Hazards Identification Assessment

and Control Work Environment

Framework

Engr Nelia G. Granadillos

OIC Deputy Executive Director
Occupational Safety and Health Center
 Objectives
 To learn the principles of Industrial Hygiene in the
improvement of working conditions and ensure the
safety and health of workers.
 To learn the significance of Industrial Hygiene in
the prevention of work related illnesses
 To identify and determine the magnitude of health
hazards potentially present in the work environment
 To be able to recommend control measures to
maintain favorable environment conditions
 Outline

 Fundamental concepts of IH
 Definition and Significance of IH
 Duties of an Industrial Hygienist

 Classification of health hazards;

 Evaluation techniques
 Environment control measures
 Global Situation Related to Industrial
Hygiene
The International Labor Organization estimates that globally
there are:

• 2.3M women and men around the world succumb to

work-related accidents or diseases every year
• 6,000 deaths per day
• 340M occupational accidents and 160M victims of
work-related illnesses annually
• 651,279 deaths a year from hazardous substances

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WHAT IS OCCUPATIONAL (INDUSTRIAL)
HYGIENE
What is Industrial Hygiene ?

• The science and art devoted to recognition,

evaluation and control of environmental
factors and stresses arising in or from the
workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired
health and well-being, or significant discomfort
among workers or among citizens of the
community. (ACGIH)
 WHAT DOES AN OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENIST DO
 Identifies, measures, and assesses the extent of hazards to health and
safety in the workplace, and suggests the best methods of controlling
and eliminating these hazards.
▪ Conducts assessment to identify potentially hazardous conditions that
could result in injury or illness to the workers.
▪ Measures and samples harmful chemical and physical agents in the
work environment.
▪ Recommends methods of control to ensure a safe working environment
and develops new procedures and systems to eliminate occupational
safety and health problems.
 Has a preventive role in training staff and management to identify and
remedy hazards in the workplace.
 Origin of Industrial Hygiene

Contributors of Industrial Hygiene

370 BC Hippocrate Identified lead poisoning in miners and
s metallurgists
50 AD Plinius Identified use of animal bladder to
Secundus prevent inhalation of dust and lead fume
1473 Ellenbog Recognized dangers of some metal
fumes; described symptoms of industrial
lead and mercury poisoning with
suggested preventive measures
1556 Georgius Describe prevalent diseases and
Agricola accidents in mining, smelting and
refining, and means of prevention
(ventilation)
 Origin of Industrial Hygiene

Contributors of Industrial Hygiene

1567 Paracelsus Described respiratory diseases among
miners; described mercury poisoning
1700 Bernardino Published De Morbis Artificum Diatriba
Ramazzini (Diseases of Workers); “Of what trade
are you?”
1775 Percival Described occupational cancer (scrotal)
Pott among English chimney sweeps
1830 Charles Authored first book on occupational
Thackrah diseases to be published in England
1900s Alice Investigated dangerous occupations;
Hamilton wrote Exploring the Dangerous Trades
Scope of Industrial Hygiene

 Workplaces
Classifications according to:
 Size (workforce) – small, medium, large
 Location or site – indoor, outdoor; land-based, water,
air
 Type of economic activity – 3 economic sectors
 Three (3) Economic Sectors

1. Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry

2. Industry
 Mining and quarrying
 Manufacturing
 Electricity, gas and water
 Construction
 Three (3) Economic Sectors
3. Services
 Wholesale and retail trade
 Hotels and restaurants
 Transportation, storage and communication
 Financial intermediation
 Real estate, renting and business activities
 Public administration and defense, compulsory social security
 Education
 Health and social work
 Other community, social and personal services
 Private households with employed persons
 Extra-territorial organizations
IH is a specialty in great demand….

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Industrial Hygienist
Works with…
Occupational Safety Officer/
Physician Practitioner/PCO

Industrial
Hygienist

Management & 13
Employees
Safety Practitioner & IH Safety Officer/
Practitioner/PCO

Industrial
Hygienist

After the IH survey, it is the responsibility of

the Safety Officer to:

Ensure that the control measures are being

applied and followed;
Ensure that the physical or environmental
conditions of work or employment substantially
comply with the provisions of the OSH
14
Standards.
Occupational
Physician

Occupational Physician
Industrial & IH
Hygienist

In many cases, it is extremely difficult to differentiate between

the symptoms of occupational & non-occupational diseases.

The information provided by an IH helps the physician to:

determine employee response to work environment

determine or validate employee complaints with

potential hazards in the workareas 15
 Occupational
Physician

Occupational Physician
Industrial & IH
Hygienist

The information provided by an IH helps the physician to:

undertake special biochemical tests

provide the employee medical guidance on
general health problems in relation to physical
requirements of the job
select job assignments for workers, adapted to
his / her physiological ability 16
 Relative Areas of Action
for OH Physicians and IH
Prevention Treatment

Industrial Hygienist

Environment Clinical signs Disease

Hazards (effects)
Worker
(sources)

Occupational Health
Physicians
Three-Step Approach of IH

 Anticipation &
Recognition
 Evaluation

 Control

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 Identification of workplace health hazards

Physical Chemical

Biological Ergonomic 19
 Hazard Identification

 Physical Hazards
 Noise

 Vibration

 Inadequate Illumination

 Extreme temperature

 Extreme pressure

 Radiation

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Hazard Identification

 Chemical Hazards
Gases
Vapors
Dust
Fumes
Mists

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Hazard Identification

 Biologic Hazards - substances that

pose a threat to the health of living
organisms, primarily that of humans-
 Bacteria

 Virus

 Fungi

 Parasites

 Insects
Hazard Identification

 Ergonomics is the science that modifies

the work to fit the worker, not the other
way around. The goal is to eliminate
discomfort and risk of injury due
to work.
 Ex. Ergonomic Hazards

 Repetitive motion
 Forceful motion
 Awkward posture
 Static posture
 1. Hazard Identification

➢ Process flow / operation description

➢ Identification of chemicals used

- Raw materials
- By-product
- Product
- Waste
➢ Worker’s complaints / symptoms

SDS
 Occupational Safety and Health Standards
• A set of mandatory rules on OSH which
codifies all safety orders.
• Objective: protection of workers
from occupational risks and hazards
• Coverage: all workplaces
• Rule 1070: Occupational Health and
Environmental Control
 Hazard Evaluation:
Industrial Hygiene Measurements
 Work Environment Measurement (WEM)
OSHS Rule 1077

 “Sampling and analysis carried out in respect of atmospheric working

environment and other fundamental elements of working environment for the
purpose of promoting and maintaining the health of his workers.”
 Refers to the determination of environmental stresses through direct
measurement of hazards using IH equipment.

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 Purpose of WEM

➢ To determine the magnitude of harmful environmental

agents;
➢ To physically check the environment through measurement;
➢ To predict harmfulness of new facilities, raw materials,
production process and working methods;
➢ To monitor worker’s exposure to harmful substances;
➢ To evaluate the effectiveness of environmental
control measures adopted to improve the workplace; and
➢ To maintain favorable environment conditions.
 Legal Framework
 1. Occupational Safety and Health Standards
 Rule 1077
• The employer shall carry out the WEM in indoor or other workplaces where hazardous work is
performed
• WEM shall include temperature, humidity, pressure, illumination, ventilation, concentration of
substances and noise
• In the event of inability to perform the WEM, the employer shall commission the
Bureau/OSHC/Regional Labor Office concerned and other institutions accredited or recognized
by the bureau, to perform the measurement

 2. EO 307- Occupational Safety and Health Center

• Section 2: The Center shall have the following powers and functions
 To monitor the working environment by the use of industrial hygiene, field and laboratory
equipment
• GB Resolution 2001-11-009 approved the revised service fees/charges per schedule (schedule of
fees attached)
DO No. 160 S2016:

Guidelines on the Accreditation of Consulting

Organizations to Provide WEM Services

Section 12. Prohibition in the Practice of WEM

NO person or organization shall be allowed, hired or
provide WEM services unless the requirements of this rule
are complied with
 Evaluation Methods

Qualitative
 Plant “walk-through” survey

Quantitative (WEM)
 “Sampling and analytical” program
 Use of industrial hygiene measuring instruments

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 Exposure Standards & Guidelines
STANDARDS vs GUIDELINES
Standards
* Legally acceptable exposure limits
(Rule 1070, OSHS establishes the TLVs)

Guidelines
* Recommended maximum exposure
which are voluntary and not legally
enforceable
 Evaluation
Threshold Limit Values
(3 Categories)
 TLV-Time -weighted Average-(TWA)
 Concentration for an 8-hr workday and a 48 hour workweek
with no adverse effect
 TLV-Short-term Exposure Limit- (STEL)
 Concentration where exposure should be no longer than 15
mins. and not more than 4x/day (60 mins. between
successive exposures)
 TLV-Ceiling- (C)
 Concentration that should not be exceeded during working
exposure
 Exposure Limits for Select Chemical Agents
(as 8-hour time-weighted-average except for C notation)
Chemical TLV (ACGIH) TLV (DOLE) PEL (OSHA)
U.S.A., 2003 Phil., 1990 U.S.A., 1997
1. Ammonia 25 ppm 50 ppm 50 ppm
2. Asbestos, all forms 0.1 f/cc 2 f/cc 0.1 f/cc
3. Benzene C 0.5 ppm C 25 ppm 1.0 ppm
4. Carbon monoxide 25 ppm 50 ppm 50 ppm
5. Cotton dust, raw 0.2 mg/m3 1.0 mg/m3 0.2 mg/m3
6. Ethyl ether 400 ppm 400 ppm 400 ppm
7. Formaldehyde C 0.3 ppm C 5 ppm 0.75 ppm
8. Hydrogen sulfide 10 ppm 10 ppm C 20 ppm
9. Lead, inorganic 0.05 mg/m3 0.15 mg/m3 0.05 mg/m3
10. Mercury, all forms 0.025 mg/m3 0.05 mg/m3 1.0 mg/10 m3
11. Toluene 50 ppm 100 ppm 200 ppm
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* C – Ceiling limit
Action Level

The level of a harmful or toxic

substance/activity which requires medical
surveillance, increased industrial hygiene
monitoring, or biological monitoring. (NIOSH
and OSHA)

 Action Levels for TLV for chemical is 50%

of its TLV
Action Level for Noise

The Occupational Safety and Health

Administration's (OSHA's) Noise standard (29
CFR 1910.95) requires employers to have a
hearing conservation program in place if
workers are exposed to a time-weighted
average (TWA) noise level of 85 decibels
(dBA) or higher over an 8-hour work shift.
Work Environment Control
Comprises of measures which aim at the
elimination or reduction of exposure of
workers to potential work environment
hazards.
General Environment Control Measures

1. Engineering control
2. Administrative control
3. Use of Personal Protective
Equipment