UCSP

and perspective of groups with which people

CULTURE identify.
Culture can be defined as all the ways of life
including arts, beliefs and institutions of a SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYING
population that are passed down from CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
generation to generation. Culture has been
called "the way of life for an entire society." 1. To develop awareness of cultural, social and
As such, it includes codes of manners, dress, political dynamics
language, religion, rituals, art.
2. To develop sensitivity to cultural diversity.
3. To provide understanding of how culture,
SOCIETY human agency, society and politics work.
A society is a group of individuals involved in 4. To be engaged in country’s current human
persistent social interaction, or a large social development goals.
group sharing the same spatial or social
territory, typically subject to the same political
authority and dominant cultural expectations. ANTHROPOLOGY
The study of various human culture in the
POLITICS world now and throughout history.
Politics is the set of activities that are
associated with making decisions in groups, or SOCIOLOGY
other forms of power relations among Is the scientific study of society. The
individuals, such as the distribution of perspective highlights the external influences
resources or status. The branch of social that facilitate or constrain human action.
science that studies politics and government is
referred to as political science.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Human cultural variation, Social Is the systematic study of the state and
differences, Social change, and Political government
identities
RATIONALE OF STUDYING
HUMAN CULTURAL VARIATION ANTHROPOLOGY
- refers to the differences in social behaviors that
different cultures exhibit around the world. What By looking at other cultures and societies,
may be considered good etiquette in one culture anthropologists are able to reflect on various
may be considered bad etiquette in another. ways of being human

SOCIAL DIFFERENCES RATIONALE OF STUDYING

- the difference among individuals on the basis of SOCIOLOGY
social characteristics and qualities.
By emphasizing the use of scientific evidence
SOCIAL CHANGE to investigate, quantify and interpret
- is used to indicate the changes that take place in phenomena that occur in the social world,
human interrelations. It is defined of behavior, sociology reinforces the primary principles of
social organizations or value system. scientific inquiry and relies on observation,
logic, data and analysis, and presents
POLITICAL IDENTITIES
-are political arguments that focus upon the
interest
 UCSP
opportunities to develop skills, and tools that Actions - e.g. regime, justice, organization,
are useful in the acquisition of knowledge. work, religion, techniques, science, art
Validity - e.g. values, opinions, laws,
IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING metaphors, meanings
POLITICAL SCIENCE Space - e.g. spatial experience, functional
spaces, living space
It is fundamental to understanding your rights Identity - e.g. self-consciousness, self-esteem
and responsibilities as a citizen and to History - e.g. time experience milestone
understand international politics and law. myths
Experience - e.g. rituals, customs, practices
CONCEPT, ASPECTS
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
CULTURE CULTURE

The English word “culture” is gotten from the 1. Culture is gained as in there are sure
Latin expression clique or cultus- significance practices which are obtained through
plowing, or developing or refining and love. In heredity. People acquire certain characteristic
total it implies developing and refining. from their folks. These are gained from
relatives, from gathering and the general
THE CONCEPT OF CULTURE public wherein they live.
2. Culture is shared by a group of people. An
Culture is a lifestyle. idea or activity might be called culture in case
Culture is the epitome of the manner by which it is shared and accepted or rehearsed by a
we think and get things done. It is likewise the gathering of individuals.
things that we have acquired as citizenry.
Every one of the accomplishments of 3. Culture is cumulative. Different exemplified
individuals as individuals from gathering of in culture can be passed starting one age then
people can be called culture. onto the next age. Increasingly more
Culture thus refers to a human-made information is added in the specific culture as
environment which includes all the materials the time elapses by.
and nonmaterial products of group life that are 4. Culture changes. There is information,
transmitted from one generation to the next. musings or customs that are lost as new social
Material Culture- Comprises of articles that qualities are added.
identifies with the material part of our life like 5. Culture is dynamic. No culture stays on the
our dress, food, and family products. perpetual state. Culture is changing
Non-material culture- alludes to thoughts, continually as novel thoughts and new
standards, musings and convictions. procedure are added over the long haul
Culture Changes from one spot to another and altering or changing the old ways. This is the
country to country. Its advancement depends attributes of culture that stems from the way
on authentic cycle working in a nearby, life’s total quality.
provincial or public setting. All in all, 6. Culture gives us a scope of passable
individuals of any nation are portrayed by standards of conduct. It includes how a
their particular social customs. movement ought to be directed, how an
individual should act properly.
ASPECTS OF CULTURE 7. Culture is diverse: Different cultures have
their own beliefs and interests which they can
Culture is diverse because of its aspects that share to offer alternative ways of doing things.
develop man’s social interaction. These aspects 8. Culture is ideational. Often it sets out an
are essential to its concept of complexity. optimal example of conduct that are expected
to be trailed by people in order to acquire
social acknowledgement from individuals with
Language - e.g. mother tongue, lingo, dialect a similar culture.
 UCSP
 Society needs difference also for its existence
CONCEPT, ASPECTS and continuance
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY
Cooperation and Conflict in Society
THE CONCEPT OF SOCIETY
 Collaboration and struggle are general
The word SOCIETY comes from the Latin components in human existence.
word socius, signifying “buddy” or “being  Different groups of people often come into
with others”. conflict when a problem cannot be solved,
The general public in which we live decides when values clash, or when there is ambiguity
everything from the food we eat to the over ownership of land and resources.
decisions we make. Diplomacy, the art of maintaining peaceful
A general public comprises of individuals who relationships without the use of violence, can
share a region, who communicate with one help turn conflict into cooperation.
another, and who share a culture Society is a Process not a Product
Society refers to a group of people sharing a
common culture within a defined territorial  “Society exists just as a period arrangement. It
boundaries. is becoming, not a being; an interaction and
Society is a constitution of social actors in not an item” (Mclver and Page, 1956). At the
constant interaction end of the day, when the interaction stops, the
Every human society is organized in such a item vanishes.
way that there are rules of conduct, customs,  A society can never be a product because it is
traditions, folkways and mores, and never complete. It is always under
expectations that ensure appropriate behaviors construction or in the process of development.
among members. (Palispis, 2007 p. 254)
Social order is a broad term that refers to the Society is a System of Stratification
links between people and institutions working
cooperatively to keep society stable.  Society gives an arrangement of definition of
Our particular social orders show us how to situations with classes that every individual
act, what to accept, and how we’ll be rebuffed has a moderately steady and unmistakable
in the event that we don’t keep the laws or situation in the social construction.
customs set up.
CULTURAL AND SOCIAL CHANGE
GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF
SOCIETY CHANGE
According to Heraclitus, “Change is the only
Society is ABSTRACT permanent in this world”
Change is something that presses us out of our
 Society is viewed as web of social comfort zone. It is destiny-filtered, heart
relationships, it is distinct from physical entity grown, faith built.
which we can see and perceive through senses. Change is inequitable; not a respecter of
We may see the people but cannot see society persons.
or social structure, but only its external aspects Change is an enduring historical force with
(Mclver) noticeable variations through. Change may be
hardly discernible or easily observable; it may
Likeness and difference in society be constructive or destructive; but whatever its
nature it occurs everywhere and every time.
 Society involves both likeness and difference.
If people are all exactly alike, merely alike, CULTURAL CHANGE
their relationship would be limited. There deals with the evolution of cultural
would be little give-and-take and little components. This is a modification of a
reciprocity.
 UCSP
society through innovation, invention, • Abolition of slavery
discovery, or contact with other societies.
Culture changes not only by the simple
accumulation of elements. Changes are also Change is brought not by one factor alone. To
brought about by the selective be considered are interplay of various social
acceptance/addiction or rejection/discarding of and non-social factors like geographical
or the changed emphasis on existing elements. location, climate, other natural resources,
Throughout the history of humanity, gains as people’s motor skills and other abilities,
well as losses in culture have been the result of technology, philosophical, religious, moral
selective rather than a random process. An beliefs, social organization, etc.
element is accepted, resisted, or rejected not Philippine society is in flux of change. A
merely because it is fundamentally useful or major consequence of change in the
useless but because of its relationship with the Philippines is also taking place in the other
rest of the culture which may or may not parts of the contemporary world is
assimilate it. modernization. This implies a change from
traditional way of life to a more complex,
Cultural Changes in the Philippines technologically advanced, rapidly changing
style of life.
• Traditional Courtship
• Fiesta (then and now) (Moro-moro, Zarzuela) FACTORS THAT INFLUENCES
• Wakes (Duplo- a poetical debate held by SOCIO-CULTURAL CHANGES
trained men and women in the ninth, the last
night of the mourning period for the dead.)
• Traditional clothing PHYSICAL FACTORS
• Language - Some physical factors are responsible for
• Foods social change, such factors bring a vast change
• Music in the location, size, and population of the
• Religion society. Natural disasters destabilize a society.
• Arts This may result in an abandonment of cultural
pursuits as people focus on survival and
SOCIAL CHANGE security.
refers to an alteration in the social order of a
society. This may include changes in nature, ECONOMIC FACTORS
social institution, social behaviors, or social - The progress of the society is mainly
relations. These changes are because of determined by means of production which
industrialization, urbanization and technology may be agricultural, industrial, rural or urban
brought by the different countries in the world. depending on economic status.
Social change may be directed (guided, Industrialization is responsible to form
planned, structured) or non-directed different classes of people in society such as
(unplanned or unstructured). It takes place capitalists, industrialists, and hoarders, middle
through the mass media, trade, war, and poor class people. Economic factors create
intermarriage, educational exchange programs, new township, cities, industries, factories
science congresses, conferences, seminars, art which bring a social change in a newly social
exhibits, travel missionary work, beauty form.
contests, athletic meets, and many other means.
IMPACT OF IDEAS AND
Social Changes in the Philippines IDEOLOGIES FACTOR
• Communication/socialization - Ideas and ideologies have been responsible to
• Ecological arrangements (from farm and social change. Main ideas like liberty, equality,
villages toward urban concentration) and fraternity, the world famous revolution
• Women’s rights/Feminist movements, was brought by ideas during France revolution
LGBTQ rights, Civil rights in 1789. There were other
 UCSP
revolutions like such revolutions brought a PERSPECTIVE/ APPROACHES TO THE
great change in their societies. STUDY OF SOCIETY AND CULTURE
- Ideologies like fascism, democracy,
communism, socialism, humanism etc. have a
very powerful influence on the changing STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONAL
pattern of the society. PERSPECTIVE

CULTURAL DIFFUSION FACTORS - All parts of society work together and make
- No society remains isolated from outside society as a whole
contacts. One culture influences other. Such - Cultural norms provide guideline to individual
cultural diffusion is responsible for the to have to behave within an institution and
development of western civilization. Owing to society
mixture of various culture like Hindu, Muslim, - Values teaches people what choices should
Christian etc. have brought a great change in they make in different scenarios
the style of life in every society. - The government, or state, provides education
- Today we find the influences of western for the children of the family, which in turn
culture in almost all aspects of our life-food, pays taxes on which the state depends to keep
dress, manners, education, literature, so on and itself running.
so forth.
CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE
SCIENTIFIC AND
TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS - Social structure of society is inherently based
- Advancement of science and technologies has on inequality, those who are powerful and
brought a revolutionary change almost in all wealthy (upper class) exploit people, norms,
societies of the world. The development of values and institutions for their own benefit
these techniques depends on inventions and and selfish desires.
discoveries. - Conflict theorist view culture as a tool for
powerful and wealthy people to sustain and
maintain the inequalities and differences in the
POLITICAL FACTORS power between social classes within society.
- Politics play a vital role in bringing social - It also discusses the power which is related to
change. The state and central government gender, age and race.
change the rules, regulations for the people in Such inequalities which are based on
order to change the social pattern. Different gender, class, age and race create conflict
political parties with their ideologies bring a in the society between two factions.
social change throughout the country.
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST
EDUCATIONAL FACTORS PERSPECTIVE
- Educationists through their educational - View society as, the product of social
ideologies bring a change in the society. interaction. They believe that culture is created
Education acts as the chief and most powerful and sustained because of social interaction
instrument for the social change. Educational between the members of society.
institutions, books, magazines, newspapers etc. - Individuals act according to their
greatly affect the social life of the people. interpretation of the meaning of their world.
Hence, the role of education is felt seriously to - People attach meanings to symbols and then
change the society in all aspects. they act according to their subjective
interpretation of these symbols.
- Symbolic interactionists give serious thought
to how people act, and then seek to determine
what meanings individuals assign to their own
 UCSP
action and symbols, as well as to those of  Therefore, eating the dead is neither
others. objectively right nor objectively wrong. It is
merely a matter of opinion , which varies from
ETHNOCENTRISM & culture to culture.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
Often , when we examine that seems to be a
dramatic difference, we find that the cultures
CULTURAL VARIATION do not differ nearly as much as it appears.
- Cultural variation refers to the difference in
social behaviors that different cultures exhibit The difference is in our belief systems, not in
around the world. our values.

ETHNOCENTRISM What we can learn from cultural relativism?

- Ethnocentrism is the evaluation of others 1. How to escape the unconscious bonds of one’s
culture according to preconceptions own culture, which inevitably bias our
originating in the standards and customs of perceptions of and reactions to the worl. – Not
one’s own culture. all of our preferences are based on absolute
standards.
Is Ethnocentrism GOOD or BAD? 2. How to make sense of an unfamiliar culture.
Keep an open mind.
- Ethnocentrism can lead to judgement of the
behaviors of groups or societies.
- Ethnocentrism can also lead to discrimination CULTURAL, SOCIAL, POLITICAL,
against people who are different. AND ECONOMIC SYMBOLS AND
- Ethnocentrism can create loyalty among the PRACTICES
same social group or people in the same
society.
A symbol is an object, word or action that
- National pride is also part of ethnocentrism.
stands for something else and represents
abstract ideas or concepts that has meaning to
CULTURAL RELATIVISM people bound by common cultural, social and
other organizational affiliation or ideology.
- Cultural relativism is the idea that a person’s A symbol is anything that represents
beliefs and practices should be understood something else
based on that person’s own culture.
- Cultural relativism refers to not judging a CULTURAL SYMBOLS
culture to our own standards of what is right or
wrong, strange or normal. Instead, we
 Cultural symbols are concrete manifestations
should try to understand cultural practices
that indicate the beliefs of a particular culture.
of other groups in its own cultural context.
These symbols may be actual symbols or signs,
or they can also be gestures such as
Different cultures have different moral codes.
handshakes and hand signals. The same
symbol can mean different things in different
 The Greeks believed it was wrong to eat the
cultures.
dead, whereas the Callatians believed it was
 Cultural symbols can represent any aspect of
right to eat the dead.
the culture, including nationalism, belief
systems, traditions, language and values.
Therefore there is no objective “truth” in
morality. Right and wrong are only matters of
opinion and opinions vary from culture to
culture.
 UCSP
Symbols Conveying Nationalism to a Country POLITICAL PRACTICES
 Political practices are activities that are
associated with making decisions in groups, or
other forms of power relations. These are the
outward manifestations of political culture
Symbols Conveying Religious Beliefs which, as defined by Lucian Pye, refers to the
“composite of basic values, feelings, and
knowledge that underlie the political process”.

ECONOMIC SYMBOLS
 Economic symbols those relating to economic
activities such as production, distribution, and
consumption of goods and services. Among
CULTURAL PRACTICES the most common economic symbols are the
 Customary and routine behavior of people currencies or money we are using, the value of
based on shared beliefs and value systems. which varies depending on the economic
These are manifestations of a culture or sub- status of the country. We also hear of the
culture, especially concerning the traditional Stock Exchange, Gold and Petroleum,
practices of a particular ethnic or cultural Banking, Life Insurance and others.
group.
ECONOMIC PRACTICES
SOCIAL SYMBOLS  Economic system or practices are the process
 The self is a product of socialization. by which resources are distributed, and goods
According to Herbert Mead an American and services are traded in societies. These
Sociologist and the father of sociological practices control the different factors of
tradition called Symbolic Interactionism, our production such as labor, capital,
concept of the self is acquired through the use entrepreneurs, physical and information
of symbolic gestures. resources.
 Related to human society and its modes of  At the most basic level, economics attempts to
organization: social classes, social problems or explain our practices on how and why we
a social issue. Social symbols may be make the purchasing choices we do. Four key
indicative of the person’s social or economic economic concepts–scarcity, supply and
status and may address issues and concerns in demand, costs and benefits, and incentives–
the society can help explain many decisions that humans
make.
SOCIAL PRACTICES
 Social practices refer to the day to day SCARCITY explains the basic economicproblem
observances that are typically and habitually that the world has limited–or scarce–resources to
performed in society. It forms the everyday meet seemingly unlimited wants. This reality
life of people and all members of the forces people to make decisions about how to
community are aware of them, even if not allocate resources in the most efficient way
everybody participates or performs them. possible so that as many needs as possible are met.

POLITICAL SYMBOLS SUPPLY refers to the amount ofgoods that are

 Political symbols are representations that are available.
used to signify a political perspective. A
political symbol can be any object, person, DEMAND refers to how many people want those
word, performance, or gesture that represents a goods.
political institution, hierarchy, movement,
belief, or ideology.
 UCSP
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS also known as a
benefit cost analysis is a process by which TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION
organizations can analyze decisions, systems or
projects, or determine a value for intangibles. The 1. PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION- occurs early
model is built by identifying the benefits of an in a child’s lifestyle and is primarily due to have
action as well as the associated costs, and an impact directly from the family and close
subtracting the costs from benefits. friends. Through fundamental socialization, a
baby learns basic societal norms and customs.
ECONOMIC INCENTIVES are what motivates Example Mano or pagmamano as an "honoring-
a person to behave in a certain way, while gesture" to the elders.
preferences are your needs, wants and desires.
Economic incentives provide you the motivation 2. SECONDARY SOCIALIZATION -occurs
to pursue your preferences. when a person learns on appropriate behavior to
be displayed within a smaller group which still
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CULTURAL, part of a larger society. Example joining a club or
SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC organization in college, getting employed in a new
SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES workplace.

The significance of cultural, social, political and 3. ANTICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION-

economic symbols and practices lies on its Adolescence is initiated between the ages of
inherent functions and role in the progress of childhood and adulthood. During this stage,
societies. children start to participate in Anticipatory
Socialization. They also learn about their group
Symbols and practices portray certain aspects culture and what they should expect in the future.
of living, certain cultures and traditions of
people. 4. PROFESSIONAL OR DEVELOPMENTAL
They are used to transfer culture, ideologies or SOCIALIZATION- This process of socialization
beliefs from one group to another group of occurs during the early years of an individual's life.
people, from one generation to another It develops his skills and attitudes for the future
They are also the means to preserve traditions and prepares him for the various roles and
and cultures of societies responsibilities that he will assume as an adult.
They serve as basis for improvement and
development in the societies. 5. RE-SOCIALIZATION- When an individual
moves to a new group, he has to learn the new
SOCIALIZATION values and beliefs of the new group. This process
- is a lifelong process where individuals of re-socialization helps him to get used to the
develop a self-concept and prepare for roles, new ways of life.
which in turn shape personality. It is the
lifelong process by which people learn the CONTEXT OF SOCIALIZATION
ways of the society in which they live.
- Socialization is the process by which human BIOLOGICAL CONTEXT- Socio-biologist
acquire a sense of self or a social identity, suggest that some human capacities may be
develop their human capacities learn the "wired into" our biological makeup. Some
culture(s) of the society in which they live, hormones (i.e. vasopressin and oxytocin)
earn expectations for behavior encourage human to interact and socialize with
other people.
FOCUS OF SOCIALIZATION
1. Acquisition of Knowledge PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT- composed
2. Language of (1) emotional states and unconsciousness
3. Values (2) cognitive theories of development (3)
4. Habits social and historical events (4) social position
5. Skills in the Society as part of the context .
 UCSP
2 TYPES OF STATUS
SOCIALIZATION VS
ENCULTURATION ACHIEVED STATUS is one that a person has
earned or chosen based on his/her abilities and
hard work. This is usually signified by a certain
SOCIALIZATION AND ENCULTURATION
profession, such as a professional athlete.
are two similar processes. Socialization refers to
ASCRIBED STATUS is not earned, and it is not
the general process of acquiring culture, while
something that people have control over. For
enculturation specifically refers to the process of
instance, it can be ascribed to a person's race or
being socialized to a particular culture.
sex. Also, it is not usually a choice in most matters.
For an individual to become a member of a
society he/she must go through these two WAYS OF SOCIALIZATION
processes: socialization / enculturation. For
instance, act of courtesy and hospitality of 1. Socialization starts with the face and the
Filipinos are acquired through socialization body language
because these two learned with their nearest group A smile indicates your willingness to know
like family and friends. On the other hand, more about the event and the people attending
enculturation takes place when one culture or it.
tradition is adopted.
It guarantees you a higher probability of
Overall enculturation and socialization process winning the interest of people that you might
results to: no longer need to make the first move to
engage in conversations.
IDENTITY FORMATION – An individual’s
identity is formed through his interaction with 2. Keep a clean sense of humor.
other people. A person’s socialization with If you have the natural knack of making
individuals or groups allows him or her to imbibe people laugh, then you would find it easy t
certain characteristics and interests that contribute socialize.
to his/her identity. (Idea derived from Newman,
2012). For example, the centuries of Philippine 3. Be attentive throughout the conversation.
Chinese expose to Filipino culture made them Showing a sincere interest in what others are
imbibe facets of Filipino character in the same saying inspires a fruitful exchange of ideas.
way Filipinos learned to love Chinese culture like
food (e.g. preference for noodle-based cuisine like 4. Maintain an open and positive frame of
pancit). mind.
When joining a social activity, you should
NORMS AND VALUES – On the other hand, expect to encounter people of varied beliefs,
norms are culturally determined rules that guide nationality, religion, orientation and
people regarding what is right, wrong, proper, or sensibilities.
improper. Norms create predictability in daily
affairs and interactions, making it easier to live 5. Respect the distance and personal space
with other members of society (Newman, 2012).
of others.
These norms are fundamental to the establishment
You may radiate with well-mannered
of social order in any society (Newman, 2012).
interactive skills, but if others refuse ti
reciprocate your enthusiasm, move to another
STATUS – position that an individual can occupy
group that seems to be more welcoming.
in society (Newman, 2012). It is not ranked
position, but simply a label that implies certain
roles that must be performed.
 UCSP
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION e.g.
a. Religious group
1. THE FAMILY b. Ethnic group
- The basic unit of society, the primary social c. Working colleague group
institutions or social group where one is born. It d. Sports team etc.
serves as the main link between child and society
and is the first, the closest and most influential A social group is distinct from an aggregate,
social group in the child’s life. which consists of people who are temporarily
grouped together in an area, perhaps even
2. THE PEER GROUP performing the same things, but do not
- is the informal grouping of two or more consider themselves to be members of the
members, more or less of the same age, the same group.
neighborhood, or school is called peer group,
friends, clique, gang, or barkada. This is the TYPE OF GROUP ACCORDING TO
only agency of socialization not controlled MEMBERSHIP
primarily by adults.
IN-GROUPS
3. THE CHURCH Is a social group to which a person
- provides spiritual guidance, norms of conduct, psychologically identifies as being a member.
and rules of behavior. It helps the government An in-group is a group comprised of things,
to become honest, fair and democratic. The people or other entities that are similar to one
basic principles and tenets of the Christian another.
religion centering God and His love for people In the case of humans, ingroups are defined by
are taught to the children. beliefs, values and identities.
Within in-groups, there is a shared
4. THE SCHOOL understanding that there is an element of
- is a formal agency for weaning children from commonality amongst group members.
home and introducing them to society.
Examples:
5. MASS MEDIA Ingroups exist across all aspects of life, both in
- informs, educates, and entertains. It affects human and non-human settings. Simple examples
the of ingroups include:
audience’s behavior and attitudes, positively
or negatively. a. Apples and Bananas (they are both fruit)
b. Chairs and tables (both furniture)
6. THE WORKPLACE
- is where the individual gets socialized to its Examples of ingroups in every day life include:
norms and values and finds his or her place in
its hierarchy of statuses. The person also joins a. A religious community (shared beliefs)
professional associations, unions, or other b. A sports team (shared commitment and goals)
groups. Should they find the workplace dull c. A small business’s employees (shared
and unfair or unrewarding, the employee can workplace and goals)
always look for another job. d. A family (shared identity with one another as
being part of a unit)
FORMS AND FUNCTIONS OF
OUT-GROUPS
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
A social group with which an individual does
not identify.
SOCIAL GROUP An out-group is defined by its dissimilarity to
A social group is two or more people who an in-group. Where an in-group is unified by a
identify with and engage with each other shard element of identity, be it a belief or a
(Macionis 2012). trait, and out-group is de fined by it lack of
that shared element.
 UCSP
Examples: Examples
Outgroups exist wherever there are in-groups.
Simple examples of outgroup includes:
Examples of relationship under
a. A cucumber and a slice of bread, alongside an Secondary Group are between clerk and
apple and banana (the cucumber and bread are customer, announcer and listener,
not fruit) performer and spectator and officer and
b. A window, alongside a chair and table (the subordinate.
window is not a furniture) Sample groups under secondary group
include nation, clerical hierarchy,
Examples of out-groups in everyday life include:
a. non-religious neighbors next-door to a professional association and corporation
religious community center (the neighbors are
not members of the religious community) REFERENCE GROUP
b. Consumers contracting a small business’s A group or social category that an
employees to do a project (the consumers are individual uses to help define beliefs,
not part of the employees’ group)
attitudes, and values and to guide
behavior. They provide a comparison
TYPES OF GROUP ACCORDING TO
against which people measure
INFLUENCE
themselves and others.
Primary Groups Positive reference groups are composed
Primary groups involve interaction of people we want to emulate. Negative
among members who have an reference groups, on the other hand
emotional investment or attachment in provide a model we do not wish to
one another and a situation, who know follow.
one another intimately and interact as
TYPES OF REFERENCE GROUPS
total individuals rather than through
specialized roles. They are smaller in a. Normative reference group- influence your
number and occur over a long time. norms, attitudes, and values through direct
interaction.
Examples (e.g. Teacher, Siblings, Friends)

b. Comparative reference group- is a group of

Examples of relationship under Primary individuals whom you compare yourself
Group are between friends, husband against and may strive to be like.
and wife, parent and child and teacher (e.g.Celebrities, Heroes)
and pupil.
Sample groups under primary groups SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
include playgroup, family,
village/neighborhood and work team. Social Organization is a process of bringing
order and significance into human social life.
The system of relationships between persons
Secondary Group and among groups with regard to the division
Usually have specific goals , are of activity and the functional arrangement of
formally organized and are impersonal. mutual obligations within society.
They tend to be larger than the primary
group, and its member do not
necessarily interact with all members.
 UCSP
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL authority in macroeconomic forecasting and
ORGANIZATION policy analysis and research. It provides high
level advice to policy makers in Congress and
1. Differentiation in statuses and roles on the the Executive Branch.
basis of sex, age, and ability
2. Repeated activities and behavior Non-government Organization (NGO)
3. A system of norms and values govern the  NGOs worldwide perform a wide range of
social activities services aimed toward human wellbeing and
4. Control: Some person control the behavior of social welfare. These organizations
others, and a system of sanctions maintain relentlessly work towards development and
orderly behavior. bringing a positive change in the society.
 NGOs facilitate government policies to reach
Examples of Social Organizations remote areas and enhance the overall
effectiveness of social welfare schemes.
a. Churches  NGOs perform a variety of services for social
b. Schools wellbeing either through implementing
c. Health Care Agencies development projects or through policy
d. Social-Service Groups advocacy.
e. Fraternities
f. Clubs

 Social Organization is a major sphere of

social life organized to meet some human
needs.

COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION

(CHED)
 The key leader of the Philippine Higher
Education System effectively working in
partnership with major higher education
stakeholders in building the country’s human
capital and innovation capacity towards the
development of a Filipino Nation as a
responsible member of the international
community.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (DA)

 The government agency responsible for the
promotion of agricultural development by
providing the policy framework, public
investments, and support services needed for
domestic and export-oriented business
enterprises.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (DA)

 Formulates, implements, and coordinates
policies, plans, programs and projects in the
areas of formal and non-formal basic
education.

NATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

AUTHORITY (NEDA)
 The country’s premier socioeconomic
planning body, highly regraded as the