PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND

GOVERNANCE
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
First Semester S.Y. 2021-202

MODULE 9
WEEKLY HOME LEARNING PLAN

YEAR LEVEL : Grade 11

TRACK : GAS
LEARNING AREA : Philippine Politics and Governance
MODE OF DELIVERY : Distance Learning Modality
GENERAL INSTRUCTION : Read and understand the concepts discussed on Module 5 in a self-paced
manner.
REQUIREMENT : Notebook

Output to
Most Essential
Day & be
Learning Learner's Tasks / Responsibility
Time Submitted
Competency
on Friday
BREAK TIME Outputs:
10:30 AM -
(Preparation of modules, learning activity sheets, notebooks, LEARNE
11:00 AM
etc.) R’S
Tas ACTIVIT
Answer the PRELIMINARY ACTIVITY in Lesson 1,
k Y SHEET
write your answers in your notebook
11:00 AM - 1: #9 (TASK
12:00 NN Tas Answer the LEARNERS ACTIVITY SHEET #9 , 2), PRELIM.
*Analyze the
k write your answer on a sheet of paper (Intermediate ACTIVITY
evolution of 2 : paper) IN
12:00 NN - Philippine
LUNCH BREAK LESSEON 2,
1:00 PM politics and
LEARNE
governance Tas Answer the PRELIMINARY ACTIVITY in Lesson 2, R’S
k write your answer on a sheet of paper (Intermediate ACTIVIT
3: paper) Y
3:00 - 5:00
SHEET#1
PM Answer the LEARNERS ACTIVITY SHEET #10,
Tas 0 (TASK
Write your answer on a sheet of paper (Intermediate
k 4: 4)
paper)
ONLY
Lesson 1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE
POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT: Japanese Era

WHAT IS THIS ALL ABOUT?

For the past lessons, it discussed about the different historical development of the
Philippine politics and government during the Pre-Colonial Period, Spanish Era, First Republic,
American Civil Government, and the 1935 Constitution. In this lesson, you will be introduced to
a new historical development of Philippine politics and governance – the Japanese Era.
Moreover, this will give you knowledge about the different areas of the Philippine government
and its functions during the World War II.

WHAT DO YOU EXPECT TO LEARN?

Content Standard:
 The learners demonstrate an understanding of the historical background
of Philippine democratic politics, the executive, the legislative, the
judiciary, and decentralization and local governance.
Performance Standard:
 The learners explain the roles of different political institutions.

Objectives:
After the lesson, the learners should be able to:
1. discuss the different areas of the government of the Philippines during the WWII;
2. articulate the different functions of the government; and
3. appreciate the courage of the Filipino leaders during the WWII.

PRELIMINARY ACTIVITY

Interview a family member who has an experience in World War II. Then, make a
caricature about the events in the Philippines during the WWII. Use the space provided below.

JAPANESE ERA

The Japanese established a military government in Philippines which was composed of

different agencies that would ensure the peace and order in the country. In January 21, 1943,
Hideki Tojo the Premier of Japan announced the establishment of the Republic of the
Philippines because of the cooperation of Filipinos to the Japanese government. Jose P. Laurel
was appointed as the president of the 21 Republic. This government was considered a puppet
because the government just followed the order from the Japanese.

The National government was replaced by the Central Administrative Organization

which was composed of six branches:
1. The Interior Department Benigno Aquino Sr.
2. The Finance Department - Antonio de Las Alas
3. The Agriculture and Commerce Department- Rafael Alunan
4. The Education Department - Claro M. Recto
5. The Public Welfare and the Public Works and Communication - Quintin Paredes
6. The Justice Department- Jose P. Laurel
The Japanese appointed Jorge B. Vargas as the chairman of the executive committee and
each branch was headed by the Filipino chairman, however, they had Japanese adviser. The
provincial and the local government and the judicial department were still the same like during
the time of the Commonwealth era but the Japanese authorities should approved in every
decision.

THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

The Japanese government maintains the local government imposed by the Americans;
however, the officers had no real autonomy and each area of the government was under the
leadership of the military officers assigned in each place. The Japanese sought cooperation
among the Filipino leaders but most of the local leaders chose to be loyal to the Americans. And
as a result, the Japanese enforced obedience and cooperation by using force to the Filipinos.

POLITICAL CULTURE

There was no election during the Japanese occupation, the leaders of the government
were appointed by the Japanese Military government in the Philippines and thus those who
assumed position during the Japanese regime were called collaborators. And after the war they
faced charges but some of them were considered not guilty like Jose P. Laurel and other Filipino
leaders.

THE END OF THE WAR

Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Harry Truman declared the Potsdam,
this declaration asked the Japanese Emperor to surrender. However, the Japanese government
failed to reply to the order. In August 6, 1945, the American pilot namely Paul Tibbets, Jr.
bombed Hiroshima with the atomic bomb called "little boy" carried by the Enola Gay. When
the Japanese still did not surrender, the Americans once again bombed Japan, now in Nagasaki,
on August 9, 1945. The atomic bomb destroyed the infrastructure and killed approximately
100,000 lives on the day of the explosion but increased after a day. Finally Japan surrendered on
August 15, 1945 and in September 2, 1945 Emperor Hirohito signed a peace treaty with the US.

1. The Japanese established a military government in the Philippines.

2 The President of the Second Republic of the Philippines was Jose P. Laurel.

3. The Japanese replaced the National Government with Central Administrative

Office composed of six branches.
ASSESSMENT
4. The Japanese also controlled the local government.
 LEARNERS’ ACTIVITY SHEET #9

Identify the term being described in the following statements. Write the answer in the
space before the number.

____________________________1. The form of government that the Japanese established in the

Philippines.

____________________________2. The head of the executive Committee.

____________________________3. The head of the department of Education during the Japanese

era.

____________________________4. The president of the Second Republic of the Philippines.

____________________________5. The declaration which ends the Second World War.

____________________________6. The chairman of the Department of Justice during the

Japanese Era.

____________________________7. The chairman of the Department of Finance during the

Japanese Era.

____________________________8. The emperor of Japan during the Second World War.

____________________________9. The president of the Philippines during the Second World

War.

____________________________10. The chairman of Agriculture and Commerce during the

Japanese occupation in the Philippines.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE

Lesson 2 POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT: The Third
Republic

WHAT IS THIS ALL ABOUT?

After the Second World War and under the joint Resolution No. 93 signed by the United
States of Congress in June 29, 1944, the President of America granted the Independence of the
Philippines in July 4, 1946. After the surrender of the Japanese forces in the Philippines, the
government under Vice President Elpidio Quirino organized the election in1946 for the
National and Local Government and it was organized under the provisions of the 1935
Constitution.

WHAT DO YOU EXPECT TO LEARN?

Content Standard:
 The learners demonstrate an understanding of the historical background
of Philippine democratic politics, the executive, the legislative, the
judiciary, and decentralization and local governance.

Performance Standard:
 The learners explain the roles of different political institutions.

Objectives:
After the lesson, the learners should be able to:
4. discuss the transitions of government of the Philippines;
5. identify the Presidents during the Third Republic;
6. evaluate the projects of the different of the different presidents; and
7. analyze the effect of the projects of the presidents in Third Republic to the
government in the present era.

PRELIMINARY ACTIVITY

Let’s review your History class by supplying the Data Retrieval Chart below of at least 5
Philippine Presidents that you know and the programs/projects they had during their time.

No
Philippine President Programs/Projects
.

5
 THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT

The 1935 Constitution mandated the establishment of the Republican Government

which had the three branches: the Executive branch, the legislative branch and the Judiciary
branch. The official of the branches except from the judiciary were elected by the people.

THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH

The executive branch was headed by the President who was elected by the people and
has 4 years of term and could be reelected. The President controlled the civil administration
through three levels of organization: the Executive office, headed by the executive secretary
who acted as the adviser of the president, the office of the President which consisted of the head
of the Philippine National Bank, Budget Commission and National Intelligence Coordinating
Agency and the Executive Departments which is composed of the Department of Finance,
Department of Foreign Affairs, Department of Public Works and Communication, Department
of Education, Department of Labor, Department of National Defense, Department of Commerce
Department of Industry, Department of General Services and Department of Social Welfare.

The Power and Functions of the Executive Branch

1. The President was the Commander-in-chief of the Forces of the Philippines.

2. The appointments of the officers in the executive and the military.
3. The administration of the Local Governments.
4. The implementation of Law.
5. The Veto Power.
6. The power to Declare Martial Law.
7. The implementation of the different programs of social welfare and for the
development.
THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH

The legislative branch was Bicameral, it was composed of the Upper House or the senate
with 24 elected senators and the Lower House or the House of Representative composed of 120
members from the different districts of the country. The term of office for the senators and
representative was four years with reelection; however, 8 of the 24 members of the senate were
elected every two years and they came from the party list.

The Functions and Power of the Legislative Branch

1. The legislation of laws.

2. The House of Representative had the power to initiate money bills.
3. The Senate had the power to ratify treaties.
4. The Commission on Appointments which prepared the list of the officials that the
president may appoint into office was composed of the senators and the representative.
5. The Chairmen for Appropriation and Revenue also came from the legislative body
making them more powerful than the president.
THE JUDICIAL BRANCH

The Judicial Branch was composed of the Department of Justice which supervised the
lower courts and the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court was composed of 11 justices
appointed by the president who would assume office until the age of seventy years old.

The Functions and Power of the Judicial Branch of the Government

1. The analysis if the law was constitutional or unconstitutional.

2. The implementation of justice.

 3. The power to declare if the Treaty or Law was unconstitutional by the vote of the two-
thirds of its member.

THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

The composition of the local government during the previous era was maintained;
however, all the administrators in the municipalities were appointed by the president including
the municipal engineers and the superintendent of schools through the National Executive
Department. The country was divided into 68 provinces and 1,430 municipalities, and the local
officials were elected by the people and then the local officials will elect the provincial board
which was composed of three to four members. The local officials would the power to
appropriate budget for the municipalities approved by the National government.

In 1959, President Magsaysay approved the Barrio Charter which gave way to the
election of the officials in Barrio and gave the power to the officers of the Barrio to act as the
executive officers in their area which included the power of the implementation of law from the
National Government and the power to tax and to spend.

In 1967, the Congress passed the Decentralization Act, which allowed to the local
government to get funds directly from the National Budget and not to depend on the Pork
Barrel of the members of the Congress. And due to this act, the members of the Congress lost
their lost to the local government but they also gained the freedom to end their Pork Barrel to
other thin

THE POLITICAL CULTURE

The Cacique System still existed in the politics of the Philippines and the elite continued
to widen their influence in the different areas of the government. The power of the Congress for
their Pork Barrel gave way to the use of funds for the future position in the government. They
usually spent their pork barrel for budget during the year prior to the elections so that the
voters could recognize and remember their projects and they could win the elections. This
system was patronize by the voters and as the result, the voters had the tendency to ask favors
from the candidates in exchange of their support for the elections.

THE PRESIDENTS DURING THE THIRD REPUBLIC

1. MANUEL ACUÑA ROXAS

He assumed office from May 28, 1946- April 15, 1948. After the
restoration of the Commonwealth Government, President Sergio
Osmeña headed the reopening of the congress in June of 1945 together
with Manuel Roxas, as the president of the senate and Jose Zulueta, as
the speaker of the house. However, in the 1946 presidential elections,
Roxas, together with the new breed of politicians founded another
political party-Liberal party against the Nacionalista party of Osmeña.
And the Manuel Roxas won as the last president or the
Commonwealth and the first president of the Third Republic in the
national election held in May 28, 1946. Most of his programs did not
materialize because he died because of heart attack in April 15, 1948
and his vice president, Elpidio Quirino succeeded him.

The Programs and Projects

1. The allocation of 300 million dollars that the Philippine government received from the United
States of America in accordance to War Damage Act for the reconstruction.
2. The granting of Parity Rights to the Americans.
3. The Granting of General amnesty to those charge of collaboration.
4 The establishment of the Rehabilitation Finance Corporation to administer the reconstruction.
5. The Agricultural Tenancy Act which mandates the fair division of the products to the Land
lord and the tenant.
6. The creation of the five-year development plan that will establish five industrial centers in
different parts of the country.
Challenges

1. The issue regarding the collaboration of the high officials of the Commonwealth government
to Japanese government in the Philippines during the Second World War.
2. The rebellion of Luis Taruc, the leader of the Hukbalahap because of the Bell Trade Act, the
failure of the land reform and the discrimination that they experienced in Congress
3. The dependency of the economy of the Philippines to the Americans because of the free trade.

2. ELPIDIO RIVERA QUIRINO

President Elpidio Quirino assumed office from April 15,

1948 December 30 1953. He continued the term of office of
President Manuel Roxas when the later died in heart attack. A
politician from Ilocos Sur, a good orator and a law graduate
from University of the Philippines, he was designated as
delegate to the International Bar Conference in Peking and able
to practice his profession as a lawyer in United States District
Court of China and Federal Supreme Court. In the history of
election, his reign was considered to be the most cheated
election however, after his term the people realized the
importance of his projects. He was misunderstood because he
never explained to the public his rationale and his actions but his administration aimed for two
things, the restoration of the faith of the people to the government and economic development.

Programs

1. The creation the Central Bank to stabilize the currency in June 15, 1949.
2. The continuation of the land reform program implemented by the former President Manuel
Roxas.
3. The expansion of the irrigation system to increase the agricultural products such as the
Burgos irrigation project in Zambales.
4. The construction of roads and bridges to foster the trading between provinces like the road
connecting the different places in Zamboanga.
5. The amnesty for the members of Hukbalahap.
6. The Magna Carta of Labor and the Minimum Wage Law.
7. The growth of the Foreign Service.
Challenges
1. The rebellion of the Hukbalahap.
2. The assassination of Aurora Quezon, the wife of Manuel L. Quezon.
3. The dependency of the Philippine economy to the United States of America.
4. The political conflict brought by the rivalry of the Nacionalista and the Liberal Party.
 In 1953 election, he sought reelection but he lost the election and the younger politician
under Nacionalista party, Ramon Magsaysay won. He then retired and lived in a simple life in
their house in Novaliches. In February 28, 1956 he died because of heart attack.

3. RAMON DEL FIERRO MAGSAYSAY He assumed office

from December 30, 1953 March 17, 1957. Ramon Magsaysay
was known as the Champion of the Masses. He was the first
President who opened Malacañang to the ordinary people. He
could visit in the different parts of the country without his
body guards because according to him he had nothing to fear
and mingled and ate together with the masses. His charisma
made Luis Taruc and the other members to Hukbalahap to
surrender and believed the amnesty offered by the
government. In March 17, 1957, the country was shocked by the news that the Mt. Pinatubo, the
plane which carried the president and his entourage crashed on the slopes of Mt. Manunggal in
Cebu. His term of office was continued by Carlos P. Garcia.

The Programs

1. The establishment of the Court of Agrarian Relation for the disputes in regards to the land
owning and land reforms.
2. The creation of the NARRA (National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration) which
helps the landless farmers for their resettlement.
3. The establishment of FACOMA (Farmers Cooperative and Marketing Administration) to help
the farmers in the distribution and selling of their goods.
4. The reorganization of the Armed Forces and the Philippine Constabulary.
5. The establishment of ACCFA (Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing
Administration) which aim to assist the farmers in finding markets for their product and to
educate the framers on the new methods of farming.
6. The introduction of the new method of Farming like the Masagana system which aim to
increase the rice production.
7. The construction of road, bridges, additional irrigations and the deep well in the provinces.
8. The opening of the Malacañang for the ordinary Filipino citizens.

Challenges

1. He was accused as a Pro American because his foreign policies were in line with the US
policies such as the signing in the agreement against the spread of communism in the South
East Asia (SEATO).
2. The conflict against Claro M. Recto because of foreign policy.
3. The issue of his betrayal to the trust given by Benigno Aquino Jr. that the surrender of Luis
Taruc would be considered as the return to the government of Taruc. The verdict of Luis Taruc
contributed to the distrust of the other members of Hukbalahap to the government.

4. CARLOS POLISTICO GARCIA

He assumed office as president from March 17, 1957-
December 30, 1961. The author of the Filipino First Policy which
prioritized the Filipino products over the foreign products and
austerity program for the government. During the 1957 election,
he did not attain the support of the Nacionalista party but he
proved them wrong because he won in the election. In
November, 1961 he experienced his first defeat in election. Diosdado Macapagal of Liberal party
won with an advantage of more than 600,000 votes.
The Programs
1. The Filipino First Policy which aimed to strengthen the role of the local producers in the
Philippine market by encouraging the Filipino to buy the locally made products.
2. The control the exchange of foreign currencies.
3. The encouragement of the Filipino business community to invest in the industry by giving
them incentives and protection against competition.
4. The austerity program which aimed to cut-off the expenditure of the government.
5. The request for the war damage cost that the United Stated had not yet granted to the
Philippines.
6. The revisions of the some provisions of the Military Bases Agreement signed by Manuel
Roxas and his efforts resulted to Ramos-Bohlen Treaty which shortens the years of the US
military bases in the country from 99 years to 25 years.
Challenges
1. The conflict against Diosdado Macapagal because he did not appoint the later to his cabinet
to avoid.
2. His opponents accused him of corruption because under his administration the government
purchased a private plane and other transportation even though it is essential to the functions
of the government because this will violate his austerity program.

5. DIOSDADO PANGAN MACAPAGAL

He assumed office as president from December 30, 1961 -

December 30, 1965. The poor farmer from Lubao, Pampanga was
able to rise from poverty because of his intelligence. In spite of his
struggle for finances, he was able to graduate ahead of his class in
the college of Law in University of Santo Tomas and emerged as
topnotcher of the batch. As a member of the Congress, he worked
for the legislation of different laws to elevate the situation of the
famers and the people in the rural area. In 1965 elections, he was
defeated by his former co-Liberal party who transferred to
Nacionalista party-Ferdinand Marcos.

Programs
1. The Agricultural Land Reform code which aimed to give land to the landless.
2. The Five Year socioeconomic program to stimulate the different sectors of the society.
3. Establishment of Philippine Veterans Bank and Asian Development Bank in Manila that
would help the business Community in terms of capital.
4. The construction of the tenement houses to solve the problem in housing of the people in
Manila.
5. The use of miracle rice or IR-8 under the International Rice Research Institute to increase the
production of rice.
6. The commencement of the construction of North Dimension Highway and the South
Expressway.
7. The implementation of the 7 pesos minimum wage for the welfare of the workers.
8. The establishment of the Private Development Corporation
9. The Changing of the Day of the Declaration of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12.
10. The proposal for the creation of the organization among the countries in the South East Asia,
like the MaPhilIndo (Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia).
11. The negotiation to the Malaysia regarding the rights of the Philippines to the Sabah because
according to the documents, Sabah was rented by the British to the chieftain of Sulu. However
the claim of the Philippines to Sabah was disregarded because of some technicalities.
Challenges
1. He did not succeed in strengthening the Peso and the dependency of the Filipino to the
American products.
2. He was also accused as Pro-American and corrupt.
3. He did not win the support of the Legislative body.

1. After the Second World War, the Philippines established Republican

government with the aide of the American Government.
2. The government was divided into three branches, the executive, legislative
and judiciary.
3. The government passed a law which give power to the local government in
line with the decentralization policy.
4. The presidents during the Third Republic were Manuel A. Roxas, Elpidio
LEARNERS’ ACTIVITY
Quirino, SHEET # 10
Ramon Magsaysay, Carlos P. Garcia, Diosdado Macapagal and
Ferdinand Marcos.

Identify the President who implemented the following programs. Write the answer in
the space before the number.

____________________________1. FACOMA
____________________________2. Bell Trade Act
____________________________3. Austerity Program
____________________________4. Amnesty for the HUKBALAHAP
____________________________5. ACCFA
____________________________6. The Land reform Act
____________________________7. The Rehabilitation of the Country
____________________________8. The establishment of the Philippine Veterans Bank and Asian
Development Bank in Manila that will help the business
community in terms of capital.
____________________________9. The construction of the tenant houses to solve the problem in
housing of the people in Manila.
____________________________10. The control exchange of foreign currencies.
____________________________11. The encouragement of the Filipino business community to
invest in the industry by giving them incentives and
protection against competition.
____________________________12. The use of rice or IR-8 under the International Rice Research
Institute to increase the production of rice.
_____________________________13. The expansion of the irrigation system to increase the
agricultural products such as the Burgos irrigation project in
Zambales.
_____________________________14. The construction of roads and bridges to foster the trading
between provinces like the road connecting the different
places in Zamboanga.
_____________________________15. The Agricultural Tenancy Act which mandates the fair
division of the products to the Land lord and the tenant.
_____________________________16. The implementation of the 7 pesos minimum wage for the
welfare of the workers.
_____________________________17. The commencement of the construction of North
Dimension Highway and the South Expressway.
_____________________________18. The creation of the five-year development plan that will
establish five industrial centers in different parts of the
country.
_____________________________19. The establishment of the Private Development Corporation.
_____________________________20. The Changing of the Day of the Declaration of
Independence Day from July 4 to June 12.