Objective /1

Methods/ procedures /3
Results/Data/Observation /6
Discussion /4
Conclusion /2
Questions /2
Format /2
Total /20

FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

UiTM PERLIS
ARAU CAMPUS

CHM125
BASIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
LAB REPORT (EXP No.4)

EXPERIMENT TITLE : DETERMINATION OF MELTING POINTS

NAME : NURIN FALIHAH WAFIQAH BINTI MOHD NADZLIE

STUDENT ID : 2022823312

GROUP : RAS113A

INSTRUCTOR : WAN NUR NASYIBAH BINTI WAN MOHAMED

ARSHAD

LECTURER : DR. NOR HAFIZAH BINTI CHE ISMAIL

DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 19 DECEMBER 2022

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Declaration of Academic Honesty

Academic honesty or academic integrity is a very important virtue that all students
should uphold at all times.

I/We declare that the lab report submitted is not plagiarised and is entirely my/our
own work, and that no part of it has been copied from any work produced by other
person(s)/ source(s) or provided by any other student(s).

I/We understand that issuing a false declaration can result in severe penalties and
I/we am/are willing to be penalized if any form of copying found valid.
__________________________
(NURIN FALIHAH WAFIQAH BINTI MOHD NADZLIE)
(2022823312)
 EXPERIMENT 4
DETERMINATION OF MELTING POINTS
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the melting points of various organic compounds and to use these to
identify unknowns

INTRODUCTION:
The melting point of a pure compound is an intensive property, like density and
boiling point. Intensive properties are independent of the amount of substance
present. The melting point of a compound is the temperature at which it changes
from a solid to a liquid. Experimentally, melting point is recorded as the range of
temperatures in which the first crystal starts to melt until the temperature at which the
last crystal just disappears. The determination of melting points can indicate the level
of purity of a sample. An impure compound melts over a wider range of
temperatures, usually greater than 2 degrees. It also helps to identify unknown
samples, narrowing the number of possibilities, because a pure solid melts
reproducibly over a narrow range of temperatures. In this experiment, the identity of
an unknown organic compound will be determined by comparing its experimental
melting point to those of a variety of known compounds.

CHEMICALS:
Benzoic acid
Caffeine
Vanillin

Apparatus:
1 Mel-Temp apparatus
2 Capillary tubes
1 set of Mortar and pestle (optional)
1 Dropping tub
PROCEDURE:
1. A capillary melting point tube was obtained (with one closed end) and a compound
known as selected by your instructor. Known compounds may need to be ground
into fines powder with a mortar and pestle.

2. A small amount of finely ground compound was placed in the weighing boat. The
open end of the capillary tube was pushed into the compound to load the sample into
the tube. 2-3 mm only the sample was loaded into the tube. Larger samples will heat
unevenly.

3. The closed end of the capillary tube was held above the drop tube. The tube
should fall held perpendicular to the table and on the table. Capillary tube was
dropped into tube. Powder packed inside down while the capillary tube bounces on
the table. The capillary tube was removed from the drop tube.

4. The capillary melting point tube was placed in the chamber of the Mel-Temp
apparatus, with the open end points out into space.

5. The power switch was turned on.

6. The power level was set to obtain the desired heating rate. Initialized with a setting
of 40, and adjusted if necessary to control the rate of temperature rise. Sample
monitored continuously, so that the melting point of the sample was not missed.
Heated slowly to obtain the most accurate results.

7. The melting range was noted which starts when the sample starts to melt and
ends when the sample has completely melted. Known samples should dilute in the
range from their respective theoretical values.

8. Melt-Temp was turned off to allow it to cool to about 50°C.

9. Unknown samples are prepared (arranged by the instructor) in the same way as
provide a known sample and the melting range was sought.

10. Your unknown compound was identified by comparing the experimental melting
ranges of unknown compounds to the melting points of known compounds known to
your lab mates.
 DATASHEET EXPERIMENT 4
Determination of Melting Points
Name: NURIN FALIHAH WAFIQAH BINTI MOHD NADZLIE Date: 19/12/2022
Student ID: 2022823312 Group: RAS113A

Known Compound Melting Range (ºC)

Benzoic acid (B) 122-130
Caffeine (C) 228-236
Vanillin (V) 80-85

Unknown Number Melting Range (ºC) Compound Identity

Unknown compound 80-85 vanillin

DISCUSSION:
In this experiment, the melting point of a compound is the temperature at which it
changes from a solid to a liquid. There are 3 known compounds which are benzoic
acid, caffeine and vanillin. while conducting experiments on the melting point of
vanillin, there were several errors identified. among them because of the Melt- Temp
apparatus are too hot. The melting point range of vanillin must should be 81-83 ºC.

QUESTIONS:

1. Define the "melting point" of a substance.

Temperature at which the solid and liquid forms of a pure substance can exist
in equilibrium. As heat is applied to a solid, its temperature will increase until the
melting point is reached.
 2. Why could the rate of heating influence the melting point?
When we increase the temperature then kinetic energy of particles in a solid
substance increase. As a result, collisions between the particles increases.
This leads to decrease in force of attraction between the particles of solid.
Therefore, the solid will start to melt and this means that on increasing the
temperature there will be increase in rate of reaction.

3. What is the effect of a small amount of impurity on the melting point of

an organic compound?
Impurities present in a solid organic compound tend to have 2 effects on the
melting point. First, they tend to lower the overall melting point of the
compound versus the value for pure material. Second, they tend to increase
the range of the melting point values. Pure compounds tend to melt very
quickly once they reach the correct temperature. Impure compounds tend to
melt more slowly over a larger range of temperature values. Both of these
effects are due to a weaking of the molecular lattice structure of the solid.
Pure solids tend to form stronger lattice bonds that require more energy (heat)
to break up. Impurities present tend to disrupt these lattice networks, thus
requiring less energy to disrupt them.

CONCLUSIONS:

The final of this experiment, the unknown organic compound which is vanillin was
identified by comparing the melting range of known organic compounds.

REFERENCES:

https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-effect-impurities-melting-point-
compound-361967

https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point