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Water Analysis
Water Analysis
Analysis
Water Analysis:
Process by which we identify and quantify the chemical
components and the properties of water.
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Constituents of Water and Wastewater
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Turbidity
• Color
• Taste
• Odor
• Temperature
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CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. Nitrogenous compounds
2. Chlorides 9. Biochemical Oxygen Demand `
(BOD)
3. Sulphides
10. Solids
4. Chemical Oxygen Demand
11. Organic Carbon and Volatile
5. Dissolved Oxygen Organic Compounds
6. Metals and cations 12. Phosphorus
(Manganese, Aluminium, Iron, 13. Fats, Oils, Waxes, and Grease
Zinc, Copper, Lead…) 14. Surfactants
7. Water hardness (Ca2+ and Mg2+).
8. pH, Acidity and Alkalinity.
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[1] Nitrogen in Water
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[1] Nitrogen in water
• Nitrogen is a major component of wastewater
• Protein contains about 16% nitrogen (organic nitrogen)
• Hydrolysis of organic nitrogen by microorganisms
produces Ammonia (free ammonia)
• Nitrites and Nitrates are the result of the oxidation of
ammonia. The nitrite form of nitrogen is very unstable
and is easily oxidized to the nitrate .
• The sum of the free ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate is
called total nitrogen.
• The free ammonia may hydrolyze in water to produce
ammonium ion NH4+ according to the following
equation:
NH3 + H2O ↔ NH4+ + OH- Q. What are the different
forms of nitrogen in water?
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[1.a.] Ammonia in water
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• Useful for low range ammonia nitrogen determinations.
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Nessler's reagent method
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Salicylate method
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[1.b.] Nitrites and Nitrates in water
Nitrates in water can cause methemoglobinemia,
(infant cyanosis or blue babies). the iron in
the heme group is in the Fe3+ state, not the Fe2+ of
normal hemoglobin. Methemoglobin cannot bind
oxygen.
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A
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B
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[2] Chlorides in Water
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[2] Chlorine in water
Chloride concentrations of up to 400 mg/l is safe
water can taste salty if it contains more than about
100 mg/l Cl-
Forms of chlorine
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Photometric method
A DPD reagent:
Elemental chlorine Cl2, hypochlorous acid HOCl and
hypochlorite OCl- ion react with N,N-diethyl-1,4-
phenylenediamine (DPD) to form a red colored azo dye
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Photometric method
B DPC reagent:
Mercury Hg(II) ions react with chloride ions to form mercury
(II) chloride.
-Excess mercury (II) ions react with diphenyl carbazone to form
a blue violet complex in a solution acidified with nitric acid.
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Photometric method
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[3] Sulphides in Water
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[3] Sulphides in water
Most of Sulphides in water exist in the form of Hydrogen
sulphide, H2S
Sources:
Sulfur-reducing bacteria, which use sulfur as an energy
source, are the primary producers of large quantities of
H2S. These bacteria chemically change natural sulfates
in water to hydrogen sulfide. Sulfur-reducing bacteria
live in oxygen-deficient environments such as deep
wells, plumbing systems, water softeners, and water
heaters.
The microbial breakdown of organic matter in the
absence of oxygen gas is called Anaerobic Digestion.
Other sources of sulphides are sewage and leather
26 industries.
Potential health effects of
hydrogen sulfide in drinking water
It has odor of rotten eggs.
It is very poisonous and corrosive.
H2S + 2O2 → H2SO4
Drinking water is not allowed to contain any hydrogen
sulfide due to its toxicity (does not have a drinking
water standard ).
The presence of this compound is an indicator of
bacterial water pollution.
Hydrogen sulfide gas is flammable and at high
concentrations.
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Photometric method
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Titrimetric method
(Iodometry)
Titration reaction
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[4] Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD)
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[4] Chemical Oxygen Demand ,COD.
Interferences
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[5] Dissolved Oxygen, DO.
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Winkler's method
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Interferences
B) Reducing agents
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[6.a.] Manganese (Mn2+)
Significance
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Methods of Determination of Manganese
Atomic absorption
spectrophotometric method
Chemical reactions
Photometric methods
Persulphate
Reaction
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Persulphate oxidation method
Sources
Aluminium salts are added during
the purification of drinking and
swimming pool water to flocculate
the suspended substances and
contaminants.
Significance
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Methods of Determination of Al3+
Atomic absorption
spectrophotometric method
Chemical reactions
Photometric method
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Eriochrome Cyanine-R Reaction
significance
The maximum conc. in public waters is 0.2 mg/l.
Higher conc. must be removed as it may cause
unaccepted taste and staining problems.
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Methods of Determination of iron
Atomic absorption
spectrophotometric method
Chemical reactions
Phenanthroline
Bipyridine method
Reaction
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Phenanthroline Reaction
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Bipyridine Reaction
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[6.d.] Zinc ion in water (Zn2+)
Sources
Zinc most commonly enters the domestic
water supply from the deterioration of
galvanized water pipes made of brass (brass
= mixture of Zn & Cu)
From industrial waste
Pb2+ and Cd2+ are the impurities of Zinc in
galvanization process
When water is left to stand in pipe work, zinc metal, as a
reducing agent, reduces nitrate to nitrite.
significance
Zinc is essential in body growth. The activity of more than
80 enzymes is zinc-dependent. The daily requirement for
humans is 2 → 10 mg Zn.
However, > 5mg/l Zinc in water causes bitter taste.
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Methods of Determination of Zinc
Atomic absorption
spectrophotometric method
Chemical reactions
Ferrocyanide
Dithizone method
method
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Interferences
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Ferrocyanide method
(Turbidimetric )
Interferences
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4- write the method
of determination of
the required
component…..
1- check whether Zn
ion is oxidizing or
Keys to reducing agent…..
answer:
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[6.e.] Copper ions (Cu2+, Cu+)
Sources
Significances
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Methods of Determination of Cu2+,Cu+
Atomic absorption
spectrophotometric method
Chemical reactions
Diethyl
Cuproine method
dithiocarbamate
method
60 Turbidimetric method
Cuproine method
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Diethyl dithiocarbamate method
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Turbidimetric method (Ferrocyanide)
Interferences
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[6.f.] Lead ion (Pb2+)
Sources
Significances
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Dithizone method
(Photometric )
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Dithizone method
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Interferences
Q: pH meter is an essential
apparatus in the experiment of
determination of Pb2+????
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[6.g.] Cadmium(Cd2+)
Sources
Significances
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Dithizone method
(Photometric)
Concentrations of
1. Adjust the pH for the complexation
metal ions found in
water sample do not
2. Cd2+ form red complex with the dithizone
3. The complex is extracted with chloroform
interfere with the
4. The extract is measured photometrically at
Cd2+ measurements?
certain wavelength.
5. Cd2+ conc. Is obtained by standard calibration
70 curve (standard solution of Cd2+)
[6.h.] Mercury (Hg2+)
Sources
Levels of mercury in the environment
are increasing due to discharge
from hydroelectric, mining, and paper
industries.
Significances
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(Photometric)
1. A colored complex is
formed between Hg(II)
and 2-(2-
benzothiazolylazo)-p-
cresol.
2. mercury in the form of a
complex is extracted
and determined
spectrophotometrically
at 650 nm
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[7] Water hardness
2+
Ca &Mg 2+
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Types of hardness
•Generally hardness is due to Ca2+, Mg2+ (mainly) and Fe3+ ions.
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Classification of water
Waters are commonly classified in terms of the degree of hardness.
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Palmitate method for (Total hardness)
The hard water sample is titrated with standard solution of
potassium palmitate. Palmitate anion precipitates Ca2+/
Mg2+ cation producing insoluble Ca & Mg palmitates. Any
excess amount of the palmitate solution will be hydrolysed
rendering the solution alkaline to ph.ph.
During titration :
K-palmitate + CaCl2→ Ca-palmitate + 2KCl
MgCl2 →Mg - palmitate
(white precipitates)
At the end point:
Hydrolysis
K palmitate → KOH + palmitic acid (salt of weak acid)
(pink
77 colour with ph.ph.)
Palmitate method
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ETDA method
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[8] Water alkalinity, Basicity
and pH
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It is caused by dissolved It is usually caused by the
carbon dioxide "free presence of strong or
carbonic acid", mineral weak bases dissolved in
acids and salts of strong water (e.g. carbonate,
acids and weak bases. bicarbonate, phosphate,
silicate and borate …).
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Water Basicity (Acid capacity)
Determination: (Titrimetry)
(a) Phenophthalein alkalinity :
Titrate water sample against st. acid using
ph.ph. indicator.
(b) Methyl orange alkalinity :
Titrate ≠ st. acid using M.O. indicator.
The alkalinity is calculated as ppm CaCO3.
(N V) 50000
Alkalinity or [Alk] T as mg/l CaCO 3 HCl
ml sample
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Reference:
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