Understanding

1. Social Science is an academic

discipline dealing with the political
behavior of the people.
2. The Scientific Revolution relied
on the proper investigation.
3. The Enlightenment era advocated
new ideas based on superstition.
4. Social Science has many branches
such as anthropology, sociology,
and political science.
5. Anthropology, Sociology, and
Political Science do not use
objectivity in science.
• Identify the individual differences in
terms of culture, society, and politics.
• Interpret the intersection of
anthropology, political science, and
sociology in dealing with changes.
• An objective study of people and
their interactions with each
other.
• considered to be an era of
ignorance wherein reasons and
justifications were grounded on
faith instead of facts.
• basis of scholars in explaining the
concept of creation, universe,
nature of human beings in the
grand design before the birth of
social sciences.
SOCRATES

PLATO

ARISTOTLE
• focused on probing
questions to learn.

"Understanding a question
is half an answer."
• believed in
immortality of the
soul.

• Soul and body is

separable
• A champion of
reason and believed
in avoiding
extremes.
• Golden Mean
• Frames the questions and sets the
rules of debates.
• Focuses on logic, rules of
argumentation, and the definition
of abstract concepts.
• Strategy for arriving at consensus
and answers to questions about
the natural world.
• Focuses on discovering the facts,
laws, and mechanisms.
• Crayons contain heavy metals such as
lead and cadmium

• It can lead to neurological conditions,

cancer, lung disease, respiratory
issues, and even behavior problems.
• based on the idea
that truth could
come only
through proper
investigation.
• Polish scholar
• proposed
heliocentric model
of the universe.
• Links math and
science
• Gravity
• Law of Gravity
• Law of Motion
• How truth is
revealed
• supremacy of
reason over
imagination
• importance of experimentation
and observation through
practical technologies.
• establishment of
truth
• human reasoning
= understanding
events.
⚬ marked the swelling feat
of scientific method on
top of religious doctrines
and spiritual beliefs.
⚬ response to the corruption
of Roman Catholic Church
⚬ expansion of Protestant
movement by Martin
Luther.
⚬ a period where a group of
philosophers, scientists,
and thinkers advocated
new ideas based on
REASON.
⚬ French
philosopher

⚬ criticized absolute
monarchy
⚬ known for his
work 'Social
Contract’

⚬ promote
egalitarian gov.
⚬ replaced the contemporary
values, traditions, practices
with concepts and deeds
which seem to be more
radical.
⚬ created by MAX WEBER

⚬ modern society has

increasingly become
concerned with:
• achieving the maximum
results with a minimum
amount of effort.
• a desire to predict what will
happen in the future
• a concern with numerical
data, i.e statistics and scoring
• employing technology as a
means to control human
behavior
⚬ result of systematic and
logical study coupled with
technological
developments.
 THE RISE OF UNIVERSITIES
⚬ become the crux for training potential
people who will later become major
contributors in different sectors of
society.
 DISSOLUTION OF FEUDAL SYSTEM
⚬ workers were absorbed in the "Factory
System"
⚬ Close and personal relationships once
had in the community is gone.
 RISE OF INDIVIDUALISM
⚬ protecting the wealth or fortune of
merchants and capitalists.
⚬ strengthening of commerce and trade
⚬ Slater Young, an engineer, revealed his
latest Rise at Monterazzas (Real Estate
Project)
⚬ He used the Banaue Rice Terraces, a
UNESCO World Heritage site in the
Philippines as an inspiration of his
project's concept.
- Young
 IMPROVES:
⚬ how people put their societies
⚬ affects choices and judgments about
how their society should be governed.
 provides data and statistics about:
⚬ how people work
⚬ why they exist,
⚬ how they functioned in the past
⚬ branch of social science that uses
systematic methods of empirical
investigation and critical analysis to
develop and refine a body of knowledge
about human social structure and activity
 Involves the study of
people interactions.

Microsociology

Macrosociology
Involves the study of in face-to-
face widespread social
processes.
• coined the word
'sociology'; founder of
sociology.
• focuses on social order
and social change.
THREE FOUNDING FATHERS OF
SOCIOLOGY
KARL MARX
• Father of scientific
socialism

• known for his "Materialist

Conception of History"
and "Conflict Theory
 CONFLICT THEORY

• There are two (2) groups of people

within the society (rich and poor)
• Rich have control over the masses
• Explains the social dispute between
the oppressed group and the
controlling group .
CONFLICT THEORY
EMILE DURKHEIM

• principal architect of
modern social science

• studied religion and

division of labor
EMILE DURKHEIM

• asserts that social science

should be holistic rather
than limited to specific
actions of individuals .
MAX WEBER
• best known for his thesis
of "Protestant Ethic",
relating Protestantism
with capitalism.

• analyzed motives behind

human action
HARRIET MARTINEAU
• First woman sociologist
• studied marriage,
children, race, religion,
and domestic life
• advocate of women's
rights and liberation of
slaves
 ANTHROPOLOGY

• the science that deals with the

origins, physical and cultural
development, biological
characteristics and social
customs and beliefs of
humankind.
 ORIGIN OF ANTHROPOLOGY
• dates back to the late 16th
century

anthropologia - latin word, meaning "study of

humanity"
anthropos -greek word meaning "human
being".
 FOUR DISTINCT BRANCHES OF
ANTHROPOLOGY
1. Physical (Biological) Anthropology
2. Arcaheology

3. Cultural (Social) Anthropology

4. Linguistic Anthropology
BRONISLAW KASPER MALINOWSKI

• father of functionalist school

of anthropology

• expounded a method of social

science research called
'PARTICIPATION OBSERVATION'
FRANZ BOAS

• Father of modern
anthropology

• First person to implement the

scientific method into the
study of human cultures and
society
 FUNCTIONALISM

• Various aspects of a society

should be studied in terms of
the functions they perform
ALFRED REGINALD RADCLIFFE- BROWN

• social anthropologist who

developed "Theory of
Structural Functionalism"
 STRUCTURE FUNCTION

• organized • contribution
arrangement of the parts to
of the parts of the
society maintenance
of the whole
 POLITICAL SCIENCE

• also called the government

• study of governments and how

they work
 POLITICAL SCIENCE
• branch of knowledge that deals with
systems of government as well as the
analysis of political activity and behavior

• deals with political institutions and with

the principles and conduct of the
government
 POLITICAL SCIENCE
• deals with system of governance, and the
analysis of political activities, political
thoughts, and political behavior
 POLITICS IS EVERYWHERE

• it has many dimensions or multi-faceted

• where there is some form of hierarchy of

authority, there is politics
IT IS IN COMPANIES

• companies ensures that the

members of the Board of
Directors are those that are
committed to give them higher
revenues for their investment.
IT IS IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD

• neighborhood association
officers

• Ex. Homeowners’
Association
IT IS IN PRODUCT ENDORSEMENT

• Product endorsers ensue

that there is no blemishd
in the character or the
stand they make in any
given situation.
RELIGION
• EL Shaddai, Jesus is Lord,
Iglesia ni Cristo, and CBCP
are some organizations
that take political
positions on issues
affecting the nations.
SCHOOL BOARDS AND ACADEME

• Academic politics are so vicious

because the stakes are so small.
 MASS MEDIA
• This area is also
replete with politics,
especially in the
choice of where the
juicy news will land.
 SPORTS LEAGUE

• the choice of players

and coaches is also
filled with politics
 CORPORATIONS AND
MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES
• executive compensation,
conflict of interests,
absence of transparency,
mismanagement and
corruption
 WORK ENVIRONMENT

• workers or employees
who manipulate their
working relationships
consume time and
resources for their own
gain.
Politics is an art and practice of
influencing other people.
Intersections of Anthropology,
Sociology, and Political Science

All are branches of social science

Objectivity in Science

Empirical Proof: Basis of Truth

 Assignment:

Give one example of a NEGATIVE change you

encounter/observe in your community then
explain how social science could deal with
these.

(3-5 sentences only in your Quiz Notebook)

EMPIRICAL PROOF: BASIS OF TRUTH
• Empirical evidence/ sensory
experiences are the knowledge
received by means of the senses

• by observation and
experimentation
 OBJECTIVITY IN SCIENCE
• elimination of personal biases
and emotional involvement

• having factual basis on comments

and statements that matter
COMMON SENSE SCIENCE
• natural instinct • 'kind of knowledge'
• knowledge of day • provides scientific
to day life explanation
• practical solutions • based on
• usual observation and
understanding experimentation
 SCIENTIFIC METHODS IN SOCIAL
SCIENCE

a. observation offer explanations

b. hypotheses for social
c. deductions phenomena in the
form of theories
SCIENTIFIC METHODS IN SOCIAL
SCIENCE

PROVEN TRUE ACCEPTED

SCIENTIFIC METHODS IN SOCIAL
SCIENCE

MODIFIED/
NOT PROVED
REJECTED
 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF
SCIENTIFIC METHODS

Characterization

operationalization or quantification,
observation and measurement
 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF
SCIENTIFIC METHODS

Hypothesis

a theoretical, hypothetical
explanation of the observations
and measurements.
 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF
SCIENTIFIC METHODS

Prediction
Prediction
logical deduction
from the hypothesis
 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF
SCIENTIFIC METHODS

Experiment

test of all the above

TWO BASIC METHODS OF SOCIAL
SCIENCE

Quantitative Qualitative

SOCIAL SCIENCE
 QUANTITATIVE

• based on quantitative or numerical data

• measurable, systematic and precise tactic

used for solving current situations

• may provide glipse of what may happen

 QUALITATIVE
• often used as exploratory research

• Interviews, Focused Group Discussion (FGD),

uninterrupted observations

• not numerical, not measurable, cannot be

used to generalize; explain things
 RESEARCH METHODS

Quantitative Research Method

Structured Questionnaires

• respondents choose their answers from the

given specified lists of potential responses.
 RESEARCH METHODS

Qualitative Research Method

Focused Group Discussion

• adheres with semi-structured discussion
guide
• participants are ‘experts’ or familiar with in
their rspective areas
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS METHOD

• assigning a numerical value

to variables

• replicate reality
mathematically.
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS METHOD

• Exploration of factors
in a decision-making
problem that cannot be
quantified or stated in
mathematical terms or
formulas.
 QUANTITATIVE

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

• objective • validity of sample

and setting
 QUALITATIVE

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• comprehensive • tendency of biased
• rich discussions interpretation
• based on actual
cases
 MIXED METHOD
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE

COMPLEMENTARY
 ETHICS

• Consent
(Participant; Parent of Child Participant)

• Confidentiality and Anonymity