fhould be tranfplanted on a freſh hot- bed, at about England.
four inches diftance, obferving to fhade them till they This plant is eafily propagated by cuttings planted
have taken root ; then they fhould have freſh air ad in a fhady border during any of the fummer months,
mitted to them every day, in proportion to the warmth and the plants muſt be afterward treated as is directed
of the feafon ; they will alfo require to be frequently for ARCTOTIS .
refreſhed with water. In about a month's time, if The fecond fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
the hot-bed is of a proper warmth, the plants will Hope. This rifes with a fhrubby flender ftalk three
•
have grown fo large, as to nearly meet, therefore feet high, fending out a few weak branches, garniſhed
they will require more room, otherwiſe they will with oblong leaves fitting clofe to the branches ;they
dray up weak , then a freſh hot- bed fhould be pre are fmooth on their upper fide, woolly underneath,
pare , into which there fhould be a fufficient num and indented on their edges, each indenture ending
ber of three farthing pots plunged, filled with light with a weak ſpine. The flowers terminate the ſtalks,
having
F
‫الله‬
 GOS GRA

having leafy empalements ending with fpines ; the the former fort, but are larger, and of a depe
flowers are yellow, and appear in the fummer months, yellow colour. The pods are larger, and the ftels
but are not fucceeded by feeds in England. are black.
itbe
It is propagated by planting of the fmall heads at the The third fort hath a perennial fhrubby fall , which
NOT R rifes fix or eight feet high, and divides into many
end of the branches, in June or July, which muſt be
clofely covered with either bell or hand-glaffes, or fmooth branches, garnished with hand-fhaped leaves;
they will not fucceed , and fhould be carefully ſcreened having four or five lobes. The flowers are produced
becap from the fun. When thefe are well rooted, they ſhould toward the end of the branches ; there are larger than
pat be put each into a fmall pot, and in winter fhould thofe of the two former forts, and are of a deep yel
Crepi be placed in an airy glafs- cafe fecure from damps. low colour. The pods of this fort are larger than
Jebat GORZ. See ULEX. thofe of the former.
y
aut GOSSY PIU M. Lin. Gen. Plant. 755. Xylon. The fourth fort is a native of the East and West
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 101. tab. 27. Cotton. Indies, from whence the feeds have been brought
The CHARACTERS are, to Europe ; this is alfo an annual plant, which perithes
དག་ ༡ ཀྲིས་ The flower has a double empalement ; the outer is large, foon after the feeds are ripe . It rifes to the height of
of one leaf, and cut halfway into three fegments ; the in three feet ormore, and fends out many lateral branches,
ybas ner is cup-shaped, of one leaf, cut into five obtufe feg which extend to a great diftance, where they are al
ortis ments at the top. shaped petals,
It bath five plain heart - lowed room to grow ; thefe are hairy, and gar
Crack which join at their bafe, and spread open. It bath a niſhed with leaves, having in fome three, and others
great number of stamina, which are joined at bottom in five acute- pointed lobes, with fhort hairy down
a column, but are loofe above, and inferted into the petals ; on their furface. The flowers are produced from the
thefe are terminated by kidney-fhaped fummits. Ithath a fide, and at the end of the branches ; thefe are large,
round germen, fupportingfour ftyles, joined in the column, of a dirty fulphur colour, each petal having a large
and are the fame length of the flamina, crowned by four purple fpot at the bafe, and are fucceeded by oval
thick ftigmas. The germen afterward becomes a roundifh pods, which open into four cells, which are filled with
ཀཀཀཱ
capfule, ending in a point, having four cells, which are oblong green feeds wrapped up in a foft down. ,Where
filled with oval feeds, wrapped up in down. the plants have room to fpread, their branches will
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection produce four or five pods of Cotton upon cach, fo that
of Linnæus's fixteenth clafs, intitled Monodelphia from a fingle, plant, thirty or more pods may be pro
Polyandria, which includes the plants whofe flowers duced ; and each of thefe are as large as middling Ap
have many ftamina, which are joined together with ples, fo there will be a much greater produce from this
the ftyles in one column or body. than from any other fort, and the ftaple is much finer ;
The SPECIES are, therefore it is wellworth the attention of the inhabitants
1. GOSSYPIUM (Herbaceum ) foliis quinquelobis, caule ofthe British colonies in America to cultivate and im
herbaceo lævi . Hort. Upfal. 203. Cotton with leaves prove this fort, fince it will fucceed in Carolina, where
‫راز‬ having five lobes, and a fmooth herbaceous ftalk. Gof it it has been cultivated for fome years ; and might be
社 fypium. Camer. Epit. 203. The common herbaceous a commodity worthy of encouragement by the pub
Cotton. lic, could they contrive a proper gin to feparate the
Dec 2. GOSSYPIUM ( Barbadenfe) foliis trilobis integerrimis Cotton from the feeds, to which this fort adheres
1
fubtus biglandulofis. Hort. Upfal . 205. Cotton-tree much cloſer than any of the other forts, the Cotton
with entire leaves, having three lobes with three glands from this fhrubbeing preferable to any other yet known .
under theirfide. Goffypium frutefcens annuum, folio All theſe forts are very tender plants, therefore will
‫י‬ trilobo Barbadenfe. Pluk. Alm. 172. tab. 188. Shrub not thrive in the open air in England, but they are
by annual Barbadoes Cotton, with leaves having three lobes. frequently fown in curious gardens for variety : the firſt
3. GOSSYPIUM ( Arboreum) foliis palmatis, lobis lanceo and fourth forts will produce ripe feeds in England , if
latis, caule fruticofo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 693. Cotton their feeds are fown early in the fpring, upon a good
with hand - fhaped leaves, having five Spear-shaped lobes, hot-bed ; and when the plants are come up, planted
and a fhrubby stalk. Xylon arboreum, flore flavo . each into feparate pots, and plunged into a hot-bed of
Tourn . Inft. R. H. 101. Tree Cotton with a yellowflower. tanners bark to bring them forward ; and when they
L
4. GOSSYPIUM ( Hirfutum) foliis trilobis & quinquelobif are grown too tall to remain under the frames, re
que acutis, caule ramofo hirfuto. Cotton with leaves moved into the tan-bed in the ftove, and fhifted into
having three and five lobes, ending in acute points, and larger pots, when their roots have filled the other ;
$2
a hairy branching ftalk. Xylon Americanum præftan with this management I have had their flowers appear
tiflimum, femine virefcente. Lign. Tourn . Inft. R. in July, and toward the end of September the feeds
H. 101. Finest American Cotton with a green feed. have been perfectly ripe, and the pods as large as
The first fort is the common Levant Cotton , which thoſe produced in the Eaft and Weft -Indies ; but if
is cultivated in feveral Iſlands of the Archipelago, as the plants are not brought forward early in the
alfo in Malta, Sicily, and the kingdom of Naples ; it fpring, it will be late in the fummer before the flowers
is fown in tilled ground in the fpring of the year, and will appear, and there will be no hopes of the pods
2

is ripe in about four months after, when it is cut coming to perfection .

down in harveft as Corn is in England ; the plants The Shrub- cotton will rife from the feeds very eafily,
: always perifh foon after the feeds are ripe : this plant if they are fown upon a good hot-bed ; and when
grows about two feet high, with an herbaceous italk, they are fown early in the fpring, and brought-forward
garnifhed with finooth leaves divided into five lobes. in the fame manner as hath been directed for the for
Theftalks fend out afewweak branches upward, which mer forts, the plants will grow to be five or fix feet
are garniſhed with leaves of the fame form but fmaller. high the fame fummer ; but it is difficult to preferve
The flowers are produced near the extremity of the the plants through the winter, unleſs they are harden
branches, at the foot- ftalks of the leaves ; thefe have ed gradually in Auguft during the continuance ofthe
two large empalements, the outer is cut into three warm weather ; for when they are forced on at that
parts, and the inner into five. The petals of the time, they will be fo tender, as to render them inca
flower are of a pale yellow colour, inclining to white ; pable of refifting the leaft injury. The plants ofthis
thefe are fucceeded by oval capfules, which open in fort must be placed in the bark- ftove in autumn,
four parts, having four cells, which are filled with and kept in the first clafs of heat, otherwife they will
feeds wrapped up in down, which is the Cotton . not live through the winter in England.
The fecond fort grows naturally in feveral iſlands of the GRAFTING is the taking a fhoot from one tree,
Weft-Indies ; this rifes with a fhrubby ſmooth ſtalk and inferting it into another, in fuch a manner, as
four or five feet high, fending out a few fide branches, that both may unite clofely, and become one tree ;
which are garnished with fmooth leaves, divided into this is called by the ancient writers in hufbandry and
three lobes . The flowers are produced toward the gardening, incifion, to diftinguish it from inoculat
end of the branches, which are fhaped like thofe of ing, or budding, which they call inferere oculos.
6H The
 GRA GRA

The ufe of grafting is to propagate any curious feed, and that have been once or twice tranfplanted .
forts offruits, fo as to be certain of the kinds, which Next to thefe, are thofe ftocks which have been raiſed
cannot be done by any other method ; for as all the from cuttings, or layers, but thoſe which are fuckers
good fruits have been accidentally obtained from feeds , from the roots of other trees fhould always be re
fo the feeds of thefe, when fown, will many of them jected, for theſe are never fo well rooted as the others,
degenerate, and produce fuch fruit as are not worth and conftantly put out a great number of fuckers
cultivating ; but when ſhoots are taken from ſuch from their roots, whereby the borders and walks
trees as produce good fruit, thefe will never alter of the garden will be always peftered with them dur
from their kind, whatever be the ftock, or tree, on ing the fummer feafon, which is not only unfightly,
which they are grafted ; for though the grafts receive but they alſo take off part of the nouriſhment from
their nouriſhment from the ftocks , yet their varieties the trees .
are never altered by them, but continue to produce If thefe ftocks have been allowed a proper diſtance
the fame kind of fruit as the tree from which they in the nurſery where they have grown, the wood will
were taken ; the only alteration is, that when the be better ripened, and more compact than thofe which
ftocks on which they are grafted do not grow fo have grown clofe and have been there drawn up to
faſt, and afford a fufficient fupply of nouriſhment a greater height ; the wood of thefe will be foft, and
to the grafts, they will not make near fo great their veffels large, fo that the cions grafted into them
progrefs as they otherwife would do, nor will the will ſhoot very ſtrong, but they will be leſs difpofed to
fruit they produce be fo fair, and fometimes not fo produce fruit than the other ; and when trees acquire
well flavoured. an ill habit at firſt, it will be very difficult to reclaim
Theſe ſhoots are termed cions , or graffs ; in the them afterward.
choice of theſe the following directions fhould be care Having directed the choice of cions and ſtocks, we
fully obferved. Ift, That they are ſhoots of the for come next to the operation, in order to which you
mer year, for when they are older, they never fuc muſt be provided with the following tools.
ceed well. 2dly, Always to take them from healthy 1. A neat ſmall hand-faw to cut offthe heads of large
fruitful trees, for if the trees are fickly from whence ftocks.
they are taken, the grafts very often partake fo much 2. A good ftrong knife with a thick back , to make
of the distemper as rarely to get the better of it, at leaſt clefts in the ſtocks .
for fome years ; and when they are taken from young 3. A fharp penknife to cut the grafts.
luxuriant trees, whofe veffels are generally large, they 4. A grafting chiffel and a ſmall mallet.
will continue to produce luxuriant fhoots, and are fel 5. Bafs ftrings, or woollen yarn, to tie the grafts
dom fo fruitful as thofe which are taken from fruitful with, and fuch other inftruments and materials as you
trees, whofe ſhoots are more compact , and the joints fhould find neceffary, according to the manner of
clofer together ; at leaft it will be a great number of grafting you are to perform.
years before the luxuriant grafts begin to produce 6. A quantity of clay, which fhould be prepared a
fruit, if they are managed with the greateſt ſkill. month before it is uſed, and kept turned and mixed,
3dly, You fhould prefer thofe grafts which are taken like mortar every other day, which is to be made af
from the lateral, or horizontal branches, to thoſe from ter the following manner :
the ſtrong perpendicular fhoots , for the reaſons before Get a quantity of ftrong fat loam (in proportion
given. to the quantity of trees intended to be grafted, then
Thefe grafts, or cions, fhould be cut off from the take fome new ftone-horſe dung, and break it in
trees before their buds begin to fwell, which is gene amongst the loam , and if you cut a little ftraw, or
rally three weeks or a month before the feafon for hay, very ſmall, and mix amongſt it, the loam will
grafting , therefore, when they are cut off, they ſhould hold together the better ; and if there be a quantity
be laid in the ground with the cut downwards, bury of falt added, it will prevent the clay from dividing
ing them half their length, and covering their tops in dry weather ; thefe muſt be well ſtirred together,
with dry litter, to prevent their drying ; if a fmall putting water to them after the manner of making
joint of the former year's wood is cut off with the mortar ; it should be hollowed like a difh, and filled
cion, it will preferve it the better, and when they are with water, and kept every other day ftirred ; but it
grafted, this may be cut off ; for at the fame time the ought to be remembered, that it fhould not be ex
cions muſt be cut to a proper length before they are pofed to the froft, or drying winds, and the oftener it
inferted in the ftocks ; but, till then, the ſhoots is ftirred and wrought the better.
fhould remain their full length, as they were taken Of late years fome perfons have made uſe of another
from the tree, which will preferve them better from compofition for grafting, which they have found to
fhrinking ; if thefe cions are to be carried to a con anfwer the intention of keeping out the air, better
fiderable diſtance, it will be proper to put their ends than the clay before deſcribed. This is compofed of
into a lump of clay, and to wrap them up in mofs, turpentine, bees-wax, and rofin, melted together,
which will preferve them freſh for a month, or longer ; which, when of a proper confiftence, may be put on
but thefe fhould be cut off earlier from the trees than the ſtock round the graft, in the fame manner as the
thoſe which are to be grafted near the place where clay is ufually applied ; and though it be not above a
the trees are growing. quarter of an inch thick, yet it will keep out the air
Having given directions for the cions and grafts, more effectually than the clay ; and as cold will harden
we next come to that of the ftock, which is a term this, there is no danger of its being hurt by frost,
applied to the trees intended for grafting ; theſe are which is very apt to caufe the clay to cleave, and fome
either fuch old trees as are already growing in the times fall off; and when the heat offummer comes on,
places where they are to remain , whofe fruit is intended this mixture will melt, and fall off without any trou
to be changed, or young trees, which have been ble. In ufing of this, there fhould be a tin, or cop
raiſed in a nurſery for a fupply to the garden ; in the per-pot, with conveniency under it to keep a very
former cafe there is no other choice, but that of the gentle fire with fmall- coal, otherwife the cold will
branches, which ſhould be fuch as are young, healthy, foon condenſe the mixture ; but you muſt be careful
well fituated, and have a ſmooth bark ; if theſe trees not to apply it too hot, left you injure the graft. A
are growing againft walls, or efpaliers, it will be perfon who is a little accuſtomed to this compofition,
proper to graft fix, eight, or ten branches, ac will apply it very faft, and it is much easier for him
cording to the fize of the trees, by which they will than clay, especially if the feafon fhould prove cold.
be much fooner furniſhed with branches again, than There are feveral ways of grafting, the principal of
when a lefs number of cions are put in ; but in which are four :
ftandard-trees, four, or at moſt fix cions will be fuf 1. Grafting in the rind, called alfo fhoulder-graft
ficient. ing, which is only proper for large trees ; this is
In the choice of young ftocks for grafting, you called crown-grafting, becaufe the grafts are fet in
fhould always prefer fuch as have been raifed from the form of a circle, or crown, and is generally per
5 formed
 GRA GRA

formed about the latter end of March, or the be ferted into the flit made in the flope of the stock , and
ginning of April. the cion must be placed on one fide of the ftock, fö
2. Cleft-grafting, which is alfo called ſtock, or flit as that the two rinds of both cion and ſtock may be
grafting , this is proper for trees or ſtocks of a leffer equal, and join together exactly , then there fhould bé
fize, from an inch, to two inches or more diameter ; a ligature of bafs to faften the cion, fo is that it may
this grafting is to be performed in the months of Fe not be eafily difplaced, and afterward clay it over, as
in the former methods.
bruary and March, andfupplies the failure ofthe efcut
cheonway, which is practifed in June, July, and Auguft. The fourth fort of grafting is termed inarching
3. Whip-grafting, which is alfo called tongue-graft grafting by approach, or ablactation. This is only
"s ing ; this is proper for ſmall ſtocks of an inch, half to be performed when the ftocks, which are defigned
WH an inch, or lefs, diameter ; this is the moſt effectual to be grafted, and the tree from which the graft is
E way of any, and which is moft in uſe. to be taken, ftand fo near together, or may be brought
4. Grafting by approach, or ablactation ; this is fo near together, as that their branches may be united ;
to be performed when the ftock you would graft on, this method of grafting is commonly practifed on ten
and the tree from which you take your graft, ftand der exotic plants, and fome other forts which do not
fo near together, that they may be joined ; this is fucceed in any ofthe other methods.
to be performed in the month of April, and is alfo In performing this operation, a part of the ftock,
called inarching, and is chiefly uſed for Jaſmines, or branch, muſt be flit off about two inches in length,
##

Oranges, and other tender exotic trees. obferving always to make choice of a fmooth part of
We come next to the manner of performing the ſe the ſtock ; then a fmall notch fhould be made in this
veral ways of grafting. flit of the ftock downward, in the fame manner as hath
The first method , which is termed rind, or ſhoulder been directed for whip-grafting ; then the branch of
grafting, is feldom practifed but on large trees, the tree defigned to be inarched, fhould have a part
where either the head, or the large branches, are cut flit off in like manner as the ftock, and a flit made
off horizontally, and two or four cions put in, accord upward in this, fo as to leave a tongue ; which tongue
ing to the ſize of the branch, or ſtem ; in doing of fhould be inferted into the fit of the flock, obferving
#J

this, the cions are cut flat on one fide, with a fhoul to join their rinds equally, that they may unite well
der to rest upon the crown of the ftock ; then the together ; then make a ligature of bafs, to keep them
rind ofthe ſtock muſt be raiſed up, to admit the cion exactly in their fituation, and afterward clay this part
between the wood and the bark of the ſtock, which of the ſtock over well, to keep out the air ; in this
muſt be inferted about two inches, fo as the fhoulder method of grafting, the cion is not feparated from
of the cion may meet, and cloſely join the crown of the tree, until it is firmly united with the ftock, nor
二 the ſtock ; and after the number of cions are inferted, is the head of the ſtock, or branch, which is grafted,
the whole crown of the ftock fhould be well clayed cut off till this time, and only half the wood pared
over, leaving two eyes of the cions uncovered there off with a flope, about three inches in length, and
1 with, which will be fufficient for fhooting ; this me the fame of the cion, or graft.
thod of grafting, was much more in practice formerly This method of grafting is not performed fo early in
than at prefent ; the difcontinuance of it was occafion the ſeaſon as thofe of the other, it being done in
ed by the ill fuccefs it was attended with ; for as the month of April, when the fap is flowing, at which
thefe cions were placed between the rind of the ſtock time the cion and ſtock will join together, and unite
xx
and the wood, fo they are frequently blown out by much fooner than at any other feafon.
ftrong winds, after they had made large fhoots, The Walnut, Fig, and Mulberry, will take by this **
which has fometimes happened after five or fix years method of grafting, but neither of thefe will fucceed
growth ; fo that whenever this method is practifed, in any of the other methods ; there are alſo ſeveral
there fhould be ſome ſtakes faftened to fupport the forts of Evergreens, which may be propagated bythis
cions, until they have almoſt covered the ſtock. method of grafting ; but all the trees which are graft
The next method is termed cleft, or ſtock-graft ed in this way are weaker, and never grow to the fize
ing ; this is practiſed upon ftocks, or trees, of a of thoſe which are grafted in the other methods ;
ſmaller ſize, and may be uſed with ſucceſs, where the therefore this is rarely practifed, but on fuch forts
rind ofthe ſtock is not too thick, whereby the inner of trees as will not take by the other methods.
1 bark of the cion will be prevented joining to that of The next thing which is neceffary to be known, by
the ſtock ; this may be performed on ſtocks, or thoſe who would practife this art, is, what trees will
branches, which are more than one inch diameter ; in take and thrive by being grafted upon each other ; and
the doing of this, the head of the ftock, or branch, here there have been no fure directions given by any of
must be cut off with a flope, and a flit made the con the writers on this fubject, for there will be found
trary way, in the top of the flope, deep enough to great miſtakes in all their books, in relation to this
receive the cion, which fhould be cut floping like a · matter ; but as it would fwell this article too great, if
> all the forts of trees were to be here enumerated, which
wedge, fo as to fit the flit made in the ftock, being
careful to leave that fide of the wedge, which is to be will take upon each other by grafting, I shall only men
placed outward, much thicker than the other ; and in tion fuch general directions, as, if attended to, will be
putting the cion into the flit of the ftock, there muſt fufficient to inftruct perfons, fo as they may fucceed .
be great care taken to join the rind of the cion to All fuch trees as are ofthe fame genus, i . e. which
that of the ſtock ; for iftheſe do not unite, the grafts will agree in their flower and fruit, will take upon
will not fucceed : when this method of grafting is each other : for inftance, all the Nut-bearing trees may
ufed to ſtocks which are not ftrong, it will be proper be fafely grafted on each other, as may all the Plumb
to make a ligature of bafs, to prevent the flit of the bearing trees, under which head I reckon not only
ftock from opening ; then the whole fhould be clayed the feveral forts of Plumbs, but alfo the Almond,
over, to prevent the air from penetrating the flit, ſo Peach, Nectarine, Apricot, &c. which agree exactly
as to deſtroy the grafts, only leaving two eyes of the in their general characters, by which they are dif
cions above the clay for fhooting. tinguifhed from all other trees ; but as many of theſe
The third method is termed whip, or tongue-graft are very fubject to emit large quantities of gum from
ing, which is the most commonly practifed of any by the parts of the trees as are deeply cut and wounded,
the nurſerymen near London, eſpecially for finall fo the tender trees of this kind, viz . Peaches and Nec
ftocks, becauſe the cions much fooner cover the ſtocks `tarines, which are moſt ſubject to this, it is found to
in this method than in any other. be the fureft method to bud or inoculate thefe forts of
This is performed by cutting off the head of the fruits, for which fee INOCULATION .
ftocks floping ; then there muſt be a notch made in Then all fuch trees as bear cones will do well upon
the flope toward the upper part downward , a little each other, though they may differ in one being ever
more than halfan inch deep, to receive the cion, which green, and the other fhedding its leaves in winter ; as
must be cut with a flope upward, and a flit made in is oblervbale in the Cedar of Libanus, and the Larch
this flope like a tongue, which tongue muſt be in tree, which are found to fucceed upon each other very
well ;
 GRA GRA

well ; but thefe must be grafted by approach, for they Millet-grafs. And under each of thefe feftions there
abound with a great quantity of refin which is apt to are many fpecies . And there are many others, which,
evaporate from the graft, if feparated from the tree by older writers, were included under this general
before it is joined with the flock, whereby they are title, fome of which have no relation to this clas
often deftroyed ; as alfo the Laurel on the Cherry, or but there are others which are near nearly allied to it,
the Cherry on the Laurel. All the maft- bearing trees as the Cyperus and Cyprefs Graffes, & c. Thefe Dr.
will alfo take upon each other, and thofe which have Linnæus has divided into genera , Lut by this method
a tender foft wood will do well if grafted in the com of claffing them, he has feparated them to a great
mon way ; but thofe that are of a more firm contex diftance from each other ; for all thofe whole Rowers
ture, and are flow growers, fhould be grafted by ap have three ftamina, are ranged in his third clais ; and
proach. others which have male and female flowers, are re

V By ftrictly obferving this rule, we fhall feldom mif moved to his twenty- firft clals . However, it would
carry, provided the operation be rightly performed, have been much better to have kept them together, as
and at a proper feafon , unleſs the weather thould prove Dr. Van Royen has done in the Prodromus of the
very bad, as it fometimes happens, whereby whole Leyden garden, under one general title to the chais
quarters of fruit-trees mifcarry ; and it is by this me of Graminea.
thod that many kinds of exotic trees are not only As the feveral genera under which the different fe
propagated, but alfo rendered hardy enough to en cies of Grafs are ranged, have different charaRers by
dure the cold of our climate in the open air ; for, which they are diftinguifhed, fo it would be to lite
being grafted upon ftocks of the fame fort which are purpofe to give them all in this work ; and as there
hardy, the grafts are rendered more capable to endure are no general characteristics by which the whole clafs
the cold, as hath been experienced by most of our can be known, fo I fhall not trouble the reader with
valuable fruits now in England, which were formerly any of them here, but proceed to enumerate a few of
tranfplanted here from more foutherly climates, and the fpecies.
were at first too impatient of our cold to fucceed 1. GRAMEN fpicâ triticeà repens vulgare, caninum
well abroad; but have been, by budding or grafting dictum . Raii Syn . 2. p . 247. Common creeping Grajs
upon more hardy trees, rendered capable of refifting with a spike like Wheat, called Dog -grefs . Trit
our fevereft cold.
cum calycibus fublatis trifloris acuminatis . Lin. Sp.
And thefe different graftings feem to have been greatly Plant. Wheat with an awl s -haped pointed empalement
in ufe among the ancients, though they were certainly including threeflowers, commonly called Couch, Couch-gress,
miftaken in the feveral forts of fruits which they or Quick-grass.
mention to have fucceeded upon each other ; as the 2 . GRAMEN loliaceum, anguftiore folio & fpicâ. C.
Fig upon the Mulberry, the Plumb upon the Cheft B. P. Darnel-grafs, with a narrower leafand ſpike.
nut, with many others of the like kind ; moft of which Lolium fpicâ muticâ. Lin . Sp . Plant. 83. Dernel with
I have already tried, and find they will not fucceed ; a chaffy fpike, commonly called Ray, or Rvo-gress.
therefore what has been advanced on this head by the 3 . GRAMEN pratenfe, paniculatum majus anguftiore
ancients, is not founded on experience ; or at leaft folio . C. B. P. 2. Meadow -grafs with largerpanicles and
they did not mean the fame plants, which at prefent a narrower leaf. Poa panicula diffusi, fpiculis qua
are called by thofe names ; though I cannot help drifloris pubefcentibus, culmo erecto tereti. Flor.
thinking we are apt to pay too much deference to the Suec. 77. Poa with a diffuſedpanicle, the smaller fpikes
writings of the ancients, in fuppofing them feldom to having four hairy flowers, and a taper eritfira .
be miſtaken, or to affert a falfhood ; whereas, if their 4. GRAMEN pratenfe, paniculatum majus, latiore folio.
works are carefully examined, it will be found, that C. B. P. 2. Meadow-grafs with a larger panicle and
they have often copied from each other's writings, broader leaf. Poa paniculâ diffufâ fpiculis trifloris gla
without making experiments to prove the truth of bris, culmo erecto tereti. Flor. Suec. 76. Poa wiib a
their affertions : and it is well known, that the ranging diffufed panicle, fmall ſpikes with threeflowers, and an up
of plants before Cæfalpinus's time (which is about right ftraw.
170 years fince) was, by their outward appearance, 5 . GRAMEN avenacium pratenfe clatius panicula fave
"
or from the fuppofed virtues of them, which me fcente, locuftis parvis. Raii Syn. 407. Taller vice
thod is now juftly exploded ; and it hath been ob dow Oat-grafs, with ayellowish panicle andfmall boks.
ferved, from many repeated trials, that however Avena panicula laxa, calycibus trifloris brevibus,
plants may refemble each other in the fhape and make flofculis omnibus ariftatis. Prod. Leyd . 66. Oat-grajs
of their leaves, manner of fhooting, & c. unless they with a loofe panicle, threeflowers in each empalement,
agree in their fruit, and their other diftinctive cha which is fhort, and all the flowers having awns.
racters, they will not grow upon each other, though 6. GRAMEN fecalinum. Ger. Emac. lib. 1. cap. 22. n. 4.
performed with ever fo much art. Tall Meadow Rye grofs.
GRAMEN. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 516. tab. 297. Raii 7. GRAMEN trenulum maximum. C. B. P. 2. Greateſt
Meth. Plant. 171. Grafs ; in French, Chien-dent. Quaking-grafs, er Cowquokes. Briza fpiculis cordatis,
To enumerate all the fpecies of Grafs which are found flofculis feptendecim. Hort. Cliff. 23. Briza with
t growing naturally in England, would fwell this arti heart-shaped littlefpikes, andfeventeenflowers in each.
cle greatly beyond the defign of the work ; therefore The firft fort of Grafs is that which is directed to be

I fhail only take notice of a few fpecies, which are ei ufed in medicine ; the roots of this are chiefly ufed,
ther ufed in medicine, or cultivated for fodder ; for and are accounted aperitive and diuretic, opening ob
there is fcarce a pafture in this country, where at ftructions of the reins and bladder, provoking urine,
leaft twenty different fpecies are not to be found in and are of fervice against the gravel and ftone. The
termixed, and in moft of them more than twice that juice of the leaves and ftalks was greatly esteemed by
number. Thefe were, by the former writers on bo Dr. Boerhaave, who generally prefcribed this in all
tany, all included under the common denomination of cafes where he fuppofed there were any obftructions
Gramen, but were divided into different fections . in the bile conduit.
Mr. Ray has ranged them in the following order, This hath a creeping root, which ſpreads far in the
a Gramen Triticum, i . e. Wheat-grafs . Cramen Seca ground, and is a very troublefome weed in gardens
4 linum , i . e. Rye-grals. Gramen Loliaceum, i. e. Dar and arable land , for every finall piece of the roat
will grow and multiply exceedingly, fo it is very dif
nel - grafs . Gramen Paniceum, i. e. Panic- graís. Gra
men Phalaroides, i . e . Canary-grafs. Gramen Alope ficult to extirpate where it once gets poffefich : in
curoides, i . e . Fox- tail-gras. Gramen Typhinum, gardens, the common method of deftroying it is, to
i . e. Cat's-tail-grafs . Gramen Echinatum , i . c. Hedge fork out the roots as often as the blades appear above

hog-grafs . Gramen Criflatua, i . e . Crefted-grats. ground ; where this is two or three times carefully
Gramen Avenacium, i. e. Oat- grafs. Gramen Dac repeated, it may be totally rooted out ; but when the
tylon, i . e. Cock's-foot-graf . Gramen Arundina furface of the ground is very full of the roots of this
ceum, i. e. Recd- grafs . Gramen Millcacem, i. e. Grafs, the fhorteft way of deftroying it, is to trench
the
1
 G. RA GRA

the ground two fpits and a fhovelling deep, turning ground as can be defired ; but this is not to be prac◄
all the couch into the bottom, where it will rot, and tifed upon fuch lands where the beauty of the verdure
never ſhoot up ; but this can only be practifed, where is principally regarded, therefore is fit for thoſe who
there is a fufficient depth offoil ; for in fhallow ground have only profit in view.
the roots cannot be buried fo deep, as to lie below The third and fourth forts are the two beft fpecies
the depth to which they naturally fhoot. of Grafs for paftures , ſo that if the feeds oftheſe were
Where the roots of this Grafs get poffeffion in ara carefully collected and fown feparately without any
ble fields, it is very difficult to root out again ; the other mixture of Grafs-feeds, they would not only af
ufual method is by laying the land fallow in fummer, ford a greater quantity of feed on the fame fpace of
and frequently harrowing it well over to draw out the land, but the Grafs would alfo be better, the hay
roots where this is carefully practifed, the ground fweeter, and the verdure more lafting than of any
may be fo well cleaned in one fummer, as that the other forts ; but there requires fore attention to the
11
roots cannot much injure the crop which may be fown faving of thefe feeds pure without mixture. I have
4 tried to fave the feeds of feveral fpecies of Grafs fe
upon it ; but fuch land fhould be cropped with Beans,
Peas, or fuch things as require the horſe-hoeing cul parately, in order to determine their qualities, but
ture ; for where the land can be frequently ſtirred and have found it very difficult to keep them diftinct in
harrowed afterward, it will be of great fervice in gardens where the feeds of other forts of Grafs have
cleaning it from the roots of this Grafs and other bad been ſcattered : the only method in which I could fuc
weeds. The blade of this Grafs is fo rough, that cat ceed, was by fowing each fpecies in a diſtinct pot,
tle will not feed upon it. and when the plants came up, to weed out all the
The fecond fort is frequently cultivated, eſpecially other kinds of Grafs which came up in the pots ; by
inftrong cold land, upon which this Grafs will fuc this means I preferved a great variety of the graffy
ceed better than any other fpecies, and is an earlier tribe feveral years, but not having ground enough
feed in the fpring ; but this is a very coarfe Grafs, to propagate the moſt uſeful fpecies in any quantity ,
and unless it is cut very early for hay, it becomes hard I was obliged to abandon the purfuit : but I must re
and wiery in the ftalks, fo that few cattle care to eat commend this to perfons of leifure and ſkill who have
it ; for this fpecies has but few leaves, running all to a fufficient quantity of land for the purpoſe, to carry
ftalk, fo is ufually called Bents, and in fome counties this project into execution, which may be of fingular
Bennet ; when this grafs is fed, it will be proper to benefit to the public ; for we have an inftance of the
mow off the Bents in the beginning of June, other advantage which the inhabitants of the Netherlands
wife they will dry upon the ground, and have the ap have made, by faving the feeds of the White Clover,
pearance of a ftubble field all the latter part of fum or Honeyfuckle Trefoil, which is a plant common to
mer ; fo that it will not only be very difagreeable to moſt of the Engliſh paſtures ; yet few perfons in this
the fight, but alſo be troubleſome to the cattle that country ever gave themfelves the trouble to collect
feed on it, by tickling their noftrils , fo that the the feeds from the fields for fowing, but have pur
1
want of better pafture only, will force them to eat of chaſed vaſt quantities of this feed annually, at a con
the young Grafs which fprings up between thefe Bents ,
fiderable price from Flanders, where the peasants have
for thoſe they will not touch ; therefore thoſe who been fo induftrious, as to collect the feeds and fow
ſuppoſe that theſe are eaten in ſcarcity of feed by the great quantities of land with it, with a view of fale to
cattle, are greatly miſtaken ; for I have many years this country only. This is not an inconfiderable ar
cloſely attended to this, and have always found theſe ticle in huſbandry, but deferves the attention of all
Bents remaining on the ground untouched, till the thofe, who, by choice or otherwiſe, are engaged in
froft, rain, and winds, deſtroy it in winter ; and, by the buſineſs of agriculture ; for one acre of land will
permitting theſe to ſtand, the after- growth of the produce as much feeds of this fpecies of Trefoil, as
Grafs is greatly retarded , and the beautiful verdure will fell for 12 1. where it is well planted and faved
is loft for three or four months ; fo that it is good from the fpring crop ; and if the Graſs-feeds before
huſbandry to mow them before they grow too dry, mentioned were feparately fown, and carefully weeded
and rake them off the ground : if theſe are then from all other fpecies, and permitted to ſtand till
made into the hay, it will ferve for cart-horfes or their feeds were ripe, it might be of equal advan
cows feed in winter, and will pay the expence of mow tage with the other, efpecially now, when every gen
ing it. tleman is endeavouring to improve the verdure near
There is another fpecies of this Grafs called Red Dar their habitations.
nel, which is of a worfe nature than the firſt, the The fifth and fixth forts are alfo very good Graffes
ftalks growing hard much fooner, and having nar for paftures, and have perennial roots, fo are the next
* beft forts for fowing to thofe before-mentioned, which,
rower leaves. This is very common in moſt paſture
grounds, for as it comes early to flower, fo the feeds in my opinion, deferve the preference to all the
are generally ripe before the hay is cut, and from the other ; but as it will be difficult to fave a fufficient
falling feeds the ground is fupplied with plenty of quantity of feeds of thofe alone, to fupply the de
this fort ; therefore thoſe who are defirous to keep mand which may be for their feeds ; fo thefe two fpe
their paſtures as clear from this Grafs as poffible, cies may be admitted in aid of the other, as they are
fhould always mow it before the feeds are ripe. very leafy kinds of Grafs , and their ftalks do not be
This Grafs is ufually fown with Clover, upon fuch come ſtiff and harsh like many other ſpecies, but with
lands as are defigned to be ploughed again in a few proper care may be made very fine ; and, if duly
" years, and the common method is to fow it with rolled, their roots will mat and form a very clofe
Spring Corn ; but from many repeated trials, I have fward, therefore thefe fhould be included in the num
always found, that by fowing thefe feeds in Auguſt, ber of fown Graffes.
when there has happened a few fhowers to bring up The ſeventh fort is mentioned for the fake of variety,
the Grafs, that the crop has anfwered much better than and not for uſe ; this hath an annual root, which fends
any which has been fown in the common way ; for the up many broad hairy leaves, between which arife flen
Grafs has often been fo rank, as to afford a good feed der ftiff ſtalks from a foot to near two two feet high ,
the fame autumn ; and the following fpring there has dividing upward into a large loofe panicle, garniſhed
been a ton and a half of hay per acre mowed very with heart shaped fmall fpikes, each having about fe
early in the feafon, and this has been upon cold four venteen fmall flofcules or florets ; thefe, after the
land ; fo that I am convinced of that being the beſt flowers are paft, have a fingle feed fucceeding them ;
feafon for fowing thefe Graffes, though it will be very the heads hang by flender long foot-ftalks, which are
difficult to perfuade thofe perfons to alter their prac moved by every wind, fo that they generally appear
tice, who have been long wedded to old cuftoms. The fhaking, from whence it had the title of Quaking
quantity of feeds which I allow to an acre is about Grafs. There are four fpecies of this Grafs, two of
two bufhels, and eight pounds of the common Clover, them grow naturally in England ; and thefe Graffes
which, together, wiM make as good plants upon the coming to head in May, occafioned the following
6 I English
 GRA GRA

English proverb, May come fhe early come ſhe late, makes feeds of the purer fort of Grafs than the generality
the cow quake. The large fort here mentioned, grows of people care to beftow, fo I would recommend the
1
naturally in the fouth of France and Italy, and is only fetting fome of thofe upland paftures, which are
preferved in fome Engliſh gardens for the fake of cleaneft from weeds, and have the ſweeteſt herbage
variety. afide, to ftand for feeds ; and although by fo doing
•
If the feeds of this fort are fown in the autumn, or the hay will be lefs valuable, yet from the fale of
permitted to ſcatter when ripe, the plants will come the feeds, it may anſwer better to the poffeffor, than
up ftronger, and flower much earlier, than when they to mow it merely for the hay ; for any gentleman who
are fown in the fpring, fo good feeds may always be has regard to the beauty of his land, had better give
expected from them, which can feldom be attained fix times the price for fuch feeds, as is ufually paid
from the fpring plants in England ; and as two or for the ordinary feeds, fince the first expence of feeds
three plants ofthis fort will be full enough in a garden is not to be put in competion with the beauty and ad
for variety, fo thefe fhould be allowed to fpread ; for vantage of having fuch as are good ; for when the land
where they grow at a diftance from each other, the is brought to a good fward (which may be done in
roots will fend out a great number of ſtalks, which will one year, where it is properly prepared and fown with
-1
be ſtronger, and produce much larger panicles than good feeds ) it may be kept in good order, and by
thofe which are too near together. good management improved annually, and will con
The Cock's foot Grafs, Capon's-tail Graſs, and Mil tinue fo, as long as proper care is taken of it. I
let Graffes are too coarſe to deſerve attention in Eng know fome land which was fown in the method here
land, though fome of their ſpecies are very uſeful in the • after directed above forty years ago, which are now
warm parts of America, where there is a great fcar as good paſtures as any I have feen, and may be al
city of finer Grafs ; and fome of theſe are much bet ways continued fo.
ter adapted to thofe warm countries, than any of our Thefe grounds abounded with many bad weeds, fo
European Graffes, for many of them lie flat on the they had a winter and fummer's fallow, in which time.
ground, and emit roots from their joints, fo are well they were five times ploughed and ten times harrowed
prepared for heat ; their ſtalks are large and juicy, fo in order to deſtroy the weeds, and make the furface
will live in heat where few of the European Graffes of the ground fine ; in Auguft they were fown with
can be made to thrive. the beſt Grafs-feeds as could be procured, three buſh
The land on which Grafs-feed is intended to be fown, els of this, and nine pounds of the white Dutch Clo
fhould be well ploughed, and cleared from the roots ver-feeds were allowed to each acre ; as there happened
of noxious weeds, fuch as Couch- grafs, Fern, Rufhes, rains foon after the feeds were fown , fo the Grafs came
Heath, Gorfe, Broom, Reft-harrow, &c. which , if up well , but among it were a great number of weeds,
left in the ground, will foon get the better of the which were drawn up and carried off the ground, and
Grafs, and over-run the land . Therefore in fuch places in the beginning of October the fields were rolled with
where either of thefe weeds abound, it will be a good a Barley roller ; in the fpring the fields were again
method to plough up the furface in April, and let it weeded, and afterward rolled , and that fummer there
lie fome tine to dry ; then harrow the roots into ſmall was more than two tons of hay per acre mowed off
heaps, and burn them. The afhes fo produced, when the land ; and by conftant weeding twice a year,
fpread on the land, will be a good manure for it. The fweeping it with a buſh-harrow, rolling and dreffing
method of burning the roots is particularly directed of the land, the Grafs has been greatly improved fince,
under the article LAND, which fee : but where Couch and is now as good pafture as any in England : and
grafs, Fern, or Reft-harrow is in plenty, whofe roots fince I have laid down great quantities of land inthe
run far under ground, the land muſt be ploughed fame manner, and with equal fuccefs ; therefore from
two or three times pretty deep in dry weather, and many years experience can recommend it, as the fureft
the roots carefully harrowed off after each ploughing, method of having good paftures.
which is the moit fure method to deftroy them. Where But I know the generality of farmers will object to
the land is very low, and of a ftiff clayey nature , the firſt lofs of their crop, and alfo to the after ex
which holds water in winter, it will be of fingular fer pence of weeding, rolling, &c. as too great for com
vice to make fome under-ground drains to carry off the mon practice : however, I am well fatisfied from ex
wet ; which, if detained too long on the ground, will perience, that whoever will be at the expence, will
render the Grafs four. The method of making theſe find their account in it ; for the crops of hay will be
drains is prefcribed under the article LAND, which fo much better, and the after pafture alfo, that it will
fee. more than pay the expence, as from many exact ac
Before the feed is fown, the furface of the ground counts, which have been kept of the whole, is fuffici
fhould be made level and fine, otherwife the feed will ently demonftrated , and the verdure of theſe paſtures
be buried unequal . When the feed is fown, it muſt is charming to all thoſe who have any tafte of natural
be gently harrowed in , and the ground rolled with a beauties.
wooden roller, which will make the furface even , and The proper management of paſture land is the leaft
prevent the feeds being blown in patches. When the underſtood of any part of agriculture ; the farmers
Grafs comes up, if there fhould be any bare ſpots , never have attended to this, being more inclined to
where the feed has not grown, they may be fown the plough, though the profits attending that have
again, and the ground rolled, which will fix the not of late years been fo great as to encourage them
feeds ; and the first kindly fhowers will bring up the in that part of hufbandry ; but theſe people never
Grafs, and make it very thick. think of laying down land for pafture, to continue
Where the land is defigned to continue in pafture, it longer than three years, at the end of which time
fhould be fown with the beft forts of Grafs-feeds, and they plough it up again, to fow it with grain.
white Dutch Clover, or what is commonly called Ho There is a fort of ſtriped Grafs which is preferved in
neyfuckle Grafs in many parts of England, but there many gardens for the beauty of its variegated leaves,
is a great difficulty of procuring hay-feeds which are which continue freſh the greateſt part of the fum:ner.
good ; for in all the good paftures near London , which This fort is eafily propagated by parting the roots,
abound with the belt forts of Grafs, the hay is com either in fpring or autumn, for every offset will in
monly cut before the feeds of the Grafs are ripe ; fo creaſe to be a large root in one year's time. It will
that thoſe feeds which are procured from the ftables grow on any foil or in any fituation , therefore may be
where the horfes are fed with the beſt fort of hay, are planted in any abject part ofthe garden, where it will
little more than chaff, or at beft are only fuch as are of thrive, and afford an agreeable variety. This fort is
the early kinds of Grafs, with a great quantity of Plan by many perfons called Ribband-grafs, from the
tain and other weeds : which has difcouraged many ftripes of white and green, which run the whole
gentlemen from fowing them, nor has any one at length of the blade, like the ftripes in fome rib
tempted to fave theſe feeds properly ; and as it requires bands.
longer time, and more attention, to ſave a quantity of
For

1
 GRA GRA .

For the further management of Grafs in fields, fee It is a general practice when turf is laid in gardens, to
PASTURE and MEADOW ; and for that in gardens, fee cover the furface of the ground under the turf, either
GRASS. with fand or very poor earth ; the defign of this is to
VE

Clover- grafs . See TRIFOLIUM . keep the Grafs fine, by preventing its growing too
Saint-foin. See ONOBRYCHIS , or HEDYSARUM. rank. This is proper enough for very rich ground,
La Lucerne . See MEDICA . but is not fo for fuch land as is but middling or poor ;
Nonefuch, See MELILOTUS, or TRIFOLIUM. for when this is practifed in fuch places, the Grafs
B

Trefoil. See TRIFOLIUM . will foon wear out, and decay in patches .
Spurry. See SPERGULA . When turf is taken from a common or down, there
GRANADILLA . See PASSIFLORA. fhould be regard had to the cleannefs of it, and not
GRAPES . See VITIS . to take fuch as is full of weeds : for it will be a very
GRASS. The English Grafs is of fo good a qua tedious piece of work, to weed them out after the
lity for walks or Grafs- plats, that if they be kept in turf is laid ; and unleſs this is done, the Grafs will ne
good order, they have that exquifite beauty that they ver appear handfome.
cannotcome up to in France, andfeveral other countries. Where turf is defigned to remain for years without
But green walks and green plats are, for the moſt renewing, there fhould be dreffing laid upon it every
·
part, not made by fowing the Grafs-feed, but by lay other year, either of very rotten dung, afhes, or, where
ing turfs ; and, indeed, the turfs from a fine common it can be eafily procured, very rotten tan, is a good
or down, are much preferable to fown Grafs . drefling for Grafs ; but thefe dreffings fhould be laid
In fowing a fine green plat, there is a difficulty in get on early in winter, that the rain may wafh them into
ting good feed , it ought not to be fuch as is taken the ground, before the drought of the fpring comes
out of the hay-loft without diftinction ; for that feed on, otherwife they will occafion the Grafs to burn
fhooting too high and making large ftalks , the lower when the warmth of fummer begins . Where Grafs is
part will be naked and bare ; and although it be mow fo dreffed, and kept well rolled and mowed, it may
ed ever ſo often, it will never make handfome Graſs ; be kept very beautiful for many years ; but where it is
but, on the contrary, will come to nothing but tufts not dreffed or fed with fheep, it will rarely continue
of weeds and Quick-grafs, very little better than that handſome more than eight or ten years.
of the common fields . GRATIOLA. Lin . Gen. Plant. 27. Raii Meth .
If walks or plats be made by fowing, the beft way Plant. 90. Digitalis. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 165. Hedge
is to procure the feed from thoſe paſtures where the Hyffop.
Grafs is naturally fine and clear, or elfe the trouble of The CHARACTERS are,
keeping it from fpiry and benty Grafs will be very The flower bath a permanent empalement, which is cut
great, and it will ſcarce ever look handſome. into five parts ; it hath one petal of the grinning kind,
In order to fow Graſs -feed, the ground muſt be firſt with a tube longer than the empalement, cut at the top
dug or broken up with a ſpade ; and when it has been into four ſmall fegments, the upper being broader and in
dreffed and laid even, it muſt be very finely raked dented at the end where it is reflexed ; the other three are
over, and all the clods and ftones taken off, and co erect and equal. It hath five awl- shaped ftamina, three
vered over an inch thick with good mould , to facili of which are shorter than the petal, and fteril ; the other
tate the growth of the feed ; this being done, the feed two are longer, and adhere to the tube ofthe petal ; theſe
is to be fown pretty thick, that it may come up clofe are fruitful in male duft ; they are terminated by roundish
and fhort ; and it muſt be raked over again to bury fummits. In the center is fituated a conicalgermen, fup
and cover the feed, that if the weather ſhould hap porting an erect style, crowned by a ftigma with two
pen to be windy, it may not be blown away. lips, which clofe after being fæcundated. The germen af
As to the feafon of fowing Grafs, the middle or lat terward becomes an oval capfule ending in a point, having
ter end of Auguft is a good time, becauſe the feed two cells which arefilled with fmallfeeds.
naturally requires nothing but moiſture to make it This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
grow : if be not fown till the latter end of February, Linnæus's fecond clafs , intitled Diandria Monogynia, 1
or the beginning of March, if the weather proves dry, which includes thofe plants whofe flowers have but
it will not fo foon make the walks or quarters green . two ftamina and one ftyle, for he does not eſteem
It is alſo beft to fow it in a mild day, and inclining to the three barren ftamina as worthy notice.
rain ; for that, by finking down the feed in the earth , The SPECIES are,
will cauſe it to fhoot the fooner. But where Grafs is 1 . GRATIOLA (Officinalis) floribus pedunculatis, foliis
fown in gardens , either for lawns or walks, there lanceolatis ferratis. Lin. Mat. Med. 18. Hedge Hyffop
ſhould always be a good quantity of the White Tre with flowers ftanding on foot-ftalks, and spear -
shaped
foil or Dutch Clover fown with it, for this will make leaves. Digitalis minima Gratiolata dicta. Mor. Hift.
a fine turf much fooner than any other fown Grafs, 2. 479. Leaft Foxglove, called Gratiola.
and will continue a better verdure than any of the 2. GRATIOLA (Virginiana ) foliis lanceolatis obtufis fub
Grafs tribe. dentatis. Flor. Virg. 6. Hedge Hyffop with obtufe in
After the feed is well come up, and the Grafs is very dented leaves.
thick and of a beautiful green, it will require a con 3. GRATIOLA (Peruviana) floribus fubfeffilibus. Lin . Sp.
ftant care to keep it in order : this confifts in mowing Plant. 17. Hedge Hyffop with flowers fitting close to the
the Grafs often, for the oftener it is mowed, the branches. Gratiola latiore folio flore albo . Feuill.
thicker and handfomer it grows ; it muſt alſo be rolled Peruv.
with a cylinder or roller of wood, to level it as much The firſt fort grows naturally on the Alps, and other
as poffible. mountainous parts of Europe . This hath a thick ,
If Grafs be neglected, it will run into Quick- grafs fleſhy, fibrous, creeping root, which propagates very
and weeds ; and if it does fo, there is no way to re much when planted in a proper foil and fituation , from
cover it, but either by fowing it, or laying it over which ariſe feveral upright fquare ftalks, near a foot
again, and that once in every two years ; but if the high, garniſhed with narrow fpear-fhaped leaves placed
ground be well cleared from the roots ofſtrong weeds, oppofite ; the flowers are produced on the fide of the
and the turf be taken from a fine level common, it ſtalks at each joint, they are ſhaped like thofe of the
will continue handfome for feveral years, provided it Foxglove, but are ſmall, and of a pale yellowish co
be well kept . lour. Theſe appear in July, but are feldom fuc
In order to keep Grafs-plats or walks handſome and ceeded by feeds in England.
in good order, in autumn you may fow fome freſh It is eafily propagated by parting of the roots ; the
feed over any places that are not well filled , or where beſt time to do this is in the autumn, when the ſtalks
the Grafs is dead, to renew and furnish them again ; decay ; the plants fhould have a moift foil and a fhady
but there is nothing which improves Grafs fo much as fituation, in which they will thrive exceedingly , but
conftant rolling and polling it, to deftroy wormcafts, in dry ground they often decay in fummer, unless they
and thereby the turf is rendered fine . are plentifully watered .
This
 GRA GRA

This ſtands in the lift of medicinal plants, but is very ground is wet ; in which cafe there cannot be too
rarely uſed in England, though it is recommended by much care to fill the bottom of the walks with large
fome good writers as a purger of ferous and choleric ftones, flints, brick rubbish, chalk, or any other mate
humours. rials which can be beft procured , which will drain off
The fecond fort grows naturally in North America, the moisture from the Gravel, and prevent its being
from whence I received the feeds. This grows natu poachy in wet weather ; but as it may be difficult in
rally in moift places, where it rifes more than a foot iome places to procure a fufficient quantity of thefe
high, but in England I have not ſeen it more than materials to lay in the bottom of the walks, fo there
•
eight inches ; the leaves are blunt, and indented at may be a bed of Heath, or Furze, which ever can be
their extremities ; the flowers are white, and come procured at the leaft expence, laid under the Gravel to
out from the fide of the ſtalks, like thofe of the other, keep it dry and if either of thefe are ufed green, they
but are not fucceeded by feeds here. It may be pro will lie a long time, as they will be covered from air,
pagated in the fame manner as the firſt fort, and re and thefe will prevent the Gravel from getting down
quires the fame treatment. into the clay, and will always keep the Gravel dry ;
The feeds of the third fort were fent me from Car and where there is not this precaution in the firft lay
thagena, where it was found growing naturally in ing of the Gravel upon clay, the water being detained
}
places where there had been ftanding waters, which by the clay, will caufe the Gravel to be poachy when
were then dried up ; this plant grew about nine inches ever there is much rain.
high, with a weak ftalk, and the leaves placed oppo In making of Gravel-walks , there must be great re
fite ; they were about three quarters of an inch long, gard had to the level of the ground, fo as to lay the
and half an inch broad, fawed on their edges ; the walks with eafy defcents toward the low parts ofthe
flowers came out ſingle on each fide the ftalk ; they ground, that the wet may be drained off eafily ; for
were white, and much ſmaller than thoſe of the firſt when this is omitted , the water will lie upon the walks
fort, but were not fucceeded by feeds, fo the plant a confiderable time after hard rains, which will ren
was loft here. der them unfit for ufe, efpecially when the ground is
GRAVEL and Grafs are naturally ornaments to a naturally wet or ſtrong ; but where the ground is level,
country-feat, and the glory of the Engliſh gardens, and there are no declivities to carry off the wet, it will
and things in which we excel all other nations, as be proper to have fink-ftones laid by the fides of the
France, Holland, Flanders, &c. walks, at convenient diftancès, to let off the wet ; and
There are different forts of Gravel, but for thoſe who where the ground is naturally dry, that the water will
can conveniently have it, I approve of that Gravel on foon foak away, the drains of the fink- ftones may be
Blackheath, as preferable to moft that we have in contrived fo as to convey the water in feffpools,
England ; it confifting of fmooth even pebbles, which, from which the water will foak away in a fhort time ;
when mixed with a due quantity of loam , will bind but in wet land there fhould be under-ground drains,
exceeding cloſe, and look very beautiful, and conti to convey the wet off, either into ponds , ditches, or
nue handſome longer than any other fort of Gravel the neareſt place to receive it ; for where this is not
which I have yet feen. well provided for, the walks will never be fo hand
Some recommend a fort of iron - mould Gravel, or fome or fo ufeful.
Gravel with a little binding loam amongft it, than The month of March is the propereft time for laying
which nothing, they fay, binds better when it is dry ; Gravel ; it is not prudent to do it fooner, or to lay
but in wet weather it is apt to ftick to the heels of walks in any of the winter months before that time.
餐 one's fhoes, and will never appear handfome. Some indeed turn up Gravel-walks in ridges in De
Sometimes loam is mixed with Gravel that is over cember, in order to kill the weeds ; but this is very
fandy or ſharp, which muſt be very well blended to wrong, for befides that it deprives them of the be
gether, and let lie in heaps, after which it will bind nefit ofthem all the winter, it does not anfwer the end
like a rock. for which it is done, but rather the contrary ; for
There are many kinds of Gravel which do not bind, though it does kill the weeds for the prefent, yet it
and thereby cauſe a continual trouble of rolling, to lit adds a fertility to them, as to the great future in
tle or no purpoſe ; as for fuch, creaſe of both them and Grafs.
If the Gravel be loofe or fandy, you ſhould take one If conftant rolling them after the rains and froft will
load of ſtrong loam, to two or three of Gravel, and fo not effectually kill the weeds and mofs, you ſhould
caft them well together, andturn this mixture overthree turn the walks in March, and lay them down at the
or four times, that they may be well blended toge fame time .
ther ; if this is done in proper porportion , it will bind In order to deftroy worms that fpoil the beauty of
well, and not ſtick to the feet in wet weather. Gravel, or Grafs -walks, fome recommended the water
There are many different opinions about the choice ing them well with water, in which Walnut-tree
of Gravel ; fome are for having the Gravel as white as leaves have been fteeped, and made very bitter, efpe
poffible, and in order to make the walks more fo, they cially thofe places moft annoyed with them ; and this
roll them well with ftone rollers, which are often hewn they fay, as foon as it reaches them, will make them
by the mafons, that they may add a whiteneſs to the come out haftily, fo that they may be gathered ; but
walks ; but this renders it very troubleſome to the if, in the first laying of the walks, there is a good bed
eyes, by reflecting the rays of light fo ftrongly, there of lime rubbiſh laid in the bottom, it is the moft ef
fore this fhould ever be avoided ; and fuch Gravel as fectual method to keep out the worms, for they do
will lie fmooth, and reflect the leaſt, ſhould be pre not care to harbour near lime.
ferred. GREEN-HOUSE, or Confervatory.
Some ſcreen the Gravel too fine, which is an error ; As of late years there have been great quantities of
for if it be caft into a round heap, and the great ſtones curious exotic plants introduced into the English gar
only raked off, it will be the better. dens, fo the number of Green-houfes, or Confervato
Some are apt to lay Gravel-walks too round, but this ries, have increaſed ; and not only a greater fill in the
is likewife an error, becauſe they are not fo good to management and ordering of thefe plantshas increafed
walk upon, and befides, it makes them look nar therewith, but alfo a greater knowledge of the fuc
row ; one inch rife is enough in a crown for a walk ture and contrivance of thefe places, fo as to render
of five feet ; and it will be fufficient, if a walk be ten them both uſeful and ornamental, hath been acquired ,
feet wide, that it lies two inches higher in the middle and fince there are many particulars to be oblerved in
; than it does on each fide ; iffifteen feet, three inches ; the conſtruction of thefe houfes, whereby they will be
twenty feet, four ; and fo in proportion. greatly improved, I thought it necefiary not only to
For the depth of Gravel-walks , fix or eight inches may give the beſt inftructions for this I was capable of, but
do well enough, but a foot thicknefs will be fufficient alfo to give a defign of one in the manner I would
for any; but then there fhould always be a depth of chufe to erect it, upon the annexed copper-plate.
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 GRE GRE

As to the length of thefe houſes, that muſt be pro arches under the floor, it will be of great fervice in
portioned to the number of plants they are to contain, preventing the damps rifing in winter, which are often
or the fancy of the owner ; but their depth fhould very hurtful to the plants, efpecially in great thaws,
never be greater than their height in the clear, which when the air is often too cold to be admitted into the
in fmall, or middling houfes, may be fixteen or houfe, to take off the damps. Under the floor, about
eighteen feet, but for large ones, from twenty to one foot from the front, I would adviſe a flue of one
twenty-four feet, is a good proportion ; for if the foot in width, and two feet deep, to be carried the
Green-houfe is long, and too narrow, it will have a whole length of the houfe, which may be returned
bad appearance both within and without, nor will it againſt the back wall, and carried up in proper fun
contain fo many plants, if proper room be allowed nels adjoining to the tool-houſe, three times over each
for paffing in front, and on the backfide of the ftands other, by which the fmoke may pafs off. The fire
on which the plants are placed ; and on the other hand, place may be contrived at one end of the houſe, and
if the depth of the Green-houfe is more than twenty the door at which the fuel is put in, as alfo the afh
four feet, there muſt be more rows of plants placed grate, may be contrived to open into the tool-houſe,
to fill the houſe, than can with conveniency be reached fo that it may be quite hid from the fight, and be in
in watering and cleaning ; nor are houſes of too great the dry, and the fuel may be laid in the fame ſhed,
depth fo proper for keeping of plants, as thofe of whereby it will always be ready for uſe.
moderate fize . I fuppofe many people will be furpriſed to fee me di
The windows in front fhould extend from about one rect the making of flues under a Green-houſe, which
foot and a half above the pavement, to within the has been diſuſed fo long, and by moft people thought
fame diſtance of the cieling, which will admit of a of ill confequence, as indeed they have often proved,
cornice round the building, over the heads of the when under the direction of unfkilful managers , who
windows. As it is neceffary to have theſe windows fo havethought itneceffary, whenever the weatherwas cold
long, it will be impoffible to make them in proportion to make fires therein ; but however injurious flues may
as to their breadth ; for if in the largeſt buildings the have been under fuch management, yet when ſkilfully
faſhes are more than feven, or feven feet and a half looked after they will be found of very great fervice ;
broad, they will be ſo heavy and troubleſome to move for though perhaps it may happen, that there will be
up and down, as to render it very difficult for one no neceffity to make any fires in them for two or three
perſon to perform ; beſides, their weight will occafion years together, as when the winters prove mild there
their foon decaying. There is alſo another incon will not, yet in very hard winters they will be ex
venience in having the windows too broad, which is tremely uſeful to keep out the froft, which cannot be
that of fixing proper fhutters to them , in fuch a effected any other way, but with great trouble and
manner as that they may fall back cloſe to the piers, difficulty.
fo as not to be incommodious, or when open to ob Withinfide of the windows, in front of the Green
ftruct any part of the rays of light from reaching the houſe, you ſhould have good ſtrong fhutters, which
plants. The piers between theſe windows fhould be ſhould be made with hinges to fold back, that they
as narrow as poffible to fupport the building, for which may fall back quite clofe to the piers, that the rays
reaſon I ſhould chufe to have them of ftone, or of of the fun may not be obſtructed thereby. Theſe
hard well-burnt bricks ; for if they are built with fine fhutters need not be above an inch and a half thick,
rubbed bricks, thofe are generally fo foft, that the or little more when wrought, which if made to join
piers will require to be made thicker, and the building clofe, will be fufficient to keep out our common froft ;
will be leſs ſtrong, efpecially if there are any rooms and when the weather is fo cold as to endanger the
over the Green-houfe ; which is what I would always freezing in the houſe, it is but making a fire in the
advife, as being of great ufe to keep the froft out in oven, which will effectually prevent it ; and without
very hard winters . If theſe piers are made of ftone, I this conveniency it will be very troubleſome, as I have
would adviſe them to be two feet and a half in dia often feen, where perfons have been obliged to nail
meter, worked as columns cylindrical, whereby the mats before their windows, or to ſtuff the hollow ſpace
rays of the fun will not be taken off, or obftructed between the fhutters, and the glaſs with Straw, which
by the corners of the piers, which it would be if they when done, is commonly fuffered to remain till the
were fquare ; but if they are built with bricks, it will froft goes away ; which if it ſhould continue very long,
be proper to make them three feet in front, other the keeping the Green-houſe cloſely fhut up, will
wife they will be too weak to fupport the building ; prove very injurious to the plants ; and as it fre
theſe I would alſo adviſe to be floped off toward the quently happens, that we have an hour or two of the
infide to admit the fun. fun-fhine in the middle of the day, in continued froſts,
At the back of the Green-houſe there may be erected which is of great fervice to plants, when they can en
a houſe for tools, and for many other purpoſes, which joy the rays thereof through the glaffes, fo when there
will be extremely uſeful, and will alſo prevent the froſt is nothing more to do than to open the ſhutters, which
from entering the houſe on the backſide, ſo that the may be performed in a very fhort time, and as foon
wall between thefe need not be more than two bricks fhut again when the fun is clouded, the plants may
and a half in thicknefs; whereas were it quite expoſed have the benefit thereof whenever it appears ; whereas,
behind, it ſhould be at leaſt three bricks, or three and where there is fo much trouble to uncover, and as
a half in thickneſs ; and by this contrivance, if you much to cover again, it would take up the whole time
are willing to make a handfome building, and to have in uncovering and fhutting them up, and thereby the
a noble room over the Green-houſe, you may make advantage of the fun's influence would be loft. Be
the room over the tool- houfe, and carry up the ſtair fides, where there is fo much trouble required to keep
cale in the back, fo as not to be feen in the Green out the froft, it will be a great chance if it be not
houfe, and hereby you may have a room twenty-five neglected by the gardener ; for if he be not as fond
or thirty feet in width, and of a proportionable length ; of preferving his plants, and as much in love with
and under this ftair- cafe there fhould be a private door them as his mafter, this labour will be thought too
into the green- houfe, at which the gardener may enter great by him ; and if he takes the pains to cover the
in hard frofty weather, when it will not be fafe to open glaffes up with mats, &c. he will not care to take
any ofthe glaffes in the front. The floor of the Green them away again until the weather alters, fo that the
houfe, which fhould be laid either with Bremen plants will be fhut up clofe during the whole con
fquares, Purbeck ſtone, or broad tiles, according to tinuance of the froft.
the fancy of the owner, muſt be raiſed two feet above There are fome people who commonly make uſe of
the furface of the ground whereon the houſe is placed , pots filled with charcoal to fet in their Green- houſe in
which in dry ground will be fufficient ; but if the fi very fevere frofts, but this is very dangerous to the
tuation is moift and fpringy, and thereby fubject to perfons who attend theſe fires, and I have fometimes
damps, it ſhould be raiſed at leaſt three feet above the known they have been almoft fuffocated therewith,
furface ; and if the whole is arched with low brick and at the fame time they are very injurious to the
6 K plants ;
 GRE GRE

Plants ; nor is the trouble of tending upon thefe fmall, whole time ; which increaſe of weight was owing to
and the many hazards to which the ufe of theſe fires the moiſture imbibed from the air, which, being re
Is liable, have juftly brought them into difufe with all plete with the rancid vapours perfpired from the other
fkilful perfons; and as the contrivances of flues, and plants, occafioned the leaves to grow pale, and in a
of the fires, are but ſmall charges in their firſt erecting, short time they decayed and dropped off ; which I
they are much to be preferred to any other method have often obferved has been the cafe with many other
for warming the air of the houſe. fucculent plants, when placed in thofe houfes which
The wall on the back part of the houſe ſhould be were filled with many forts of Evergreen trees, that
either laid over with ftucco, or plaſtered with mortar, required to be frequently watered.
and white-waſhed , for otherwife the air in fevere froſt Therefore, to avoid the inconvenience which attends
will penetrate through the walls, eſpecially when the
the placing of plants of very different natures in the
froft is attended with a strong wind, which is often fame houfe, it will be very proper to have two wings
the caſe in moſt ſevere winters. There are fome per added to the main Green - houſe, which, if placed in
fons who are at the expence of wainſcotting their the manner expreffed in the annexed plan, will greatly
Green-houſes, but when this is done, it is proper to add to the beauty of the building, and alfo collect a
plafter the walls with lime and hair behind the wainſ greater fhare of heat. In this plan the Green-houfe is
cot, to keep out the cold ; and when they are lined placed exactly fronting the fouth, and one of the wings
with wainſcot, they ſhould be painted white, as ſhould faces the fouth-eaft, and the other the fouth-weft ; fo
the cieling, and every part withinfide of the houſe ; that from the time of the fun's firſt appearance upon
for this reflects the rays of light in a much greater any part of the building, until it goes off at night, it
quantity than any other colour, and is of fignal fer is conftantly reflected from one part to the other, and
vice to plants, eſpecially in the winter, when the houſe the cold winds are alfo kept off from the front ofthe
is pretty much cloſed, and but a ſmall ſhare of light main Green-houſe hereby ; and in the area of this place
is admitted through the windows ; for at fuch times. you may contrive to place many of the moſt tender
I have obferved, that in fome Green-houſes which exotic plants, which will bear to be expofed in the
have been painted black, or of a dark colour, the ſummer ſeaſon ; and in the fpring, before the weather
plants have caft moſt of their leaves. will permit you to fet out the plants, the beds and
Where green-houſes are built in fuch places as will borders of this area may be full of Anemonies, Ra
not admit of rooms over them, or the perfon is un nunculufes, early Tulips, &c. which will be paft
willing to be at the expence of fuch buildings, there flowering, and the roots fit to take out of the ground
muſt be care taken to keep out the froft from entering by the time you carry out the plants, which will render
through the roof. To prevent which it will be very this place very agreeable during the ſpringſeaſon, when
proper to have a thickneſs of Reeds, Heath , or Furz, the flowers are blown : and here you may walk and
laid between the cieling and the tiles ; in the doing divert yourſelf in a fine day, when perhaps the air in
of which there must be care taken in framing the moſt other parts of the garden will be too cold for
joifts, fo as to fupport thefe, that their weight may perfons not much ufed thereto, to take pleaſure in
not lie upon the ceiling, which might endanger it ; being out of the houſe.
for thefe fhould be laid a foot thick at leaſt, and as In the center of this area may be contrived a ſmall
fmooth as poffible, and faſtened down well with laths bafon for water, which will be very convenient for
to prevent their rifing, and then covered over with a watering of plants, and add much to the beauty of
coat of lime and hair, which will keep out the air, and the place ; befides the water being thus fituated, will
alfo prevent mice and other vermin from harbouring be foftened by the heat which will be reflected from
in them, which, if left uncovered, they would cer the glaffes upon it, whereby it will be rendered
tainly do. For want of this precaution there are many much better than raw cold water for theſe tender
Green-houſes built, which will not keep out the froſt plants.
in hard winters, and this is many times attributed to The two wings of the building fhould be contrived fo
the glaffes in front admitting the cold, when the fault as to maintain plants of differing degrees of hardiness,
is in the roof; for where there is only the covering, which muſt be effected by the fituation and extent of
either of tiles or flates, over the cieling, every fevere the fire-place, and the manner of conducting the flues,
froft will penetrate through them. a particular account of which will be exhibited under
In this Green-houſe you ſhould have truffels, which the article of STOVES . But I would here obferve, that
may be moved out and into the houſe, upon which the wing facing the fouth-eaſt ſhould always be pre
you fhould fix rows of planks, fo as to place the pots ferred for the warmest ſtove, its fituation being fuch,
or tubs of plants in regular rows one above another, as that the fun, upon its first appearance in the morn
whereby the heads of the plants may be fo fituated, ing, fhines directly upon the glaffes , which is ofgreat
as not to interfere with each other. The loweſt row ſervice in warming the air of the houſe, and adding
of plants, which fhould be the forwardeft towards the life to the plants, after having been ſhut up during
windows, fhould be placed about four feet therefrom , the long nights in the winter feaſon. Theſe wings
that there may be a convenient breadth left next the being in the draught annexed, allowed fixty feet in
glaffes to walk in front ; and the rows of plants ſhould length, may be divided in the middle by partitions of
rife gradually from the firſt, in ſuch a manner that the glafs, with glafs - doors to pafs from one to the other.
heads of the fecond row fhould be entirely advanced To each of theſe there fhould be a fire-place, with
above the firft, the ftems only being hid thereby ; flues carried up againſt the back wall, through which
and at the back fide of the houſe there fhould be al
the ſmoke ſhould be made to paſs, as many times the
lowed a ſpace of at leaſt five feet, for the conveniency length of the houſe, as the height will admit of the
of watering the plants, as alfo to admit of a current number offlues ; for the longer the fmoke is in paffing,
of air round them , that the damps occafioned by the the more heat will be given to the houfe, with a leis
perfpiration of the plants, may be the better diffipated, quantity of fuel, which is an article worth confidera
which, by being pent in too clofely, often occafions tion, eſpecially where fuel is dear. By this contri
a mouldineſs upon the tender fhoots and leaves, and vance you may keep fuch plants as require the fame
when the houſe is clofe fhut up, this ſtagnating rancid degree of heat in one part of the houſe," and thoſe
vapour is often very deftructive to the plants ; for which will thrive in a much leſs warmth in the other
which reafon alſo you ſhould never croud them too part, but this will be more fully explained under the
cloſe to each other, nor fhould you ever place Sedums, article of STOVES.
Euphorbiums, Torch Thiftles, and other tender fuc The other wing of the houſe, facing the ſouth-weſt,
culent plants, amongſt Oranges, Myrtles, and other may alfo be divided in the fame manner, and Alues
Evergreen trees ; for, by an experiment which I made, carried through both parts, which may be uſed ac
anno 1729, I found that a Sedum placed in a Green cording to the ſeaſons, or the particular forts of plants
houſe among fuch trees, almoſt daily inçreafed its which are placed therein; fo that here will be four di
weight, although there was no water given to it the vifions in the wings, each of which may be kept up
to
 GRE GRE

to a different degree of warmth, which, together with a fealy nettarium to each petal, which is thick and in
the Green-houſe, will be fufficient to maintain plants curved, inclining to the border, to which the ftyle is fixed ;
from all the feveral countries of the world ; and with it hath many ftamina, which are briftly, the length 1
out having theſe ſeveral degrees of warmth, it will be of the petals, terminated by roundish fummits. In the
impoffible to preſerve the various kinds of plants from center is fituated the roundish germen, which is lengthened
the feveral parts of Africa and America, which are to a column, fupporting a flender style, crowned by a four
annually introduced into the English gardens ; for cornered obtufe ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a
when plants from different countries are placed in the four-cornered berry with four cells, each inclofing one glo
fame houſe, ſome are deftroyed for want of heat, while bular feed.
others are forced and fpoiled by too much of it ; and This genus of plants is ranged in the feventh fection
this is often the cafe in many places, where there are of Linnæus's twentieth clafs, which includes thofe
large collections of plants. plants whoſe flowers have many ſtamina joined to the
In the building theſe wings, if there are not ſheds ſtyle, forming a column of one body.
running behind them their whole length, the walls The SPECIES are,
fhould not be lefs than three bricks thick ; and if they 1 . GREWIA ( Occidentalis) foliis fubovatis crenatis . Grewia
are more, it will be better, becaufe where the walls with oval crenated leaves. Ulmi facie arbufcula Æthi
are thin, and expofed to the open air, the cold will opica, ramulis alatis, floribus purpurafcentibus. Hort .
penetrate them, and when the fires are made, the heat Amft . 1. p. 165. tab. 85. Ethiopian Shrub with the ap
will come out through the walls, fo that it will require pearance of Elm, winged branches, and purplish flowers.
a larger quantity of fuel, to maintain a proper tem 2 . GREWIA (Africanus) foliis ovato-lanceolatis ferratis.
perature of warmth in the houfe. The back part of Grewia with oval fpear-shaped leaves which are fawed.
theſe houſes having floping roofs, which are covered The first fort has been long preferved in many curious
either with tiles or flates, fhould alfo be lined with gardens, both in England and Holland, and is fi
Reeds, &c. under the covering, as is before directed gured by Dr. Plukenet, by the title of Ulmifolia ar
for the Green-houfe, which will keep out the cold air, bor Africana baccifera, floribus purpureis ; but by
and fave a great expence of fuel , for the clofer and Dr. Boerhaave it was fuppofed to be one of Father
better theſe houſes are built, and the glaffes of the Plumier's American plants, intitled Guidonia Ulmi
flope, as alfo in front, well guarded by fhutters, or foliis, flore rofeo ; but the characters of this do not at
Reeds in hard froft, the leſs fuel will be required to all agree with thofe of the Guidonia, that particular
warm the houſes ; fo that the first expence in building fpecies of this genus being in the royal garden at Paris,
theſe houſes properly, will be the cheapeſt, when the which is extremely different from this. It grows na
after-expence of fires is taken into confideration. turally at the Cape of Good Hope, from whence I
The floping glaffes of thefe houfes fhould be made have received the feeds, which have fucceeded in the
to ſlide and take off, fo that they may be drawn down Chelſea garden .
more or lefs in warm weather, to admit air to the This will grow to the height of ten or twelve feet,
plants ; and the upright glaffes in front may be fo con and has a ſtem and branches very like thofe of the
trived, as that every other may open as doors upon ſmall-leaved Elm, the bark being ſmooth, and of the
hinges, and the alternate glaffes may be divided into fame colour as that of Elm when young ; the leaves
two ; the upper part of each fhould be contrived fo as are alſo very like thofe of the Elm, and fall off in
to be drawn down like faſhes, fo that either of theſe winter ; the flowers are produced fingly along the
may be uſed to admit air, in a greater or less propor young branches from the wings of the leaves, which
tion, according as there may be occafion. are of a bright purple colour ; theſe appear toward
But befides the Confervatories here mentioned, it will the end of July, and continue in Auguft, and the be
be proper to have a deep hot- bed frame, fuch as is ginning of September, but are never fucceeded by
commonly uſed to raiſe large annuals in the ſpring, fruit in this country.
into which may be fet pots ofſuch plants as come from This may be propagated from cuttings or layers ; the
Carolina, Virginia, &c. while the plants are too ſmall cuttings fhould be taken off, and planted in April,
to plant in the open air, as alſo many other forts from before the buds fwell, for they do not fucceed
Spain, &c. which require only to be fcreened from the well after ; thefe cuttings fhould be planted in
violence of frofts, and fhould have as much free air fmall pots filled with loamy earth, and the pots ſhould
as poffible in mild weather ; which can be no better be plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark,
effected than in one of theſe frames, where the glaffes where, if they are duly watered, and in the heat of
may be taken off every day when the weather will per the day ſhaded from the fun, they will take good root
mit, and put on every night ; and in hard frofts the in about two months, and may then be gradually in
glaffes may be covered with mats, Straw, Peas-haulm , ured to bear the open air, into which they fhould be
or the like, fo as to prevent the froft from entering removed in June, and placed in a ſheltered fituation,
to the pots to freeze the roots of the plants, which is where they may remain till autumn, when they must
what will many times utterly deſtroy them, though a be removed into the green-houfe ; the best time to lay
flight froſt pinching the leaves or fhoots, very feldom down the layers of this plant is in the fpring, before
does them much harm ; if theſe pits are funk a foot or the buds come out, and thefe will be rooted by the
more, below the furface of the ground, they will be fame time the following year, when they may be cut
the better, provided the ground is dry, otherwiſe they off from the old plants, and planted each into a fe
muſt be wholly above ground ; the fides of this frame parate pot filled with a ſoft loamy foil.
fhould be built with brick, with a curb of wood laid The best time to remove or tranfplant this plant is,
round on the top of the wall, into which the gutters, either in the fpring, just before the buds begin to
on which the glaffes flide may be laid , the back wall fwell, or in autumn, when the leaves begin to drop ;
of this frame may be four feet high, and two bricks for in fummer, when the plants are in full leaf, it will
and a half thick, the front one foot and a half ; the be very improper to diſturb them.
width of the infide of the frame about fix feet, and In winter theſe plants fhould be placed in the green
the length in proportion to the number of plants to houſe, for they are too tender to live abroad in Eng
be containd therein. land ; but they ſhould have as much free air as poffible
GREWIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 914. This genus of in mild weather, for they only require to be protected
plants was conftituted by Dr. Linnæus, who gave it from froſt, and after their leaves are fallen, they will
this name in honour of Dr. Grew, F. R. S. who pub require very moderate watering ; but in fummer they
lifhed a curious book of the anatomy of plants. fhould be conftantly watered three or four times a week
The CHARACTERS are, in dry weather, and placed in a fheltered fituation,
The flower bath a thick leathery empalement, compofed of with other hardy green-houſe plants, where they will
five fpear fhaped leaves, which are coloured, and spread add to the variety .
open. The flower bath five petals of the fame form, but The feeds of the fecond fort were fent me by Monf.
fmaller, and are indented at their befe, where is fituated Richard, gardener to the King of France at Mar
feilles ,
 GRI GRO

feilles, which were brought from Senegal in Africa, porting a flender flyle which is longer than the ftamina,
by Monf. Adanfon ; this rifes in this country with a crowned by an obtufe ftigma. The germen afterward be
fhrubby ftalk five or fix feet high, fending out many comes a roundifb-coloured fruit with one cell, inclosing one
• lateral branches, which are covered with a brown hairy large roundish feed.
bark, and garnished with oval fpear-shaped leaves, This genus of plants is ranged in the first fection of
about two inches long, and one inch and a quarter Linnæus's fifth clafs , intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
broad in the middle, having feveral tranfverfe veins which includes thofe plants whofe flowers have five
from the midrib to the fides, where they are fawed ; ſtamina and one ftyle.
theſe are placed alternately on the branches, having We know but one SPECIES of this genus, viz.

very ſhort foot-ftalks, and continue in verdure through GRONOVIA (Scandens ) . Hort. Cliff. 74. Gronovia ſcan
the year; the plants are young, fo have not as yet dens lappacea, pampinea fronde. Houft. Climbing
flowered in England, therefore I can give no further burry Gronovia.
account of them. This plant was difcovered by the late Dr. Houftoun
This fort is tender, fo will not live through the win at La Vera Cruz, from whence he fent the feeds to
ter in England, unleſs it is placed in a warm ſtove ; Europe, which have fucceeded in many gardens. It
nor do thofe plants thrive well, which are placed on is an annual plant, which fends forth many trailing
fhelves in the dry ftove ; therefore the only method branches like thofe of the Cucumber, which are
to have them fucceed, is to place them in the bark cloſely fet with broad green leaves, in ſhape like thoſe
• bed in the tan-ftove, where the plants have grown of the Vine ; but they are covered with ſmall fpines
very well for fome years. In fummer thefe plants on both fides, which fting like the Nettle : the
require a good ſhare of free air to be admitted to branches have many tendrils or clafpers, by which
them , and fhould have water three or four times a they faſten themſelves to whatever plants they grow
week in warm weather ; but in winter they muſt be near, and will rife to the height of fix or eight feet ;
fparingly watered, and require to be kept warm . the flowers are ſmall, and of a greenish yellow colour,
GRIAS. Lin. Gen. 659. Anchovy Pear. fo make no great appearance.
The CHARACTERS are,
This being a very tender plant, muſt be raiſed on a
The empalement is cup-fhaped, of one leaf, cut into four hot-bed early in the fpring, and afterward placed in
equal fegments ; the flower has four leathery concavepetals, the bark-ftove, and treated in the fame way as the
and many briftly ftamina which are inferted to the recep Momordica, with which management it will produce
tacle, terminated by roundish fummits , and a depreſſed ger ripe feeds ; but this having neither ufe or beauty, is
men immersed in the empalement, having no ftyle, crowned rarely cultivated but in botanic gardens for the fake
by a four-cornered cross f-haped ftigma, which afterward of variety.
becomes a fleshy berry, with a large nut having eight fur GROSSULARIA. Raii Meth. Plant. 145. Tourn.
rows, and one cell containing a large pointed feed. Inft. R. H. 639. tab . 409. Ribes . Lin. Gen. Plant.
This genus of plants is ranged in the first order of 247. Gooſeberry ; in French, Grofelier.
Linnæus's thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Mono This and the Currant are by Tournefort placed in
gynia, the flower having many ſtamina and one ſtyle. the fame genus, under the title of Groffularia ; they
We know but one SPECIES of this genus, viz. are also joined together by Dr. Linnæus, under the
1. GRIAS (Cauliflora) . Lin. Sp . 732. Anchovy Pear. Pal title of Ribes, for in their principal characters they
mis affinis malus Perfica maxima, caudice non ramo agree ; fo according to the fyftems of botany, they
fa, foliis longiffimis, flore tetrapetalo pallide luteo , fhould be included in the fame genus ; but this may
fructu ex arboris trunco prodeunte. Sloan. Hift. Jam. not be quite fo proper in a body of gardening, for as
2. p . 122 . thefe fruits have always paffed under different deno
This plant grows naturally in Jamaica, and in many minations, fo if they are here joined together, it may
other warm parts of America, where it rifes with a occafion fome confufion among thoſe who do not enter
ftrait undivided ſtem about twenty feet high, having into the ſtudy of botany. Mr. Ray has feparated thefe
a gray bark, marked with the veftigia of the fallen into different genera, and makes the difference of
leaves ; the top of the ftem is garnished with leaves Gooſeberry from the Currant, to confift in the firſt
near two feet long and fix inches broad, fitting clofe having thorns on the branches, and the fruit growing
without foot-ſtalks ; thefe have one longitudinal mid fingle ; whereas the latter hath ſmooth branches, and
rib with ſeveral tranfverfe veins, and are of a lucid the fruit growing in long bunches ; and although
green ; the flowers come out from the ftem below the theſe differences may not be ſtrictly ſcientific, yet it
leaves, having no foot-ftalk, in fome places one, and may be allowed fufficient to diftinguiſh them among
in others they are in cluſters, each having four thick gardeners.
yellow petals, and a great number of ftamina which The CHARACTERS are,
are fixed to the empalement of the flower ; the ger The flower has a permanent empalement of one leaf, cut
men is included in the empalement, which afterward into five fegments at the top, which is fwollen, concave,
becomes a large oval Plumb, including a large pointed and coloured. It bath five ſmall, obtuſe, erect petals,
nut. which rife from the border of the empalement ; and five
The fruit of this tree is by the Spaniards in the Weſt awl-shaped ftamina, which are inferted into the empale
Indies pickled and fent to old Spain as prefents, who ment, terminated by compreffed proftrate fummits. The
eat them as Mango's, and fome fay the ripe fruit is germen is fituated below the flower, having a bifid style
eaten as a defart. crowned by an obtufe ftigma , and afterward becomes a glo
The plant is propagated by planting of the ftones, bular berry having a navel, with one cell, which is filled
which fhould be put into the ground foon after the with roundish compreffed feeds included in a pulp.
fruit is gathered, and the plants must be conftantly This genus of plants is ranged by Dr. Linnæus in the
kept in the bark-bed in the ftove, otherwife it will first fection of his fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Mo
not thrive in this country. nogynia, which contains thofe plants whofe flowers
GRONOVIA . Martyn. Cent. 4. Lin . Gen. Plant. have five ftamina and one ftyle.
284. The name of this genus was given by the late The SPECIES are,
.
Dr. Houfton, in honour of Dr. Gronovius, a learned I. GROSSULARIA (Reclinatum) ramis reclinatis aculeatis,
botanist at Leyden. pedunculis triphyllis. Goofeberry with reclining branches
The CHARACTERS are, armed with spines, and a three-leaved foot-ftalk. Grof
The flowerbath apermanent empalement of one leaf, which fularia fpinofa, fructu obfcure purpurafcente . J. B. 1 .
is coloured, and cut to the middle into five fegments. It bath 48. Prickly Goofeberry with a dark purplish fruit..
five fmall petals which are fixed to the cuts of the em 2. GROSSULARIA (Hirfuta) ramis aculeatis, baccis
palement, and five hairy ftamina the length of the petals, hirfutis. Gooseberry withprickly branches and hairy berries.
which are inferted into the empalement, and are placed al Groffularia fructu maximo hifpido margaritarum ferè
ternate with the petals, terminated by twin fummits which colore. Raii Hift . 1484. Goofeberry with a very large
are erect. The germen is fituated under the flower, fup rough fruit, almost of a pearl colour.
2 3. GROS
 GRO GRO

3. GROSSULARIA (Uva Crifpa) ramis aculeatis, erectis, earth ; though they will do very well upon middling
baccis glabris. Gooseberry with erect prickly branches, foils, which are not too strong or moift, and in all fi
and fmooth berries. Groffularia fimplici acino, vel fpi tuations ; but where the fruit is cultivated, in order
nofa fylveftris. C. B. P. 455. Gooseberry with a fingle to procure it in the greatett perfection, they ſhould
fruit, or wild prickly Gooseberry. never be planted in the thade of other trees, but muft
4. GROSSULARIA (Oxyacanthoides ) ramis undique acu have a free open expofure. The distance they ought
leatis. Goofeberry whose branches are armed on all fides to be planted is eight feet row from row, and fix feet
with fpines. Groffularia oxyacanthæ foliis amplioribus afunder in the rows. The beft feafon for tranfplanting
è finu Hudſonis . Pluk. Amalth . 212. Gooseberry with them is in October , when their leaves begin to decay ;
larger Hawthorn leaves from Hudfon's Bay. obferving, as was before directed , to prune their roots,
5. GROSSULARIA (Cynofbati) aculeis fubaxillaribus, baccis and trim off all lateral fhoots, or fuch as cross each
aculeatis racemofis. Goofeberry with fpines on the lower other, fhortening all long branches, fo as to make the
part of the branches, and prickly berries growing in cluf head regular.
ters. Ribes aculeis fubaxillaribus, baccis aculeatis In the pruning of thefe fhrubs moft people make ufe
racemofis. Lin. Sp . Plant. 202. Currant with spines on ofgarden-fhears, obferving only to cut the head round,
the lowerpart of the branches, and prickly berries growing as is practifed for Evergreens, & c, whereby the
in bunches. branches become fo much crowded, that what fruit
The forts which are here enumerated , are fuppofed is produced, never grows to half the fize as it would
to be diftinct fpecies ; but there are feveral other va do were the branches thinned, and pruned according
rieties which have been obtained from feeds, and are to art ; which fhould always be done with a pruning
propagated for fale in the nurferies ; moft of thefe are knife, fhortening the ftrong fhoots to about ten inches,
titled from the perfons who raiſed them, as Lamb's and cutting out all thofe which grow irregular, thin
Gooseberry, Hunt's Goofeberry, Edwards's Gooſe ning the fruit-bearing branches where they are too
berry, &c. and as there are frequently new varieties thick, obferving always to cut behind a leaf bud. With
obtained, it is needleſs to enumerate them here, there this management your fruit will be near twice as large
fore I fhall proceed to their culture. as thofe which are produced upon fuch buſhes as are
Thefe are propagated either by fuckers taken from not thus pruned, and the fhrubs will continue in vi
the old plants, or by cuttings ; the latter of which I gour much longer ; but you muft obferve to keep
prefer to the former, becauſe thoſe plants which are the ground clear from weeds, and dig it at least once
produced from fuckers are always more difpofed to a year ; and every other year you ſhould beſtow a
1hoot out a greater number of fuckers from their roots, little rotten dung upon it, which will greatly improve
than fuch as are raifed from cuttings , which generally the fruit.
form much better roots . It is a common practice with the gardeners near Lon
The best feafon for planting thefe cuttings is in au don, who have great quantities of theſe buſhes in
tumn, juſt before their leaves begin to fall ; obferving order to fupply the markets, to prune them foon after
always to take the handfomeft fhoots, and from fuch Michaelmas, and then to dig up the ground between
branches as generally produce the greateſt quantity of the rows, and plant it with Coleworts for fpring ufe,
fruit ; for if you take thofe which are produced from whereby their ground is employed all the winter, with
the ftem of the old plants (which are commonly very out prejudicing the Goofeberries ; and in hard winters
luxuriant) they will not be near fo fruitful as thofe thefe Coleworts often efcape, when thofe which are
taken from bearing branches : theſe cuttings fhould be planted in an open expofure are all deftroyed ; and
about fix or eight inches long, and muſt be planted thefe are generally pulled up for ufe in February or
in a border of light earth, expofed to the morning March, fo that the ground is clear before the Goofe
fun, about three inches deep, obferving to water them berries come out in the fpring ; which is a piece of
gently when the weather proves dry, to facilitate huſbandry well worth practifing where ground is dear,
their taking root ; and in the fummer, when they have or where perfons are confined for room.
put out branches, you ſhould rub off all the under GROVES are the greateft ornaments to a garden, nor
fhoots, leaving only the uppermoft or ſtrongeſt, which can a garden be complete which has not one or more
fhould be trained upright, to form a regular ſtem . In of thefe. In finall gardens there is fcarce room to ad
October following theſe plants may be removed ; at mit of Groves of any extent, yet in theſe there ſhould
which time you ſhould prepare an open fpot of freſh be at least one contrived, which fhould be as large as
earth, which ſhould be well dug, and cleanfed from the ground will allow it ; and where theſe are finall,
all noxious weeds, roots, & c. and being levelled, you there is more ſkill required in the difpofition, to give
fhould proceed to take up your plants, trimming their them the appearance of being larger than they really
roots, and cutting off all lateral fide branches ; then are .
plant them at three feet diſtance row from row, and Groves have been in all ages held
held in
in great veneration :
one foot afunder in the rows, obferving to place fome the ancient Romans had a fort of Groves near ſeveral
fhort flicks to the plants, in order to train their ſtems of their temples, which were confecrated to fome God,
upright and regular. In this place they may remain and were called luci by antiphrafis, à non lucendo,
one or two years, being careful to keep them clear as being fhady and dark ; and theſe were dedicated to
from weeds, as alfo to trim off all lateral fhoots which holy ules, being places of folitude and retirement, and
are produced below the head of the plant, fo that the were never to be violated with the ax.
ftem may be clear about a foot in height above the Thefe Groves are not only great ornaments to gar
furface of the earth, which will be full enough ; and dens, but are alfo the greateſt relief againſt the violent
as the branches are produced commonly very irregular heats of the fun, affording fhade to walk under in the
in the head, you must cut out fuch of them as croſs hottest part of the day, when the other parts of the
each other, or thin them where they are too cloſe, garden are uſeleſs ; fo that every garden is defective
whereby the head of the plant will be open, and ca which has not ſhade.
pable of admitting the air freely into the middle, Groves are of two forts, viz. open and clofe Groves :
which is of great ufe to all kinds of fruits. open Groves are fuch as have large ſhady trees, which
After thefe plants have remained in this nurſery one or ftand at fuch diftances, as that their branches may ap
two years at moft, they will be fit to tranfplant to the proach fo near each other, as to prevent the rays of
places where they are defigned to remain ; for it is not the fun from penetrating through them ; but as fuch
fo well to let them grow in the nurferies too large trees are a long time in growing to a proper fize for
which will occafion their roots to be woody, whereby affording a fhade, fo where new Groves are planted,
the removing of them will not only hazard the growth the trees must be placed clofer together, in order to
of the plants, but fuch of them as may take very well have fhade as foon as poffible ; but in planting ofthefe
will remain ſtined for two or three years, before, they Groves, it is much the best way to difpofe all the trees
will be ableto recovertheir check . Thefoilin which thefe irregularly, which will give them a greater magnifi
plants thrive to the greateft advantage, is a rich light cence, and alfo form a fhade fooner, than when the
2 6 L trees
 GUA GUA

The CHARACTERS are,

trees are planted in lines ; for when the fun fhines
between the rows of trees, as it muft do fome part of The flower bath a concave empalement of one leaf, whi b
the day in fummer, the walks between them will be is quinquefid. It hath five oblong, oval, concase petals,
expofed to the heat at fuch times, until the branches which are inferted in the empalement and ſpread open, and
of thefe trees meet ; whereas in the irregular planta ten erect ftamina inferted in the empalement, terminated by
tions, the trees intervene, and obftruct the direct rays Small fummits. The ftyle is long and flender, the ger
ofthe fun. men is oval and pointed, and the ftigma is fingle and
When a perfon who is to lay out a garden, is fo fender. The germen afterward becomes a berry which is
happy as to meet with large full grown trees upon the roundish, with an oblique point, and deeply furrowed, in
fpot, they fhould remain inviolate, if poffible ; for it clofing an oval hardfeed.
will be better to put up with many inconveniencies, This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
than to destroy thefe, which will require an age to re Linnæus's tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Monogynia,
trieve , fo that nothing but that of offending the ha which includes thoſe plants whoſe flowers have ten
bitation, by being fo near as to occafion great damps ftamina and one ſtyle.
or obftructing fine views, fhould tempt the cutting The SPECIES are,
of them down . 1. GUAJACUM ( Officinale) foliolis bijugatis obtufis. Lin.
Moſt of the Groves which have been planted either Sp . Plant. 381. Guajacum with obtufe lobes placed by
in England, or in thofe celebrated gardens of France, pairs. Guajacum flore cæruleo, fructu fubrotundo.
·
are only a few regular lines of trees ; many of which Plum. Nov. Gen. 391. Guajacum with a blue flower
are avenues to the habitation, or lead to fome build and a roundish fruit.
ing, or object ; but thefe do not appear fo grand, 2. GUAJACUM ( Sanctum ) foliolis multijugatis obtufis. Lin.
as thofe which have been made in woods where the Sp. Plant. 382. Guajacum with many pair of obtufe
trees have grown accidentally, and at irregular dif lobes. Guajacum flore cæruleo fimbriato, fructu te
tances ; and where the trees have large fpreading tragono. Plum . Nov. Gen. 391. Guajacum with a blue
heads, and are left at fuch a diftance, as to permit
fringed flower, and a four-cornered fruit.
the Grafs to grow under them, then they afford the 3. GUAJACUM ( Afrum) foliolis multijugatis obtufis. Lin.
greateft pleafure : for nothing is more noble than Sp . Plant. 382. Guajacum with many pair of acute
fine fpreading trees with large ftems, growing through pointed lobes. Guilandinoides. Hort. Cliff. 489. and
Grafs, efpecially if the Grafs is well kept, and has a the Afra arbor acaciæ fimilis, foliis myrti aculeatis
good verdure ; befides, moſt of theſe planted Groves fplendentibus. Boerh . Ind. alt. 2. p . 57. African-tree
have generally a gravel-walk, made in a ſtrait line be like the Acacia, with shining, acute-pointed, Myrtle leaves.
tween them , which greatly offends the fight of perfons The first fort is the common Lignum Vitæ, or Gua
who have true tafte ; therefore whenever a gravel jacum, which is ufed in medicine, and grows naturally
walk is abfolutely neceffary to be carried through in moſt of the iſlands in the Weft-Indies, where it rifes
thefe Groves, it will be much better to twift it about, to be a very large tree, having a hard, brittle, brown
according as the trees naturally ſtand , than to attempt iſh bark, not very thick ; the wood is firm , folid, and
regularity ; but dry walks under large trees are not fo ponderous, appearing very refinous, of a blackiſh yel
ufeful as in open places, becauſe the dropping of the low colour within, and of a hot aromatic taſte ; the
trees will render thefe walks ufelefs after rain, for a fmaller branches have an Afh-coloured bark, gar .
confiderable time. niſhed with leaves, which are divided by pairs, each
Clofe Groves have frequently large trees ftanding in pair having two pair of fmall, oval, blunt leaves
them, but the ground is filled under thefe with fhrubs, (or pinna) of a ftiff confiftence, and a lucid green ;
or under-wood ; fo that the walks which are made in the flowers are produced in cluſters at the end of the
them are private, and fcreened from winds, whereby branches, compofed of five oval concave petals, of
they are rendered agreeable for walking, at fuch times a fine blue colour ; in the center of theſe is fixed a
when the air is too violent or cold for walking in the ſtyle with an oval germen, crowned by a flender ftig
more expofed parts ofthe garden. ma ; and round this is fituated from ten to twenty
Theſe are often contrived fo as to bound the open itamina, which are as long as the ſtyle, terminated by
Groves, and frequently to hide the walls , or other in fickle-ſhaped fummits. Dr. Linnæus fuppoſes the
clofures of the garden ; and when they are properly flowers to have but ten ftamina, whereas they cer
laid out, with dry walks winding through them, and tainly have near twenty .
on the fides of theſe ſweet-fmelling ſhrubs and flowers The bark and wood of this tree are much of the fame
irregularly planted, they have a charming effect ; for nature, only the wood is accounted hotter ; they are
here a perfon may walk in private, fheltered from the uſed in diet-drinks to purify and cleanſe the blood,
inclemency of cold or violent winds, and enjoy the and to caufe fweating ; they are eſteemed good for the
greater fweets of the vegetable kingdom : therefore gout and dropfy, the king's- evil, and particularly
where it can be admitted, if they are continued round for the French pox. The gum or refin, which is black,
the whole incloſure of the garden , there will be a much fhining, and brittle, and when powdered , of a green

greater extent of walk ; and theſe ſhrubs will appear iſh white colour, of an aromatic fmell, and poignant
the best boundary, when there are not fine profpects tafte, is ſomewhat cathartic, and a good purge in
to be gained . rheumatic cafes, to the quantity of two fcruples
Thefe clofe Groves are by the French termed bof mixed with the yolk of an egg, and given in a con
quets, fromthe Italian word bofquetto, which fignifies venient vehicle.
a little wood, and in moſt of the French gardens there The wood of this tree is fo hard as to break the tools
are many of them planted ; but thefe are reduced to in felling them, fo they are feldom cut down for
regular figures, as ovals, triangles, fquares, and ſtars ; fire-wood, being difficult to burn ; but the wood is of
which have neither the beauty or ufe which thofe great ufe to the fugar-planters, for making of wheels
have that are made irregularly, and whofe walks are and cogs forthe fugar- mills, &c. It is alfo frequently
not ſhut up on each fide by hedges, which prevents brought to Europe, and wrought into bowls, and other
the eye from feeing the quarters ; and theſe want utenfils are made of the wood.
the fragancy of the fhrubs and flowers, which are This tree can only be propagated by feeds, which
the great delight of thefe private walks : add to this, muſt be procured from the countries where it naturally
the keeping of the hedges in good order is attended grows ; theſe muſt be freſh, otherwiſe they will not
with a great expence, which is a capital thing to be grow ; when they arrive, they ſhould be fown in pots
confidered in the making of gardens. filled with light earth, and plunged into a good hot
GUJAIABARA. See CoсCOLOBOS . bed if the feeds are good , and the bed in which they
GUAJACANA . See DIOSPYROS. are plunged is of a proper temperature of heat, the
GUAJACUM . Plum. Nov. Gen. 39. tab. 17. Lin. plants will appear infix weeks or two months after ; and
Gen. Plant. 465. Lignum Vitæ, or Pockwood. in fix weeks will grow to be offtrength enough more
for
 GUI GUI

for tranfplanting ; then they should be carefully taken a convex future on the upperfide ; it is fwelling and com
out of the feed-pots, fo as to preferve their roots as preffed, having one cell, including oval hardfeeds, which
entire as poffible, and each planted in feparate ſmall are feparated by partitions.
pots filled with light earth, and plunged into a new This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
S

hot-bed of tanners bark, where they muſt be fhaded Linnæus's tenth clafs , in which he includes the plants
from the fun till they have taken freth root ; then they whofe flowers have ten ftamina and one ſtyle.
muſt be treated in the fame manner as other tender The SPECIES are,
exotic plants from warm countries, admitting a large 1. GUILANDINA (Bonduc) aculeata pinnis ovatis foliolis
fhare of free air to them when the weather is warm : aculeis folitariis . Lin. Sp . 545. Prickly Guilandina with
iondi
they will require to be frequently refreſhed with water oval-winged leaves, whofe fmall leaves are armed with
in warm weather, but it must be given them with cau fingle fpines. Bonduc vulgare majus polyphyllum .
t tea Plum. Nov. Gen. 25. Common greater Bonduc, having
tion, for too much wet will infallibly deſtroy them.
While the plants are young, they may be kept during many leaves, called yellow Nickar.
the fummer feafon in a hot- bed of tanners bark un 2. GUILANDINA (Bonducella) aculeata, pinnis oblongo
Lin der a frame ; but in the autumn they must be re ovatis foliolis aculeis geminis. Lin. Sp . 545. Prickly
moved into the bark-ftove, and plunged into the hot Guilandina with oblong oval leaves, having fpines bypairs.
und.o bed of tan, where they ſhould conſtantly remain, and Bonduc vulgare minus polyphyllum . Plum. Nov.
a
muſt be treated in the fame manner as other tender Gen. 25. Smaller common Bonduc, or Nickar- tree having
plants, being careful not to give them too much wa many leaves, calledgray Nickar.
Lic ter in the winter, when it is very prejudicial to them, 3. GUILANDINA (Glabra) inermis foliis bipinnatis , foli
and in fummer they ſhould have a large ſhare of free olis ovatis acutis alternis. Smooth Guilandina with dou
Itt air admitted to them every day. With this treatment ble winged leaves, whofe fmall leaves are oval -
pointed and
bisa the plants will thrive very well, but they are plants of alternate.
flow growth in their own country, fo cannot be ex 4. GUILANDINA ( Moringa) inermis, foliis fubpinnatis,
pected to make great progrefs in Europe. foliolis inferioribus ternatis. Flor. Zeyl. 155. Smooth
The fecond fort has many fmall leaves placed along Guilandina with winged leaves, whofe under fmall leaves
the midrib by pairs, which are rounded and obtu are trifoliate. Moringa Zeylanica, foliorum pinnis
at their ends, but narrow at their baſe : they are of pinnatis, flore majore, fructu angulofo . Burm . Zeyl.
the fame confiftence with thoſe of the former fort, 162. tab. 75. Morunga of Ceylon, with double- winged
but of a darker green colour ; the flowers are pro leaves, a larger flower, and an angular fruit.
12 duced in looſe bunches toward the end of the 5. GUILANDINA ( Dicica) inermis foliis bipinnatis bafi
branches, which are of a fine blue colour, and their apiceque fimpliciter pinnatis. Lin . Sp . 546. Guilandina
petals are fringed on their edges. This is called in with Smooth branches, doubly winged leaves, whofe baſe
fome of the iſlands Baftard Lignum Vitæ ; I received and tops are fingle winged. Bonduc Canadenfe poly
it from Antigua by that title. It requires the fame phyllum, non fpinofum, mas & foemina. Du Hamel.
treatment as the firſt fort, and is propagated by feeds Canada Nickar-tree having many leaves, which have no
in the fame way.
fpines, and are male and female in different plants.
I have alſo received fpecimens from the island of The firft and fecond forts grow naturally in moſt of
Barbuda of one, which feems different from either of the islands in the Weft-Indies, where they twine their
h thofe before-mentioned : the branches have the fame ſtalks about any neighbouring ſupport, and rife to the
ES appearance with thoſe of the firſt fort, but the leaves height of twelve or fourteen feet. The leaves of the
; are larger and indented at their extremities, and are firft fort are near a foot and a half long, and are
placed all round the branches , on very fhort foot compofed of fix or feven pair of pinnæ, or wings,
ftalks ; the flowers were broken off, fo I cannot de each of which has as many pair of lobes, or fmall
2 termine the difference between them, but by all ap leaves fet along the midrib ; theſe are oval and en
pearance they ſeem to be of the fame genus. tire ; the foot-ſtalk or principal midrib of the leaf,
The third fort has been long an inhabitant in fome is armed with fhort, crooked, fingle thorns, which are
of the curious gardens in England and Holland , but placed irregularly ; the ftalks are cloſely armed with
feldom produces flowers in Europe. This grows na the like thorns, which are larger. The ſtalks at firſt
turally at the Cape of Good Hope, from whence the grow erect, but afterward they twine about the neigh
feeds were brought firft to Holland, where it paffed bouring trees or ſhrubs, being too weak to ftand with
for a fpecies of Acacia, until it produced its flowers ; out fupport : the flowers come out in long ſpikes
which, by the account given of them by the late Dr. from the wings of the ftalk ; they are compofed of
Boerhaave, were of the butterfly kind , but whether five concave yellow petals, which are equal ; in the
Dr. Linnæus has feen the flowers or not, I cannot fay ; center is fituated the oblong germen, furrounded by
however, he has removed it from that clafs of plants, ten ftamina. After the flower is paſt, the germen
and has added it to this genus ; and as I have not yet becomes a broad thick pod, about three inches long
feen the flowers, fo I do not know if it is rightly placed . and two broad, clofely armed with flender fpines,
The plants retain their leaves all the year, and will live opening with two valves, each inclofing two hard feeds
in a good green-houſe in winter, but in fummer muſt about the fize of children's marbles, of a yellowish
be placed abroad with other green- houſe plants. It is colour,
of flow growth, and is with difficulty propagated by The fecond fort differs from the firft, in having
layers. much ſmaller leaves, which are fet clofe together ; and
GUAJAVA. See PSIDIUM. below each pair of lobes are fituated two fhort ftiff
GUANABANUS. See ANNONA. crooked fpines, which are placed oppofite ; the flow
GUAZUMA. See THEOBROMA . ers are of a deeper yellow colour than thofe of the firft
GUIDONIA . See SAMYDA . fort, and the feeds are of an Aſh- colour.
GUILANDINA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 464. Bonduc. The third fort was difcovered by the late Dr. Hou
Plum . Nov. Gen. 25. tab . 39. The Nickar-tree. ftoun at Campeachy, from whence he fent the dried
The CHARACTERS are, famples to England, but there was no fruit on the
The empalement of the flower is of one leaf, is bell -shaped, trees at the time when he was there ; but he mentions
and cut at the top into five equal fegments : the flower that this fort had an upright ftem, which was of a large
has five concave fpear-shaped petals which are equal, and fize, dividing into many branches ; theſe are garniſhed
fit clofe to the empalement, into which they are inferted. with double winged leaves, which are fmooth ; the
It bath ten awl-shaped ftamina which are erect, and in wings come out altenrnate, each leaf being compofed
ferted in the empalement, being alternately shorter than of four pair, but the lobes are placed oppofite upon
each other, and terminated by obtufe fummits. In the the middle rib ; they are oval, but end in a point,
center is fituated an oblong germen, fupporting a flender and are of a light green colour.
Ayle the length of the ftamina, crowned by a single ftig The fourth fort grows naturally in the ifland of
ma. Thegermen afterward becomes a rhomboidpod, with Ceylon, and in feveral places on the Malabar coaft,
from
 GUN GUN

from whence the feeds were brought to England. This plant was fo named by Dr. Tournefort, in ho
This in its native country rifes to the height of twenty nour of Dr. Gundellcheimer, who found it in his tra
five or thirty feet, with a ſtrong ftem , covered with a vels in company with Dr. Tournefort in the Levant.
The CHARACTERS are,
fmooth bark, which in the young branches is green,
but on the older it is of an Afh- colour ; the root grows It bath an uniform tubulous flower, compofed of many
knobbed, and very thick . This, when young, is fcraped bermaphrodite florets, which are in.ircled by leaves.
and ufed by the inhabitants as Horfe-radifh is in Eu They have but onepetal whichis dgfed at the bottom, but
rope, having much the fame fharp tafte ; the branches fwells at the top, where it is flightly cut into five fez
are garnished with decompounded winged leaves ; ments : theyhave five fhort hairy fiamina, terminated by
thofe which are fituated at the bafe have but three long cylindrical fummits. The oval germen is fituated
" leaves, but above, the leaves are branched out into ſe at the bottom of the flower, crowned by fmalltales, fup
veral divifions, which are again divided into finaller, porting a flender ftyle which is longer than the petal, tr
having each five or fix pair of oval lobes, terminated minated by two revolving ftigmas. The germen afterward
by an odd one ; they are of a light green, and a little becomes a roundifhfingle feed inclofed in the common recep
hoary on their under fide. The flowers are produced tacle, which is conical, and the feeds arejeparated by a
in looſe bunches from the fide of the branches ; they cheffy down.
This gen
are compofed of an unequal number of petals, from us of plants is by Tournefort referred to his
five to ten ; they have ten fhort ftamina furrounding twelfth clafs, which contains the herbs with flofcu
the germen, which afterward turns to a long taper lous flowers . Dr. Linnæus ranges it in the fifth fec
pod, including feveral angular feeds, covered with a tion of his nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngeneſia Poly
thin membrane. Theſe have a flavour like the root. gamia fegregata, which includes thoſe plants whofe
Thefe four forts are natives of warm countries, fo flowers have a common empalement, and each of the
will not live through the winter in England, unleſs florets are included in another.
they are placed in a warm ſtove, and the pots plunged We have but one diftinct SPECIES of this genus at
into the tan-bed. They are propagated by feeds, but prefent in England , viz.
thofe of the two firſt forts are fo hard, that unless they GUNDELIA. Lin. Sp . Plant. 814. There is no English
are foaked two or three days in water before they are title to this plant, but there are two varieties of it
put into the ground , or placed under the pots in the mentioned by Tournefort, which are fuppofed to
tan-bed to foften their covers, they will remain years arife from the fame feeds, as they were found
grow
in the ground without vegetating : when the plants ing promifcuouſly together. Theſe are,
come up, they will be fit to tranfplant in a fhort time; 1. GUNDELIA (Tournefortii ) Orientalis acanthi aculeati
then they ſhould be each tranfplanted into a ſmall pot foliis, floribus intensè purpureis, capite araneosâ lanu
filled with light frefh earth, and plunged into a mo gine obfito. Tourn . Cor. 51. Eastern Gundelia with
derate hot- bed of tanners bark, fhading them till they prickly Bear's-breech leaves, deep purple flowers, and a
have taken freſh root ; then they muit be treated in head covered with a down like a cobweb.
the fame manner as other tender exotic plants, giv 2. GUNDELIA ( Glabro) Orientalis, acanthi aculeati fo
ing them a large fhare of air in warm weather, and lio, capite glabro . Tourn. Cor. 51. Eaftern Gundelia
but little water ; and when the plants have ad with a prickly Bear's-breech leaf, and afmooth head.
vanced to be too tall to remain in the frames, they This plant was difcovered by Dr. Gundelfcheimer,
muſt be removed into the bark-ftove and plunged in in company with Tournefort, near Baibout in Arme
to the hot-bed, where they will make great progrefs, nia, but has fince been foundgrowing naturally in fe
provided they have not too much water, efpecially veral places in the Levant, where it is generally found
during the winter feafon, for theſe plants are very im in dry strong land . The ftalks of this plant feldom
patient of moiſture in cold weather. rife more than a foot and a half high ; the under leaves
The fourth fort requires the fame treatment as thofe are long, narrow, and fawed on their edges, their
before-mentioned, but the feeds will grow without be teeth ending in a fpine ; the other leaves are broader,
ing fteeped in water ; and the plants are with diffi which are irregularly flafhed to the midrib, and
culty fhifted from one pot to another, for their roots armed at the points with fharp prickles ; the ftalks
are large, fleſhy, and have but few fibres ; fo that un divide upward into feveral branches, which are armed
lefs great care is taken, all the earth will fall away with leaves of the fame form, but are narrower ; and
from them , which often caufes their ftalks to decay each is terminated by a conical head of flowers, refem
almoſt to the root, and fometimes occafions the lofs bling thefe of Fuller's Thiftle, being furrounded at
of the plants . This plant muſt be fparingly watered the bafe by a circle of long, narrow, prickly leaves :
at all times, but particularly in cold weather, when thefe heads are compofed of many hermaphrodite
moiſture will caufe them to rot in a fhort time. florets, which are fhut up in the fcales, each having an
The fifth fort grows naturally in Canada, from whence empalement, and a germen with five ftamina furround
the plants were brought to Paris, where it has been ing it ; but there are few of the feeds which ripen
fome years cultivated ; but about fourteen years patt, perfectly in each head, in the natural places of its
it was firft brought to England. This, in the country growth. If rain happens at the time when the plants
where it naturally grows, rifes with an erect ftem to are in flower, the germen perifhes, which is the cafe
the height of thirty feet or more, dividing into many with feveral other of thofe plants whofe flowers are
branches, which are covered with a bluish Afh- colour collected into heads.
ed bark very ſmooth, and garniſhed with large decom Theſe plants are propagated by feed, which fhould
pounded winged leaves which are of the oval fhape, be fown the beginning of March, in a warm dry bor
very finooth and entire, but are ranged alternate on der of freſh, but lean earth, in the place where the
the midrib ; thefe fall off in the autumn, and new plants are defigned to remain. When the plants come
ones come out late in the fpring. up, they must be carefully cleared from weeds ; as
There are male and female of this fort in different they grow large, they fhould be thinned , leaving
plants ; as thefe have not as yet flowered in any of the plants which are defigned to remain, about two
the English gardens, fo I can give no farther account feet afunder, that they may have room to fpread. After
of them nor of the fruit, having never feen any of this there is no other culture required, but to keep
them . This fort lives abroad in the open air, and them clear from weeds ; and if the froft fhould prove
is never hurt by froft. It is propagated by cutting off fevere in winter, the plants fhould be covered with
fome of the horizontal roots, which will cauſe them to ftraw or Peas-haulm to protect them, but this cover
fhoot upward, fo it may be taken from the old root, ing muſt be taken off in mild weather ; in two years
and planted in pots, whereby the plant may be mul they will produce their flowers, when they will
plied, or by fuckers from the root. It requires a make a fine appearance amongst other hardy plants
light foil, not too moift. in the pleaſure- garden . They flower in May, and
GUNDELIA. Tourn . Cor. 51. tab . 586. Lin . Gen. the plants lofe their ftalks and leaves in autumn,
Plant. 828. Hacub . Vaill. Ac. Reg. Scien. 1718 . but their roots will abide many years.
GYP.

DLT
 y

GYP G. Y. P

GYPSOPHYLA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 498. We have ending in acute points, which are recurved ; the
no Engliſh title for this genus. ſtalks rife about a foot high, garnished with nar
The CHARACTERS are, rower leaves placed oppolite, and at fome of the
The flower bath a permanent, angular, bell-ſhaped em joints there are ſmaller leaves growing from the ſtalks
palement, cut into five parts at the top. It hathfive oval in cluſters ; the upper part of the ftalk divides into
blunt petals, which spread open, and ten awl-shaped fta fmaller branches , each being terminated by a clofe
mina, terminated by roundish fummits . In the center is bunch of ſmall white flowers. Thefe appear in July,
fituated a globular germen, fupporting two flender ſtyles, and are fucceeded by ſmall oval capfules, filled with
crowned byfingle ftigmas. The germen afterward becomes fmall feeds .
a globular capfule with one cell, opening with five valves, The fecond fort is fomewhat like the firft, but the
filled with fmall roundifh feeds. leaves are much narrower, and almoſt three-cor
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection nered ; they are placed in clufters, which come out
of Linnæus's tenth clafs, which includes thofe plants from the fide of the ftalk ; the bunches of the
whofe flowers have ten ftamina and two ftyles. flowers are ſmaller, and not ſo cloſely joined. This hath
The SPECIES are, a perennial root, and grows naturally upon the Hel
vetian mountains.
1. GYPSOPHYLA (Aggregata) foliis mucronatis recurva
Ap
tis, floribus aggregatis . Lin. Sp. Plant. 406. Gypfo The third fort hath a perennial root, from which arife
phyla with pointed recurved leaves, andflowers gathered ſmooth ſpear-ſhaped leaves in cluſters ; the ftalks are
in a bead. Lychnis Hifpanica kali folio multiflora. near a foot long, but are proftrate on the ground ;
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 338. Spanish Lychnis with a Glaff the flowers have a purplish caft, and the ftamina are
wort leaf and many flowers. much longer than the petals of the flowers. This
2. GYPSOPHYLA (Faftigiata) foliis lanceolato-lineari flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen in
391 bus, obfoletè triquetris lævibus obtufis fecundis . autumn.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 407. Gypfophyla with narrow Spear The fourth fort grows naturally in the Levant, and
fhaped leaves, having three blunt angles, and ſmooth ob alfo in Spain. It hath a ftrong, flefhy, fibrous root,
tufe leaves in clusters. Saponaria caule fimplici, foliis which ſtrikes deep in the ground, fending up feveral
D linearibus ex alis foliorum confertis teretibus. Hort.. thick , fleshy ſtalks, which rife near two feet high,
Cliff. 166. Sopewort with a fingle stalk, very narrow garniſhed with oval fpear-shaped leaves, which half
leaves, coming out in clusters from the wings of the embrace the ſtalks with their bafe ; the upper part of
Stalks. the ſtalk divides into many ſmaller branches, which
3. GYPSOPHYLA (Proftrata) foliis lanceolatis lævibus, are terminated with loofe bunches of fmall white
caulibus diffufis, piftillis corollâ campanulatâ longio flowers. Theſe open in July, and the feeds ripen in
ribus. Lin. Sp. Plant. App. 1195. Gypfophyla with autumn.
SmoothSpear-shaped leaves, diffufed ftalks, andthe pointal The fifth fort grows naturally in Siberia and Tartary,
longer than the petal, which is bell -
shaped. the feeds of it were fent me from Peterſburgh. This
4. GYPSOPHYLA (Perfoliata) foliis ovato-lanceolatis, ſe hath a perennial root, from which ariſe many branch
miamplexicaulibus. Lin. Sp . Plant. 408. Gypfophyla ing ſtalks a foot and a half high, garniſhed with
with oval fpear -shaped leaves, halfembracing the ſtalks. narrow ſmooth-pointed leaves, fhaped like thofe of
T Gilliflowers ; at the top of the ftalks are produced
Lychnis Orientalis, faponariæ folio & facie, flore par
vo & multiplici. Tourn. Cor. 24. Eaftern Lychnis with loofe cluſters of very ſmall white flowers, which ap
the leaf and appearance of Sopewort, having many ſmall pear at the fame time with the former forts, and the
flowers. feeds ripen in the autumn.
5. GYPSOPHYLA ( Paniculata) foliis lanceolatis fcabris, Theſe plants have no great beauty, fo are rarely cul
5 floribus dioicis corollis revolutis. Lin. Sp. Plant. tivated but in botanic gardens for the fake of va
407. Gypfophyla with rough, fpear-shaped leaves, male riety.
and female in different plants, and the petals of the They are propagated by feeds, which ſhould be fown
flowers recurved. Alfine frutefcens caryophylli folio, in a bed of light earth, and when the plants are fit to
flore parvo albo. Gerb. Shrubby Chickweed with a Clove remove, they may be tranſplanted into the places where
Gilliflower leaf, and a ſmall white flower. they are defigned to remain, and will require no other
The firft fort grows naturally in the fouth of France, culture but to keep them clean from weeds ; for the
Spain, and Italy, upon the mountains. This hath roots will continue feveral years, and annually pro
a perennial root, from which arife many narrow leaves duce flowers and feeds.

H.

HÆM HÆM

EMANTHUS. Tourn . Inft. R. H. 657.

but are longer, terminated by oblong proftrate fummits.
tab. 433. Lin. Gen. Plant. 394. Dracunculoi The germen isfituated under the flower, fupporting afingle
des. Boerh. Ind. alt. 2. 226. [Aμare , of Style the length of the ftamina, crowned by a fingle ftigma.
H
Alua, blood, and " Ave , flos, a flower, i. e. The germen afterward becomes a roundish berry with three
Blood-flower. ] cells, each containing one triangular feed.
The CHARACTERS are, This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of
Theflower has apermanent empalement offix leaves, which Linnæus's fixth clafs, intitled Hexandria Monogynia,
is large, and ſhaped like an umbel. It bath one erect petal, which includes the plants whoſe flowers have fix fta
which is cut into fix parts, having a fhort angular tube, mina and one ſtyle.
and fix awl s
-haped ftamina, which are inferted in the petal,
6 M The
 HÆM HÆM

The SPECIES are, ted, and may remain abroad till the end of Sep
1. HEMANTHUS (Coccineus) foliis linguiformibus planis tember, at which time they may be removed into the
lævibus. Prod. Leyd . 42. Blood-flower with plain, tongue glafs- cafe ; and during the time they are growing,
fhaped, fmooth leaves. Hemanthus Africanus. H. L. will require to have frequent waterings, but it muit
Bat . African Blood -flower, or Cape Tulip. not be given to them in large quantities.
2. HEMANTHUS ( Carinatus) foliis longioribus carinatis . If a border is made either against the front of the
Blood-flower with longer keel-fhaped leaves. green-houſe or ftoves, which may be contrived fo
3. HEMANTHUS (Puniceus) foliis lanceolato ovatis un as to be covered with glaffes in winter, in which thefe
dulatis erectis. Hort. Cliff. 127. Blood -
flower withspear roots, with the African Gladiolus's, Ixia's , Perfian
fhaped, waved, erect leaves. Haemanthus colchici fo Cyclamens, &c. are planted in the full ground, they
liis perianthio herbaceo. Hort. Elth . 167. Blood-flower will flower more conftantly, and the foot -ſtalks will
with Meadow Saffron leaves, and an herbaceous involu rife much higher than thofe kept in pots.
cum. Dracunculoides . Boerh. Ind . alt . 2. 226. Bastard The third fort is alfo a native of the Cape of Good
Dragon. Hope, from whence it was firft brought to Holland,
The first fort has been many years in feveral curious where it has been propagated and difperfed over Eu
gardens in Europe, where it hath feldom flowered . rope ; this may be propagated by parting of the roots ;
This hath a large bulbous root, from which in the the best time for this is in the fpring, before the plants
autumn comes out two broad flat leaves, of a fleſhy put out new ſtalks, which is alſo a right time to fhift
confiftence, ſhaped like a tongue, which turn back and new-pot them ; but as the roots do not multiply
ward on each fide, and ſpread flat on the ground, fo very faft in offsets, the beſt way is to propagate them
have a fingular appearance all the winter ; and in the from feeds, which they ripen plentifully in England ;
ipring thefe leaves decay, fo that from the end of May thefe fhould be fown foon after they are ripe, in pots
to the beginning of Auguft, they are deſtitute of leaves : filled with light earth, and kept in the ftove all the
when theſe produce their flowers, it is always in the winter ; if theſe pots are plunged into the tan- bed in
autumn, juft before the new leaves come out. In the the bark-ftove, in the vacancies between the plants,
books where this plant is figured, the flowers are re the earth will be kept warm, and will not dry fo faſt,
prefented growing upon a ſtrong upright foot-ſtalk ; as when they are placed in a dry ftove, fo the feeds
but all thofe which I have feen in flower, never have will be fooner prepared to vegetate ; in the fpring the
rifen more than two or three inches from the bulb, pots may be taken out of the ftove, and plunged into
with a large cluſter of bright red flowers, incloſed in a hot-bed, which will bring up the plants ; thefe muft
a common leafy- coloured empalement ; theſe were have air admitted to them every day in mild weather,
tubulous, with one petal cut into fix parts, each having to prevent their drawing up weak ; and when they
fix long ftamina, ftanding out beyond the petal, and are fit to remove, they may be each planted in a fepa
in the center appears the germen fitting under the rate ſmall pot filled with light earth, and plunged into
flower, fupporting a ſingle ſtyle, crowned with a ftig the hot- bed again, to promote their taking new root ;
ma. The germen never ripens to a feed in England, then they muſt be gradually hardened, and afterward
but decays with the flower, and then the green leaves may be removed into the dry ftove, where they ſhould
grow and spread on the ground. conftantly remain, otherwife the plants will not thrive
The ſecond fort hath a large bulbous root like the and flower in this country. In the winter ſeaſon they
firft, which fends out three or four leaves, that grow must not have too much wet, for as their roots are
a foot long or more ; theſe are not flat like thofe of fleſhy and fucculent, fo they are apt to rot with
the other, but are hollowed like the keel of a boat, moiſture. In the fummer they muſt have a large
and ſtand more erect than thofe of the former fort, fhare of air in warm weather, and require to be fre
but are not quite fo broad ; the flowers of this are like quently watered, eſpecially during the time of their
thofe of the firft, but are of a paler red ; this is cer flowering.
tainly different from the other. I received the roots HEMATOXYLUM . Lin. Gen. Plant. 417.
of this from Dr. Van Royen, profeffor of botany at Bloodwood, Logwood, or Campeachy Wood.
The CHARACTERS are,
Leyden.
The third fort hath roots compofed of many thick The flower bath a permanent empalement, which is cut
fleshy tubers, which join at the top, where they form into five ovalfegments. It bath five oval petals which
a head, out of which arifes a fleſhy fpotted ſtalk, are equal, and larger than the empalement, and ten awl
like that of the dragon, which ſpreads out at the top fhaped ftamina, which are longer than the petals, termi
into ſeveral ſpear- fhaped leaves, which are waved on nated byfmallfummits . In the center is fituated an oblong
their edges. The ſtalks grow about a foot high, and oval germen, fupporting a fingle style, crowned by a thick
the leaves are fix or eight inches long, and two broad indentedftigma. The germen afterward becomes a com
in the middle ; from the fide of this ftalk near the preffed obtufe capfule, with one cell, opening with two
ground, breaks out a ſtrong fleshy foot- ſtalk, about valves, containing two or three oblong kidney-shaped feeds.
fix or eight inches long, fuftaining at the top a large This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
clufter of flowers, included in one common empale Linnæus's tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Monogy
ment or covering, which is permanent ; the flowers nia, which includes thoſe plants whoſe flowers have
are ſhaped like thofe of the other forts, but are of a ten ftamina and one ſtyle.
yellowish red colour. Theſe appear in May, June, We have but one SPECIES of this genus, viz.
or July, and are fucceeded by berries which are of a HÆMATOXYLUM ( Campechianum ) . Hort. Cliff. 161 .
beautiful red colour when ripe. Logwood, Lignum Campechianum, fpecies quæ
The two first forts are with difficulty propagated in dam. Sloan. Cat. Jam 213. Campeachy Wood.
Europe, for their roots put out offsets but fparingly, ſo This tree grows naturally in the Bay of Campeachy,
the gardens in Holland are ſupplied with them from at Honduras, and other parts of the Spaniſh Weft
the Cape of Good Hope, where they naturally grow, Indies, where it rifes from fixteen to twenty-four feet
and produce feeds ; the plants are too tender to thrive in high. The ſtems are generally crooked , and very
this country in winter in the open air, therefore the deformed, and are ſeldom thicker than a man's thigh.
roots muſt be planted in pots filled with light loamy The branches come out on every fide ; they are
earth , and, in the winter, placed in a dry glaſs crooked, irregular, and arined with ſtrong thorns,
cafe, where, during that feafon, the leaves will be garniſhed with winged leaves, compofed of three or
in fuil vigour, fo will make a pretty appearance , four pair of lobes, which are obtufe, and indented at
when intermixed with other plants in the ftove ; and the top. The flowers come out in a racemus from the
though they feldom flower here, yet are they worthy wings of the leaves, ftanding erect ; they are of a
of a place in every garden where there is conveni pale yellowish colour, with a purple empalement,
ency of keeping them. The roots may be taken and are fucceeded by flat oblong pods, each containing
up when their leaves are decayed, and kept out of two or three kidney- fhaped feeds.
the ground till Auguft, when they ſhould be new pot
The
 HAL HAL

The wood of this tree is brought to Europe, where Boththe forts grownaturally in South-Carolina ; the firft
it is ufed for dyeing purples, and for the fineft blacks, on the banks of Santee river, where it frequently comes
fo is a valuable commodity ; but the Spaniards, who up with two or three ftems from the fame root, which
rife from fifteen to twenty feet high, fending our
AP

claim a right to the pofiefiion of thofe places where it

naturally grows, are for excluding all other countries branches toward their tops , garnifhed with oval ipear
from cuting of the wood, which has occafioned many fhaped leaves, fawed ontheiredges : the flowers are pro
difputes with their neighbours , but particularly with duced on the fide of the branches in clufters, from two
the English ; this it is to be hoped will foon be over, or three to fix or feven in each ; they are bell-shaped ,
as there are fome of the planters in Jamaica, and the hanging downward, of one petal, white, which is
other iflands in America, belonging to the crown of indented in four parts at the brim ; these are fucceeded
Great-Britain , who have propagated this tree in fo by oblong nuts, having four wings and four cells,
great plenty, as to have hopes of fupplying the de each containing one oblong feed.
mand for this wood in Britain in a very few years ; for The fecond fort hath much refemblance to the firft,
the trees growfo faft there, as to be fit for ufe in ten the leaves are oval, and the foot-ftalks are fmooth ;
429
AB

or twelve years years from feed ; and as they produce the fruit has but two angles.
great plenty of feeds in the Britiſh colonies, fo thofe Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, when they can .
$
7
£
9:

feeds fcattering about, the plants come up in all the be procured freth from the places of their natural
/ neighbouring lands, therefore will foon be like an in growth. Thefe fhould be fown in pots as foon as the
digenous plant of the country. feeds arrive, plunging the pots into the ground, in a
Some of the planters in Jamaica have inclofed their fituation where they may have only the morning fun.
eftates with hedges formed of theſe trees, which are The feeds often remain a year in the ground, therefore
very ſtrong and durable ; but where the hedges are cut, the earth in the pots fhould not be difturbed , until
it will greatly retard the growth of the trees, fo that there is no probability of the feed growing. When
thoſe who propoſe to make an advantage by the pro the plants appear, they fhould be fcreened from the
pagation of the wood, fhould fow the feeds upon fun, and frequently, but not too plentifully watered ;
fwampy lands, which may be unfit for growing of for while the plants are young, much moiſture will
fugar, and permit all their branches to remain , which rot their fhanks. The following autumn, the pots
will be of great ufe in augmenting the bulk of their fhould be placed in a common frame, where the
ftems ; and if, while the plants are young, they are plants may enjoy the free air in mild weather, and be
kept clean from weeds, &c. it will be of great advan fcreened from froft. The fpring following, before •
tage in promoting of their growth . I have been cre the plants begin to fhoot, they ſhould be each put
dibly informed by fome of the planters in Jamaica, into a feparate fmall pot, plunging them in a frame,
that they have had fome plants of this fort upward of where they fhould be ſhaded from fun ; and in the
ten feet high in three years, fo that it requires but few fummer placed in a fhady fituation, fcreening them
years to raiſe a fupply of this wood , fufficient to an in winter ; and the fpring following they may be
fwer all the demands for it. turned out ofthe pots, and planted in the full ground
This plant is preferved in fome curious gardens in where they are defigned to remain .
England, for the fake of variety. The feeds are fre HALICACABUM. See PHYSALIS .
quently brought from America, which, if freſh, rea HALICACABUS PEREGRINA. See CAR
dily grow when fown upon a good hot-bed ; and if the DIOSPERMUM .
plants are kept in a moderate hot-bed, they will grow HALIMUS. See ATRIPLEX .
to be upward of a foot high the fame year, and, HALLERIA. Lin. Gent. Plant. 679. Caprifolium .
while the plants are young, they are generally well Boerh. Ind . alt. 2. p . 226. African Fly Honeysuckle .
furniſhed with leaves ; but afterward they make but The CHARACTERS are,
little progrefs, and are frequently but thinly clothed The flower bath a permanent empalement of one leaf,
with leaves. Thefe plants are very tender, fo fhould which is cut into three parts at the top, the upper feg
be conſtantly kept in the bark-ftove, where, if they ment being much broader than the other. It bath one pe
are duly watered, and the ftove kept in a good degree tal of the grining kind. The bottom of the tube is roundifh.
of heat, the plants may be preſerved very well. The chaps are follen and inflexed, the brim is erect and
There are fome of theſe plants now in England, which oblique, cut into four fegments, the upper being longer than
are upward of fix feet high, and as thriving as thoſe the others, and is blunt, with an indenture at the top ;
in their native foil. the two fide ones are fhorter, and pointed, the lower is
HALESIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 596. veryshort and acute . It hathfour stamina, which are
The CHARACTERS are, briftly, two being longer than the other, terminated by
The flower bath a ſmall permanent empalement of one leaf, twin fummits. In the bottom of the tube is fituated an
indented in four parts ; it hath a bell-shaped fwellingflower oval germen, with a ftyle longer than the ftamina, crown
of one petal, divided at the brim into four lobes, andfrom ed by a fingle ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a
twelve to fixteen stamina, ſhorter than the petal, termi roundifh berry with two cells, each containing one hardfeed.
nated by oblong erect fummits ; the germen is fituated be This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond ſection
low , is oblong, fupporting a flender ftyle longer than the of Linnæus's fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia An
petal, crowned by a fimple ftigma ; the germen afterward giofpermia, which includes the plants with a ringent
becomes an oblong nut, narrowed at both ends, having flower, which have two long and two fhorter ftamina,
four angles, with two cells, inclofing a fingle feed in each. and the feeds are included in a capfule.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of We have but one SPECIES of this genus, viz.
Linnæus's eleventh claſs, intitled Dodecandria Mo- HALLERIA ( Lucida ) . Hort . Cliff. 323. This plant has
nogynia, the flower having twelve ſtamina and one its title from Dr. Haller, who was profeffor of botany
ſtyle. at Gottingen, in Germany. Caprifolium Africanum
The SPECIES are , folio pruni leviter ferrato, flore ruberrimo, baccâ ni
1. HALESIA (Tetraptera) foliis lanceolato-ovatis, peti grâ. Boerh. Ind . alt. 2. 226. African Fly Honeysuckle,
olis glandulofis. Lin. Sp. 636. Halefia with oval fpear with a Plumb leaf lightlyfawed, a very redflower, and
fhaped leaves, whofe foot - ftalks are glandulous. Frutex a black berry.
padi foliis ferratis, floribus monopetalus albis cam The English name which I have here added, has
paniformibus, fructu craffo tetragono. Cateſb. Hift. been given to this plant by fome gardeners, who ob
Carol. 1. p. 64. ferved that the fhape of the flower had fome refem
2. HALESIA (Diptera) foliis ovatis , petiolis lævibus . blance to that of the Upright, or Fly Honeysuckle,
Lin. Sp . 636. Halefia with oval leaves having fmooth and for want of an Engliſh name gave this to it ; or
foot-stalks. they might take it from the Latin name, by which it
This genus of plants received its title from the late was called by Dr. Boerhaave, who made it a ſpecies of
learned and reverend Doctor Hales, minifter of Honeyfuckle.
Teddington, near Hampton-Court.
This
 HAM HAS

This plant grows to the height of fix or eight feet, In the ſpring the plants will come up, therefore as the
having a woody ftem, which is well furnished with }
feafon grows warm, the pots may be removed where
branches ; theſe have oval fawed leaves, which are they may have the morning fun till eleven o'clock ,
placed oppofite, and continue green through the year; and if they are duly watered in dry weather, the plants
the flowers come out fingly, and are of a red colour, will have made good progrefs by autumn, when they
but, being intermixed with the leaves, are not ſeen ſhould be tranſplanted, either into fmall pots, or in a
unless they are looked after, for they growfcatteringly nurſery-bed, where in one, or at moft two years time,
on the branches ; thefe come out in June, and the they will be ſtrong enough to plant where they are de
feeds ripen in September; the leaves are green in win figned to remain ; they love a moift foil, and a fhady
ter, fo the plants make a variety in the green-houſe fituation.
1 during that feafon. HAMELLIA. Lin. Gen. 232.
It may be propagated by cuttings, which, if planted in The CHARACTERS are,

pots filled with light earth in June, and plunged into The empalement of the flower is fmall, permanent, and cut
a gentle hot-bed, will foon take root ; thefe plants may into five acute fegments ; the flower is of one petal, having
be expofed in fummer, and will require plenty of wa a long tube, whofe brim is cut into five acute points ; it hath
ter in that feafon ; in winter they muſt be houfed with five awl-shaped ftamina inferted to the middle of the petal,
Myrtles, and other hardy exotic plants, which re terminated by linear fummits the length of the petal ; and
quire a large fhare of air in mild weather. an ovalgermen, whofe lower point is conical, fupporting
HAMAMELIS . Lin . Gen. Plant. 155. Trilopus. aflenderStyle the length of the corolla, crowned by an ob
Mitch. Gen. 22. The Witch Hazel. tufe linearftigma : the germen afterward becomes an oval
The CHARACTERS are ,
furrowed berry, with five cells, filled with fmall compreffed
It is male and female in different plants ; the maleflowers feeds.
have a four-leaved empalement, and four narrow petals, This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt order of
which are reflexed ; they have four narrow ftamina, which Linnæus's fifth claſs , intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
are fhorter than the petals, terminated by horned reflexed the flower having five ftamina and one ſtyle : it is
fummits. The female flowers have a four- leaved involu named in honour of Monfieur du Hameldes Monceaux,
crum, in which are four flowers ; thefe have a four-leaved member of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, and
empalement, which is coloured ; they have four narrow fellow of the Royal Society of London ; a gentleman
petals, which are reflexed, and four nectariums adhering well known to the learned, by the many uſeful books
to the petals. In the center is fituated an oval hairy ger he has publiſhed.
· men, fupporting two styles, crowned by headed ftigmas. We know but one SPECIES of this genus, viz.
The germen afterward becomes an oval capfule fitting in 1 . HAMELLIA ( Patens) racemis erectos. Jacq. Amer.
the involucrum, having two cells, each containing one hard, 71. Hamellia with erect spikes of flowers.
oblong, smooth feed. This plant grows naturally in Africa, and alfo in the
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection warm parts of America : I received the feeds from
of Linnæus's fourth clafs, but properly belongs to the Paris, which were brought from Senegal by Mr.
ſecond ſection of his twenty-fecond clafs, which in Adanfon, with the title of Mortura on the paper ;
cludes thoſe plants which have male and female flowers and before that, received a drawing of the plant in
in different plants, whoſe female flowers have two flower, from the late Dr. Houftoun, who found it
ityles. growing naturally in America, where it has fince been
We have but one SPECIES of this genus in the found growing by Mr. Jacquin, who has figured it.
Engliſh gardens at preſent, viz . It rifes with a ligneous ſtalk five or fix feet high,
HAMAMELIS (Virginiana) . Flor. Virg. 139. The Witch fending out ſeveral erect branches toward the top,
Hazel. Piſtachia Virginiana nigra, coryli foliis . garniſhed with oval woolly leaves, placed by threes
Pluk. Alm. 296. Black Virginia Pistachia with Hazel round the branches, having red foot-ftalks ; the flow
leaves. ers terminate the branches in flender ſpikes ; they are
This plant grows naturally in North America, from tubulous, and cut at their brims into five fharp feg
whence the feeds have been brought to Europe, and ments, ſtanding erect, of a bright red colour : thefe
many of the plants have been raiſed in the Engliſh are not fucceeded by feeds in England.
gardens, where they are propagated for fale by the This plant is propagated by feeds, when they can be
nurfery gardeners. It hath a woody ftem, from two procured fresh from the countries where it grows na
to three feet high, fending out many flender branches, turally theſe fhould be fown in fmall pots, and
garniſhed with oval leaves, indented on their edges, plunged into a moderate hot-bed : the plants gene
having great refemblance to thofe of the Hazel Nut, rally appear in about five or fix weeks after, and
placed alternately on the branches ; theſe fall away in fhould then be treated in the fame way as other plants
autumn, and when the plants are deftitute of leaves, from the fame countries ; giving them proper air in
the flowers come out in cluſters from the joints of the warm weather, and gently refreſhing them with wa
branches ; theſe fometimes appear the latter end of ter ; and when they are fit to tranfplant, they fhould
October, and often not till December, but are not be each planted in a ſmall pot, plunging them into
fucceeded by feeds in this country . the hot-bed again, where they ſhould be fhaded from
As the flowers of this fhrub make very little ap the fun until they have taken new root, when they
•
pearance, fo it is only preferved in the gardens of fhould have air and moiſture according to the warmth
the curious, more for the fake of variety than its ofthe ſeaſon. In the autumn the plants muſt be re
beauty. moved into the tan-ftove, plunging the pots into the
This is propagated by laying down the young branches bed, where they fhould be always continued : this
in autumn, which will take root in one year, provided flowers in July and Auguft, when it makes a pretty
they are duly watered in dry weather ; but many of appearance.
the plants which are in the gardens, have been pro As the feeds of this plant are feldom brought to
duced from feeds which came from America ; theſe England, fo the plant may be propagated by cut
feeds always remain a whole year in the ground, fo tings, which if planted in fmall pots, plunged into a
they fhould be fown in pots, which may be plunged moderate hot-bed, and clofely covered with either
into the ground in a fhady part of the garden, where bell or hand-glaffes, will put out roots in about fix
they may remain all the fummer, and require no other weeks, and may then be treated in the fame way as
care but to keep the pots clean from weeds, and in the feedling plants.
very dry weather to water them now and then ; in HARMALA. See PEGAnum.
autumn the pots may be removed to a warmer fitua HASSELQUISTIA. Lin. Gen. 341 .
tion, and plunged into the ground under a warm The CHARACTERS are ,
hedge ; and if the winter fhould prove very fevere, It is an umbelliferous plant, whole univerfal umbel is com
they fhould have fome light covering thrown over the pofed offix fpreading rays ; thefe are for the most part
pots, which will fecure the feeds from being deſtroyed . double ; the greater involucrum bas many fhort bristly
2 leaves ;

1
 F

ind HED HED

ay
ESSA

leaves ; the proper empalement is very fmall, and bath five into large bushy heads, and their leaves are larger,
702

indentures ; the general umbel is half radiated ; the outer more of an oval fhape , and not divided into lobes like
38

flowers are fruitful, but thofe in the disk are barren ; they the lower leaves , that it hath a different appearance ,
have five petals, and five flender ftamina longer than the which has occafioned fome to take them for diftinct
petals, terminated by roundish fummits : the turbinated fpecies.
germen is fituated under the flower, fupporting two flen In the latter part of the laft century, when it was the
der recurved ftyles, crowned by obtufe ftigmas ; the germen faſhion to fill gardens with all forts of fheered Ever
afterward becomes an orbicularfruit, compofed of twofeeds greens, there were many of thefe plants trained into
having borders. round heads, which were clipped into balls, or in form
Na This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond or of a cone ; and as theſe were fo hardy as not to be in
der of Linnæus's fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria jured by weather, and would grow in any foil, fo they
Digynia, the flowers having five ftamina and two were then much efteemed ; but fince that unnatural
ftyles. tafte has been exploded , theſe plants are feldom ad
It it named after Mr. Haffelquift, who was a pupil mitted into gardens, unlefs to cover walls, or run over
of Dr. Linnæus. grottos, & c. for which purpoſe there is no plant fo
1. HASSELQUISTIA (Ægyptiaca) . Amoen. Acad. 4. p. well adapted .
370. Egyptian Haffelquiftia. Paftinaca Orientalis, fo There are two varieties of this, one with filver-ftriped
liis eleganter incifis. Buxb. Cent. 3. p . 16. leaves, and the other with yellowish leaves on the top
This plant is bennial, and being a native of warm of the branches ; thefe are preferved in fome gardens
countries, is with difficulty preferved in England ; for the fake of variety .
for when the plants come up early in the fpring, they Thefe plants are eaſily propagated by their trailing
do not perfect their feeds the fame year : and thofe branches, which fend forth roots their whole length ;
plants which arife in the autumn, feldom live through which branches being cut off, and planted, will grow
the winter ; therefore the fureft method to procure in almoſt any ſoil or fituation, and may be trained up
good feeds in this country, is to fow the feeds in pots to ftems, or fuffered to remain as climbers, to cover
about the middle of Auguft, placing the pots walls , pales, &c.
where they may have the morning fun only, being They may alfo be propagated by feeds, which ſhould
careful to water them duly ; and as weeds will come be fown foon after they are ripe, which is in the begin
up in the pots to take them out, and where the ning of April : if thefe are kept moift and fhaded ,,
#

plants are too clofe, thin them ; in October re they will grow the fame fpring, otherwife they will
move the pots into a common frame, where they remain a year in the ground ; therefore few perfons
may enjoy the free air in mild weather, but be fcreened trouble themſelves to propagate the plants in this way,
from froft : in the fpring following, if the plants are the other being much more expeditious.
是 carefully turned out of the pots, and planted in the While the ftalks of this plant trail, either on the
full ground, they will flower in June, and the feeds ground or upon walls, or other fupport, they do
will ripen in Auguft. not produce any flowers, which has occafioned its be
HAWTHORN. See MESPILUS . ing called fterile, or barren Ivy ; but when the branches
HAZEL. See CORYLUS. get above their fupport, they produce flowers at the
HEDERA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 249. Tourn . Inſt. end of every ſhoot ; theſe appear in September, and
R. H. 612. tab. 384. The Ivy-tree. are fucceeded by berries, which turn black before
The CHARACTERS are, they are ripe, and are formed into round bunches,
}
The flowers are difpofed in form of an umbel, having a which are called corymbi, and from theſe the epi
7. Small involucrum indented in many parts. The empale thet of corymbus, fo frequently uſed by botanists, is
ment is cut into five parts, andfits upon a germen. The taken.
flower bath five oblong petals, which spread open, whose The leaves of this plant are frequently applied to
points are incurved ; they have five awl s
-haped ftamina, iffues to keep them cool, and free from inflammations ;
terminated by proftratefummits, which are cut into two at they are alſo uſed for curing of fcabs, fores, and
their bafe. Thegermen, which is fituated below theflower, fcald heads. Mr. Boyle, in his Ufefulneſs of Expe
Supports a fhort style, crowned by a fingle ftigma. The rimental Philofophy, commends a large dofe of the
germen afterward becomes a globular berry with one cell, full ripe berries, as a remedy againſt the plague ;
inclofing four orfive large feeds, convex on one fide, and but Schroder fays, they purge upward and down
angular on the other. ward. TheThe gum of Ivy is cauftic, but is recom
This genus of plants is ranged in the firſt ſection of mended by fome to take fpots and freckles out of the
Linnæus's fifth clafs , which includes thofe plants face.
whoſe flowers have five ftamina and but one ftyle. There is mention made of another fpecies of Ivy,
The SPECIES are, which is titled Hedera Poetica, by Cafpar Bauhin ;
1. HEDERA (Helix) foliis ovatis lobatifque. Flor. Lapp. this grows in many of the islands of the Archipelago ,
91. Ivy with oval lobed leaves. Hedera arborea. and produces yellow berries ; but as I have not feen
C. B. P. 305. Tree Ivy; and the Hedera communis this plant, I cannot determine if it is a diftinct fpe
major. J. B. 2. III . Great common Ivy. cies. Dr. Linnæus fuppofes it to be only a variety,
2. HEDERA ( Quinquefolia) foliis quinatis, ovatis, ferra though he has not feen the plant ; but Tournefort,
tis. Hort. Cliff. 74. Ivy with leaves compofed of five who gathered it in the Levant, puts it down as a dif
lobes, which are fawed. Vitis quinquefolia Canaden ferent fort.
fis fcandens. Tourn . Inft. 613. Climbing Canada The fecond fort grows naturally in all the northern
Vine with five leaves, commonly called Virginia Creeper. parts of America ; it was firft brought to Europe
The first fort grows naturally in moit parts of England, from Canada, and has been long cultivated in the
where it meets with any neighbouring fupport. The English gardens, chiefly to plant against walls, or
ftalks will faften to it, and rife to a very great height, high buildings to cover them, which theſe plants will
fending out roots on every fide, which get into the do in a fhort time, for they will ſhoot almoſt twenty
joints of walls, or the bark of trees, and thereby are feet high in one year, and will mount up to the top
fupported ; or if there is no fupport near, the ftalks of the higheſt building ; but as the leaves fall off in
trail upon the ground , and take root all their length, autumn, the plants make but an indifferent appear
fo that they clofely cover the furface, and are diffi ance in winter ; and as it is late before they come out
cult to eradicate , for where any fmall parts of the in the fpring, they are not much efteemed , unless it
ftalks are left, they will foon fpread and multiply. is for fuch fituations, where better things will not
While theſe are fixed to any fupport, or trail upon thrive ; for this plant will thrive in the midst of London ,
the ground, their ſtalks are flender and flexible , but and is not injured by fmoke, or the clofenefs of the
when they have reached to the top of their fupport, air, fo are very proper for fuch fituations. The ftalks
they fhorten and become woody, forming themfelves of theſe plants put out roots, which faften themfelves
6. N inro
 HED HED

into the joints of the walls, whereby they are fup may edder it ( as it is called, ) i. e. bind the top of the
ported. ſtakes in with fome fmall long poles, or ſticks on each
This may be propagated by cuttings , which if planted fide ; and when the eddering is finifhed, drive the ſtakes
in autumn on a fhady border, will take root, and by anew, becauſe the waving of the Hedge and eddering
is apt to loosen the ſtakes .
the following autumn will be fit to plant where they
are defigned to remain. The Quick muſt be conftantly kept weeded, and fe
HEDERA TERRESTRIS. See GLECHOMA. cured from being cropped by the cattle, and in Fe
HEDGES. Hedges are either planted to make bruary it will be proper to cut it within an inch of the
fences round inclofures, or to part off and divide the ground, if it was not done before ; which will cauſe it
feveral parts of a garden when they are defigned as to fhoot ſtrong, and help it much in the growth.
outward fences, they are planted either with Haw When a Hedge is of about eight or nine years growth,
thorn, Crabs, or Black Thorn, which is the Sloe ; it will be proper to plaſh it ; the best time for this
but thofe Hedges which are planted in gardens, either work is either in October or February.
to furround wildernefs quarters, or to fcreen the When a Hedge is grown old, i. e. of about twenty or
other parts of a garden from fight, are planted with thirty years growth, and there are in it old ftubs as
various forts of plants, according to the fancy of the well as new fhoots, the old ftubs fhould be cut flop
owner ; fome preferring ever-green Hedges, in which ing off within two or three inches of the ground, and
cafe the Holly is beft, next the Yew, then Laurel, the beft and longeft of the middle fize fhould be left to
Lauruftinus, Phillyrea, &c. others, who make choice lay down ; and fome of the ftrongeft, at the height of
of the deciduous plants, prefer the Beach and Horn five or fix feet, according as you defign the height of
beam, English Elm, or the Alder, to any other ; I the Hedge to be, may be left to ferve inſtead ofſtakes,
fhall firſt treat of thofe Hedges which are planted for 1 and freſhitakes ſhould be put in thofe places where they
outfide fences , and afterward briefly touch on the are wanting; the Hedge fhould be then thinned, fo as
other. to leave on the ftubs only fuch fhoots as are defigned
Thefe Hedges are most commonly made of Quick, to be of ufe, that there may be room left to put a
yet it will be proper, before planting, to confider the fpade in between them ; the ditch alfo fhould be
1 nature of the land, and what forts of plants will cleanſed , and each fide of the flopes kept as in a new
thrive beft in that foil, whether it be clay, gravel, ditch ; and where the earth is washed from the roots
fand, &c. likewife what thefoil is from whence the plants of the Quick, or is hollow, face it anew with fo much
are to be taken ; for if the land they are taken from of the firſt ſpit of earth that is dug out of the ditch, as
is much better than that in which they are to be planted , there is occafion for, and lay what is dug out at the
it will be more difficult to get them to grow. As for fecond fpit, on the top of the bank ; for if it be laid
the fize, the fets ought to be about the bignefs of a on the fide, or face of the bank, it will flip into the
goofe quill, and cut within about four or five inches ditch again when wet comes, and alſo take a great
of the ground ; they ſhould be freſh taken up, ſtrait, deal of the bank along with it.
fmooth, and well rooted . Thofe plants which are In plaſhing Quicks, there are two extremes to be
raiſed in the nurſery, are to be preferred to all avoided ; the firft is, laying it too low and too thick ;
others, and if raiſed on a ſpot near the place, it will becauſe it makes the fap run all into the fhoots, and
be beft. leaves the plaſhes without nouriſhment, which, with
Secondly, If the Hedge has a ditch, it fhould be the thickness of the Hedge, kills them.
made fix feet wide at top, and one foot and a half at Secondly, It must not be laid too high, becauſe this
bottom , and three feet deep, that each fide may have draws all the fap into the plaſhes, and fo caufes but
a proper flope ; for when the banks are made too up finall ſhoots at the bottom, and makes the Hedge fo
right, they are very fubject to fall down after every thin, that it will neither hinder the cattle from going
froſt or hard rain ; befides, if the ditches are made through, nor from cropping of it.
narrower, they are foon choked up in autumn by the When the fhoot that is defigned to be plaſhed is bent,
falling leaves, and the growth of weeds, nor are they give it a ſmall cut with a bill, half through, floping a
a fufficient fence to the Hedge againſt cattle, where little downwards, and then weave it about the ftakes ;.
they are narrower. and when the whole is finiſhed, trim off the ſmall fu
Thirdly, If the bank be without a ditch, the fets. perfluous branches that ftraggle too far out on both
fhould be fet in two rows, almoft perpendicular, at fides of the Hedge .
"
the diſtance of a foot from each other, in the quin If the ſtubs are very old, cut them quite down, and
cunx order, fo that in effect they will be but fix inches fecure them with good dead Hedges on both fides, till
afunder. the young fhoots are got up tall enough to plaſh, and
Fourthly, The turf is to be laid with the Graſs ſide plant new fets in the void ſpaces.
downwards, on that fide of the ditch the bank is de In making a Hedge, if it be fet with Crab Stocks,
figned to be made, and fome of the ' beft mould it will be proper to leave one ſtanding uncut up at
fhould be laid upon it, to bed the Quick ; then the every thirty or forty feet, if the ground on both
Quick is to be planted upon it a foot aſunder, fo fides of the Hedge be your own ; which being done,
that the ends of the Quick may ſtand upright. they may be fo ordered, by pruning or ſtaking, that
Fifthly, When the first row of Quick is planted, it one may lean into one ground, and the other into ano
muft be covered with mould, and the turf laid upon ther, & c.
it as before ; fo that when the bank is a foot high, Thefe ftocks fhould be pruned up every year, till they
you may plant another row of fets againſt the ſpaces are brought out of the reach of the cattle, and then
of the lower Quick, and cover them as the former they may be grafted with the Red Streak, Gennet
was done ; and the bank is to be topped with the bot moil, or what other kind of cyder Apple you
tom of the ditch, and a dry, or dead Hedge laid on pleaſe.
the other fide, to defend the under plantation from the If the ſtocks be of Apple kernels, they may ſtand un
cattle. grafted, for many of them will yield very good cyder
In making of thefe dead Hedges, there fhould be fruit ; but then fuch ſtocks as are not grafted, will be
ſtakes driven into the loofe earth, at about two feet longer before they bear ; and alfo when you do graft,
and a half diftance, fo low as to reach the firm you may be certain of your kind ; but if you find a
ground. very natural ſtock, which by leaf, fhoot, and bud,
Oak ftakes are accounted the beft, and Black Thorn appears likely, you may try it, and fo you may have
and Sallow the next ; then let the fmall buſhes be a new fine fruit ; and if you do not like it, you may
laid at bottom, but not too thick, for that will caufe graft it when you pleaſe .
the buſhes to rot ; but the upper part of the Hedge As for the reft of the Hedge, when it has fhot four
fhould be laid with long bufhes to bind the ſtakes or five years, you may lay it to make a fence
in with, by interweaving them . for the doing of which, take the following direc
And, in order to render the Hedge yet ſtronger, you tions :

3 First,
 2223.
ZJAG

HED HED
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First, At every laying to lay down fome old plaſhes ; able diſtance on each fide of the Hedge ; and this
or, if the Hedge be thin, young ones ; but they muſt plenty of fuckers drawing away the nourishment from
be fo laid, as to point with their ends to the ditch fide the old plants of the Hedge, they never grow fo well
of the bank, the ends being kept low on the bank ; as where there are few or no fuckers produced, which
by being fo ordered, they will the better thicken the thoſe plants which are propagated from the ftones
bottom of the Hedge, and keep up the earth of the fend not forth, or at leaſt but fparingly, ther