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Endocrine
Endocrine
The Endocrine
System
Lecture Presentation by
Patty Bostwick-Taylor
Florence-Darlington Technical College
endocrine gland
neurotransmitter
axon
hormone
carried by blood
▪ Protein-based hormones
▪ polypeptides
▪ small proteins: insulin, ADH insulin
▪ glycoproteins
▪ large proteins + carbohydrate: FSH, LH
▪ amines
▪ modified amino acids: epinephrine, melatonin
▪ Lipid-based hormones
▪ steroids
▪ modified cholesterol: sex hormones, aldosterone
Hormone Action
DNA
mRNA 5
New
protein
Plasma
membrane
of target 6
cell
Because they 1
are lipid soluble
molecules, the
steroid
hormones can
diffuse through
the plasma
membranes
of their target
cells.
Once
inside,
the
steroid
hormone
enters
the
nucleus
(a) Steroid hormone action
© 2015 Pearson Education, Limited.
Figure 9.1a Mechanisms of hormone action.
DNA
mRNA 5
New
protein
Plasma
membrane
of target 6
cell
plasma membrane
DNA 4
mRNA
6 7
nucleus protein protein secreted
ex: secreted protein = growth factor (hair, bone, muscle, gametes)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Limited.
Second-Messenger System (Nonsteroid
Hormone Action)
1. Hormone (first messenger) binds to a membrane
receptor
2. Activated receptor sets off a series of reactions
that activates an enzyme
3. Enzyme catalyzes a reaction that produces a
second-messenger molecule (such as cyclic AMP,
or cAMP)
4. Oversees additional intracellular changes to
promote a specific response in the target cell
Nonsteroid Cytoplasm
hormone (first
messenger)
Enzyme
ATP
1 3
2
Second
cAMP messenger
4
Receptor
protein
Effect on cellular function,
such as glycogen
Plasma breakdown
membrane
of target cell
Nonsteroid Cytoplasm
hormone (first
messenger)
1
1 the hormone (first
messenger)
binds to the membrane
receptor
Receptor
protein
Nonsteroid Cytoplasm
hormone (first
messenger)
Enzyme
1
2 The activated
receptor sets off a
series of
reactions (a
Receptor cascade) that
protein activates an
enzyme.
Nonsteroid Cytoplasm
hormone (first
messenger)
Enzyme
ATP
1 3
2
Second
cAMP messenger
Nonsteroid Cytoplasm
hormone (first
messenger)
Enzyme
ATP
1 3
2
Second
cAMP messenger
4
Receptor
protein
Effect on cellular function,
such as glycogen
Plasma breakdown
membrane
of target cell
hormone 1
gland lowers
body condition
high
specific body condition
low
raises gland
body condition
Negative Feedback
hormone 2 Model
Nervous System Control Feedback
Controlling Body Temperature
nerve signals
hypothalamus
nerve signals
Endocrine System Control Feedback
Regulation of Blood Sugar
islets of Langerhans
insulin beta islet cells
liver
triggers releases
hunger glucose pancreas
islets of Langerhans
liver glucagon alpha islet cells
Blood Osmolarity Feedback
Endocrine System Control
osmoreceptors in ADH
hypothalamus
increased increase
water thirst
pituitary reabsorption
high nephron
blood osmolarity
blood pressure JuxtaGlomerular
Apparatus
nephron low
increased
adrenal water & salt nephron
gland reabsorption (JGA)
renin
aldosterone
angiotensinogen
angiotensin
Endocrine Gland Stimuli
2 …stimulate
As the hormones produced by the the anterior
Anterior
pituitary
pituitary
final target glands increase in the gland to gland
blood, they “feed back” to inhibit secrete
hormones
the release of anterior pituitary that…
hormones and thus their own
release. Thyroid
gland
Adrenal Gonad
cortex (testis)
humoral refers
to the ancient
use of the
word humor to
indicate the
Parathyroid Parathyroid
various body glands glands
fluids PTH
2 …secretion of parathyroid
hormone (PTH) by parathyroid
glands)
Capillary
▪ Pituitary gland
▪ Thyroid gland
▪ Parathyroid glands
▪ Adrenal glands
▪ Pineal gland
▪ Thymus gland
▪ Pancreas
▪ Gonads (ovaries and testes)
▪ Hypothalamus
© 2015 Pearson Education, Limited.
Figure 9.3 Location of the major endocrine organs of the body.
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovary (female)
Testis (male)
Hypothalamic
neurosecretory
Optic cells
chiasma Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus also
makes two additional
hormones, oxytocin and
antidiuretic hormone,
which are transported along Axon
Arterial blood supply
terminals
the axons of the
hypothalamic
neurosecretory cells to the Posterior lobe
posterior Capillary bed
Hypothalamic
neurosecretory
Optic cells
chiasma Hypothalamus
Axon
Arterial blood supply
terminals
Posterior lobe
Capillary bed
Venous drainage
Anterior lobe
of the pituitary
ADH Oxytocin
thyroid-stimulating
hormone posterior antidiuretic
(TSH) pituitary hormone
Thyroid gland (ADH)
anterior
pituitary Kidney
tubules
Muscles
of uterus
gonadotropic
hormones:
Adrenal follicle-
cortex
stimulating
hormone (FSH)
& luteinizing
hormone (LH)
Melanocyte
Bone Mammary
and muscle glands
Testes Ovaries in mammals
▪Tropins (tropic hormones)
stimulate growth in target
organs/cells (tropic means
nourishment) When the target
organ is another gland, tropic
hormones cause them to
produce & release their own
hormones.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Limited.
Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
Testes or ovaries
▪ Prolactin (PRL)
▪ Stimulates and maintains milk production following
childbirth
▪ Function in males is unknown
▪ Prolactin promotes breast development during
pregnancy
▪ Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
▪ Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex
▪ Gonadotropic hormones
▪ Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads
▪ Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
▪ Stimulates follicle development in ovaries
▪ Stimulates sperm development in testes
▪ Luteinizing hormone (LH)
▪ Triggers ovulation of an egg in females
▪ Stimulates testosterone production in males
Thyroid Epiglottis
cartilage
• Found at the
base of the
throat
Common
• Consists of two carotid artery
lobes and a Isthmus of
connecting thyroid gland
isthmus
• Produces two
hormones: Trachea Left subclavian
1. Thyroid artery
hormone Brachiocephalic Left lobe of
artery thyroid gland
2. Calcitonin
Aorta
Colloid-filled
follicles Follicle cells
Parafollicular cells
(b) Photomicrograph of thyroid gland
follicles (380×)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Limited.
Thyroid Gland
▪ Thyroid hormone
▪ Major metabolic hormone
▪ Controls rate of oxidation of glucose to supply body
heat and chemical energy
▪ Needed for tissue growth and development
▪ Composed of two active iodine-containing hormones
▪ Thyroxine (T4)—secreted by thyroid follicles
▪ Triiodothyronine (T3)—conversion of T4 at target
tissues
Eyelid Edema
▪ Calcitonin
▪ Decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium
deposition on bone
▪ Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone
▪ Produced by parafollicular cells found between the
follicles
Colloid-filled
follicles Follicle cells
Parafollicular cells
(b) Photomicrograph of thyroid gland
follicles (380×)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Limited.
Parathyroid Glands
Calcitonin
Calcitonin
stimulates
calcium salt
deposit in bone.
Thyroid gland
releases calcitonin.
Stimulus
Rising blood
Ca2+ levels
Stimulus
Falling blood
Ca2+ levels
Thyroid
gland
Osteoclasts
degrade bone Parathyroid
matrix and release glands Parathyroid
Ca2+ into blood. glands release
parathyroid
PTH hormone (PTH).
© 2015 Pearson Education, Limited.
PTH binds to membrane-bound receptors of cells
and increases the absorption of Calcium from the
intestine by increasing vitamin D formation (PTH
stimulates the kidney for the final stage of
Vitamin D synthesis; Vitamin D can also be
supplied in the diet. Increases resorption
(breakdown) of bone tissue to release Calcium
into the circulatory system and decreases the rate
at which Ca are lost in the urine.
Adrenal
Capsule
gland
Mineralocorticoid-
Kidney secreting area
Glucocorticoid-
secreting area
Cortex
Adrenal gland Adrenal
• Medulla cortex
• Cortex
Sex hormone–
Kidney secreting area
Medulla
Adrenal
medulla
Decreased Na+ or
increased K+ in Stress
high nephron
blood osmolarity
blood pressure JuxtaGlomerular
Apparatus
nephron low
increased
adrenal water & salt nephron
gland reabsorption (JGA)
renin
aldosterone
angiotensinogen
© 2015 Pearson Education, Limited. angiotensin
Figure 9.12 Major mechanisms controlling aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex.
Decreased Na+ or
increased K+ in Stress
blood
Hypothalamus
Decreased Corticotropin-
blood volume releasing
and/or blood hormone
pressure Anterior pituitary
Increased
ACTH blood pressure
Kidney or blood volume
Increased BP=Atrial
Natriuretic Renin Heart
Indirect
stimulating
effect via
Peptide=inhibits angiotensin Atrial natriuretic
peptide (ANP)
aldosterone=reduced Angiotensin II
Direct
BP. stimulating
effect
Inhibitory
effect
Mineralocorticoid-
producing part of
adrenal cortex
Enhanced secretion
of aldosterone targets
kidney tubules
▪ Glucocorticoids: Cortisol
▪ “Stress Hormone”
▪ Help resist long-term stressors by increasing blood
glucose levels (hyperglycemic hormone),
increases break down of protein and fat and
increases their conversion to be used as energy
sources by the body.
▪ When blood levels of glucocorticoids are high, fats and even proteins are broken
down by body cells and converted to glucose, which is released to the blood. For
this reason, glucocorticoids are said to be hyperglycemic hormones. Cortisol aids
the body in responding to stressful situations by providing energy sources for
tissues..
▪ Glucocorticoids: Cortisol
▪ “Stress Hormone”
▪ Help resist long-term stressors by increasing blood glucose
levels (hyperglycemic hormone), increases break down of
protein and fat and increases their conversion to be used as
energy sources by the body.
▪ When blood glucose levels decline, cortisol secretion increases.
Low blood glucose-hypothalamus-release of ACTH releasing
hormone-pituitary gland-ACTH-binds to membrane bound
receptors of the adrenal cortex-cortisol secretion. ACTH
molecules from the APG binds to the membrane-bound
receptors and regulates the secretion of cortisol. Without ACTH
adrenal cortex atrophies. Situations when ACTH is inhibited.
Prolonged use or large doses of cortisone can damage the
adrenal cortex because cortisone inhibits ACTH secretion from
the APG. Cortisol also reduces the inflammatory response
▪ Glucocorticoids: Cortisone
▪ Anti-inflammatory effect, closely related to cortisol,
by inhibiting pain-causing molecules prostaglandins.
Given as a medication (hydrocortisone) to reduce
inflammation during allergic reactions and injuries.
Adrenal
Capsule
gland
Mineralocorticoid-
Kidney secreting area
Glucocorticoid-
secreting area
Cortex
Adrenal gland Adrenal
• Medulla cortex
• Cortex
Sex hormone–
Kidney secreting area
Medulla
Adrenal
medulla
Preganglionic ACTH
Adrenal
sympathetic cortex
Adrenal fibers
medulla
Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids
▪ Pancreas
▪ Located in the abdomen, close to stomach
▪ Mixed gland, with both endocrine and exocrine
functions
▪ The pancreatic islets produce hormones
▪ Insulin—produced by beta cells
▪ Glucagon—produced by alpha cells
▪ These hormones are antagonists that maintain blood
sugar homeostasis
Stomach
Pancreas
(a)
Exocrine
cells of
pancreas
Pancreatic
(b) islets
Capillaries
▪ Insulin
▪ Released when blood glucose levels are high
▪ Increases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism
by body cells
▪ Glucagon
▪ Released when blood glucose levels are low
▪ Stimulates the liver to release glucose to blood, thus
increasing blood glucose levels
▪ Diabetes mellitus
▪ Occurs in the absence of insulin
▪ Blood sugar levels increase dramatically
▪ Blood glucose is lost in the urine; water follows
▪ Three cardinal signs:
1. Polyuria
2. Polydipsia
3. Polyphagia
Stimulus
Blood
glucose level
(e.g., after
eating four
jelly doughnuts) Stimulus
Blood glucose
level (e.g., after
Blood glucose rises skipping a meal)
to homeostatic Low blood sugar level
set point; stimulus
for glucagon
release diminishes
Glucagon-releasing
Glucose Glycogen cells of pancreas
Liver breaks activated; release
down glycogen glucagon into blood
stores and Liver
releases glucose Glucagon
to the blood
© 2015 Pearson Education, Limited.
Pineal Gland
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovary (female)
Testis (male)
▪ Ovaries
▪ Produce eggs
▪ Produce two groups of steroid hormones:
1. Estrogens
2. Progesterone
▪ Testes
▪ Produce sperm
▪ Produce androgens, such as testosterone
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovary (female)
Testis (male)
▪ Estrogens
▪ Stimulate the development of secondary female
characteristics
▪ Mature female reproductive organs
▪ With progesterone, estrogens also
▪ Promote breast development
▪ Regulate menstrual cycle
▪ Progesterone
▪ Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle
▪ Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus
▪ Helps prepare breasts for lactation