The Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity and

The Intercultural Development Inventory

READINGS AND RESEARCH CATEGORIZED BY TOPIC

1. General

Bennett, J. M. (1993). Cultural marginality: Identity issues in intercultural training. In R. M. Paige (Ed.),
Education for the intercultural experience (pp. 109–135). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.

Bennett, M. J. (1991). Developing intercultural sensitivity. Training and Culture Newsletter, 3(5), 4, 16.

Bennett, M. J. (1991). New insights for “intercultural sensitivity” model. Training and Culture
Newsletter, 3(5), 5.

Bennett, M. J. (1992, August/September). Les Stades de Developpement de la Sensibilite Interculturelle.

Paper presented at the Seminaire Point Ameriques. (Available through the Intercultural
Communication Institute.)

Bennett, M. J. (1993). Towards ethnorelativism: A developmental model of intercultural sensitivity. In R.

M. Paige (Ed.), Education for the intercultural experience (pp. 21–71). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural
Press.

Bennett, M. J. (1994). A developmental model of intercultural sensitivity. Perry Network Newsletter,

16(1), 6–7.

Bennett, M. J. (2000). High profile: Dr. Bennett revitalizes the model for intercultural sensitivity. Cultural
Diversity at Work, 12(3).

Bennett, M. J. (2004). Becoming interculturally competent. In J. Wurzel (Ed.), Toward multiculturalism:

A reader in multicultural education (2nd ed., pp. 62–77). Newton, MA: Intercultural Resource
Corporation.

Bennett, M. J. & Castiglioni, I. (2004). Embodied ethnocentrism and the feeling of culture. In D. Landis,
J. M. Bennett, & M. J. Bennett. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training. (3rd ed., pp. 249–265).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Costick, D. E. (2002). Intercultural communication and consciousness studies: Theory into practice—
Bridging the empirical-phenomenal divide. Unpublished master’s thesis, Intercultural
Communication Institute (ICI)/McGregor School of Antioch University, Portland, OR.

Fahim, U. (2002). Becoming a culturally sensitive person: An exploration into the development of cultural
sensitivity. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco.

Greenholz, J. (2005). Does intercultural sensitivity cross cultures? Validity issues in porting instruments
across languages and cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(1), 73–89.

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The Intercultural Communication Institute, 8835 SW Canyon Lane, Suite 238, Portland, Oregon 97225, U.S.A.
(Phone) 503-297-4622 (Fax) 503-297-4695 (Email) [email protected] (Website) www.intercultural.org
Hammer, M. R. (1999). A measure of intercultural sensitivity: The Intercultural Development Inventory.
In S. M. Fowler & M. G. Fowler (Eds.), The intercultural sourcebook (Vol. 2,
pp. 61–72). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press. (IDI v.1.)

Hammer, M. R., Bennett, M. J., & Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The
Intercultural Development Inventory. In R. M. Paige (Guest Ed.). Special issue on the Intercultural
Development. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(4), 421–443.

Hampden-Turner, C. (1995). Stages in the development of intercultural sensitivity and the theory of
dilemma reconciliation: Milton J. Bennett and Charles Hampden-Turner’s approaches contrasted
and combined. The Judge Institute of Management Studies, Cambridge University, Cambridge,
United Kingdom.

Jarrett, L. M. (2003). The nature of appreciation: The psychological experience of appreciating human
cultural diversity. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Jolly, Y. S., & Jolly, J. A. (2001, February). Supplemental thoughts to Bennett’s model: Characterization
of a sojourner’s initial experience. (Rep. No. 4). Japan: Aichi Shukutoku University, Intercultural
Communication Institute.

Karseras, A. (2004, Spring). The first IDI qualifying seminar in Asia. SIETAR Japan Newsletter, Spring,
10, 18.

Paige, R. M. (2003). The Intercultural Development Inventory: A critical review of the research literature.
Journal of Intercultural Communication, 6, 53–61.

Paige, R. M., Jacobs-Cassuto, M., Yershova, Y. A., & DeJaeghere, J. (2003). Assessing intercultural
sensitivity: An empirical analysis of the Intercultural Development Inventory. In R. M. Paige (Guest
Ed.). Special issue on the Intercultural Development. International Journal of Intercultural
Relations, 27(4), 467–486.

Towers, K. R. L. (1990). Intercultural sensitivity survey: Construction and initial validation. Unpublished
doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa City.

Yamamoto, S. (1996). A theoretical grounding of the intercultural sensitivity model. Contexture, 14, 67–
88. Osaka, Japan: Saitama Institute of Technology.

Yamamoto, S. (1998). Applying the developmental model of intercultural sensitivity in the Japanese
context. Journal of Intercultural Communication: SIETAR Japan, 2.

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The Intercultural Communication Institute, 8835 SW Canyon Lane, Suite 238, Portland, Oregon 97225, U.S.A.
(Phone) 503-297-4622 (Fax) 503-297-4695 (Email) [email protected] (Website) www.intercultural.org
2. Education

Altshuler, L., Sussman, N. M., & Kachur, E. (2003). Assessing changes in intercultural sensitivity among
physician trainees using the Intercultural Development Inventory. In R. M. Paige (Guest Ed.).
Special issue on the Intercultural Development. International Journal of Intercultural Relations,
27(4), 387–401.

Brooks, D. C. (2005, May-August) Learning tolerance: The impact of comparative politics courses on
levels of cultural sensitivity. Journal of Political Science Education, 1(2), 221–232.

Christensen, L. L. (2002). Writing in the contact zone: Three portraits of reflexivity and transformation.
Unpublished master’s thesis, Portland State University, Portland, OR.

Crichton, J., Paige, M., Papademetre, L., & Scarino, A. (2004). Integrated resources for intercultural
teaching and learning in the context of internationalization in higher education. Adelaide, South
Australia: Research Centre for Languages and Cultures Education, School of International Studies,
University of South Australia. Retrieved September 11, 2006, from www.unisa.edu.au/staff/grants/
archive/2003-integrated-report.doc

Endicott, L., Bock, T., & Narvaez, D. (2002). Learning processes at the intersection of ethical and
intercultural education. Paper presented at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Educational
Research, New Orleans, LA. (Available through the Intercultural Communication Institute.)

Endicott, L., Bock, T., & Narvaez, D. (2003). Moral reasoning, intercultural development, and
multicultural experiences: Relations and cognitive underpinnings. In R. M. Paige (Guest Ed.).
Special issue on the Intercultural Development. International Journal of Intercultural Relations,
27(4), 403–419. Retrieved January 10, 2006 from
http://www.nd.edu/~alfac/narvaez/documents/EndicottBockNarva03.pdf

Gartland, M. A., McNergney, R. F., Imig, S. R., & Muntner, M. L. (2004). Case method and intercultural
education in the digital age. In A. Brown & N. Davis (Eds.), World yearbook of education 2004,
Digital technologies, communities and education. London: Routledge. Retrieved September 11,
2006, from http://www.casenex.com/casenet/frontPages/whyCasenex/research.html

Gaskins, F. E. (1997). The development of intercultural sensitivity in students: A journal study.

Unpublished master’s thesis, Intercultural Communication Institute (ICI)/McGregor School of
Antioch University, Portland, OR.

Green, J. K. (2004). A case study: The effects of two community college ESL instructor’s intercultural
competence on the integration of culture in the language classroom. Unpublished master’s thesis,
Portland State University, Portland, OR.

Greenholz, J. (2000). Assessing cross-cultural competence in transnational education: The Intercultural

Development Inventory. Higher Education in Europe 25(3), 411–416.

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The Intercultural Communication Institute, 8835 SW Canyon Lane, Suite 238, Portland, Oregon 97225, U.S.A.
(Phone) 503-297-4622 (Fax) 503-297-4695 (Email) [email protected] (Website) www.intercultural.org
Göbel, K., Hesse, H.-G., & Jude, N. (2003, July). The perception and interpretation of cultural
difference: On the assessment of intercultural sensitivity in the EFL classroom. Paper presented at
the sixth European Regional Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural
Psychology, Budapest, Hungary.

Helms, S. M. (2003). The examination of cultural sensitivity and exhibition of cultural competence for
faculty at liberal arts institutions within higher education. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh.

Hesse, H.-G., & Göbel, K. (2003, March). Evaluation and quantitative methods in global learning: A
contribution from the field of intercultural sensitivity. Paper presented at the Global Education
Network Europe (GENE) expert meeting. Retrieved December 6, 2004, from
http://www.coe.int/T/E/North-South_Centre/Programmes/3_Global_Education/c_
GENE/GENE%20Web-page%20-%20(3)%20Hesse%20article.asp

Hoey, J. J., & Gordon, J. (2006, August 30-September 1). Integrating global competence into
undergraduate degrees: Assessing the Georgia Tech international plan. Paper presented to the 28th
Annual EAIR Forum, Rome, Italy. (Available through Intercultural Communication Institute.)

King, P. M., & Baxter Magolda, M. B. (2005). A developmental model of intercultural maturity. Journal
of College Student Development, 46(6), 571–592.

Klak, T., & Martin, P. (2003). Do university-sponsored international cultural events help students
appreciate “difference”? In R. M. Paige (Guest Ed.). Special issue on the Intercultural Development.
International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(4), 445–465.

Kodama, A. (2005). Pre-service teachers’ course experiences: Applied linguistics 4/571 understanding
the international experience. Unpublished master’s thesis, Portland State University, Portland, OR.

Liddicoat, A. J., Papademetre, L., Scarino, A., & Kohler, M. (2003). Report on intercultural language
learning. Retrieved November 28, 2006, from Australian Government, Department of Education,
Science and Training Web site: http://www.curriculum.edu.au/nalsas/pdf/intercultural.pdf

Limacher, M. (1997). Ethnocultural identity and intercultural sensitivity in the ESL classroom: Role
expectations of adult students from the People’s Republic of China and English language teachers
from “the Canadian mainstream.” Unpublished master’s thesis, Intercultural Communication
Institute (ICI)/McGregor School of Antioch University, Portland, OR.

Lohmann, J. R., Howard, A. R., Hoey, J. J., IV (2006, March). Defining, developing and assessing global
competence in engineers. European Journal of Engineering Education, 31(1), 119–131.

Mahon, J (2006, October). Under the invisibility cloak? Teacher understanding of cultural difference.
Intercultural Education, 17(4), 391–405.

Mahoney, S., & Schamber, J. (2003, November). Exploring the application of a developmental model of
intercultural sensitivity to a general education curriculum on diversity. Paper presented at the
meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, Portland, OR. (Available through the
Intercultural Communication Institute.)
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The Intercultural Communication Institute, 8835 SW Canyon Lane, Suite 238, Portland, Oregon 97225, U.S.A.
(Phone) 503-297-4622 (Fax) 503-297-4695 (Email) [email protected] (Website) www.intercultural.org
Mahoney, S., & Schamber, J. (2004, July). Exploring the application of a developmental model of
intercultural sensitivity to a general education curriculum on diversity. The Journal of General
Education, 53(3/4), 311–334.

Nagata, A. L. (2004). Promoting self-reflexivity in intercultural education. Journal of Intercultural

Communication, 8, 139–167.

Olson, C. L., & Kroeger, K. R. (2001). Global competency and intercultural sensitivity. Journal of Studies
in International Education 5(2), 116–137.

Park, Y. K. (2001). A case study: The effect of formal attention to culture in the language classroom on
students’ intercultural competence. Unpublished master’s thesis, Portland State University,
Portland, OR.

Pederson, P. V. (1998). Intercultural sensitivity and the early adolescent. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Ragsdale, J. N. (2003). Living and working in Japan - an exploration of self: A diary study. Unpublished
master’s thesis, Portland State University, Portland, OR.

Roberson, L., Kulik, C. T., & Pepper, M. B. (2002, February). Assessing instructor cultural competence in
the classroom: An instrument and a development process. Journal of Management Education, 26(1),
40–55.

Sheffield, D. (2007, January). Assessing intercultural sensitivity in mission candidates and personnel.
Evangelical Missions Quarterly, 43(1). Retrieved February 19, 2007, from
http://sheffield.typepad.com/Articles/AssessingInterculturalSensitivityinMissionCandidatesandPerso
nnel.pdf

Shinoda, M. (2001). How students can develop intercultural sensitivity though foreign language learning:
A case of Japanese classroom in the United States. Unpublished master’s thesis, Portland State
University, Portland, OR.

Straffon, D. A. (2001). Assessing intercultural sensitivity levels of high school students in an international
school. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Straffon, D. A. (2003). Assessing the intercultural sensitivity of high school students attending an
international school. In R. M. Paige (Guest Ed.). Special issue on the Intercultural Development.
International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(4), 487–501.

Vande Berg, M. J., Balkcum, A., Scheid, M., & Whalen, B. J. (2004). The Georgetown University
Consortium project: A report at the halfway mark. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study
Abroad, 10(Fall), 253–276. Retrieved January 11, 2006, from
http://www.frontiersjournal.com/issues/vol10/index.htm

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The Intercultural Communication Institute, 8835 SW Canyon Lane, Suite 238, Portland, Oregon 97225, U.S.A.
(Phone) 503-297-4622 (Fax) 503-297-4695 (Email) [email protected] (Website) www.intercultural.org
Van Hook, C. W. (2004). Preparing teachers for the diverse classroom: A developmental model of
intercultural sensitivity. Retrieved December 6, 2004, from
http://ceep.crc.uiuc.edu/pubs/katzsym/vanhook.html

Watanabe, G. G. (1992). A comprehensive developmentally-based undergraduate diversity education

model at Washington State University. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Washington State
University, Pullman.

Westrick, J. (2002). Making meaning from difference: The influence of participation in service-learning
on intercultural sensitivity of high school students at an international school in Hong Kong.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Westrick, J. (2004). The influence of service-learning on intercultural sensitivity: A quantitative study.

Journal of Research in International Education, 3(3), 277–299.

Westrick, J. (2006). Phenomenology and meaning making: Student voices and understanding of cultural
difference. Journal of Studies in International Education, 9(2), 105–120.

3. Study Abroad
Allert, B., & Atkinson, D. (2005, October). Work in progress - Identifying learning outcomes of a multi-
semester international program in mechanical engineering. Frontiers in Education, 2005. FIE '05.
Proceedings 35th Annual Conference, October 19-22, S1D15–16.

Anderson, P. H., Lawton L., Rexeisen, R. J., & Hubbard A. C. (2006). Short-term study abroad and
intercultural sensitivity: A pilot study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 30(4), 457–
469.

Ashwill, M. A. (2004). Developing intercultural competence for the masses. International Educator,
13(2), 16–25.

Cushner, K., & Mahon, J. (2002). Overseas student teaching: Affecting personal, professional, and global
competencies in an age of globalization. Journal of Studies in International Education, 6(1), 44–58.

Engle, L., & Engle J. (2004). Assessing language acquisition and intercultural sensitivity development in
relation to study abroad program design. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad,
10 (Fall), 253–276. Retrieved January 11, 2006, from
http://www.frontiersjournal.com/issues/vol10/index.htm

Goode, M. (2005). The role of study abroad faculty directors: A case study of one liberal arts college in
the United States. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Hammer, M. R. (2005). Assessment of the impact of the AFS study abroad experience: Executive
summary. An independent research study designed and conducted by Mitch Hammer. (Available
through the Intercultural Communication Institute.)

Hoff, J. G. (2005). Students’ perceptions of the culture learning process during the study abroad
experience. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
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The Intercultural Communication Institute, 8835 SW Canyon Lane, Suite 238, Portland, Oregon 97225, U.S.A.
(Phone) 503-297-4622 (Fax) 503-297-4695 (Email) [email protected] (Website) www.intercultural.org
Medina-López-Portillo, A. (2004). Intercultural learning assessment: A link between program duration
and the development of intercultural sensitivity. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study
Abroad, 10 (Fall), 179–199. Retrieved September 11, 2006, from
http://www.frontiersjournal.com/issues/vol10/index.htm

Paige, R. M. (2004, June 21). Models of intercultural learning and development. Paper presented at a
seminar: The Intercultural in Teaching and Learning at the University of South Australia. Retrieved
November 28, 2006, from http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/learningconnection/
staff/practice/internationalisation/documents/models.pdf

Paige, R. M. (2006, July 20). Maximizing study abroad: A case study of intercultural research using the
IDI. Summer Institute for Intercultural Communication, Forest Grove, Oregon. (Available through
the Intercultural Communication Institute.)

Paige, R. M., Cohen, A. D., & Shively, R. L. (2004). Assessing the impact of a strategies-based
curriculum on language and culture learning abroad. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of
Study Abroad, 10(Fall), 253–276. Retrieved January 11, 2006, from
http://www.frontiersjournal.com/issues/vol10/index.htm

Paige, R. M., & Emert, H. (2005, May 4-7). Bridging conflict through language and culture learning
strategies and use in study abroad. Paper presented at the 2005 Conference of the International
Academy for Intercultural Research, Kent, OH. (Available through the Intercultural Communication
Institute.)

Ringold, D. (1998). Intercultural sensitivity: The influence of study abroad. Unpublished master’s thesis,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Schneider, K. (2005). Diagnose interkultureller Sensibilität in Abhängigkeit von den

Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen Extraversion und Offenheit für Erfahrungen sowie von
Auslandserfahrungen. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Universität Koblenz Landau, Germany.

Shaheen, S. (2004). The effect of pre-departure preparation on student intercultural development during
study abroad programs. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University, Columbus.

Spenader, A. J. (2005). Cross-cultural adaptation and language acquisition in high school study abroad.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Thibeault, B. H. H. (2001). Effects of international internships on intercultural sensitivity development.

Unpublished master’s thesis, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale.

Yamamoto, S. (1994). Qualitative study of Japanese students’ intercultural experiences in the U.S. in
relation to the Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity. Unpublished master’s thesis,
Portland State University, Portland, OR.

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The Intercultural Communication Institute, 8835 SW Canyon Lane, Suite 238, Portland, Oregon 97225, U.S.A.
(Phone) 503-297-4622 (Fax) 503-297-4695 (Email) [email protected] (Website) www.intercultural.org
4. Training and Development

Abu-Nimer, M. (2001). Conflict resolution, culture, and religion: Toward a training model of
interreligious peacebuilding. Journal of Peace Research, 38(6), 685–704.

Bartolini, W. F. (2001). Using a communication perspective to manage diversity in the development

office. New Directions for Philanthropic Fundraising 34(Winter), 47-75.

Bennett, J. M. (2004). Turning frogs into interculturalists: A student-centered developmental approach to

teaching intercultural competence. In R. A. Goodman, M. E. Phillips, & N. Boyacigiller (Eds.),
Crossing cultures: Insights from master teachers (pp. 312–342). London: Routledge.

Bennett, J. M., & Bennett, M. J. (2004). Developing intercultural competence: A reader. Portland, OR:
Intercultural Communication Institute.

Bennett, J. M., & Bennett, M. J. (2004). Developing intercultural sensitivity: An integrative approach to
global and domestic diversity. In D. Landis, J. M. Bennett, & M. J. Bennett (Eds.), Handbook of
intercultural training (3rd ed., pp. 147–165). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Bennett, J. M., Bennett, M. J., & Allen, W. (2003). Developing intercultural competence in the language
classroom. In D. L. Lange & R. M. Paige (Eds.), Culture as the core: Perspectives on culture in
second language learning. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing. (Also in R. M. Paige, D.
Lange, & Y. A. Yershova (Eds.). (1999), Culture as the core: Integrating culture into the language
classroom (pp. 13–46). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Bennett, M. J. (1986). A developmental approach to training for intercultural sensitivity. International

Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10(2), 179–196.

Bennett, M. J. (2001). Developing intercultural competence for global leadership. In R.-D. Reineke & C.
Fussinger (Eds.), Interkulturelles Management: Konzeption–Beratung–Training
(pp. 207–226). Wiesbaden, Germany: Gabler.

Bennett, M. J. (2002). In the wake of September 11. In W. R. Leenen (Ed.), Enhancing intercultural
competence in police organizations (pp. 23–41). Münster, Germany: Waxmann.

Bennett, M. J., & Deane, B. R. (1994). A model for personal change: Developing intercultural sensitivity.
In E. Y. Cross, J. H. Katz, F. A. Miller, & E. W. Seashore (Eds.), The promise of diversity: Over 40
voices discuss strategies for eliminating discrimination in organizations (pp. 286–293). Burr Ridge,
IL: Irwin.

Brinkmann, U., & van der Zee, K. (1999). Benchmarking intercultural training: Is experience its biggest
competitor? Language and Intercultural Training, 17, 9–11.

Brinkmann, U., & van Weerdenburg, O. (2003, September/October). New developments in intercultural
management training. IHRIM Journal, VII(5), 63–68. Retrieved January 11, 2006, from
http://www.ibinet.nl/ibiqback.htm

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The Intercultural Communication Institute, 8835 SW Canyon Lane, Suite 238, Portland, Oregon 97225, U.S.A.
(Phone) 503-297-4622 (Fax) 503-297-4695 (Email) [email protected] (Website) www.intercultural.org
Bourjolly, J. N., Sands, R. G., Solomon, P., Stanhope, V., Pernell-Arnold, A., & Finley, L. (2005). The
journey toward sensitivity: A non-linear process. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social
Work, 14(3/4), 41–62.

Burke, M. (2001). Befriending difference: Intercultural sensitivity training for ministers. Unpublished
doctoral dissertation, Catholic Theological Union, Chicago, IL.

Cassiday, P. (2005). Expatriate leadership: An organizational resource for collaboration. International

Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(4), 391–408.

Hammer, M. R. (1999). Cross-cultural training: The research connection. In S. M. Fowler & M. G.

Mumford (Eds.), The intercultural sourcebook (Vol. 2, pp. 1–18). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural
Press.

Kelly, B. (1994). Foundations of a new developmental model for intercultural sensitivity training. Sanno
Tanki Daigaku Kiyo, 27, 1–13.

Machi, E. (2003, June 28). Applying the developmental model of intercultural sensitivity to teaching
intercultural communication. Paper presented at the SIETAR Japan 2003 Conference, Tokyo, Japan
(Available through the Intercultural Communication Institute in Japanese)

Osborn, N. (2001). Diagnosing and developing cross-cultural expertise in global leaders. Retrieved
December 6, 2004, from www.team-inc.net/Docs/Crossculturalexpertise.doc

Paige, R. M. (2004). Instrumentation in intercultural training. In D. Landis, J. M. Bennett, & M. J.

Bennett (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (3rd ed., pp. 85–128). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Schauber, A. C. (1999). Assessing organizational climate: First step in diversifying an organization.

Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Union Institute, Cincinnati, OH.

Vital, M. Y. (1999). Analyzing the intercultural sensitivity of diversity development specialists in the U.S.
Postal Service. Unpublished master’s thesis, Intercultural Communication Institute (ICI)/McGregor
School of Antioch University, Portland, OR.

Wilkinson, L. C. (2007, January). A developmental approach to uses of moving pictures in intercultural

education. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31(1), 1–27.

Updated April 2007 by Riikka Salonen. All of these resources are available at the Intercultural
Communication Institute Library. In keeping with U.S. copyright laws, we can provide only single copies
of our materials for personal research use and not for further reproduction or distribution. For material
inquiries, please contact our Library Director, Sandra Garrison ([email protected], 503.297.4622).

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The Intercultural Communication Institute, 8835 SW Canyon Lane, Suite 238, Portland, Oregon 97225, U.S.A.
(Phone) 503-297-4622 (Fax) 503-297-4695 (Email) [email protected] (Website) www.intercultural.org