THIRD DIVISION

[G.R. No. 208095. September 20, 2017.]

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff-appellee, vs.

JEFFERSON DEL MUNDO y ABAC and MITOS LACSON-DEL
MUNDO, accused-appellants.

DECISION

MARTIRES, J : p

This is an appeal from the 30 January 2013 Decision 1 of the Court of

Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. CR-HC No. 05114, which affirmed the 17 May 2011
Joint Decision 2 of the Regional Trial Court, Branch 39, Calapan City, Oriental
M i n d o r o (RTC), in Criminal Case Nos. CR-05-8045 and CR-05-8046,
convicting accused-appellant Jefferson Del Mundo y Abac (Jefferson) for
illegal sale and illegal possession of dangerous drugs and accused-appellant
Mitos Lacson-Del Mundo (Mitos) for illegal sale of dangerous drugs.
THE FACTS
Jefferson and Mitos were similarly indicted for the crime of illegal sale
of prohibited drugs, while Jefferson was additionally charged with illegal
possession of drugs, both under Republic Act (R.A.) No. 9165 or the
"Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002" in Criminal Case Nos. CR-05-
8045 and CR-05-8046. The accusatory portions of the said Informations
read:
Criminal Case No. CR-05-8045
That on or about the 10th of May 2005, at around 2:15 o'clock
in the afternoon, more or less, at Barangay Calero, City of Calapan,
Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the
above-named accused, conspiring, confederating[,] and mutually
helping one another, without any legal authority nor[sic]
corresponding license or prescription, did[,] then and there[,] willfully,
unlawfully[,] and feloniously sell, deliver, transport[,] or distribute to a
poseur-buyer methamphetamine hydrochloride (shabu), a
dangerous drug, weighing 0.03 gram, more or less. 3
Criminal Case No. CR-05-8046
That on or about the 10th of May 2005, at around 2:15 o'clock
in the afternoon, more or less, at Barangay Calero, City of Calapan,
Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the
above-named accused, without any legal authority nor[sic]
corresponding license or prescription, did[,] then and there[,] willfully,
unlawfully[,] and feloniously have in his possession, custody[,] and
control four (4) pieces of heat-sealed transparent plastic sachets
c o n t a i n i n g methamphetamine hydrochloride (shabu), a
dangerous drug, with a total weight of 0.14 gram, more or less. 4

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 When arraigned, Jefferson pleaded "Not Guilty" to both charges; Mitos
similarly entered a "Not Guilty" plea in Criminal Case No. CR-05-8045. 5
After pre-trial, the two (2) cases were consolidated and thus tried
jointly.
Evidence for the Prosecution
The prosecution presented four (4) witnesses, namely: Senior Police
Officer 2 Eduardo Espiritu (SPO2 Espiritu), the leader of the buy-bust team;
Police Inspector Rhea Fe Dela Cruz-Alviar (PI Alviar), the forensic chemist;
Police Officer 3 Mariel D. Rodil (PO3 Rodil), the poseur-buyer; and SPO1 Noel
Buhay (SPO1 Buhay). Their combined testimonies tended to establish the
following:
Sometime in early May of 2005, the Calapan City Police Station
Intelligence Team conducted surveillance on the accused-appellants after
receiving information that they were selling dangerous drugs in Barangay
Calero, Calapan City. 6
The surveillance confirmed that the accused-appellants were indeed
engaged in the business of selling dangerous drugs. Consequently, a buy-
bust operation was planned with PO3 Rodil designated as the poseur-buyer;
while SPO2 Espiritu, SPO1 Buhay, and at least two other unnamed police
officers were tasked as backups. 7 Two (2) P100.00 bills, supplied by Chief of
Police P/Supt. Alexander Aceveda, were prepared as buy-bust money and
were marked with "MDR," PO3 Rodil's initials. 8
On 10 May 2005, at around two o'clock in the afternoon, PO3 Rodil,
accompanied by a confidential informant, proceeded to the house of the
accused-appellants in Barangay Calero, Calapan City. SPO2 Espiritu and
SPO1 Buhay strategically positioned themselves near the target area, while
the other backups were far from the house. 9
The informant knocked on the door of the accused-appellants. After a
few moments, a woman, later identified as Mitos, opened the door. The
informant introduced PO3 Rodil to Mitos as a buyer of shabu. Mitos hesitated
for a while as she doubted PO3 Rodil's identity. After the asset assured Mitos
that PO3 Rodil was a legitimate buyer, the latter handed to her the marked
bills. Upon receipt of the money, Mitos turned her head towards a man
inside the house, later identified as Jefferson, and said "Pahingi ng halagang
dalawang piso." Thereafter, Jefferson handed to PO3 Rodil a plastic sachet
containing white crystalline substances. At this point, PO3 Rodil gave the
pre-arranged signal to call SPO2 Espiritu. PO3 Rodil then immediately
apprehended Mitos and seized the marked money in her possession. 10
Meanwhile, upon getting the signal, SPO2 Espiritu and SPO1 Buhay
immediately rushed to the crime scene to arrest Jefferson, but the latter
fought back and even tried to stab the head of SPO1 Buhay with a ballpen.
Jefferson then ran inside the house but SPO2 Espiritu and SPO1 Buhay gave
chase and caught him inside the toilet where he was seen throwing
something into the toilet bowl. Using a broomstick, the police officers
retrieved four (4) plastic sachets containing white crystalline substances
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 from the toilet bowl. After the sachets were wiped clean, SPO2 Espiritu
turned these over to PO3 Rodil. 11
After informing them of their constitutional rights, the accused-
appellants were brought to the Calapan City Police Station for booking and
further investigation. At the police station, the seized items were
photographed, inventoried, 12 and marked by PO3 Rodil with her initials, in
the presence of the accused-appellants, Romeo Gargullo (Gargullo), a
barangay kagawad, and Nicanor Ocampo, Sr. (Ocampo, Sr.) , the president of
Kill Droga movement in the area. 13 The plastic sachet seized by PO3 Rodil
was marked with the initial "YEL" while the 4 plastic sachets recovered by
SPO2 Espiritu were marked with the initials MDR1, MDR2, MDR3, and MDR4.
Letter-requests for laboratory examination were then prepared and delivered
to the crime laboratory, together with the seized items, by PO3 Rodil. The
accused-appellants were also brought to the crime laboratory for mandatory
drug testing. 14
On 10 May 2005, at about 4:55 p.m., the criminal laboratory received
the letter-requests for laboratory examination 15 and the five (5) heat-sealed
transparent sachets. After a qualitative examination, the substances inside
the subject sachets yielded positive results for methamphetamine
hydrochloride or shabu. 16 Urine samples from both Jefferson and Mitos also
yielded positive for the presence of shabu. 17
Evidence for the Defense
The defense presented accused-appellants Jefferson and Mitos as
witnesses. Their combined testimonies tended to establish their innocence,
as follows:
On 10 May 2005, at about 2:15 p.m., Jefferson was inside the comfort
room when he heard banging sounds on the front door of their house. When
he went out of the comfort room to check who was banging on their door, he
saw five (5) to six (6) police officers already inside their house. He noticed
that their door knob and wooden lock had been destroyed. Thereafter, the
police officers approached his wife Mitos and frisked her. They then
proceeded to search the house for about half an hour. Jefferson asked them
what they were searching for, but he was ignored and held. After the search,
the police officers told them that they found shabu inside their house. When
Jefferson denied it, they punched and kicked him, dragged him outside the
house, and brought him to the police station. 18
The RTC Ruling
In its 17 May 2011 Joint Decision, the RTC found Jefferson guilty of the
crimes of illegal sale and illegal possession of prohibited drugs in Criminal
Case Nos. CR-05-8045 to 8046; while Mitos was found guilty of the crime of
illegal sale of prohibited drugs in Criminal Case No. CR-05-8045, the
dispositive portion of which reads:
ACCORDINGLY, in view of the foregoing, judgment is hereby
rendered as follows:
1. In CR-05-8045, this Court finds the accused JEFFERSON DEL
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 MUNDO y ABAC and MITOS LACSON-DEL MUNDO GUILTY beyond
reasonable doubt as principal[s] of the crime charged in the
aforequoted Information and in default of any modifying
circumstances attendant, hereby sentences them to suffer the
penalty of LIFE IMPRISONMENT and to pay a fine of FIVE
HUNDRED THOUSAND (P500,000.00) PESOS, with the
accessories provided by law and with credit for preventive
imprisonment undergone, if any. The 0.03 gram of
methamphetamine hydrochloride (shabu) subject matter of this
case is hereby ordered confiscated in favor of the government to
be disposed of in accordance with law.
2. In CR-05-8046, this Court finds the accused JEFFERSON DEL
MUNDO y ABAC GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt as principal in
the crime charged in the aforequoted information and in default
of any modifying circumstances attendant, hereby sentences him
to suffer the indeterminate penalty of imprisonment ranging
from TWELVE (12) YEARS and ONE (1) DAY as MINIMUM to
FIFTEEN (15) YEARS and ONE (1) DAY as MAXIMUM and to
pay a fine in the amount of P300,000.00. The 0.14 gram of
methamphetamine hydrochloride (shabu) subject matter of this
case is hereby ordered confiscated in favor of the government to
be disposed of in accordance with law. 19
The RTC observed that the defense offered by the accused-appellants
merely revolved around denial and an insinuation of "frame-up" and
"planting of evidence" committed by the police officers. However, the RTC
did not give any credence to such defense, stating that mere denial could
not prevail over the positive and steadfast testimonies and sworn affidavits
of the police officers.
Aggrieved, the accused-appellants appealed before the CA. 20
The CA Ruling
In its assailed Decision, dated 30 January 2013, 21 the CA affirmed the
17 May 2011 RTC Joint Decision. The dispositive portion of the assailed
decision reads:
WHEREFORE, the appeal is DENIED. The Joint Decision of
the Regional Trial Court of Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro, Br. 39, in
Crim. Case Nos. CR-05-8045 and CR-05-8046 is AFFIRMED. 22
The appellate court ratiocinated that the trial court correctly convicted
the accused-appellants as the prosecution was able to sufficiently prove the
essential elements of both illegal sale and illegal possession of dangerous
drugs. Also, the CA was convinced that the prosecution had properly
established the unbroken chain of custody resulting in the preservation of
the integrity and evidentiary value of the seized items.
THE ISSUE
WHETHER THE TRIAL AND APPELLATE COURTS ERRED IN
CONVICTING THE ACCUSED-APPELLANTS DESPITE THE
PROSECUTION'S FAILURE TO PROVE THEIR GUILT BEYOND
REASONABLE DOUBT.

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 THE COURT'S RULING
The appeal is meritorious.
As a general rule, the trial court's findings of fact, especially when
affirmed by the CA, are entitled to great weight, and will not be disturbed on
appeal. 23 This rule, however, does not apply where facts of weight and
substance have been overlooked, misapprehended or misapplied in a case
under appeal. 24 The Court opines that the trial and appellate court
misapprehended material facts in this case.
Chain of Custody Rule in Illegal
Sale and Illegal Possession of
Dangerous Drugs
In prosecuting both illegal sale and illegal possession of dangerous
drugs, conviction cannot be sustained if doubt persists on the identity of
said drugs. The identity of the dangerous drug must be established with
moral certainty. Apart from showing that the elements of possession or sale
are present, the fact that the dangerous drug illegally possessed and sold is
the same drug offered in court as exhibit must likewise be established with
the same degree of certitude as that needed to sustain a guilty verdict. 25
Because it is indispensable that the substance confiscated from the
accused be the very same substance offered in court, the Court has adopted
the chain of custody rule, a method of authenticating evidence which
requires that the admission of an exhibit be preceded by evidence sufficient
to support a finding that the matter in question is what the proponent claims
it to be. 26
The chain of custody is established by testimony about every link in the
chain, from the moment the item was picked up to the time it is offered in
evidence, in such a way that every person who touched the exhibit would be
able to describe how and from whom it was received, where it was and what
happened to it while in the witness' possession, the condition in which it was
received, and the condition in which it was delivered to the next link in the
chain. These witnesses would then describe the precautions taken to ensure
that there had been no change in the condition of the item and no
opportunity for someone not in the chain to have possession of the same. 27
As a general rule, the prosecution must endeavour to establish four
links in the chain of custody of the confiscated item: first, the seizure and
marking, if practicable, of the illegal drug recovered from the accused by the
apprehending officer; second, the turnover of the illegal drug seized by the
apprehending officer to the investigating officer; third, the turnover by the
investigating officer of the illegal drug to the forensic chemist for laboratory
examination; and fourth, the turnover and submission of the marked illegal
drug seized from the forensic chemist to the court. 28
Non-Observance of the Procedural
Requirements under Section 21 of
R.A. No. 9165
At the outset, the Court notes that the buy-bust team failed to observe
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 the proper procedure in taking custody of confiscated dangerous drugs.
Section 21, Article II of R.A. No. 9165 provides:
Section 21. Custody and Disposition of Confiscated, Seized, and/or
Surrendered Dangerous Drugs, Plant Sources of Dangerous Drugs,
Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals,
Instruments/Paraphernalia and/or Laboratory Equipment. —
xxx xxx xxx
(1) The apprehending team having initial custody and
control of the drugs shall, immediately after seizure and
confiscation, physically inventory and photograph the
same in the presence of the accused or the person/s from whom
such items were confiscated and/or seized, or his/her
representative or counsel, a representative from the media and
the Department of Justice (DOJ), and any elected public official
who shall be required to sign the copies of the inventory and be
given a copy thereof. (emphasis supplied)
While the prosecution was able to present the inventory of the
confiscated items, which was apparently prepared by PO3 Rodil, and
attested to by Ocampo, Sr., of Kill Droga, the Court opines that the same
could not be given any credence. Readily apparent from the said inventory is
the fact that it is undated. Hence, the requirement that the inventory must
be made immediately after seizure was not satisfied.
Further, none of the persons required to sign the inventory, as
enumerated under the law, were made to sign the same. The Court notes
that while the prosecution witnesses testified that the seized items were
physically inventoried and photographed in the presence of the accused-
appellants and Gargullo, they were not made to sign the inventory. Instead,
a certain Ocampo, Sr. was made to sign the inventory. It must be noted that
Ocampo, Sr. is not among those persons required by the law to witness and
sign the inventory as he did not represent the accused-appellants, the
media, or the Department of Justice. Neither was he an elected public
official.
PO3 Rodil further testified that photographs were taken of the accused-
appellants and of the items confiscated from them. Not one of the alleged
photographs, however, was presented in court as part of the evidence for
the prosecution and no explanation was offered to explain why.
In the recent case of People v. Jaafar , 29 the prosecution and the buy-
bust team committed lapses similar in this case. In that case, the buy-bust
team conducted a physical inventory of the seized sachets of shabu.
However, it was not shown that the physical inventory was done in the
presence of the accused, his representative, representatives from the media
and the Department of Justice, or an elected public official. Neither was any
photograph of the alleged inventory presented by the prosecution. In ruling
for the acquittal of the accused, the Court ratiocinated as follows:
The prosecution established during trial and on appeal that the
buy-bust operation had been carefully planned by narrating the
events with intricate detail. However, at the same time, the
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 prosecution relied heavily on the exception to the chain of custody
rule. Worse, the prosecution did not even offer any explanation on
why they failed to comply with what was mandated under the law.
Indeed, if the police authorities had carefully planned the buy-bust
operation, then there was no reason for them to neglect such
important requirements. They cannot feign ignorance of the exacting
standards under Section 21 of Republic Act No. 9165. Police officers
are presumed and are required to know the laws they are charged
with executing.
This Court cannot merely gloss over the glaring procedural
lapses committed by the police officers, especially when what had
been allegedly seized from accused-appellant was only 0.0604 grams
of shabu. Recent cases have highlighted the need to ensure the
integrity of seized drugs in the chain of custody when only a miniscule
amount of drugs had been allegedly seized from the accused.
In People v. Holgado , this Court held that "[c]ourts must employ
heightened scrutiny, consistent with the requirement of proof beyond
reasonable doubt, in evaluating cases involving minuscule amounts
of drugs . . . [as] they can be readily planted and tampered."
Non-observance of the mandatory requirements under Section
21 of Republic Act No. 9165 casts doubt on the integrity of the shabu
supposedly seized from accused-appellant. This creates reasonable
doubt in the conviction of accused-appellant for violation of Article II,
Section 5 of Republic Act No. 9165. 30 (citations omitted)
The Court is not unmindful of the rule that the failure to faithfully
observe the procedural requirements under Section 21 would not necessarily
result in the acquittal of the accused, provided the chain of custody remains
unbroken. 31 Indeed, the prosecution's failure to show that the police officers
did the required physical inventory and to present any photograph of the
evidence confiscated pursuant to the said guidelines is not fatal and does not
automatically render accused's arrest illegal or the items seized/confiscated
from him inadmissible. 32 Nonetheless, it is well to stress that such liberality
could only be applied for justifiable grounds 33 and only when the evidentiary
value and integrity of the illegal drug are properly preserved. 34
In this case, no explanation was offered by the prosecution for failing to
comply with the requirements in Section 21. There is no justifiable ground
for its failure to require the accused-appellants and the elected public official
to sign the inventory if they were indeed present during the physical
inventory. The absence of Gargullo and the accused-appellants' signatures
on the inventory raises the suspicion that the physical inventory was made
without their presence, in violation of the requirements under the law.
More importantly, the Court opines that the evidentiary value and
integrity of the illegal drugs seized have been compromised. The
prosecution failed to sufficiently establish an unbroken chain of custody.
The accused-appellants must be
acquitted in Criminal Case No. CR-
05-8045 (Illegal Sale of Drugs); the
corpus delicti of the offense was not
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 presented.
Accused-appellants insist that the charge of illegal sale of drugs must
fail for the prosecution's failure to preserve the integrity and credibility of the
evidence against them. They point out that the plastic sachet marked with
the initials "YEL" which they allegedly gave to PO2 Rodil was never
presented in court during trial.
In criminal prosecution for illegal sale of dangerous drugs, the
prosecution must prove the following essential elements: (1) identities of the
buyer and seller, the object, and the consideration; and (2) the delivery of
the thing sold and the payment therefor. 35 What is material, therefore, is
proof that the accused peddled illicit drugs, coupled with the presentation in
court of the corpus delicti. 36
After a thorough review of the records, the Court finds that the
prosecution indeed failed to establish an unbroken chain of custody of the
sachet marked with the initials "YEL." The prosecution failed to establish the
fourth link in the chain of custody because the corpus delicti in Criminal Case
No. CR-05-8045 was not presented and offered in court in evidence.
In her testimony, PI Alviar admitted that their criminal laboratory office
received from PO3 Rodil the subject five (5) plastic sachets, including the
one marked "YEL," together with requests for their examination.
With respect to the sachet marked as "YEL," PI Alviar testified that
after performing qualitative examination on its contents, she found out that
the same yielded positive for methamphetamine hydrochloride or shabu, a
dangerous drug. The said finding was written in Chemistry Report No. D-027-
0 5 37 which the prosecution presented during PI Alviar's testimony.
Interestingly, PI Alviar failed to produce before the court the specimen
subjected to examination. Instead, she undertook to present the same on the
next scheduled hearing and the prosecution reserved its right to recall her
for the purpose of identifying the sachet marked as "YEL":
PROSECUTOR JOYA:
Q. Where is this specimen subject of this chemistry report now,
Miss Witness?
A. It is in our office.
Q. Can you bring the specimen on the next scheduled date of
hearing?
A. Yes, ma[a]m.
PROSECUTOR JOYA:
We are through with the witness, Your Honor, but we will be recalling
this witness to identify the subject of Chemistry Report No. D-
027-05. Perhaps before the cross-examination. 38
The presentation of evidence for the prosecution was completed and
yet they failed to present the sachet marked "YEL."
Although the prosecution's Formal Offer of Exhibits 39 listed an Exhibit
"F-1," purportedly referring to the confiscated five (5) sachets of shabu, the
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 records do not show that the plastic sachet with the markings "YEL" was
ever presented and identified in court by any of the prosecution witnesses.
The parties merely stipulated that PO3 Rodil would be able to identify the
specimen subject of this case which remained in the custody of the criminal
laboratory. 40
The prosecution's failure to present the sachet marked as "YEL" is
crucial to their cause because it constitutes the corpus delicti of the offense.
Thus, absent the said corpus delicti, the Court is unable to sustain the
accused-appellants' conviction for illegal sale of dangerous drugs. Jefferson
and Mitos must therefore be acquitted of the charges against them in
Criminal Case No. CR-05-8045.
Accused-Appellant Jefferson must be
acquitted in Criminal Case No. CR-
05-8046 (Illegal Possession of
Dangerous Drugs); Unbroken Chain
of Custody was not established.
To ensure conviction in illegal possession of dangerous drugs, the
following elements must be established: (1) the accused was in possession
of the dangerous drugs; (2) such possession was not authorized by law; and
(3) the accused was freely and consciously aware of being in possession of
the dangerous drugs. 41
As in illegal sale, the dangerous drug illegally possessed by and
confiscated from the accused constitutes the corpus delicti of the offense. 42
Thus, the chain of custody rule takes primary importance to ascertain that
the integrity and identity of the seized item are preserved with moral
certainty. 43
In this case, the prosecution left serious gaps in the chain of custody of
the sachets of shabu.
In his testimony, SPO2 Espiritu recalled having custody of the four (4)
sachets of shabu from the time he retrieved the same from the toilet bowl
until they arrived at the police station. He narrated that:
PROSECUTOR JOYA:
Q. What did you do with the thing thrown to the toilet bowl?
A. Since that toilet bowl was still dirty and full of human feces, I
got a broom stick and took those sachets with it.
Q. What did you do with the 4 plastic sachets you took from the
toilet bowl?
A. I place it near the bowl because they were still filled with some
human feces.
xxx xxx xxx
Q. What did you do with the shabu after cleaning it?
A. They were already in my custody .
xxx xxx xxx

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 Q. From the place where the incident happened in Calero
up to your station who has custody of the 4 confiscated
items?
A. In my custody. 44 (emphases supplied)
SPO1 Buhay corroborated SPO2 Espiritu's account. 45
However, PO3 Rodil's testimony contradicts the version of SPO2
Espiritu and SPO1 Buhay. According to PO3 Rodil, SPO2 Espiritu gave her the
four sachets after their retrieval, thus:
PROSECUTOR JOYA:
Q. What happened in the comfort room of the house, Madam
Witness, if you know?
A. According to what they said, when they caught up with him at
the comfort room, Jefferson was about to flush four more plastic
sachets but they were able to confiscate the same, ma'am.
Q. And what did SPO2 Espiritu do with those four sachets which
accused was about to flush?
A. After retrieving those four sachets of shabu, they gave it to
me together with the sachet that I was able to buy,
ma'am.
Q. And what did you do to the four sachet[s] of shabu which were
confiscated from the possession of Jefferson del Mundo?
A. After that we already arrested them and brought them to the
Calapan City Police Station and the four plastic sachets that
[were] confiscated together with the one plastic sachet that I
bought were all marked, ma'am. 46
Evidently, there is confusion and uncertainty regarding the person who
had custody of the sachets when they were brought to the police station.
Worse, no attempt to reconcile this inconsistency was made by the
prosecution. As a consequence, the identity and integrity of the items
marked at the police station were placed in serious doubt.
Aside from the confusion, another matter that militates the cause of
the prosecution is the doubt on the number of confiscated sachets which
actually contained a white crystalline substance.
SPO2 Espiritu testified that he recovered four (4) plastic sachets, each
containing a white crystalline substance, which Jefferson had thrown into the
toilet bowl. That the plastic sachets contain white crystalline substances was
supported by the Chemistry Report No. D-026-05, 47 which summarized the
specimens received and examined by the forensic chemist, as follows:
SPECIMEN SUBMITTED:
A — Four (4) heat-sealed transparent plastic sachets each
containing white crystalline substance with the following markings
and recorded net weights:
A-1 (MDR-1) = 0.04 gram A-3 (MDR-3) = 0.03 gram
A-2 (MDR-2) = 0.04 gram A-4 (MDR-4) = 0.03 gram
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 xxx xxx xxx
These sachets were presented in court and identified by PI Alviar as
the same ones that tested positive for shabu.
On the other hand, SPO1 Buhay testified that only one (1) out of
several sachets retrieved from the toilet bowl contained a white crystalline
substance. He even surmised that the substances from the other sachets
may have been dissolved after being wet, thus:
PROSECUTOR JOYA:
Q. What shabu are you referring to that Jefferson threw at the
toilet bowl?
A. Those who were left over shabu that he threw to the toilet,
madam.
Q. How many sachets of shabu did Jefferson del Mundo throw at
the toilet bowl?
A. SPO2 Espiritu was able to take one sachet of shabu together
with some empty plastic containers and maybe because
the substance became wet and it dissolved, madam. 48
(emphasis supplied)
Again, the prosecution did not attempt to clarify or rectify this
discrepancy, a fatal mistake. This inconsistency could not be considered
minor because it is crucial to establishing a reliable chain of custody of the
drug specimens.
Indeed, SPO1 Buhay's testimony that only one of the four sachets
contained a white crystalline substance casts reasonable doubt on the
integrity and identity of the contents of the remaining sachets, if not on all of
them. Thus, there is uncertainty on whether the four (4) plastic sachets
presented in court and identified by PI Alviar were the same ones
confiscated from Jefferson.
Reasonable doubt thus exists, as the quantum of proof required for the
conviction of Jefferson for illegal possession of dangerous drugs was not met.
His acquittal is, therefore, in order.
WHEREFORE, the assailed Decision dated 30 January 2013 of the
Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CR-HC No. 05114 is REVERSED and SET ASIDE.
Accused-appellants Jefferson Del Mundo y Abac and Mitos Lacson-Del Mundo
are hereby ACQUITTED for failure of the prosecution to prove their guilt
beyond reasonable doubt in Criminal Case No. CR-05-8045. Further,
accused-appellant Jefferson Del Mundo y Abac is hereby ACQUITTED for
failure of the prosecution to prove his guilt beyond reasonable doubt in
Criminal Case No. CR-05-8046. They are ORDERED immediately RELEASED
from detention, unless they are detained for any other lawful cause.
SO ORDERED.
Velasco, Jr., Bersamin and Leonen, JJ., concur.
Gesmundo, * J., is on official leave.

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 Footnotes

* On Official Leave.
1. Rollo , pp. 2-16.

2. Records (Crim. Case No. CR-05-8045) pp. 211-219.

3. Rollo , p. 3.
4. Id. at 4.

5. Records, p. 29.
6. TSN, 12 May 2008, p. 4.

7. Id. at 5-7.

8. Records (Crim. Case No. CR-05-8045), p. 40.

9. TSN, 24 October 2005, pp. 4-7.

10. TSN, 12 May 2008, pp. 8-10; TSN, 16 June 2008, pp. 7-13.
11. TSN, 24 October 2005, pp. 7-10.

12. TSN, 12 May 2008, pp. 17-18.

13. Records (Crim. Case No. CR-05-8045) p. 19.

14. Id. p. 14.

15. Records (Crim. Case No. CR-05-8045), pp. 16 and 181.

16. Id. at 20 and 182.

17. Id. at 179-180.

18. TSN, 13 September 2010, pp. 5-8.

19. Records (Crim. Case No. CR-05-8045), pp. 218-219.

20. Id. at 225 and 227.

21. Rollo , pp. 2-16.

22. Rollo , p. 15.

23. People v. Pepino-Consulta, 716 Phil. 733, 753 (2013), citing People v. Kamad,
624 Phil. 289, 299 (2010).
24. Catuiran v. People, 605 Phil. 646, 655 (2009).

25. People v. Gayoso , G.R. No. 206590, 27 March 2017, citing People v. Lorenzo,
633 Phil. 393, 403 (2010).
26. Mallillin n v. People, 576 Phil. 576, 587 (2008).

27. Id.

28. People v. Breis , 766 Phil. 785, 803 (2015).

29. G.R. No. 219829, 18 January 2017.
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 30. Id.
31. People v. Manlangit, 654 Phil. 427, 442 (2011).

32. Id. at 441.

33. Id., Implementing Rules and Regulations of R.A. No. 9165, Section 21 (a).

34. People v. Havana, G.R. No. 198450, 11 January 2016, 778 SCRA 524, 538-539,
citing People v. Guru, 698 Phil. 131, (2012).
35. People v. Tiu, 460 Phil. 95, 103 (2003).

36. People v. Chua Tan Lee , 457 Phil. 443, 449 (2003).

37. Records (Crim. Case No. CR-05-8045), p. 20.

38. TSN, 12 September 2006, pp. 13-14.

39. Records (Crim. Case No. CR-05-8045), pp. 174-178.

40. TSN, 12 May 2008, p. 22.

41. People v. Dela Rosa, 655 Phil. 630, 647 (2011).

42. People v. Alcuizar , 662 Phil. 794, 801 (2011).

43. People v. Lorenzo, Supra note 25 at 403.

44. TSN, 24 October 2005, pp. 9-11.

45. TSN, 16 June 2008, p. 11.

46. TSN, 12 May 2008, p. 13.

47. Records (Crim. Case No. CR-05-8045), p. 182.

48. TSN, 16 June 2008, p. 9.

n Note from the Publisher: Written as "Malilin" in the official document.

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